Theories in Conflict Management

PCR 701: THEORIES IN CONFLICT MANAGEMENT
PCR 701
THEORIES IN CONFLICT MANAGEMENT
Course Developer Dr. Osi! A"#u
Ni"eri!$ I$siue o% I$er$!io$!l A%%!irs
L!"os
Course &rier Dr. E''!$uel Re'i Ai(e)e
*$iversi( o% I#!)!$
I#!)!$
Pro"r!''e Le!)er C+risi$e I. O%ulue, P+. D
S-+ool o% Ars !$) So-i!l S-ie$-es
N!io$!l Ope$ *$iversi( o% Ni"eri!
L!"os
Course Co.or)i$!or Mr. O(e)ol!po /. Duro0!(e
L!"os
NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA
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COURSE
GUIDE
He!)1u!rers
12314 A+'!)u /ello &!(
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L!"os
A#u0! A$$e6
728 S!'uel A)esu0o A)e'ule"u$ Sree
Ce$r!l /usi$ess Disri-
Opposie Are9! Suies
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N!io$!l Ope$ *$iversi( o% Ni"eri! 7004
Firs Pri$e) 7004
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Pri$e) #( >>>>>..
For
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Content
Introduction .................. 1
What you will learn in this course ........... 1
Course Ai's >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 1.7
Course O#0e-ives >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>. 7
&or?i$" T+rou"+ T+is Course >>>>>>>>>>... 7
Course M!eri!ls >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>. 7
Su)( *$is >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 7.2
Se Te6 /oo?s >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 2
Assi"$'e$ File >>>>>>>>>>>................... 2
Assessment ................... 5
Tuor M!r?e) Assi"$'e$s @TMAA >>>>>>>> 8
Fi$!l E6!'i$!io$ !$) Gr!)i$" >>>>>>>>>>... 8
How to Get the Most from This Course ... 6-8
Tuors !$) Tuori!ls >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>. <
Summary .................. 9
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Introduction
&el-o'e o PCR 701: Theories in Conflict Management. PCR 701 is
a three unit course. It i$ro)u-es (ou o +e #!si- -o$-eps, perspe-ives
!$) +eories o% -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$. I is )esi"$e) o provi)e !
-o'pre+e$sive u$)ers!$)i$" o% +e '!0or perspe-ives !$) +eories
rel!i$" o +e '!$!"e'e$ o% -o$%li-s ! v!rious s!"es.
What you will learn in this course
Bou 9ill e6plore +e pro-esses, !$) )i'e$sio$s o% -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$.
I'por!$ -o$-eps i$ +ese pro-esses )is-usse) i$-lu)e: T+ir) p!r(
i$erve$io$, 'e)i!io$, $e"oi!io$, !r#ir!io$ !$) A%ri-!$ r!)iio$!l
-o$%li- '!$!"e'e$ %or's. I !lso e6plores sever!l issues, su-+ !s
e+$i-i(, -ulure, -o''u$i-!io$, !$) pu#li- poli-( '!?i$" !$) +eir
i'pli-!io$s %or -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$. O+er issues i$-lu)e )is!r'!'e$
!$) !r's -o$rol, preve$ive !$) 'uli.r!-? )iplo'!-(.

As ! +eorei-!l -ourse i )e!ls 9i+ +e v!rious !e'ps o -re!e
!6o$o'( o% -o$%li-s 9orl)9i)e 9i+ spe-i!l !e$io$ o$ -!uses !$)
sour-es o% -o$%li-s i$ A%ri-!. T+e "lo#!l %r!'e9or? o% -o$%li-
'!$!"e'e$ is !lso )e!l 9i+ i$ "re! )e!il. T+ese i$-lu)e
i$er$!io$!l !$) $!io$!l pe!-e pro'oio$ !"e$-ies, i$-lu)i$" $o$.s!e
!-ors. P!ri-ul!r !e$io$ is p!i) o +e *$ie) N!io$s role i$ -o$%li-
'!$!"e'e$.
I e$!#les (ou o u$)ersu)( -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$ !s ! p!r o% +e l!r"er
pro-ess o% e$suri$" +! '!$ lives i$ pe!-e, !$) i$ or)er !lso +! -o$%li-
is -+!$$elle) o9!r)s posiive e%%e-s i$ ever( +u'!$ -o''u$i(. I 9ill
!lso provi)e !$ overvie9 o% +e (pes o% -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$ pri$-iples
+! !re so esse$i!l %or )e!li$" 9i+ ! v!rie( o% -o$%li-s +! !re
-o''o$pl!-e i$ our 9orl) o)!(.
T+is -ourse 9ill #e v!lu!#le %or le!)ers or !$(o$e pl!$$i$" ! -!reer i$
pu#li- or priv!e or"!$iC!io$s, $o$."over$'e$!l !"e$-ies !$)
-o''u$i( )evelop'e$ or"!$iC!io$s.
Course Aims
T+e !i's o% +is -ourse !re o:
iA A-1u!i$ (ou 9i+ +e v!rious -o$-eps use) i$ -o$%li-
'!$!"eD
iiA I$ro)u-e (ou o +e +eor( !$) pr!-i-es o% -o$%li-
'!$!"e'e$D
iiiA Provi)e (ou 9i+ !$ !ppr!is!l o% +e -o$e$ !$) -o$e6 o%
+ese +eoriesD !$)
ivA E$!#le (ou o )isi$"uis+ #e9ee$ !ler$!ive )ispue
resoluio$ !$) r!)iio$!l -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$ pro-esses i$
A%ri-!.
Course Objectives
T+e -ourse see?s o e$!#le (ou o:
1. I)e$i%( +e #!si- -o$-eps !$) +eories o% -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$.
7. De'o$sr!e -o'pee$-( i$ +e #!si- !ppro!-+es !$) perspe-ives
i$ -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$ +rou"+ 9rie$ !$) or!l -o''u$i-!io$.
=. Disi$"uis+ #e9ee$ !ppropri!e !$) i$!ppropri!e uses o% -o$%li-
'!$!"e'e$ !ppro!-+es i$ ! v!rie( o% -o$e6s.
Working through the course
T+is -ourse "ui)e is 9rie$ i$ Mo)ules @Se-io$sA !$) *$is. T+ere !re
e$) o% u$i revie9s !$) e6!'i$!io$ 1uesio$s ! +e e$) o% e!-+ u$i or
Mo)ule. Bou !re e6pe-e) o !$s9er +ese sel% revie9 1uesio$s
u$!i)e). A))iio$!l re1uire'e$s %or +e -ourse 9ill i$-lu)e !$ !ppr!is!l
p!per !$) ! %i$!l e6!'i$!io$. T+e -ourse "ui)e ells (ou #rie%l( 9+!
+e -ourse is !ll !#ou, 9+! (ou !re e6pe-e) o ?$o9 i$ e!-+ u$i, 9+!
-ourse '!eri!ls (ou $ee) o use !$) +o9 (ou -!$ 9or? (our 9!(
+rou"+ +ese '!eri!ls.
The Course Materials
T+e '!i$ -o'po$e$s o% +e -ourse !re:
1. T+e Course Gui)e
7. Su)( *$is
=. Re%ere$-es
2. Assi"$'e$s
8. Prese$!io$ S-+e)ule.
Study Units
T+ere !re 9e$( si6 su)( u$is i$ +is -ourse spre!) +rou"+ si6
'o)ules. T+ese !re !s %ollo9s:
*$i 1: T+e Noio$ o% Co$%li- M!$!"e'e$
*$i 7: Appro!-+es o -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$
*$i =: Co$%li- '!$!"e'e$ s(les
*$i 2: Co''u$i-!io$ !$) Co$%li- '!$!"e'e$
*$i 8: T+ir) P!r( I$erve$io$
*$i 4: Me)i!io$
*$i 7: Ne"oi!io$
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*$i <: Ar#ir!io$
*$i ;: A%ri-!$ Tr!)iio$!l Co$%li- M!$!"e'e$
*$i 10: Co$%li- Tr!$s%or'!io$
*$i 11: Pe!-e./uil)i$" !$) E!rl( &!r$i$" S(se's
*$i 17: Pe!-e.'!?i$" !$) Pe!-e Eeepi$"
*$i 1=: Dis!r'!'e$ !$) Ar's Co$rol
*$i 12: Preve$ive !$) Muli.Tr!-? Diplo'!-(
*$i 18: Pos.Co$%li- Re-o$sru-io$
*$i 14: E+$i-i( !$) Co$%li- M!$!"e'e$
*$i 17: Culure, I)e$i( !$) Co$%li- M!$!"e'e$
*$i 1<: Pu#li- Poli-( M!?i$" !$) Co$%li- M!$!"e'e$
*$i 1;: Sour-es !$) C!uses o% Co$%li-s
*$i 70: T!6o$o'( o% C!uses o% -o$%li-s i$ A%ri-!
*$i 71: T!6o$o'( o% Co$%li-s &orl)9i)e
*$i 77: N!io$!l, Re"io$!l !$) I$er$!io$!l Pe!-e I$siuio$s
*$i 7=: *$ie) N!io$s !$) Pe!-e I$ii!ives i$ Co$%li- Siu!io$s
*$i 72: *$ie) N!io$s Pe!-e I$ii!ives i$ A%ri-!
*$i 78: *$ie) N!io$s i$erve$io$ Sr!e"ies
*$i 74: Glo#!l Civil So-ie( !$) Pos Co$%li- Re-o$sru-io$
As $oe) e!rlier, e!-+ u$i -o$!i$s ! $u'#er o% sel%. !ssess'e$
e6er-ises @SAEA. T+ese sel%.!ssess'e$ e6er-ises !re )esi"$e) o es (ou
o$ +e '!eri!ls (ou +!ve 0us -overe). T+e( 9ill +elp (ou o ev!lu!e
(our pro"ress !s 9ell !s rei$%or-e (our u$)ers!$)i$" o% +e '!eri!l.
To"e+er 9i+ uor.'!r?e) !ssi"$'e$s, +ese e6er-ises 9ill !ssis (ou
i$ !-+ievi$" +e s!e) le!r$i$" o#0e-ives o% +e i$)ivi)u!l u$is !$) o%
+e Course.
References/Further Readings
T+e %ollo9i$" #oo?s !re su""ese) %or %ur+er re!)i$":
Al#er @e)sA Community Conflicts in Nigeria: Management, Resolution
and Transformation. I#!)!$: Spe-ru' #oo?s.
Coser, L. @1;84A. The Functions of Social Conflict. Lo$)o$: Collier.
M!-'ill!$.
Gurr, Te) @1;;=A. Minorities at Risk: A Gloal !ie" of #thno$%olitical
Conflicts. &ashington '.C.: (nited State )nstitute of *eace.
I'o#i"+e, T. A. @700=A. The +A( ,A(- and +AS in Regional Conflict
Management: A Com%arati.e Assessment. I#!)!$: Spe-ru' /oo?s.
N$oli, O. @1;;<A. @e)A #thnic Conflict in Africa. D!?!r: CODESRIA
/oo?s.
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Oie, O$i"u !$) O. Al#er @e)sA Community conflicts in Nigeria:
Management, Resolution and Transformation. I#!)!$: Spe-ru' #oo?s.
R!p!por, A., @1;<;A.The +rigins of !iolence: A%%roaches to the Study
of Conflict, Ne9 Bor?: P!r!"o$ House.
Ross, M.H. @1;;=A. The Management of Conflict: )nter%retations and
)nterests in Com%arati.e *ers%ecti.e, B!le *$iversi( Press, Ne9
H!ve$,
S'i+, R.S. @1;;<A. &ar and 'i%lomacy in *re$colonial &est Africa.
Lo$)o$: H!rper !$) Ro9.
5!(r($e$, R., @1;;1A. Ne" 'irections in Conflict Theory: Conflict
Resolution and Conflict Transformation, Lo$)o$: S!"e Pu#li-!io$s.
Bou$", C. @1;7;A. The *olitics of Cultural *luralism. Lo$)o$:
*$iversi( o% &is-o$si$ Press.
F!r'!$, &illi!'. @1;<;A. Ri%e for Resolution: Conflict and )nter.ention
in Africa. O6%or): O6%or) *$iversi( Press.
Presentation Schedule
Bour -ourse '!eri!ls "ive (ou i'por!$ )!es %or +e e!rl( !$) i'el(
-o'pleio$ !$) su#'issio$ o% (our TMAs !$) !e$)i$" uori!ls. Bou
s+oul) re'e'#er +! (ou !re re1uire) o su#'i !ll (our !ssi"$'e$s #(
+e sipul!e) i'e !$) )!e. Bou s+oul) "u!r) !"!i$s l!""i$" #e+i$) i$
(our 9or?.
Assignment File
I$ (our !ssi"$'e$ %ile, (ou 9ill %i$) !ll +e )e!ils o% +e 9or?s (ou
'us su#'i o (our uor %or '!r?i$". T+e '!r?s (ou o#!i$ %or +ese
!ssi"$'e$s 9ill -ou$ o9!r)s +e %i$!l '!r? (ou o#!i$ %or +is -ourse.
Fur+er i$%or'!io$ o$ !ssi"$'e$s 9ill #e %ou$) i$ +e Assi"$'e$ File
isel%, !$) l!er i$ +is Course Gui)e i$ +e se-io$ o$ !ssess'e$.
T+ere !re '!$( !ssi"$'e$s %or +is -ourse, 9i+ e!-+ u$i +!vi$" !
le!s o$e !ssi"$'e$. T+ese !ssi"$'e$s !re #!si-!ll( 'e!$ o !ssis
(ou o u$)ers!$) +e -ourse.
Assessment
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T+ere !re 9o !spe-s o +e !ssess'e$ o% +is -ourse. Firs, !re +e
Tuor.M!r?e) Assi"$'e$sD se-o$), is ! 9rie$ e6!'i$!io$.
I$ !-?li$" +ese !ssi"$'e$s, (ou !re e6pe-e) o !ppl( +e i$%or'!io$,
?$o9le)"e !$) e6perie$-e !-1uire) )uri$" +e -ourse. T+e !ssi"$'e$s
'us #e su#'ie) o (our uor %or %or'!l !ssess'e$ i$ !--or)!$-e 9i+
+e )e!)li$es s!e) i$ +e Assi"$'e$ File. T+e 9or? (ou su#'i o (our
uor %or !ssess'e$ 9ill !--ou$ %or =0 per -e$ o% (our o!l -ourse
'!r?.
A +e e$) o% +e -ourse, (ou 9ill $ee) o si %or ! %i$!l e6!'i$!io$ o%
+ree +ours )ur!io$. T+is e6!'i$!io$ 9ill !--ou$ %or +e o+er 70 per
-e$ o% (our o!l -ourse '!r?.
Tutor-Marked Assignments (TMAs)
T+ere !re 71 uor.'!r?e) !ssi"$'e$s i$ +is -ourse. T+e #es %our @+!
is, +e +i"+es %our o% +e 70 '!r?sA 9ill #e -ou$e). E!-+ !ssi"$'e$
-ou$s %or 70 '!r?s #u o$ +e !ver!"e 9+e$ +e %our !ssi"$'e$s !re
pu o"e+er, +e$ e!-+ !ssi"$'e$ 9ill -ou$ 10G o9!r)s (our o!l
-ourse '!r?. T+is i'plies +! +e o!l '!r?s %or +e #es %our @2A
!ssi"$'e$s, 9ill -o$siue =0G o% (our o!l -ourse '!r?.
T+e Assi"$'e$s %or +e u$is i$ +is -ourse !re -o$!i$e) i$ +e
Assi"$'e$ File. Bou 9ill #e !#le o -o'plee (our !ssi"$'e$s %ro'
+e i$%or'!io$ !$) '!eri!ls -o$!i$e) i$ (our re%ere$-es, re!)i$" !$)
su)( u$is. Ho9ever, i is !l9!(s )esir!#le ! +is level o% (our
e)u-!io$ o rese!r-+ 'ore 9i)el(, !$) )e'o$sr!e +! (ou +!ve ! ver(
#ro!) !$) i$.)ep ?$o9le)"e o% +e su#0e- '!er.
&+e$ e!-+ !ssi"$'e$ is -o'plee), se$) i o"e+er 9i+ ! TMA @uor.
'!r?e) !ssi"$'e$A %or' o (our uor. E$sure +! e!-+ !ssi"$'e$
re!-+es (our uor o$ or #e%ore +e )e!)li$e "ive$ i$ +e Assi"$'e$
File. I%, %or !$( re!so$ (ou -!$$o -o'plee (our 9or? o$ i'e, -o$!-
(our uor #e%ore +e !ssi"$'e$ is )ue o )is-uss +e possi#ili( o% !$
e6e$sio$. E6e$sio$s 9ill $o #e "r!$e) !%er +e )ue )!e u$less +ere
!re e6-epio$!l -ir-u's!$-es 9!rr!$i$" su-+.
Final Examination and Grading
T+e %i$!l e6!'i$!io$ %or o PCR 701: Theories of Conflict
Management 9ill #e o% +ree +oursH )ur!io$ !$) +!ve ! v!lue o% 70G
o% +e o!l -ourse "r!)e. T+e e6!'i$!io$ 9ill -o$sis o% 1uesio$s,
9+i-+ re%le- +e pr!-i-e e6er-ises !$) uor.'!r?e) !ssi"$'e$s, (ou
+!ve previousl( e$-ou$ere). All !re!s o% +e -ourse 9ill #e !ssesse).
*se +e i'e #e9ee$ +e -o'pleio$ o% +e l!s u$i !$) sii$" %or +e
e6!'i$!io$, o revise +e e$ire -ourse. Bou '!( %i$) i use%ul o revie9
(our uor.'!r?e) !ssi"$'e$s !$) -o''e$ o$ +e' #e%ore +e
v
e6!'i$!io$. T+e %i$!l e6!'i$!io$ -overs i$%or'!io$ %ro' !ll !spe-s
o% +e -ourse.
Course Marking Scheme
Table 1: Course marking Scheme
ASSESSMENT MARES
Assi"$'e$s /es %our '!r?s o% +e Assi"$'e$s :10G e!-+ @o$ +e
!ver!"eA I =0G o% -ourse '!r?s
Fi$!l e6!'i$!io$ 70G o% over!ll -ourse '!r?s
To!l 100G o% -ourse '!r?s
How to get the most from this Course
1A I$ )is!$-e le!r$i$", +e su)( u$is repl!-e +e u$iversi( le-ure.
T+is is o$e o% +e "re! !)v!$!"es o% )is!$-e le!r$i$"D (ou -!$
re!) !$) 9or? +rou"+ spe-i!ll( )esi"$e) su)( '!eri!ls ! (our
o9$ p!-e, !$) ! ! i'e !$) pl!-e +! suis (ou #es. T+i$? o% i
!s re!)i$" +e le-ure i$se!) o% lise$i$" o +e le-urer. I$ +e
s!'e 9!( ! le-urer 'i"+ "ive (ou so'e re!)i$" o )o, +e su)(
u$is ell (ou 9+e$ o re!), !$) 9+i-+ !re (our e6 '!eri!ls or
re-o''e$)e) #oo?s. Bou !re provi)e) e6er-ises, o )o !
!ppropri!e poi$s, 0us !s ! le-urer 'i"+ "ive (ou !$ i$.-l!ss
e6er-ise.
7A E!-+ o% +e su)( u$is %ollo9s ! -o''o$ %or'!. T+e %irs ie' is
!$ i$ro)u-io$ o +e su#0e- '!er o% +e u$i, !$) +o9 !
p!ri-ul!r u$i is i$e"r!e) 9i+ +e o+er u$is !$) +e -ourse !s !
9+ole. Ne6 o +is is ! se o% le!r$i$" o#0e-ives. T+ese
o#0e-ives le (ou ?$o9 9+! (ou s+oul) #e !#le o )o, #( +e
i'e (ou +!ve -o'plee) +e u$i. T+ese le!r$i$" o#0e-ives !re
'e!$ o "ui)e (our su)(. T+e 'o'e$ ! u$i is %i$is+e), (ou
'us "o #!-? !$) -+e-? 9+e+er (ou +!ve !-+ieve) +e
o#0e-ives. I% +is is '!)e ! +!#i, +e$ (ou 9ill si"$i%i-!$l(
i'prove (our -+!$-es o% p!ssi$" +e -ourse.
=A T+e '!i$ #o)( o% +e u$i "ui)es (ou +rou"+ +e re1uire)
re!)i$" %ro' o+er sour-es. T+is 9ill usu!ll( #e ei+er %ro' (our
re%ere$-es or %ro' ! Re!)i$" se-io$.
2A T+e %ollo9i$" is ! pr!-i-!l sr!e"( %or 9or?i$" +rou"+ +e
-ourse. I% (ou ru$ i$o !$( rou#le, elep+o$e (our uor or visi
+e su)( -e$re $e!res o (ou. Re'e'#er +! (our uorHs 0o# is
o +elp (ou. &+e$ (ou $ee) !ssis!$-e, )o $o +esi!e o -!ll !$)
!s? (our uor o provi)e i.
vi
8A Re!) +is Course Gui)e +orou"+l(, i is (our %irs !ssi"$'e$.
4A Or"!$ise ! Su)( S-+e)ule. Desi"$ ! JCourse Overvie9H o "ui)e
(ou +rou"+ +e Course. Noe +e i'e (ou !re e6pe-e) o spe$)
o$ e!-+ u$i !$) +o9 +e !ssi"$'e$s rel!e o +e u$is.
I'por!$ i$%or'!io$, e.". )e!ils o% (our uori!ls, !$) +e )!e
o% +e %irs )!( o% +e Se'eser is !v!il!#le ! +e su)( -e$re.
Bou $ee) o "!+er !ll +e i$%or'!io$ i$o o$e pl!-e, su-+ !s
(our )i!r( or ! 9!ll -!le$)!r. &+!ever 'e+o) (ou -+oose o
use, (ou s+oul) )e-i)e o$ !$) 9rie i$ (our o9$ )!es !$)
s-+e)ule o% 9or? %or e!-+ u$i.
7A O$-e (ou +!ve -re!e) (our o9$ su)( s-+e)ule, )o ever(+i$" o
s!( %!i+%ul o i. T+e '!0or re!so$ +! su)e$s %!il is +! +e(
"e #e+i$) 9i+ +eir -ourse 9or?. I% (ou "e i$o )i%%i-ulies 9i+
(our s-+e)ule, ple!se, le (our uor ?$o9 #e%ore i is oo l!e %or
+elp.
<A Tur$ o *$i 1, !$) re!) +e i$ro)u-io$ !$) +e o#0e-ives %or +e
u$i.
;A Asse'#le +e su)( '!eri!ls. Bou 9ill $ee) (our re%ere$-es !$)
+e u$i (ou !re su)(i$" ! !$( poi$ i$ i'e.
10A As (ou 9or? +rou"+ +e u$i, (ou 9ill ?$o9 9+! sour-es o
-o$sul %or %ur+er i$%or'!io$.
11A 5isi (our su)( -e$re 9+e$ever (ou $ee) up o )!e i$%or'!io$.
17A &ell #e%ore +e relev!$ )ue )!es @!#ou 2 9ee?s #e%ore )ue
)!esA, visi (our su)( -e$re %or (our $e6 re1uire) !ssi"$'e$.
Eeep i$ 'i$) +! (ou 9ill le!r$ ! lo #( )oi$" +e !ssi"$'e$
-!re%ull(. T+e( +!ve #ee$ )esi"$e) o +elp (ou 'ee +e
o#0e-ives o% +e -ourse !$), +ere%ore, 9ill +elp (ou p!ss +e
e6!'i$!io$. Su#'i !ll !ssi"$'e$s $o l!er +!$ +e )ue )!e.
1=A Revie9 +e o#0e-ives %or e!-+ su)( u$i o -o$%ir' +! (ou +!ve
!-+ieve) +e'. I% (ou %eel u$sure !#ou !$( o% +e o#0e-ives,
revie9 +e su)( '!eri!ls or -o$sul (our uor. &+e$ (ou !re
-o$%i)e$ +! (ou +!ve !-+ieve) ! u$iHs o#0e-ives, (ou -!$ s!r
o$ +e $e6 u$i. Pro-ee) u$i #( u$i +rou"+ +e -ourse !$) r( o
sp!-e (our su)( so +! (ou -!$ ?eep (oursel% o$ s-+e)ule.
12A &+e$ (ou +!ve su#'ie) !$ !ssi"$'e$ o (our uor %or
'!r?i$", )o $o 9!i %or is reur$ #e%ore s!ri$" o$ +e $e6 u$i.
Eeep o (our s-+e)ule. &+e$ +e Assi"$'e$ is reur$e), p!(
p!ri-ul!r !e$io$ o (our uorHs -o''e$s, #o+ o$ +e uor.
vii
'!r?e) !ssi"$'e$ %or' !$) !lso +e 9rie$ -o''e$s o$ +e
or)i$!r( !ssi"$'e$s.
18A A%er -o'plei$" +e l!s u$i, revie9 +e -ourse !$) prep!re
(oursel% %or +e %i$!l e6!'i$!io$. C+e-? +! (ou +!ve !-+ieve)
+e u$i o#0e-ives @lise) ! +e #e"i$$i$" o% e!-+ u$iA !$) +e
-ourse o#0e-ives @lise) i$ +e Course Gui)eA.
Tutors and Tutorials
T+ere !re 18 +ours o% uori!ls provi)e) i$ suppor o% +is -ourse.
Ho9ever, uori!ls !re $o -o'pulsor(, )e'!$) )rive$, !$) !re 'e!$ o
#e pro#le'. solvi$" sessio$s. Bou 9ill $ee) o -o$!- (our uor %or
'ore i$%or'!io$ o% +ese uori!ls, o"e+er 9i+ +e $!'e !$) p+o$e
$u'#er o% (our uor.
Bour uor 9ill '!r? !$) -o''e$ o$ (our !ssi"$'e$s, ?eep ! -lose
9!-+ o$ (our pro"ress !$) o$ !$( )i%%i-ulies (ou 'i"+ e$-ou$er !$)
provi)e !ssis!$-e o (ou )uri$" +e -ourse. Bou 'us '!il (our uor.
'!r?e) !ssi"$'e$s o (our uor 9ell #e%ore +e )ue )!e @! le!s 9o
9or?i$" )!(s !re re1uire)A. T+e( 9ill #e '!r?e) #( (our uor !$)
reur$e) o (ou !s soo$ !s possi#le.
Do $o +esi!e o -o$!- (our uor #( elep+o$e, e.'!il, or )is-ussio$
#o!r). T+e %ollo9i$" 'i"+ #e -ir-u's!$-es i$ 9+i-+ (ou 9ill %i$) +elp
$e-ess!r(. Co$!- (our uor i%: K
Bou )o $o u$)ers!$) !$( p!r o% +e su)( u$is or +e
!ssi"$e) re!)i$"s.
Bou +!ve )i%%i-ulies 9i+i$ +e e6er-ises.
Bou +!ve ! 1uesio$ or pro#le' 9i+ !$ !ssi"$'e$, 9i+
(our uorHs -o''e$s o$ !$ !ssi"$'e$ or 9i+ +e
"r!)i$" o% !$ !ssi"$'e$.
Bou s+oul) r( (our #es o !e$) +e uori!ls i% (ou +!ve pro#le's.
T+is is +e o$l( -+!$-e o +!ve %!-e.o.%!-e -o$!- 9i+ (our uor !$)
!s? 1uesio$s 9+i-+ !re !$s9ere) i$s!$l(. Bou -!$ r!ise !$( pro#le'
e$-ou$ere) i$ +e -ourse o% (our su)(. To "!i$ +e '!6i'u' #e$e%is
%ro' -ourse uori!ls, prep!re ! 1uesio$ lis #e%ore !e$)i$" +e'. Bou
9ill le!r$ 1uie ! lo %ro' p!ri-ip!i$" i$ +e )is-ussio$s.
Summary
PCR 701 !i's ! e1uippi$" (ou 9i+ +e s?ills re1uire) i$ u$)ers!$)i$"
-o$%li- '!$!"e'e$ pro-esses. *po$ -o'pleio$ o% +is -ourse, (ou
viii
s+oul) #e !-1u!i$e) 9i+ +e v!rious -o$-eps, !$) pr!-i-es o% -o$%li-
'!$!"e'e$. Bou 9ill !lso #e !#le o !ppr!ise v!rious -o$e6s o%
-o$%li- !$) +e !ppli-!io$ o% +eorei-!l -o$-eps le!r$e).
&e 9is+ (ou su--ess 9i+ +e -ourse.
i6
Course Co)e PCR 701
Course Tile T+eories i$ Co$%li- M!$!"e'e$
Course Developer Dr. Osi! A"#u
Ni"eri!$ I$siue o% I$er$!io$!l A%%!irs,
L!"os
Course &rier Dr E''!$uel Re'i Ai(e)e
Dep!r'e$ o% Polii-!l S-ie$-e
*$iversi( o% I#!)!$, Ni"eri!
Pro"r!''e Le!)er C+risi$e I. O%ulue P+. D
L!"os
Course Co.or)i$!or Mr. O(e)ol!po. /. Duro0!(e
L!"os
NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA
6
MAIN
COURSE
He!)1u!rers
12314 A+'!)u /ello &!(
5i-ori! Isl!$)
L!"os
A#u0! A$$e6
728 S!'uel A)esu0o A)e'ule"u$ Sree
Ce$r!l /usi$ess Disri-
Opposie Are9! Suies
A#u0!
e.'!il: -e$r!li$%o:$ou.e)u.$"
*RL: 999.$ou.e)u.$"
N!io$!l Ope$ *$iversi( o% Ni"eri! 7004
Firs Pri$e) 7004
IS/N: ;7<.08<.==<.4
All Ri"+s Reserve)
Pri$e) #( >>>>>..
For
Table of Content
6i
P!"e
Mo)ule 1
Conflict Management: Meaning and Definition 1
*$i 1 Co$%li- M!$!"e'e$>>>>>>>>>>>>1 K 8
*$i 7 Appro!-+es o Co$%li- M!$!"e'e$>>>>>>4 K ;
*$i = Co$%li- M!$!"e'e$ S(les>>>>>>>>>10 K 17
*$i 2 Co''u$i-!io$ !$) Co$%li- M!$!"e'e$>>>.1= K 17
Mo)ule 7
Elements of Conflict Management Process 18
*$i 1 T+ir) P!r( I$erve$io$s>>>>>>>>>> 1< K 72
*$i 7 Me)i!io$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 78 K =2
*$i = Ne"oi!io$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>. =8 K 2=
*$i 2 Ar#ir!io$ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>. 22 K 80
*$i 8 A%ri-!$ Tr!)iio$!l Co$%li- M!$!"e'e$>>>. 81 K 88
Mo)ule =
Strategies of Peace Building 56
*$i 1 Co$%li- Tr!$s%or'!io$>>>>>>>>>> 84 K 41
*$i 7 Pe!-e /uil)i$" !$) E!rl( &!r$i$" S(se'>>.. 47 K 4<
*$i = Pe!-e'!?i$" !$) Pe!-e?eepi$">>>>>>> 4; K 7=
*$i 2 Dis!r'!'e$ !$) Ar's Co$rol>>>>>>> 72 K <7
*$i 8 Preve$ive !$) Muli.r!-? Diplo'!-(>>>>. <=K ;=
Mo)ule 2
Ethnicity, Culture and Conflict Management 94
*$i 1 Pos.Co$%li- Re-o$sru-io$>>>>>>>> ;2 K ;;
*$i 7 E+$i-i( !$) Co$%li- M!$!"e'e$>>>>> 100 K 10;
*$i = Culure, I)e$i( !$) Co$%li- M!$!"e'e$>> 110 K 11=
*$i 2 Poli-(.'!?i$" !$) Co$%li- M!$!"e'e$>>... 112 K 172
Mo)ule 8
Sources, Causes and Types of Conflict in Africa 125
*$i 1 Sour-es !$) C!uses o% Co$%li- i$ A%ri-!>>> 178 K 1==
*$i 7 T!6o$o'( o% C!uses o% Co$%li- i$ A%ri-!>>. 1=2 K 1=7
*$i = T!6o$o'( o% Co$%li-s &orl)9i)e>>>>>. 1=< K 12=
Mo)ule 4
6ii
Global Framework of Conflict Management 144
*$i 1 N!io$!l !$) I$er$!io$!l Pe!-e I$siuio$s>. 122 K 12<
*$i 7 *$ie) N!io$s !$) Pe!-e I$ii!ives i$ Co$%li-
Siu!io$s>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>..12; K 187
*$i = *N Pe!-e I$ii!ives i$ A%ri-!>>>>>>>. 18< K 14<
*$i 2 *N I$erve$io$ Sr!e"ies>>>>>>>> 14; K 174
*$i 8 Glo#!lis!io$, Civil So-ie( !$) Co$%li-
M!$!"e'e$>>>>>>>>>>>>>.. 177 K 1<;
Bibliography 190 - 196
6iii
MODULE 1
CONFLICT MANAGEMENT: MEANING AND
DEFINITION
*$i 1 T+e Noio$ o% Co$%li- M!$!"e'e$
*$i 7 Appro!-+es o Co$%li- M!$!"e'e$
*$i = Co$%li- M!$!"e'e$ S(les
*$i 2 Co''u$i-!io$ !$) Co$%li- M!$!"e'e$
UNIT 1 THE NOTION OF CONFLICT MANAGEMENT
Table of Contents
1.0 I$ro)u-io$
7.0 O#0e-ives
=.0 M!i$ Co$e$
=.1 De%i$iio$ o% Co$%li- M!$!"e'e$
=.7 Co$%li- Preve$io$
=.= Co$%li- Sele'e$
=.2 Co$%li- M!$!"e'e$
=.8 Co$%li- Resoluio$
=.4 Co$%li- M!$!"e'e$ i$ ! "lo#!lise) &orl)
2.0 Co$-lusio$
8.0 Su''!r(
4.0 Tuor.M!r?e) Assi"$'e$
7.0 Re%ere$-es3Fur+er Re!)i$"s
1.0 INTRODUCTION
T+is u$i e6plores +e 'e!$i$"3-o$-eps !$) o#0e-ives o% -o$%li-
M!$!"e'e$
2.0 OB1ECTIVES
A%er re!)i$" +is u$i (ou s+oul) #e !#le o:
1. Hi"+li"+ +e #!si- -o$-eps !sso-i!e) 9i+ -o$%li-
'!$!"e'e$D
7. Disi$"uis+ #e9ee$ -o$%li- preve$io$, -o$%li- sele'e$,
-o$%li- resoluio$, !$) -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$D
=. I)e$i%( +e v!rious !ppro!-+es o -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$D !$)
2. I)e$i%( +e v!rious -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$ s(les.
3.0 MAIN CONTENT
1
3.1 Definition
Co$%li- '!$!"e'e$ 'us #e vie9e) !s ! p!r o% ! l!r"er pro-ess o%
e$suri$" +! '!$ lives i$ pe!-e !$) i$ !$ or)erl( 9!(, -o$%li- s+oul)
!lso #e -+!$$elle) o9!r)s posiive e%%e- i$ ever( +u'!$ -o''u$i(.
I$ +e vie9 o% Fis+er e !l. @7001:7A #ri$"i$" !#ou pe!-e i$ ! -o$%li-
siu!io$ is ! pro-ess, 9+i-+ i$volves )i%%ere$ s!"es, +e #es !$) 'os
-ru-i!l o% 9+i-+ is -o$%li- r!$s%or'!io$. T+e s!"es !re:
3.2 Conflict Prevention
T+is !i's o preve$ +e ou#re!? o% viole$ -o$%li-.
3.3 Conflict Settlement
T+is !i's o e$) viole$ #e+!viour #( re!-+i$" ! pe!-e !"ree'e$.
3.4 Conflict Management
T+is !i's o li'i !$) !voi) %uure viole$-e #( pro'oi$" posiive
#e+!viour!l -+!$"es i$ +e p!ries i$volve).
3.5 Conflict Resolution
T+is !))resses +e -!uses o% -o$%li- !$) see?s o #uil) ! $e9 !$)
l!si$" rel!io$s+ip #e9ee$ +osile "roups.
3.6 Conflict Management in a Globalised World
Co$%li- '!$!"e'e$ is !$o+er 9!( o% -o$rolli$" -o$%li- #e%ore or
)uri$" !$) !%er i +!s o--urre). A--or)i$" o O$i"u Oie !$) Al#er
@1;;;:11A, Ji is 'ore el!#or!e !$) 9i)er i$ -o$-epio$ !$) !ppli-!io$,
9+e$ $e-essi!e)D i i$volves -o$%li- resoluio$ !$) r!$s%or'!io$. I
is 'ore o% ! lo$".er' !rr!$"e'e$ i$volvi$" i$siuio$!lise)
provisio$s !$) re"ul!ive pro-e)ures %or )e!li$" 9i+ -o$%li-s 9+erever
+e( o--ur.H
T+is vie9 o% +e -o'pre+e$sive$ess !$) i$siuio$!lis!io$ i$volve) i$
-o$%li- '!$!"e'e$ is %ur+er sresse) #( F!r'!$ @1;<;:<A, 9+e$ +e
9roe +! J-o$%li- '!$!"e'e$ re%ers o +e eli'i$!io$, $eur!lis!io$
o% -o$%li- %ro' erupi$" i$o -rises or o -ool ! -risis i$ erupio$H.
Over +e (e!rs +e lier!ure o$ -o$%li- +!s re%le-e) e$sio$s #e9ee$
-o$%li- '!$!"e'e$ !$) -o$%li- resoluio$. No9, +o9ever, +e 9o
issues see' o +!ve #ee$ 0oi$e) #( +e "e$er!l !-?$o9le)"e'e$ +!
7
+e pro-ess o% -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$ -!$ #e !$ e%%e-ive roue o9!r)s
-o$%li- resoluio$. I$ ! rel!e) -o$e6, i +!s #ee$ su""ese) +!
)i%%ere$ p+!ses o% -o$%li-, e."., pre.-risis, -o$%li- !$) pos.-o$%li-
s!"es, '!( re1uire )i%%ere$ "over$!$-e sru-ures !$) s(se's.
Follo9i$" +e li'ie) !'ou$ o% lier!ure !v!il!#le o$ -o$%li-
resoluio$ !$) preve$io$ i$ +e -o$e6 o% "over$!$-e, +is surve( +!s
-o$-lu)e) +! +e sru-ures !$) s(se's o% "over$!$-e $ee) $o #e
)i%%ere$ )uri$" )i%%ere$ p+!ses, #u r!+er +! +e issues +! su-+
s(se's !$) sru-ures 'us !))ress 9ill -er!i$l( #e )i%%ere$.
Four #ro!) sour-es o% -o$%li- +!ve #ee$ i)e$i%ie) !s +e es o%
e%%e-ive -o$%li- preve$io$ or resoluio$ %or "over$!$-e sru-ures !$)
s(se's. T+ese %our !re L)eep.rooe) -o$%li-L, po9er i$e1u!liies !$)
!s(''eries, e+$i- -o$%li- !$) 'uli-e$ris' i$ ! %r!"'e$e) 9orl).
T+ere is ! r!+er su#s!$i!l lier!ure +! su""ess pr!-i-!l seps
o9!r)s )evelopi$" "over$!$-e sru-ures !$) s(se's +! -!$ resolve
or preve$ -o$%li-. Ho9ever, +e seps #e9ee$ )evelopi$" sru-ures
!$) s(se's !$) !-u!ll( #ri$"i$" -o$e$)i$" %or-es or "roups Lo +e
!#leL +!ve '!$( "!ps. T+is is p!ri-ul!rl( +e -!se 9+e$ )e!li$" 9i+
po9er i$e1u!liies !$) e+$i-i(.
T+ere +!s #ee$ rel!ivel( lile 9or? )o$e o )!e +! rel!es (pes o%
%uure -o$%li-s +! '!( !rise i$ 9+! +!s #ee$ -!lle) ! %r!"'e$e)
9orl) or)er !$) "over$!$-e. I is i$-re!si$"l( !pp!re$ +! s!esH
-!p!-iies o "over$ !re #ei$" i$-re!si$"l( i$%lue$-e) #( e6er$!liies.
Per+!ps eve$ 'ore i'por!$, "over$!$-e %or i$)ivi)u!l s!es '!( #e
0u)"e) o$ +e 9!(s +! +e( +!$)le re"i'e issues, re"io$!l issues !$)
issues o% "lo#!l "over$!$-e. To +! e6e$, +e 9!(s +! "over$'e$s
!$) "over$!$-e sru-ures )e!l 9i+ $e9 (pes o% -o$%li- '!( )epe$)
upo$ +eir !#iliies o )e!l 9i+ +e e6er$!liies !s 'u-+ !s L)o'esi-
%!-ors.L
T+is surve( +!s i)e$i%ie) %our #ro!) "!ps i$ +e lier!ure. T+ere !re
%e9 i% !$( 9or?s +! re!ll( #ri$" o"e+er "over$!$-e !$) -o$%li-.
rel!e) issues 9i+ issues o% )evelop'e$. Se-o$)l(, 9+ile +ere is !
"ro9i$" lier!ure o$ "over$!$-e s(se's !$) 9!(s o !))ress -o$%li-,
+ere is ! ver( re!l $ee) %or ! '!0or e6 +! s($+esises +e )isp!r!e
lesso$s o% i$)ivi)u!l -!ses i$o so'e #ro!) ses o% -o$-lusio$s. T+ir)l(,
!$) rel!e) o +e %irs 9o "!ps, +ere is ! )e!r+ o% 9or?s +! "o )eepl(
#e(o$) +e r+eori-!l !$) "ive pr!-i-!l "ui)!$-e o$ 9!(s +!
"over$!$-e s(se's !$) sru-ures -!$ !))ress po9er i$e1u!li(, or
!s(''eries.
Fi$!ll(, %e9 i% !$( 9or?s, +!ve !e'pe) o #ri$" +e '!0or r!$siio$s
so r!pi)l( r!$s%or'i$" +e "lo#!l -o''u$i( i$o +e -o$e6 o% %uure
"over$!$-e. Nor %or +! '!er, )o +ose %e9 9or?s +! "ive so'e
se$se o% 9+! +e %uure 'i"+ +ol) "ive !$( i)e! o% +o9 %uure
=
"over$!$-e 'i"+ rel!e o %uure sour-es o% -o$%li-. A$), +ere see's
$o e%%or o see 9+! sor o% )evelop'e$ K !s !$ !spe- o% "over$!$-e
!$) per+!ps !s ! 'e!$s o 'ii"!e -o$%li- K 'i"+ #e re1uire) !'i)s
+e ur#ule$-e o% -+!$"e.
T+e surve(, i$ +e %i$!l !$!l(sis, u$)ers-ores +e "ro9i$" i'por!$-e o%
e$suri$" +! +e -o$-eps, +eories !$) !$!l(ses o% rese!r-+ers #e$e%i
%ro' +e i$si"+s, e6perie$-e !$) 9is)o' o% pr!-iio$ers. Pr!-iio$ers
+!ve o %ee) i$o +e 9orl) o% +e rese!r-+er !$) .ice .ersa.
4.0 CONCLUSION
T+e i$er$!io$!l s(se' !#ou$)s 9i+ u$-er!i$ies. So'e o% +e 'os
#!si- !ssu'pio$s !#ou +e $!ure o% "over$!$-e !$) -o$%li- !re
-o'i$" u$)er i$-re!se) s-rui$(. O$e su-+ !ssu'pio$ is +! +ere is !
)ire- -orrel!io$ #e9ee$ pover(, i$r! !$) i$er.s!e viole$-e !$)
s(se'sH -oll!pse. &+! +!s #ee$ ! '!i$s!( o% so'e %ir'l( +el) #elie%s
!#ou +e ver( i$er.rel!io$s+ip #e9ee$ )evelop'e$, pover(, -o$%li-
!$) "over$!$-e is #ei$" -+!lle$"e) #( ! $u'#er o% s-+ol!rs.
T+is poi$ is $o o ope$ ! )e#!e ! +is s!"e !#ou 9+i-+ -o$e$)i$"
vie9s !re ri"+ or 9ro$". R!+er i is 'erel( o e'p+!sise +! +ere is
!$ ever i$-re!si$" $ee) o #e !9!re +! 'u-+ so.-!lle) -o$ve$io$!l
9is)o' is i$-re!si$"l( u$-er!i$ presu'pio$s. To +! e6e$, +is
surve( +!s !e'pe) o re%le- ! le!s so'e o% +e !ler$!ive -o$-eps
!$) p!r!)i"'s +! %r!'e +e prese$ )e#!es.
Per+!ps eve$ 'ore i'por!$ +!$ +e -o$e$)i$" s-+ools o% +ou"+
+! %r!'e +e %resent )e#!e !re +ose +! !re provi)i$" so'e i$si"+s
i$o ! %uure +! is r!pi)l( upo$ us. R!pi) -+!$"e !$) r!$siio$s 9ill #e
!$ i$+ere$ %e!ure o% +e i$er$!io$!l s(se' i$ +e %oresee!#le %uure.
Here, +e surve( '!( "ive so'e se$se o !ll 9+o $ee) o u$)ers!$) !
le!s so'e o% +e )($!'i-s +! u$)erpi$ +ese -+!$"es !$) r!$siio$s
over +e -o'i$" )e-!)es, %or i$evi!#l( su-+ -+!$"es 9ill )eer'i$e
(pes o% poe$i!l -o$%li- !$) viole$-e !s 9ell !s "over$!$-e sru-ures
i$ +e %uure.
Be #e(o$) 0us i$%or'i$" +e )e#!e, +e surve( s+oul) !lso -le!rl(
u$)ers-ore 9o i$er.rel!e) poi$s. I$ +e %irs pl!-e, +ere is !$
i$-re!si$"l( ur"e$ $ee) o e$sure +! +e -o$-eps, +eories !$)
!$!l(ses o% rese!r-+ers #e$e%i %ro' +e i$si"+s, e6perie$-e !$)
9is)o' o% pr!-iio$ers. T+ere $ee)s o #e -loser i$er!-io$ #e9ee$
+e 9o. He$-e, +e se-o$) poi$ is +! +e pr!-iio$er +!s o %ee) i$o
+e 9orl) o% +e rese!r-+er !$) .ice .ersa. T+is surve( su""ess !re!s
9+ere -o$-epu!ll( +is i$er!-io$ 'i"+ #es !?e pl!-e.
5.0 SUMMARY
2
I$ +is u$i, 9e +!ve e6!'i$e) )e%i$iio$s o% -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$D is
)isi$"uis+i$" -+!r!-erisi-s vis ! viC -o$%li- resoluio$, sele'e$,
!$) preve$io$. Co$%li- '!$!"e'e$ 9!s !lso )is-usse) %ro' +e
perspe-ive o% is -!uses.
6.0 TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMENTS (TMAS)
iA &+! is -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$M
iiA Disi$"uis+ #e9ee$ -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$ !$) -o$%li- resoluio$.
iiiA &rie s+or $oes o$ +e %ollo9i$": Co$%li- Preve$io$, Co$%li-
Sele'e$, Co$%li- M!$!"e'e$, Co$%li- Resoluio$.
ivA &+! is +e e'er"i$" %o-us o% +e "lo#!l )is-ourse o$ -o$%li-
'!$!"e'e$ %ro' +e perspe-ives o% -!usesM
7.0 REFERENCES/FURTHER READINGS
Oie, O$i"u !$) O. Al#er @e)sA @1;;;A Community conflicts in Nigeria:
Management, Resolution and Transformation. I#!)!$: Spe-ru'
/oo?s.
Ross, M.H., @1;;=A The Management of Conflict: )nter%retations and
)nterests in Com%arati.e *ers%ecti.e, B!le *$iversi( Press, !$)
Ne9 H!ve$.
S!$)ole, D. !$) S!$)ole.S!rose, @1;<7A Ne)sO, Conflict Management
and *rolem$Sol.ing: )nter%ersonal to )nternational
A%%lications, Ne9 Bor? *$iversi( Press, NB,
8
UNIT 2 APPROACHES TO CONFLICT MANAGEMENT
Table of Contents
1.0 I$ro)u-io$
7.0 O#0e-ives
=.0 M!i$ Co$e$
=.1 T+e Pu)i-i!l Appro!-+
=.7 T+e po9er K Polii-s Appro!-+
=.= T+e Co$-ili!or( Appro!-+
2.0 Co$-lusio$
8.0 Su''!r(
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Bou !re e6pe-e) o #e-o'e %!'ili!r 9i+ +e v!rious !ppro!-+es o
-o$%li- '!$!"e'e$ !s 9ell !s !ppre-i!e +eir sre$"+s !$)
9e!?$esses !$) possi#iliies i$ v!rious -o$%li- siu!io$s.
2.0 OB1ECTIVES
1. Lis +e !ppro!-+es o -o$%li- M!$!"e'e$D !$)
7. E6pl!i$ +o9 +e( !ppl( o v!rious -o$%li- siu!io$s
3.0 MAIN CONTENT
3.1 The 1udicial Approach
T+is +!s o )o 9i+ -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$ 9i+i$ ! le"!l %r!'e9or? i$
9+i-+ ! +ir) p!r( is "ive$ ! sor o% QPo9er o% !or$e(R, #!se) o$ +e
-o$%li- p!riesH -o$%i)e$-e i$ +e +ir) p!r(, o !ssu'e +e
respo$si#ili( o% evolvi$" !$ e%%e-ive !"ree'e$ -o$-er$i$" +e
resoluio$ is +!r)l( !rrive) ! +rou"+ +is !ppro!-+. T+is is purel(
le"!lisi- !$) is #!se) o$ le"!l pro-e)ur!l seps !s !v!il!#le 9i+i$ +e
-o$%i$e o% +e l!9s o% +e l!$). E6!'ples !re v!rious -ours usi$"
'u$i-ip!l l!9s or +e I$er$!io$!l Cour o% Pusi-e @ICPA usi$"
i$er$!io$!l !r#ir!io$ $or's. T+is !ppro!-+ "ives ! Cero.su' !$)
9i$.lose ou-o'e. Co$%li- p!ries !re !l9!(s 9!r( o !?e +e 0u)i-i!l
!ppro!-+ #e-!use o% is u$pre)i-!#le ou-o'e. T+e 0u)i-i!l !ppro!-+ is
esse$i!ll( ! sele'e$ o% )ispue #( lii"!io$. I$ +e -!se, +e
!)vers!ries +!ve $o i$%lue$-e i$ -+oosi$" +e +ir) p!r(. O$l( o$e p!r(
4
s $ee)e) %or !$ i$erve$io$ o o--ur, !$) +e )e-isio$.'!?i$" !u+ori(
is ! 0u)"e.
3.2 The Power -Politics Approach
T+is is ! siu!io$ i$ 9+i-+ +e +ir) p!r( !?es +e i$ii!ive o '!$!"e
! -o$%li- ou o% -o$-er$ @perso$!lA #or)eri$" o$ re!liCi$" is o9$
#ro!)er sr!e"i- i$eress r!+er +!$ +e i$eres o% +e p!ries o +e
-o$%li-. T+e +ir) p!r( +ro9s i$o +e -o$%li- is lever!"e, 9ei"+ #u
$o -o$%i)e$-e, pro-ess !$) i'pose ou-o'e o$ +e p!ries. T+e Col)
&!r er! 9i$esse) +e superpo9ers l!r"el( '!$!"i$" -o$%li-s !'o$"
s!es #!se) o$ po9er.polii-s.
A $u'#er !-i-s use) i$ +is re"!r) i$-lu)e Lli"+L !-i-s !s
i$"r!i!io$, "!'es'!$s+ip, persu!sio$, !$) pro'ises, !$) L+e!v(L
!-i-s su-+ !s +re!s !$) irrevo-!#le -o''i'e$s. Al+ou"+
i$-re!si$"l( severe -o$e$ious !-i-s !re ! %e!ure o% -o$%li-
es-!l!io$, -o$e$ious !-i-s !re $o $e-ess!ril( )esru-ive. T+rou"+
i$"r!i!io$, o$e p!r( see?s o '!?e +e o+er p!r( %!vour!#le )ispose)
o9!r) +e', !$) so lesse$ +eir resis!$-e o (iel)i$". Spe-i%i- !-i-s
i$-lu)e %l!er(, !"reei$" 9i+ +e o+er p!r(Ss opi$io$s, !$) )oi$" +e'
s'!ll %!vours. G!'es'!$s+ip !-i-s i$volve Li$)u-i$" ! s!e o% upse
or u$res +! +!s +e e%%e- o% lo9eri$" +e o+er resis!$-e o (iel)i$".L
I$"r!i!io$ !$) "!'es'!$s+ip #o+ 9or? #es 9+e$ +e !r"e is $o
!9!re +! +ese !-i-s !re #ei$" e'plo(e).
Persu!sive !r"u'e$s !re over !e'ps o i$)u-e +e o+er p!r( o
lo9er +eir !spir!io$s. A p!r( usu!ll( !r"ues ei+er +! +e( +!ve !
le"ii'!e ri"+ o +eir )esire) ou-o'e, or +! i is i$ +e o+er p!r(Ss
#es i$eress o lo9er +eir !spir!io$s. Pro'ises !$) +re!s, see? o
i$)u-e +e o+er p!r( o !- i$ so'e p!ri-ul!r 9!(, #( !!-+i$" %ur+er
-o$se1ue$-es @#e$e%i-i!l or +!r'%ulA o +eir !-io$s. T+e !)v!$!"es o%
pro'ises !re +! +e( !re "e$er!ll( e%%e-ive, rel!ivel( L$i-e,L !$) '!(
-re!e ! se$se o% i$)e#e)$ess i$ +e re-ipie$. T+e )r!9#!-?s !re +!
pro'ises -os +e pro'isi$" p!r( 9+!ever re9!r) 9!s o%%ere),
re-ipie$s '!( )e'!$) 'ore e6r!v!"!$ re9!r)s i$ +e %uure, or +e(
'!( #e 'is!?e$ %or #ri#es. T+re!s !re eve$ 'ore e%%e-ive +!$
pro'ises, !$) +!ve lo9er -oss. Ho9ever, +re!s e$) o evo?e -ou$er.
+re!s, i$-re!si$" +osili( !$) es-!l!i$" +e -o$%li-.
A$o+er !-i- i$volves '!?i$" !$ irrevo-!#le -o''i'e$ o pursui$"
so'e poe$i!ll( 'uu!ll( +!r'%ul -ourse o% !-io$. I$ '!?i$" !$
irrevo-!#le -o''i'e$, L+e lo-us o% -o$rol over +e ou-o'e o% +e
e6-+!$"e +!s #ee$ s+i%e) %ro' +e s+oul)ers o% o$e P!r( o +ose o%
!$o+er, 9+o is $o9 +e o$l( o$e -!p!#le o% preve$i$" 'uu!l
)is!ser,L presu'!#l( #( -+oosi$" o (iel). T+e !)v!$!"es o% +is !-i-
7
!re +!, i -!$ #e e%%e-ive, !$) +! i )oes $o re1uire 'u-+ rel!ive
po9er @u$li?e pro'isi$" or +re!e$i$"A. T+e )r!9#!-?s, !re +! i -!$
e$!il su#s!$i!l ris?s, 'us #e use) pre.e'pivel(, 'us #e -le!r !$)
-re)i#le, !$) -!$ %oser es-!l!io$.
3.3 The Conciliatory Approach
I i$volves ! pro-ess i$ 9+i-+ +e +ir) p!r( ries o #ri$" +e p!ries i$
-o$%li- o !"ree'e$ +rou"+ i'provi$" -o''u$i-!io$ #e9ee$ +e',
+elpi$" +e' i$erpre +e issues +! )ivi)e +e', !$) e6plori$"
!ve$ues o9!r) ! pe!-e%ul sele'e$. Deep.se!e) -o$%li-s, espe-i!ll(
+ose i$volvi$" )eep e'oio$s, $e-ess!ril( re1uire +e s(se'!i-
repl!-e'e$ o% $e"!ive %eeli$"s !$) per-epio$s 9i+ posiive o$es !$)
+ere#( +elpi$" +e p!ries i$ -o$%li- )is-over so'e 'uu!li( o%
i$eress, 9+i-+ -oul) #e -!pi!liCe) o$ %or +e resoluio$ o% +e -o$%li-.
4.0 CONCLUSION
&i+i$ +e -o$e6 o% A%ri-!Hs -o$%li-s, 9e -!$ see +! +e
-!e"oriC!io$s o% Al#er @1;;;A !$) I'o#i"+e @700=A 9i+ re%ere$-e o
-o$%li- '!$!"e'e$ !ppro!-+es +!ve l!r"el( #ee$ use) i$ respo$)i$"
o -o$%li- i$ A%ri-! 9i+ +e e6-epio$ o% pro#le'.solvi$" !ppro!-+
9+i-+ is +e #es #u le!s use).
5.0 SUMMARY
I$ +is u$i, 9e +!ve e6!'i$e) +e v!rious !ppro!-+es o -o$%li-
'!$!"e'e$. T+e( i$-lu)e +e 0u)i-i!l, po9er.polii-s !$) -o$-ili!or(
!ppro!-+es.
iA &+! !re +e #!si- !ppro!-+es o -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$M
iiA T+e re-o$-ili!or( !ppro!-+ is +e 'os reli!#le !ppro!-+ o
-o$%li- '!$!"e'e$. Dis-uss.
iiiA T+e 0u)i-i!l !ppro!-+ is +e lo$"es !ppro!-+ o -o$%li-
'!$!"e'e$ i$ Ni"eri!. &+( is +is soM
ivA Ho9 )esir!#le is +e use o% +e po9er.polii-s !ppro!-+ o
-o$%li- resoluio$ i$ ! 9orl) o% $u-le!r !r's.
<
Al#er, I.O @1;;;A. JNe9 Dire-io$s i$ +e M!$!"e'e$ o% Co''u$i(
Co$%li-s i$ Ni"eri!: I$si"+s %ro' +e A-iviies o% AAP&H i$
pp. =2.4=, O$i"u Oie !$) O. Al#er @e)sA Community conflicts
in Nigeria: Management, Resolution and Transformation.
I#!)!$: Spe-ru' #oo?s.
Management: A Com%arati.e Assessment. I#!)!$: Spe-ru'
/oo?s.
Oie, O$i"u !$) O. Al#er @e)sA @1;;;A Community conflicts in Nigeria:
#oo?s.
of Conflict, Ne9 Bor?: P!r!"o$ House,
Resolution and Conflict Transformation, Lo$)o$: S!"e
Pu#li-!io$s.
;
UNIT 3 CONFLICT MANAGEMENT STYLES
Table of Contents
1.0 I$ro)u-io$
7.0 O#0e-ives
=.0 M!i$ Co$e$
=.1 Avoi)!$-e
=.7 Co$%ro$!io$
=.= Pro#le'.solvi$"
2.0 Co$-lusio$
8.0 Su''!r(
1.0 INTRODUCTION
A -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$ s(le re%ers o +e v!rious '!$$ers i$ 9+i-+
i$)ivi)u!ls, espe-i!ll( le!)ers+ip, +!$)le -o$%li-s 9i+i$ ! rel!io$s+ip.
A--or)i$" o Al#er @1;;;:=2A, respo$se o -o$%li-s -!$ -o'e i$ +ree
'!0or 9!(s: #( !voi)!$-e, -o$%ro$!io$ !$) pro#le' solvi$".
2.0 OB1ECTIVES
1. I)e$i%( v!rious -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$ s(lesD
7. E6pl!i$ +e i'pli-!io$s %or pe!-e !$) !-+ieve'e$ o% -olle-ive
"o!lsD !$)
=. Hi"+li"+ +e sre$"+s, 9e!?$esses !$) possi#iliies i$ v!rious
s(les o% -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$.
3.0 MAIN CONTENT
3.1 Avoidance
T+is re%ers o Q! siu!io$ 9+ere ! "roup !lle"i$" i$0usi-e or
)is-ri'i$!io$ is lier!ll( i"$ore) or )e$ie) re-o"$iio$ #( +ose #ei$"
!--use) !$) +ose 9+o +!ve +e -!p!-i( %or +elpi$" o re)ress +e
i$0usi-es )o$e o +e "roupR.
10
3.2 Confrontation
T+is i$volves +re!s, ver#!l !""ressio$, lii"!io$ or p+(si-!l viole$-e
%ro' +e Q!voi)e)R, i"$ore) or Q)e$ie)R p!r( 9i+ +e uli'!e !i' o%
"ei$" ! 9i$.lose ou-o'e.
3.3 Problem - Solving
T+is re%ers o Q+e siu!io$ i$ 9+i-+ +e p!ries o ! -o$%li-, ei+er #(
+e'selves or +rou"+ +e !ssis!$-e o% ! +ir) p!r(, %i$) soluio$s o
+eir pro#le's i$ ! -or)i!l e$viro$'e$R. Pro#le'.solvi$" pro-e)ure is
$o$.0u)"'e$!l !$) +i"+l( p!ri-ip!or( i$ -+!r!-er. I pro'oes
-ooper!io$ #e9ee$ -o$%li- p!ries 9+o 0oi$l( !$!l(se +e sru-ure o%
+e -o$%li- !$) -!re%ull( 9or? ou sr!e"ies %or re-o$-ili$" 9i+ e!-+
o+er. Pe!-e !$) -o$%li- s-+ol!rs !$) pr!-iio$ers -o$si)er pro#le'
solvi$" +e #es 'e+o) o% )e!li$" 9i+ -o$%li- !s is ou-o'es !re
usu!ll( sel%.suppori$" i$ +e se$se +! i is !)v!$!"eous o !ll p!ries
i$ +e -o$%li-.
Ho9ever, i is peri$e$ o s!e +! !s "oo) !$) pro'isi$" !s pro#le'.
solvi$" !ppro!-+ o -o$%li- resoluio$ is, !l9!(s )i%%i-ul %or -o$%li-
p!ries o -o'e o"e+er o $e"oi!e or %or ! +ir) p!r( o #ri$" +e'
o"e+er %or 'e)i!io$ pro-esses. T+is is l!r"el( #e-!use o% +e
pol!riC!io$ o--!sio$e) #( +e -o$%li-. T+ere%ore, ! lo o% i'e,
resour-es @+u'!$ !$) '!eri!lA !$) pl!$$i$" see ! su--ess%ul 'e)i!io$
!-ivi( +rou"+.
I is e1u!ll( 9or+( o% $oe +! 'os -o$%li-s +! +!ve es-!l!e) i$
A%ri-!, +e Li#eri!$ Civil 9!r %or i$s!$-e, 9ere -o$%ro$!io$!l.
Fro' !$o+er poi$ o% vie9, i -!$ #e s!i) +! -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$
sr!e"( o #e !)ope) i$ ! "ive$ -o$%li- siu!io$ is )eer'i$e) #( %irs,
+e level o% es-!l!io$ ! 9+i-+ +e p!ri-ul!r -o$%li- is #ei$" '!$!"e).
T+e level o% es-!l!io$ )eer'i$es 9+e+er +e i$erve$er or pe!-e'!?er
+!s -o'e o '!?e pe!-e, ?eep pe!-e or e$%or-e pe!-e. Se-o$)l(,
-o$%li- '!$!"e'e$ -!$ !lso #e )eer'i$e) #( +e s!us o% +e
p!ri-ip!$s i$volve) i$ +e #!r"!i$i$" pro-ess. A -o$%li- -oul) #e
'!$!"e) +rou"+ Q$e"oi!io$R i$ 9+i-+ -!se +e -o$%li- p!ries e$"!"e
i$ ! )ire- #!r"!i$i$" i$ ! #i) o resolve +e -o$%li-, QMe)i!io$R. -!$
!lso #e use). T+is is -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$ 9i+ +e +elp o% ! @$eur!lA
+ir) p!r(.
11
4.0 CONCLUSION
I'o#i"+e @700=:2.17A s!es +! Me)i!io$ -!$ i$volve ! 9i)e r!$"e o%
!-iviies, i$-lu)i$" %!- %i$)i$", 'ess!"e -!rr(i$", provi)i$" "oo)
o%%i-ers, !$) servi$" !s !$ +o$es #ro?er. He %ur+er !%%ir's +!
'e)i!io$ -!$ #e use) i$ ! #ro!)er se$se o i$-lu)e viru!ll( !ll %or' o%
+ir) p!r( i$volve'e$ i$o -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$. He +e$ -l!ssi%ies
+ir) p!r( i$volve'e$ i$o +ree (pes: +e le"!l or 0u)i-i!l !ppro!-+D
+e po9er. polii-s !ppro!-+ !$) +e -o$-ili!or( !ppro!-+.
5.0 SUMMARY
I$ +is u$i, 9e +!ve e6!'i$e) +e v!rious -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$ s(les
!$) +eir i'pli-!io$s %or pe!-e !$) !-+ieve'e$ o% -olle-ive "o!ls.
@iA &+! )o (ou u$)ers!$) #( -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$ s(lesM
@iiA Ouli$e +e v!rious '!$!"e'e$ s(les provi)e) #( Al#er.
@iiiA Co$%li- '!$!"e'e$ s(les !re ver( i'por!$ o
)eer'i$i$"
-o$%li- ou-o'e. Dis-uss.
@ivA Dis-uss pro#le'.solvi$" !s ! -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$ s(le.
pp. =2.4=, O$i"u Oie !$) O. Al#er @e)sA @1;;;A Community
Conflicts in Nigeria: Management, Resolution and
Transformation. I#!)!$: Spe-ru' /oo?s.
Management: A Com%arati.e Assessment. I#!)!$: Spe-ru'
/oo?s.
17
UNIT 4 COMMUNICATION AND CONFLICT
MANAGEMENT
Table of Contents
1.0 I$ro)u-io$
7.0 O#0e-ives
=.0 M!i$ Co$e$
=.1 &+! is Co''u$i-!io$M
=.7 Co''u$i-!io$ !$) Pro#le' solvi$"
=.= Cooper!ive Co''u$i-!io$
2.0 Co$-lusio$
8.0 Su''!r(
1.0 INTRODUCTION
T+is u$i i$ro)u-es -o''u$i-!io$ !s ! -rii-!l %!-or i$ -o$%li-
ou#re!? !$) '!$!"e'e$.
2.0 OB1ECTIVES
A +e e$) o% +e u$i, (ou s+oul) #e !#le o
1. E6pl!i$ +e 'e!$i$" o% -o''u$i-!io$ !$) is -e$r!li( o -o$%li-
'!$!"e'e$.
7. Hi"+li"+ +e i'por!$-e o% -ooper!ive -o''u$i-!io$ !s i rel!es
o v!rious 9!(s !$) s!"es o% -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$.
3.0 MAIN CONTENT
3.1 What is Communication?
Co''u$i-!io$ is ver( i'por!$ o -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$. A--or)i$"
o &il'o !$) Ho-?er @1;;<A -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$ Js!rs %ro'
-l!ri%i-!io$ o% -o''u$i-!io$ !$) -+e-?i$" o% per-epio$H 9+i-+
i$volves +e %ollo9i$":
iA spe!?i$" ou 9+! is o$ o$eHs 'i$)D
iiA lise$i$" -!re%ull(D
iiiA e6pressi$" sro$" %eeli$"s !ppropri!el(D
ivA !s?i$" 1uesio$sD
vA re'!i$i$" r!io$!lD
viA '!i$!i$i$" ! spiri o% "ive !$) !?eD
1=
viiA !voi)i$" +!r'%ul or i$%l!''!or( s!e'e$sD
viiiA !s?i$" )ire-l( 9+! is "oi$" o$D
i6A elli$" o+ers o$eHs opi$io$D
6A loo?i$" %or %le6i#le Js+!)es o% "re( soluio$sHD
6iA re-o"$isi$" +e po9er o% i$ii!i$" ! -ooper!ive 'oveD
6iiA i)e$i%(i$" -o$%li- p!er$sD !$) l!sl(,
6iiiA E$"!"i$" i$ $e"oi!io$s o% !"ree'e$s !$) sele'e$s.
T+e poi$ #ei$" '!)e is +! -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$ re1uires ! +i"+ level
o% -o''u$i-!io$ s?ills espe-i!ll( 9+e$ su-+ '!$!"e'e$s i$volve
-ross.-ulur!l sei$"s.
3.2 Communication and Problem Solving
&+e$ pro#le' solvi$", p!ries see? ! 'uu!ll( !--ep!#le soluio$ o
+eir -o$%li-. LT+e p!ries or +eir represe$!ives !l? %reel( o o$e
!$o+er. T+e( e6-+!$"e i$%or'!io$ !#ou +eir i$eress !$) prioriies,
9or? o"e+er o i)e$i%( +e rue issues )ivi)i$" +e', #r!i$sor' i$
se!r-+ o% !ler$!ives +! #ri)"e +eir opposi$" i$eress, !$)
-olle-ivel( ev!lu!e +ese !ler$!ives %ro' +e vie9poi$ o% +eir
'uu!l 9el%!re.L P!ries '!( ei+er -o'pro'iseD !"ree o$ ! pro-e)ure
o )eer'i$e 9+o s+oul) 9i$, or )evelop !$ i$e"r!ive soluio$.
I$e"r!ive soluio$s !re +e 'os )esir!#le, #e-!use +e( '!6i'iCe #o+
p!ries "!i$, !$) #e-!use +e( -!$ )i'i$is+ +e p!ries per-epio$ o%
-o$%li-i$" i$eress.
Prui !$) Ru#i$ su""es %ive e-+$i1ues %or -re!i$" i$e"r!ive opio$s.
P!ries '!( Le6p!$) +e pieL #( i$-re!si$" +e !v!il!#le resour-es. LI$
$o$.spe-i%i- -o'pe$s!io$, O$e P!r( "es 9+! +e or s+e 9!$s, !$)
+e o+er is rep!i) i$ so'e u$rel!e) -oi$.L I$ lo"rolli$", p!ries r!)e
-o$-essio$s o$ lo9 priori( issues. Cos -ui$" see?s 9!(s o 'ee !
p!r(Ss "o!ls 9i+ 'i$i'!l or $o -os o +e o+er p!r(. T+e p!ries '!(
use #ri)"i$" o i$ve$ $e9 opio$s +! su#s!$i!ll( s!is%( #o+ o% +eir
#!si- i$eress.
I$ or)er o #ri)"e or -os.-u e%%e-ivel(, +e p!ries 'us +!ve so'e
u$)ers!$)i$" o% +e i$eress +! u$)erlie +eir posiio$s, !$) o% +e
)eeper i$eress +! u$)erlie +ose i$eress. So'ei'es )eeper i$eress
-!$ #e re-o$-ile) eve$ 9+e$ super%i-i!l i$eress -o$%li-. L&+e$ o$e
see?s +e i$eress u$)erl(i$" )iver"e$ posiio$s, o$e o%e$ %i$)s +!
+e issue u$)er -o$si)er!io$ +!s ! )i%%ere$ 'e!$i$" o e!-+ o% +e 9o
p!ries.L For i$s!$-e, o$e p!r( '!( #e -o$-er$e) 9i+ su#s!$-e !$)
+e o+ers 9i+ !ppe!r!$-es, or o$e 9i+ +e s+or er' !$) +e o+er
9i+ +e lo$" er'.
12
T+e !u+ors su""es ! %our sep pro#le'.solvi$" pro-ess. Firs, p!ries
'us -l!ri%( !$) e6pl!i$ +e siu!io$, o )eer'i$e 9+e+er +ere re!ll(
is ! -o$%li- o% i$eress prese$. Se-o$)l(, e!-+ p!r( 'us +orou"+l(
e6!'i$e +eir o9$ i$eress, !$) se re!so$!#l( +i"+ !spir!io$s. T+ir),
+e p!ries s+oul) solve pro#le's o"e+er, usi$" +e e-+$i1ues !#ove,
r(i$" o -re!e !$ i$e"r!ive soluio$ +! s!is%ies #o+ p!ries
i$eress. Fi$!ll(, i% $o i$e"r!ive soluio$ -!$ #e %ou$), o$e or #o+
p!ries 'us lo9er +eir !spir!io$s, !$) se!r-+ !"!i$ %or !$ i$e"r!ive
soluio$.
P!ries 'us #e %ir' !#ou +eir #!si- i$eress, %le6i#le !#ou +o9 +ose
i$eress '!( #e s!is%ie), !$) re'!i$ respo$sive o +e o+er p!r(Ss
i$eress. I% +ere !re '!$( issues ! s!?e, +e$ +e p!ries 9ill $ee) o
)evelop !$ !"e$)!. *su!ll( i is #es o pu +e e!sies issues %irs o$ +e
!"e$)!. De-i)i$" +! $o !"ree'e$ is %i$!l u$il !ll !re !llo9e) %or
lo"rolli$" o$ +e l!er issues. &+e$ issues !re ver( -o'ple6, p!ries
'!( #e"i$ #( %irs !"reei$" o$ !$ over!r-+i$" %or'ul! %or +o9 !l?s
9ill pro-ee). O%e$, ! p!r(Ss i$eress !re ps(-+olo"i-!ll( @#u $o
pr!-i-!ll(A li$?e) o"e+er. Su-+ ps(-+olo"i-!l li$?!"es 'us #e #ro?e$
)o9$ o i$-re!se +e p!riesS %le6i#ili( !$) i$-re!se +e poe$i!l %or !$
i$e"r!ive soluio$.
T+ere !re ris?s i$ s+i%i$" o9!r) ! pro#le' solvi$" sr!e"( 9+e$ +e
o+er si)e is -o$e$)i$" sro$"l(. T+e sr!e"i- s+i% '!( #e see$ !s !
si"$ o% 9e!?$ess, !$) so -!use +e -o$e$)i$" p!r( o i$e$si%( +eir
e%%ors. R!isi$" i$e"r!ive opio$s '!( #e i$erpree) !s #!-?i$" o%% !
posiio$. Dis-ussi$" o$eSs i$eress '!( "ive !$ !)v!$!"e o +e o+er
p!r(. To 'i$i'iCe +ese ris?s, p!ries o%e$ use -over !-i-s o es +e
o+erSs i$eres i$ s+i%i$" o9!r)s ! 0oi$ pro#le'.solvi$" sr!e"(. O$e
su-+ -over !-i-s is o +!ve #!-?.-+!$$el -o$!-s, 'eei$" i$
i$%or'!l, priv!e or eve$ se-re ve$ues, o e6plore pro#le' solvi$".
LI$er'e)i!ries provi)e "re!er proe-io$ !"!i$s i'!"e loss !$)
i$%or'!io$ loss +!$ is %ou$) i$ #!-?.-+!$$el 'eei$"s, #e-!use i is
eve$ less -le!r 9+e+er +e( represe$ +e +i$?i$" o% +e people 9+o
se$ +e'.L P!ries '!( !lso use -o$-ili!or( si"$!ls o i$vie pro#le'
solvi$". Su-+ si"$!ls 'us #e #o+ $oi-e!#le, so +e o+er si)e "es +e
'ess!"e, !$) u$)e$i!#l(, so +e %irs p!r( -!$ s!ve %!-e.
A p!r( '!( !lso r( over persu!sive !-i-s o )r!9 +e o+er si)e i$o
pro#le' solvi$". T+e ?e( o e%%e-ive re-rui'e$ is o -o$ve( ! %ir'
#u -o$-ili!or( s!$-e o9!r) +e o+ers. P!ries si"$!l %ir'$ess #(
'!?i$" ! vi"orous s!e'e$ o% +eir i$eress !$) +!vi$" -o$siue$s
'!?e sro$" s!e'e$s, #( #ei$" u$9illi$" o '!?e u$il!er!l
-o$-essio$s, !$) #( )evelopi$" ! 'o)es !'ou$ o% +re! -!p!#ili(.
C!re%ul use o% -o$e$ious !-i-s -!$ !lso si"$!l %ir'$ess 9i+ou
ri""eri$" es-!l!io$. P!ries -!$ si"$!l +eir -o$-ili!or( i$e$ #(
18
e6pressi$" +eir 9illi$"$ess o !)op i$e"r!ive soluio$s, #( e6pressi$"
-o$-er$ %or +e o+er p!r(, #( ?eepi$" +e li$es o% -o''u$i-!io$
ope$, !$) #( re9!r)i$" +e o+erSs -ooper!ive "esures. P!ries '!(
!lso '!?e u$il!er!l rus.#uil)i$" i$ii!ives, %or i$s!$-e, #( usi$" +e
Gr!)u!l Re)u-io$ i$ Te$sio$s @GRITA sr!e"(.
3.3 Cooperative Communication
So'e 9!(s o% -o''u$i-!i$", i$-re!se %ri-io$ !$) !$"er. O+er 9!(s
o% -o''u$i-!io$ e$) o -!use people o 9or? &ITH us, !$) $o
!"!i$s us. &+ile i is -le!r +! #l!!$ !--us!io$s, $!'e.-!lli$" !$)
perso$!l !!-?s !re -o$%ro$!io$!l @+e opposie o% -ooper!iveA, +ere
!re '!$( 'ore su#le 9!(s o rui$ ! -o''u$i-!io$. To illusr!e so'e
o% +e e-+$i1ues o% -ooper!ive -o''u$i-!io$, leSs !?e ! loo? ! +e
%ollo9i$" se$e$-es:
LYou never finish the work on time."
"It seems like you are having some difficulty with the timelines. What
can I do to help?"
&+i-+ o% +ese p+r!ses )o (ou +i$? is 'ore li?el( o eli-i ! pro)u-ive
)i!lo"ueM Cle!rl( +e %irs ! le!s Lsou$)sL !$!"o$isi-L, 9+ile +e
se-o$) )oes$S. A$o+er e6!'ple: "If you had bothered to read the
report, you would know....L
It might be that the report wasn't clear on those points. Would you like
me to eplain?
&+! !re +e -ooper!ive rules +ereM I$ our %irs se o% e6!'ples, +e
i$ii!l s!e'e$ uses !$ !#solue 9or) L$everL, !$) !s ! resul e$)s o
-!use +e o+er perso$ o !r"ue. I$ !))iio$ +e p+r!se sou$)s #l!'i$".
T+e repl!-e'e$ p+r!se l!-?s +ose -o$%ro$!io$!l -+!r!-erisi-s, uses
! 1u!li%ier Lsee'sL, !$) o%%ers o 9or? o"e+er. I$ +e se-o$) p+r!se
se, +e ?e( 9or) is L#o+ere)L, 9+i-+ su""ess +! +e perso$ is l!C(,
or u$-!ri$", !$) +! is 9+! 9ill #e +e!r). I !lso is ! #l!'i$"
s!e'e$. I$ +e repl!-e'e$ p+r!se, 9e i$ro)u-e !$o+er 1u!li%ier
L'i"+L, %ollo9e) #( !$ o%%er o solve +e pro#le'.
I$ #o+ p+r!se ses, +e %irs p+r!ses !re li?el( o -re!e !r"u'e$ !$)
perso$!liCe) -o$%li- 9+ile +e repl!-e'e$ p+r!ses !re 'ore li?el( o
resul i$ re!l pro#le' solvi$".
4.0 CONCLUSION
Co$%li- '!$!"e'e$ re1uires ! +i"+ level o% -o''u$i-!io$ s?ills
espe-i!ll( 9+e$ su-+ '!$!"e'e$s i$volve -ross.-ulur!l sei$"s.
14
5.0 SUMMARY
I$ +is u$i, 9e )e%i$e) +e -o$-eps, -o''u$i-!io$, -o''u$i-!io$
!$) pro#le' solvi$", !$) -ooper!ive -o''u$i-!io$. &e !lso sresse)
+e i'p!-s o% +ese -o$-eps o$ -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$ pro-esses.
iA &+! is -o''u$i-!io$M
iiA Mos -o$%li-s !re +e resul o% poor -o''u$i-!io$. Dis-uss.
iiiA Ho9 i'por!$ is +e '!$$er o% -o''u$i-!io$ o -o$%li-
resoluio$M
ivA &+! is -ooper!ive -o''u$i-!io$M
Prui, De!$ G. !$) Pe%%re( F. Ru#i$. @1;<4A. Social Conflict:
#scalation, Stalemate and Settlement Ne9 Bor?: R!$)o' House.
Ross, M.H. @1;;=A.The Management of Conflict: )nter%retations and
)nterests in Com%arati.e *ers%ecti.e. Ne9 H!ve$: B!le
*$iversi( Press,
17
MODULE 2
ELEMENTS OF CONFLICT MANAGEMENT PROCESS
*$i 1 T+ir) P!r( I$erve$io$s
*$i 7 Me)i!io$
*$i = Ne"oi!io$
*$i 2 Ar#ir!io$
*$i 8 A%ri-!$ Tr!)iio$!l Co$%li- M!$!"e'e$
UNIT 1 THIRD-PARTY INTERVENTIONS
Table of Contents
1.0 I$ro)u-io$
7.0 O#0e-ives
=.0 M!i$ Co$e$
=.1 De%i$iio$ o% T+ir).p!r( I$erve$io$s
=.7 Role o% T+ir) P!ries
=.= For's o% T+ir) P!ries I$erve$io$
=.2 I$erve$io$ T(pes
=.8 F!-ors +! i$%lue$-e I$erve$io$ De-isio$
=.4 A-+ievi$" su--ess%ul i$erve$io$s
2.0 Co$-lusio$
8.0 Su''!r(
1.0 INTRODUCTION
T+is u$i e6poses (ou o +ir) p!r( i$erve$io$ !s e$-!psul!i$" #ro!)
ele'e$s o% -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$.
2.0 OB1ECTIVES.
A +e e$) o% +e u$i, (ou s+oul) #e !#le o:
iA I)e$i%( +e #!si- ele'e$s o% +ir) p!r( i$erve$io$D
iiA E6pl!i$ +o9 +ir) p!r( i$erve$io$ 9or?sD
iiiA Hi"+li"+ +e -+!lle$"es !$) e+i-s o% +ir) p!r( i$erve$io$D
ivA Lis +e %!-ors +! !%%e- +e su--ess o% +ir) p!r( i$erve$io$.
1<
3.0 MAIN CONTENT
3.1 Definition
T+e er's L+ir) p!r(L !$) Li$er'e)i!r(L !re #o+ use) o re%er o !
perso$ or e!' o% people 9+o #e-o'e i$volve) i$ ! -o$%li- o +elp +e
)ispui$" p!ries '!$!"e or resolve i. T+ir) p!ries 'i"+ !- !s
-o$sul!$s, +elpi$" o$e si)e or #o+ si)es !$!l(Ce +e -o$%li- !$) pl!$
!$ e%%e-ive respo$se. Aler$!ivel(, +e( 'i"+ !- !s %!-ili!ors,
!rr!$"i$" 'eei$"s, sei$" !"e$)!s, !$) "ui)i$" pro)u-ive )is-ussio$s.
F!-ili!ors 9ill !lso usu!ll( re-or) 9+! 9!s s!i), !$) '!( 9rie up !
s+or repor su''!riCi$" +e )is-ussio$s !$) !$( !"ree'e$s +! 9ere
re!-+e).
A 'ore !-ive !$) po9er%ul +ir) p!r( role is +! o% 'e)i!or.
Me)i!ors, $o o$l( %!-ili!e )is-ussio$s, #u +e( usu!ll( i'pose !
sru-ure !$) pro-ess o$ +e )is-ussio$s +! is )esi"$e) o 'ove +e
p!ries o9!r)s 'uu!l u$)ers!$)i$" !$) 9i$.9i$ !"ree'e$s. &+ile
'!$( )i%%ere$ s(les o% 'e)i!io$s !re -o''o$, 'os 'e)i!ors +!ve
+e -o$%li-i$" p!ries si )o9$ o"e+er o e6pl!i$ o e!-+ o+er +eir
vie9s !#ou +e $!ure o% +e pro#le' !$) +o9 +e( +i$? i 'i"+ #es
#e solve). T+e 'e)i!or o%e$ ries o "e +e )ispu!$s o %o-us o$
u$)erl(i$" i$eress @+e +i$"s +e( re!ll( $ee) or 9!$A 'ore +!$ +eir
i$ii!l ope$i$" posiio$s @9+! +e( i$ii!ll( s!( +e( $ee) or 9!$A. /(
-l!ri%(i$" +e )iver"e$ vie9s !$) re!so$s %or +ose vie9s, 'e)i!ors
-!$ usu!ll( "e +e p!ries o )evelop ! -o''o$ u$)ers!$)i$" o% +e
siu!io$, 9+i-+ o%e$ (iel)s ! soluio$ 9+i-+ s!is%ies +e i$eress o% !ll
p!ries. &+ile so'e 'e)i!ors !?e ! sro$"er role i$ opio$
i)e$i%i-!io$ !$) sele-io$ +!$ o+ers, 'e)i!ors )o $o +!ve +e po9er
o i'pose ! soluio$. A 'os, +e( -!$ su""es ! soluio$, 9+i-+ +e
)ispu!$s '!( or '!( $o !--ep.
T+e 'os po9er%ul +ir) p!r( role is +! o% !$ !r#ir!or. A$ !r#ir!or
lise$s o prese$!io$s '!)e #( #o+ si)es, e6!'i$es 9rie$ '!eri!ls
!$) o+er evi)e$-e rel!i$" o ! -!se, !$) +e$ '!?es ! )eer'i$!io$ o%
9+o is ri"+ !$) 9+o is 9ro$", or +o9 ! -o$%li- s+oul) #e sele).
*su!ll(, +e !r#ir!orHs )e-isio$ is #i$)i$" !$) -!$$o #e !ppe!le).
T+us, +e !r#ir!or is +e 'os po9er%ul (pe o% i$er'e)i!r(.
Ar#ir!io$ 9or?s 9ell 9+e$ +e p!ries si'pl( 9!$ ! sele'e$, !$)
)o $o 9orr( !#ou losi$" -o$rol o% +e pro-ess or +e ou-o'e. For
p!ries +! 9!$ o '!i$!i$ -o$rol, +o9ever, +e o+er %or's o%
i$erve$io$ @'e)i!io$ or %!-ili!io$A !re o%e$ pre%erre).
1;
3.2 Role of Third Parties
To i$erve$e 'e!$s Qo e$er i$o !$ o$"oi$" s(se' o% rel!io$s+ips, o
-o'e #e9ee$ or !'o$" perso$s, "roups, or o#0e-s %or +e purpose o%
+elpi$" +e'>R A"(ris @1;70:18A. S!$le( Ho%%'!$ )es-ri#es
i$erve$io$ !s Q! 'ove #( s!e or !$ i$er$!io$!l or"!$iC!io$ o
i$volve isel% i$ +e )o'esi- !%%!ir o% !$o+er s!e, 9+e+er +e s!e
-o$se$s or $oR @Ho%%'!$, 1;;=:<<A.
T+e poi$ !#ou i$erve$io$ is +! i usu!ll( i$volves ! +ir) p!r(.
T+ir) p!ries -+!$"e -o$%li-s, o%e$ %or +e #eer, 0us #( #ei$" prese$.
T+ir) p!ries -!$ pl!( '!$( roles. T+e( '!( !- %or'!ll( or i$%or'!ll(.
T+e( '!( !- !s i$)ivi)u!ls, or !s represe$!ives o% so'e l!r"er "roup.
T+e( '!( #e i$vie) o p!ri-ip!e #( +e -o$%li-i$" p!ries, or +e(
'!( i$erve$e spo$!$eousl(. *su!ll( !$ e%%e-ive +ir) p!r( 9ill #e
i'p!ri!lD +o9ever +ere !re o--!sio$s 9+e$ ! p!ri!l role -!$ #e
+elp%ul. T+ir) p!ries '!( #e li'ie) o !)visi$" +e p!ries, or +e( '!(
#e !#le o '!?e #i$)i$" )e-isio$s %or +e p!ries. T+e( '!( i$erve$e i$
-o$%li-s #e9ee$ i$)ivi)u!ls or #e9ee$ "roups. So'e +ir) p!ries 9ill
%o-us o$ +e su#s!$-e o% +e )ispue, 9+ile o+ers %o-us o$ i'provi$"
+e -o$%li- pro-ess.
3.3 Forms of Third Party Intervention
Prui !$) Ru#i$ )es-ri#e +ree e%%e-ive %or's o% +ir).p!r(
i$erve$io$. Firs, +ir) p!ries '!( i$erve$e o 'o)i%( +e p+(si-!l or
so-i!l sru-ure o% +e -o$%li-. T+e( -!$ %!-ili!e -o''u$i-!io$, o%%er
! $eur!l or priv!e ve$ue %or !l?s, i'pose ! i'eli$e !$) )e!)li$es,
-o$ri#ue resour-es, !$) -!ll up pu#li- pressure. Se-o$), +ir) p!ries
-!$ -+!$"e +e sru-ure o% +e issue i$ ! -o$%li-. T+e( -!$ +elp +e
p!ries i)e$i%( issues !$) i$eress, !$) #re!? ps(-+olo"i-!l li$?!"es.
T+e( -!$ +elp +e p!ries "roup !$) or)er +e issues o #e !))resse).
A$) +e( -!$ i$ro)u-e $e9 issues, !ler$!ive soluio$s !$) super.
or)i$!e "o!ls. T+us, su-+ i$erve$io$ -!$ %ur+er 'oiv!e +e
-o$%li-i$" p!ries o re!-+ !$ !"ree'e$. T+ir) p!ries +elp p!ri-ip!$s
s!ve %!-e #( !--epi$" respo$si#ili( %or -o$-essio$s. T+e( '!$!"e
p!riesS e'oio$s !$) !#sor# +osili(. T+e( -!$ !lso +elp sus!i$ +e
p!riesS 'o'e$u' o9!r) ! resoluio$.
3.4 Intervention Types

Ge$er!ll(, $!io$s )e-i)e +o9 o i$erve$e #!se) o$ +ree %!-ors. T+e
%irs -o$si)er!io$ is +e i$erve$i$" $!io$Ss o9$ -!p!#iliies !$)
-o$$e-io$ o +e -o$%li-. Se-o$)l(, +e( -o$si)er +e s!us !$)
ripe$ess o% +e -o$%li- %or resoluio$. T+ir)l(, i$erve$io$ is i$%lue$-e)
#( +e -+!r!-ers o% +e p!ries !$) +eir )e-isio$.'!?i$" s(se's.
70
Cro-?er !r"ues +! ! %our+ %!-or s+oul) #e "ive$ i$-re!se) !e$io$D
N!io$s s+oul) -o'p!re +e -os o% i$erve$io$ o +e -os o% )oi$"
$o+i$".
I$erve$io$ '!( #e 'ili!r( or )iplo'!i-. Curre$l(, 'ili!r(
i$erve$io$ is $o +e 'os (pi-!l %or' use), !l+ou"+ i is -!lle) %or,
o$ o--!sio$. Diplo'!i- i$erve$io$ '!( #e sus!i$e) !$) sr!e"i- or
i '!( #e episo)i-. T+e *$ie) S!es +!s pursue) lo$".er' sr!e"i-
)iplo'!i- i$erve$io$ i$ +e Mi))le E!s. Sr!e"i- )iplo'!i-
i$erve$io$ re'!i$s %!irl( u$-o''o$, +o9ever. Episo)i-, -risis.)rive$
i$erve$io$s !re +e 'os -o''o$ %or' o% )iplo'!i- i$erve$io$.
Su-+ i$erve$io$s -!$ #e e%%e-ive ! -o$!i$i$" viole$-e, #u !lo$e, )o
$o e$) o pro)u-e sele'e$s or resoluio$s.
I$erve$io$s #( $o$."over$'e$!l or"!$iC!io$ !re $e9, !$) o$ +e
i$-re!se. NGO i$erve$io$s !re li?el( 'ore e%%e-ive, +!$ 9+! +e
"over$'e$s "ives +e' -re)i %or, #u so'e9+! less e%%e-ive +!$
+e( +e'selves -l!i'.
T(pes o% i$erve$io$ i$-lu)e:
@iA Preventive Intervention #e%ore +e ou#re!? o% ! -o$%li-.
@iiA Pre-emptive Intervention Cro-?er !r"ues +! +e 'os e%%e-ive 9!(
o% )e!li$" 9i+ viole$ i$er$!l -o$%li-s is pre.e'pivel( #( !-i$"
e!rl(, #e%ore +e viole$-e #e-o'es severe. N!io$s u$)er"oi$"
repressio$ or viole$ up+e!v!l s+oul) #e e$-our!"e) o pursue
$e"oi!e) !ler$!ives. Arr!$"i$" ! %!-e.s!vi$" e6i %or soo$ o #e
)epose) le!)ers, -!$ !lso #e !$ e%%e-ive 9!( o% preve$i$" %ur+er
viole$-e.
Ge$er!ll(, pre.e'pive i$erve$io$ s+oul) %o-us o$ +ose
-o$)iio$s 9+i-+ s+!pe !$) sp!r? e+$i- -o$%li-s. Cro-?er
!r"ues +! +e ?e( o i)e$i%(i$" !$) u$)ers!$)i$" +ose
-o$)iio$s is o u$)ers!$) L+e pro-ess #( 9+i-+ polii-iCe)
-o$%li-s #e-o'e 'ili!riCe).L Mili!riCe) -o$%li-s !re 'ore
-o'ple6 !$) 'ore -osl( o )e!l 9i+. T+e "o!l +e$ is o
i$erve$e pre.e'pivel( o preve$ polii-!l -o$%li-s %ro'
#e-o'i$" 'ili!riCe).
Cro-?er )es-ri#es +ree e6!'ples o% su-+ pre.e'pive
i$erve$io$. Firs, $!io$s '!( see? o !voi) pre'!ure !$)
possi#l( pol!riCi$" ele-io$s. Se-o$)l(, $!io$s s+oul) #e 'ore
vi"orous i$ +eir !e'ps o )is!r' !$) rei$e"r!e %or'er
-o'#!!$s i$o -ivil so-ie(. T+ir)l(, Cro-?er !r"ues +! si'ple
se-essio$ is u$li?el( o pu !$ e$) o i$er$!l -o$%li-s. I% ! $!io$
71
is o #re!?.up, +e i$er$!io$!l -o''u$i( 'us i$sis o$ !$
!"ree), $e"oi!e) sep!r!io$.
@iiiA Curative intervention +! !i's ! +e soluio$, li'i!io$,
-o$rol or re"ul!io$ o% !$ e6isi$" -o$%li-D
@ivA De-escalating intervention +! !i's ! re)u-i$" e$sio$ !$)
'us #e #!se) o$ i$si"+ i$o +e %!-ors !$) 'e-+!$is's +! le)
o es-!l!io$ i$ +e %irs pl!-eD !$)
@vA Escalating intervention i -!$ #e i$ +e i$eres o% ! per'!$e$
-o$%li- resoluio$ o es-!l!e ! Q-ol)R -o$%li- @o$e i$ 9+i-+ +e
p!ries !voi) #o+ -o$!- !$) -o$%ro$!io$A.
3.5 Factors that influence the Intervention Decision
Oppo$e$s o% i$erve$io$ (pi-!ll( r!ise 9o poi$s. Firs, +e( !r"ue
+! e+$i- -o$%li-s !re o%e$ oo i$e$se %or e%%e-ive i$erve$io$. T+e
-o'#!!$s s+oul) #e !llo9e) o e6+!us e!-+ o+er, !$) !lso +eir
)esire %or pe!-e o "ro9, #e%ore i$erve$io$ is !e'pe). Se-o$)l(,
i$erve$io$ i$ i$er$!l -o$%li-s viol!es +e !r"e $!io$Ss soverei"$(.
Ousi)ers l!-? ! -le!r '!$)!e o 0usi%( +eir i$erve$io$. T+e( o%e$
l!-? +e s?ills !$) ?$o9le)"e o i$erve$e e%%e-ivel(.
Sill, +ere +!ve #ee$ so'e si"$i%i-!$ !$) su--ess%ul i$erve$io$s i$o
i$er$!l -o$%li-s. T+e *N oversi"+ o% +e )e-olo$iC!io$ o% N!'i#i!,
!$) +e C!'#o)i!$ ele-io$s !re 9o $o!#le e6!'ples. Cro-?er !s?s,
9+e$ +e$ s+oul) i$erve$io$ #e !e'pe) or !voi)e)M
He su""ess +! i$ "e$er!l L9e pro#!#l( s+oul) !voi) 'ili!r(
e$!$"le'e$ i$ $!io$!lis revoluio$s !$) -ivil 9!rs pii$" 9+ole
"roups !$) -l!sses !"!i$s o$e !$o+er.L Cro-?er $oes 9o e6-epio$s
o +is "e$er!liC!io$. Firs, 9e '!( i$erve$e 'ili!ril( i% +ere !re
over!r-+i$" sr!e"i- re!so$s o )o so. Se-o$)l(, 9e '!( i$erve$e i%
+e issue is i'por!$, !$) su--ess ! ! re!so$!#le -os see's li?el(.
3.6 Achieving successful Interventions
&+! e6!-l( -o$siues ! su--ess%ul i$erve$io$, is isel% ! '!er o%
'u-+ )e#!e. For so'e -o$%li-s, 'erel( !voi)i$" eve$ "re!er r!"e)(
'!( -ou$ !s ! su--ess. I$ )e%i$i$" su--ess, Cro-?er !r"ues +! L+e
i'por!$ poi$ is +! +ose 9+o )e-i)e o i$erve$e...+!ve !$
o#li"!io$ o )evelop +eir o9$ )e%i$iio$ o% su--ess, !$) o ?eep i
%ir'l( i$ 'i$) 9+ile l!#ouri$" o !voi) #e-o'i$" p!r o% +e pro#le'
!$) '!?i$" +i$"s 9orse.L
77
&+!ever s!$)!r) o% su--ess is !)ope), -er!i$ "e$er!l -o$si)er!io$s
!ppl(. T+e i$erve$io$ oper!io$ isel% 'us +!ve !$ e%%i-ie$,
respo$sive )e-isio$.'!?i$" s(se'. De-isio$.'!?ers 'us #e +el)
!--ou$!#le %or +eir )e-isio$s. T+e oper!io$ 'us !?e 'e!sures o
e$sure +!, is %or-es !re $o !?e$ +os!"e or !r"ee) )ire-l( #( +e
-o'#!!$s. T+e i$erve$i$" "roup 'us re!i$ !$) e6er-ise -o$sise$
-o$rol over +e $!ure !$) i'i$" o% +e i$erve$io$. I$erve$io$s e$)
o %!il i% +e i$erve$i$" "roup loses +e i$ii!ive. T+e i$erve$io$ 'us
#e #!-?e) up #( !)e1u!e i$%or'!io$ !#ou +e siu!io$. O%e$ +e
p!ri-ul!r -+!r!-ers o% +e ?e( pl!(ers, '!?es ! -ru-i!l )i%%ere$-e i$ +e
ou-o'e o% !$ i$erve$io$. Su--ess%ul *N i$erve$io$s e$) o e6+i#i
+ese %e!ures.
4.0 CONCLUSION
I$ er's o% sr!e"(, +e i$er$!io$!l -o''u$i( 'us #e 9illi$" o
suppor i$erve$io$ i$o so'e i$er$!l -o$%li-s. Ho9ever, 9e s+oul)
$o see? o +rus +e *N, or +e *$ie) S!es, i$o ever( i$er$!l
-o$%li-. E$"!"i$" i$ i$erve$io$s 9+i-+ !re u$li?el( o +!ve so'e
'e!sure o% su--ess !$) is uli'!el( -ou$er.pro)u-ive. I$erve$io$s
'us !lso pl!$ %or su--ess. T+e( 'us %ollo9 +rou"+ 9i+ pl!$s o
i'ple'e$ !$( pe!-e sele'e$ 9+i-+ '!( #e re!-+e). Su--ess%ul
i$erve$io$s 9ill u$)ers!$) !$) e6ploi +e li$? #e9ee$ )iplo'!-(
!$) 'ili!r( %or-e. Diplo'!i- i$erve$io$s usu!ll( "!i$ +eir %or-e
%ro' 'ili!r( #!-?i$"D 'ili!r( %or-e re1uires )iplo'!-( o !ri-ul!e is
"o!ls !$) i$eress. For +is re!so$ 'ili!r( i$erve$io$ is 'os
e%%e-ive 9+e$ e'plo(e) i$ +e -o$e6 o% !$ o$"oi$" polii-!l pe!-e
pro-ess. I$ %!-, li$?i$" 'ili!r( i$erve$io$ o ! l!r"er pe!-e pro-ess is
o%e$ +e ?e( o )evelopi$" ! su--ess%ul e6i sr!e"(.
5.0 SUMMARY
I$ +is u$i 9e +!ve e6!'i$e) v!rious (pes o% i$erve$io$s 9i+
p!ri-ul!r %o-us o$ +ir) p!r( i$erve$io$. &e +!ve !lso )is-usse)
%or's o% +ir) p!r( i$erve$io$D +e role o% +ir) p!r( i$erve$io$D !$)
+e su--ess r!e i$ '!$!"i$" -o$%li-s.
6.0 TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMENT (TMAS)
iA &+! is +ir) p!r( i$erve$io$M
iiA &+! !re +e %!-ors +! !%%e- +e su--ess o% %!ilure o% +ir)
p!r( i$erve$io$M
iiiA Dis-uss +e v!rious (pes o% +ir) p!r( i$erve$io$.
ivA &+e$ is i re!so$!#le o i$erve$e i$ ! -o$%li- !s ! +ir) p!r(M
7=
A"(ris, C. @1;70A. )nter.ention Theory and Method: A /eha.ioural
Science Reading. M!ss!-+uses: A))iso$.&esle(.
N!+!$, L. @1;;;A. JI$er$!io$!l Me)i!io$ i$ A%ri-!$ Civil &!rsH,
Gloal 'ialogue.
Resolution and Conflict Transformation. Lo$)o$: S!"e
Pu#li-!io$s.
72
UNIT 2 MEDIATION
Table of Contents
1.0 I$ro)u-io$
7.0 O#0e-ives
=.0 M!i$ Co$e$
=.1 De%i$iio$ o% Me)i!io$
=.7 T(pes o% Me)i!ors
=.7.1 So-i!l Ne9or? Me)i!ors
=.7.7 Au+ori!ive Me)i!ors
=.7.= I$)epe$)e$ Me)i!ors
=.= Fou$)!io$s o% Me)i!io$
=.2 T(pes o% Me)i!io$
=.2.1 F!-ili!ive Me)i!io$
=.2.7 Ev!lu!ive Me)i!io$
=.2.= Tr!$s%or'!ive Me)i!io$
=.8 E+i-!l Dile''!s i$ Me)i!io$
=.4 S?ills !$) /e+!viours %or No$.!)vers!ri!l Me)i!io$
2.0 Co$-lusio$
8.0 Su''!r(
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Me)i!io$ is ! popul!r -o$-ep i$ -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$ )is-ourse.
2.0 OB1ECTIVES
A%er re!)i$" +is u$i, (ou s+oul) #e !#le o:
i. De%i$e 'e)i!io$D
ii. I)e$i%( +e pro-esses !$) )ile''!s o% 'e)i!io$ !s ! %or'
o%
+ir) p!r( i$erve$io$D
iii. Hi"+li"+ +e role o% 'e)i!io$ i$ -o$%li- siu!io$D !$),
iv. I)e$i%( +e #e+!viours !$) s?ills re1uire) %or $o$.!)vers!ri!l
'e)i!io$.
3.0 MAIN CONTENT
3.1 Definition
Due o pol!ri( o--!sio$e) #( issues i$ +e -o$%li-, -o$%li- p!ries
o%e$ %i$) i )i%%i-ul o $e"oi!e +e$-e, +e -o'i$" i$ o% ! +ir) perso$
78
o %!-ili!e $e"oi!io$ )ispu!$s. Me)i!io$, !--or)i$" o Moore
@1;;4:1A, is:
T+e i$erve$io$ i$ ! $e"oi!io$ or -o$%li- o% !$
!--ep!#le +ir) p!r( 9+o +!s li'ie) or $o
!u+ori!ive )e-isio$.'!?i$" po9er #u 9+o
!ssiss +e i$volve) p!ries i$ volu$!ril( re!-+i$" !
'uu!ll( !--ep!#le sele'e$ o% issues i$ )ispue.
Goo)p!ser, @1;;7:70=.02A sees 'e)i!io$ !s:
Q! pro#le'.solvi$" $e"oi!io$ pro-ess, i$ 9+i-+
!$ ousi)e, i'p!ri!l $eur!l p!r( 9or?s 9i+
)ispu!$s o !ssis +e' o re!-+ ! s!is%!-or(
$e"oi!e) !"ree'e$. *$li?e 0u)"es or !r#ir!ors,
'e)i!ors +!ve $o !u+ori( o )e-i)e +e )ispue
#e9ee$ +e p!riesD i$se!), +e p!ries e'po9er
+e 'e)i!or o +elp +e' resolve +e issue #e9ee$
+e'.R
Me)i!io$ is !$ i$%or'!l, volu$!r( !$) -o$%i)e$i!l pro-ess i$ 9+i-+ !
r!i$e) pro%essio$!l )ispue resolver @+e 'e)i!orA %!-ili!es
u$)ers!$)i$", -o''u$i-!io$ !$) $e"oi!io$ #e9ee$ )ispui$"
p!ries !$) !ssiss +ose p!ries i$ re!-+i$" +eir o9$ 'uu!ll(
!--ep!#le resoluio$ o +eir )ispue.
&+ere +e )ispue is !lre!)( i$ lii"!io$ +e p!ries !re $or'!ll(
!ssise) i$ 'e)i!io$ #( +eir le"!l -ou$sel.
Me)i!io$ )i%%ers %ro' $e"oi!io$, i$ +! p!ries 9i+ !pp!re$l(
i$-o'p!i#le )e'!$)s ur$ over +e )ispue resoluio$ pro-ess, #u $o
+e )ispue isel%, o +e 'e)i!or.
Me)i!io$ )i%%ers %ro' !r#ir!io$, i$ +! ! 'e)i!or '!?es $o )e-isio$s
!s o +o9 +e -!se s+oul) #e resolve)D r!+er +e 'e)i!or "ui)es +e
p!ries i$ '!?i$" +is )eer'i$!io$.
Me)i!io$ )i%%ers %ro' -!se ev!lu!io$, i$ +! +e 'e)i!or '!?es $o
%i$)i$" !s o +e v!lue o% +e -l!i's !$) +ere is $o pe$!l( i% +e
'e)i!io$ is u$su--ess%ul.
Me)i!io$ )i%%ers %ro' lii"!io$s, i$ +! i is 1ui-?er !$) less e6pe$sive
!$) !llo9s +e p!ries o 9or?.ou +eir o9$ soluio$s i$ priv!e r!+er
+!$ +!vi$" !$ u$?$o9$ resul i'pose) o$ +e' #( ! 0u)"e or 0ur( i$ !
le$"+(, e6pe$sive !$) %or'!l pro-ess.
74
Me)i!io$ is #uil upo$ !ll o% +e %ollo9i$" -o$-eps:
i. 5olu$!ri$ess,
ii. Priv!-(,
iii. Co$%i)e$i!li(,
iv. E-o$o'(,
v. Pro'p$ess,
vi. I$%or'!li(,
vii. Co$rol o% +e!ri$" )!es,
viii. L!-? o% ris?,
i6. L!-? o% %e!r o% !$ !ppe!l %ro' ! %!vour!#le resul,
6. Opporu$i( %or p!ries o ell +eir e$ire sor( 9i+ou rules o%
evi)e$-e,
6i. Hi"+ li?eli+oo) !"ree'e$ is $o viol!e).
3.2 Types of Mediators
Al#er @7001:<4A i)e$i%ies +ree '!0or (pes o% 'e)i!ors. T+e( !re:
i. So-i!l $e9or? 'e)i!ors,
ii. Au+ori!ive 'e)i!ors,
iii. I$)epe$)e$ 'e)i!ors.
3.2.1 Social Network Mediators
T+is -o$siss o% i$)ivi)u!ls 9+o !re i$vie) o i$erve$e i$ ! -o$%li-
#!si-!ll( #e-!use o% +eir -lose rel!io$s+ip 9i+ +e )ispu!$s, or
l!r"el( #e-!use +e( !re i$ +e s!'e so-i!l "roup @$e9or?A 9i+ +e
)ispu!$s. T+e 'e)i!or -oul), +ere%ore, #e ! %rie$), $ei"+#our, or
'e'#er o% +e s!'e polii-!l "roup, e-. T+e 'e)i!or "es +e -o.
oper!io$ o% +e )ispu!$s #e-!use +e is -o$si)ere) rus9or+(.
3.2.2 Authoritative Mediators
T+ese !re +ose i$ !u+ori!ive rel!io$s+ip 9i+ +e )ispu!$s i$ +e
se$se o% o--up(i$" ! posiio$ o% !u+ori( 9ell ?$o9$ o, re-o"$iCe)
!$) respe-e) #( +e )ispu!$s. T+e Q!u+ori( o% +e 'e)i!or i$ +is
?i$) o% siu!io$ is )epe$)e$ o$ +is !--ess o resour-es 9+i-+ +e 9o
si)es o +e -o$%li- v!lue so 'u-+. A$ !u+ori!ive 'e)i!or is,
+o9ever, $o e6pe-e) o i'pose +is )e-isio$ o$ +e )ispu!$s. /u +e
e6pe-e) o i'pose +is )e-isio$ o$ +e )ispu!$s. /u +e -oul) persu!)e
or i$)ire-l( i$%lue$-e +e' o re!-+ ! 1ui-? )e-isio$.
77
3.2.3 Independent Mediators
T+ese !re $eur!l perso$s e$irel(. A$ i$)epe$)e$ 'e)i!or +!s $o
vese) i$eres i$ +e -o$%li- !$), +ere%ore is e6pe-e) #( +e 9o si)es
o #e i'p!ri!l i$ +elpi$" +e' 9or? +rou"+ +eir pro#le's.
I$)epe$)e$ 'e)i!ors !re pro%essio$!ls 9+o +!ve 'e)i!io$ %ir's +!
-oul) #e -o$sule) %ro' i'e o i'e #( )ispu!$s.
3.3 Foundations of Mediation
T+ir) p!ries 'e)i!e #!se) o$ +eir )esire o '!?e pe!-e, !$) !$) +eir
o9$ sel%.i$eres. Sel%.i$eres is +e pri'!r( 'oiv!io$ %or s!es.
S!es !re 'oiv!e) #( #o+ )e%e$sive !$) o%%e$sive i$eress.
De%e$sive i$eress i$-lu)e pro'oi$" i$er$!io$!l s!#ili(, !$)
proe-i$" +e 'e)i!i$" $!io$Ss %orei"$ i$eress. O%e$ $!io$s 9ill
!e'p o 'e)i!e ! -o$%li- i$ or)er o preve$ riv!l po9ers %ro'
i$erve$i$" !$) e6p!$)i$" +eir i$%lue$-e. S!es '!( !lso %e!r #ei$"
)r!9$ i$o +e es-!l!i$" -o$%li-. &+e$ 'oiv!e) #( )e%e$sive
i$eress, 'e)i!ors o%e$ +!ve so'e s!?e i$ !-+ievi$" p!ri-ul!r
ou-o'es.
&+e$ !-i$" o$ +e o%%e$-e, s!es 'e)i!e -o$%li-s i$ or)er o e6e$)
!$) i$-re!se +eir o9$ i$%lue$-e. For i$s!$-e, su--ess%ul 'e)i!io$
'!( e!r$ +e "r!iu)e o% o+er $!io$s. I$ su-+ -!ses s!es usu!ll( +!ve
less i$eres i$ +e -o$e$ o% +e sele'e$. As !$ e6!'ple o% +o9 sel%.
i$eres 'oiv!es +ir).p!ries, +e !u+ors o%%er +e -!se o% *.S.
'e)i!io$ )uri$" !$) !%er +e Col) &!r. Duri$" +e Col) &!r, +e *.S.
9!s 1ui-? o 'e)i!e i$er$!io$!l -o$%li-s. /( )oi$" so, +e( e6e$)e)
+eir i$%lue$-e !$) #lo-?e) e6p!$sio$ o% Sovie i$%lue$-e. &i+ +e
)e'ise o% +e *$io$ o% Sovie So-i!lis Repu#li- @*.S.S.R.A, +e *$ie)
S!es @*.S.A +!s #ee$ less e!"er o i$erve$e.
Less po9er%ul $!io$s !lso !- o$ )e%e$sive !$) o%%e$sive sel%.i$eress.
I$ !))iio$ s'!ller s!es '!( !e'p 'e)i!io$ #e-!use +e( l!-? o+er
%orei"$ poli-( ools !$) !s ! 9!( o% !voi)i$" #ei$" )r!9$ i$o +e
-o$%li- !s p!ri-ip!$s.
No$.s!e or"!$iC!io$s "e$er!ll( e'p+!siCe pe!-e?eepi$" !s +eir '!i$
'oive. Ho9ever, su-+ "roups !re !lso 'oiv!e) #( !$ i$eres i$
up+ol)i$" +eir repu!io$s. I$er"over$'e$!l or"!$iC!io$s, su-+ !s
+e *.N., !re i$%lue$-e) #( +e poli-ies !$) i$eress o% +eir 'e'#er
s!es. T+e !u+orHs $oe +! $o$.s!e or"!$iC!io$s !re o%e$
Li$erese) i$ ! p!ri-ul!r ou-o'e, $o #e-!use i !%%e-s +e' )ire-l(,
#u #e-!use +e( #elieve i$ is i$+ere$ )esir!#ili(.L
7<
P!ries o ! -o$%li- !--ep 'e)i!io$ 9+e$ +e( #elieve i is i$ +eir #es
i$eress o )o soD +! is, 9+e$ +e( #elieve +! L'e)i!io$ 9ill "!i$ !$
ou-o'e +! is 'ore %!vour!#le +!$ +e ou-o'e "!i$e) #( -o$i$ue)
-o$%li-.L Si'il!rl(, p!ries 9ill !--ep 'e)i!io$ 9+e$ re0e-i$" i 9ill
resul i$ "re!er +!r's. P!ries '!( %e!r i$-urri$" #!) rel!io$s+ip 9i+
+e propose) 'e)i!i$" $!io$ or i$er$!io$!l s!$-io$s i% +e( re%use o
$e"oi!e. I$ !))iio$, 'e)i!io$ '!( o%%er p!ries ! 9!( o $e"oi!e
-o'pro'ise 9i+ou losi$" %!-e. T+e 'e)i!or '!( !lso #e see$ !s
"u!r!$or o% +e %i$!l sele'e$.
3.4 Types of Mediation
3.4.1 Facilitative Mediation
I$ +e 1;40Ss !$) 1;70Ss, +ere 9!s o$l( o$e (pe o% 'e)i!io$ #ei$"
!u"+ !$) pr!-i-e), 9+i-+ is $o9 #ei$" -!lle) LF!-ili!ive
Me)i!io$L. I$ %!-ili!ive 'e)i!io$, +e 'e)i!or sru-ures ! pro-ess
o !ssis +e p!ries i$ re!-+i$" ! 'uu!ll( !"ree!#le resoluio$. T+e
'e)i!or !s?s 1uesio$sD v!li)!es !$) $or'!liCes p!riesS poi$s o%
vie9D se!r-+es %or i$eress u$)er$e!+ +e posiio$s !?e$ #( p!riesD
!$) !ssiss +e p!ries i$ %i$)i$" !$) !$!l(Ci$" opio$s %or resoluio$.
T+e %!-ili!ive 'e)i!or )oes $o '!?e re-o''e$)!io$s o +e p!ries,
"ive +is or +er o9$ !)vi-e or opi$io$ !s o +e ou-o'e o% +e -!se, or
pre)i- 9+! ! -our 9oul) )o i$ +e -!se. T+e 'e)i!or is i$ -+!r"e o%
+e pro-ess, 9+ile +e p!ries !re i$ -+!r"e o% +e ou-o'e.
F!-ili!ive 'e)i!ors 9!$ o e$sure +! p!ries -o'e o !"ree'e$s
#!se) o$ i$%or'!io$ !$) u$)ers!$)i$". T+e( pre)o'i$!$l( +ol) 0oi$
sessio$s 9i+ !ll p!ries prese$ so +! +e p!ries -!$ +e!r e!-+ o+erSs
poi$s o% vie9, #u +ol) -!u-uses re"ul!rl(. T+e( 9!$ +e p!ries o
+!ve +e '!0or i$%lue$-e o$ )e-isio$s '!)e, r!+er +!$ +e p!riesH
!or$e(s.
F!-ili!ive 'e)i!io$ "re9 up i$ +e er! o% volu$eer )ispue resoluio$
-e$res, i$ 9+i-+ +e volu$eer 'e)i!ors 9ere $o re1uire) o +!ve
su#s!$ive e6perise -o$-er$i$" +e !re! o% +e )ispue, !$) i$ 9+i-+
'os o%e$ +ere 9ere $o !or$e(s prese$. T+e volu$eer 'e)i!ors
-!'e %ro' !ll #!-?"rou$)s. T+ese +i$"s !re sill rue o)!(, #u i$
!))iio$ '!$( pro%essio$!l 'e)i!ors, 9i+ !$) 9i+ou su#s!$ive
e6perise, !lso pr!-i-e %!-ili!ive 'e)i!io$.
3.4.2 Evaluative Mediation
Ev!lu!ive 'e)i!io$ is ! pro-ess 'o)elle) o$ sele'e$ -o$%ere$-es
+el) #( 0u)"es. A$ ev!lu!ive 'e)i!or !ssiss +e p!ries i$ re!-+i$"
resoluio$ #( poi$i$" ou +e 9e!?$esses o% +eir -!ses, !$) pre)i-i$"
7;
9+! ! 0u)"e or 0ur( 9oul) #e li?el( o )o. A$ ev!lu!ive 'e)i!or
'i"+ '!?e %or'!l or i$%or'!l re-o''e$)!io$s o +e p!ries !s o +e
ou-o'e o% +e issues. Ev!lu!ive 'e)i!ors !re -o$-er$e) 9i+ +e le"!l
ri"+s o% +e p!ries, r!+er +!$ +eir $ee)s !$) i$eress, !$) ev!lu!e
#!se) o$ le"!l -o$-eps o% %!ir$ess. Ev!lu!ive 'e)i!ors 'ee 'os
o%e$ i$ sep!r!e 'eei$"s 9i+ +e p!ries !$) +eir !or$e(s, pr!-i-i$"
Ls+ule )iplo'!-(L. T+e( +elp +e p!ries !$) !or$e(s ev!lu!e +eir
le"!l posiio$ !$) +e -oss vs. +e #e$e%is o% pursui$" ! le"!l resoluio$
r!+er +!$ seli$" i$ 'e)i!io$. T+e ev!lu!ive 'e)i!or sru-ures +e
pro-ess, !$) )ire-l( i$%lue$-es +e ou-o'e o% 'e)i!io$.
Ev!lu!ive 'e)i!io$ e'er"e) i$ -our.'!$)!e) or -our.re%erre)
'e)i!io$. Aor$e(s $or'!ll( 9or? 9i+ +e -our o -+oose +e
'e)i!or, !$) !re !-ive p!ri-ip!$s i$ +e 'e)i!io$. T+e p!ries !re
'os o%e$ prese$ i$ +e 'e)i!io$, #u +e 'e)i!or '!( 'ee 9i+ +e
!or$e(s !lo$e !s 9ell !s 9i+ +e p!ries !$) +eir !or$e(s. T+ere is
!$ !ssu'pio$ i$ ev!lu!ive 'e)i!io$ +! +e 'e)i!or +!s su#s!$ive
e6perise or le"!l e6perise i$ +e su#s!$ive !re! o% +e )ispue.
/e-!use o% +e -o$$e-io$ #e9ee$ ev!lu!ive 'e)i!io$ !$) +e -ours,
!$) #e-!use o% +eir -o'%or level 9i+ sele'e$ -o$%ere$-es, 'os
ev!lu!ive 'e)i!ors !re !or$e(s.
3.4.3 Transformative Mediation
Tr!$s%or'!ive 'e)i!io$ is +e $e9es -o$-ep o% +e +ree, $!'e) #(
Fol"er !$) /us+ i$ +eir #oo? The *romise of Mediation i$ 1;;2.
Tr!$s%or'!ive 'e)i!io$ is #!se) o$ +e v!lues o% Le'po9er'e$L o%
e!-+ o% +e p!ries !s 'u-+ !s possi#le, !$) Lre-o"$iio$L #( e!-+ o% +e
p!riesH $ee)s, i$eress, v!lues !$) poi$s o% vie9. T+e poe$i!l %or
r!$s%or'!ive 'e)i!io$ is +! !$( or !ll p!ries or +eir rel!io$s+ips
'!( #e r!$s%or'e) )uri$" +e 'e)i!io$. Tr!$s%or'!ive 'e)i!ors
'ee 9i+ p!ries o"e+er, si$-e o$l( +e( -!$ "ive e!-+ o+er
Lre-o"$iio$L.
I$ so'e 9!(s, +e v!lues o% r!$s%or'!ive 'e)i!io$ 'irror +ose o%
e!rl( %!-ili!ive 'e)i!io$, i$ is i$eres i$ e'po9eri$" p!ries !$)
r!$s%or'!io$. E!rl( %!-ili!ive 'e)i!ors %ull( e6pe- o r!$s%or'
so-ie( 9i+ +ese pro.pe!-e e-+$i1ues. A$) +e( )i). Mo)er$
r!$s%or'!ive 'e)i!ors 9!$ o -o$i$ue +! pro-ess #( !llo9i$" !$)
suppori$" +e p!ries i$ 'e)i!io$ o )eer'i$e +e )ire-io$ o% +eir
o9$ pro-ess. I$ r!$s%or'!ive 'e)i!io$, +e p!ries, sru-ure #o+ +e
pro-ess !$) +e ou-o'e o% 'e)i!io$, !$) +e 'e)i!or %ollo9s +eir
le!).
=0
3.5 Ethical dilemmas in Mediation
F!r'!$ !$) Touv!l )es-ri#e +ree e+i-!l )ile''!s 9+i-+ !rise i$
i$er$!io$!l -o$%li- 'e)i!io$. Firs, 'e)i!ors !re o%e$ or$ #e9ee$
+e s+or.er' "o!l o% e$)i$" #loo)s+e) !$) +e lo$"er.er' "o!l o%
seli$" +e -o$%li-. A -e!se.%ire '!( -re!e ! oler!#le s!le'!e, !$)
so e$) #loo)s+e) ! +e -os o% s!lli$" sele'e$ $e"oi!io$s.
Me)i!ors '!( !lso #e %!-e) 9i+ ! -+oi-e #e9ee$ pursui$" L!$
!!i$!#le sele'e$ +! viol!es i$er$!io$!l $or's, or N+ol)i$"O ou
%or o$e +! is -o$sise$ 9i+ +e pri$-iples o% 0usi-e !)ope) #( +e
i$er$!io$!l -o''u$i(.LNp. 28;O O$ +e o$e +!$), people !r"ue +!
so'e sele'e$ is #eer +!$ $o sele'e$ !$) -o$i$ue) 9!r%!re. O$
+e o+er +!$), people poi$ ou +ose u$0us sele'e$s r!rel( l!s, !$)
+! oler!i$" su-+ sele'e$s '!( serve o u$)er'i$e +e %ou$)!io$s
o% i$er$!io$!l or)er !$) se-uri(. T+e /os$i!$ -o$%li- prese$s ! s!r?
e6!'ple o% +is )ile''!.
Fi$!ll(, 'e)i!io$ %!-ili!es sele'e$ o% -o$%li-s, #u )oes $o e$sure
re-o$-ili!io$ or re'ove +e -!uses o% -o$%li-. Me)i!ors 'us %ollo9
+rou"+ o$ sele'e$s, suppori$" i'ple'e$!io$ !$) +ol)i$" +e
p!ries o +eir !"ree'e$. Be o #e e%%e-ive, 'e)i!ors 'us !voi)
#e-o'i$" e'#roile) i$ +e -o$%li-.
I +!s #ee$ s!i) +! 'os o% li%eSs pro#le's +!ve ! si'ple !$) ele"!$
soluio$. I #elieve +! +is s!(i$" is rue !$) +! 'e)i!io$ is ver(
o%e$ +e ele"!$, !l+ou"+ %re1ue$l( sress%ul, soluio$ o -o$%li-s
r!$"i$" %ro' $ois( $ei"+#our )ispues o -o'ple6 'e)i-!l '!lpr!-i-e
)ispues.
&+ile 'e)i!io$ )oes $o !l9!(s 9or? !$) is $o !l9!(s !ppropri!e, i
!l'os !l9!(s is ! $o.ris?, 1ui-? !$) e-o$o'i-!l ool o sele )ispues.
I$)ee), !ppro6i'!el( <0G o% !ll -!ses +! !re volu$!ril( 'e)i!e) !re
resolve) #( +is pro-ess. I$ so'e se$ses, 'e)i!io$ is +e opposie o%
lii"!io$. I$ lii"!io$ +e "o!l is "e$er!ll( o i$i'i)!e +e o+er p!r(
i$o seli$" +e -!se, #u 'e)i!io$ persu!)es +e p!ries o sele. T+e
o$l( re1uire'e$s %or su--ess%ul 'e)i!io$ !re ! s?il%ul 'e)i!or !$)
p!ries 9+o !re !#le o )is-uss +e sre$"+s !$) 9e!?$esses o% +eir
respe-ive posiio$s 9i+ -ivili( !$) o#0e-ivi( !$) 9+o !re 9illi$" o
-!$)i)l( )is-uss +eir i$eress )ire-l( 9i+ +e o+er p!r(. Aor$e(s
9+o u$)ers!$) +e o%e$ -ou$er.i$uiive 'e)i!io$ pro-ess !re
$or'!ll( 1uie +elp%ul i$ 'e)i!i$" lii"!e) -!ses.
T+e ?e( o u$)ers!$)i$" 'e)i!io$ is re!liCi$" +! +e p!r( $ever
looses -o$rol o% +eir posiio$ o +e -our, +eir !or$e( or +e
'e)i!or. O$l( ! sele'e$ +! is %ull( !--ep!#le o ! p!r( -!$ ever
=1
#e es!#lis+e). A$) #e-!use +e sele'e$ is $o i'pose) upo$ +e
p!r( #( so'eo$e else, +e p!r( !l9!(s le!ves +e )ispue 9i+ ! %eeli$"
o% !uo$o'( !$) %!ir$ess. &+ile lii"!io$ is o%e$ )esru-ive,
'e)i!io$ is !l9!(s -o$sru-ive. A$) 9+ile lii"!io$ is o%e$ ver(
-osl( i$ #o+ i'e !$) 'o$e(, 'e)i!io$ is !l9!(s #rie% !$)
i$e6pe$sive. Me)i!io$ !llo9s !ll p!ries o -o'pleel( eli'i$!e +e
ris? o% ! o!ll( u$!--ep!#le ou-o'e #ei$" i'pose) o$ +e' #( !
-our. I !lso eli'i$!es +e ver( +i"+, !$) o%e$ u$)er!ppre-i!e),
e'oio$!l -os 9+i-+ lii"!io$ i'poses o$ !ll p!ri-ip!$s. Me)i!io$
!lso !l9!(s ur$s o%% +e Q'eerR o% lii"!io$ -oss, !or$e( %ees !$)
los pro)u-ivi(.
T+e !-u!l pro-ess o% 'e)i!io$ is si'ple !$) r!$sp!re$. T+e
)ispui$" p!ries, !$) +ere '!( #e 'ore +!$ 9o, !"ree o$ +e
sele-io$ o% ! -o'pee$ 'e)i!or 9+o is e6perie$-e) i$ +e pro-ess o%
i$er.perso$!l %!-ili!ive.'e)i!io$. Prior e6perie$-e i$ +e su#0e-
'!er o% +e )ispue is $o ! re1uire'e$ i$!s'u-+ !s +e 'e)i!or 9ill
$o +!ve o )e-i)e !$( su#s!$ive issues. I$si"+ i$o +e !-u!l
9or?i$"s o% +e 0u)i-i!l s(se', +o9ever, is ver( )esir!#le i$ !
'e)i!or. /u, !#solue $eur!li(, p!ie$-e, !$) +e !#ili( o preserve
-o$%i)e$-es !re re1uire'e$s %or !$( 'e)i!or. A 'e)i!or 9ill se !
'uu!ll( !"ree!#le i'e !$) pl!-e %or +e 'e)i!io$ !$) !ssure +! !ll
perso$s $e-ess!r( %or resoluio$ o% +e )ispue 9ill #e prese$ i$ !$
i$%or'!l !$) priv!e sei$".
3.6 Skills and behaviours for non-adversarial Mediation
1A Lise$i$", re!)i$" #o)( l!$"u!"e, se$si$" 'oo)s, !$) #ei$"
!9!re o% e'oio$!l issues +! !re $o e6pli-il( 'e$io$e).
7A /re!?i$" )ispues i$o '!$!"e!#le -+u$?s, !$) resolvi$" e!-+
-+u$? sep!r!el(.
=A Pospo$i$" )is-ussio$s o% ver( ou"+ issues o l!e i$ +e
'e)i!io$ sessio$. O$-e +e p!ries +!ve s!re) !"reei$" o$
si'ple issues, !$ !'osp+ere o% rus 9ill #e"i$ o "ro9, !$)
!"ree'e$ o$ )i%%i-ul issues 9ill #e-o'e %!ser.
2A Eeepi$" +e )is-ussio$ %o-usse) o$ +e issues.
8A Res!i$" poi$s i$ !ppropri!e l!$"u!"e o +elp e!-+ p!r(
u$)ers!$) +e o+erHs poi$ o% vie9.
4A Res!i$" i$ $eur!l l!$"u!"e +ose poi$s o$ 9+i-+ +e p!ries
!ppe!r o !"ree, veri%(i$" +! +e( )o i$ %!- !"ree.
=7
7A *si$" +u'our o #ri$" people o"e+er !$) )e%use e$se
siu!io$s. Noe +! 'os s?ille) !r#ir!ors +!ve si'il!r s?ills,
#u )o $o usu!ll( use +e' i$ +e s!'e 9!(.
4.0 CONCLUSION
Me)i!io$ is !$ i$%or'!l, volu$!r( !$) -o$%i)e$i!l pro-ess i$ 9+i-+ !
r!i$e) pro%essio$!l )ispue resolver @+e 'e)i!orA %!-ili!es
u$)ers!$)i$", -o''u$i-!io$ !$) $e"oi!io$ #e9ee$ )ispui$"
p!ries !$) !ssiss +ose p!ries i$ re!-+i$" +eir o9$ 'uu!ll(
!--ep!#le resoluio$ o +eir )ispue.
&+ere +e )ispue is !lre!)( i$ lii"!io$ +e p!ries !re $or'!ll(
!ssise) i$ 'e)i!io$ #( +eir le"!l -ou$sel.
Me)i!io$ )i%%ers %ro' $e"oi!io$, i$ +! p!ries 9i+ !pp!re$l(
i$-o'p!i#le )e'!$)s ur$ over +e )ispue resoluio$ pro-ess, #u $o
+e )ispue isel%, o +e 'e)i!or.
Me)i!io$ )i%%ers %ro' !r#ir!io$ i$ +! ! 'e)i!or '!?es $o )e-isio$s
!s o +o9 +e -!se s+oul) #e resolve)D r!+er +e 'e)i!or "ui)es +e
p!ries i$ '!?i$" +is )eer'i$!io$.
Me)i!io$ )i%%ers %ro' -!se ev!lu!io$ i$ +! +e 'e)i!or '!?es $o
%i$)i$" !s o +e v!lue o% +e -l!i's !$) +ere is $o pe$!l(. I$ +is -!se,
'e)i!io$ is u$su--ess%ul.
Me)i!io$ )i%%ers %ro' lii"!io$ i$ +! i is 1ui-?er !$) less e6pe$sive
!$) !llo9s +e p!ries o 9or?.ou +eir o9$ soluio$s i$ priv!e r!+er
+!$ +!vi$" !$ u$?$o9$ resul i'pose) o$ +e' #( ! 0u)"e or 0ur( i$ !
le$"+(, e6pe$sive !$) %or'!l pro-ess.
Me)i!io$ is #uil upo$ !ll o% +e %ollo9i$" -o$-eps:
i. 5olu$!ri$ess
ii. Priv!-(
iii. Co$%i)e$i!li(
iv. E-o$o'(
v. Pro'p$ess
vi. I$%or'!li(
vii. Co$rol o% +e!ri$" )!es
viii. L!-? o% ris?
i6. L!-? o% %e!r o% !$ !ppe!l %ro' ! %!vour!#le resul
6. Opporu$i( %or p!ries o ell +eir e$ire sor( 9i+ou rules o%
evi)e$-e
6i. Hi"+ li?eli+oo) !"ree'e$ is $o viol!e)
==
5.0 SUMMARY
I$ +is u$i, 9e +!ve )is-usse) 'e)i!io$ !s ! -o$-ep i$ -o$%li-
'!$!"e'e$ pro-ess. &e +!ve !lso e6!'i$e) +e v!rious (pes, !$)
s?ills +! !re re1uire) i$ 'e)i!io$.
iA &+! is 'e)i!io$M
iiA Ouli$e +e v!rious (pes o% 'e)i!io$ !$) )is-uss +e'
iiiA &+! !re +e e+i-!l issues i$ 'e)i!io$M
ivA El!#or!e +e v!rious s?ills re1uire) %or e%%e-ive 'e)i!io$
Ho%%'!$$, M. @1;;7A. LT+ir) P!r( Me)i!io$ !$) Co$%li- Resoluio$
i$ +e Pos.Col) &!r &orl)L, i$ P. /!(lis !$) P. Re$""er Ne)sO,
'ilemmas of &orld *olitics, O6%or) *$iversi( Press, Ne9 Bor?,
Leo$!r) L. Ris?i$ @1;;2A.Mediator +rientations, Strategies, and
Techni0ues, Aler$!ives o +e Hi"+ Cos o% Lii"!io$ 111.
S!'uel P. I'per!i, @Su''er, 1;;7A. Mediator *ractice Models: The
)ntersection of #thics and Stylistic *ractices in Mediation, 704
&illamette 1a" Re.ie" ==:=H
Ro#er A. /!ru-+ /us+ !$) Posep+ P. Fol"er, @1;;2A. The *romise of
Mediation, Posse(./!ss.
&illi!' L. *r(, Pe!$$e M. /re !$) Sep+e$ /. Gol)#er" @1;<<A.
Getting 'is%utes Resol.ed, Posse(./!ss.
=2
UNIT 3 NEGOTIATION
Table of Contents
1.0 I$ro)u-io$
7.0 O#0e-ives
=.0 M!i$ Co$e$
=.1 *$)ers!$)i$" +e Ne"oi!io$ Pro-ess
=.1.1 Pre.$e"oi!io$ sei$"s
=.1.7 Co$%li- !$) Ne"oi!io$s
=.1.= Pos.$e"oi!io$ i'ple'e$!io$
=.7 Sr!e"ies %or su--ess%ul Ne"oi!io$ Tips
=.7.1 Soli-i +e O+erHs perspe-ive
=.7.7 S!e (our $ee)s
=.7.= Prep!re opio$s #e%ore +!$)
=.7.2 Do$H !r"ue
=.7.8 Co$si)er i'i$"
=.= /!rriers o Su--ess%ul Ne"oi!io$
=.=.1 5ie9i$" $e"oi!io$ !s -o$%ro$!io$!l
=.=.7 Tr(i$" o 9i$ ! !ll -oss
=.=.= /e-o'i$" e'oio$s
=.=.2 No r(i$" o u$)ers!$) +e o+er perso$
=.=.8 Fo-usi$" o$ perso$!liies, $o issues
=.=.4 /l!'i$" +e o+er perso$
2.0 Co$-lusio$
8.0 Su''!r(
1.0 INTRODUCTION
A--or)i$" o Al#er, $e"oi!io$ is +e pro-ess 9+ere#( 9o or 'ore
p!ries, 9+o !re %!-e) 9i+ ! pro#le' o% -o$%li- !#ou so'e li'ie)
resour-es, !e'p o !"ree o$ +o9 #es o solve +e pro#le' or resolve
+e -o$%li-. I$ +e s!'e vei$, $e"oi!io$ -!$ #e vie9e) !s !$( %or' o%
-o''u$i-!io$ !)ope) 9i+ +e !i' o% re!-+i$" ! -o''o$ "rou$) !$)
-o'pro'ise.
I is !lso !$( %or' o% ver#!l -o''u$i-!io$, )ire- or i$)ire-, 9+ere#(
p!ries o ! -o$%li- o% i$eres )is-uss, 9i+ou resor o !r#ir!io$ or
o+er 0u)i-i!l pro-esses, !?e ! 0oi$ !-io$ o '!$!"e +e )ispue
#e9ee$ +e'. Ne"oi!io$ is ! #!-? !$) %or+ -o''u$i-!io$ )esi"$e)
o re!-+ !"ree'e$ #e9ee$ p!ries +! +!ve #o+ s+!re) !$) oppose)
i$eress. I$ +e pro-ess o% $e"oi!io$ #o+ p!ries 'o)i%( +eir
)e'!$)s o !-+ieve ! 'uu!ll( !--ep!#le -o'pro'ise> ! pro-ess o%
=8
!)0usi$" #o+ p!riesH vie9s o% +eir i)e!l ou-o'e o !$ !!i$!#le
ou-o'e.
Ne"oi!io$ '!( #e %!-ili!e) #( ! +ir) p!r(. He +e +ir) p!r( +elps,
+e -o$%li- p!ries o re!-+ ! 'uu!ll( s!is%(i$" !"ree'e$.
F!-ili!io$ i$volves +e use o% e-+$i1ues o i'prove +e %lo9 o%
i$%or'!io$ i$ ! 'eei$" #e9ee$ p!ries i$ )ispues.
A$o+er !spe- o% $e"oi!io$ is -o$-ili!io$. I is +e !- o% !?i$"
pe!-e 'ess!"es o !$) %ro' p!ries i$ -o$%li-. I see?s +e pro'oio$
o% !iu)i$!l !$) #e+!viour!l -+!$"es +! 9ill #uil) ! posiive
rel!io$s+ip #e9ee$ p!ries i$ )ispue.
2.0 OB1ECTIVES
O$ -o'pleio$ o% su)(i$" +is u$i (ou s+oul) #e !#le o:
i. E6pl!i$ $e"oi!io$ !s ! vi!l !$) -o''o$ o--urre$-e i$ -o$%li-
'!$!"e'e$D
ii. E6pl!i$ +e 'e!$i$", pro-ess !$) -+!lle$"es o% $e"oi!io$ i$
-o$%li- siu!io$sD !$)
iii. Des-ri#e +e s?ills re1uire) %or e%%e-ive $e"oi!io$.
3.0 MAIN CONTENT
3.1 Understanding the Negotiation Process
3.1.1 Pre-negotiation settings.
No '!er +o9 s?ille) ! $e"oi!or 'i"+ #e, ! -o$%li- siu!io$ is $o
li?el( o 'ove o9!r)s resoluio$ u$less, i$ +e 9or)s o% Ri-+!r) H!!s,
+e siu!io$ is LripeL. Deer'i$i$" ripe$ess +!s #rou"+ +e +eorei-i!$
!$) +e pr!-iio$er -loser o"e+er, !$) i% o$e revie9s re-e$ lier!ure,
i 9oul) see' +! +e Nor9e"i!$ i$spire) Isr!el.P!lesi$i!$
$e"oi!io$s see' o +!ve #ee$ ! -o$ve$ie$ L-!se su)(L %or #o+.
As oppose) o '!$( o% -o$ve$io$!l )iplo'!i- !ssu'pio$s !#ou
)iplo'!-( !$) )iplo'!i- pro-e)ures, #o+ +e pr!-iio$er !$) +e
-o$%li- !$!l(s, or +eorei-i!$, loo? %or less %or'!l 9!(s o e6plore
+o9 o #re!? )e!)lo-?s, o e6plore possi#le $e"oi!io$ %r!'e9or?s
r!+er +!$ $e"oi!e. T+e ?e( i$ su-+ -ir-u's!$-es is o %!-ili!e or !
le!s !$i-ip!e -+!$"es i$ +e per-epio$s o% -o$e$)i$" p!ries,
p!ri-ul!rl( 9+e$ o$e !)vers!r( sees !$o+er !s -!p!#le o% -ooper!ive
#e+!viour. *li'!el(, +e o#0e-ive o% pre.$e"oi!io$ sei$"s s+oul)
$o #e see$ !s preli'i$!r( $e"oi!io$s over ! spe-i%i- issue, #u r!+er !
pro-ess i$ 9+i-+ pro#le's !re )e%i$e), ! -o''i'e$ o $e"oi!e is
'!)e !$) !rr!$"e'e$s %or eve$u!l $e"oi!io$s !re #ro!-+e).
=4
Li$?e) o +e issue o% +e Lripe 'o'e$L is ! -o$i$ue) i$eres i$ +e
1uesio$ o% )e.es-!l!or( 'oves. T+is is !$ issue +! F!r'!$ +!s
-o$si)ere) e6e$sivel( !s 9ell !s H!!s, +e l!er i$ +e -o$e6 o%
C(prus, Sou+ A%ri-! !$) Nor+er$ Irel!$). Also +e Lrules o% +e "!'eL
+! 9ill #e -e$r!l o !$( $e"oi!i$" pro-ess +!ve o--upie) +e
!e$io$ o% v!rious s-+ol!rs. T9o e6!'ples !re )e Nevers !$)
Horo9iC.
T+ere is ! "ro9i$" i$eres i$ +e role o% i$%or'!l !$) u$o%%i-i!l
i$erve$io$ i$ pre.$e"oi!io$s !s 9ell !s i$ +e $e"oi!io$ pro-ess
isel%. T+is sor o% i$%or'!l or u$o%%i-i!l i$volve'e$ i$ "!i$i$" +e
-o$se$ o% -o$e$)i$" p!ries o #e"i$ $e"oi!io$s is !ll p!r o% 9+!
+!s #e-o'e ?$o9$ !s LTr!-? T9oL )iplo'!-(. M-Do$!l) i$ ! *S S!e
Dep!r'e$ pu#li-!io$ ouli$es +e !ssu'pio$s +! u$)erlie Tr!-?
T9o 'e!sures, !$) Pei"re9 provi)es so'e i$eresi$" i$si"+s o$ +o9
-er!i$ or"!$is!io$s, e."., +e Tu!?er Move'e$, -!$ +elp 'ove pre.
$e"oi!io$ pro-esses !lo$". S!u$)ers, Co+e$ !$) Curle !ll !)) )i%%ere$
perspe-ives o +e !)v!$!"es !s 9ell !s +e li'is o% Tr!-? T9o
'e+o)s.
3.1.2 Conflict and Negotiations.
T+e pre)o'i$!$ lier!ure i$ +e %iel) o% -o$%li- !$) $e"oi!io$s
-o$-er$s +ir) p!r( 'e)i!ors, %!-ili!ors or, less %re1ue$l(, +ir) p!r(
!r#ir!ors. A$se(, De$" !$) *r( !ll "ive v!lu!#le poi$s !#ou 9+!
su-+ $e"oi!ors $ee) o )o !$) +e #!rriers +! +e( -!$ !$i-ip!e.
T+is, #( $o 'e!$s is o i"$ore +e sre!' o% L"ei$" %ro' J$oH o J(esHL
(pe su)ies !$) 'ore popul!r lier!ure +! see? o )e'o$sr!e +!
o$e.o$.o$e, or #il!er!l $e"oi!io$s, -!$ resul i$ L9i$.9i$L ou-o'es.
Be, +e 9!(s +! +ir) p!ries -!$ 'ove +e $e"oi!io$ pro-ess
preo--upies +e !-!)e'i- lier!ure, !$) !lso +e pr!-iio$er !$)
$e"oi!or ! +e i$er$!io$!l level, %!-e) 9i+ i$er !$) i$r!.s!e
-o$%li- %ro' +e /!l?!$s o C(prus, %ro' +e Mi))le E!s o I$)o$esi!.
T+ree #ro!) issues !ppe!r o )o'i$!e re-e$ su)ies o$ +ir).p!r(
i$erve$io$, i.e., 9+o i$erve$es, +o9 !$) 9+e$. 5!rious (polo"ies
+!ve #ee$ )evelope) o -orrel!e !ppropri!e (pes !$) levels o%
i$erve$io$ o (pes o% -o$%li- siu!io$s. &i+i$ su-+ (polo"ies, i is
i$eresi$" o $oe +e %o-us o% '!$( upo$ Lpe!-e?eepersL !$) i$)ee)
Lpe!-e.'!?ersL !s i$er'e)i!ries i$ -o$%li- $e"oi!io$s. Cos.#e$e%i
!$!l(ses +!ve #ee$ -o$si)ere) #( s-+ol!rs su-+ !s P!#ri i$ or)er o
)eer'i$e +e (pes o% i$eres -!l-ul!io$s +! #ri$" +ir) p!r(
i$erve$ers o !ssis i$ $e"oi!io$s.
*$)er +e ru#ri- o% +e +o9 o% i$erve$io$, +ere !re %our esse$i!l
-o$si)er!io$s +! e'er"e ou o% +e !$!l(sis o% +ir) p!r( i$erve$io$.
T+e %irs -o$-er$s +e )i%%ere$ i'p!-s upo$ $e"oi!io$s o% !
=7
#!r"!i$i$" versus pro#le'.solvi$" !ppro!-+. Culur!l )eer'i$!$s
upo$ +ir) p!r( i$erve$io$ represe$ !$o+er !re! o% -o$si)er!#le
i$eres, !s !re +e !$!l(sis o% i$e$io$!l or u$i$e$io$!l #i!s i$ +ir)
p!r( i$erve$ers. Fi$!ll(, +ere is ! "re! )e!l o% !$!l(sis, %ou$) '!i$l(
i$ 9+! is -!lle) +e )e-isio$.'!?i$" lier!ure, !#ou +e sors o%
i$)ivi)u!ls 9+o !re e%%e-ive !s +ir) p!r( $e"oi!ors, !$!l(sis 9+i-+
rel!es i$ so'e respe-s o +e (polo"ies o% 9+o i$erve$es.
&+e$ o i$erve$e i$-orpor!es ! v!rie( o% -o$-er$s, i$-lu)i$" pre.
$e"oi!io$ sei$"s, pos.$e"oi!io$ i'ple'e$!io$ !s 9ell !s +e
$e"oi!i$" pro-ess, isel%. As Ee!s+le( !$) Fis+er poi$s ou, +e 9+e$
o% i$erve$io$ +!ve o #e vie9e) !"!i$s 9o -rii-!l %!-ors, i.e., stage
!$) inter.ention se0uence. T+e %or'er e$-o'p!sses su-+ %!-ors !s
)is-ussio$, pol!ris!io$, se"re"!io$ !$) )esru-io$, 9+ile i$erve$io$
se1ue$-es r!$"e %ro' !r#ir!io$, po9er 'e)i!io$ o -o$sul!io$ !$)
viole$-e -o$rol.
3.1.3 Post-negotiation implementation.
T+ere is ! "ro9i$" i$eres i$ +e li$?s #e9ee$ $e"oi!io$s !$)
-o'pli!$-e, or i'ple'e$!io$. I$ ! re-e$ L$e9or? $e9sleerL o% PIN
NPro-esses o% I$er$!io$!l Ne"oi!io$O, i 9!s $oe) +! ! +e i$er.
s!e level +e r!)iio$!l )iplo'!i- 'e!$s o% e$suri$" +! s!es
-o'pl( 9i+ +eir i$er$!io$!l o#li"!io$s !re $o lo$"er !)e1u!e. T+e
e%%e-s o% su-+ $o$e or i$!)e1u!e -o'pli!$-e '!( $ever+eless
"e$er!e 'isu$)ers!$)i$"s !$) -o$%li-, !$) 9!(s o 'o$ior !$) )e!l
9i+ Lpos.$e"oi!io$L i'ple'e$!io$ #e-o'e +e'selves 'e!$s o
preve$ or resolve -o$%li-.
PIN +!s propose) +! ! pr!-i-!l s!ri$" poi$ o )e!l 9i+ so'e o% +e
-o'ple6 )i'e$sio$s o% !$ i$-re!si$" $u'#er o% i$er$!io$!l
!"ree'e$s, e-., is o %o-us upo$ 9o esse$i!l issues. T+e %irs, rel!es
o possi#le 9!(s o use i$er$!io$!l or"!$is!io$s o pro'oe s!e
-o'pli!$-e 9i+ is o#li"!io$s. T+e se-o$) e$!ils Lpos.$e"oi!io$L
pro-esses o% re.$e"oi!io$. &+e+er +ese s!ri$" poi$s !re !)e1u!e
i$ +e'selves, is ! 'oo poi$. Ho9ever, %!r 'ore i'por!$ poi$, is
+! +is !$) rel!e) rese!r-+es +!ve -le!rl( u$-overe) !$ !re! o%
-o$si)er!#le $ee) %or +e pr!-iio$er !s 9ell !s 9+! s+oul) #e !$ !re!
o% -o$-epu!l i$eres %or +ose rel(i$" upo$ re"i'e soluio$s !$)
i$er$!io$!l le"!l !"ree'e$s, o !voi) -o$%li-.
Pos.$e"oi!io$ i'ple'e$!io$ !lso i$)ire-l( u$)ers-ores +e %!- +!
-o$%li- resoluio$, pe!-e.#uil)i$" !$) -o$%li- preve$io$ %re1ue$l(
re1uires ! pro-ess o% revie9 !$) re.e$%or-e'e$. Pe!-e i$ +! se$se,is
i$)ee) ! pro-ess.
=<
3.2 Strategies for successful Negotiation Tips
3.2.1 Solicit the Other's Perspective
I$ ! $e"oi!i$" siu!io$ use 1uesio$s o %i$) ou 9+! +e o+er
perso$Ss -o$-er$s !$) $ee)s 'i"+ #e. Bou 'i"+ r(:
What do you need from me on this?
What are your concerns about what I am suggesting ! asking?
&+e$ (ou +e!r +e o+er perso$ e6press +eir $ee)s or -o$-er$s, use
lise$i$" respo$ses o '!?e sure (ou +e!r) -orre-l(.
For e6!'ple:
"o, you are saying that you are worried that you will get lost in the
shuffle and we will forget about you...Is that right?
If I have this right, you want to make sure that the phones are covered
over lunch?
3.2.2 State Your Needs
T+e o+er perso$ $ee)s o ?$o9 9+! (ou $ee). I is i'por!$ o s!e
$o o$l( 9+! (ou $ee) #u 9+( (ou $ee) i. O%e$, )is!"ree'e$ '!(
e6is re"!r)i$" +e 'e+o) %or solvi$" !$ issue, #u $o !#ou +e over!ll
"o!l.
For e6!'ple:
I would like an hour on #uesday to go to the doctor. I want to make
sure I am healthy so I can contribute better to the organi$ation.
3.2.3 Prepare Options Beforehand
/e%ore e$eri$" i$o ! $e"oi!i$" sessio$, prep!re so'e opio$s +! (ou -!$
su""es i% (our pre%erre) soluio$ is $o !--ep!#le. A$i-ip!e 9+( +e o+er
perso$ '!( resis (our su""esio$, !$) #e prep!re) o -ou$er i 9i+ !$
!ler$!ive.
3.2.4 Don't Argue
Ne"oi!i$" is !#ou %i$)i$" soluio$s...Ar"ui$" is !#ou r(i$" o prove
+e o+er perso$ 9ro$". &e ?$o9 +! 9+e$ $e"oi!i$" ur$s i$o e!-+
p!r( r(i$" o prove +e o+er o$e 9ro$", $o pro"ress "es '!)e. Do$S
=;
9!se i'e !r"ui$". I% (ou )is!"ree 9i+ so'e+i$" s!e (our
)is!"ree'e$ i$ ! "e$le #u !sserive 9!(. Do$S )e'e!$ +e o+er
perso$ or "e i$o ! po9er sru""le.
3.2.5 Consider Timing
T+ere !re "oo) i'es o $e"oi!e !$) #!) i'es. /!) i'es i$-lu)e
+ose siu!io$s 9+ere +ere is:
! +i"+ )e"ree o% !$"er o$ ei+er si)e
preo--up!io$ 9i+ so'e+i$" else, !$)
! +i"+ level o% sress
Ti'e $e"oi!io$s is $e-ess!r(, o !voi) +ese i'es. I% +e( !rise )uri$"
$e"oi!io$s, ! i'e.ou3res perio) is i$ or)er, or per+!ps res-+e)uli$"
o ! #eer i'e.
3.3 Barriers To Successful Negotiation
3.3.1 Viewing Negotiation As Confrontational
Ne"oi!io$ $ee) $o #e -o$%ro$!io$!l. I$ %!- e%%e-ive $e"oi!io$ is
-+!r!-eriCe) #(, +e p!ries 9or?i$" o"e+er o %i$) ! soluio$, r!+er
+!$ e!-+ p!r( r(i$" o &IN +e -o$es o% 9ills. Eeep i$ 'i$) +!
+e !iu)e +! (ou !?e i$ $e"oi!io$ @e.". +osile, -ooper!iveA 9ill
se +e o$e %or +e i$er!-io$. I% (ou !re -o$%ro$!io$!l, (ou 9ill +!ve
! %i"+ o$ (our +!$)s.
3.3.2 Trying To Win At All Costs
I% (ou L9i$L, +ere 'us #e ! loser, !$) +! -!$ -re!e 'ore )i%%i-ul(
)o9$ +e ro!). T+e #es perspe-ive i$ $e"oi!io$, is o r( o %i$) !
soluio$ 9+ere #o+ p!ries L9i$L. Tr( $o o vie9 $e"oi!io$ !s !
-o$es +! 'us #e 9o$.
3.3.3 Becoming Emotional
ISs $or'!l o #e-o'e e'oio$!l )uri$" $e"oi!io$, +! is i'por!$.
Ho9ever, !s 9e "e 'ore e'oio$!l, 9e !re less !#le o -+!$$el our
$e"oi!i$" #e+!viour i$ -o$sru-ive 9!(s. I is i'por!$ o '!i$!i$
-o$rol.
20
3.3.4 Not Trying To Understand the Other Person
Si$-e 9e !re r(i$" o %i$) ! soluio$ !--ep!#le o #o+ p!ries, 9e $ee)
o u$)ers!$) +e o+er perso$Ss $ee)s !$) 9!$s, 9i+ respe- o +e
issue. I% 9e )o$S ?$o9 9+! +e perso$ $ee)s or 9!$s, 9e 9ill #e
u$!#le o $e"oi!e properl(. O%e$, 9+e$ 9e !?e +e i'e o %i$) ou
!#ou +e o+er perso$, 9e )is-over +! +ere is $o si"$i%i-!$
)is!"ree'e$.
3.3.5 Focusing On Personalities, Not Issues
P!ri-ul!rl( 9i+ people 9e )o$S li?e 'u-+, 9e +!ve ! e$)e$-( o "e
o%% r!-? #( %o-usi$" o$ +o9 )i%%i-ul or o#$o6ious +e perso$ see's.
O$-e +is +!ppe$s, e%%e-ive $e"oi!io$ is i'possi#le. I is i'por!$ o
si-? o +e issues, !$) pu !si)e our )e"ree o% li?e or )isli?e %or +e
i$)ivi)u!l.
3.3.6 Blaming the Other Person
I$ !$( -o$%li- or $e"oi!io$, e!-+ p!r( -o$ri#ues, %or #eer or %or
9orse. I% (ou #l!'e +e o+er perso$ %or +e )i%%i-ul(, (ou 9ill -re!e
!$ !$"r( siu!io$. I% (ou !?e respo$si#ili( %or +e pro#le', (ou 9ill
-re!e ! spiri o% -ooper!io$.
4.0 CONCLUSION
Ne"oi!io$ is +e pro-ess #( 9+i-+ 9o or 'ore p!ries 9i+ )i%%ere$
$ee)s !$) "o!ls 9or? o %i$) ! 'uu!ll( !--ep!#le soluio$ o !$ issue.
/e-!use $e"oi!i$" is !$ i$er.perso$!l pro-ess, e!-+ $e"oi!i$"
siu!io$ is )i%%ere$, !$) i$%lue$-e) #( e!-+ p!r(Ss s?ills, !iu)es !$)
s(le. &e o%e$ loo? ! $e"oi!i$" !s u$ple!s!$, #e-!use i i'plies
-o$%li-, #u $e"oi!i$", $ee)s $o #e -+!r!-eriCe) #( #!) %eeli$"s, or
!$"r( #e+!viour. *$)ers!$)i$" 'ore !#ou +e $e"oi!io$ pro-ess,
!llo9s us o '!$!"e our $e"oi!io$s 9i+ -o$%i)e$-e, i$-re!ses +e
-+!$-e +! +e ou-o'es 9ill #e posiive %or #o+ p!ries.
Ne"oi!i$" is ! -o'ple6 pro-ess #u o$e 9or+ '!seri$". I% (ou ?eep
i$ 'i$) +! (ou !re respo$si#le %or +e su--ess or %!ilure o% $e"oi!io$,
!$) i% (ou %ollo9 +e ips !#ove, (ou 9ill %i$) +e pro-ess e!sier.
5.0 SUMMARY
I$ +is u$i, 9e i$ro)u-e) (ou o $e"oi!io$ i$ -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$,
is 'e!$i$", pro-ess, s!"es, !$) -+!lle$"es o9!r)s resolvi$" -o$%li-
siu!io$s.
21
iA &+! is $e"oi!io$M
iiA Ouli$e +e v!rious 'e!sures3seps re1uire) o e$sure su--ess%ul
$e"oi!io$
iiiA &+! !re +e e+i-!l issues i$ 'e)i!io$M
ivA El!#or!e +e v!rious ele'e$s o% +e $e"oi!io$ pro-ess
/er'!$, M.R. !$) P.E. Po+$so$ @1;77A Ne)sO, (nofficial 'i%lomats,
Colu'#i! *$iversi( Press, Ne9 Bor?.
S!u$)ers, H., @1;<8A L&e Nee) ! L!r"er T+eor( o% Ne"oi!io$: T+e
I'por!$-e o% Pre.Ne"oi!io$ P+!sesL, Negotiation 2ournal 1N=O.
Mo$ville, P.5, @1;<7A LTr!-? T9o Diplo'!-(: T+e Develop'e$ o%
No$.Gover$'e$!l, Pe!-e Pro'oi$" Rel!io$s+ipsL, Forei"$
Servi-e I$siue, *S Dep!r'e$ o% S!e.
F!r'!$, I.&, @1;<;A Ri%e for Resolution: Conflict and )nter.ention in
Africa N7
$)
e)iio$O, O6%or) *$iversi( Press, O6%or).
De/o$o, E, @1;<8A Conflicts: A /etter &ay to Resol.e Them, Lo$)o$:
H!rr!p.
Ho%%'!$$, M, @1;;7A LT+ir) P!r( Me)i!io$ !$) Co$%li- Resoluio$ i$
+e Pos.Col) &!r &orl)L, i$ P. /!(lis !$) P. Re$""er Ne)sO,
'ilemmas of &orld *olitics, O6%or) *$iversi( Press, Ne9 Bor?.
Hol#roo?e, R, @1;;<A To #nd a &ar, R!$)o' House, Ne9 Bor?.
Pri$-e$, T, @1;;7A )ntermediaries in )nternational Conflict, Pri$-eo$
*$iversi( Press, NP.
Se)'!$, S, @1;;7A LSpoiler Pro#le's i$ Pe!-e Pro-essesL,
)nternational Security, 77 N7O.
*$ie) N!io$s, @1;;7A H!$)#oo? o$ +e Pe!-e%ul Sele'e$ o%
Dispues, *N, Ne9 Bor?.
F!rer, T., @1;;4A /eyond So.ereignty: Collecti.ely 'efending
27
'emocracy in the Americas, Po+$s Hop?i$s *$iversi( Press,
/!li'ore.
Pel)res, P.A, @1;;4A LC!'#o)i!Hs F!)i$" HopesL, 2ournal of
'emocracy, 7 N1O.
H!lperi$, M. !$) E. Lo'!s$e(, @1;;=A LTo9!r) ! Glo#!l Gu!r!$ee
Cl!useL, 2ournal of 'emocracy, 2 N=O.
H!lperi$, M. !$) E. Lo'!s$e(, @1;;<ALGu!r!$eei$" De'o-r!-(: A
Revie9 o% +e Re-or)L, 2ournal of 'emocracy, ; N7O.
2=
UNIT 4 ARBITRATION
Table of Contents
1.0 I$ro)u-io$
7.0 O#0e-ives
=.0 M!i$ Co$e$
=.1 Ar#ir!io$
=.7 Ei$)s o% Ar#ir!io$
=.7.1 Co'pulsor( Ar#ir!io$
=.7.7 5olu$!r( Ar#ir!io$
=.= T+e Li'is o% Ar#ir!io$
2.0 Co$-lusio$
8.0 Su''!r(
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Ar#ir!io$ is )e%i$e) #( O0ielo @7001:1A !s ! pro-e)ure %or +e
sele'e$ o% )ispues, u$)er 9+i-+ +e p!ries !"ree o #e #ou$) #( +e
)e-isio$ o% !$ !r#ir!or 9+ose )e-isio$ is, i$ "e$er!l %i$!l, !$) le"!ll(
#i$)i$" o$ +e p!ries. T+e !u+ors o% +e H!l /ur(Hs L!9s o% E$"l!$)
)e%i$e !r#ir!io$ !s J+e re%ere$-e o% )ispue or )i%%ere$-e #e9ee$ $o
less +!$ 9o p!ries %or )eer'i$!io$ !%er +e!ri$" #o+ si)es i$
0u)i-i!l '!$$er, #( ! perso$ or perso$s o+er +!$ ! -our o% -o'pee$
0uris)i-io$.H Ar#ir!io$ is ! pro-ess #( 9+i-+ p!ries o ! )ispue,
volu$!ril( re%er +eir )ispues o !$ i'p!ri!l +ir) perso$. A$ !r#ir!or
sele-e) #( +e' %or ! )e-isio$ #!se) o$ +e evi)e$-e !$) !r"u'e$s o
#e prese$e) #e%ore +e !r#ir!io$ ri#u$!l.
.
2.0 OB1ECTIVES
O$ -o'pleio$ o% su)(i$" +is u$i, (ou s+oul) #e !#le o:
iA De%i$e !r#ir!io$ !s ! ele'e$ o% -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$D
iiA E6pl!i$ +e +isor(, 'e!$i$", pro-ess !$) -+!lle$"es o%
!r#ir!io$D
iiiA Disi$"uis+ #e9ee$ +e uses, !$) li'is o% !r#ir!io$.
22
3.0 MAIN CONTENT
3.1 Arbitration
/i$)i$" !r#ir!io$ i$volves +e prese$!io$ o% ! )ispue o !$ i'p!ri!l
or $eur!l i$)ivi)u!l @!r#ir!orA or p!$el @!r#ir!io$ p!$elA %or issu!$-e
o% ! #i$)i$" )e-isio$. *$less !rr!$"e) o+er9ise, +e p!ries usu!ll(
+!ve +e !#ili( o )e-i)e 9+o +e i$)ivi)u!ls !re, +! serve !s
!r#ir!ors. I$ so'e -!ses, +e p!ries '!( re!i$ ! p!ri-ul!r !r#ir!or
@o%e$ %ro' ! lis o% !r#ir!orsA o )e-i)e ! $u'#er o% -!ses or o serve
+e p!ries %or ! spe-i%ie) le$"+ o% i'e @+is is -o''o$ 9+e$ ! p!$el is
i$volve)A. P!ries '!( sele- ! $e9 !r#ir!or %or ! e!-+ $e9 )ispue. A
-o''o$ u$)ers!$)i$" #( +e p!ries i$ !ll -!ses, +o9ever, is +! +e(
9ill #e #ou$) #( +e opi$io$ o% +e )e-isio$ '!?er r!+er +!$ si'pl( #e
o#li"!e) o J-o$si)erH !$ opi$io$ or re-o''e$)!io$. *$)er +is
'e+o), +e +ir) p!r(Hs )e-isio$ "e$er!ll( +!s %or-e o% l!9 #u )oes
$o se ! le"!l pre-e)e$. I is usu!ll(, $o revie9!#le #( +e -ours.
3.2 Kinds of Arbitration
Ar#ir!io$ is volu$!r( 9+e$ i is %reel( i$vie), or !--epe) #( +e
p!ries o +e -o$rovers(, 9i+ou re%ere$-e o l!9, 9+e$ o$l( "oo)
%!i+ is i$volve) i$ +e !--ep!$-e o% +e )e-isio$. I is -o'pulsor(
9+e$ +e -ivil l!9 -o'pels +e p!ries o +e i$)usri!l -o$%li- o su#'i
o +e )e-isio$ o% ! #o!r) o% !r#ir!io$. T+e l!9 '!( re1uire ! le"!l
#o!r) o% !r#ir!io$ o i$vesi"!e ! -o$rovers(, re$)er ! )e-isio$, !$)
'!?e pu#li- ! repor. T+e )e-isio$ i$ +is -!se +!s $o #i$)i$" po9er !$)
$o s!$-io$ o+er +!$ +! o% pu#li- opi$io$. T+e l!9 '!( provi)e !
#o!r) 9+i-+ +e p!ries '!( i$vo?e i% +e( 9is+, 9+ose )e-isio$ is
#i$)i$" 9+e$ #o+ p!ries 0oi$ i$ re1ues %or !-io$. Ar#ir!io$ is
"over$'e$!l, 9+e$ -ivil !u+ori( provi)es e$-our!"e'e$,
opporu$i(, #o!r)s, o% 9+i-+ e'plo(ers !$) l!#ourers '!( !v!il
+e'selves i$ -!ses o% )ispue. I$ !ll su-+ -!ses +e l!9 '!( or '!( $o
-o$%er upo$ ! #o!r), po9er o !)'i$iser o!+s, o su#poe$! 9i$esses
!$) -o'pel +e pro)u-io$ o% p!pers !$) #oo?s. I$ $e!rl( !ll %or's o%
!r#ir!io$ +e rule is o represe$ +e -o$%li-i$" i$eress #( e1u!l
$u'#ers o% represe$!ives 9+o !"ree o$ !$ u'pire !$) +us -o'plee
+e or"!$iC!io$.
3.2.1 Compulsory Arbitration
Se$i'e$ +rou"+ou +e po9er%ul i$)usri!l $!io$s see's o #e
u$!$i'ous !"!i$s -o'pulsor( !r#ir!io$, 9+i-+ i$volves le"!l
e$%or-e'e$ o% )e-isio$. L!#our u$io$s, e'plo(ers, !$) represe$!ives
o% +e pu#li- "e$er!ll(, i$ +e *$ie) S!es, !$) i$ Europe !s 9ell,
!"ree o oppose i. T+e se$i'e$ !"!i$s i, is p!ri-ul!rl( sro$" i$ +e
28
*$ie) S!es, !s is s+o9$ #( +e !'ou$ o% esi'o$( -olle-e) #( +e
I$)usri!l Co''issio$. Co'pulsor( i$vesi"!io$ !$) )e-isio$ 9i+
pu#li-!io$ o% %!-s !$) o% )e-isio$ is %re1ue$l( %!voure) 9+ere "re!
i$eress !re i$volve), !s i$ i$ers!e -o''er-e, !$) $o ! %e9 !re
%ou$) 9+o %!vour e$%or-e'e$ o% )e-isio$ 9+ere #o+ p!ries i$vo?e
!r#ir!io$. Ne9 Fe!l!$) !lo$e +!s !e'pe) %ull -o'pulsor(
!r#ir!io$. T+e re!so$s !lle"e) !"!i$s -o'pulsor( !r#ir!io$ !re
$u'erous. I !ppe!rs o i$v!)e +e proper( ri"+s o% +e e'plo(er, or
+e perso$!l li#er( o% +e l!#ourer, si$-e +e %or'er 'i"+ #e -o'pelle)
#( l!9 o p!( 9!"es !"!i$s +is 9ill, !$) +e l!er 'i"+ #e %or-e) o
l!#our i$ spie o% +i'sel%. I is )i%%i-ul o '!?e +e !-io$ o%
-o'pulsor( !r#ir!io$ re-ipro-!l, si$-e +e e'plo(er is 'ore e!sil(
+el) +!$ +e l!#our u$io$, u$less +e l!er #e i$-orpor!e) !$) #e '!)e
%i$!$-i!ll( respo$si#le, ! -o$)iio$ %ro' 9+i-+ +e u$io$s usu!ll(
re-oil. As !r#ir!ors 9oul) $o #e "over$e) #( ! rule o% l!9, i is %e!re)
+! s('p!+( 9i+ +e 9e!?er p!r( 'i"+ s9!( +e', !$) +! +e(
9oul) #e i$-li$e) o Lspli +e )i%%ere$-eL, +ere#( e$suri$" so'e "!i$
o l!#our, ! prospe- 9+i-+, i is s!i), 'i"+ e$-our!"e sri?es !$)
pro'p u$re!so$!#le )e'!$)s. I is -l!i'e) +! )e-isio$s u$%!vour!#le
o l!#ourers 9oul) e$) o sre$"+e$ !$ !lre!)(."ro9i$" suspi-io$ o%
"over$'e$ !$) o% -ours.
Fur+er'ore, +e e'plo(er sees i$ -o'pulsor( !r#ir!io$, )ivi)e)
0uris)i-io$ i$ +is #usi$ess, i$er%ere$-e o% ousi)ers 9+o l!-? e-+$i-!l
?$o9le)"e, pro#!#le overur$i$" o% )is-ipli$e, !$) ! 9e!?e$i$" o% +is
posiio$, poi$s +! 9ere '!)e 9i+ so'e %eeli$" !"!i$s C!r)i$!l
M!$$i$" i$ +is 'e)i!io$ i$ +e "re! Do-? Sri?e. Fe!r is e6presse)
+! e'plo(ers 9oul) #e )rive$ o or"!$iCe %or sel%.proe-io$, +! +e(
9oul) #e i$-li$e) o r!ise pri-es, or !)uler!e pro)u-s, i$ or)er o
o%%se losses sus!i$e) #( !)verse )e-isio$s o% !r#ir!io$ -ours. T+ere
!re, i$ !))iio$ -o$siuio$!l )i%%i-ulies 9+i-+ i$ 'os 'o)er$ $!io$s
'i"+ '!?e +e oper!io$ o% -o'pulsor( !r#ir!io$ )i%%i-ul, eve$ i% +e
pu#li- 9ere o !--ep i. I is ur"e) i$ %!vour o% -o'pulsor( !r#ir!io$,
+! +e prospe- o% i, 9oul) i$evi!#l( -re!e ! 'ore -o$-ili!or(
!iu)e o% 'i$) i$ e'plo(ers !$) l!#ourers, +! -o''o$ %e!r o%
u$)esir!#le resuls 9oul) )evelop +e pr!-i-e o% r!)e !"ree'e$ !$)
-o$-ili!io$, +! so-ie( 9oul) +ere#( %i$!ll( "!i$ le"!l "u!r!$ee o%
i$)usri!l pe!-e, !$) 9oul) #e sp!re) +e e$or'ous losses, -o$%usio$,
!$) viole$-e +! resul %ro' sri?es. T+e 'o)i%ie) %or's o% -o'pulsor(
!r#ir!io$ U e$%or-e'e$ o% )e-isio$ 9+e$ #o+ p!ries !"ree o su#'i
o !r#ir!io$ !$) -o'pulsor( !r#ir!io$ 9+ere vi!l pu#li- i$eress !re
i''e)i!el( -o$-er$e), !s i$ i$ers!e -o''er-e U !voi) '!$( o% +e
o#0e-io$s +! !ppe!r o pro'ise "oo) resuls.
24
3.2.2 Voluntary Arbitration
T+! opposiio$ o -o'pulsor( !r#ir!io$ is )ire-e) !"!i$s +e
-o'pulsor( %e!ure, !$) $o !"!i$s !r#ir!io$ !s su-+, is see$ %ro' +e
pr!-i-!l s('p!+(, !$) eve$ e$+usi!s', 9i+ 9+i-+ volu$!r(
!r#ir!io$ is re-eive). I$ +e *$ie) S!es, 9+i-+ '!( #e !?e$ !s
(pi-!l, 9e %i$) or"!$iCe) l!#our, spe!?i$" sro$"l( i$ %!vour o%
volu$!r( !r#ir!io$. I )eplores sri?es, provi)es -!re%ul s-rui$( !$) !
+orou"+ es o% %eeli$" #e%ore per'ii$" sri?es, !$) "e$er!ll( provi)es
%or !ppe!l o -o$-ili!io$ or !r#ir!io$.
Mr. Go'pers, Presi)e$ o% +e A'eri-!$ Fe)er!io$ o% L!#our, s!i)
#e%ore +e Co$"ress o% I$)usri!l Co$-ili!io$ !$) Ar#ir!io$ i$
C+i-!"o, i$ 1<;2: LAs o$e 9+o +!s #ee$ i$i'!el( !$) -losel(
-o$$e-e) 9i+ +e l!#our 'ove'e$ %or 'ore +!$ +ir( (e!rs %ro'
#o(+oo), I s!( o (ou +! I !' (e o re-eive ! -op( o% ! Co$siuio$ o%
!$( "e$er!l or"!$iC!io$, or lo-!l or"!$iC!io$, o% l!#our 9+i-+ +!) $o
+e provisio$ +!, #e%ore !$( sri?e s+!ll #e u$)er!?e$, -o$-ili!io$ or
!r#ir!io$ s+!ll #e rie)D !$), 9i+ $e!rl( 9elve +ous!$) lo-!l r!)e
u$io$s i$ +e *$ie) S!es, I +i$? +! +is "oes %!r o s+o9 +! +e
or"!$iC!io$s o% l!#our !re )esirous o% e$-our!"i$" !'i-!#le
!rr!$"e'e$s o% su-+ s-+e)ules !$) -o$)iio$s o% l!#our !s s+!ll e$) o
pe!-e.L T+is is %ull( -orro#or!e) #( +e I$)usri!l Co''issio$, 9+i-+
s!i) i$ is repor, si6 (e!rs l!er, +! L+e rule o% lo-!l !$) $!io$!l r!)e
u$io$s, !l'os 9i+ou e6-epio$, provi)es %or -o$-ili!or( $e"oi!io$s
9i+ e'plo(ers #e%ore ! sri?e '!( #e e$ere) upo$L.
I$ $e!rl( !ll r!)e !"ree'e$s, ! provisio$ is '!)e %or -o$-ili!io$ or
!r#ir!io$ 9+e$ever 'i$or )ispues o% !$( ?i$) !rise. As o e'plo(ers,
o$e s+oul) re-!ll +! !ll e'plo(ers 9+o s!$) i$ %rie$)l( rel!io$s 9i+
u$io$ l!#our, ei+er i$%or'!ll(, or %or'!ll(, i$ r!)e !"ree'e$s, !re
presu'pivel( %!vour!#le o !r#ir!io$. T+e e'plo(er 9+o re%uses o
re-o"$iCe or o )e!l 9i+ +e l!#our u$io$ is i$-li$e) $o o %!vour
!r#ir!io$, si$-e i i$volves re-o"$iio$ o% +e u$io$. He '!( #e 9illi$"
o 'ee ! -o''iee o% +is 'e$ !$) +e!r -o'pl!i$s, !$) eve$ "r!$
)e'!$)s, #u +is 'e+o) is $o +! o% !r#ir!io$. T+e %ollo9i$", %ro'
+e Pri$-iples o% +e N!io$!l Asso-i!io$ o% M!$u%!-urers, !)ope) i$
1;02, is (pi-!l. T+e Asso-i!io$ L%!vours !$ e1ui!#le !)0us'e$ o% +e
)i%%ere$-es #e9ee$ e'plo(ers !$) e'plo(ees #( !$( !'i-!#le 'e+o)
+! 9ill preserve +e ri"+s o% #o+ p!riesL, +ou"+ ! +e s!'e i'e +e
Asso-i!io$ )e-l!res +! i 9ill per'i $o i$er%ere$-e #( or"!$iC!io$s.
T+e Repu#li-!$ N!io$!l Pl!%or' o% 1<;4, !s 9ell !s +e De'o-r!i-,
)e-l!re) i$ %!vour o% !r#ir!io$ i$ i$ers!e.-o''er-e -o$roversies.
27
No+i$" o$ +e su#0e- !ppe!re) i$ ei+er pl!%or' i$ 1;00. T+e
Repu#li-!$ pl!%or' o% 1;02 -o$!i$e) o$l( !$ e$)orse'e$ o%
Presi)e$ RoosevelSs 'e)i!io$ i$ +e Co!l Sri?e o% 1;07, 9+ile +e
De'o-r!i- pl!%or' )e-l!re) )ire-l( %or !r#ir!io$ 9i+ou
1u!li%i-!io$. A re'!r?!#le e6pressio$ o% pu#li- opi$io$ i$ +e *$ie)
S!es is see$ i$ +e -re!io$ o% +e N!io$!l Civi- Fe)er!io$ 9+i-+ +!s
+el) ! $u'#er o% $!io$!l -o$%ere$-es i$ +e i$eres o% i$)usri!l pe!-e.
Represe$!ives o% e'plo(ers, o% l!#ouri$" 'e$, o% polii-!l li%e, o%
-+ur-+es, o% !-!)e'i- -ir-les, +!ve 'e i$ +ese -o$ve$io$s !$) +eir
e$)orse'e$s o% !e'ps o es!#lis+ i$)usri!l pe!-e, +rou"+ r!)e
!"ree'e$s, -o$-ili!io$, !$) volu$!r( !r#ir!io$, +!ve #ee$
u$!$i'ous !$) e$+usi!si-. T+e *rotestant #%isco%al Church i$ +e
*$ie) S!es +!s ! s!$)i$" Co''iee o$ L!#our !$) C!pi!l, 9+ose
)u( i is Lo +ol) +e'selves i$ re!)i$ess o !- !s !r#ir!ors s+oul)
+eir servi-es #e )esire) #e9ee$ +e 'e$ !$) +eir e'plo(ers 9i+ +e
vie9 o #ri$"i$" !#ou 'uu!l -o$-ili!io$ !$) +!r'o$( i$ +e spiri o%
+e Pri$-e o% Pe!-eL. T+e !-io$ o% C!r)i$!l M!$$i$" i$ +e Do-? Sri?e
i$ Lo$)o$, i$ 1<<;, o"e+er 9i+ +is "re! e%%ors o es!#lis+ #o!r)s o%
-o$-ili!io$ i$ +e Lo$)o$ Disri-D +e prese$-e !$) !-ivi( o%
Ar-+#is+op Irel!$) i$ +e N!io$!l Civil Fe)er!io$D +! o% Ar-+#is+op
R(!$ i$ +e P+il!)elp+i! sri?e, i$ 1<;4D +e 9or? o% /is+op Tui"le( i$
+e sri?e o% 1<;;, i$ /u%%!loD o% /is+op /ur?e i$ +e Al#!$( sri?e, i$
1;07D +! o% /is+op Ho#!$, o% S-r!$o$, i$ +e sree.-!r sri?e o% 1;0=,
!$) i$ 1;04D +e !-ivi( o% /is+op Sp!l)i$" i$ +e !$+r!-ie.sri?e
-o''issio$ i$ 1;07.=D +e sro$" pu#li- !ppro#!io$ "ive$ #( His
E'i$e$-e C!r)i$!l Gi##o$s, !$) !s 9ell '!$( i$s!$-es o% su--ess%ul
!-ivi( #( -ler"('e$, !ll serve o s+o9 +! C!+oli- le!)ers re-o"$iCe
+e v!lue o% -o$-ili!io$ !$) !r#ir!io$ i$ pro'oi$" i$)usri!l pe!-e. I$
Fr!$-e, /el"iu', Ger'!$(, !$) I!l( 9e %i$) +e C!+oli- !iu)e
e1u!ll( sro$". I$ +ese -ou$ries +e e$)orse'e$ o% +e or"!$iC!io$ o%
l!#our is 'os e'p+!i-, !s is !lso +e )e'!$) #( represe$!ive
C!+oli-s %or re-o"$iio$ o% or"!$iC!io$s o% l!#our, %or #o!r)s o%
-o$-ili!io$ !$) !r#ir!io$, !ll o% 9+i-+ is i$ +!r'o$( 9i+ +e spiri
!$) e!-+i$" o% Leo VIII, 9+o, i$ +is e$-(-li-!l o$ +e -o$)iio$ o% +e
9or?i$" 'e$, e6presses sro$" !pprov!l o% -o$-ili!or( 'e+o)s i$
!rr!$"i$" )ispues #e9ee$ l!#our !$) -!pi!l.
3.3 The limits of Arbitration
I 9oul) #e ! 'is!?e o !ssu'e +! !r#ir!io$ is ! p!$!-e!. I is $o
$e-ess!ril( e%%e-ive #e(o$) +e er' %or 9+i-+ ! )e-isio$ is '!)e.
&+ile +e ele'e$s o% -o$%li- re'!i$ i$ so-ie(, +e possi#ili( o%
)ispue re'!i$s !lso. He$-e, ! #es, !r#ir!io$ is ! '!?es+i%, o$e o%
+e +i"+es i'por!$-e $o )ou#, #u i )oes $o er!)i-!e +e evils o
9+i-+ i is !pplie). T+ere !re -er!i$ issues #e9ee$ e'plo(ers !$)
l!#ourers 9+i-+ 9ill $o #e su#'ie) o !r#ir!io$D %u$)!'e$!l ri"+s
2<
-l!i'e) #( e!-+ p!r( !$) +el) o #e #e(o$) +e re!l' o% )ispue. T+us,
%or i$s!$-e, +e l!#our u$io$ 9ill $o su#'i o !r#ir!io$ +e 1uesio$
o% +e ri"+ o% +e l!#ourer o 0oi$ ! u$io$ or +e ri"+ o% +e u$io$ o
represe$ is 'e'#ers. O$ +e o+er +!$), +e e'plo(er 9oul) $o
su#'i o !r#ir!io$, +is ri"+ o '!$!"e +is o9$ #usi$ess. T+e
I$)usri!l Co''issio$ re'!r?s: L&+e+er i is !s 9ise or)i$!ril( o
su#'i "e$er!l 1uesio$s o !r#ir!io$ !s 1uesio$s o% i$erpre!io$ is
per+!ps )ou#%ul. I is -er!i$l( +e -!se +! 'i$or 1uesio$s !re 'ore
o%e$ !r#ir!e) +!$ +ose o% "re! i'por!$-e i$volvi$" "e$er!l
-o$)iio$s o% %uure l!#our.L
4.0 CONCLUSIONS
Ar#ir!io$ i$ ! "e$er!l se$se is ! 'e+o) o% !rr!$"i$" )i%%ere$-es
#e9ee$ 9o p!ries #( re%erri$" +e' o +e 0u)"'e$ o% ! )isi$erese)
ousi)er 9+ose )e-isio$ +e p!ries o ! )ispue !"ree i$ !)v!$-e o,
!--ep !s i$ so'e 9!( #i$)i$". T+e 9+ole pro-ess o% !r#ir!io$
i$volves +e re%ere$-e o% issues o !$ ousi)e p!r(, i$vesi"!io$,
)e-isio$, !--ep!$-e or e$%or-e'e$ o% i. T+e -o$)iio$ 9+i-+ i$vies
!r#ir!io$ is o$e 9+erei$ ! $u'#er o% perso$s o% e1u!l, or $e!rl( e1u!l
po9er, )is!"ree o#si$!el( -o$-er$i$" ! ri"+, privile"e, or )u(, !$)
re%use o -o'e o er's +e'selves. T+e u$)erl(i$" !ssu'pio$s !re +!
+e se$se o% %!ir$ess is )ulle) i$ +e oppo$e$s #( !)vo-!-( o% sel%.
i$eres, !$) #( o#si$!-(, !$) +! +e 0u)"'e$ o% ! -!p!#le
)isi$erese) +ir) p!r( 9ill 'ore $e!rl( !ppro6i'!e 0usi-e !$) e1ui(.
T+e 'oive 9+i-+ pro'ps !ppe!l o !r#ir!io$ is %ou$) %i$!ll( i$
so-ie(Ss )esire o eli'i$!e %or-e !s ! s!$-io$ o% ri"+, !$) o i$ro)u-e
e%%e-ivel( +e pri$-iples o% +e e+i-!l or)er i$o +e sele'e$ o%
)ispues !'o$" is 'e'#ers. Cours, rules o% l!9 !$) pro-e)ure +!ve !s
purpose +e proe-io$ o% or)er !$) 0usi-e #( -o'pelli$" 'e$ o sele
vi!l )i%%ere$-es i$ ! pe!-e%ul '!$$er.
I$ +e 'e!$ i'e, so-ie( 'us !l9!(s rus +e -o''o$ se$se, +o$our,
!$) -o$s-ie$-e o% 'e$ o !rr!$"e pe!-e%ull( +e )i%%ere$-es 9+i-+ !rise
i$ ever()!( li%e. &+e$, +o9ever, )i%%ere$-es o% !-u!l or possi#le "r!ve
so-i!l -o$se1ue$-es !rise, 9+erei$ +i"+ pri$-iples or "re! i$eress !re
i$volve), !$) +e p!ries i$ +e'selves, %!il o !"ree, so-ie( !e'ps o
se-ure or)er, #( -re!i$" i$siuio$s o )e-i)e +e siu!io$ !--or)i$" o
pre)eer'i$e) rules o% l!9. T+e 'ove'e$ o i$ro)u-e !r#ir!io$ i$
+e sele'e$ o% )ispues #e9ee$ l!#ourers !$) e'plo(ers is !$ e%%or
i$ so-ie( o li% su-+ -o$%li-s %ro' +e pl!$e o% #rue %or-e o +e level
o% +e e+i-!l or)erD o provi)e ! r!io$!l 'e+o) o% seli$" su-+
)ispues !s %!il o #e resolve) #( o+er pe!-e%ul 'e!$s.
2;
5.0 SUMMARY
I$ +is u$i, 9e e6!'i$e) !r#ir!io$ !s !$ ele'e$ o% -o$%li-
'!$!"e'e$, e6plore) is +isor(, 'e!$i$", pro-ess, -+!lle$"es, use !$)
is li'i!io$s.
iA &+! is !r#ir!io$M
iiA &+! !re +e li'is o% !r#ir!io$M
iiiA Ouli$e !$) )is-uss +e v!rious (pes o% !r#ir!io$.
ivA El!#or!e o$ +e v!rious ele'e$s o% +e !r#ir!io$ pro-ess
*$ie) N!io$s, @1;;7A H!$)#oo? o$ +e Pe!-e%ul Sele'e$ o%
&illi!' L. *r(, Pe!$$e M. /re !$) Sep+e$ /. Gol)#er" @1;<<A.
Getting 'is%utes Resol.ed, Posse(./!ss.
80
UNIT 5 AFRICAN TRADITIONAL CONFLICT
MANAGEMENT
Table of Contents
1.0 I$ro)u-io$
7.0 O#0e-ives
=.0 M!i$ Co$e$
=.1 C!se Su)ies o% A%ri-!$ !ppro!-+es o Co$%li- M!$!"e'e$
=.1.1 A%ri-!$ r!)iio$!l 'e+o)s i$ Ee$(!
=.1.7 Pe!-e Co$-eps !$) S('#ols
=.1.= A%ri-!$ r!)iio$!l 'e+o)s i$ R9!$)!
2.0 Co$-lusio$
8.0 Su''!r(
1.0 INTRODUCTION
T+ere is ! v!rie( o% A%ri-!$ Tr!)iio$!l Me+o)s o% )ispue
'!$!"e'e$. T+is e6plores so'e +ese v!rious r!)iio$!l !ppro!-+es o
-o$%li- resoluio$s +! !re -o$si)er!io$ +e u$i1ue A%ri-!$ Culure.
T+e '!0or poi$ !#ou -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$ i$ A%ri-! is +e e'p+!sis o$
resolvi$" o% -o$%li-s !'i-!#l( +rou"+ el)ers, r!)iio$!l le!)ers,
+e!li$" !$) re-o$-ili!io$ riu!ls. T+us, i$ -o$e'por!r( r!)iio$!l
A%ri-!$ -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$ pr!-i-es +e %ollo9i$" ?e( pl!(ers -!$ #e
i)e$i%ie): reli"ious le!)ers, +e Poli-e !$) +e !r'e) %or-es, poli-(
'!?ers, +e "over$'e$ !$) +ose i$volve) i$ '!?i$" 'o)er$ l!9, +e
(ou+, espe-i!ll( +ose i$volve) i$ -!le rusli$" !$) +e res o% +e
-o''u$i(.
2.0 OB1ECTIVES
A%er re!)i$" +is u$i (ou s+oul) #e !#le oD
i. Hi"+li"+ +e v!rious -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$ !ppro!-+es i$ A%ri-!
#e%ore -olo$i!lis'D
ii. Hi"+li"+ +e v!lues +! )isi$"uis+ A%ri-!$ -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$
!ppro!-+es,
iii. Des-ri#e r!)iio$!l -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$ !ppro!-+esD
iv. E6pl!i$ +e relev!$-e o% r!)iio$!l -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$
!ppro!-+es o +e -+!lle$"es o% -o$%li- i$ +e -o$e'por!r( 9orl).
81
3.0 MAIN CONTENT
3.1 Case Studies of African Approaches
/elo9 !re s!'ples o% A%ri-!$ 'e+o)s !s prese$e) #( so'e s-+ol!rs.
3.1.1 African Traditional Methods In Kenya:
A Case Study Of The Pokot And Maasai Peace Building Cultures
%resented by &r. "om'ee "ultan from %eace (useums, )enya.
T+e M!!s!i !$) Po?o !re 9o e+$i- "roups +! +!ve #ee$ i$volve) i$
e+$i- -l!s+es %or over ! )e-!)e. /o+ "roups -o'e %ro' ! Niloi-
#!-?"rou$), 9i+ erriories +! sre-+ over +e polii-!l #ou$)!ries o%
E!s A%ri-!.
Re-o$-ili!io$ !'o$" +e 9o e+$i- "roups is $o usu!ll( ! o$e i'e
eve$, li?e +e si"$i$" o% ! pe!-e !--or) !%er #!le, i o--urs i$ series,
#uil)i$" o$ !$) !%%ir'i$" pe!-e s('#ols 9i+ riu!ls rel!e) o +e
-o''u$i(Hs e6perie$-es !$) 'e'ories +!$)e) over %ro' p!s
"e$er!io$s.
3.1.2 Peace Concepts and Symbols
Pe!-e -o$-eps !$) s('#ols !re use) i$ +is pro-ess o% re-o$-ili!io$.
+sotua . T+e M!!s!i 9or) %or Pe!-e +sotua !$) i 'e!$s ! "i% ou o%
rel!io$s+ip. T+e M!!s!i re%er o +e u'#ili-!l -or) !s +sotua %or i
s('#oliCes +e %irs rel!io$s+ip, 9+i-+ is #e9ee$ +e 'o+er !$) +er
-+il). A #ir+ +e u'#ili-!l -or) is -u relu-!$l( #( !?i$" +e ?$i%e
+ree i'es i$ ! 'o-? -ui$" 'oio$ !$) +e$ soppe) #e-!use !ll
rel!io$s+ips !re s!-re) !$) +e( '!( $o #e severe).
T+e$ %i$!ll(, "r!ss is ie) o$ ei+er si)e o% u'#ili-!l -or) so +! +e
'o+er !$) -+il) '!( sep!r!e !$) -o$i$ue o +!ve ! "oo) rel!io$s+ip
!$) +e$-e sep!r!e i$ pe!-e. To)!( "r!ss is ! s('#ol o% pe!-e !'o$"
+e M!!s!i !$) sever!l o+er "roups, !$) is -!rrie) o )e'o$sr!e pe!-e
)uri$" 9!r !$) i'es o% e+$i- e$sio$s. Gr!ss 'e)i!es ! rel!io$s+ip
9+e$ i$)ivi)u!ls or "roups live sep!r!el( #u i$ respe- o% e!-+ o+erHs
sep!r!e$ess !s ever(o$e else )oes !%er sep!r!i$" %ro' +e 9o'#. T+is
is ! s('#ol o% +u'!$i( +! !ll people s+!re irrespe-ive o% +eir e+$i-
lo(!l(.
Grass $ T+is is !$o+er s('#ol use) #( +e M!!s!i !$) o+er "roups li?e
+e E!le$0i$ o )e'o$sr!e pe!-e i$ 9!r i'es !$) e+$i- e$sio$s.
&+e$ever +ere is ! %i"+ !$) ! M!!s!i pi-?s up "r!ss, +e %i"+i$" sops
#e-!use +e( #elieve +e( !ll -o'e %ro' o$e 9o'#, o$e 'o+er !$) +e
87
o$e rel!io$s+ip. To +e E!le$0i$ "r!ss is p!sure !$) p!sure is 'il? %or
-o9s. So "r!ss is ! li%e.sus!i$i$" ele'e$.
1eketio $ A'o$" +e Po?o is ! pre"$!$-( #el -!lle) 1eketio, 9+i-+
suppors pre"$!$-( +e$-e li%e. T+is #el is su))e) 9i+ -o9rie s+ells.
&+e$ +e Po?o !re %i"+i$" !$) ! 'o+er re'oves +er pre"$!$-( #el
!$) pus i #e9ee$ +e 'e$, +e %i"+i$" 'us #e soppe). S+e )oes $o
+!ve o #e +e #iolo"i-!l 'o+er %or i$ +is -o''u$i(, ! 'o+er is !
'o+er o% +e -o''u$i(. I is +e s!'e !'o$" +e 1< E!le$0i$ "roups.
T+e M!!s!i 9or) %or +sotua is !lso +e 9or) %or #e!u(. T+e( #elieve
+! 9+ere +ere is $o #e!u( +ere is $o pe!-e. For +e Po?o +e 9or) is
Q*ichioR 9+i-+ !lso 'e!$s #e!u(. /e!u( %ollo9s pe!-e. &+ere +ere
is pe!-e, +ere is #e!u(.
+l 'onyio Mou$ Ee$(! is ! 'ou$!i$ o% pe!-e #e-!use i is ! 'ou$!i$
o% Eeri . #e!u(. A'o$"s +e M!!s!i i is re%erre) o !s Q+l 'onyio
3eriR #e-!use +e 9+ie "l!-iers -o$r!s 9i+ +e )!r? v!lle(s, %or'i$"
o$e s!-re) 'ou$!i$. T+is -o$r!s re%le-s +e -o$r!s i$ +u'!$
so-ie(. T+e M!!s!i !--ep !$) %ollo9 +e p+ilosop+( o% +sotua, 9+i-+
is $o o$l( +!r'o$(, #u !lso +!r'o$( #rou"+ #( livi$" 9i+ -o$r!s
or )i%%ere$-es. T+us +e( s!(, Q)n disorder, there is order4.
T+is !ppe!rs !"!i$ i$ +e )is-ipli$e o% '!?i$" or$!'e$s. T+e( '!?e
180 )i%%ere$ (pes o% or$!'e$s %ollo9i$" si6 !es+ei- s(se's +! !re
#!se) o$ +e u$)ers!$)i$" o% +e p+ilosop+( o% pe!-e. T+ese +e$ rel!e
o o+er e$viro$'e$!l s('#ols li?e rees. Trees !re sill livi$" s('#ols
o% pe!-e.'!?i$" i$ +is p!r o% A%ri-!.
+loi% $ &+e$ +e M!!s!i !re '!?i$" pe!-e +e( si u$)er ! s+!)e o% !
p!ri-ul!r ree. T+is s+!)e is re%erre) o !s Qoloi%R. /u #e%ore +e( si,
e!-+ o$e o% +e' +!s o )rop !ll +e 9e!po$s +! +e is -!rr(i$" !$) +e$
pro-ee) u$)er +e ree o #e"i$ +e $e"oi!io$s.
&+e$ +ere +!s #ee$ ! 'ur)er i$ +e -l!$ or 9i+i$ ! "roup, +e M!!s!i
'ee u$)er ! )e!) ree 9+ere +ere is $o Qoloi%R #e-!use +e( !re
)is-ussi$" so'e+i$" ver( "r!ve. T+ese !re so'e o% +e )i%%ere$
e6!'ples o% ! culture of %eace +! sill e6iss o)!( i$ resolvi$"
-o$%li-. 5er( o%e$ e+$i- "roups +! !re $ei"+#ours o e!-+ o+er, use
si'il!r s('#ols. Pe!-e is ! +olisi- issue, ! +eri!"e 9i+i$ )i%%ere$
"roups i$ so-ie(.
8=
3.1.3 African Traditional Methods in Rwanda:
A Case Study Of The *gacaca Method Of Conflict Resolution
Amongst The Banyarwanda. By &r. +phraim )amuhangire,
,ommissioner of *nti-ues and the .ganda (useum.
For e6er$!l %or-es so'ei'es 'is-o$srue +e re!so$s o% +e -o$%li-
!$) ! i'es polii-ise or !""r!v!e i o +i"+er proporio$s +!$ +e re!l
re!so$s %or +! -o$%li-.
To)!(, +e "over$'e$ o% R9!$)! +!s !)ope) agacaca o )e!l 9i+
so'e o% +e 1;;2 "e$o-i)e -!ses r!+er +!$ resori$" o +e
i$er$!io$!l or Arus+! ri#u$!ls.
Agacaca $ Is ! r!)iio$!l 'e-+!$is' o% -o$%li- resoluio$ !'o$"s +e
/!$(!r9!$)!. T+is 'e+o) is use) o resolve -o$%li- ! +e "r!ssroos
level +rou"+ )i!lo"ue. I is !$ i$ri-!e s(se' o% -uso', r!)iio$,
$or' !$) us!"e.
(rucaca . T+e 9or) Agacaca -o'es %ro' !$o+er 9or)R(rucacaR
9+i-+ is ! (pe o% "r!ss +! is -o''o$l( %ou$) i$ v!rious p!rs o%
R9!$)!, /uru$)i, &eser$ *"!$)! !$) Nor+er$ T!$C!$i!. I$ &eser$
*"!$)! +is "r!ss is re%erre) o !s 5+ruc"ama4.
M!$( A%ri-!$ +o'es !re -lusers o% -l!$ !$) %!'il( e$-losures !$)
9+e$ su-+ ! -luser is 9ell es!#lis+e), !$ ever"ree$ "r!ss, 9+i-+ is +e
(rucaca, "ro9s !rou$) +e +o'e, espe-i!ll( i$ %ro$ o% +e +o'e.
4.0 CONCLUSION
&+e$ +ere is ! pro#le' 9i+i$ +e -l!$ %!'il( or +e $ei"+#our+oo),
+e el)ers "!+er ! +e sie i$ %ro$ o% +e +o'e !$) e!-+ p!r( is +e$
!s?e) o prese$ is -!se. T+e pro#le' +!s o #e solve) !'i-!#l( o +e
s!is%!-io$ o% +e p!ries i$volve) !$) +e -ulpri, #u(s ! po o% lo-!l
#re9 %or +e el)ers. T+is -ulpri is l!er %i$e) or repri'!$)e) #( +e
el)ers.
T+e si"$i%i-!$-e o% su-+ ! )i!lo"ue o% -o$%li- resoluio$ is +!: I is
s!%e !$) #eer %or -o$%li-i$" p!ries o resolve +eir )i%%ere$-es !s soo$
!s +e pro#le' !rises 9i+ou "oi$" ou o% +e i$er.%!'il( or i$er.-l!$
-o$%i$es 9+i-+ 9oul) o+er9ise re1uire +e i$erve$io$ o% e6er$!l
%or-es.
82
5.0 SUMMARY
I$ +is u$i 9e +!ve e6!'i$e) +e role o% A%ri-!$ r!)iio$!l !ppro!-+es
o resolvi$" -o$%li- siu!io$s i$ +e -o$e'por!r( 9orl). So'e -!se
su)ies 9ere !lso )is-usse).
iA To 9+! e6e$ is r!)iio$!l Me)i! li?e so$", )r!'! !$) )!$-e
use) i$ solvi$" -o$%li-M
iiA Des-ri#e ! r!)iio$!l 'e+o) o% -o$%li- resoluio$ i$ (our
-o''u$i( o% )es-e$.
iiiA &+! role )o s('#ols pl!( i$ r!)iio$!l -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$M
ivA Ho9 )o 9e rel!e A%ri-!$ r!)iio$!l 'e+o)s 9i+ +e so-ie(
o)!(M
vA A%ri-!$ -ulures use) o -ou$sel !$) resolve -o$%li- pe!-e%ull(.
Dis-uss usi$" ! -!se su)(.
For Ni"eri!$ C!se su)ies see:
N9olise, O./.C. @7002A. JTr!)iio$!l Appro!-+es o Co$%li- Resoluio$
A'o$" +e I"#o People o% Ni"eri!: Rei$%or-i$" +e Nee) %or
A%ri-! o Re)is-over is RoosH. I$ Amani: 2ournal of African
*eace. 1@1A:8;.<0.
O"u$o'isi$, G.O. @7002A. J&!r Preve$io$ !$) Pe!-e'!?i$" i$ Pre.
-olo$i!l Boru#! l!$), Sou+ K &eser$ Ni"eri!H. I$ Amani:
2ournal of African *eace. 1@1A:<1.;1.
S'i+, Ro#er @1;74A. &arfare and 'i%lomacy in *re$colonial &est
Africa @7
$)
e).A. M!)iso$: T+e *$iversi( o% &is-o$si$ Press.
88
MODULE 3
STRATEGIES OF PEACE BUILDING
*$i 1 Co$%li- Tr!$s%or'!io$
*$i 7 Pe!-e /uil)i$" !$) E!rl( &!r$i$" S(se'
*$i = Pe!-e'!?i$" !$) Pe!-e?eepi$"
*$i 2 Dis!r'!'e$ !$) Ar's Co$rol
*$i 8 Preve$ive !$) Muli.r!-? Diplo'!-(
UNIT 1 CONFLICT TRANSFORMATION
Table of Contents
1.0 I$ro)u-io$
7.0 O#0e-ives
=.0 M!i$ Co$e$
=.1 Co$%li- Tr!$s%or'!io$
=.7 For's o% Co$%li- Tr!$s%or'!io$
=.7.1 A-or Tr!$s%or'!io$
=.7.7 Issue Tr!$s%or'!io$
=.7.= Rule Tr!$s%or'!io$
=.7.2 Sru-ur!l Tr!$s%or'!io$
2.0 Co$-lusio$
8.0 Su''!r(
1.0 INTRODUCTION
A $u'#er o% -o$%li- +eoriss !$) pr!-iio$ers, i$-lu)i$" Po+$ P!ul
Le)er!-+, !)vo-!e +e pursui o% L-o$%li- r!$s%or'!io$,L !s oppose)
o L-o$%li- resoluio$L or L-o$%li- '!$!"e'e$.L Co$%li-
r!$s%or'!io$ is )i%%ere$ %ro' +e o+er 9o, Le)er!-+ !ssers, #e-!use
i re%le-s ! #eer u$)ers!$)i$" o% +e $!ure o% -o$%li- isel%. LCo$%li-
resoluio$L i'plies +! -o$%li- is #!)..+e$-e so'e+i$" +! s+oul) #e
e$)e). I !lso !ssu'es +! -o$%li- is ! s+or er' p+e$o'e$o$ +! -!$
#e Lresolve)L per'!$e$l( +rou"+ 'e)i!io$ or o+er i$erve$io$
pro-esses. LCo$%li- '!$!"e'e$L -orre-l( !ssu'es +! -o$%li-s !re
lo$" er' pro-esses +! o%e$ -!$$o #e 1ui-?l( resolve), #u +e $oio$
o% L'!$!"e'e$L su""ess +! people -!$ #e )ire-e) or -o$rolle) !s
84
+ou"+ +e( 9ere p+(si-!l o#0e-s. I$ !))iio$, +e $oio$ o%
'!$!"e'e$ su""ess +! +e "o!l is +e re)u-io$ or -o$rol o%
vol!ili( 'ore +!$ )e!li$" 9i+ +e re!l sour-e o% +e pro#le'.
2.0 OB1ECTIVES
i. I)e$i%( posiive !$) %or9!r) !spe-s o% -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$D
ii. E6pl!i$ +ese -o$-eps, !$) )es-ri#e +eir us!"e i$ -o$%li-
'!$!"e'e$D !$)
iii. Appl( !spe-s o% i i$ )!( o )!( i$er!-io$ 9i+ peers !$) 9i+i$
-o$%li- pro$e siu!io$s.
3.0 MAIN CONTENT
3.1 Conflict Transformation
Co$%li- r!$s%or'!io$, !s )es-ri#e) #( Le)er!-+, )oes $o su""es +!
9e si'pl( eli'i$!e or -o$rol -o$%li-, #u r!+er re-o"$iCe !$) 9or?
9i+ is L)i!le-i- $!ure.L /( +is +e 'e!$s +! so-i!l -o$%li- is
$!ur!ll( -re!e) #( +u'!$s 9+o !re i$volve) i$ rel!io$s+ips, (e o$-e
i o--urs, i -+!$"es @i.e., r!$s%or'sA +e eve$s, people, !$)
rel!io$s+ips +! -re!e) +e i$ii!l -o$%li-. T+us, +e -!use.!$).e%%e-
rel!io$s+ip "oes #o+ 9!(s..%ro' +e people !$) +e rel!io$s+ips o +e
-o$%li- !$) #!-? o +e people !$) rel!io$s+ips. I$ +is se$se, L-o$%li-
r!$s%or'!io$L is ! er' +! )es-ri#es ! $!ur!l o--urre$-e. Co$%li-s
-+!$"e rel!io$s+ips i$ pre)i-!#le 9!(s, !leri$" -o''u$i-!io$ p!ers
!$) p!er$s o% so-i!l or"!$iC!io$, !leri$" i'!"es o% +e sel% !$) o% +e
o+er.
Co$%li- r!$s%or'!io$ is !lso ! pres-ripive -o$-ep. I su""ess +!
le% !lo$e, -o$%li- -!$ +!ve )esru-ive -o$se1ue$-es. Ho9ever, +e
-o$se1ue$-es -!$ #e 'o)i%ie) or r!$s%or'e) so +! sel%.i'!"es,
rel!io$s+ips, !$) so-i!l sru-ures i'prove !s ! resul o% -o$%li- i$se!)
o% #ei$" +!r'e) #( i. *su!ll( +is i$volves r!$s%or'i$" per-epio$s o%
issues, !-io$s, !$) o+er people or "roups. Si$-e -o$%li- usu!ll(
r!$s%or's per-epio$s #( !--e$u!i$" +e )i%%ere$-es #e9ee$ people
!$) posiio$s, e%%e-ive -o$%li- r!$s%or'!io$ -!$ 9or? o i'prove
'uu!l u$)ers!$)i$". Eve$ 9+e$ peopleSs i$eress, v!lues, !$) $ee)s
!re )i%%ere$, eve$ $o$.re-o$-il!#le, pro"ress +!s #ee$ '!)e so +!
e!-+ "roup "!i$s ! rel!ivel( !--ur!e u$)ers!$)i$" o% e!-+ o+er.
87
Tr!$s%or'!io$ !lso i$volves r!$s%or'i$" +e 9!( -o$%li- is
e6presse). I '!( #e e6presse) -o'peiivel(, !""ressivel(, or viole$l(,
or i '!( #e e6presse) +rou"+ $o$viole$ !)vo-!-(, -o$-ili!io$, or
!e'pe) -ooper!io$. *$li?e '!$( -o$%li- +eoriss !$) !-iviss, 9+o
per-eive 'e)i!io$ !$) !)vo-!-( !s #ei$" i$ opposiio$ o e!-+ o+er,
Le)er!-+ sees !)vo-!-( !$) 'e)i!io$ !s #ei$" )i%%ere$ s!"es o% +e
-o$%li- r!$s%or'!io$ pro-ess. A-ivis' is i'por!$ i$ e!rl( s!"es o%
! -o$%li- o r!ise peopleSs !9!re$ess o% !$ issue. T+us !-ivis' uses
$o$viole$ !)vo-!-( o es-!l!e !$) -o$%ro$ +e -o$%li-. O$-e
!9!re$ess !$) -o$-er$ is "e$er!e), +e$ 'e)i!io$ -!$ #e use) o
r!$s%or' +e e6pressio$ o% -o$%li- %ro' L'uu!ll( )esru-ive 'o)es
o9!r) )i!lo"ue !$) i$er)epe$)e$-e.L @Le)er!-+, 1;<; p. 12A
Su-+ r!$s%or'!io$, Le)er!-+ su""ess, 'us !?e pl!-e ! #o+ +e
perso$!l !$) +e s(se'i- level. A +e perso$!l level, -o$%li-
r!$s%or'!io$ i$volves +e pursui o% !9!re$ess, "ro9+, !$)
-o''i'e$ o -+!$"e 9+i-+ '!( o--ur +rou"+ +e re-o"$iio$ o% %e!r,
!$"er, "rie%, !$) #ier$ess. T+ese e'oio$s 'us #e ou9!r)l(
!-?$o9le)"e) !$) )e!l 9i+ i$ or)er %or e%%e-ive -o$%li-
r!$s%or'!io$ o o--ur.
Pe!-e'!?i$" !lso i$volves s(se'i- r!$s%or'!io$..+e pro-ess o%
i$-re!si$" 0usi-e !$) e1u!li( i$ +e so-i!l s(se' !s ! 9+ole. T+is '!(
i$volve +e eli'i$!io$ o% oppressio$, i'prove) s+!ri$" o% resour-es,
!$) +e $o$.viole$ resoluio$ o% -o$%li- #e9ee$ "roups o% people.
E!-+ o% +ese !-io$s rei$%or-es +e o+er. I$ o+er 9or)s,
r!$s%or'!io$ o% perso$!l rel!io$s+ips %!-ili!es +e r!$s%or'!io$ o%
so-i!l s(se's !$) s(se'i- -+!$"es %!-ili!e perso$!l r!$s%or'!io$.
Ee( o #o+ ?i$)s o% r!$s%or'!io$ !re ru+, 0usi-e, !$) 'er-(, !s 9ell
!s e'po9er'e$ !$) i$er)epe$)e$-e. T+ese -o$-eps !re %re1ue$l(
see$ !s #ei$" i$ opposiio$ o e!-+ o+erD +o9ever, +e( 'us -o'e
o"e+er %or re-o$-ili!io$ or Lpe!-eL o o--ur, Le)er!-+ !ssers.
3.2 Forms of Conflict Transformation
A--or)i$" o I$siue %or De'o-r!-( i$ Sou+ A%ri-!Hs @IDASAA
QTool?i o$ Pe!-e Pr!-i-e i$ Ni"eri!R @7002:7.74A, r!$s%or'i$"
-o$%li- re1uires ! -o$-ere) e%%or ! re'ovi$" !ll +e roo -!uses o%
-o$%li-, !$) 'ovi$" +e pro-ess o so-i!l -+!$"e. I is ! +e!li$" pro-ess
+! +elps -o$%li-i$" p!ries o pu +e p!s #e+i$) +e' !$) %or"e $e9
rel!io$s+ips o% +!r'o$( !$) -ooper!io$. Co$%li- r!$s%or'!io$
!))resses +e 9i)er so-i!l !$) polii-!l sour-es o% ! -o$%li- !$) see?s o
r!$s%or' +e $e"!ive e$er"( o% 9!r i$o posiive so-i!l !$) polii-!l
-+!$"e. Co$%li- r!$s%or'!io$, +ere%ore, is +e 'os +orou"+ !$) %!r.
re!-+i$" sr!e"ies %or #ri$"i$" !#ou sus!i$!#le posiive pe!-e i$ !
-o$%li- siu!io$, o !voi) ! rel!pse i$o -o$%li- or 9+! e6pers -!ll
Qreur$ 9!rsR.
8<
Co$%li- r!$s%or'!io$ +eor( !ssu'es +! -o$%li- is -!use) #( re!l
pro#le's o% i$e1u!li( !$) i$0usi-e e6presse) #( -o'pei$" so-i!l,
-ulur!l !$) e-o$o'i- %r!'e9or?s. T+e "o!ls o% 9or? #!se) o$ -o$%li-
%or'!io$ +eor( !re:
i. To -+!$"e sru-ure !$) %r!'e9or?s +! -!use i$e1u!li( !$)
i$0usi-e, i$-lu)i$" e-o$o'i- re)isri#uio$D

ii. To i'prove lo$"er.er' rel!io$s+ips !$) !iu)es !'o$" +e
-o$%li-i$" p!riesD
iii. To )evelop pro-esses !$) s(se's +! pro'oes e'po9er'e$,
0usi-e, pe!-e, %or"ive$ess, re-o$-ili!io$, re-o"$iio$ e-.
Spe$-er !$) Spe$-er, l@1;;8:14=.142A re-o''e$) +! -o$%li-
r!$s%or'!io$ -!$ !?e +e %ollo9i$" %or'sD
3.2.1 Actor transformation:
I$er$!io$!l -+!$"es i$ '!0or -o$%li- p!ries, or +e e'er"e$-e !$)
re-o"$iio$ o% $e9 !-orsD
3.2.2 Issue transformation:
A -+!$"e i$ +e polii-!l !"e$)! o% +e -o$%li-, )o9$pl!(i$" +e
i'por!$-e o% ori"i$!l -o$%li- issues !$) e'p+!siCi$" s+!re) -o$-er$
%or $e9 issuesD
3.2.3 Rule transformation:
A re.)e%i$iio$ o% +e $or's, !-ors !re e6pe-e) o o#serve) 9+e$
)e!li$" 9i+ e!-+ o+erD
3.2.4 Structural transformation:
T+is re%ers o pro%ou$) -+!$"es rel!i$" o +e e$ire sru-ure o% i$er.
!-or rel!io$s. Co$%li- r!$s%or'!io$ is +ere%ore !$ i$e"r!ive
!ppro!-+ o -o$%li- resoluio$, i i$volves ! re.)e%i$iio$ o% +e
rel!io$s+ip #e9ee$ +e -o$%li- p!ries +rou"+ 9+i-+ opporu$iies !re
ope$e) !$) $e9 -o'pe$s!io$ !rr!$"e'e$s !re i$ro)u-e). T+is -!$
-re!e ! %r!'e9or? #!se) o$ ! posiive.Su', r!+er +!$ ! Fero Ksu'
!"ree'e$. Ne9 -ooper!ive !rr!$"e'e$s !re i$ii!e) i$ 9+i-+ +e
previousl( )ispue) issues #e-o'e less or $o lo$"er relev!$, !$) o+er
issues or v!lues #e-o'e 'ore relev!$ o !ll p!ries o +e -o$%li-,
S-+'i), @7000:=0A.
8;
4.0 CONCLUSION
T+e issues +! %!ll u$)er +e +e!)i$" o% pe!-e pro-esses !$) -o$%li-
r!$s%or'!io$ -oul) !lso #e l!#elle) pe!-e.#uil)i$". To so'e e6e$,
-o$%li- r!$s%or'!io$ K li?e +e issue +! i see?s o repl!-e, $!'el(,
)eep.rooe) -o$%li- K !ssu'es ! -o''i'e$ o ! pro-ess o% #uil)i$"
!$) sus!i$i$" pe!-e over !$ e6e$sive perio) o% i'e. To +! e6e$,
+ere is ! se$se +! pe!-e.#uil)i$", per se, is re"!r)e) %ro' ! s+orer.
er' perspe-ive +! is per+!ps, ! #i 'ore 'e-+!$isi-.
Pe!-e pro-esses !$) -o$%li- r!$s%or'!io$ $or'!ll( !re vie9e) i$ +e
-o$e6 o% -o$%i)e$-e.#uil)i$" 'e!sures, re-o$sru-io$ o% -ivil so-ie(
!$) re.#uil)i$" o% -o''u$iies. Ho9 +is !-u!ll( is o #e )o$e is !$
issue +! +!s ri""ere) -o$si)er!#le )e#!e.
A%er revie9i$" 'e!$s o% )e!li$" 9i+ -o$%li- i$ 'uli.e+$i- so-ieies
@e."., p!riio$, su--essio$, po9er.s+!ri$"A, Li0p+!r, %or e6!'ple, ops
o!ll( %or po9er.s+!ri$" !s +e o$l( -+oi-e %or -re!i$" e$)uri$" pe!-e.
Le'#!r-+ !r"ues, +o9ever, +! +e re!so$ po9er s+!ri$" 9or?s is
#e-!use o% -er!i$ -ulur!l )i%%ere$-es, i$-lu)i$" !--ulur!e) !iu)es
o9!r)s -o'pro'ise, !$) M-R!e -o$-lu)es +! po9er.s+!ri$" )oes $o
9or? i$ siu!io$s o% i$r!-!#le -o$%li-.
T+e -o$-lusio$ +! o$e s+oul) )r!9 %ro' su-+ )e#!es is $o +eir o9$
i$r!-!#ili(, #u r!+er +e %!- +! !$ !rr!( o% pr!-i-!l v!ri!#les !re
#ei$" )r!9$ i$o +e )e#!e 9+i-+ -oul) resul i$ ver( use%ul (polo"ies
o% !ppropri!e pe!-e pro-esses !$) pre%erre) ou-o'es.
5.0 SUMMARY
I$ +is u$i 9e +!ve e6!'i$e) +e v!rious (pes o% -o$%li-
r!$s%or'!io$, !$) +eir -l!ssi%i-!io$ !--or)i$" o +e -o$-eps o%
-o$%li- r!$s%or'!io$, pe!-e #uil)i$", !$) e!rl( 9!r$i$" s(se's.
iA &+! is -o$%li- r!$s%or'!io$M
iiA S?e-+ +e )e#!e o$ -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$ vs -o$%li-
r!$s%or'!io$
iiiA &+! %or's -!$ r!$s%or' !?e i$ -o$%li- siu!io$s
40
A)!' Curle, @1;;8A Another &ay: *ositi.e res%onse to contem%orary
.iolence, @O6%or): Po$ C!rpe$er Pu#lis+i$".
Di!'o$), L. !$) P. M!-)o$!l), @1;;4A. Multi$track 'i%lomacy: A
Systems A%%roach to *eace. @=
r)
E).A Co$$e-i-u: Eu'!ri!$
Press I$-.
I$siue %or De'o-r!-( i$ Sou+ A%ri-! @IDASAA @7002A. *eace
*ractice in Nigeria: A Toolkit @/oo?s 1, 7W=A. A#u0!: I$siue
%or De'o-r!-( i$ Sou+ A%ri-! @IDASAA.
S-+'i), A.P, @7000A T+es!urus !$) Gloss!r( o% E!rl( &!r$i$" !$)
Co$%li- Preve$io$ Ter's. Lo$)o$: Foru' o$ E!rl( &!r$i$"
!$) E!rl( Respo$se.
5!(r($e$, R., @1;;1A Ne" 'irections in Conflict Theory: Conflict
Pu#li-!io$s.

41
UNIT 2 PEACE-BUILDING AND EARLY WARNING
SYSTEM
Table of Contents
1.0 I$ro)u-io$
7.0 O#0e-ives
=.0 M!i$ Co$e$
=.1 Pe!-e /uil)i$" !$) E!rl( &!r$i$" S(se's @E&SA
=.7 Pe!-e /uil)i$" Sr!e"ies
=.7.1 Pro'oi$" I$er!-io$ @Co$!- H(po+esisA
=.7.7 Co$!- 9i+ For"ive$ess
=.7.= Co$!- 9i+ Super.or)i$!e Go!ls
=.7.2 A-+ievi$" E-o$o'i- Develop'e$
=.7.8 Co$!- 9i+ Co$%i)e$-e /uil)i$"
=.7.4 Co$!- 9i+ E)u-!io$
=.7.7 E!rl( &!r$i$" S(se's %or Pe!-e /uil)i$"
2.0 Co$-lusio$
8.0 Su''!r(
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Pe!-eK#uil)i$", !s -o$-ep, "!i$e) popul!ri( i$ +e re-e$ i'es
+rou"+ +e 9i)el( -ie) pu#li-!io$ o% /ouros G+!li @1;;7:11A %or'er
*N Se-re!r(.Ge$er!l e$ile): An Agenda for Peace. He )e%i$es
Qpos.-o$%li- Pe!-e.#uil)i$"R !s Q!-io$ o i)e$i%( !$) suppor
sru-ures 9+i-+ 9ill e$) o sre$"+e$ !$) soli)i%( pe!-e i$ or)er o
!voi) ! rel!pse i$o -o$%li-R. I$er$!io$!l Aler @1;;8A -ie) i$ Al#er
@7001:1=1A Co$si)ers pe!-e.#uil)i$" o #e Q+e e'plo('e$ o%
'e!sures o -o$soli)!e pe!-e%ul rel!io$s !$) -re!e !$ e$viro$'e$,
9+i-+ )eers +e e'er"e$-e or es-!l!io$ o% e$sio$s 9+i-+ '!( le!) o
-o$%li-R.
2.0 OB1ECTIVES
iA E6pl!i$ pe!-e.#uil)i$" !$) e!rl( 9!r$i$" s(se's !s i'por!$
)i'e$sio$s o% -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$D !$)
iiA Des-ri#e +e v!rious sr!e"ies o% pe!-e.#uil)i$" !$) i'por!$-e
o% e!rl( 9!r$i$" s(se's.
47
3.0 MAIN CONTENT
3.1 Peace-Building and EWS
To +e /riis+ Ar'( @1;;7:7A -ie) i$ @Al#er 7001:1=1A pe!-e K#uil)i$"
i$-lu)es:
A-io$ 9+i-+ suppor polii-!l, e-o$o'i-, so-i!l
!$) 'ili!r( 'e!sures !$) sru-ures !i'i$" o
sre$"+e$ !$) soli)i( polii-!l sele'e$s i$ or)er
o re)ress +e -!uses o% -o$%li-. T+ese i$-lu)e
'e-+!$is' o i)e$i%( !$) suppor sru-ures +!
e$) o -o$soli)!e pe!-e, !)v!$-e ! se$se o%
-o$%i)e$-e !$) 9ell.#ei$" !$) suppor e-o$o'i-
re-o$sru-io$.
I$ 1;;8, /ouros /ourous. G+!li -!'e up 9i+ +e -o$-ep o% QPre.
-o$%li- pe!-e.#uil)i$"R. T+is 9!s #e-!use i$ 1;;8 +e use) +e -o$-ep
o% Qpe!-e.#uil)i$"R o re%er e6-lusivel( o 'ili!r( !$) -ivili!$ pos.
-o$%li- suppor %or %ores!lli$" %uure erupio$s #( sre$"+e$i$"
sru-ures $e-ess!r( %or pro'oi$" sus!i$!#le pe!-e !$) pos.9!r
re-o$sru-io$. He )es-ri#es QPre.-o$%li- pe!-e.#uil)i$"R !s !-iviies
i$-lu)i$" Q@)eA 'ili!riC!io$, +e -o$rol o% s'!ll !r's, i$siuio$!l
re%or', i'prove) poli-e !$) 0u)i-i!l s(se's, +e 'o$iori$" o% +u'!$
ri"+s, ele-or!l re%or' !$) so-i!l !$) e-o$o'i- )evelop'e$R /err!$),
@1;;7:=2A.
Pe!-e.#uil)i$", +ere%ore, 'e!$s u$)er!?i$" pro"r!''es )esi"$e) o
!))ress +e -!uses o% -o$%li- !$) +e "riev!$-es o% +e p!s !$) o
pro'oe lo$".er' s!#ili( !$) 0usi-e. Pe!-e.#uil)i$" !$) -o$%li-
r!$s%or'!io$ -!$ +ere%ore #e see$ !s #!-?.!$).%or+ -o$-eps.
Co$%li- r!$s%or'!io$ is p!r o% pe!-e.#uil)i$" #u pe!-e.#uil)i$"
esse$i!ll( i$volves 'ore e$)uri$" !$) sus!i$e) !-iviies +! !?e
lo$"er perio) o !--o'plis+.
3.2 Peace-Building Strategies
3.2.1 Promoting Interaction (Contact Hypothesis)
T+e -o$!- +(po+esis is +e L#elie% +! i$er!-io$ #e9ee$ i$)ivi)u!ls
#elo$"i$" o )i%%ere$ "roups 9ill re)u-e e+$i- pre0u)i-e !$) i$er.
"roup e$sio$L. I$er!-io$ -!$ -o'e +rou"+ r!)e, #usi$ess, r!)e
u$io$s, pro%essio$!l 'eei$"s, spors !$) +e li?e. Ho9ever, rese!r-+
s+o9s +! -o$!- o$l( i'proves !iu)es 9+e$ +! -o$!- is i$i'!e,
ple!s!$, #e9ee$ e1u!ls, so-i!ll( suppore), !$) i$ pursui o% -o''o$
"o!ls. A#se$ +ose -o$)iio$s, i$-re!se) -o$!- '!( le!) o i$-re!se)
4=
+osili(. M!$( +eoriss 1uesio$ 9+e+er i$er."roup -o$%li-s -!$ #e
resolve) #( i$erperso$!l -o$!-. &+e$ -o$!- )oes le!) o i'prove)
perso$!l !iu)es, +e -+!$"e) i$)ivi)u!ls %!-e ! re.e$r( pro#le' !s
+e( reur$ o +eir -o''u$iies. T+eir $e9 'ore posiive !iu)es
o9!r) +e oppo$e$ !re li?el( o #e "reee) 9i+ suspi-io$ #( +eir o9$
-o''u$i(. He$-e, -o$!- !lo$e is $o su%%i-ie$ o #uil) pe!-e.
3.2.2 Contact with Forgiveness
For"ive$ess +!s #ee$ !$ i'por!$ ele'e$ o% reli"ious pe!-e r!)iio$s.
T+ese r!)iio$s e'p+!siCe re-o$-ili!io$. M!ri$ Lu+er Ei$" !$)
G!$)+i #o+ e6e'pli%( +is r!)iio$. T+is !ppro!-+ e$)s o e'p+!siCe
!)vers!riesS -o''o$ +u'!$i(, -o''o$ su%%eri$" !s ! #!sis %or
u$)ers!$)i$" !$) re)e'pio$, s+!re) respo$si#ili( %or +e !-s o% +e
!)vers!r(, !$) +e o#li"!io$ o love +e e$e'(.
T+is !ppro!-+ -!$ +!ve "re! i'p!-s o$ i$)ivi)u!ls. Ho9ever, +ere !re
9o -rii-is's. Firs, +e %or"ive$ess !ppro!-+ %o-uses o$ -ulur!l
%!-ors, !$) $e"le-s sru-ur!l %!-ors. A"!i$, +ere is so'e )ou# +!
perso$!l r!$s%or'!io$s -!$ !))ress "roup -o$%li-s. Se-o$), +e
!ppro!-+ '!( $o #e pr!"'!i- e$ou"+ %or 9i)e.s-!le use, !s i is #!se)
o$ ! )e"ree o% reli"ious %!i+ +! '!$( )o $o s+!re.
3.2.3 Contact with Super-ordinate Goals
A super or)i$!e "o!l is L!$ ur"e$ "o!l +! -oul) o$l( #e !-+ieve) #(
-ooper!io$ #e9ee$ +e -o$%li-i$" "roups.LNp. 1=7O E6peri'e$!l
rese!r-+ +!s %ou$) +! pursui o% su-+ "o!ls -!$ +elp re)u-e
sereo(pi$" !$) +osili( #e9ee$ !)vers!ri!l "roups. Dr!9i$" o$ +is
rese!r-+, so'e +eoriss +!ve su""ese) +e -re!io$ o% supr!.$!io$!l
i$siuio$s o pursue ?e( e-o$o'i- !$) so-i!l "o!ls. T+eir +ope is +!
+e i$er)epe$)e$-e 9ill #ro!)e$ $!rro9l( )e%i$e) i)e$iies !$) re)u-e
-o$%li-. R(!$ -!uio$s +! 9+e$ +e -oss !$) #e$e%is o%
i$er)epe$)e$-e !re $o e1u!ll( s+!re), i$er)epe$)e$-e '!( #e-o'e !
sour-e o% -o$%li-. T+e -re!io$ o% Europe!$ supr!$!io$!l #o)ies +!s
+!) 'i6e) e%%e-s.
T+is !ppro!-+ +!s +!) so'e su--ess o$ lo-!l levels. I$ Sri L!$?!
'ulie+$i- e!'s +!ve #ee$ %or'e) o )i" 9ells !$) re#uil) +ouses. I$
Nor+er$ Irel!$) +e 'i).*lser /!s?e#!ll Clu# #ri$"s o"e+er
-+il)re$ !$) p!re$s %ro' #o+ Proes!$ !$) C!+oli- -o''u$iies.
42
3.2.4 Achieving Economic Development
5iole$ -o$%li- usu!ll( resuls i$ u$)er)evelop'e$. I is o%e$ +ope)
+! e-o$o'i- )evelop'e$ -!$ re)u-e e+$i- viole$-e. Ho9ever, R(!$
is -rii-!l o% +is i)e!. R(!$ $oes +! +ere is lile evi)e$-e +!
)evelop'e$ pro'oes pe!-e. He poi$s ou +! +is +eor( e$)s o
Lovers!e +e po9er o% e-o$o'i- )evelop'e$ o -+!$"e i)e$i( !$)
u$)eresi'!e +e !!-+'e$ o e+$i- i)e$i(, 9+!ever +e e-o$o'i-
siu!io$.LNp. 121O For e6!'ple, s!$)!r)s o% livi$" 9ere risi$" 9+e$
viole$-e erupe) i$ Nor+er$ Irel!$). I$e1u!liies i$ +e )isri#uio$ o%
$e9 9e!l+ '!( si'pl( rei$%or-e e6isi$" )ivisio$s, or '!( +e'selves
sp!r? $e9 -o$%li-. Sill, e-o$o'i- )evelop'e$ 9+i-+ is se$siive o
-ulur!l )i%%ere$-es !$) 9+i-+ !i's ! %ul%illi$" lo-!l $ee)s !$)
i$-re!si$" lo-!l p!ri-ip!io$ -oul) #e ! v!lu!#le ele'e$ i$ +e pe!-e.
#uil)i$" pro-ess.
T+e M!l!(si!$ -!se s+o9s +e -o'ple6 rel!io$s #e9ee$ e-o$o'i-
)evelop'e$ !$) pe!-e. T+rou"+ +e 1;40s, M!l!(si!Ss i$-re!si$"
9e!l+ e$)e) o "o o +e $o$.M!l!( -o''u$iies. E+$i- e$sio$s
i$-re!se), !$) rioi$" #ro?e ou i$ 1;4;. T+e "over$'e$ i$siue)
poli-ies )esi"$e) o )isri#ue e-o$o'i- #e$e%is 'ore eve$l(. E+$i-
viole$-e 9!s l!r"el( e$)e). Ho9ever I$)i!$ !$) C+i$ese -o''u$iies
rese$e) +e per-eive) %!vouriis' s+o9$ M!l!(s. Gro9i$" 9e!l+
)isp!riies 9i+i$ +e M!l!( -o''u$i( +!ve #ee$ i"$ore) i$ pursui o%
i$er."roup p!ri(. Poor M!l!(s +!ve )e'!$)e) 'ore posiive
)is-ri'i$!io$ i$ +eir %!vour, !$) +! +!s i$-re!se) -o$-er$s i$ +e
$o$.M!l!( -o''u$iies. Fi$!ll( +e 'ove o9!r) ! s!e.e$%or-e)
e-o$o'i- )isri#uio$ +!s u$)er'i$e) -o$so-i!l polii-s !$) +e 1u!li(
o% )e'o-r!-( i$ M!l!(si!.
3.2.5 Contact with Confidence Building
E%%e-ive -o''u$i-!io$ !$) $e"oi!io$s re1uire so'e )e"ree o% rus
#e9ee$ p!ries. Co$%i)e$-e #uil)i$" 'e!sures !i' o -re!e +! rus.
O$e i'por!$ -o$%i)e$-e #uil)i$" sr!e"( is +e Gr!)u!l Re)u-io$ i$
Te$sio$s @GRITA !ppro!-+. GRIT #e"i$s 9i+ o$e si)e '!?i$" !
veri%i!#le, u$il!er!l -o$-essio$, !$) si"$!lli$" is e6pe-!io$ +! +e
o+er si)e 9ill respo$) i$ ?i$). T+e -o$-essio$ s+oul) i$volve so'e
-os, #u s+oul) $o !%%e- s!%e( !$) se-uri( i$eress. I% +e o+er si)e
respo$)s i$ ?i$), ! series o% u$il!er!l i$ii!ives '!( e$sue. I% $o,
$o+i$" su#s!$i!l +!s #ee$ los. T+ir).p!ries -!$ +elp +e pro-ess
!lo$" #( veri%(i$" -o$-essio$s or '!i$!i$i$" $eur!l Co$es.
Co$%i)e$-e #uil)i$" 'e!sures -!$ #e u$)er'i$e) #( +e 9ell.
es!#lis+e) ps(-+olo"i-!l e$)e$-( o9!r) L+(po+esis -o$%or'!io$.L
People e$) o i$erpre o+ersS !-io$s i$ 9!(s +! rei$%or-e +eir
e6isi$" !iu)es o9!r) +ose o+ers. A$) so, -o$-ili!or( "esures !re
48
li?el( o #e 'isi$erpree), or o #e !ri#ue) o -ir-u's!$-es #e(o$)
+e o+erSs -o$rol.
3.2.6 Contact with Education
E)u-!io$ %or 'uu!l u$)ers!$)i$" @EM*A or 'uli.-ulur!l e)u-!io$
%o-uses o$ -+il)re$ !$) (ou$" !)uls, !$) see?s o pro)u-e "e$er!io$!l
-+!$"es i$ !iu)e. Su-+ e)u-!io$!l pro"r!'s e'p+!siCe re!so$,
i'!"i$!io$, -rii-!l +i$?i$", ope$$ess !$) love o% ru+. T+e(
i$ro)u-e su)e$s o +e l!$"u!"es, -ulures, +isories !$) reli"io$s o%
o+er so-ieies i$ !))iio$ o +eir o9$. T+e EM* 'ove'e$ +!s #ee$
i$%lue$i!l i$ Nor+er$ Irel!$). R(!$ -!uio$s +! s-+ools !re o$l( o$e
sour-e o% i$%lue$-e %or -+il)re$. For'!l e)u-!io$ !lo$e is u$li?el( o
over-o'e $e"!ive i'!"es perpeu!e) #( +e %!'il(, -o''u$i(,
-+ur-+ !$) 'e)i!.
Pre0u)i-e re)u-io$ i$ !)uls is !lso !$ i'por!$ p!r o% pe!-e.#uil)i$".
Pro"r!'s o re)u-e pre0u)i-es i$-lu)e %or'!l e)u-!io$, -o''u$i(
-o$%ere$-es or %esiv!ls, '!ss 'e)i! -!'p!i"$s, e$-our!"e'e$ %ro'
respe-e) le!)ers, !$) i$)ivi)u!l +er!p(. Ae'ps o !))ress pre0u)i-e
e$-ou$er +e s!'e L+(po+esis -o$%or'!io$L pro#le' $oe) !#ove.
Pre0u)i-es !"!i$s o+ers '!( !lso pl!( ! si"$i%i-!$ role i$ '!i$!i$i$"
!$ i$)ivi)u!lSs o9$ posiive sel%. i'!"e.
Pus !s perso$!l !iu)es 'us #e e6!'i$e), so 'us -ulur!l !iu)es.
N!io$!l i)e$iies -!$ #e e6-lusio$!r(. I$elle-u!ls !$) !riss -!$ pl!(
!$ i'por!$ role i$ pe!-e. #uil)i$" #( e6!'i$i$" -ulur!l r!)iio$s !$)
'(+s, #( )e-o$sru-i$" e6-lusio$is '(+s, !$) #( re-o$sru-i$" !
'ore plur!lis, i$-lusive se o% -ulur!l '(+s !$) r!)iio$s. T+e Fiel)
D!( pro0e- i$ Nor+er$ Irel!$) is !$ e6!'ple o% su-+ -ulur!l
e6plor!io$. Fiel) D!( is !$ !sso-i!io$ o% poes, !-ors !$) pl!(9ri"+s
9+o see? o s+i% u$)ers!$)i$" o% Iris+ -ulure !9!( %ro' +e ro'!$i-
Celi- !ppro!-+ o% Be!s #( )r!9i$" o$ +e 'ore plur!lisi- !ppro!-+es
o% Po(-e !$) /e-?e. T+e "roup is !lso pro)u-i$" !$ !$+olo"( o% Iris+
lier!ure 9+i-+ +i"+li"+s +e v!rious r!)iio$s 9+i-+ +!ve -o$ri#ue)
o Iris+ lier!ure.
3.2.7 Early Warning Systems for Peace Building
A$ E!rl( &!r$i$" S(se' @E&SA is !$ or"!$iCe) 'e-+!$is' %or
r!-?i$", 'e!suri$" !$) 'o$iori$" -o$%li- !$) is pro"ressio$ i$ !
"ive$ so-ie(. Diller @1;;7:7A )es-ri#es E!rl( &!r$i$" S(se's !s
'e-+!$is's or ses o% pro-e)ures )esi"$e) o )ee-, pro-ess !$)
-o''u$i-!e si"$!ls o% poe$i!l or i'pe$)i$" +re! o !llo9 e!rl(
-ou$er.'e!sures o preve$ or 'ii"!e $e"!ive i'p!-. Diller %ur+er
)es-ri#es E!rl( &!r$i$" !s Qpro-ess o% 'o$iori$", re-or)i$",
44
!$!l(Ci$", !$) r!$s'ii$" i$%or'!io$ !#ou es-!l!i$" -o$%li- o
e$!#le respo$ses o !ver or 'ii"!e )esru-ive -o$se1ue$-esR.
4.0 CONCLUSION
T+e %ore"oi$" )e%i$iio$s $o9i+s!$)i$", !$ i$eresi$" )e%i$iio$ is
+! "ive$ #( Dor$. Dor$ @1;;7:147.14=A )e%i$es E!rl( &!r$i$" !s:
JT+e !- o% !leri$" ! re-o"$iCe) !u+ori( @e.". *N Se-uri( Cou$-ilA o
+e +re! o% ! $e9 @or re$e9e)A !r'e) -o$%li- ! ! su%%i-ie$l( e!rl(
s!"e %or +! !u+ori( o !e'p o !?e preve$ive !-io$.H As +e
I$er$!io$!l Aler, @1;;8A pus iD
E!rl( &!r$i$" is +e #!-?#o$e o% preve$ive )iplo'!-(. I
i$volves +e i)e$i%i-!io$ o% e$sio$s !$) poe$i!l -risis
siu!io$s, 9+i-+ '!( es-!l!e i$o -o$%li-. A)v!$-e
i$%or'!io$ o% +is ?i$) per'is pu#li- pressure,
i$er$!io$!l or o+er9ise, o #e !pplie) o +e p!ries i$
-o$%li-. E!rl( &!r$i$" '!( !lso i$volve 'o$iori$"
e6isi$" so-i!l -o$%li- !$) seiCi$" $e9 opporu$iies,
9+i-+ '!( !rise o -o$ri#ue o +eir resoluio$.
5.0 SUMMARY
I$ +is u$i, 9e +!ve e6!'i$e) +e rel!io$ #e9ee$ pe!-e
#uil)i$" !$) e!rl( 9!r$i$" 'e-+!$is' !s i !pplies o -o$%li-
'!$!"e'e$. E!rl( &!r$i$" +!s ! 9i$ -o$-ep re%erre) o !s
E!rl( Respo$se. T+e %or'er is o% $o use i% $o respo$)e) o e!rl(
e$ou"+. T+e l!er +!s #ee$ )es-ri#e) !s ! -!e"or( o% pro.!-ive
!$) re.!-ive 'e!sures o re)u-e e$sio$s !$) #lo-? -o$%li-
es-!l!io$. I i$volves #o+ E!rl( Preve$io$ !$) E!rl( A-io$. A
s($er"( o% +e 9o -o$-eps #rou"+ !#ou +e !-ro$(' E&ER
@E!rl( &!r$i$" !$) E!rl( Respo$seA r!-?i$".
iA &+! is e!rl( 9!r$i$" s(se'M
iiA &+! )o (ou u$)ers!$) #( Gr!)u!l Re)u-io$ i$ Te$sio$s
@GRITA M
iiiA &+! )o (ou u$)ers!$) #( +e -o$!- +(po+esisM
ivA &+! is pe!-e #uil)i$"M
47
A)!' Curle, @1;;8A. Another &ay: *ositi.e res%onse to contem%orary
Di!'o$), L. !$) P. M!-3o$!l) @1;;4A. Multi$track 'i%lomacy: A
r)
Press I$-.
S-+'i), A.P. @7000A. T+es!urus !$) Gloss!r( o% E!rl( &!r$i$" !$)
!$) E!rl( Respo$se.
Pu#li-!io$s.
4<
UNIT 3 PEACEMAKING AND PEACE KEEPING
Table of Contents
1.0 I$ro)u-io$
7.0 O#0e-ives
=.0 M!i$ Co$e$
=.1 Pe!-e'!?i$"
=.7 Pe!-e'!?i$" &or?s+ops @! C!se Su)(A
=.= Pe!-e?eepi$"
2.0 Co$-lusio$
8.0 Su''!r(
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Pe!-e #uil)i$" is ! lo$" er' pro-ess 9+i-+ i$volves so '!$( +i$"s
li?e pe!-e?eepi$" !$) pe!-e '!?i$". So, i$ +is u$i, pe!-e?eepi$" !$)
pe!-e'!?i$" 9oul) #e !)e1u!el( )e!l 9i+.
2.0 OB1ECTIVES
A +e e$) o% +is u$i, (ou s+oul) #e !#le o:
iA E6pl!i$ pe!-e'!?i$" !s ! pro-ess o% Pe!-e #uil)i$"D
iiA E6pl!i$ pe!-e?eepi$" !s !$ ele'e$ o% pe!-e pro-essD
iiiA Des-ri#e +o9 o -re!e !$ e$!#li$" e$viro$'e$ %or +e pe!-e
pro-ess.
3.0 MAIN CONTENT
3.1 Peacemaking
Curle $oes +! r!)iio$!l 'e+o)s o% )iplo'!i- pe!-e'!?i$" +!ve
#ee$ u$su--ess%ul i$ )e!li$" 9i+ +e '!$( L'i$i.9!rs.L Tr!)iio$!l
)iplo'!-( ress o$ +e !ssu'pio$ +! +e -o'#!!$s !re r!io$!l !$)
'oiv!e) #( sel% i$erese) o#0e-ives, r!+er +!$ #( viole$-e or
)esru-io$. Curle !r"ues +! Lsu-+ !ssu'pio$s !re $o v!li) i$ +e
!$"le o% p+o#i!s, -!vori$" e"os, -r!Ce) -o$vi-io$s, v!$i( !$) "ree)
+! '!?e up +e ps(-+i- 9orl)s o% +e 'i$i.9!r.L T+is siu!io$ is
p!r!llele) i$ +e rise o% 'oiveless, r!$)o' viole$ -ri'e.
4;
I is i$ +is -o$e6 +! pe!-e'!?i$" #e-o'es i'por!$. Curle !r"ues
+! pe!-e'!?i$" is pri'!ril( ! ps(-+olo"i-!l !-ivi(. Pe!-e'!?ers
see? $o 0us o sele ! -o$%li- #u o -re!e 'ore pe!-e%ul rel!io$s
#e9ee$ +e p!ries. To #e e%%e-ive, pe!-e'!?ers 'us -uliv!e !
sro$" !9!re$ess o% +e'selves, o% o+ers, !$) o% +e i$er-o$$e-e)$ess
o% li%e. Pe!-e'!?ers 'us !lso -uliv!e ! $o$viole$ !iu)e o% 'i$).
No$viole$-e is 'ore +!$ 0us +e 9ill o re%r!i$ %ro' viole$-eD i is L!$
e'oio$!l orie$!io$ o9!r)s lovi$" -!re !$) -o$-er$.L
Ai) i$ )evelop'e$ +!s o%e$ #ee$ +ou"+ o% !s ! 9!( o pro'oe
pe!-e #( pro'oi$" prosperi(. Curle poi$s ou +! 'u-+ o% +is
)evelop'e$ !i) +!s $o #e$e%ie) +e poor '!sses, !$) +!s eve$
+!r'e) +e'. I% !i) is o #e !$ e%%e-ive ele'e$ i$ pe!-e'!?i$", 9e
'us revise our i)e!s o% )evelop'e$. Curle !r"ues +! )evelop'e$
s+oul) %o-us o$ !ssuri$" !ll people o% su%%i-ie$ resour-es o live !$)
%louris+, ! s!%e e$viro$'e$, +e s!is%!-io$ o% ! ri-+ -ulur!l li%e, !$)
o% si'ulus %or %ur+er "ro9+ !$) +u'!$ )evelop'e$.
No$viole$-e r!i$i$" is ! %!irl( re-e$ !ppro!-+ o pe!-e'!?i$".
&or?s+ops +!ve #e-o'e -o''o$. T+ese 9or?s+ops "e$er!ll( %o-us o$
r!i$i$" people o !- $o$viole$l(.., o preve$ !$) 'e)i!e -o$%li-s, o
suppor vi-i's o% viole$-e, !$) o r!i$ o+er o )o +e s!'e.
3.2 Peacemaking Workshops (A Case Study)
Curle )is-usses +e Pe!-e Ce$re i$ Osi0e?, Cro!i! !$) !r"ues +! i
o%%ers ! 'o)el %or )e!li$" 9i+ viole$ !lie$!io$. T+e Ce$reHs
%ou$)i$" 'e'#ers 9ere -o$-er$e) $o o$l( 9i+ +e p+(si-!l )!'!"e
-!use) #( +e 9!r, #u !lso 9i+ +e ps(-+olo"i-!l )!'!"e. T+e -e$r!l
"o!l o% +e Ce$re is o L#o+ si'ul!e !$) preserve +e v!lues o$ 9+i-+
+!r'o$( -!$ eve$u!ll( #e resore).LNp. 17;O T+e Ce$re +!s ! sro$"
$o$viole$ orie$!io$, !$) %o-uses o$ o%%eri$" +e!li$" !$) -!re
9+erever $ee)e). Ce$re !-iviies i$-lu)e $o$viole$ i$erve$io$ o
proe- +u'!$ ri"+s, e)u-!io$ pro"r!'s, !$) ! v!rie( o% pro"r!'s %or
re%u"ees. Curle !r"ues +! +e Ce$re 'o)els !$ !ler$!ive o +e
!lie$!e) !$) 'ili!riCe) 'i$)se. T+is !ler$!ive +!s Lspre!) li?e
le!ve$ +rou"+ +e -o''u$i(, -+!$"i$" iD o use !$o+er 'e!p+or, i
is +e !$i)oe o +e )e!+ )e!li$" virus o% !lie$!io$.LNp. 17<O
Curle )r!9s %ive i'pli-!io$s %or *N poli-( %ro' +e Osi0e? -!se. Firs,
+e use o% *N 'ili!r( %or-e s+oul) #e s+!rpl( li'ie). Se-o$),
pe!-e'!?i$" s+oul) %o-us o$ preve$i$" or e$)i$" viole$-e.
Preve$!ive 'e)i!io$ s+oul) !?e i$o !--ou$ +e $ee) o '!?e
ps(-+olo"i-!l -+!$"es i$ +e p!ries. More use s+oul) #e '!)e o%
$o$viole$ 9or?s+ops. T+ir), preve$!ive 9or? 9ill #e 'ore e%%e-ive
i% pursue) i$ -ooper!io$ 9i+ lo-!l people. Four+, +e *N s+oul) s+i%
70
so'e o% is !e$io$ %ro' "over$'e$s !$) o%%i-i!ls o +e people
+e'selves. Fi$!ll(, re"io$!l !$) eve$ su#.re"io$!l "roups 9oul) #e
#eer !#le o or"!$iCe -ulur!ll( spe-i%i- )evelop'e$ !-iviies !$)
'e)i!io$ r!i$i$" +!$ +e *N. Curle -o$-lu)es #( s+!ri$" %our #!si-
u$)ers!$)i$"s, re!-+e) !%er !$) -o$%ir'e) #( ! li%ei'e o% e6perie$-e.
T+e %irs is +! viole$-e is o%e$ pursue) i$ +e 'is!?e$ #elie% +!
so'e "re!er "oo) 9ill -o'e o% i. T+e se-o$) is +! #!) !-io$s )o $o
-o'e %ro' #!) people, #u !re per%or'e) #( -o$%use), u$s?ille) or
'is)ire-e) people. T+ir), Curle o#serves, Lviole$-e lies $o so 'u-+ i$
!-io$ !s i$ ! s!e o% 'i$): i is uli'!el( +e viole$-e o% +e +e!r
r!+er +!$ o% +e #o)( 9+i-+ )!'!"es us.LNp. 1=8O %i$!ll(, 9e !ll s+!re
! -o''o$ +u'!$ $!ure. Our -o''o$ +u'!$i( is +e %ou$)!io$ o% !
#!si- e1u!li(, 9+i-+ -!lls o$ us o -!re %or e!-+ o+er !s 9e -!re %or
ourselves.
3.3 Peacekeeping
De!li$" 9i+ serious -o$%li- is ! #i li?e e'er"e$-( 'e)i-i$e. T+e %irs
sep is o proe- +e i$0ure) perso$ %ro' %ur+er +!r'. O$l( +e$ -!$
o$e s!r +e re!'e$ !$) +e$ +e!li$" pro-esses @sur"er( !$) re-over(,
%or e6!'pleA. I$ viole$ -o$%li- +e %irs sep is o "e people o sop
+uri$" e!-+ o+er. T+is is o%e$ )o$e #( pui$" ! $eur!l i$er'e)i!r(
#e9ee$ +e %i"+i$" %!-io$s o p+(si-!ll( ?eep +e' !p!r. T+is is
er'e) Lpe!-e?eepi$".L O$-e +e s+ooi$" +!s soppe), +e$ polii-!l
le!)ers 9ill si )o9$ o r( o $e"oi!e ! polii-!l resoluio$ o +e
pro#le' K 9+i-+ is "e$er!ll( re%erre) o !s Lpe!-e'!?i$".L L!sl(,
e%%ors 9ill #e '!)e o )i'i$is+ +e +osili( !$) +e %e!r !'o$" +e
or)i$!r( people..+is is re%erre) o !s pe!-e#uil)i$". So'ei'es +e
or)er o% +ese !-iviies is s9i-+e) !rou$)..pe!-e?eepi$" '!( -o'e
!%er pe!-e'!?i$", i$siue) !s p!r o% +e sele'e$ !"ree'e$ @%or
e6!'ple, *.S. pe!-e'!?ers e$ere) +e Si$!i !%er +e $e"oi!io$ o% +e
C!'p D!vi) A--or)sA. A o+er i'es pe!-e#uil)i$" -!$ !?e pl!-e
#e%ore pe!-e'!?i$" su--ee)s. T+is +!ppe$s 'ore !$) 'ore !s e%%ors
!re '!)e o re-o$-ile +e )i%%ere$-es #e9ee$ -iiCe$s eve$ 9+e$ +e
"over$'e$s -!$$o $e"oi!e ! sele'e$ o% +eir )i%%ere$-es.
Si$-e pe!-e?eepi$" pri$-iples !re 'os "e$er!ll( !pplie) o viole$ or !
le!s poe$i!ll( viole$ -o$%ro$!io$s, +is opi- 9ill #e )is-usse) %irs.
&e 9ill +e$ s+o9 +o9 +ese #!si- pri$-iples -!$ #e e6e$)e) o
i$-lu)e $o$.viole$ (pes o% %or-e.
Mos o%e$ pe!-e?eepi$" is )o$e #( 'ili!r( perso$$el. I$ i$er$!io$!l
-o$%li-s i is )o$e 9i+ ! $eur!l, usu!ll( 'uli.$!io$!l %or-e. O%e$
+ese %or-es !re or"!$iCe) !$) spo$sore) #( +e *$ie) N!io$s !$)3or
re"io$!l or"!$iC!io$s su-+ !s +e Or"!$iC!io$ o% A'eri-!$ S!es
@OASA or +e Or"!$iC!io$ o% A%ri-!$ *$i( @OA*A. T(pi-!ll(, +e
71
%or-es !re li"+l( or e$irel( u$!r'e)..+e( 9or? +rou"+ persu!sio$
!$) 'or!l %or-e, $o p+(si-!l %or-e. T+eir 0o# is o 'o$ior -e!se.%ires,
p!rol )e'ili!riCe) Co$es, !$) o -re!e #u%%er Co$es #e9ee$ %i"+i$"
%or-es, so +! +e %i"+i$" 9ill sop. So'ei'es +e( !re !ssise) #(
o+er, $o$.'ili!r( perso$$el su-+ !s poli-e o%%ers, +u'!$i!ri!$ !i)
9or?ers, !$)3or -iiCe$ )iplo'!s !$) pe!-e 9or?ers.
4.0 CONCLUSION
Si$-e +e( !re o$l( li"+l( !r'e), pe!-e?eepers -!$$o su--ee) u$less
+e 9!rri$" p!ries 9!$ o sop %i"+i$". I% +e( )o $o, +ere is lile
pe!-e?eepers -!$ )o. I% +e( s!( i$ #e9ee$ +e "roups, +e( !re li?el(
o "e ?ille). I$ +is -!se, +e spo$sori$" or"!$iC!io$ $ee)s o
9i+)r!9 +e pe!-e?eepers, !$) -o$si)er u$)er!?i$" 9+! is -!lle) L!$
e$%or-e'e$ !-io$L i$se!), 9+ere 9ell.!r'e) roops 'ove i$ o sop !
9!r. @T+is o--urre) i$ Gul% 9!r, i$ So'!li!, R9!$)!, H!ii, /os$i! !$)
HerCe"ovi$!, !$) Al#!$i!, %or e6!'ple.A
I$ !))iio$ o +e -ooper!io$ o% +e p!ries, sever!l o+er %!-ors !re
i'por!$ o +e su--ess o% pe!-e?eepi$" oper!io$s. O$e is +e
provisio$ o% !)e1u!e resour-es. T+e *N +!s o%e$ +!) ! )i%%i-ul i'e
"ei$" +e +elp i $ee)s K ei+er i$ er's o% '!$po9er or i$ er's o%
e1uip'e$ %or +e pe!-e?eepers..%ro' +e 'e'#er s!es. T+is +!s
'e!$ +! *N pe!-e?eepi$" %or-es !re o%e$ 'u-+ s'!ller +!$ 9+! is
$ee)e) !$) 'ore poorl( e1uippe). Nee)less o s!(, su-+ s+or!"es
-o'pro'ise e%%e-ive$ess. A se-o$) pro#le' is +e pe!-e?eeperSs
'!$)!e K 9+e$ +e( !re ol) +e( !re suppose) o )o. &+e$ +eir
'!$)!e is rel!ivel( $!rro9 !$) -le!r..9+e$ +e( !re 0us suppose) o
?eep +e 9!rri$" %!-io$s !p!r..+e( +!ve "e$er!ll( #ee$ su--ess%ul.
&+e$ +eir )ire-ives !re #ro!)er !$) less -le!r..9+e$ +e( !re !s?e) o
provi)e +u'!$i!ri!$ !ssis!$-e, poli-e proe-io$, ele-io$ 'o$iori$",
!$) ! +os o% o+er servi-es %or 9+i-+ +e( !re $o e1uippe) or r!i$e)..
+eir e%%e-ive$ess +!s $o #ee$ !s "re!. Pro#le's !lso !rise 9+e$
pe!-e?eepers %i$) +e'selves #ei$" )r!9$ i$o +e -o$%li- o$ o$e si)e.
5.0 SUMMARY
I$ +is u$i 9e +!ve e6!'i$e) +e -o$-eps o% pe!-e '!?i$" !$) pe!-e
?eepi$"D !$) +eir !ppli-!io$ o +e -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$ pro-ess.
77
1. &+! is pe!-e ?eepi$"M
7. Disi$"uis+ #e9ee$ pe!-e #uil)i$" !$) pe!-e '!?i$".
=. Ho9 use%ul !re pe!-e'!?i$" 9or?s+opsM
A)!' Curle, @1;;8A Another &ay: *ositi.e res%onse to contem%orary
Di!'o$), L. !$) P. M!-)o$!l) @1;;4A. Multi$track 'i%lomacy: A
r)
Press I$-.
!$) E!rl( Respo$se.
Pu#li-!io$s.
7=
UNIT 4 DISARMAMENT AND ARMS CONTROL
Table of Contents
1.0 I$ro)u-io$
7.0 O#0e-ives
=.0 M!i$ Co$e$
=.1 Dis!r'!'e$
=.1.1 De'o#iliC!io$
=.1.7 De'ili!riC!io$
=.1.= Rei$e"r!io$
=.7 T+e 'ove'e$ %or )is!r'!'e$
=.= Ar's Co$rol @De%i$iio$A
=.2 Hisor( o% Ar's Co$rol
=.8 Lis o% Tre!ies !$) Co$ve$io$s rel!e) o !r's -o$rol
2.0 Co$-lusio$
8.0 Su''!r(
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Dis!r'!'e$ is esse$i!ll( ! pos.-o$%li- !-ivi( !r"ee) ! rerievi$"
!r's %ro' !r'e) e+$i- "uerrill!s, )is#!$)i$" +e "roups, '!?i$"
'e'#ers o re$ou$-e +eir 'e'#ers+ip !$) su#se1ue$l( %or'i$"
i$e"r!e) $!io$!l !r'e) %or-es %or +e e'er"i$" pos.-o$%li- s!e.
2.0 OB1ECTIVES
*po$ -o'pleio$ o% +is u$i, (ou s+oul) #e !#le o:
i. E6pl!i$ )is!r'!'e$ !$) !r's -o$rol !s 9o i'por!$ -o$-eps
i$ pe!-e #uil)i$"D
ii. E6pl!i$ +e s!"es !$) r!-e +eir evoluio$.
3.0 MAIN CONTENT
3.1 Disarmament
Dis!r'!'e$ 'e!$s +!$)li$" i$ or surre$)eri$" o% !r's !$) 9e!po$s
#( +e v!rious !r'e) e+$i- %or'!io$s e$"!"e) i$ ! -o$%li-. Dupu( e
!l. @1;<4:7=A )e%i$e )is!r'!'e$ !s re'ov!l or eli'i$!io$ o% !r's,
usu!ll( %ollo9i$" -ess!io$ o% +osiliies, volu$!r( or -o'pulsor(.
72
Dis!r'!'e$ e$-o'p!sses +ree o+er !-iviies i$ ! #!-?. !$).%or+
rel!io$s+ip. T+e( !re: )e'o#iliC!io$, )e'ili!riC!io$ !$)
re3i$e"r!io$.
3.1.1 Demobilization
T+is is +e $ulli%i-!io$ or )is#!$)'e$ o% +e sru-ur!l se up or
%or'!io$ o% +e !r'e) e+$i- "uerrill!s.
3.1.2 Demilitarization
T+is 'e!$s +e o%%i-i!l )e$u$-i!io$ o% +e +i+ero e6isi$" !r'e)
e+$i- %or'!io$s.
3.1.3 Reintegration
T+is is +e pui$" o"e+er o% ele'e$s %ro' +e v!rious "roups e$"!"e)
i$ !r'e) -o$%li- o %or' $!io$!l !r'e) %or-es #!se) o$ !$ !"ree)
!rr!$"e'e$.
3.2 The Movement for Disarmament
T+e 'ove'e$ %or )is!r'!'e$ +!s v!rie) %ro' $!io$ o $!io$ over
i'e.
I$ +e *$ie) S!es, 9+ere $u-le!r 9e!po$s 9ere %irs -re!e), +e
'ove'e$ %or )is!r'!'e$ +!) ! %e9 pro'i$e$ propo$e$s i$ +e
e!rlies )!(s o% +e Col) &!r 9+o !r"ue) +! +e -re!io$ o% !$
i$er$!io$!l 9!-+)o" or"!$iC!io$ -oul) #e use) o e$%or-e ! #!$
!"!i$s +e -re!io$ o% $u-le!r 9e!po$s. Duri$" +e 1;40s, ! 'u-+
sro$"er popul!r 'ove'e$ !"!i$s $u-le!r 9e!po$s #e"!$ o )evelop,
r!ll(i$" pri'!ril( !rou$) +e %e!r o% $u-le!r %!llou %ro' $u-le!r esi$".
A%er +e P!ri!l Tes /!$ Tre!( @1;4=A, 9+i-+ pro+i#ie) !'osp+eri-
esi$", +e 'ove'e$ !"!i$s $u-le!r 9e!po$s so'e9+! su#si)e) #(
+e 1;70s @!$) 9!s repl!-e) i$ p!r #( ! 'ove'e$ !"!i$s $u-le!r
po9erA. I$ +e 1;<0s, +ou"+, ! popul!r 'ove'e$ %or $u-le!r
)is!r'!'e$ !"!i$ "!i$e) sre$"+ i$ +e li"+ o% +e 9e!po$s #uil).up
!$) r+eori- o% Presi)e$ Ro$!l) Re!"!$. A%er +e e$) o% +e Col) &!r
i$ +e e!rl( 1;;0s, +ou"+, +e 'o'e$u' 9oul) !"!i$ %!)e.
I$ +e *SSR, voi-es !"!i$s $u-le!r 9e!po$s 9ere %e9 !$) %!r #e9ee$
!s +ere 9!s $o Lpu#li-L o spe!? o% !s ! polii-!l %!-or. Cer!i$ -iiCe$s
9+o +!) #e-o'e pro'i$e$ e$ou"+ o #e s!%e o -rii-iCe +e Sovie
"over$'e$, o% 9+i-+ A$)rei S!?+!rov is e6e'pl!r(, )i) spe!? ou
!"!i$s $u-le!r 9e!po$s o lile e%%e-.
78
O$l( o$e -ou$r( +!s #ee$ ?$o9$ o ever )is'!$le +eir $u-le!r
!rse$!l -o'pleel(U+e !p!r+ei) "over$'e$ o% Sou+ A%ri-!
!pp!re$l( )evelope) +!l% ! )oCe$ -ru)e %issio$ 9e!po$s )uri$" +e
1;<0s, #u +e( 9ere )is'!$le) i$ +e e!rl( 1;;0s. A%er +e %!ll o% +e
Sovie *$io$, ! $u'#er o% %or'er &!rs!9 P!- s!es @/el!rus,
*?r!i$e, !$) E!C!?+s!$A %ou$) +e'selves i$ possessio$ o% Sovie
$u-le!r 9e!po$s, #u +e( 9ere !pp!re$l( "ive$ o Russi! @9+o oo?
respo$si#ili( !$) o9$ers+ip o% +e Sovie !rse$!lA, +ou"+ )ue o !
-leri-!l error i +!s #ee$ repore) +! *?r!i$e '!( sill #e i$ possessio$
o% so'e $u'#er o% $u-le!r 'issiles.
A $u'#er o% $!io$s +!ve !#ore) $u-le!r 9e!po$s pro"r!'s +! 9ere
$o su--ess%ul !s 9ell.
M!$( or"!$is!io$s !$) $e9or?s e6is 9+i-+ )isri#ue i$%or'!io$ !$)
pu pressure o$ "over$'e$s, e.". C!'p!i"$ %or Nu-le!r Dis!r'!'e$
@CNDA. T+ere 9!s !lso ! sro$" pe!-e -!'p 'ove'e$.
I$ 1;88, 11 le!)i$" s-ie$iss !$) i$elle-u!ls si"$e) +e Russell.
Ei$sei$ M!$i%eso, 9!r$i$" o% +e )!$"ers pose) #( $u-le!r 9e!po$s
!$) -!lli$" o$ 9orl) le!)ers o %i$) pe!-e%ul soluio$s o i$er$!io$!l
e$sio$s. T+is 9!s %ollo9e) i$ 1;87 #( +e %irs o% +e Pu"9!s+
Co$%ere$-es o$ S-ie$-e !$) &orl) A%%!irs.
3.3 Arms Control (Definition)
Ar's -o$rol is ! #ro!) er' !llu)i$" o ! r!$"e o% polii-!l -o$-eps
!$) !i's. I$ i$er$!io$!l !%%!irs, !r's -o$rol "e$er!ll( re%ers o
li'i!io$s o$ +e )evelop'e$, pro)u-io$, so-?pili$", proli%er!io$,
!$) us!"e o% 9e!po$r(. Ar's -o$rol (pi-!ll( !?es +e %or' o% 'uli.
l!er!l e%%ors o !"ree o su-+ li'i!io$s upo$ -o$se$i$" p!ri-ip!$s
i$ re!ies !$) !"ree'e$s, !l+ou"+ i -!$ !lso i$-lu)e e%%ors #( !
$!io$ or "roup o% $!io$s o e$%or-e li'i!io$s upo$ ! $o$.-o$se$i$"
-ou$r(.
O$ ! $!io$!l or -o''u$i( level, arms control -!$ !'ou$ o pro"r!'s
o -o$rol +e !--ess o% -iiCe$s o 9e!po$s. T+is is o%e$ re%erre) o !s
gun control, !s %ire!r's !re +e pri'!r( %o-us o% su-+ e%%ors i$ 'os
pl!-es.
&+ile !r's -o$rol is o%e$ see$ !s s($o$('ous 9i+ )is!r'!'e$, +is
is $o !l9!(s +e -!se. Espe-i!ll( i$ i$er$!io$!l !%%!irs, !r's -o$rol
o%e$ )oes $o !%%e- -urre$ 9e!po$s or %or-e +eir )e'o#iliC!io$, #u
i$se!) li'is %uure )evelop'e$, pro)u-io$, !$) use o% 9e!po$s.
Muli.l!er!l !r's -o$rol re!ies !re o%e$ see$ #( p!ri-ip!$s !s ! 9!(
o !voi) -osl( !r's r!-es 9+i-+ 9oul) prove -ou$er.pro)u-ive o
74
$!io$!l !i's. So'e !re use) !s 9!(s o sop +e spre!) o% -er!i$
'ili!r( e-+$olo"ies @su-+ !s $u-le!r 9e!po$r( or 'issile e-+$olo"(A
i$ reur$ %or !ssur!$-es o poe$i!l )evelopers +! +e( 9ill $o #e
vi-i's o% +ose e-+$olo"ies. A))iio$!ll(, so'e !r's -o$rol
!"ree'e$s !re e$ere) i$ or)er o li'i +e )!'!"e )o$e #( 9!r%!re,
espe-i!ll( o -ivili!$s !$) +e e$viro$'e$, 9+i-+ is see$ !s #!) %or !ll
p!ri-ip!$s re"!r)less o% 9+o 9i$s ! 9!r.
&+ile !r's -o$rol re!ies !re see$ #( '!$( pe!-e propo$e$s !s ! ?e(
ool !"!i$s 9!r, #( +e p!ri-ip!$s, +e( !re o%e$ see$ !s si'ple 9!(s
o li'i +e +i"+ -oss o% +e )evelop'e$ !$) #uil)i$" o% 9e!po$s, !$)
eve$ re)u-e +e -oss !sso-i!e) 9i+ 9!r isel%. Ar's -o$rol -!$ eve$
#e ! 9!( o% '!i$!i$i$" +e vi!#ili( o% 'ili!r( !-io$ #( li'ii$" +ose
9e!po$s +! 9oul) '!?e 9!r so -osl( !$) )esru-ive !s o '!?e i $o
lo$"er ! vi!#le ool %or $!io$!l poli-(.
E$%or-e'e$ o% !r's -o$rol !"ree'e$s +!s prove$ )i%%i-ul over i'e.
Mos !"ree'e$s rel( o$ +e -o$i$ue) )esire o% +e p!ri-ip!$s o !#i)e
#( +e er's o re'!i$ e%%e-ive. *su!ll(, 9+e$ ! $!io$ $o lo$"er
)esires o !#i)e #( +e er's, +e( usu!ll( 9ill see? o ei+er -overl(
-ir-u've$ +e er's or o si'pl( e$) +eir p!ri-ip!io$ i$ +e re!(.
T+is 9!s see$ i$ &!s+i$"o$ N!v!l Tre!(, 9+ere 'os p!ri-ip!$s
sou"+ o e6-ee) +e li'i!io$s, so'e 'ore le"ii'!el( +!$ o+ers.
T+e *$ie) S!es )evelope) #eer e-+$olo"( o "e #eer per%or'!$-e
%ro' +eir s+ips 9+ile sill 9i+i$ 9ei"+ li'is, +e *$ie) Ei$")o'
e6ploie) ! loop.+ole i$ +e er's, +e I!li!$s 'isreprese$e) +e 9ei"+
o% +eir vessels, !$) 9+e$ up !"!i$s +e li'is, P!p!$ si'pl( le% +e
re!(. T+e $!io$s 9+i-+ viol!e) +e er's o% +e re!( )i) $o su%%er
"re! -o$se1ue$-es %or +eir !-io$s. &i+i$ lile 'ore +!$ ! )e-!)e,
+e re!( 9!s !#!$)o$e). T+e Ge$ev! Proo-ol +!s l!se) lo$"er !$)
#ee$ 'ore su--ess%ul ! #ei$" respe-e), #u sill, $!io$s +!ve viol!e)
i ! 9ill 9+e$ +e( +!ve %el +e $ee). E$%or-e'e$ +!s #ee$ +!p+!C!r),
9i+ 'e!sures, 'ore, ! '!er o% polii-s +!$ !)+ere$-e o +e er's.
T+is 'e!$ s!$-io$s !$) o+er 'e!sures e$)e) o #e !)vo-!e) !"!i$s
viol!ors pri'!ril( #( +eir $!ur!l polii-!l e$e'ies, 9+ile viol!io$s
+!ve #ee$ i"$ore) or "ive$ o$l( o?e$ 'e!sures #( +eir polii-!l !llies.
More re-e$ !r's -o$rol re!ies +!ve i$-lu)e) 'ore sri$"e$ er's o$
e$%or-e'e$ o% viol!io$s !s 9ell !s veri%i-!io$. T+is l!s !rr!$"e'e$,
+!s #ee$ ! '!0or o#s!-le o e%%e-ive e$%or-e'e$, !s viol!ors o%e$
!e'p o -overl( -ir-u've$ +e er's o% +e !"ree'e$s. 5eri%i-!io$
is +e pro-ess o% )eer'i$i$" 9+e+er or $o ! $!io$ is -o'pl(i$" 9i+
+e er's o% !$ !"ree'e$, !$) i$volves ! -o'#i$!io$ o% rele!se o%
su-+ i$%or'!io$ #( p!ri-ip!$s !s 9ell !s so'e 9!( o !llo9
p!ri-ip!$s o e6!'i$e e!-+ o+er o veri%( +! i$%or'!io$. T+is o%e$
77
i$volves !s 'u-+ $e"oi!io$ !s +e li'is +e'selves, !$) i$ so'e -!ses
1uesio$s o% veri%i-!io$ +!ve le) o +e #re!?)o9$ o% re!(
$e"oi!io$s @%or e6!'ple, veri%i-!io$ 9!s -ie) !s ! '!0or -o$-er$ #(
oppo$e$s o% +e Co'pre+e$sive Tes /!$ Tre!(, uli'!el( $o r!i%ie)
#( +e *$ie) S!esA.
N!io$s '!( re'!i$ i$ ! re!( 9+ile see?i$" o #re!? +e li'is o% +!
re!( !s oppose) o si'pl( 9i+)r!9i$" %ro' i. T+is is %or 9o '!0or
re!so$s. To ope$l( )e%( !$ !"ree'e$, eve$ i% o$e 9i+)r!9s %ro' i,
o%e$ is see$ i$ ! #!) li"+ polii-!ll( !$) -!$ -!rr( )iplo'!i-
reper-ussio$s. A))iio$!ll(, i% o$e re'!i$s i$ !$ !"ree'e$, -o'peiors
9+o !re !lso p!ri-ip!or( '!( #e +el) o +e li'i!io$s o% +e er's,
9+ile 9i+)r!9!l rele!ses (our oppo$e$s o '!?e +e s!'e
)evelop'e$s (ou !re '!?i$", li'ii$" +e !)v!$!"e o% +!
)evelop'e$.
3.4 History of Arms Control
O$e o% +e %irs re-or)e) !e'ps i$ !r's -o$rol 9!s ! se o% rules l!i)
)o9$ i$ !$-ie$ Gree-e #( +e A'p+i-(o$i- Le!"ues. Ruli$"s
spe-i%ie) +o9 9!r -oul) #e 9!"e), !$) #re!-+es o% +is -oul) #e
pu$is+e) #( %i$es or #( 9!r.
T+ere 9ere %e9 re-or)e) !e'ps o -o$rol !r's )uri$" +e perio)
#e9ee$ +is !$) +e rise o% +e Ro'!$ C!+oli- C+ur-+. T+e -+ur-+
use) is posiio$ !s ! r!$s.$!io$!l or"!$is!io$ o li'i +e 'e!$s o%
9!r%!re. T+e ;<; Pe!-e o% Go) @e6e$)e) i$ 10==A ruli$" proe-e) $o$.
-o'#!!$s, !"r!ri!$ !$) e-o$o'i- %!-iliies, !$) +e proper( o% +e
-+ur-+ %ro' 9!r. T+e 1077 Tru-e o% Go) !lso rie) o preve$ viole$-e
#e9ee$ C+risi!$s. T+e Se-o$) L!er!$ Cou$-il i$ 11=; pro+i#ie) +e
use o% -ross#o9s !"!i$s o+er C+risi!$s, !l+ou"+ i )i) $o preve$ is
use !"!i$s $o$.C+risi!$s.
T+e )evelop'e$ o% %ire!r's le) o !$ i$-re!se i$ +e )ev!s!io$ o%
9!r. T+e #ru!li( o% 9!rs )uri$" +is perio) le) o e%%ors o %or'!lise
+e rules o% 9!r, Nu-le!r No 9i+, +u'!$e re!'e$ %or priso$ers o%
9!r or 9ou$)e), !s 9ell !s rules o proe- $o$.-o'#!!$s !$) +e
pill!"i$" o% +eir proper(. Ho9ever )uri$" +e perio) u$il +e
#e"i$$i$" o% +e 1;+ -e$ur( %e9 %or'!l !r's -o$rol !"ree'e$s 9ere
re-or)e), e6-ep +eorei-!l propos!ls !$) +ose i'pose) o$ )e%e!e)
!r'ies.
O$e re!( 9+i-+ 9!s -o$-lu)e) 9!s +e Sr!s#our" A"ree'e$ o%
1478. T+is is +e %irs i$er$!io$!l !"ree'e$ li'ii$" +e use o%
-+e'i-!l 9e!po$s, i$ +is -!se, poiso$ #ulles. T+e re!( 9!s si"$e)
#e9ee$ Fr!$-e !$) Ger'!$(
7<
T+e 1<17 Rus+./!"o Tre!( #e9ee$ +e *$ie) S!es !$) +e *$ie)
Ei$")o' 9!s +e %irs !r's -o$rol re!( o% 9+! -!$ #e -o$si)ere) +e
'o)er$ i$)usri!l er!, le!)i$" o +e )e'ili!ris!io$ o% +e Gre! L!?es
!$) L!?e C+!'pl!i$ re"io$ o% Nor+ A'eri-!. T+is 9!s %ollo9e) #( +e
1<71 Tre!( o% &!s+i$"o$ 9+i-+ le) o o!l )e'ili!ris!io$.
T+e i$)usri!l revoluio$ le) o +e i$-re!si$" 'e-+!$is!io$ o% 9!r%!re,
!s 9ell !s r!pi) !)v!$-es i$ +e )evelop'e$ o% %ire!r'sD +e i$-re!se)
poe$i!l o% )ev!s!io$ @9+i-+ 9!s see$ i$ +e #!le%iel)s o% &orl)
&!r IA le) o Ts!r Ni-+ol!s II o% Russi! -!lli$" o"e+er +e le!)ers o%
74 $!io$s %or +e Firs H!"ue Co$%ere$-e i$ 1<;;. T+e Co$%ere$-e le)
o +e si"$i$" o% +e H!"ue Co$ve$io$ @o% 1<;;A +! le) o rules o%
)e-l!ri$" !$) -o$)u-i$" 9!r%!re !s 9ell !s +e use o% 'o)er$
9e!po$r(, !$) !lso le) o +e sei$" up o% +e Per'!$e$ Cour o%
Ar#ir!io$.
A Se-o$) H!"ue Co$%ere$-e 9!s -!lle) i$ 1;07 le!)i$" o !))iio$s
!$) !'e$)'e$s o +e ori"i$!l 1<;; !"ree'e$. A T+ir) H!"ue
Co$%ere$-e 9!s -!lle) %or 1;18, #u +is 9!s !#!$)o$e) )ue o +e Firs
&orl) &!r.
A%er +e Firs &orl) &!r, +e Le!"ue o% N!io$s 9!s se up 9+i-+
!e'pe) o li'i !$) re)u-e !r's. Ho9ever +e e$%or-e'e$ o% +is
poli-( 9!s $o e%%e-ive. 5!rious $!v!l -o$%ere$-es 9ere +el) )uri$"
+e perio) #e9ee$ +e Firs !$) Se-o$) &orl) &!rs o li'i !r's.
T+e 1;78 Ge$ev! Co$%ere$-e le) o +e #!$$i$" o% -+e'i-!l 9e!po$s
@!s o6i- "!sesA )uri$" 9!r !s p!r o% +e Ge$ev! Proo-ol. T+e 1;7<
Eello""./ri!$) P!-, 9+ils i$e%%e-ive, !e'pe) %or Lprovi)i$" %or +e
re$u$-i!io$ o% 9!r !s !$ i$sru'e$ o% $!io$!l poli-(L.
A%er &orl) &!r II +e *$ie) N!io$s 9!s se up !s ! #o)( o pro'oe
9orl) pe!-e. I$ 1;87 +e I$er$!io$!l Ao'i- E$er"( A"e$-( 9!s se
up o 'o$ior +e proli%er!io$ o% $u-le!r e-+$olo"(, i$-lu)i$" +! o%
$u-le!r 9e!po$s. T+e 1;4< Nu-le!r No$.Proli%er!io$ Tre!( 9!s
si"$e) o preve$ %ur+er spre!) o% $u-le!r 9e!po$s e-+$olo"( o
-ou$ries ousi)e +e %ive +! !lre!)( possesse) +e': +e *$ie) S!es,
+e Sovie *$io$, Gre! /ri!i$, Fr!$-e !$) C+i$!.
T+e Sr!e"i- Ar's Li'i!io$ T!l?s @SALTA #e9ee$ +e *$ie) S!es
!$) Sovie *$io$ i$ +e l!e 1;40s3e!rl( 1;70s le) o %ur+er 9e!po$s
-o$rol !"ree'e$s. T+e SALT I !l?s le) o +e A$i./!llisi- Missile
Tre!( !$) !$ )nterim Strategic Arms 1imitation Agreement @see SALT
I, #o+ i$ 1;77. T+e SALT II !l?s s!re) i$ 1;77 le!)i$" o !"ree'e$
i$ 1;7;. Due o +e Sovie *$io$Ss i$v!sio$ o% A%"+!$is!$ +e *$ie)
S!es $ever r!i%ie) +e re!(D +o9ever +e !"ree'e$ 9!s +o$oure) #(
#o+ si)es.
7;
T+e I$er'e)i!e.R!$"e Nu-le!r For-es Tre!( 9!s si"$e) #e9ee$ +e
*$ie) S!es !$) Sovie *$io$ i$ 1;<7 !$) r!i%ie) i$ 1;<<, le!)i$" o
!$ !"ree'e$ o )esro( !ll 'issiles 9i+ r!$"es %ro' 800 o 8,800
?ilo'eres.
T+e 1;;= C+e'i-!l &e!po$s Co$ve$io$ 9!s si"$e) #!$$i$" +e
'!$u%!-ure !$) use o% -+e'i-!l 9e!po$s.
T+e Sr!e"i- Ar's Re)u-io$ Tre!ies 9ere si"$e), !s START I !$)
START II #( +e *S !$) Sovie *$io$ %ur+er resri-i$" 9e!po$s. T+is
9!s %ur+er 'ove) o$ #( +e Tre!( o$ Sr!e"i- O%%e$sive Re)u-io$s.
T+e Co'pre+e$sive Tes /!$ Tre!( 9!s si"$e) i$ 1;;4 #!$$i$" !ll
$u-le!r e6plosio$s i$ !ll e$viro$'e$s, %or 'ili!r( or -ivili!$ purposes.
3.5 List of Treaties and Conventions related to Arms Control
So'e o% +e 'ore i'por!$ i$er$!io$!l !r's -o$rol !"ree'e$s
%ollo9:
&!s+i$"o$ N!v!l Tre!(, 1;77 @!s p!r o% +e $!v!l -o$%ere$-esA
Ge$ev! Proo-ol o$ -+e'i-!l !$) #iolo"i-!l 9e!po$s, 1;78 !$) is
9o !u"'e$!io$s:
/iolo"i-!l &e!po$s Co$ve$io$, 1;77
C+e'i-!l &e!po$s Co$ve$io$, 1;;=
Ouer Sp!-e Tre!(, 1;47
Nu-le!r No$.Proli%er!io$ Tre!(, 1;4<
A$i./!llisi- Missile Tre!(, 1;77
E$viro$'e$!l Mo)i%i-!io$ Co$ve$io$, 1;74
I$er'e)i!e.R!$"e Nu-le!r For-es Tre!(, 1;<7
Missile Te-+$olo"( Co$rol Re"i'e @MTCRA, 1;<7
Tre!( o$ Co$ve$io$!l Ar'e) For-es i$ Europe, 1;;7
Sr!e"i- Ar's Re)u-io$ Tre!( @START IA, 1;;2
&!sse$!!r Arr!$"e'e$, 1;;4
Co'pre+e$sive Tes /!$ Tre!(, 1;;4
Ope$ S?ies Tre!(, 7007
Sr!e"i- O%%e$sive Re)u-io$s Tre!( @SORTA, 700=
4.0 CONCLUSION
More re-e$ !r's -o$rol re!ies +!ve i$-lu)e) 'ore sri$"e$ er's o$
e$%or-e'e$ o% viol!io$s !s 9ell !s veri%i-!io$. T+is l!s !rr!$"e'e$,
+!s #ee$ ! '!0or o#s!-le o e%%e-ive e$%or-e'e$, !s viol!ors o%e$
!e'p o -overl( -ir-u've$ +e er's o% +e !"ree'e$s. 5eri%i-!io$
is +e pro-ess o% )eer'i$i$" 9+e+er or $o ! $!io$ is -o'pl(i$" 9i+
<0
+e er's o% !$ !"ree'e$, !$) i$volves ! -o'#i$!io$ o% rele!se o%
su-+ i$%or'!io$ #( p!ri-ip!$s !s 9ell !s so'e 9!( o !llo9
p!ri-ip!$s o e6!'i$e e!-+ o+er o veri%( +! i$%or'!io$. T+is o%e$
i$volves !s 'u-+ $e"oi!io$ !s +e li'is +e'selves, !$) i$ so'e -!ses
1uesio$s o% veri%i-!io$ +!ve le) o +e #re!?)o9$ o% re!(
$e"oi!io$s @%or e6!'ple, veri%i-!io$ 9!s -ie) !s ! '!0or -o$-er$ #(
oppo$e$s o% +e Co'pre+e$sive Tes /!$ Tre!(, uli'!el( $o r!i%ie)
#( +e *$ie) S!esA.
N!io$s '!( re'!i$ i$ ! re!( 9+ile see?i$" o #re!? +e li'is o% +!
re!( !s oppose) o si'pl( 9i+)r!9i$" %ro' i. T+is is %or 9o '!0or
re!so$s. To ope$l( )e%( !$ !"ree'e$, eve$ i% o$e 9i+)r!9s %ro' i,
o%e$ is see$ i$ ! #!) li"+ polii-!ll( !$) -!$ -!rr( )iplo'!i-
reper-ussio$s. A))iio$!ll(, i% o$e re'!i$s i$ !$ !"ree'e$, -o'peiors
9+o !re !lso p!ri-ip!or( '!( #e +el) o +e li'i!io$s o% +e er's,
9+ile 9i+)r!9!l rele!ses (our oppo$e$s o '!?e +e s!'e
)evelop'e$s (ou !re '!?i$", li'ii$" +e !)v!$!"e o% +!
)evelop'e$.
5.0 SUMMARY
I$ +is u$i, 9e +!ve e6!'i$e) +e ori"i$, purpose, !$) role o%
)is!r'!'e$ !$) !r's -o$rol i$ -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$. T+e role o% +e
v!rious !"e$-ies, !$) +e -+!lle$"es %!-e +erei$ 9!s !lso )is-usse).
iA &+! )o (ou u$)ers!$) #( +e !r's r!-eM
iiA &+! is +e ori"i$ !$) purpose o% )is!r'!'e$M
iiiA &+! is !r's -o$rolM
ivA Ho9 e%%e-ive !re !r's -o$rol re!iesM
vA &+! !re +e -+!lle$"es o% )is!r'!'e$M
<1
R!$)!ll Fors#er", @1;;8K7002A. e)., Arms Control Re%orter 6778$9::8,
C!'#ri)"e: MIT Press,
&+eeler./e$$e, ,6798$67;6- Sir Po+$ 'isarmament and security since
1ocarno-< eing the %olitical and technical ackground of the
general disarmament conference, 67;9, Ne9 Bor?, Ho9!r) Feri".
<7
UNIT 5 PREVENTIVE AND MULTI-TRACK
DIPLOMACY
Table of Contents
1.0 I$ro)u-io$
7.0 O#0e-ives
=.0 M!i$ Co$e$
=.1 Diplo'!-(
=.7 Preve$ive Diplo'!-(
=.= C!se Su)(: Bu"osl!vi! !$) +e F!ilure o% Preve$ive Diplo'!-(
=.2 Lesso$s %or Preve$ive Diplo'!-(
=.8 Muli.r!-? Diplo'!-(
=.4 Tr!-? I vs. Tr!-? II Diplo'!-( !$) Co$%li- M!$!"e'e$
2.0 Co$-lusio$
8.0 Su''!r(
1.0 INTRODUCTION
T+e er' L)iplo'!-(L re%ers o +e i$er!-io$ #e9ee$ $!io$.s!es.
Tr!)iio$!ll(, )iplo'!-( 9!s -!rrie) ou #( "over$'e$ o%%i-i!ls..
)iplo'!s..9+o $e"oi!e) re!ies, r!)e poli-ies, !$) o+er
i$er$!io$!l !"ree'e$s. T+e pro-ess o% $e"oi!io$s r!$"es %ro' ver(
%or'!l o i$%or'!l, #u i e$)s o #e %!irl( !)vers!ri!l !$) -o'peiive,
rel(i$" o$ )isri#uive or posiio$!l #!r"!i$i$" sr!e"ies +! !ssu'e !
9i$.lose siu!io$.
2.0 OB1ECTIVES
iA E6pl!i$ )iplo'!-( !s ! -o$-ep,
iiA Des-ri#e +e role o% )iplo'!-( is v!rious )i'e$sio$s,
iiiA Des-ri#e +e evoluio$ o% )iplo'!-( !s !$ !ppro!-+ o -o$%li-
'!$!"e'e$.
<=
3.0 MAIN CONTENT
3.1 Diplomacy
T+e "o!l is o '!i$!i$ po9er over 9e!?er $!io$s !$) ! #!l!$-e o%
po9er 9i+ $!io$s o% e1u!l s!us. Al+ou"+ -o$%li- resoluio$ +eoriss
+!ve )evelope) ! 'uli.%!-ee) u$)ers!$)i$" o% po9er, )iplo'!-( sill
%o-uses o$ +e Lpo9er overL !ppro!-+, #elievi$" +! po9er is ! Cero
su' -o''o)i(..+e 'ore (ou +!ve, +e less I +!ve. T+is e$-our!"es
posiio$!l #!r"!i$i$", r!+er +!$ ! 'ore i$e"r!ive or -ooper!ive
!ppro!-+.
Al+ou"+ sever!l e%%ors +!ve #ee$ '!)e o !ler +e !)vers!ri!l $!ure
o% r!)iio$!l )iplo'!-(, $o$e +!s #ee$ ver( su--ess%ul. T+e %irs 9!s
+e Le!"ue o% N!io$s 9+i-+ -!lle) %or ope$ )iplo'!-( !$) -olle-ive
se-uri(. Al+ou"+ +e pl!$ 9!s )evelope) #( +e *.S. Presi)e$
&oo)ro9 &ilso$, +e *$ie) S!es %!ile) o suppor +e i)e!, !$) +e
Le!"ue 1ui-?l( %!ile).
T+e *$ie) N!io$s 9!s ! se-o$) !e'p ! -olle-ive se-uri( !$)
i$er$!io$!l -ooper!io$. T+e *N +!s -er!i$l( #ee$ 'u-+ 'ore
su--ess%ul +!$ +e Le!"ue o% N!io$s, #u i sill +!s $o #ee$ !#le o
over-o'e po9er riv!lries @espe-i!ll( )uri$" +e Col) &!r, #u, o so'e
e6e$, eve$ $o9A !$) l!-?s +e 'o$e( o e$!#le i o -o'pleel( -!rr(
ou is '!$)!e. For +is re!so$, !$) "ive$ +e "e$er!l i$e%%e-ive$ess o%
r!)iio$!l )iplo'!-(, 'ore !$) 'ore !e$io$ is #ei$" "ive$ o 9+!
+!s -o'e o #e ?$o9$ !s Lr!-? 9oL or L-iiCe$L )iplo'!-(..
i$er$!io$!l $e"oi!io$s -!rrie) ou #( priv!e -iiCe$s, r!+er +!$
o%%i-i!l )iplo'!s. Mos !)vo-!es o% r!-? 9o !ppro!-+es !r"ue +!
+e( !re $o ! repl!-e'e$ %or r!-? o$e, #u r!+er ! supple'e$ o
+e'. O%e$ r!-? 9o !ppro!-+es -!$ pre-e)e o%%i-i!l $e"oi!io$s,
l!(i$" +e "rou$)9or? !$) es!#lis+i$" ! -er!i$ level o% rus #e9ee$
peopleD so'ei'es +e( o--ur si'ul!$eousl(.
T+e !r o% )iplo'!-( +!s ! lo$".sorie) +isor(. I is +e pr!-i-e o%
ver#!l )is-ussio$ 9i+ +e i$e$ o i$%lue$-e, r!$s'i ! posiio$ or
$e"oi!e o$ ! "ive$ issue or siu!io$ %or ! 'uu!ll( !--ep!#le
ou-o'e. I is o%e$ -!lle) !$ !r #e-!use e!-+ siu!io$ re1uires !
u$i1ue 'i6ure o% e'p!+(, persu!sio$, #luser, !$) -!0oli$" !'o$"s
o+er +i$"s. T+e se$i'e$ e6presse) i$ +e Si$$e !$) Gol)#er"
1uoes !#ove is (pi-!l o% +o9 )iplo'!-( +!s o%e$ #ee$ vie9e). I +!s
r!)iio$!ll( #ee$ ! 'e+o) o% -o$)u-i$" i$ers!e rel!io$s i$volvi$"
)is-ussio$s !$) $e"oi!io$s #e9ee$ +e!)s o% s!e or +eir
represe$!ives i$ or)er o !)v!$-e $!io$!l i$eress. As o$e '!(
i'!"i$e, +ese e%%ors '!( $o !l9!(s #e si$-ere. More #ro!)l(,
+o9ever, )iplo'!-( o%e$ i$volves e%%ors o ?eep -+!$$els o%
<2
-o''u$i-!io$ ope$ #e9ee$ )i%%ere$ si)es o% ! )ispue i$ +e +opes
+! e$sio$ -!$ #e )i%%use) !$) viole$-e !vere). Mo)er$ )iplo'!-( is
i$ '!$( 9!(s 'ore -o'pli-!e) 9i+ i$er"over$'e$!l or"!$iC!io$s
@IGOsA !$) $o$."over$'e$!l or"!$iC!io$s @NGOsA i$volve) !$) +e
"lo#!liC!io$ o% -o''u$i-!io$ !$) r!$spor!io$ ope$i$" up $e9
!ve$ues %or +e -o$)u- o% )iplo'!-( !$) +elpe) $e9 p!ri-ip!$s "e
i$volve).
Mu-+ o% 'o)er$ )iplo'!-( -o$i$ues o i$volve +e i$er!-io$ o% s!e
!$)3or o%%i-i!l !-ors i$ 9+! +!s #e-o'e ?$o9$ !s Tr!-? I )iplo'!-(.
T+ese )iplo'!s !re !-i$" i$ !$ o%%i-i!l -!p!-i( 9i+ +e !u+ori( !$)
o$ #e+!l% o% +e s!e or IGO +e( !re represe$i$". T+e e$i( +e( !re
represe$i$" '!( +!ve ! )ire- s!?e i$ +e )ispue or +e( '!( #e !-i$"
!s !$ i$er'e)i!r(. T+e "o!l, i% ! )ispu!$, is o re!liCe !$ ou-o'e !s
%!vour!#le o o$eSs si)e !s possi#le. T+ir) p!ries o%e$ #e-o'e i$volve)
i$ +e )is-ussio$ i$ or)er o %i$) 9!(s +rou"+ s!le'!es or o eve$ "e
+e p!ries !l?i$" i$ !$ e%%or ! pe!-e'!?i$". T+is #ei$" s!i), 'u-+ o%
)iplo'!-( is roui$e i$ or)er +! issues )o $o re!-+ -risis level.
T+ere +!s #ee$ re-o"$iio$ +! +i"+.level o%%i-i!l e$"!"e'e$ is $o
!l9!(s e%%e-ive. A$i'osi( !$) )isrus '!( #e oo prev!le$. T+e si)es
'!( 1uesio$ +e 'oiv!io$s o% represe$!ives %ro' +ir) p!r( s!es
or %ro' IGOs. I$ o+er i$s!$-es, +ese +ir) p!ries '!( l!-? ! sr!e"i-
i$eres or )ee' i oo ris?( o "e i$volve). P!ri-ul!rl( i$ +ese
-ir-u's!$-es, i$%or'!l -+!$$els o% -o''u$i-!io$ -!$ #e e%%e-ive !
'!i$!i$i$" )i!lo"ue. T+ese i$s!$-es o% Tr!-? II )iplo'!-( !re 'ore
su#le !$) perso$!l, i$volvi$" -o$%li- resoluio$ pro%essio$!ls %ro'
$o$."over$'e$!l or"!$iC!io$s e$"!"e) i$ !-ivi( o%e$ +rou"+ #!-?
-+!$$el 'e!sures. Tr!-? II )iplo'!-( is i'por!$ i$ '!i$!i$i$"
suppor ! +e lo-!l level %or $e"oi!e) !"ree'e$s !$) er's o ! pe!-e
sele'e$. Tr!-? II )iplo'!s !re !lso 'ore o%e$ e$"!"e) Lo$ +e
"rou$)L i$ pe!-e #uil)i$" e%%ors i$ !))iio$ o +eir #!-? -+!$$el
pe!-e'!?i$" e%%ors.
&i+ i$-re!se) i$er$!io$!lis' !$) "lo#!liC!io$, +e sp+ere o%
p!ri-ip!$s i$ i$er.-o''u$!l -o$%li-s is e6p!$)i$". P!ri-ip!$s
i$-lu)e $o o$l( s!e !-ors #u !lso +e opposiio$ p!ries !$)
!)vers!ries 9i+i$ +e -o$%li- isel%, $o o 'e$io$ re"io$!l,
'uli$!io$!l !$) $o$."over$'e$!l or"!$iC!io$s. T+ir) p!ries i$
Tr!-? I !$) Tr!-? II )iplo'!-( -!$ provi)e sever!l )i%%ere$ roles i$
-o$%li-s !$) i$ +eir )e.es-!l!io$. T+e( -!$ %ill +e role o% supporer or
'e)i!or )uri$" +e pe!-e'!?i$" pro-ess. A +ir) p!r( supporer or
'e)i!or -!$ provi)e sp!-e %or !$) i$ii!e $e"oi!io$s or )is-ussio$s,
"!+er i$%or'!io$, +elp pe$er!e e'oio$!l #!rriers, +elp e6p!$) +e
$e"oi!#le pie, represe$ !#se$ perso$s or vie9s, provi)e resour-es,
-re!e pressure o re!-+ !$ !"ree'e$, !$) "e$er!e suppor %or !$
<8
!"ree'e$. T+e( )o +is 9i+ +e i$e$ o )e.es-!l!e -o$%li-s, re!-+
!$) sus!i$ !"ree'e$s !$) preve$ %uure -o$%li-s %ro' o--urri$".
3.2 Preventive Diplomacy
T+is is ! ver( #ro!) opi- +! )oes $o re!ll( %i 9i+ our i$-re'e$!l
!ppro!-+, #u so 'u-+ is #ei$" 9rie$ !#ou i, !$) so 'u-+ is #ei$"
)o$e i$ +e $!'e o% Lpreve$ive )iplo'!-(L, +! 9e +ou"+ i 9!s
i'por!$ o !))ress i +ere i$ so'e 9!(.
T+e !ssu'pio$ 9i+ #o+ -o$%li- preve$io$ !$) preve$ive )iplo'!-(
is +! i$r!-!#le -o$%li-s !re e!sier o !voi) #e%ore +e( +!ppe$, r!+er
+!$ %i6 o$-e +e( +!ve o--urre). T+ere is ! "re! )e!l o% ru+ o +is
!ssu'pio$, !l+ou"+ so'e -o$%li-s !re li?el( o #e u$!voi)!#le.
A %u$)!'e$!l !ssu'pio$ o% -o$sru-ive -o$%ro$!io$ is +! +e
destructi.e nature of conflict is l!r"el( !voi)!#le. He$-e 9e 9oul)
!)vo-!e !$ i$-re'e$!l !ppro!-+ o #o+ -o$%li- preve$io$ !$)
preve$ive )iplo'!-(. T+is 'e!$s +! l!e$ -o$%li-s s+oul) $o #e
represse) or su#'er"e) !lo"e+er. @&+e$ +is is )o$e, +e( 0us e$) o
erup, so'ei'es 1uie viole$l(, ! ! l!er i'e.A To !voi) +is, -o$%li-s
s+oul) #e !llo9e) o sur%!-e, #u +! +e -o'pli-!i$" %!-ors,
espe-i!ll( es-!l!io$, s+oul) #e li'ie) o +e '!6i'u' e6e$ possi#le,
!$) !$ e%%or s+oul) '!)e o -o$%ro$ +e -ore -o$%li- 9i+ +e 'os
#e$e%i-i!l !$) le!s )esru-ive sr!e"ies !v!il!#le. T+is 'e!$s r(i$" o
pu +e e'p+!sis o$ +e e6-+!$"e !$) i$e"r!ive sr!e"ies, 'ovi$"
!9!( %ro' %or-e.#!se) sr!e"ies..espe-i!ll( ille"ii'!e !$) e6-essive
%or-e.
T+e er' Lpreve$ive )iplo'!-(L is usu!ll( use) i$ +e i$er$!io$!l
!re$! !$) re%ers o e%%ors o% ousi)e $!io$s or "roups o% $!io$s @%or
e6!'ple, +e *NA o preve$ +e es-!l!io$ o% -o$%li-s #e9ee$ or
9i+i$ o+er $!io$s. Al+ou"+ poe$i!ll( e%%e-ive, o%e$ $!io$s %eel
+! +e( s+oul) $o i$erve$e i$ +e i$er$!l !%%!irs o% o+ers i% +e
siu!io$ +!s $o (e #e-o'e )ire. /( +! i'e, preve$ive 'e!sures !re
li?el( o #e i'possi#le. @T+is +!ppe$e) i$ +e /os$i!$ siu!io$, %or
e6!'pleA. No$"over$'e$!l or"!$iC!io$s -!$ !lso e$"!"e i$ 9+! is
"e$er!ll( re%erre) o !s -o$%li- preve$io$ @si$-e +e( !re $o s!e
!-orsA. Give$ +eir o$"oi$" prese$-e i$ 'u-+ o% +e 9o.+ir)s 9orl),
+e( !re i$ ! %!r superior posiio$ o r( o i$erve$e i$ )evelopi$"
-o$%li-s e!rl( e$ou"+ o pu +e' o$ ! -o$sru-ive, r!+er +!$
)esru-ive -ourse. Dis-ussio$s !#ou +o9 +is -!$ #e )o$e -!$ #e %ou$)
i$ so'e o% +e e6!'ples, #elo9.
Co$%li- preve$io$ !lso is use%ul i$ s'!ller.s-!le -o$%li-s. To +e
e6e$ +! +e p!ries -!$ -o$rol -o'pli-!i$" %!-ors %ro' +e ouse,
<4
)e%i$e +e -o$%li- !s ! 'uu!l pro#le' r!+er +!$ ! -o'peiive or 9i$.
lose siu!io$, !$) uiliCe ! sr!e"( +! )epe$)s 'os o$ i$e"r!ive !$)
e6-+!$"e !ppro!-+es 'ore +!$ %or-e, +e -o$%li- is li?el( o #e 'ore
pro)u-ive +!$ )esru-ive. O$-e es-!l!io$ ses i$ !$) o+er
-o'pli-!i$" %!-ors )evelop, +e sr!e"( 'us -+!$"e %ro' -o$%li-
preve$io$ o -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$ or resoluio$, 9+i-+ is "e$er!ll(
-o$si)er!#l( +!r)er o !--o'plis+ su--ess%ull(.
3.3 Case Study: Yugoslavia and the failure of preventative
Diplomacy
&eser$ $!io$s +!ve lo$" re-o"$iCe) +e $!io$!lis e$sio$s 9i+i$
Bu"osl!vi!. Duri$" +e Col) &!r er!, +e &es s!9 Bu"osl!vi! !s !$
!ll( i$ preve$i$" Sovie e6p!$sio$. For +is re!so$, 9eser$ )iplo'!i-
e%%ors '!i$!i$e) ! s+!rp %o-us o$ '!i$!i$i$" ! u$i%ie) Bu"osl!vi!.
*$)er TioSs rule, $!io$!lis e$)e$-ies 9ere represse) !$) u$i(
'!i$!i$e).
As e6pe-e), +ose $!io$!lis e$sio$s resur%!-e) 9i+ TioSs )e!+ i$
1;<0. Cro!i!$, Musli' !$) Ser#i!$ %!-io$s #e"!$ o !"i!e %or
se-essio$. /( +is i'e +e Col) &!r 9!s e$)i$", !$) 9eser$ prioriies
9ere -+!$"i$". &+ile +e 9eser$ $!io$s sill 9!$e) ! u$i%ie)
Bu"osl!vi!, +e( 9ere !lso i$-re!si$"l( -o$-er$e) 9i+ pro'oi$"
)e'o-r!iC!io$ !$) e-o$o'i- re%or's. &eser$ $!io$s per-eive) +ese
"o!ls !s -o'p!i#le. De'o-r!-(, i 9!s +ou"+, 9oul) Lre)ress +u'!$
ri"+s, !llevi!e e+$i- e$sio$s, !$) ?eep +e -ou$r( u$ie).L Iro$i-!ll(,
)e'o-r!i- !$) e-o$o'i- re%or's !ppe!r o +!ve %uelle) +e -o$%li-.
E-o$o'i- re%or's resule) i$ s+or.er' +!r)s+ips. T+e %rusr!io$ !$)
)iss!is%!-io$ -!use) #( e-o$o'i- +!r)s+ips 9!s i$ ur$ e6ploie) #(
%!-io$ le!)ers !$) use) o %uel $!io$!lisi- %ervour. De'o-r!i-
re%or's !llo9e) +e 9i)espre!) ele-or!l vi-or( o% -!$)i)!es ru$$i$"
o$ e6re'is $!io$!lis pl!%or's.
/( 1;;0, +e #re!? up o% Bu"osl!vi! see'e) i$evi!#le. I$ De-e'#er
1;;0 Slove$i! voe) o se-e)e ! +e e$) o% Pu$e 1;;1, u$less so'e
-o$%e)er!-( !"ree'e$ -oul) #e re!-+e) i$ +e i$eri'. &eser$ $!io$s
sill +ope) +! ope$ 9!r%!re -oul) #e !voi)e), !$) ! $e"oi!e)
sep!r!io$ !-+ieve). *$%oru$!el(, 9eser$ )iplo'!i- e%%ors o
preve$ 9!r %!ile).
Touv!l !r"ues +! 9eser$ preve$!ive )iplo'!-( %!ile) i$ Bu"osl!vi!
%or 9o '!i$ re!so$s. Firs, +e 9eser$ $!io$s )i) $o pro0e- -le!r
"o!ls %or Bu"osl!vi!. T+e &esSs 'ess!"e 9!s !'#i"uous, !$) Touv!l
!r"ues +! +is !'#i"ui( Lse''e) %ro' +e &esSs )e%i$iio$ o% "o!ls
i$ er's o% #ro!) v!lues, so'e o% 9+i-+ 9ere -o$r!)i-or( i$ +e
-o$e6 o% i'e !$) pl!-e.LNp. 204O I$ +e -urre$ Bu"osl!vi!$ -o$e6,
<7
)e'o-r!iC!io$ 9!s !llo9i$" people o voe o se-e)e, !$) #re!? up +e
$!io$. M!i$!i$i$" Bu"osl!vi!$ u$i( re1uire) repressi$" $!io$!lis
vie9s, 9+i-+ 9oul) #e #o+ !$i.)e'o-r!i- !$) 9oul) li?el( e$!il
%ur+er viol!io$s o% +u'!$ ri"+s.
Se-o$), Touv!l !r"ues +! 9eser$ )iplo'!i- e%%or l!-?e) -re)i#le
lever!"e. &eser$ $!io$s !e'pe) o e$%or-e +eir "o!ls vi! e-o$o'i-
i$-e$ives !$) +re!s. E-o$o'i- i$-e$ives 9ere pr!-i-!ll( +e o$l(
ool !v!il!#le ! +e i'e. Ho9ever, e-o$o'i- pressure 9!s $o
e%%e-ive. &i++ol)i$" e-o$o'i- !ssis!$-e -o$ri#ue) o +e popul!r
%rusr!io$s 9+i-+ 9ere i$ ur$ e6ploie) o %uel $!io$!lis se$i'e$s.
T+e !'#i"ui( o% 9eser$ "o!ls '!)e i u$-le!r u$)er 9+! -o$)iio$s
!i) 9oul) #e "ive$ or 9i++el). T+e -re)i#ili( o% e-o$o'i- +re!s 9!s
%ur+er u$)er'i$e) #( polii-!l )ivisio$s 9i+i$ +e Europe!$
-o''u$i(.
LFi$!ll(,L Touv!l $oes, Le-o$o'i- pu$is+'e$s @or re9!r)sA 9ere $o
9ell !u$e) o +e ps(-+olo"( o% +e $!io$!lis le!)ers.LNp. 207O T+e
%!-io$s 9ere pri'!ril( -o$-er$e) 9i+ issues o% p+(si-!l se-uri( !$)
"roup i)e$i(. E-o$o'i- prosperi( 9!s o% o$l( se-o$)!r( -o$-er$.
Touv!l su""ess 9o re!so$s 9+( +e 9eser$ $!io$s )i) $o !e'p
'e)i!io$ o% +e -o$%li-. O$e, 'e)i!io$ 9oul) +!ve i'plie) !-i
!--ep!$-e o% Cro!i! !$) Slove$i! !s soverei"$ po9ers. T9o,
'e)i!io$ 9oul) +!ve -o$siue) i$er%ere$-e i$ +e i$er$!l !%%!irs o% !
soverei"$ s!e. Moreover, Touv!l !r"ues +! eve$ +!) i #ee$
!e'pe), 'e)i!io$ 9oul) +!ve li?el( #ee$ u$su--ess%ul. Neur!l,
$o$.i$rusive 'e)i!io$ 9oul) +!ve si'pl( #ee$ per-eive) !s %ur+er
9eser$ e1uivo-!io$ !$) !'#i"ui(, +e$-e e$-our!"i$" +e v!rious
si)es o i$e$si%( +eir posiio$s. Dire-e) 'e)i!io$ i$ 9+i-+ +e
'e)i!i$" p!r( su""ess ! sele'e$ relies o$ -re)i#le +re!s !$)
pro'ises. Ho9ever +e &es ! +! i'e l!-?e) -re)i#le, e%%e-ive
lever!"e.
3.4 Lessons for Preventative Diplomacy
Touv!l )r!9s %ive lesso$s %or %uure !e'ps ! preve$!ive )iplo'!-(
%ro' +e Bu"osl!vi!$ -!se. Firs, +e i$er$!io$!l -o''u$i( 'us
prioriiCe is "o!ls. /( )e'!$)i$" #o+ )e'o-r!iC!io$ !$) u$i(, +e
&es prese$e) Bu"osl!vi! 9i+ ! -o$%usi$" !$) -o$r!)i-or( '!$)!e.
T+e &esSs )e'!$)s 9oul) +!ve #ee$ -le!rer +!) +e( r!$?e) +e
i'por!$-e o% +ese "o!ls.
Se-o$), +e i$er$!io$!l -o''u$i( s+oul) !voi) prese$i$" v!"ue,
e1uivo-!l or !'#i"uous "o!ls. T+e( s+oul) Lre%r!i$ %ro' re-ii$" #ro!)
v!lues !$) i$se!) )e%i$e i$ -o$-ree er's 9+! +e( e6pe- %ro' +e
)ispu!$s.LNp. 212O Touv!l -o$-e)es +! +is '!( #e )i%%i-ul.
<<
Ge$er!ll( i is e!sier o "e$er!e i$er$!io$!l !"ree'e$ o$ #!si- v!lues
+!$ o$ spe-i%i- propos!ls. Ho9ever, "o!ls 'us #e -le!r o #e -re)i#le.
T+e Bu"osl!vi!$ -!se !lso s+o9s +! e-o$o'i- +re!s !$) i$-e$ives
!re li?el( o #e i$e%%e-ive i$ -!ses o% e+$i- -o$%li-. Group i)e$i(,
+isori- "riev!$-es, !$) p+(si-!l se-uri( issues e$) o overs+!)o9
e-o$o'i- -o$-er$s i$ su-+ siu!io$s. E-o$o'i- i$-e$ives +!ve lile
relev!$-e o +e )ispu!$sS -o$-er$s, !$) so pro)u-e lile lever!"e.
T+e Bu"osl!vi!$ -o$%li- reve!ls !$ eve$ 'ore #!si- lesso$ !#ou
i'i$". Touv!l !r"ues +e e+$i- -o$%li-s !re !$ e6-epio$ o +e
-o$ve$io$!l 9is)o', 9+i-+ s!(s +! -o$%li-s !re e!sier o preve$
+!$ e$). *$li?e '!$( o+er (pes o% -o$%li-, i$ e+$i- -o$%li-s +e
p!ri-ip!$s e$) o #e-o'e %ull( -o''ie) o +eir posiio$s ver( e!rl(
o$. &+! is 9orse, Touv!l su""ess, is +! e!rl( preve$ive
i$erve$io$s !re Lli?el( o #e l!u$-+e) ! ! +i"+l( i$!uspi-ious 'o'e$
!%er +e p!ries +!ve -o''ie) +e'selves o +eir "o!ls, #u #e%ore
+e( +!ve re!-+e) ! +uri$" s!le'!e +! 'i"+ )ispose +e' o re+i$?
+eir poli-ies.LNp. 218O
Fi$!ll(, Touv!l $oes +! $!io$s !re o%e$ u$9illi$" o -o''i
+e'selves, +eir resour-es, !$) possi#l( +eir -iiCe$Ss lives o
preve$i$" %orei"$ -o$%li-s. Be 9i+ou su-+ -o''i'e$, )iplo'!i-
+re!s !$) i$-e$ives l!-? %or-e !$) -re)i#ili(. For preve$ive
)iplo'!-( o #e e%%e-ive, i 'us #e #!-?e) #( +e sro$" -o''i'e$
o% +e i$erve$i$" $!io$s.
3.5 Multi-track Diplomacy
Muli.r!-? )iplo'!-( is ! -o$%li- r!$s%or'!io$ !ppro!-+ pre'ise) o$
+e !ssu'pio$ +! -o$%li- is #eer r!$s%or'e) %ro' ! 'uli.
)i'e$sio$!l !ppro!-+. I is ! s($er"ei- pe!-e.'!?i$" e%%or #( sever!l
-!e"ories o% !-ors, e!-+ usi$" +is o9$ Qr!-?R, lever!"e or i$%lue$-e o
#ri$" !#ou pe!-e%ul r!$s%or'!io$ o% ! -o$%li-. T+e r!-?s !re $i$e,
$!'el(:
i. Gover$'e$sD
ii. No$."over$'e$ !$) pro%essio$!l or"!$iC!io$D
iii. /usi$ess -o''u$i(D
iv. Priv!e -iiCe$sD
v. Tr!i$i$" !$) e)u-!io$ i$siuio$s @Rese!r-+, r!i$i$" !$)
e)u-!io$AD
vi. A-ivis'D
vii. Reli"io$D
viii. Fu$)i$" or"!$iC!io$sD
i6. T+e Me)i!.
<;
Di!'o$), L. !$) M!-Do$!l), P. @1;;4:1A )es-ri#e Muli.Tr!-?
Diplo'!-( !s ! -o$-epu!l %r!'e9or? )esi"$e) o re%le- +e v!rie( o%
!-iviies +! -o$ri#ue o i$er$!io$!l pe!-e'!?i$" !$) pe!-e
#uil)i$". I is +ere%ore ! -o$-epu!l 9!( o vie9 +e pro-ess o%
i$er$!io$!l pe!-e'!?i$" !s ! livi$" s(se'D is 9e# o% i$er-o$$e-e)
p!rs #ei$"D !-iviies, i$)ivi)u!ls, i$siuio$s !$) -o''u$iies.
M!$( (pes o% +ir) p!ries -!$ #e i$ro)u-e) i$ ! -o$%li-,
si'ul!$eousl( 9or?i$" o"e+er, or ! )i%%ere$ poi$s i$ ! -o$%li-
9+e$ +eir %or' o% !ssis!$-e is 'os $ee)e). Le)er!-+ @1;;7, 70A
i)e$i%ies $e!rl( 78 )i%%ere$ %u$-io$s i$er'e)i!ries per%or' over +e
li%e o% ! -o$%li-. I$erve$io$ -oul) #e"i$ 9i+ +e Le6plorer,L 9+o
!ssures +e -o$e$)ers +! o!l vi-or( is $o +e "o!l o% +e o+er si)e
!$) e$) 9i+ +e 9or? o% +e Lre-o$-iler,L 9+o %!-ili!es +e +e!li$"
pro-ess. Alo$" +e p!+ o% resoluio$, Lu$i%iersL, L%!-ili!ors,L
Lle"ii'!orsL !$) '!$( o+er spe-i!lis roles !re i$ro)u-e). Su-+ !
'uli.'o)!l !ppro!-+ is $e-ess!r( 9i+ l!r"e.s-!le -o$%li- su-+ !s -ivil
9!r. A$ i$erve$io$ e!' 'us use p!ri-ul!r s?ills !$) rel!io$s+ips
9i+ +e -o$e$)ers ! +e ri"+ i'e, i$ +e ri"+ -o$e6. Eve$
i$r!or"!$iC!io$!l !$) 9o.perso$ -o$%li- -oul) #e$e%i %ro' +e e!'
!ppro!-+, +ou"+ +e (pes o% i$erve$ers 9oul) #e s'!ller. L&+o is
+ere 9+o -oul) +elp us ou o% +is -o$%li-ML T+is s+oul) #e +e %irs
1uesio$ -o$%li- oppo$e$s s+oul) !s?. T+e 'ore v!rie) +eir -o$-ep
o% L+ir) p!r(,L +e 'ore i$er'e)i!r( poe$i!l +e( 9ill see !s +e(
loo? !rou$).
A$ i'por!$ %u$-io$ o% +ir) p!ries i$ ! -o$%li-, p!ri-ul!rl( i$ is
l!e$ s!"e, is -o$%li- preve$io$. A +e i$er$!io$!l level,
'uli$!io$!l pe!-e?eepi$" +!s %or !l'os %or( (e!rs #ee$ ! -o''o$
9!( o% preve$i$" -o$%li- !$) viole$-e. Mili!r( %or-es !$) o#servers
!re pl!-e) #e9ee$ opposi$" si)esD i$erposiio$ is +e er'. As
Bu"osl!vi! 9!s -o'i$" !p!r i$ +e e!rl( 1;;0s, ! $e9 v!ri!$ o%
pe!-e?eepi$" 9!s rie)D preve$ive )eplo('e$. @C!r$e"ie 1;;7, 42A
M!-e)o$i!, i$e$)i$" o #e-o'e !$ i$)epe$)e$ s!e, 9!s +re!e$e)
9i+ !!-? %ro' Ser#i!. A *$ie) N!io$s 'ili!r( !$) polii-!l
-o$i$"e$ 9!s se$ o M!-e)o$i! !s ! )eerre$. I +!s !lso pl!(e) !$
i$er'e)i!r( role #e9ee$ +e M!-e)o$i!$ !$) Ser#i!$ "over$'e$s.
A preve$ive prese$-e o% +ir) p!ries is $o $e-ess!ril( ! 'ili!r( or
"over$'e$!l o$e. Priv!e -iiCe$ "roups +!ve i$-re!si$"l( i$erve$e)
o preve$ viole$-e i$ -o$%li- siu!io$s. @&e+r 1;;4A CiiCe$
i$erposiio$ 9!s pr!-i-e) i$ +e Ni-!r!"u!$ -ivil 9!r i$ +e 1;<0s.
I$er$!io$!l e!'s %ro' &i$ess %or Pe!-e 9ere s!io$e) !lo$"
Ni-!r!"u!Ss #or)ers !$) i$ sr!e"i- vill!"es ! +i"+ ris? %ro' Co$r!
!!-?. @Gri%%i$.Nol!$ 1;;1A T+e !ssu'pio$ u$)erl(i$" su-+ ! pr!-i-e
is +! +e prese$-e o% u$!r'e) %orei"$ers )eers !!-?s o$ -ivili!$s i$
;0
9!r Co$es. T+e s!'e pri$-iple 'oiv!es i$er$!io$!l !--o'p!$i'e$,
9+ere %orei"$ o#servers s!( 9i+ +u'!$ ri"+s le!)ers 9+ose proes
9or? pus +e' ! ris? i$ -ivil -o$%li-s. @M!+o$( W E"ure$ 1;;7A
3.6 Track I vs. Track II Diplomacy and Conflict
Management
T+ere is -o$i$ue) )e#!e !#ou +e p!ri-ul!r roles pl!(e) #( Tr!-? I
!$) Tr!-? II !-ors i$ -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$. T!#le 1 su""ess so'e 9!(s
i$ 9+i-+ +e 9o -!$ #e )isi$"uis+e), !l+ou"+ +is )ivisio$ is $o
!l9!(s -le!r.-u. Tr!-? I !$) Tr!-? II -ooper!io$ -!$ #e !$ issue.
&+ile i is "e$er!ll( re-o"$iCe) +! #o+ !-ors %ill use%ul %u$-io$s,
#ou$)!r( issues !$) o+er role.rel!e) issues -o$i$ue o -re!e e$sio$s
#e9ee$ +e 9o r!-?s. I$ %!-, +e i$eress !$) !-io$s o% +ose
i$volve) i$ )i%%ere$ levels o% )iplo'!-( '!( o%e$ #e ! -ross.
purposes. I% )o$e e%%e-ivel(, +o9ever, Tr!-? I !$) Tr!-? II )iplo'!-(
-!$ #e 'uu!ll( rei$%or-i$" pro-esses i$ -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$. E!-+
r!-? is e%%e-ive i$ u$i1ue 9!(s !$), )espie so'e overl!p i$ 'e+o)s
use) #( #o+ r!-?s, +e role o% Tr!-? I !$) Tr!-? II )iplo'!-( -!$$o
#e e$irel( %ille) #( +e o+er.
'istinguishing Track ) and Track )) 'i%lomacy
Track I Track II
Actors
O%%i-i!l Represe$!ives,
Gover$'e$s,
Muli.$!io$!l
Or"!$iC!io$s,
Elies,
A)vers!ri!l Le!)ers
*$o%%i-i!l Represe$!ives,
No$"over$'e$!l Or"!$iC!io$s,
Re"io$!l !$) Lo-!l Le!)ers,
Gr!ssroos Groups
Methods
Posiive or Ne"!ive
I$-e$ives,
Me)i!io$,
Polii-!l or E-o$o'i-
Suppor
/!-?.-+!$$el Dis-ussio$s,
E)u-!io$ Pro"r!'s,
&or?s+ops,
Gr!ssroos Re-o$-ili!io$
Stages of
Conflict
Prese$ i$ !ll s!"es, #u o%
p!ri-ul!r i'por!$-e )uri$"
Peacemaking !$)
Peacekeeping, 9+e$
o%%i-i!l !-ors )eer'i$e
-e!se.%ires, pe!-e !--or)s,
!$) er's o $e"oi!e)
!"ree'e$s.
Prese$ i$ !ll s!"es, #u o%
p!ri-ul!r i'por!$-e )uri$"
Conflict Prevention !$)
Peacebuilding, 9+e$ lo-!l !$)
re"io$!l !-ors -!$ )ee- e!rl(
9!r$i$" si"$s o% viole$-e, !$) -!$
+elp %oser perso$!l re-o$-ili!io$
e-+$i1ues #e9ee$ !)vers!ri!l
p!ries.
;1
A $u'#er o% pr!-iio$ers !$) s-+ol!rs +!ve su""ese) +! !l?i$"
!#ou Tr!-? I !$) Tr!-? II is, i$ %!-, i$!)e1u!e. &+! 9e o%e$ see is
9+! Louise Di!'o$) !$) Po+$ M-Do$!l) re%er o !s 'uli.r!-?
)iplo'!-( 9+ere ! 9+ole r!$"e o% !-ors 9i+ v!r(i$" i$eress i$ +e
siu!io$ !re i$volve) ! )i%%ere$ levels o ?eep -+!$$els o%
-o''u$i-!io$ ope$ !$) +ope%ull( )e.es-!l!e +e -o$%li-.
4.0 CONCLUSION
T+e "o!l is o '!i$!i$ po9er over 9e!?er $!io$s !$) ! #!l!$-e o%
po9er 9i+ $!io$s o% e1u!l s!us.
5.0 SUMMARY
I$ +is u$i, 9e +!ve )is-usse) +e -o$-ep o% Diplo'!-( !$) +e
v!rious (pes o% )iplo'!-(. &e !lso )is-usse) is evoluio$ i$o !
pro-ess o% -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$.
iA &+! is Diplo'!-(M
iiA Disi$"uis+ #e9ee$ r!)iio$!l )iplo'!-( !$) preve$ive
)iplo'!-(M
iiiA &+! is 'uli.r!-? )iplo'!-( !$) use%ul is i !$ !ppro!-+ o
-o$%li- '!$!"e'e$M
Ai?e$, Pe$$i%er !$) Eri- /r!+'. @7008A LDiplo'!-(.L /eyond
)ntractaility. E)s. Gu( /ur"ess !$) Hei)i /ur"ess. Co$%li-
Rese!r-+ Co$soriu', *$iversi( o% Color!)o, /oul)er.
Al#er, I.O. @1;;8A. )nformal Channels of 'is%ute Resolution in )adan.
I#!)!$: IFRA /oo?s.
/erri)"e, Geo%%. @7007A. 'i%lomacy: Theory and *ractice, 9nd #dition.
Ne9 Bor?: P!l"r!ve M!-'ill!$.
Di!'o$), Louise !$) Po+$ &. M-Do$!l). @1;;4A. Multi$Track
'i%lomacy: A Systems A%%roach to *eace. Eu'!ri!$ Press.
;7
Free'!$, C+!rles &. @1;;7A. Arts of *o"er: Statecraft and
'i%lomacy. &!s+i$"o$, DC: *SIP Press.
L!$"+or$e, Ri-+!r) !$) Eei+ A. H!'ilo$. @1;;8A The *ractice of
'i%lomacy: )ts #.olution, Theory and Administration. Ne9
Bor?: Roule)"e, M!r-+.
Lu$), Mi-+!el S. @1;;4). *re.enting !iolent Conflicts: A Strategy for
*re.enti.e 'i%lomacy. Her$)o$, 5A: *SIP Press.
M-Do$!l), Po+$ &. @1;;1A LFur+er E6plor!io$ o% Tr!-? T9o
Diplo'!-(.L I$ Timing the 'e$#scalation of )nternational
Conflicts. E)ie) #( T+orso$, Su!r P. !$) Louis Eries#er", e)s.
S(r!-use, NB: S(r!-use *$iversi( Press.
O0ielo, M. OCo$$i!. @7001A. Alternati.e 'is%ute Resolution. L!"os:
CPA /oo?s.
*$iversi( Press,
S!!)i! Touv!l, LC!se Su)(: Lesso$s o% Preve$!ive Diplo'!-( i$
Bu"osl!vi!,L i$ Managing Gloal Chaos, e)s. C+eser Cro-?er,
Fe$ H!'pso$ !$) P!'el! A!ll, @&!s+i$"o$, D.C.: *$ie) S!es
I$siue o% Pe!-e Press, 1;;4A pp. 20=.21<.
!$) E!rl( Respo$se.
Pu#li-!io$s.
&il'o, &. !$) D. Ho-?er @1;;<A. )nter%ersonal Conflict. /oso$:
M-Gr!9 Hill.
F!r'!$, &illi!'. @1;<;A. Ri%e for Resolution: Conflict and
)nter.ention in Africa. O6%or): O6%or) *$iversi( Press.
;=
MODULE 4
ETHNICITY, CULTURE AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT
*$i 1 Pos.Co$%li- Re-o$sru-io$
*$i 7 E+$i-i( !$) Co$%li- M!$!"e'e$
*$i = Culure, I)e$i( !$) Co$%li- M!$!"e'e$
*$i 2 Poli-(.'!?i$" !$) Co$%li- M!$!"e'e$
UNIT 1 POST-CONFLICT RECONSTRUCTION
Table of Contents
1.0 I$ro)u-io$
7.0 O#0e-ives
=.0 M!i$ Co$e$
=.1 Pos.Co$%li- Re-o$sru-io$ @De%i$iio$A
=.7 Issues i$ Pos -o$%li- Re-o$sru-io$
=.= Di%%ere$-es #e9ee$ Tr!$s%or'!ive !$) Re-o$sru-ive
Pe!-e #uil)i$"
2.0 Co$-lusio$
8.0 Su''!r(
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Pos.Co$%li- Re-o$sru-io$ is ! vi!l !spe- o% pe!-e#uil)i$" pro-ess
p!ri-ul!rl( %or -ou$ries +! +!ve 0us -o'e ou o% ! -o$%li- siu!io$.
I i$volves pro"r!''es re-o$-ili!io$ !$) )evelop'e$ !$) i$volves
ever( -iiCe$ o% +! so-ie(.
2.0 OB1ECTIVES
iA E6pl!i$ pos.-o$%li- re-o$sru-io$D
iiA Des-ri#e i !s ! -rii-!l pe!-e #uil)i$" sr!e"ies i$ -o$%li-
'!$!"e'e$.
;2
3.0 MAIN CONTENT
3.1 Post-Conflict Reconstruction (Definition)
PosK-o$%li- re-o$sru-io$, !s !$ !spe- o% )evelop'e$ su)(,
(pi-!ll( i$volves +e rep!ir !$) re-o$sru-io$ o% p+(si-!l !$)
e-o$o'i- i$%r!sru-ure i$ ! -ou$r( +! +!s re-e$l( e6perie$-e)
9i)espre!) viole$-e, or 9+ere +e preo--up!io$ o% +e s!e is !r'e)
9!r%!re, or 9+ere ! si"$i%i-!$ p!r o% +e popul!io$ is e$"!"e) i$
!r'e) sru""le 9i+ +e s!e. I$ ! pos.-o$%li- siu!io$, +e s!e
i$siuio$s !re usu!ll( so 9e!?e$e) +! +e( e6+i#i lile -!p!-i( o
-!rr( ou +eir r!)iio$!l %u$-io$s +e$-e, posK -o$%li- re-o$sru-io$
!lso e$!ils ! $u'#er o% e6er$!l i$erve$io$s !i'e) ! re#uil)i$" +e
9e!?e$e) i$siuio$s.
T+ose -rii-!l i$erve$io$s i$-lu)e reveri$" +e e-o$o'(, resru-uri$"
+e %r!'e9or? %or )e'o-r!i- "over$!$-e, re#uil)i$" !$) '!i$!i$i$"
?e( so-i!l i$%r!sru-ure, !$) pl!$$i$" %or %i$!$-i!l $or'!liC!io$.
*ost conflict inter.ention tend to ha.e e=%licit o>ecti.es
such as su%%orting the transition from "ar to %eace,
resum%tion of economic and social de.elo%ment,
reconciliation and reconstruction, human and
institutional ca%acity uilding, and estalishing s%ecial
in.estment funds to maintain social cohesion during the
%eriod of economic ad>ustment and %o.erty reduction
and decentrali?ation@
Fro' +e %ore"oi$", i is o#vious pos.-o$%li- re-o$sru-ive oper!io$s
re1uire i$e$sive 'o$iori$" o e$sure +eir -o$i$ue) relev!$-e,
e%%e-ive$ess !$) e%%i-ie$-(.
/e-!use i is !$ u$)e$i!#le %!- +! +e %our pill!rs o% pos.-o$%li-
re-o$sru-io$.se-uri(, so-i!l !$) e-o$o'i- 9ell.#ei$", 0usi-e !$)
re-o$-ili!io$, !$) "over$!$-e !$) p!ri-ip!io$ K !re !ll i$ e6ri-!#le
li$?e), !$) ! posiive ou-o'e i$ e!-+ !re! )epe$)s o$ su--ess%ul
i$e"r!io$ !$) i$er!-io$ !-ross +e'.
As e!rlier !)u'#r!e) i$ +e pre-e)i$" -+!per, A)e?!$(e @1;;7A +!s
!r"ue) +! +e e$ire re-o$sru-io$ pro-ess i$ pos.-o$%li- so-ie(:
is more usefully conce%tuali?ed as a multi$faceted one, in
"hich military, %olitical, %sychosocial, humanitarian, as
"ell as economic are seen as closely inter"o.en.
;8
I% pos.-o$%li- re-o$sru-io$s !re $o e%%e-ivel( i'ple'e$e) !$) !ll
s!?e+ol)ers !)e1u!el( rei$e"r!e) i$o +e s!e @i$ +e pos.-o$%li-
er!A, +ere is +e poe$i!l )!$"er o% reur$ o 9!r.
The im%lication for staility and sustainale
de.elo%ment of emergent %ost$conflict societies ha.e
attracted the rising interest of scholars and %olicy$
makers in the reduction of defence outlays to
su%%ortale le.els, demoili?ation, reintegration, and
rehailitation of e=$comatants, as "ell as
demilitari?ation, democrati?ation, economic
reconstruction and structural ad>ustment.
3.2 Issues in Post-Conflict Reconstruction
A)e?!$(e !r"ue) +! -er!i$ issues -oul) #e i$er$!io$!ll( i)e$i%ie)
!s Q?e( issuesR i$ pos.-o$%li- e$viro$'e$ #e-!use +ere !re e'piri-!l
i$er-o$$e-io$s 9+i-+ s+oul) $o #e i"$ore) #e9ee$ Q-o$%li-R !$)
+e Q+e pos.-o$%li- s!"eR, #e9ee$ Qviole$-eR !$) Qpolii-sR, #e9ee$
Q9!rR !$) Qpe!-eR. So, +e ?e( issues +! !re "er'!$e o +e pe!-e
pro-ess !re i)e$i%ie) +us:
i. T+e -o$r!)i-io$ o% +ree Tr!$siio$s i$ o$eD
ii. Rei$e"r!io$ o% E6.-o'#!!$sD
iii. Pro#le's o% ille"!l surplus Ar'sD
iv. Po9er.s+!ri$" versus polii-!l i$-lusio$D
v. M!?i$" -o''ie) Ele-or!l Pl!(ers ou o% %or'er Guerrill!
Le!)ersD
vi. Re-o$-ili!io$ versus Pusi-eD
vii. M!r?e.Drive$ Li#er!lis!io$ versus pos.-o$%li- pe!-e #uil)i$"D
viii. Cou$eri$" +e p+e$o'e$o$ o% QReur$ &!rsR.
Reconstructive Peacebuilding vs. Transformative Peacebuilding
I$ !$ !e'p o re)ress 9+! +e -!lle) +e Qsru-ur!l !ppropri!io$ o%
Re-o$sru-io$ over Tr!$s%or'!io$ i$ pe!-e.#uil)i$", /ro$9($ Ev!$s.
Ee$ @7002A, )isi$"uis+e) #e9ee$ Re-o$sru-ive pe!-e.#uil)i$" !$)
Tr!$s%or'!ive pe!-e.#uil)i$"M &+ile +e o$e is ! -re!io$ o% +e
*$ie) N!io$s @*NA !$) pe!-e oper!io$s, +e o+er @9+i-+ is +e less
9i)el( use) %or'A !))resses +e -!uses o% -o$%li- !$) +e -o''u$i(.
level $ee)s o% pos.-o$%li- so-ieies. E!-+ o% +ese $ee)s o oper!e i$
-o$0u$-io$ 9i+ +e o+er !$) pe!-e -!$$o #e !!i$e) 9i+ou
!))ressi$" #o+ +e re-o$sru-io$ o% ! -o''u$i( !$) +e
r!$s%or'!io$ o% +e -o$%li-.
;4
Re-o$sru-ive pe!-e.#uil)i$" is ! s+or er' sru-ur!l re#uil)i$". T+e
p+(si-!l !$) polii-!l re-o$sru-io$ o% +is %or' o% pe!-e.#uil)i$"
#e"i$s 9i+ +e *$ie) N!io$s, 9+i-+ +!s e$)e!voure) o pro)u-e !
'o)el +! !-+ieves +ese ou-o'es. Re-o$sru-ive pe!-e.#uil)i$"
-o$-er$s +e 'ore !$"i#le !spe-s o% pe!-e #uil)i$" su-+ !s !))ressi$"
i$%r!sru-ure $ee)s, +e )evelop'e$ o% +e!l+-!re s(se's !$) polii-!l
i$siuio$s. O$ +e re-o$sru-ive si)e !re !-iviies su-+ !s:
relief, humanitarian assistance, disarmament<
demoili?ation< %olitical restructuring< elections<
mine clearance< and health.
Tr!$s%or'!ive pe!-e.#uil)i$" o$ +e o+er +!$) is ! lo$" er'
re-o$-ili!io$. I is ! #ro!) er' %or !ppro!-+es +! %o-us less o$
p+(si-!l re-o$sru-io$ +!$ o$ +e #ro!)er so-i!l rel!io$s+ips +! e6is
9i+i$ -o$%li-.pro$e so-ieies. I is !$ !e'p o !ler -o$%li- su-+ +!
l!si$" %or's o% pe!-e '!( #e #uil. T+is %or' o% pe!-e.#uil)i$"
usu!ll( e$-o'p!sses +ose !spe-s +! 9or? o9!r)s +e lo$" er'
r!$s%or'!io$ o% +e -o$%li- e$viro$'e$. T+e( -!$ i$-lu)e:
inter$ethnic contact, contact et"een %rofessions, stereo$
ty%e elimination, "ork collecti.es, school %ro>ects,
conflict resolution training, >ustice, %olice and military
training, cross$cultural tele.ision and ratio efforts and
ackno"ledgement.
Co$%li- is ! so-i!ll( -o$sru-e) -ulur!l eve$ !$) people !re !-ive
p!ri-ip!$s, i is +ere%ore )i%%i-ul %or polii-!l level resoluio$s o
r!$s%or' +e -o$%li- !lo$e. T+e pri$-ip!l )i%%ere$-es #e9ee$
Re-o$sru-ive !$) Tr!$s%or'!ive pe!-e.#uil)i$" !re se ou !s
%ollo9s:
;7
3.3 Differences between Reconstructive and Transformative
Peace-Building.
Reconstructive Peace-
building
Transformative Peace-
building
Aim Q!-io$ o i)e$i%( !$)
suppor sru-ures 9+i-+
9ill e$) o sre$"+e$ !$)
soli)i%( pe!-e i$ or)er o
!voi) ! rel!pse i$o
-o$%li-.R
Q! -o'pre+e$sive -o$-ep
+! e$-o'p!sses,
"e$er!es, !$) sus!i$s +e
%ull !rr!( o% pro-esses,
!ppro!-+es, !$) s!"es
$ee)e) o r!$s%or' -o$%li-
o9!r) 'ore sus!i$!#le,
pe!-e%ul rel!io$s+ips.R
Concerns Polii-!l elies, i$er$!io$!l
or"!$iC!io$s, 'ulil!er!l
i$siuio$s
Or)i$!r( people, $o$.
"over$'e$!l or"!$is!io$s,
lo-!l3-o''u$i( level
le!)ers
Seeks to A-+ieve spe-i%i- "o!ls 9i+
-le!r e6is sr!e"ies
Tr!$s%or' +e -o$%li-
Addresses S('po's o% +e -o$%li- C!uses o% +e -o$%li-
Aims to
restore
Polii-!l, so-i!l, e-o$o'i-
i$%r!sru-ure
Rel!io$s+ips
Utilises E6isi$" se o% ools
@)e)u-iveA
Lo-!l ?$o9le)"es !$)
-o$%li- resoluio$ pr!-i-es,
-ulur!l3-o$%li-.spe-i%i-
ools @i$)u-iveA
Implemente
d by
I$er$!io$!l or"!$iC!io$s,
NGOs, 'ulil!er!l
I$siuio$s
I$er$!io$!l !$) lo-!l
NGOs, or)i$!r( people,
9o'e$Hs "roups, (ou+
"roups, -+ur-+es
Sour-e: +p:33999.is!$e.or"3$o!r-+ive3ev!$s?e$.+'l
4.0 CONCLUSION
T+e 'issi$" p!r o% pe!-e.#uil)i$" i$ 'os lier!ure is +e lo$".er'
-!us!ive ele'e$s o% -o$%li-sD +e !spe- +! -o$-er$s +e rel!io$s+ips
#e9ee$ +e people or "roups i$ -o$%li-D !$) !s +is prese$ su)(
!r"ues, e%%e-ive pos.-o$%li- re-o$sru-io$ 'us i$-orpor!e #o+ +e
re-o$sru-ive !$) r!$s%or'!ive sp+ere o% pe!-e.#uil)i$". /e-!use !s
+ose 9+o use re-o$sru-ive pe!-e.#uil)i$" !lo$e, +e( '!( %i$),
pe!-e.#uil)i$" )oes $o #uil) sus!i$!#le pe!-e. I is o$l( #(
!-?$o9le)"i$" +! re-o$sru-ive pe!-e.#uil)i$" is p!r o% +e l!r"er
!$) 'ore -o'pre+e$sive pro-ess o% r!$s%or'!ive pe!-e.#uil)i$" +!
pe!-e -!$ #e '!i$!i$e) i$)e%i$iel(.
;<
5.0 SUMMARY
I$ +is u$i, 9e +!ve )is-usse) pos.-o$%li- re-o$sru-io$ !s ! -rii-!l
!spe- o% pe!-e.#uil)i$". T+e )e%i$iio$, pro-ess !$) %o-us 9ere !lso
e6!'i$e).
iA &+! is pos -o$%li- re-o$sru-io$M
iiA Disi$"uis+ #e9ee$ re-o$sru-ive pe!-e #uil)i$" !$)
r!$s%or'!ive pe!-e #uil)i$".
iiiA &+! is -o$%li- r!$s%or'!io$M
Pu"+, Mi-+!el @7000A. QPos.Co$%li- Re+!#ili!io$: So-i!l !$) Civil
)i'e$sio$sR, *$iversi( o% Pl('ou+. The 2ournal of
Aumanitarian Assistance, O$li$e:
+p:33999.0#!.!-3!ri-les3!0=2.+'.
Se9!r, F. e !l @1;72A Civil Co$%li- i$ Developi$" Cou$ries over +e
L!s Tu!rer o% ! Ce$ur(: A$ E'piri-!l Overvie9 o% E-o$o'i-
!$) So-i!l Co$se1ue$-es, +=ford 'e.elo%ment Studies, 5ol. 78,
No. 1, pp. 11 K 20.
A)e?!$(e, P. /!(o @1;;7A. QRevie9 Ess!(: Ar's !$) Re-o$sru-io$ i$
Pos.Co$%li- So-ieiesR. 2ournal of *eace Research, 5ol. =2,
No. = @Au"usA, Pp. =8; K =44.
A)e?!$(e, P. /!(o @7001A QFro' 5iole$-e o Polii-s: Ee( Issues
I$er$!io$!ll(R, ! ?e( $oe prese$!io$, )elivere) ! +e Fi%+
I$er$!io$!l E+$i- Su)ies Ne9or? @ESNA Co$%ere$-e +ose)
#( INCORE, *$iversi( o% *lser, Nor+er$ Irel!$), @Pu$e 77 K
=0A.
Le)er!-+, P. P. @1;;8A Prep!ri$" %or Pe!-e: Co$%li- Tr!$s%or'!io$
A-ross CuluresD S(r!-use, NB: S(r!-use *$iversi( Press, P.
170.
;;
UNIT 2 ETHNICITY AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT
Table of Contents
1.0 I$ro)u-io$
7.0 O#0e-ives
=.0 M!i$ Co$e$
=.1 *$)ers!$)i$" E+$i-i(
=.7 T(pes o% E+$i- #!se) Co$%li-s
=.7.1 De-olo$is!io$
=.= C!uses o% Co$%li- i$ A%ri-!
=.2 T(polo"( o% E+$i- Co$%li-
=.2.1 De!li$" 9i+ E+$i- Co$%li-
=.2.7 E+$i- Co$%li- !$) Gover$!$-e
2.0 Co$-lusio$
8.0 Su''!r(
1.0 INTRODUCTION
E+$i-i( !s ! er'i$olo"( +!s ! %lui), -o'ple6 !$) so'e9+!
!'orp+ous $!ure. T+is +!s #ee$ respo$si#le %or is usu!l overloo? i$
+e -o$%li- resoluio$ )is-ourse i$ +e p!s. /u +e )i'e$sio$ +!
!r'e) -o$%li-s i$ A%ri-! +!ve !?e$ i$ +e re-e$ i'es #rou"+ o +e
%ore +e -e$r!li( o% e+$i-i( o -o$%li- "e$er!io$, es-!l!io$ !$)
r!$s%or'!io$.
2.0 OB1ECTIVES
A +e e$) o% +is u$i, (ou s+oul) #e !#le oD
iA I)e$i%( +e v!rious uses o% +e -o$-ep o% e+$i-i(D
iiA E6pl!i$ E+$i-i( !s !$ !ppro!-+ o u$)ers!$)i$" se$se o%
-o$%li-sD
iiiA Des-ri#e +e $!ure !$) -+!r!-er o% e+$i- -o$%li-sD
ivA I)e$i%( +e v!rious %or's o% e+$i-.#!se) -o$%li-s i$ A%ri-!.
100
3.0 MAIN CONTENT
3.1 Understanding Ethnicity
A%ri-!$ s-+ol!rs, #o+ o% i$sru'e$!lis !$) pri'or)i!l s-+ools o%
+ou"+ o$ e+$i-i( !"ree +! @)ivisiveA e+$i-i(, i$ A%ri-!, +!s is
"e$esis i$ Colo$i!lis'. Colo$i!l !-iviies 9i+ +e $e9 -o$-ep o% s!e
!$) $e9 s(se' o% "over$'e$ pl!(e) up e+$i- !9!re$ess, se$i'e$
!$) -o$s-ious$ess !$) su#se1ue$ riv!lr( !$) -o'peiio$ i$ !ll sor o%
'!$$er.
E+$i-i(, !--or)i$" o N$oli @1;<0:8.7A is ! so-i!l p+e$o'e$o$
!sso-i!e) 9i+ i$er!-io$ !'o$" 'e'#ers o% )i%%ere$ e+$i- "roups.
E+$i- "roups !re so-i!l %or'!io$s )isi$"uis+e) #( -o''u$!l
-+!r!-er o% +eir #ou$)!ries. T+e relev!$ -o''u$!l %!-or '!( #e
l!$"u!"e, -ulure or #o+. I$ A%ri-!, l!$"u!"e +!s -le!rl( #ee$ +e 'os
-ru-i!l v!ri!#le. E+$i- e6iss o$l( 9i+i$ ! polii-!l so-ie( -o$sisi$"
o% )iverse e+$i- "roups. E+$i-i( is -+!r!-eriCe) #( ! -o''o$
-o$s-ious$ess o% #ei$" o$e i$ rel!io$ o +e relev!$ e+$i- "roup. I is
$e-ess!r( o 1ui-?l( '!?e ! )isi$-io$ #e9ee$ +e Qe+$i- "roup i$
isel%R !$) +e Qe+$i- "roup %or isel%R. T+e %or'er re%ers o ! "roup
'!r?e) ou #( li$"uisi- !$)3or -ulur!l si'il!ri( #u 9i+ou !
-o''o$ -o$s-ious$ess or i)e$i(. T+e l!er i)e$i%ies ! "roup 9i+
#o+ li$"uisi- !$)3or -ulur!l si'il!ri( !$) ! -o''o$ -o$s-ious$ess or
i)e$i(. I is +e l!er +! )e%i$es e+$i-i( !s i is 'e!$ i$ +is su)(.
/!+, @700=:4.<A s!es +! %or e+$i- "roups i$+!#ii$" +e s!'e s!e,
+e i$er!-io$ is %re1ue$l( -+!r!-eriCe) #( -o'peiio$ %or resour-es,
po9er !$) +e !sserio$ o% -ulur!l i)e$i(. Co$%li- !rises ou o% +e
!e'p o i$-lu)e o$eHs 'e'#ers !$) ! +e s!'e i'e e6-lu)e people
%ro' o+er "roups. /!+ %ur+er "ives 9o (pes o% e+$i- -o$%li-s. Firs,
+e -!lls s('#oli- e+$i-i(D +is !?es +e %or' o% -o$i$uous
-o$es!io$ over -ulur!l !$) i)e$i( issues. Se-o$), +e !"s
-lie$elisi- e+$i-i(. T+ese !re -!ses i$ 9+i-+ e+$i-i( #e-o'es !
)esru-ive %or-e %or +e e-o$o'i- !$) so-i!l )evelop'e$ o% +e s!e.
I$ p!ri-ul!r, e+$i- %!vouriis' repl!-es 'eri !$) $ee) i$ )eer'i$i$"
9+o #e$e%is %ro' +e resour-es -o$rolle) #( +e s!e. I$ ur$, +is
u$)er'i$es +e e%%i-ie$-( o% +e s!e !$) pro'oes 9i)espre!)
-orrupio$, pre#e$)!lis' !$) se$se o% i$0usi-e.
S!###er !$) &els+ @1;7;:1==A re-o''e$) +! e+$i- "roup s+oul) #e
)e%i$e) i$ +e #ro!)-!s er's !s J! "roup +! is #ou$)e) o%% %ro' o+er
-o'p!r!#le "roups or popul!io$ -!e"ories i$ +e so-ie( #( ! se$se o%
is )i%%ere$-e 9+i-+ '!( -o$sis i$ so'e -o'#i$!io$ o% ! re!l or
'(+i-!l !$-esr( !$) ! -o''o$ -ulure !$) e6perie$-e>H
101
S'i+ @1;;1:17A "ives ! !6o$o'( o% Qsi6 '!i$ !ri#ues o% e+$i-
-o''u$i(R !s %ollo9s: Q! -olle-ive proper $!'eD ! '(+ o% -o''o$
!$-esr(D s+!re) +isori-!l 'e'oriesD o$e or 'ore )i%%ere$i!i$"
ele'e$s o% -o''o$ -ulureD !sso-i!io$ 9i+ ! spe-i%i- +o'el!$)D !$)
! se$se o% soli)!ri( %or si"$i%i-!$ se-ors o% +e popul!io$:.
S-+ol!rs li?e Os!"+!e @1;;2, 1;;<A, Ri-+'o$) @1;7<A, Bou$" @1;7;A
)isi$"uis+ #e9ee$ +e i$s-ripive or pri'or)i!l $!ure o% e+$i- "roup
'e'#ers+ip !$) +e i$sru'e$!lis p!r!)i"' o% e+$i-i(. T+e( !lso
i$sis +! e+$i-i( is siu!io$!ll( )e%i$e), +! e+$i- "roup #ou$)!ries
!re '!lle!#le !$) per'e!#le !$) +! e+$i-i( '!( #e !-1uire) !$)
)ivese) ! 9ill. E+$i-i(, +ou"+ ! sru-ur!l.-u' 'oiv!io$!l
pre-o$)iio$ %or pre-ipi!e) !$) %i$!ll( ri""ere) o%% #( !voi)!#le #u
$o !voi)e) @e+$i-i(A '!$ipul!io$ %or -o$%li- e6!-er#!io$,
A)e?!$(e @700=, 1;;7A. Co''u$!l "roups 9+ose -o'peiive
i$er!-ive i$er!-io$ pro)u-es e+$i-i( !re -!lle) e+i- "roups.
Pre0u)i-e !$) )is-ri'i$!io$ -+!r!-eriCe e+$i-i(.
3.2 Types of Ethnic-based Conflicts
&+! +ere%ore e'er"es %ro' +e %ore"oi$" e6pl!$!io$ is +e %!- +!
e+$i-i( is ! pli!#le i$sru'e$ i$ +e +!$)s o% po9er -o$e$)ers or
&!rlor)s i$ ! poli( o "!lv!$iCe suppor %i"+ ! -!use !$) !-+ieve se
"o!l @sAD -o''o$l( o 9res polii-!l po9er: E+$i-i(, i$ A%ri-! !s )oes
else9+ere, re'!i$s ! poe$ ool %or "e$er!i$" viole$ -o$%li-s.
T+e e6plosio$ o% i$er$!l !r'e) -o$%li-s i$ A%ri-! %ro' +e 1;40s 9+e$
'os o% +e s!es #e-!'e i$)epe$)e$ 9!s $o u$e6pe-e). A-u!ll(,
+e see)s o% i$er$!l sri%e !$) )is-or) 9ere 9ell so9$ i$ +e ori"i$s o%
+e s!es +e'selves. Du Toi, @1;7<:11A o#serves +!:
3.2.1 Decolonisation
T+e e!rlies so'e9+! viole$ -o$%li-s i$ A%ri-! 9ere +! o%
)e-olo$is!io$. S+orl( !%er i$)epe$)e$-e, 9+! %ollo9e) i$ %or' o%
viole$ -o$%li-s ill )!e o$ +e -o$i$e$ +!ve #ee$ l!r"el( pre)i-!e)
upo$ +e !pp!re$ i$er$!l i$-o$"rue$-e i$ +e polii-!l e$iies lu'pe)
o"e+er #( +e -olo$i!l '!sers i$ +e #uil)i$" o% +e s!es +e( "!ve
i$)epe$)e$-es o !-ross A%ri-!. T+e !ri%i-i!li( o% +e p!riio$i$" o%
A%ri-! #( +e -olo$i!l po9ers #rou"+ !#ou siu!io$s i$ 9+i-+
?i$")o', $!io$s !$) +e s!'e people 9ere sep!r!e) !r#ir!ril(, i$o
)i%%ere$ s!es, 9i+ou !?i$" )ue -o"$iC!$-e o% e+$o"r!p+i-
!%%i$iies. A$) i$ so'e -!ses, ers9+ile +osile e+$i- "roups 9ere
%or-e) o$ e!-+ o+er i$ ! s!e. T+is li$e o% +i$?i$" is 0usi%ie) #( +e
$!ure !$) '!$$er o% -o$%li-s +! +!ve #ee$ '!?i$" 9!ves o$ +e
-o$i$e$ o% A%ri-!, ri"+ %ro' +e 1;40s !$) 9+i-+ )ou#le) i$ velo-i(
107
!$) #e-!'e 'ore -le!rl( i)e$i%i!#le si$e +e e$) o% +e QCol) &!rR
+! is, s!ri$" %ro' 1;<; ill +e i'e o% +is su)(. T+e -o$%li-s39!rs
!re $o 9!rs o% -o$1ues #e9ee$ $!io$s #u, 'ore o%e$ +!$ $o, +e(
!re %ou"+ 9i+i$ $!io$s i$ A%ri-!.
3.3 Causes of Conflict in Africa
H!vi$" )is-usse) +e $!ure !$) %or's o% +e -o$%li-s prev!le$ i$
A%ri-! +! +e( !re !ll )esru-ive i$ $!ure, !$) +! 'os o% +e'
es-!l!e 9i+ou e$ou"+ e!rl( 9!r$i$" si"$s o 0usi%( +eir '!"$iu)eD
i is peri$e$ !lso ! +is 0u$-ure o )elve i$o 9+! +eir -!uses !re. I$
+e %irs pl!-e, opi$io$s o% s-+ol!rs !re si'il!r o$ -olo$i!lis' #ei$" +e
ver( roo -!use o% +e u$e$)i$" i$er$!l -o$%li-s !$) 9!rs +! !re
'!?i$" +e rou$)s o% A%ri-!$ $!io$s. N$oli @1;;<:714.717A !ssers
+!:
QColo$i!lis' u$le!s+e) )eep se!e) so-ioe-o$o'i-
!$) polii-!l up+e!v!ls 9+i-+ 1uesio$e) peopleHs
pre.-olo$i!l i)e$iies. I$ +e pro-ess i "!ve rise o
re)e%i$iio$ o% +e i)e$iies -re!e) !$) $urure)
)uri$" pre.-olo$i!l i'es>R >.R+e e+$i-i(
e'!$!i$" %ro' -o$r!)i-io$s !'o$" +ese
-olo$i!ll( i$)u-e) e+$i- i)e$iies 9!s %ier-el(
e6-lusive, -o'peiive !$) i$oler!$ o% e+$i-
'i$ori( vie9s !$) %eeli$"sR.
3.4 Typology of Ethnic Conflict
Give$ +is err!i$ upo$ 9+i-+ A%ri-!$ s!es !re oper!i$", viole$
-o$%li-s o% )iverse (pes +!ve #ee$ e6perie$-e). Goor, @1;;2:74A "ives
! (polo"( o% e+$i- -o$%li-, 9+i-+ is sui!#le %or our )is-ussio$ +ere:
iA Irredentism: ! %or' o% $!io$!lis', 9+i-+ -l!i's +! ! "roup
livi$" ousi)e +e #or)ers o% ! s!e !-u!ll( #elo$"s o +! s!e
!$) ou"+ o #e #rou"+ 9i+i$ +e s!eHs #or)ers #( 'e!$s o%
!$$e6!io$ o% +e errior( i$ 9+i-+ i lives.
iiA Separatism: ! "roupHs )esire o sep!r!e isel% %ro' +e s!e o
9+i-+ i #elo$"s.
iiiA Autonomy: +e )esire o% ! "roup -o$-e$r!e) i$ ! p!ri-ul!r
errior( o% ! s!e o !-1uire "re!er i$%lue$-e over +e
"over$'e$ o% +! errior(. T+e )esire %or !uo$o'( is o%e$
see$ !s +e %irs sep o9!r)s sep!r!io$.
10=
ivA The demands of interest groups: re%ere$-e is +ere #ei$" '!)e
o "roups +! !re spre!) +rou"+ou +e -ou$r(, #u 9+ose
'e'#ers +!ve -o''o$ i$eress i$ +e e)u-!io$!l, reli"ious, or
e-o$o'i- %iel)s. Su-+ "roups o%e$ srive %or e)u-!io$ i$ +eir
o9$ l!$"u!"e, reli"ious %ree)o', !$) !$ e$) o )is-ri'i$!io$.
vA Ethnic corporation: +e )e'!$) o% !$ e+$i- "roup o #e
re-o"$iCe) !s su-+ !$) o#!i$ -er!i$ ri"+s o$ +e #!sis o% +is
re-o"$iio$, su-+ !s ri"+ o !ppropri!e s+!re i$ +e -ou$r(Hs
"over$'e$.
viA Nativism: +e )e'!$) o% ! "roup +! re"!r)s isel% !s i$)i"e$ous
%or "re!er polii-!l, -ulur!l or e-o$o'i- !u+ori( !s o+er
"roups i$ +e ru$$i$" o% +e s!e.
viiA Hegemonic demands: +e )e'!$) o% +e o$e "roup %or +e ri"+
o )o'i$!e o+ers, #!se) o$ -ulur!l or r!-i!l !r"u'e$s o%e$
!--o'p!$ie) #( !$ !ppe!l %or +e surviv!l o% +e s!e.
viiiA Fundamentalism: +e !sserio$ #( %u$)!'e$!lis "roups +!
so'e %or'er "ol)e$ !"e 9ill reur$, provi)e) +e -o''u$i(
revers o is %u$)!'e$!l reli"ious v!lues. Fu$)!'e$!lis' -!$
-o'e i$ +e %or' o% reli"ious re%or'is' or reli"ious $!io$!lis'.
Bou -!$ see +! viru!ll(, ! "oo) $u'#er o% +e e+$i- -o$%li-s i$
A%ri-! -!$ #e -o$-epu!liCe) 9i+i$ +e %r!'e9or? o% +e !#ove e+$i-
-o$%li-s (polo"(.
3.4.1 Dealing with Ethnic Conflicts
I$ respo$se o +e -l!i' +! e+$i- -o$%li-s !re oo i$e$se %or e%%e-ive
i$erve$io$, Cro-?er -o$-e)es +! Li '!( #e +! i$er$!l 9!rs #!se)
o$ pri'or)i!l se$i'e$s e$) o9!r) Cero.su' +i$?i$" !$) +e
pro"ressive eli'i$!io$ o% $eur!l or -o''o$ "rou$).L Ho9ever, ver(
%e9 -o$%li-s !re i$ %!- #!se) purel( o$ su-+ pri'or)i!l se$i'e$s. T+e
!u+or !r"ues +! e+$i- -o$%li-s !re s+!pe) #( ! $u'#er o% %!-ors.
T+ese %!-ors i$-lu)e +e !-io$s o% %orei"$ po9ers, +e -urre$ #!l!$-e
o% po9er !$) poe$i!l %or -+!$"e, +e le!)erSs "o!ls !$) opporu$iies,
!$) !--ess o !ppropri!e 'ili!r( +!r)9!re.
So.-!lle) e+$i- -o$%li-s !re pre-ipi!e) #( ! $u'#er o% o+er %!-ors
!lso. T+e -oll!pse o% ! $!io$Ss #!si- i$siuio$s, +ol)i$" %!ul( or
pre'!ure ele-io$s, polii-i!$s 9+o e6ploi e+$i-i( o pro'oe +eir
o9$ !"e$)!s, +e !v!il!#ili( o% +e 'e!$s !$) resour-es o 9!"e 9!r:
su-+ siu!io$s -!$ se +e sp!r? 9+i-+ erups i$o e+$i- -o$%li-. T+e
102
'os e%%e-ive 9!( o% )e!li$" 9i+ e+$i- -o$%li-s is pre.e'pivel( K #(
!-i$" e!rl( #e%ore viole$-e #e-o'es severe.
3.4.2 Ethnic Conflict and Governance.
As 9i+ )eep.rooe) -o$%li-, +e "over$!$-e opio$s %or !))ressi$"
po9er i$e1u!liies !$) !s(''eries !re ver( si'il!r. T+e re!so$ is
-le!rl( +! i$ so '!$( respe-s )eepl(.+el) "riev!$-es +! resul i$
)eep.rooe) -o$%li- !re o%e$ +e resul o% sru-ur!l po9er i'#!l!$-es.
T+e( !re !s(''eries +! !re !ssu'e) !$) #uil i$o s(se's +! usurp
!$) )o'i$!e +e ri"+s !$) !--ess o% +e Lu$e1u!lL.
T+! s!i), i $ever+eless is 9or+ %o-ussi$" upo$ po9er i$e1u!liies !$)
!s(''eries #e-!use +ere is !$ i'por!$ lier!ure +! +!s sou"+ o
#ri$" so'e o% +e 'ore #l!!$ K i% $o u$ivers!l K e6!'ples o% po9er
i$e1u!liies i$o +e re!l' o% pro'oi$" "oo) "over$!$-e. Ge$)er is +e
'!i$s!( o% +is sor o% !$!l(sis. I$ +! re"!r), i is i$eresi$" +! r!-e
!$) reli"io$, see'i$"l( 9o o% +e 'os #l!!$ re%le-io$s o% poe$i!l
so-ie!l !s(''eries, r!rel( e'er"e i$ +e "over$!$-e -o$e6.
P!'esHs su)( o$ +e H!ii!$ revoluio$ !s 9ell !s +is 9or? o$ +e
Qspors39!r i$ere6R i$ro)u-es +e +e'e o% r!-e i$ +e -o$e6 o%
poe$i!l -o$%li- !$) "over$!$-e i$ ! 'ore M!r6is se$se. Si'il!rl(,
Ro)$e( !$) Siv!$!$)!$ i$ro)u-e r!-e !s ! -!e"or( o% po9er
i$e1u!li( !lo$" M!r6is li$es. Ho9ever, +ere is $o lier!ure +! i$er.
rel!es "over$!$-e !$) po9er i$e1u!liies 9i+ +e s!'e )ep+ !s +!
i$volve) i$ "e$)er s(''eries. O$e re!so$ %or +is '!( #e #e-!use
Le+$i-i(L $o9 su#su'es reli"ious !s 9ell !s r!-i!l -!e"ories. I$ +!
-o$e6, i is i$eresi$" o $oe +! M-G!rr( !$) OHLe!r( !s e)iors o%
#he %olitics of +thnic ,onflict /egulation i$-orpor!e v!rious sors o%
reli"ious -o$%li- i$ I$)i!, +e %or'er Bu"osl!vi! !$) i$ Nor+er$
Irel!$) u$)er +e ru#ri- o% Le+$i-i(L.
Ge$)er i$e1u!li(, 9+ile $ever see'i$" o +!ve #ee$ +e sour-e o%
-o$%li- i$ 'o)er$ +isor(, ! le!s serves !s ! possi#le pl!%or' or es
-!se %or "over$!$-e !ppro!-+es o o%%se o+er sors o% po9er
i$e1u!liies. G!s!Hs vie9, +ou"+, is eve$ 'ore li'ie) +!$ +!. He
%eels +! "e$)er i$e1u!liies s+oul) #e !))resse) !s ! #i.pro)u- o%
!))ressi$" %!r 'ore %u$)!'e$!l !s(''eries, !$ opporu$i( %or "oo)
"over$!$-e o )e!l $o o$l( 9i+ -o$%li- #u !lso i$0usi-e.
Be, +ere !re per+!ps 'ore i'por!$ lesso$s o #e le!r$e) %ro' +e
lier!ure +! li$?s "over$!$-e 9i+ +e po9er i$e1u!li( o% "e$)er. O$e
su-+ lesso$ is +!, !s i$ !ll siu!io$s o% po9er i$e1u!li(, +e ?e( is o
+!ve +e issue, +e !s(''er(, isel%, re-o"$ise). To 9+! e6e$ -!$
%o-!l poi$s #e es!#lis+e) 9i+i$ i$siuio$s +! -!$ ?eep i$0usi-es,
108
su-+ !s "e$)er !$) o+er i$e1u!liies, o$ +e !"e$)!M I$ 9+! 9!(s -!$
$o$."over$'e$!l sru-ures e%%e-ivel( pro'oe !$i.)is-ri'i$!io$ or
rel!e) 'e!sures +! o%%se po9er i$e1u!liies, !$) 9+! sor o%
"over$'e$ s(se' 9ill #e respo$sive o su-+ spe-i!l ple!)i$"sM
Per+!ps +e si$"le 'os i'por!$ )i%%ere$-e #e9ee$ "roups +! is
u$e'po9ere) or +ol)s )eepl( +el) "riev!$-es !$) e+$i- "roupi$"s, is
+! +e l!er %or +e 'os p!r see? o #re!? !9!( %ro' +e s!e or !
le!s +e %or' o% s!e "over$!$-e o 9+i-+ +! e+$i- "roup is ie).
*$less "over$!$-e sru-ures -!$ re-o$-ile 9+! S+e+!)i +!s -!lle) L+e
)rive o9!r)s e+$i-.$!io$!l sel%.)eer'i$!io$L, +e uli'!e o#0e-ive
o% e+$i- "roups i$ -o$%li- is o -+!$"e +e #!sis o% +eir rel!io$s 9i+
+e s!e or s!es.
Su-+ e+$i- )eer'i$!io$ poses ! +os o% -o'ple6 issues %or
"over$'e$s !$) "over$!$-e sru-ures. Gover$'e$s +! i"$ore eve$
+e 'os r!)i-!l )e'!$)s o% ! s!eHs e+$i- 'i$oriies !re i$ )!$"er o%
losi$" +eir le"ii'!-(. T+us, +e lier!ure -o$-er$e) 9i+ e+$i-i( !$)
"over$!$-e 'ore o%e$ +!$ $o is -o$-er$e) 9i+ 9!(s ei+er o 'ee
+e )e'!$)s o% e+$i- "roupi$"s +rou"+ '!0or pu#li- poli-( i$ii!ives,
!--e)e o -er!i$ ?i$)s o% erriori!l !rr!$"e'e$s or !ler -o$siuio$!l
sru-ures i$ 9!(s +! 9ill s!is%( +e sel%.i)e$i( o#0e-ives o% +e
e+$i- "roupi$".
Sis? '!i$!i$s +! 9+e$ i -o'es o 'eei$" +e )e'!$)s o% e+$i-
"roupi$"s +rou"+ ! pu#li- poli-( pro-ess, L+e !$s9er o su-+ ve6i$"
pro#le's is $o o spe-i%( +eir soluio$ i$ -o$siuio$!l er's, #u o
se up $e9 i$siuio$s !$) pro-e)ures o 9+i-+ !ll "roups -!$
su#s-ri#e.L O$e su-+ 9!( is o e$sure +! !$ !ll e$-o'p!ssi$" +u'!$
ri"+s !"e$)! is es!#lis+e) 9i+ i$siuio$!l %or-e o pro'oe
-o'pli!$-e. T+is +!s #ee$ see$ #( sever!l !$!l(ss !s !$ !--ep!#le
#!sis %or )e!li$" )ire-l( 9i+ -er!i$ ?i$)s o% e+$i- )e'!$)s.
E+$i- )e'!$)s -!$ !lso #e 'e +rou"+ erriori!l -o$-essio$s. I$ so'e
respe-s, +e re-e$ pe!-e%ul sep!r!io$ o% CCe-+oslov!?i! i$o 9o
)isi$- e$iies re%le-s 9+! 'i"+ #e re"!r)e) !s ! 'os posiive
+ou"+ e6re'e !ppro!-+ %or )e!li$" 9i+ e+$i-
erriori!l3-o$siuio$!l )e'!$)s. Co$%e)er!l or pol(-o''u$!l %e)er!l
!rr!$"e'e$s -!$ #e -re!e), le!vi$" e+$i- "roups 9i+ +eir o9$
errior( #u 9i+i$ ! l!r"er s!e -o$sru-. I +!s #e$e%is, !--or)i$" o
Du-+!-e?, !s 9ell !s serious )r!9#!-?s, !--or)i$" o Her'!$s. A ?e(
v!ri!#le %or "over$'e$s 9illi$" o !?e +e lo$"er er' vie9 is +e
e6e$ o 9+i-+ su-+ se'i.!uo$o'ous erriori!l -o$-essio$s -!$ #e
li$?e) 9i+ o+er p!rs o% +e s!e +rou"+ %u$-io$!l, e", r!)e,
e-o$o'i- !$) i$%r!sru-ur!l rel!io$s.
104
4.0 CONCLUSION
T+e sors o% -o$siuio$!l issues +! $ee) o #e !))resse) o )e!l 9i+
+e +re! or resoluio$ o% e+$i- -o$%li- i$-lu)e '!$( o% +e issues
$oe) i$ +e -+!r o$ A%%roaches to *o"er$Sharing, !#ove. Ho9ever,
9i+i$ +ose sru-ures )e-isio$s !#ou l!9 !$) !)0u)i-!io$, e)u-!io$
!$) l!$"u!"e !s 9ell !s se-uri( issues !$) Li$er$!io$!l rel!io$sL 9ill
!ll +!ve o #e !"ree) u$)er +e +e!)i$" o% L-o$siuio$!l issuesL,
p!ri-ul!rl( 9i+i$ ! -o$%e)er!l or pol(-o''u$!l %e)er!l s(se'.
5.0 SUMMARY
I$ +is u$i, 9e +!ve e6!'i$e) +e -o$-ep o% e+$i-i( !$) +o9 i
e$"e$)ers -o$%li-s. &e +!ve !lso )is-usse) +e $!ure !$) -+!r!-er o%
e+$i- -o$%li-s !s 9ell !s is v!rious %or's !s i o--urs i$ A%ri-!.
iA &+! !re +e v!rious uses o% +e -o$-ep o% e+$i-i(M
iiA E+$i- -o$%li-s !re )eep.rooe) -o$%li-s. Dis-uss.
iiiA I)e$i%( +e s!'e %or's o% e+$i-.#!se) -o$%li-s i$ A%ri-! !$)
)is-uss +e'.
ivA C!$ 9e resolve e+$i- -o$%li-s #( "oo) "over$!$-eM
A)e?!$(e, P. /!(o @1;;4A. A$ I$eri' Repor o$ QDis!r'i$" E+$i-
Guerrill!s, Po9er.S+!ri$" !$) Tr!$siio$ o De'o-r!-( i$
A%ri-!H, @A To(o! Fu$)e) Pro0e-A I$er$!io$!l Pe!-e Rese!r-+
I$siue. Oslo.
A)e?!$(e, P. /!(o @1;;<A. JCo$%li-s, Loss o% S!e C!p!-iies !$)
Mi"r!io$ i$ Co$e'por!r( A%ri-!H i$ pp. 148.704, R.T.
Apple(!r) @e)A #migration 'ynamics in 'e.elo%ing Countries.
Al)ers+o E$"l!$): As+!"!e.
/!rr(, /., @1;;1ALPolii-!l !--o''o)!io$ !$) Co$so-i!io$!l
)e'o-r!-(L, i$ 'emocracy and *o"er: #ssays in *olitical
Theory, O6%or) *$iversi( Press, O6%or),
C+!l?, F. !$) Po$!sso+$, E., @1;;0A. The Aistory and Sociology of
Genocide: Analyses and Case Studies, B!le *$iversi( Press,
Ne9 H!ve$.
107
Es'!$, M.P. @1;<7A, LE+$i- Polii-s !$) E-o$o'i- Po9er,
Com%arati.e *olitics, 1; N2O,
Goor, L.L.P. v!$ @1;;2A. Conflict and 'e.elo%ment: The Causes of
Conflict in 'e.elo%ing Countries. T+e H!"ue: NIIR, Cli$"e$)!el.
Euli$s?i, A. Ne)O @1;<1A. *olarised 'e.elo%ment and Regional *olicies,
Mouo$, Ne9 Bor?,
M!r?ri)es, E. @1;77A. The Rise and Fall of the Cy%rus Re%ulic, B!le
*$iversi( Press, $e9 H!ve$,
M-G!rr(, P., @1;;0A. LA Co$so-i!io$!l Sele'e$ %or Nor+er$
Irel!$)MR *lural Societies, 70 N1O.
M-G!rr(, P. @1;<;A. LT+e Prospe-s %or ! Co$so-i!io$!l De'o-r!-( i$
Sou+ A%ri-!L, 2ournal of Common"ealth and Com%arati.e
Studies, 77 N1O.
Me!$s, G.P., @1;77A QSpe-i!l Ri"+s !s ! Sr!e"( %or Develop'e$: T+e
C!se o% M!l!(si!L, Com%arati.e *olitics, 8N1O.
/oo?s.
OHDo$$ell, G. @1;<<A. /ureaucratic Authoritarianism, *$iversi( o%
C!li%or$i! Press, /er?le(.
O#ler, P. !$) S. Cl!r?e Ne)sO @1;74A. (ran #thnic Conflict: A
Com%arati.e *ers%ecti.e, *$iversi( o% Nor+ C!roli$!, C+!pel
Hill.
OlC!?, S. !$) P. N!"el Ne)sO @1;<4A. Co'peiive E+$i- Rel!io$s,
A-!)e'i- Press, /oso$.
Os!"+!e, E. @1;;2A. E+$i-i( i$ A%ri-! or A%ri-!$ E+$i-i(: T+e Se!r-+
%or ! Co$e6u!l *$)ers!$)i$" i$ pp 1=7.181, *l% Hi''elsr!$)
E!#iru Ei$(!$0ui !$) E)9!r) M#uru"u @e)s.A African
*ers%ecti.es on 'e.elo%ment. Lo$)o$: P!'es Curre(.
Os!"+!e, E. @1;;<A. JT+e E+$i- !$) Cl!ss C+!r!-er o% Polii-!l
Co$%li-s i$ Li#eri!H, pp1=1.18< i$ O?9u)i#! N$oli @e)A #thnic
Conflict in Africa. D!?!r: CODESRIA /oo?s.
10<
P+!)$is, *., @1;;0A. #thnicity and Nation$State /uilding in South Asia,
S!"e, Ne9 Del+i.
Roose$s, E. Ne)O @1;<;A. Creating #thnicity: The *rocess of
#thnogenesis, S!"e, Lo$)o$.
Ru)olp+, P. !$) T+o'pso$, R. @1;<;A #thnoterritorial *olitics: *olicy
and the &estern &orld, Rie$$er, /oul)er.
S!%%r!$, &. @1;;1A. LE+$i-i( !$) Plur!lis': Co'p!r!ive !$)
T+eorei-!l Perspe-ivesL, Canadian Re.ie" of Studies in
Nationalism 1< N1.7O.
S'i+, M., @1;;1A. /urma: )nsurgency and the *olitics of #thnicity, Fe)
Press, Lo$)o$.
5!$ D(?e, 5er$o$, Auman Rights, #thnicity and 'iscrimination,
Gree$9oo) Press, &espor.
10;
UNIT 3 CULTURE, IDENTITY AND CONFLICT
MANAGEMENT
Table of Contents
1.0 I$ro)u-io$
7.0 O#0e-ives
=.0 M!i$ Co$e$
=.1 Role o% Culure i$ Co$%li- siu!io$
=.7 I)e$i( !$) Culure Tr!$s%or'!io$
=.= T+e r!$s%or'!io$ I$r!-!#ili(
=.2 Sele'e$ vs. Tr!$s%or'!io$
2.0 Co$-lusio$
8.0 Su''!r(
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Culure re%ers o +e so-i!l !$) #e+!viour!l -o$)iio$s o% ! "roup, is li%e
e6perie$-e, is '!$$er o% +i$?i$" !$) is 9orl) vie9. I is -!rrie) i$
l!$"u!"e !ll %or's o% s('#oli- e6pressio$s, reli"io$ !$) so-i!l
pr!-i-es.
2.0 OB1ECTIVES
A%er su)(i$" +is u$i (ou s+oul) #e !#le o:
i. E6pl!i$ +e 'e!$i$" o% -ulureD
ii. Hi"+li"+ +e i'pli-!io$s o% -ulure %or -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$D
iii. Des-ri#e +e -ulur!l !spe-s o% -o$%li-.
3.0 MAIN CONTENT
3.1 The Role of Culture in Conflict Situation
Co$%li-s '!$!"e'e$ i$ plur!l so-ieies -!$ #e 1uie -o'ple6,
pri$-ip!ll( #e-!use o% +e )eer'i$!e e%%e-s o% -ulure !$) l!$"u!"e
s('#olis'. He$-e, !s Avru-+ !$) /l!-? @1;;=A poi$ ou, i is -oul) #e
-ou$er pro)u-ive o rele"!e -ulure o +e #!-?"rou$) i$ -o$%li-
resoluio$. T+is is espe-i!ll( so i$ 'uli.e+$i-3'uli-ulur!l so-ieies.
N!ur!ll(, people per-eive -o$%li-s +rou"+ )iver"e$ -ulur!l le$ses.
People i$erpre so-i!l !-io$ !$) so-i!l re!li( +rou"+ +eir i$)i"e$ous
110
-o$-epio$s !$) ?$o9le)"e. *$)ers!$)i$" +e lo-!l i$)i"e$ous
+eories o% -o$%li-s is +ere%ore esse$i!l o resolvi$" -o$%li-s. As
Avru-+ !$) /l!-? @1;;0, 1;;=:1=7A +!ve e'p+!siCe), i is so'ei'es
$e-ess!r( o uiliCi$" 9+! +e( l!#elle) Qe+$o.-o$%li- +eoriesR
#e-!use s('#ols !re !sso-i!e) 9i+ v!lues pl!-e) o$ resour-es.
Culure !lso )eer'i$es +e +o9 i$%or'!io$ is pro-esse), +o9
'e!p+ors !$) l!$"u!"e !re use) i$ +e #!r"!i$i$" pro-ess. Eve$ +e
'os !pp!re$l( irresolv!#le -o$%li-s -!$ #e #ro?e$ )o9$ #( p!(i$"
!e$io$ o -ulur!l issues. T+is is +e -!se #e-!use -ulur!l issues
so'ei'es 'u))le up !$) -o'pou$) -o$%li-s !$) +ere %ore '!?e +e$
loo? i'possi#le o resolve.
3.2 Identity and Conflict Transformation
I)e$i( is ! ps(-+olo"i-!l se$se o% sel% !s 9ell !s sel% !s i rel!es o +e
9orl). Sel%.)e%i$iio$ !?es pl!-e o$ )i%%ere$ levels: i$erperso$!l,
-o''u$i(, or"!$iC!io$!l, -ulur!l or i$er$!io$!l. I% -o$%li- i$volves
! +re! o i)e$i(, i #e-o'es i$r!-!#le. Terrell A. Nor+rup !l?s
!#ou L+e role o% i)e$i( i$ +e )evelop'e$, '!i$e$!$-e, !$)
r!$s%or'!io$ o% i$r!-!#le -o$%li-sL @p. 88A. S+e uses +e 'o)el
#elo9 i$ !$!l(sis +e role o% i)e$i( i$ -o$%li-s. A--or)i$" o +er +e
)($!'i-s o% -o$%li-s -o$siss o% %ive -o'po$e$s: @1A -o$%li-s u$%ol)
over i'eD @7A -o$%li- is ! 'uli)i'e$sio$!l p+e$o'e$o$ @i$r!perso$!l
!spe-s o% +e -o$%li- i$er!- 9i+ so-i!l or rel!io$!l o$es, !$) #o+ o%
+e' !re i$%lue$-e) #( +i"+er level polii-!l, e-o$o'i- !$) so-i!l
-+!$"esAD @=A -o$%li-s evolve !rou$) 'uliple issuesD @2A -o$%li-s
-o$!i$ re!lisi- !$) $o$.re!lisi- issuesD @8A po9er )isri#uio$ !'o$"
+e p!ries pl!(s !$ i'por!$ role i$ -o$%li- )evelop'e$. I)e$i(,
!--or)i$" o Nor+rup, oper!es !s ! )($!'i-. I evolves i$ ! p!r(Ss
rel!io$s+ips 9i+ +e surrou$)i$" 9orl). I)e$i( )($!'i- is Q+e
e$)e$-( %or +u'!$ #ei$"s, i$)ivi)u!ll( !$) i$ "roups, o es!#lis+,
'!i$!i$, !$) proe- ! se$se o% sel%.'e!$i$", pre)i-!#ili(, !$)
purposeL @p. 4=A. T+e )($!'i- o% i)e$i( provo?es -+!$"es o9!r)
es-!l!io$ !$) ri"i)i%i-!io$ o% -o$%li-. T+is i$volves %our s!"es: +re!,
)isorio$, ri"i)i%i-!io$, !$) -ollusio$. T+e pro-ess is se1ue$i!l, 9i+ !
'ove'e$ o +e $e6 s!"e i$-re!si$" i$r!-!#ili( o% +e -o$%li- !$)
)e-re!si$" +e possi#ili( o% )e.es-!l!io$.
3.3 The Transformation of Intractability
/!se) o$ +e +eorei-!l %r!'e9or? )es-ri#e) !#ove, +e r!$s%or'!io$
o% i$r!-!#le -o$%li-s i$volvi$" i)e$i( issues is $o li?el( o +!ppe$
%ro' 9i+i$. He$-e +e $ee) o )isi$"uis+ #e9ee$ +e sele'e$ o% !
spe-i%i- -o$%li- !$) is r!$s%or'!io$, !$) sr!e"ies o% r!$s%or'!io$
o% ! )esru-ive i)e$i( )($!'i-.
111
3.4 Settlement vs. Transformation
I$ or)er o u$)ers!$) +e )i%%ere$-e #e9ee$ sele'e$ !$)
r!$s%or'!io$, +ere is ! $ee) o loo? ! )i%%ere$ levels 9+ere -+!$"e
i$ -o$%li- -!$ o--ur. T+ose levels !re )eer'i$e) #( +o9 sro$" +e
i'p!- o% +e -+!$"e is o$ +e -ore i)e$i(. T+e %irs level i$-lu)es
-+!$"es +! !re perip+er!l o +e -ore i)e$i(, su-+ !s +ose +!ppe$i$"
ousi)e +e ori"i$!l issue o% -o$%ro$!io$. Se-o$) level -+!$"es
i$%lue$-e +e )($!'i- o% +e p!riesS rel!io$s+ips. C+!$"es i$ +e -ore
i)e$i( #elo$" o +e +ir) level. T+e e%%e- o% +e -+!$"e 9ill v!r(
)epe$)i$" o$ 9+! level +e -+!$"e o--urs. Perip+er!l -+!$"es -!$
-re!e sele'e$s, #u +e( 9ill $o pro)u-e lo$".er' r!$s%or'!io$.
Prospe-s %or r!$s%or'!io$ !re #eer 9+e$ +e $!ure o% +e p!riesS
rel!io$s+ips is !lere) @se-o$) levelA. I)e$i( -+!$"es @+ir) levelA
e$-our!"e -+!$"es i$ rel!io$s+ips !$) #e+!viour. T+ese 'i"+ $o
i$volve s+or.er' perip+er!l sele'e$s, #u +e( r!$s%or' +e -o$%li-
isel%.
T+e se-o$) level r!$s%or'!io$ -!$ #e e$-our!"e) #( ! -o''o$
e6er$!l +re! o #o+ p!ries +! 9oul) '!?e +e' -ooper!e !$), !s !
resul, -+!$"e +eir per-epio$s !#ou e!-+ o+er. A$o+er possi#le 9!(
is %or ! +ir) p!r( o i$erve$e !$) %or-e +e p!ries i$ -o$%li- o
re)e%i$e +eir rel!io$s+ips. T+e +ir) 9!( 'i"+ e6is i% ! su#"roup
9i+i$ ! p!r( is !#le o es!#lis+ so'e -ooper!io$ 9i+ +e oppo$e$.
T+e %i$!l possi#le 9!( o !ler +e $!ure o% p!riesS rel!io$s+ips is %or
-o$)iio$s o -+!$"e u$e6pe-e)l(. For e6!'ple !$ e+$i- -o$%li-
9+ere ! +orri#le !--i)e$ +!ppe$s li?e ! #o'# ?illi$" s-+ool-+il)re$
-!$ pro)u-e ! -+!$"e i$ +e 9!( +e 9o "roups )e!l 9i+ +eir
)is!"ree'e$s.
4.0 CONCLUSION
I)e$i( pl!(s ! ver( si"$i%i-!$ role i$ es-!l!io$, '!i$e$!$-e !$)
r!$s%or'!io$ o% -o$%li-s. I -!$$o #e i"$ore) i$ !$( -o$%li- siu!io$,
espe-i!ll( 9+ere i #e-o'es -e$r!l. T+e )!$"er o% level 9o
r!$s%or'!io$s is +! i )epe$)s o$ +e lo$"evi( !$)
i$siuio$!liC!io$ o% +e -ooper!ive rel!io$s+ips. I% +e i'e o%
-ooper!io$ 9!s s+or !$) +e $e9 p!er$s o% rel!io$s+ips 9ere $o
sru-ur!liCe) !$) riu!liCe), ! re!l r!$s%or'!io$ 'i"+ $o +!ppe$ !$)
+e p!ries 'i"+ "e #!-? o$ +e -o$%li- r!-?. Tr!$s%or'!io$ is 'ore
li?el( 9+e$ +e p!riesS i)e$iies !re -+!$"e). For e6!'ple, +e( 'i"+
s!r seei$" si'il!riies #e9ee$ +e'selves !$) !--ep )i%%ere$-es.
T+ese !re +ir) level -+!$"es. T+e( re1uire lo$".l!si$" e%%ors, #u +e(
r!$s%or' i$r!-!#le -o$%li-s 'ore -o'pleel(.
117
5.0 SUMMARY
I$ +is u$i, 9e +!ve e6!'i$e) +e 'e!$i$", -o$-ep, !$) role o% -ulure
!$) i)e$i( i$ resolvi$" -o$%li-. T+e i'p!- o% -ulure !$) is
i'pli-!io$s o$ +e pro-ess 9!s !lso )is-usse)
iA &+! is -ulure !$) +o9 is i i'pli-!e) i$ -o$%li-M
iiA &+! !re +e i'pli-!io$s o% i)e$i( %or -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$M
iiiA &+! !re +e -ulur!l !spe-s o% -o$%li-M
Avru-?, E !$) P. /l!-? @1;;0A. JT+e Culure Tuesio$ !$) Co$%li-
Resoluio$H, *eace and Change 14: 77.28.
Avru-+, E. !$) P. /l!-? @1;;=A. JCo$%li- Resoluio$ i$ I$er-ulur!l
Sei$"s: Pro#le's !$) Prospe-sH, i$ D.P. D. S!$)%oles !$) H.
v!$ )er Mer9e @e)sA, @1;;=A Conflict Resolution Theory and
*ractice, I$e"r!io$ !$) Appli-!io$: M!$-+eser: M!$-+eser
*$iversi( Press.
/!+, A. /. @700=A. #thnic Conflicts and Management Strategies in
/ulgaria, Sierra 1eone and Nigeria. I#!)!$: Pro"r!''e o$
Fe)er!lis' !$) E+$i- Su)ies Mo$o"r!p+s, Ne9 Series, $o. =,
I#!)!$: Po+$ Ar-+ers.
Du Toi, /ri!$ M. @e)A @1;7<A. #thnicity in Modern Africa. /oul)er CO:
&es 5ie9 Press.
*$iversi( o% &i$s-o$si$ Press.
11=
UNIT 4 POLICY-MAKING AND CONFLICT
MANAGEMENT
Table of Contents
1.0 I$ro)u-io$
7.0 O#0e-ives
=.0 M!i$ Co$e$
=.1 De%i$iio$ o% Pu#li- Poli-(
=.7 C+!r!-erisi-s o% Pu#li- Poli-(
=.= Go!l o% Pu#li- Poli-(
=.2 T(pes o% Pu#li- Poli-(
=.8 T+e Poli-( Pro-ess
=.4 Co$%li- M!$!"e'e$ Poli-ies
=.7 Co$%li- M!$!"e'e$ Poli-( A$!l(sis
2.0 Co$-lusio$
8.0 Su''!r(
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Poli-( +!s #e-o'e !$ i'por!$ !spe- o% +u'!$ li%e e6perie$-e i$ !
so-i!l sei$". T+is is +e -!se #e-!use 'o)er$ '!$ lives i$ ver(
-o'ple6 !$) -+!lle$"i$" -o$e6s !$) rel!io$s+ips !$) !s su-+ +!s o
)e!l 9i+ pro#le's +! re1uire r!io$!l !$) s(se'!i- !-iviies. I is
+ese -o'ple6iies +! +!ve "ive$ #ir+ o poli-( !$) su#se1ue$l( is
!$!l(sis.
2.0 OB1ECTIVES
A%er su)(i$" +is u$i (ou s+oul) #e !#le o:
iA De%i$e +e 'e!$i$" o% pu#li- poli-(D
iiA E6pl!i$ +e uses o% pu#li- poli-(D
iiiA Des-ri#e +e rel!io$s+ip #e9ee$ pu#li- poli-( !$) -o$%li-sD
ivA E6pl!i$ +e poli-( '!?i$" pro-essD !$)
vA Hi"+li"+ +e )i%%ere$ (pes o% poli-ies.
112
3.0 MAIN CONTENT
3.1 Definition of Public Policy
Poli-( i$ is si'ples 'e!$i$" is ! pl!$ or "ui)e o !-io$, ! s!e'e$ o%
i)e!ls "over$i$" !-io$s o #e !?e$ i$ or)er o !-+ieve ! p!ri-ul!r s!e
o% +i$"s i$ so-ie(. Poli-( is !l9!(s i)e$i%ie) 9i+ +e pu#li- !re$!
eve$ +ou"+ poli-ies !re )esi"$e) !$) !)ope) #( i$)ivi)u!ls, priv!e
or"!$iC!io$s !s 9ell !s pu#li- i$siuio$s, su-+ !s "over$'e$s !$)
polii-!l p!ries. T+e i)e! o% Qpu#li-R o%e$ !!-+e) o poli-( )e%i$es i
!s ! proper( o% so-i!l or -olle-ive !-io$, 9+i-+ is i$ 'o)er$ p!rl!$-e
"over$'e$!l !-io$. Ir! S+!r?!$s?( )e%i$es poli-( !s Q!$
!u+ori!ivel( !$) pu#li-l( )eer'i$e) -ourse o% !-io$ +! !-+ieves
o!ll(, p!ri!ll( or $o ! !ll ! p!ri-ul!r "o!l or purpose.R
3.2 Characteristics of Public Policy
Polli e !l @1;7;: 6A i)e$i%ies +e %ollo9i$" !s +e esse$i!l
-+!r!-erisi-s o% pu#li- poli-(:
Poli-( i$volves )e-isio$.'!?i$" !$) !-ivi(.
I i$volves ! series o% )e-isio$s !?e$ over !$ e6e$)e) perio) o%
i'e i$-lu)i$" !$ e6er-ise o% po9er or r!io$!li(.
T+e pro-ess o--urs 9i+i$ ! %r!'e9or? o% pres-ri#e) or"!$iC!io$!l
roles @Pu#li- poli-( i$volves i$siuio$s o% s!e 9i+ spe-i!l le"!l
-+!r!-erisi-sA.
I i$volves e6-+!$"e o% i$%or'!io$ !$) resour-es, )is-ussio$, !$)
#!r"!i$i$" #e9ee$ +e pu#li-, pressure "roups !$) s!e !"e$-ies. I$
o+er 9or)s, i i$volves i$er!-io$ 9i+ ! v!rie( o% i$eres "roups.
I !i's ! i$-re!si$" +e pro#!#ili( o% o--urre$-e o% )esire) s!es o%
+e 9orl) i$ %uure.
T+e s!e i$siuio$s +! !re i$volve) i$ +e poli-( o%e$ le"ii'ise
+eir !-iviies #( -l!i'i$" +! +eir poli-ies !re i$ +e "e$er!l
@pu#li-A i$eres r!+er +!$ %!vouri$" se-io$s, "roups or i$)ivi)u!ls.
3.3 Goal of Public Policy
I is +e respo$si#ili( o% "over$'e$ o e$sure +! -iiCe$s live i$ !
pe!-e%ul or)erl( so-ie(, -o$)u-ive %or +e pursui o% +!ppi$ess. He$-e,
"over$'e$ '!?e poli-ies +! e$sure -o$%li- )oes $o '!?e su-+ !$
e$viro$'e$ i'possi#le. I$eresi$"l(, so'e pu#li- poli-es "e$er!e
-o$%li-s. A (pi-!l e6!'ple i$ Ni"eri! is +e 1;;4 lo-!l "over$'e$
reor"!$is!io$ e6er-ise +! le) o 9i)espre!) viole$ !-io$s o% so'e
-o''u$iies o +eir i$-lusio$ i$ Lo-!l Gover$'e$s +e( )i) $o 9!$
118
o #e p!r o% or +e sele-io$ o% u$!--ep!#le o9$s %or +eir Lo-!l
Gover$'e$sH +e!)1u!rers.
3.4 Types of Public Policy
T+ere !re sever!l poli-( opio$s %or '!$!"i$" -o$%li-s i$ is v!rious
%or's. T+ese r!$"e %ro' -o$siuio$!l %or'ul!s, -ulur!l poli-ies,
)isri#uive poli-ies, re)isri#uive poli-ies, re.or"!$is!io$!l poli-ies,
re"ul!or( poli-ies !$) s('#oli- poli-ies.
3.5 The Policy Process
Poli-( is o%e$ )e!l 9i+ !s i% i -o$siss o% sever!l )isi$- s!"es. For
!ll +e +eurisi- v!lues o% +ese s!"es, polii-!l s-ie$iss e$) o )i%%er
i$ +eir i$erpre!io$s !s 9ell !s -l!ssi%i-!io$ o% +ese s!"es. Po+$
He!le( !$) M!r? Ro#i$so$ @1;;2:27A i)e$i%( +ree s!"es, viC.:
@iA A"e$)! sei$", i.e. +o9 )o issues "e i$o +e poli-( !"e$)!M
@iiA For'ul!io$, i.e. +e -rieri! !$) i$%lue$-es 9+i-+ )eer'i$e +e
-o$e$ o% poli-( !$)
@iiiA I'ple'e$!io$, i.e. i$ro)u-i$" !$) sus!i$i$" ! $e9 poli-( or
oper!i$" +e poli-( 9+ere +is re1uires -o$i$ui$" !)'i$isr!io$.
I$ +e poli-( -ir-le lier!ure, o$e -!$ i)e$i%( !s '!$( !s seve$ s!"es,
'ore or less )isi$- !$) lo"i-!ll( se1ue$i!l: "e$er!io$, %or'ul!io$,
!)opio$, i'ple'e$!io$, i'p!- ev!lu!io$, !$) !)!p!io$ or
re%or'ul!io$ @Cr!i", 1;;0:<A.
3.6 Conflict Management Policies
&+ile +ere 9!s $o %or'!l %iel) o% L-o$%li- rese!r-+L u$il 9ell !%er +e
Se-o$) &orl) &!r, e!rlier vie9s o% conflict see' o re%le- +ree
%u$)!'e$!l !ssu'pio$s. I$ +e %irs pl!-e, ! )isi$-io$ 9!s '!)e
#e9ee$ 9+! o$e 'i"+ -!ll i$erperso$!l -o$%li- !$) i$er.s!e
-o$%li-. T+e %or'er 9!s re"!r)e) !s $o $e-ess!ril( r!io$!l, !$) -oul)
o so'e e6e$ #e u$)ersoo) i$ er's o% 9+! so-i!l ps(-+olo"iss +!ve
-!lle) Li$)ivi)u!l )i%%ere$-esL. T+e l!er 9!s re"!r)e) !s i$+ere$l(
r!io$!l. I$ o+er 9or)s, -o$%li- ! +e i$er.s!e level 9!s !ssu'e) o
#e #!se) upo$ ! L9i$.loseL -!l-ul!io$ o% i$eress !$) -os.#e$e%is.
A se-o$) !ssu'pio$ 9!s +! -o$%li- 9!s i$+ere$ i$ +u'!$ $!ure.
Al+ou"+ 1<
+
!$) 1;
+
-e$ur( p+ilosop+ers %ro' Lo-?e, Rousse!u,
He"el !$) M!r6 !s 9ell !s +e uili!ri!$ su-+ !s Mills !$) O9e$ +!)
!ssu'e) +e eve$u!l Lper%e-i#ili(L o% '!$?i$), +u'!$ #ei$"s !s +e(
114
e6ise) i$ +eir prese$ s!e 9ere %or !ll i$e$s !$) purposes esse$i!ll(
Ho##sei!$.
Fi$!ll( +ere 9!s !$ issue o% per-eive) le"ii'!-( +! sep!r!e) i$er.
s!e -o$%li- %ro' i$r!.s!e -o$%li-. S-+ol!rs !--epe) +! +ere 9ere
L0usL !$) Lu$0usL i$er.s!e -o$%li-s, or, 9!rs, #u le"ii'!-( +!) $o
u$il rel!ivel( re-e$l( #ee$ e6e$)e) o +e sor o% i$r!.s!e -o$%li-
+! se''e) %ro' e+$i-, reli"ious !$) e-o$o'i- oppressio$. O$e
'i"+ !r"ue +! si$-e +e Tre!( o% &esp+!li!, +! -o$-ep o%
soverei"$( K 9i+ !ll is presu'pio$s o% le"ii'!-( !$) i$viol!#ili( K
9!s re"!r)e) %or !l'os %our -e$uries !s ! ri"+ e1uiv!le$ !$), 'ore
o%e$ +!$ $o, surp!ssi$" +! o% so.-!lle) L+u'!$ ri"+sL.
T+e "ro9+ o% +e so-i!l s-ie$-es su-+ !s ps(-+olo"( !$) so-iolo"(, +e
-!l!'iies +! ri""ere) su#s!$i!l i$eres i$ +e #e+!viour o% s!es !
! #ro!) s(se'i- level o% !$!l(sis !$) ! slo9l( e'er"i$" se$se o% "lo#!l
i$er)epe$)e$-e #e"!$ o -+!lle$"e +e +ree !ssu'pio$s. No$.
r!io$!li( or i$)ee) irr!io$!li( 9!s re"!r)e) !s per+!ps !s relev!$ !$
e6pl!$!or( %!-or %or s!e #e+!viour !s i 9!s %or perso$!l #e+!viour.
Hu'!$ #e+!viour -oul) $o $e-ess!ril( #e e6pl!i$e) %ro' solel(
Lo-?ei!$ or Ho##sei!$ perspe-ives, #u -oul) #e !$!l(se) !$) -oul)
possi#l( eve$ #e ese) #!se) upo$ ! -o'ple6 se o% i$er.!-ive
v!ri!#les !$) -o$)iio$s. A$) +e $!ur!l le"ii'!-( o% s!es !$) eve$
+e -o$-ep o% soverei"$( #e"!$ o #e -!lle) i$o 1uesio$ !s +e s!e.
-e$ri- s(se' 'ove) %ro' ! s'!ll, rel!ivel( +o'o"e$ous L-lu#L o !
'ore )iverse, +eero"e$eous -olle-io$ o% !--i)e$s !$) i'posiio$s.
Si$-e +e e!rl( 1;40s, +e -o$ve$io$!l !ssu'pio$s !#ou po9er,
r!io$!li( !$) soverei"$( 9ere i$-re!si$"l( -+!lle$"e). Fu$)!'e$!l
o su-+ -+!lle$"es 9!s +e e'er"e$-e o% ! pro%ou$) )is-ourse o$ +e
ver( $!ure o% ?$o9le)"e isel%. T+is e$)e!vour o e6pl!i$ L+o9 9e
?$o9 9+! 9e ?$o9L 9!s le) #( s-+ol!rs su-+ !s Popper, R!veC,
L!?!os !$) Eu+$. H!$) i$ +!$) 9i+ +is epise'olo"i-!l )e#!e
e'er"e) ! "roup o% s-+ol!rs re!)( o "o 9ell #e(o$) +e r!)iio$!l
)is-ipli$es o% +isor(, +e -l!ssi-s !$) 'or!l p+ilosop+( o e6plore +e
roos !$) )($!'i-s o% -o$%li-. R!p!por, /ri-?'!$, Gu$$ !$) Lore$C,
%or e6!'ple, i$ro)u-e) ! r!$"e o% so-i!l s-ie$i%i- )is-ipli$es i$o +e
su)( o% -o$%li-, i$-lu)i$" ps(-+olo"(, so-iolo"( !$) !$+ropolo"(. I$
!))iio$, /oul)i$", Ni-+olso$ !$) Ru$-i'!$ 9ere !'o$" ! "ro9i$"
"roup o% -o$%li- !$!l(ss 9+o 9ere usi$" rel!ivel( sop+isi-!e) so-i!l
s-ie$-e 'e+o)olo"(, 'e+o)olo"( +! per+!ps 'i"+ ope$ +e 9!( o
es!#le +(po+eses !#ou -o$%li-.
Iro$i-!ll(, +e s!e.-e$ri- s-+ool o% r!io$!l po9er.polii-s 9!s
-+!lle$"e) #( !$ eve$ +! ose$si#l( re%le-e) !ll +e r!)iio$!l rules
o% po9er -!l-ul!io$s, $!'el(, +e 1;47 Cu#!$ 'issile -risis. T+e
117
-o'ple6iies o% 9orl) polii-s 9ere #e-o'i$" 'ore evi)e$ ! +e s!'e
i'e +e( see'e) o #e-o'e 'ore i$er.)epe$)e$. Re"i'e issues K #e
+e( -o$-er$e) 9i+ +e l!9 o% +e se!s, p!e$s !$) -op( ri"+s or +e
e$viro$'e$ K -oul) $o lo$"er #e re"ul!e) #( +e '!$ipul!io$ o%
-o$ve$io$!l po9er !lo$e. More !$) 'ore !-ors 9ere !%%e-i$" 9+!
i$-re!si$"l( #e-!'e re%erre) o !s +e 9orl), or "lo#!l s(se'.
Muli$!io$!l -orpor!io$s, 'ulil!er!l or"!$is!io$s, reli"ious !$)
e+$i- "roupi$"s, $o$."over$'e$!l or"!$is!io$s 9ere !ll )ire-l(
i'p!-i$" upo$ 9+! +ereo%ore +!) #ee$ see$ !s ! s(se' o% soverei"$,
+olisi- s!e !-ors.
T+e -+!lle$"e %or poli-(.'!?ers !s 9ell !s s-+ol!rs 9!s o e6pl!i$ +e
)($!'i-s o% +is e'er"i$" "lo#!l or)er !$) +e +re!s %!-i$" i. Alliso$,
H!lperi$, Pervis, Sei$#ru$er !$) &o+lseer 9ere !'o$" +e "ro9i$"
$u'#er o% !$!l(ss 9+o s!9 +! +e Cu#!$ Missile +re! K !$) -o$%li-
i$ "e$er!l K -oul) #e i$erpree) i$ er's o% +e 9!(s i$ 9+i-+
or"!$is!io$s %u$-io$e) i$er$!ll( +e i$er!-io$s #e9ee$
or"!$is!io$s +e i$erpl!( #e9ee$ )o'esi- !$) i$er.s!e polii-s !$),
i$)ee), i$ er's o% +e ver( pro-esses #( 9+i-+ +u'!$ #ei$"s '!?e
)e-isio$s. No o$l( 9!s +e r!io$!l !-or 'o)el +! u$)erpi$$e)
-l!ssi-!l -o$%li- !$!l(sis ripe %or ! '!0or re+i$?, #u per+!ps eve$
'ore 9orr(i$" %or '!$( 9!s +! +e ver( 'e-+!$is's )esi"$e) o
'!?e r!io$!l )e-isio$s Ne.". 'i$isries o% %orei"$ !%%!irs, )e%e$-e
)ep!r'e$sO -oul) #e +e'selves +e i$!)vere$, $o$.r!io$!l sour-e o%
-o$%li-.
To 9+! e6e$ 9ere, %or e6!'ple, +e %!-ors +! le) up o +e super
po9er s!$).o%% over Cu#! u$i1ueM Coul) +e( e6pl!i$ +e sors o%
poe$i!l -o$%ro$!io$s o$e 'i"+ %!-e i$ +e %uure, or eve$ +e
-o$%li-s +! o$e +!) su%%ere) i$ +e p!sM A$) i$ posi$" su-+
1uesio$s, o 9+! e6e$ -oul) o$e "e$er!lise !#ou +e $!ure o%
-o$%li- $o o$l( over i'e, #u !lso ! v!rious levels o% +e s(se' K
9i+i$ -o''u$iies, 9i+i$ +e s!e, #e9ee$ !$) !'o$" s!esM
Eve$u!ll(, !s +ese 1uesio$s 9ere pose), i$ri-!el( rel!e) issues
e'er"e). I% o$e u$)ersoo) +e $!ure o% -o$%li-, -oul) o$e !lso resolve
or preve$ iM I$ ! 9orl) i$ 9+i-+ +ere see'e) o #e !$ i$-re!si$"
#elie% +! o$e -oul) u$)ers!$) +e -o'ple6iies o% +u'!$.#ei$"s !$)
+ose %or-es +! le) o viole$-e, -oul) o$e i$ ur$ r!$spose su-+
u$)ers!$)i$"s o o+er (pes o% sru-ures !$) s(se'sM I$ so )oi$",
-oul) -o$%li- #e preve$e)M To 9+! e6e$ -oul) o$e "e$er!lise !#ou
+e $!ure o% -o$%li-, -o$%li- preve$io$ !$) resoluio$, !$) o 9+!
e6e$ -oul) su-+ "e$er!lis!io$s serve ! pr!-i-!l useM
11<
As ! '!0or Q-o$%li- rese!r-+erR $oe:
>-o$%li- rese!r-+ers -o$i$ue o e'plo( ! 9i)e v!rie(
o% !ppro!-+es #u +ol) o ! -o''o$ #elie% +! ! "e$er!l
u$)ers!$)i$" @i% $o ! "e$er!l +eor(A o% !ll so-i!l
-o$%li-s is possi#le. I -!$ #e !!i$e) #( see?i$" -o''o$
p!er$s !$) pro-esses i$ -o$%li-s i$ !ll so-i!l !re$!s,
%ro' +e lo-!l -o''u$i( o +e i$er$!io$!l s(se', !$)
r!$s%erri$" %i$)i$"s #e9ee$ )i%%ere$ !re!s @or levelsA o
i$-re!se u$)ers!$)i$" o% +is -o'ple6 !$) u$ivers!l
p+e$o'e$o$.
3.7 Conflict Management Policy Analysis: ~A Case Study of
the dispute between Israel and Egypt
I is o%e$ )i%%i-ul o r!$s%er ?$o9le)"e !$) i$si"+s "!i$e) %ro'
-o$%li- resoluio$ r!i$i$" !$) i$erve$io$ 'e+o)olo"ies o pu#li-
poli-( #e-!use +ose 9+o possess su-+ ?$o9le)"e !$) i$si"+s !re $o
!l9!(s +ose i$ po9er. Al+ou"+ 'ulil!er!l, i$er!-ive $e"oi!io$
pl!$$i$" !$) -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$ poli-(.'!?i$" !re r!re ! +i"+ levels,
i is sill use%ul %or poli-('!?ers o$ !ll si)es o% ! -o$%li- o use +ese
!ppro!-+es u$il!er!ll(. T+e 'os -o$sru-ive soluio$s o i$e$se
-o$%li- siu!io$s !re +ose resuli$" %ro' i$ri$si-!ll( 'oiv!e) e%%ors
#( #o+ si)es o see? 'uu!ll( s!is%!-or( soluio$s. I$ +is su#u$i 9e
revie9 +e -o$%li- #e9ee$ Isr!el !$) E"(p over +e T!#! !re! usi$"
poli-( !$!l(sis e-+$i1ues.
History of the Taba Dispute . T+is )ispue #e9ee$ Isr!el !$) E"(p
9!s over +e lo-!io$s o% #or)er '!r?ers o$ ;00 s1u!re 'eers o% s!$)
#e9ee$ +e 9o -ou$ries. T+is )ispue -!'e i$ +e 9!?e o% +e 1;7;
pe!-e re!( #e9ee$ E"(p !$) Isr!el i$ 9+i-+ Isr!el !"ree) o
9i+)r!9 %ro' Si$!i !$) ! #il!er!l -o''issio$ 9!s es!#lis+e) o
)e'!r-!e +e $e9 Isr!eli.E"(pi!$ #or)er. T+e T!#! !re!, 9+i-+ is o$
+e Re) Se! !lo$" +e Gul% o% A1!#!, 9!s o$e o% sever!l !re!s i$ 9+i-+
#or)er '!r?er lo-!io$s 9ere )ispue). Ne"oi!io$s #e9ee$ E"(p !$)
Isr!el !#ou +e e6!- lo-!io$ o% +ese '!r?ers %!ile). T+e ori"i$!l
)ispue 9!s +e$ #o""e) )o9$ i$ ! %ur+er )ispue !s o 9+e+er
!r#ir!io$ or -o$-ili!io$ pro-e)ures s+oul) #e %ollo9e), !s provi)e) i$
+e C!'p D!vi) pe!-e re!( o% 1;7;. T!l?s 9ere suspe$)e) i$ 1;<7,
!$) i 9!s$S u$il 1;<4 +! +e 9o -ou$ries %i$!ll( !"ree) upo$
!r#ir!io$. I$ 1;<<, +e !r#ir!io$ -o''issio$ %i$!ll( )e-i)e) i$ %!vor
o% E"(p, !%er '!$( )el!(s !$) 'uu!l +re!s #e9ee$ +e 9o
-ou$ries. Isr!el +e$ 9i+)re9 %ro' T!#!.
Adversarial Approach . E"(p !$) Isr!elSs !)vers!ri!l !ppro!-+ o +is
)ispue !%%e-e) !ll p+!ses o% +e $e"oi!io$ over T!#! !$) le% #o+
11;
-ou$ries %eeli$" )iss!is%ie) 9i+ +e sele'e$ pro-ess !s 9ell !s +e
sele'e$ isel%.
Adversarial Problem Definition . E"(p !$) Isr!el %r!'e) +is )ispue
i$ er's o% -o$r!)i-or( %!-s re"!r)i$" +e lo-!io$ o% #or)er '!r?ers.
T+e -o$%li- 9!s %r!'e) !s Cero.su' !$) +us +e !r#ir!e) sele'e$
9!s ! 9i$ lose ou-o'e i$ 9+i-+ E"(p 9o$ !$) Isr!el los.
Adversarial Analysis of Causes . T+e -o$%li- over T!#! 9!s %r!'e)
!s ! -o'peiio$ #e9ee$ !)vers!ries over ! s-!r-e resour-e. E!-+ si)e
!ri#ue) +e )ispue o +e o+erSs $e"!ive )isposiio$!l r!is, 9+ile
-l!i'i$" +! is o9$ #e+!vior 9!s 'oiv!e) #( siu!io$ -o$sr!i$s.
E"(p -oul)$S "ive up T!#! 9i+ou losi$" %!-e #o+ i$ +e Ar!# 9orl)
!$) 9i+i$ E"(p isel%. E"(p s!9 +e T!#! )ispue !s u$9!rr!$e)
Fio$is e6p!$sio$is'. Isr!elSs i$v!sio$ o% Le#!$o$ -o$%ir'e) +e
E"(pi!$Ss )isrus o% Isr!el. T+e T!#! )ispue 9!s see$ #( Isr!el !s
evi)e$-e +! E"(p 9!s "ree)( !$) $o re!ll( i$erese) i$ pe!-e, si$-e
Isr!el +!) !lre!)( "ive$ 'os o% Si$!i #!-? o E"(p. Isr!elSs vie9 o%
E"(p 9!s -o$%ir'e) #( E"(pSs si)i$" 9i+ o+er Ar!# s!es 9+i-+
9ere i$ -o$%li- 9i+ Isr!el.
Adversarial Generation of Alternatives @LDisri#uive /!r"!i$i$"LA.
T+e eve$u!l !r#ir!e) sele'e$ 9!s ! %u$-io$ o% !)vers!ri!l %r!'i$"
o% +e )ispue #( Isr!el !$) E"(p. T+is ?i$) o% 9i$.lose sele'e$ is
(pi-!l o% resuls o#!i$e) #( r!)iio$!l )iplo'!-( i$ su-+ )ispues. T+e
i$ii!l $e"oi!io$s 9ere -+!r!-eriCe) #( po9er.#!se), "ive.!$).!?e
#!r"!i$i$" e$)i$" i$ $o -o'pro'ise !$) le!)i$" o +e $e-essi( o%
!r#ir!io$. T+e !r#ir!io$ -o''issio$ +!) lile -+oi-e #u o 9or?
9i+i$ +is !)vers!ri!l %r!'e9or? usi$" pre-e)e$s i$ i$er$!io$!l l!9
o )e-i)e #ou$)!ries !$) +e$ +!$) over ! 9i$.lose ver)i-. A)vers!ri!l
I'ple'e$!io$ W I'pli-!io$s . Al+ou"+ +e T!#! )ispue 9!s sele)
$o$viole$l(, #o+ Isr!el !$) E"(p 9ere u$+!pp( 9i+ +e ver)i-.
Isr!el +re!e$e) o see? o +!ve +e !r#ir!io$ !"ree'e$ -!$-elle), #u
eve$u!ll( +o$oure) +e )e-isio$ u$)er pressure %ro' +e *.S. o )o so.
E"(p 9!s )iss!is%ie) #e-!use i %el +! !$ u$)esir!#le pre-e)e$ +!)
#ee$ se %or +!$)li$" %uure )ispues. T+e resul 9!s ! resi)ue o%
#ier$ess o$ #o+ si)es, -!usi$" -ol) Isr!eli.E"(pi!$ rel!io$s i$ 9+i-+
o$e )ispue 9!s sele) 9+ile +e u$)erl(i$" -o$%li- 9!s le%
u$resolve). *$%oru$!el(, +is !r#ir!e) sele'e$ pro-ess )i) $o le!)
o i$-re!se) 'oiv!io$ or s?ill o$ ei+er si)e %or pus+i$" !+e!) 9i+
-ooper!ive -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$ i$ii!ives.
Reflexive Approach . T+e !)vers!ri!l !ppro!-+ !?e$ #( #o+ p!ries o
+is )ispue )i) $o (iel) ! rul( s!is%!-or( soluio$ %or ei+er -ou$r(
#e-!use i )i) $o !))ress ei+er -ou$r(Ss u$)erl(i$" $ee)s, %e!rs,
+opes, or -o$sr!i$s. A 'ore s!is%!-or( ou-o'e 'i"+ +!ve #ee$
170
!-+ieve) i% +e 9o -ou$ries +!) #ee$ !#le o #ro!)e$ +eir r!$"e o%
opio$s #( !?i$" 9+! +e -!lls ! Lre%le6iveL !ppro!-+ o %r!'i$" +e
pro#le'.
Reflexive Problem Definition K A Re%le6ive !ppro!-+ o +e T!#!
)ispue 9oul) +!ve reve!le) +! +e )ispue 9!s, i$ %!-, #ei$" use) #(
#o+ si)es o preve$ ! su''i #e9ee$ Mu#!r!? !$) Peres, +e
respe-ive le!)ers o% E"(p !$) Isr!el. T+ere 9ere 9o re!so$s %or +is
!voi)!$-e o% ! su''i. Firs, +e E"(pi!$s %el +! $or'!liC!io$ o%
rel!io$s 9i+ Isr!el 9oul) +!ve )!'!"e) E"(pSs !--ep!$-e i$ +e
Ar!# 9orl), +us +re!e$i$" +eir $!io$!l i)e$i(. Se-o$), +e Isr!elis
%el +! $or'!liC!io$ o% rel!io$s 9i+ E"(p 9oul) +!ve '!)e +e'
loo? 9e!?. A--or)i$" o +e !u+or, ! re%le6ive !ppro!-+ o +e )ispue
9oul) +!ve le!) o !$ e6plor!io$ o% +e %u$)!'e$!l v!lues !$)
i'por!$ e6perie$-es o% #o+ si)es. I 9oul) +!ve +elpe) #o+ si)es o
loo? ! !$-ie$ !$) 'o)er$ +isori-!l pre-e)e$s %or 'isrus. I 9oul)
!lso +!ve le) +e 9o p!ries !9!( %ro' seei$" +e )ispue !s ! le"!l
#!le over #ou$)!ries !$) o9!r) !$ u$)ers!$)i$" #( #o+ si)es o%
u$)erl(i$" ps(-+olo"i-!l issues !$) 'oives.
Reflexive Analysis of Causes K &+e$ -o$%li-s !re )e%i$e) i$ er's o%
'uu!l +re!s !$) %rusr!io$s #!se) upo$ e!-+ si)eSs u$i1ue +isor( !$)
e6perie$-es, i #e-o'es possi#le o i)e$i%( ?e( issues o$ #o+ si)es.
For e6!'ple, i$ +e T!#! )ispue o$e o% Isr!elHs ?e( $ee)s 9!s o i$sure
$!io$!l surviv!l, 9+ere!s o$e o% E"(pSs ?e( $ee)s 9!s o resore +eir
$!io$!l pri)e !$) se$se o% i'por!$-e i$ +e re"io$. A r!$siio$!l,
re%le6ive )i!lo" 9oul) +!ve '!)e i possi#le %or #o+ -ou$ries o
"r!)u!ll( 'ove !9!( %ro' 'uu!l !ri#uio$s o% #l!'e !$) evil i$e$
!$) o9!r) 'uu!l u$)ers!$)i$" #!se) upo$ siu!io$!l !ri#uio$s %or
+eir o9$ !$) +e o+erSs !""ressive !-io$s.
Reflexive Generation of Alternatives - I$ or)er %or )ispui$" p!ries o
#e"i$ o )ou# +e use%ul$ess o% !)vers!ri!l !ppro!-+es, +e( $ee) o #e
!#le o -o$si)er +e o+erSs +isor(, %e!rs, $ee)s, !$) v!lues i$ pro#le'.
solvi$" sr!e"( )is-ussio$s. A +is s!"e 'ore e'p+!sis s+oul) #e
pl!-e) o$ !ri-ul!i$" "o!ls +!$ o$ "e$er!i$" -o$-ree soluio$s.
Reflexive Implementation . A +e re%le6ive i'ple'e$!io$ s!"e +e
%o-us s+oul) #e o$ i)e$i%(i$" !s '!$( #!rriers !s possi#le o su--ess%ul
i'ple'e$!io$ o% pro#le'.solvi$" sr!e"ies.
Integrative Approach . T+e i$e"r!ive !ppro!-+ -oul) +!ve !llo9e)
Isr!el !$) E"(p o sele +e T!#! )ispue i$ 9!(s +! 9ere 'ore
-o$sru-ive !$) 'uu!ll( s!is%!-or(.
171
Integrative Problem Definition . Isr!el !$) E"(p 9ere e$"!"e) i$ %ive
9!rs 9i+ e!-+ o+er #e9ee$ 1;82 !$) 1;7;. &+e$, i$ 1;7;, +e(
%i$!ll( sou"+ o -+!$"e +eir rel!io$s+ip o o$e o% pe!-e !$)
-ooper!io$, +e rel!io$s+ip 9!s !lre!)( '!r?e) #( ! lo$" +isor( o%
$e"!ive !ri#uio$s %or +e o+erSs !""ressive #e+!viour. T+eir
!)vers!ri!l !ppro!-+ o +e T!#! )ispue 9!s +ere%ore 1uie
u$)ers!$)!#le !$) pre)i-!#le. Ho9ever, i% E"(p !$) Isr!el +!) !?e$
!$ i$e"r!ive !ppro!-+ o )e%i$i$" +e pro#le', +e( 'i"+ +!ve %r!'e)
+e T!#! )ispue !s ! )(s%u$-io$!l rel!io$s+ip #e9ee$ +e 9o
-ou$ries 9+i-+ +i$)ere) ! #il!er!l, -re!ive pro#le'.solvi$" pro-ess.
T+e( 'i"+ +!ve re-o"$iCe) +! +e re!l pro#le' l!( $o 9i+ L+e'L
#u 9i+ Lus.L
Integrative Analysis of Causes . A$ i$e"r!ive !$!l(sis o% -!uses
-oul) +!ve reve!le) +e u$+e!l+( $!ure o% +e rel!io$s+ip #e9ee$ +e
9o -ou$ries. /o+ Isr!el !$) E"(p %el +eir $ee)s %or se-uri( !$)
re-o"$iio$ 9ere #ei$" +re!e$e) #( +e o+erSs i$sise$-e upo$ +e
i'por!$-e o% ?eepi$" +e T!#! !re!, !$) #o+ -ou$ries 9ere pro0e-i$"
+eir o9$ e6!""er!e) %e!rs o$o +e o+er. I% +e T!#! )ispue +!) #ee$
%r!'e) i$ er's o% ! )(s%u$-io$!l rel!io$s+ip #e9ee$ Isr!el !$)
E"(p, i 9oul) +!ve #ee$ possi#le %or +e' o !ssess 'ore !--ur!el(
+e rue -!uses o% +e )ispue. O$l( 9+e$ +e rue -!uses o% ! )ispue !re
re-o"$iCe) #( #o+ si)es is i possi#le %or +e' o 9or? o"e+er o
"e$er!e -re!ive soluio$s +! 9ill !)e1u!el( !))ress +ese u$)erl(i$"
-!uses.
Integrative Generation of Alternatives @L I$e"r!ive /!r"!i$i$"L A .
&+e$ )ispues li?e +e T!#! )ispue !re %r!'e) i$ !)vers!ri!l er's, i
is (pi-!l %or +e p!ries o persise$l( pursue u$il!er!l soluio$s. O$l(
9+e$ #o+ si)es !e'p o u$)ers!$) +e o+erSs $ee)s i$ rel!io$s o
+eir o9$ is i possi#le o "e$er!e !ler$!ive propos!ls +! 9ill s!is%(
+e $ee)s o% #o+. I)e!ll(, su-+ propos!ls -!$ !?e +e %or' o%
-ooper!ive, pre-e)e$.sei$" 0oi$ ve$ures 9+i-+ !llo9 #o+ si)es o
9i$ !$) 9+i-+ o%%er o$"oi$" opporu$iies %or #uil)i$" ! 'ore
rus9or+( !$) pro)u-ive rel!io$s+ip over i'e.
4.0 CONCLUSION
Possi#le roues o +is (pe o% 'uu!ll( #e$e%i-i!l p!r!)i"' s+i% '!(
i$-lu)e: .
@1A Pro#le'.solvi$" 9or?s+ops,
@7A Co$rolle) -o''u$i-!io$,
@=A Tr!-? T9o )iplo'!-(, !$)
@2A Pre.$e"oi!io$.
177
T+e use o% +ir) p!ries o %!-ili!e 0oi$ !$!l(ses o% -o$%li- e$)s o
(iel) -o''o$ )e%i$iio$s o% pro#le's !$) )eeper u$)ers!$)i$"s o% +e
o+er p!r(Ss $ee)s !$) 'oives. T+is, i$ ur$, !llo9s )ispui$" p!ries o
eve$u!ll( sep ou o% -o'#!ive roles !$) i$o 'ore -ooper!ive roles.
He -o$-lu)es +! !l+ou"+ +e sele'e$ o% +e T!#! )ispue 9!s
posiive i$ +! i 9!s !-+ieve) 9i+ou 9!r, i 9!s $e"!ive i$ er's o%
los opporu$iies %or "re!er 'uu!l u$)ers!$)i$", re-o"$iio$,
!--ep!$-e, -ooper!io$, !$) rus #e9ee$ Isr!el !$) E"(p.
5.0 SUMMARY
I$ +is u$i, 9e +!ve e6!'i$e) +e role o% poli-(.'!?i$" i$ -o$%li-
'!$!"e'e$. T+e )e%i$iio$ o% pu#li- poli-(, (pes, uses !$) pro-esses
9ere )is-usse).
1A &+! is poli-(.'!?i$"M
7A &+! !re +e esse$i!l -+!r!-erisi-s o% pu#li- poli-iesM
=A &i+ re"!r) o -o$%li- M!$!"e'e$, +o9 '!$( (pes o% poli-ies
)o (ou ?$o9M
2A Ouli$e !$) e6pl!i$ ! le!s +ree (pes o% poli-ies.
8A C!$ pu#li- poli-ies "e$er!e -o$%li-sM
A$)erso$, P!'es A. @1;<2A. *ulic *olicy Making: An )ntroduction, =r)
e). @/oso$: Hou"+o$ Mi%%li$ Co'p!$(.
D(e, T+o'!s R @1;77A. (nderstanding *ulic *olicy. E$"le9oo)
Cli%%s, NP: Pre$i-e.H!ll.
Pe$?i$s, &illi!' I. @1;7<A. *olicy Analysis: A *olitical and
+rgani?ational *ers%ecti.e. Lo$)o$: M!ri$ Ro#erso$.
17=
Eeller, E)'o$) @1;<=A. The State, *ulic *olicy and Mediation of
#thnic Conflict in AfricaB in Rotchild and !.A. +lorunsola ,eds.-
State .ersus #thnic Claims: Africa *olicy 'ilemmas. /oul)er,
CO: &es 5ie9 Press. 781.7<0.
Ro+'!$, P!(. @1;;7A. LCo$%li- M!$!"e'e$ Poli-( A$!l(sis,L i$ From
Confrontation to Coo%eration, #( P. Ro+'!$, Ne9#ur( P!r?,
CA: S!"e, pp.124.14=.
S-+elli$", T. @1;40A. The Strategy of Conflict. H!rv!r) *$iversi(
Press, C!'#ri)"e.
Su#eru, @1;;;A. *ulic *olicies and National (nity in Nigeria. I#!)!$
Develop'e$ Poli-( Ce$re.
172
MODULE 5
SOURCES AND CAUSES OF CONFLICTS IN AFRICA
*$i 1 Sour-es !$) C!uses o% Co$%li- i$ A%ri-!
*$i 7 T!6o$o'( o% C!uses o% Co$%li- i$ A%ri-!
*$i = T!6o$o'( o% Co$%li-s &orl)9i)e
UNIT 1 SOURCES OF CONFLICTS IN AFRICA
Table of Contents
1.0 I$ro)u-io$
7.0 O#0e-ives
=.0 M!i$ Co$e$
=.1 Sour-es o% Co$%li-
=.7 C!uses o% Co$%li-
=.7.1 C!uses o% Co$%li- i$ A%ri-!: Col) &!r
=.7.7 Sru-ur!l 5iole$-e
=.7.= E$viro$'e$!l !$) De'o"r!p+i- I$se-uri(
=.7.2 De'o-r!iC!io$
=.7.8 Loss o% S!e C!p!-iies
2.0 Co$-lusio$
8.0 Su''!r(
7.0 Re%ere$-es
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Pus !s ! si'ple l!9 i$ p+(si-s s!es +! Q!-io$s !$) re!-io$s !re
e1u!l !$) opposieR. T+e 'os veri!#le sour-e o% -o$%li-, u$ivers!ll(,
is +u'!$ i$er!-io$s !$) rel!io$s+ips. &+ere +ere !re series o%
!-io$s +ere is #ou$) o #e o--urre$-es.
2.0 OB1ECTIVES
iA Hi"+li"+ v!rious ele'e$s o% so-ie( +! -oul) le!) o -o$%li-D
iiA E6pl!i$ +o9 -o$%li-s !re '!$!"e)D
iiiA Distinguish between factors causing conflicts;
ivA E6pl!i$ +e -!uses o% -o$%li-D !$)
178
vA E6pl!i$ +o9 +ese -!uses, -+!$"e !-ross sp!-e !$) i'e.
3.0 MAIN CONTENT
3.1 Sources of Conflicts
Fro' ! s-+ol!rl( perspe-ive, Se)'!$ -ie) i$ O$(i?e @700=:81A
9rii$" o$ sour-es o% -o$%li- i$ A%ri-! !ssers +!:
QCo$%li-s i$ A%ri-! !rise %ro' #!si- pro#le' o !ll
popul!io$: +e u"s !$) pulls o% )i%%ere$ i)e$iies,
+e )isri#uio$ o% resour-es !$) !--ess o po9er,
!$) -o'pei$" )e%i$iio$s o% 9+! is ri"+, %!ir !$)
0usR.
O$e -!$ ri"+l( s!( +e$ +! so-ieies +!ve !l9!(s #ee$ i$ poe$i!l or
!-u!l -o$%li- #e-!use 9+ile so'e se"'e$s o% +e popul!io$ (e!r$ %or
-+!$"e o %ul%il +eir $ee)s !$) !ll!( +eir %e!rs, o+ers %e!r -+!$"e %ro'
+eir polii-!l posiio$ !s i '!( pose )!$"er !$) +re!s o +eir polii-!l
!$) o+er i$eress.
A"!i$, o$e -!$$o #u !lso '!?e $e-ess!r( re-ourse o -olo$i!lis' !s
sour-e o% 'os -!uses o% A%ri-!$ -o$%li-s. Al+ou"+ -olo$i!lis' is $o
lo$"er +ere, is e'#ers !re sill ver( 'u-+ s!ri$" us i$ +e %!-e. I )oes
$o re1uire +e Qsi6+ se$seR o $oe +! 'os o% +e -ou$ries +!
e'er"e) ! i$)epe$)e$-e -oul) #es #e )es-ri#e) !s pe( s!es,
e6re'el( vul$er!#le o e6er$!l pressures !$) i$er$!l )isrupio$s.
Ho9ever, i 9ill #e pre( u$%!ir #l!'i$" +e 9+ole pro#le' o$
-olo$i!lis' !$) +e -olo$i!l '!sers, !%er !ll, )e-!)es +!ve p!sse)
9i+ou !$( si"$i%i-!$ pro"ress '!)e. A%ri-!$ le!)ers oo !re o #e
#l!'e). I''e)i!el( !%er i$)epe$)e$-e, i$)i"e$ous A%ri-!$ le!)ers
+! e'er"e) s!9 +e r!)e u$io$s, su)e$ #o)ies !$) o+er pro"ressive
%or-es 9+ose s!-ri%i-es #rou"+ i$)epe$)e$-e !s +re!s o $!io$!l
u$i(. T+is ope$e) ! $e9 -+!per i$ +e +isor( o% viole$ -o$%li-s i$
A%ri-! or i$)ee) ! p!r!)i"' s+i% %ro' !$i.-olo$i!l or )e-olo$is!io$
sru""les o !-iviss. $!io$!l "over$'e$ %!-e.o%%s. T+e l!er is sill !
vi#r!$ sour-e o% viole$ -o$%li-s !-ross A%ri-! o)!(. T+e #!$e o% +is
-o$%li-, over i'e, re'!i$s i$0usi-e o$ +e si)e o% +e "over$'e$.
O$e o+er %u$)!'e$!l !$) pere$$i!l sour-e o% -o$%li-s i$ A%ri-! is +e
!)opio$ or re-o"$iio$ o% +e s!$-i( or i$viol!#ili( o% +e s!e
#ou$)!ries le% #( +e -olo$i!l '!sers #( Or"!$is!io$ o% A%ri-!$ *$i(
@OA*A i$ 1;42. So-io.polii-!l !$) e+$o.$!io$!l '!rri!"es o%
174
i$-o$ve$ie$-es pu i$ pl!-e #( +e -olo$i!l '!sers -o$i$ue o 9i-+.
+!u$ A%ri-!$ polii-!l s!#ili( ill )!e.
3.2 Causes of Conflicts
I$ +e vie9 o% A)e?!$(e @700=:1=.17A, roo -!uses o% -o$%li-s i$ A%ri-!
-!$ #e -!e"oriCe) i$o 9+! +e -!lls Q#!-?"rou$)3sru-ur!l -u'
pre)isposiio$ -o$)iio$s,R Qpre-ipi!$R, Q!--eler!ors or ri""ersR. T+e
Qsru-ur!l -u' pre)isposiio$!l -o$)iio$sH +e s!es Qe$-o'p!sses
@!'o$" o+ersA su-+ +i$"s !s +e -olo$i!ll( i'pose), !ri%i-i!l
#ou$)!ries, +e -o$%i"ur!io$ o% "ive$ so-ie( i$-lu)i$" +e )i%%ere$-es
#e9ee$ "roups !s re"!r)s l!$"u!"e, -ulure, reli"io$, -l!ss !$) so-i!l
or"!$iC!io$>R
I$ +e s!'e vei$, N9olise @700=:21A 1uoi$" Di!llo @1;<4:18.14A s!es
+!: I 9!s o$l( !%er +e i$ro)u-io$ o% sl!ver( !$) +e i$ro!)s o%
-olo$i!lis' i$o A%ri-!>+! r!)iio$!l so-ieies #e"!$ o )isi$e"r!e,
-!usi$" +e -o)e o% +o$our o %!ll i$o )isuse i$ 9!r.
N9olise @700=:21 K 277A !ssers %ur+er +! %our i$erve$i$" )esru-ive
p!+o"e$s +! -+!$"e) +e -+!r!-ers, -+e'isr( !$) $!ure o% A%ri-!Hs
-o$%li-. preve$io$, '!$!"e'e$ !$) resoluio$ !re: sl!ver(,
-olo$i!lis', %orei"$ reli"io$ !$) e'er"e$-e o% ! $e9 -o$-ep o% s!e.
He su''!ril( "ives ! -!!lo"ue o% o+er %!-ors o i$-lu)e: u$-le!r
$!io$!l #ou$)!ries, %orei"$ i$si"!io$ %ro' %or'er -olo$i!l '!sers,
peroleu' )is-overies $e!r #or)ers, i)eolo"i-!l )ispu!io$ @C!pi!lis'
vs. Co''u$is'A, JCol) &!rH v!"!ries, reli"ious %!$!i-is', !$)
opposiio$s o )i-!ors+ip, r!-is', 'ili!r( rule, i$er.e+$i- po9er
sru""les !$) o+ers. T+e %ore"oi$" vie9 is !lso !llu)e) o #( Os!"+!e
@1;;<A !$) Pi$!)u @700=A.
3.2.1 Causes of Conflict in Africa: Cold War
O$e '!0or -!use o% viole$ -o$%li-s i$ A%ri-! 9!s +e JCol) &!rR 9+ile
i l!se). T+e &es KE!s u$+e!l+( +e"e'o$i- riv!lr(, p!er$e) i$
'u-+ se'#l!$-e o +e -olo$i!l s-r!'#le %or !$) p!riio$ o% A%ri-!,
9+i-+ -ul'i$!e) i$ +e /erli$ Co$%ere$-e o% 1<<2, %ur+er )eepe$e)
es-!l!io$ o% viole$ -o$%li-s i$ A%ri-!. T+e &es K*.S.A. !$) +e
Europe!$ !llies !$) +e E!s.+e *.S.S.R. +!) +eir )i%%ere$ sp+eres o%
-o$rol i$ A%ri-!. Ro""e @1;<7:8A e6pl!i$s +! -o$)iio$s i$ +e Hor$ o%
A%ri-! -o$i$ue) o )eerior!e espe-i!ll( i$ +e 1;<0s ! +e i$s!$-e o%
-o$%li-i$" e6er$!l i$%lue$-es: +e *SA, *SSR, S!u)i Ar!#i! !$)
Li#(!. T+ese e6er$!l !-ors !))e) o +e i$er$!l polii-!l -o'ple6iies
o% +e re"io$ +e !ssers.
177
Le% Kle!$i$" p!$.A%ri-!$iss !$) $!io$!lis le!)ers, li?e N?ru'!+ i$
G+!$!, Se?ou Toure i$ Gui$e! !$) Lu'u'#! i$ Co$"o, sou"+ o
-ou$er#!l!$-e +e )esi"$s o% +e &es #( ur$i$" o9!r)s +ee Sovie
*$io$. A s(se' o% -lie$ s!e +e$ e'er"e), i$ 9+i-+ A%ri-!$
"over$'e$s 9ere '!i$!i$e) i$ po9er i$ reur$ %or +eir !lle"i!$-e o
o$e o% +e superpo9ers. I$ -ou$ries su-+ !s So'!li!, F!ire !$) Sierr!
Leo$e -orrup le!)ers+ips 9ere propose) up !$) sus!i$e) i$ po9er
9+ile +e i$siuio$!l #!sis o% +e s!e !rop+ie). Ar's %lo9s !$)
'ili!r( e6pe$)iure i$-re!se) )r!'!i-!ll( 9i+ +e )ire e-o$o'i- !$)
so-i!l -o$se1ue$-es.
Se1uel o +e e$) o% +e QCol) &!rR i$ 1;<;, +ere o--urre) +e
p+e$o'e$o$ o% Jsurplus !r'sH i$ +e i$er$!io$!l !r's '!r?e. &+!
%ollo9e) 9!s +e proli%er!io$ o% s'!ll !r's !$) 9e!po$s i +e A%ri-!$
-o$i$e$. T+e !r's i$ +e !r'our( o% +e E!s #lo-?.Russi!, -o$se1ue$
upo$ +e )isi$e"r!io$ o% +e l!er s!re) )i%%usi$" ou !-ross +e
"lo#e. O$e o% +e '!0or '!r?es %or +ee !r's 9!s +e -o$i$e$ o%
A%ri-!. T+e re!so$ #ei$" +! 'os -o$%li-s +! 9ere +i+ero #ei$"
suppresse) )uri$" JCol) &!rH er! +!) s!re) %i$)i$" -o$)u-ive
!'osp+ere %or es-!l!io$ !$) $e9 o$es +!) ! -le!r -o!s %or
'!$i%es!io$. T+is !--ou$e) %or +e u$pre-e)e$e) 9!ve o% -o$%li-
+! s!re) #lo9i$" !-ross A%ri-! si$-e +e l!e 1;<0s ill )!e.
Dep!r'e$ %or I$er$!io$!l Develop'e$ @DFIDA Fr!'e9or?
Do-u'e$ e$ile) ~The causes of Conflict in the Sub-Saharan
Africa !ssers +! +e s-!le o% s!e.o.s!e !r's r!$s%ers )uri$" +e
Col) &!r 9!s -oloss!l. I$ 1;<< !lo$e, ! +e e$) o% +e Col) &!r, +e(
!'ou$e) o 'ore +!$ X2#illio$. /( 1;;8, +e( +!) )roppe) o X770
'illio$. Ho9ever, s!e o s!e %lo9s 9ere repl!-e) #( ! '!0or "ro9+
i$ -o''er-i!l !r's )e!li$" !$) ille"!l !r's r!%%i-?i$" i$ lo9
'!i$e$!$-e li"+ 9e!po$r(, pri'!ril( ie's su-+ !s +e AE 27 ri%le !$)
ro-?e propelle) "r!$!)e l!u$-+ers DFID, @7001:4.7A. T+e )o-u'e$
%ur+er -l!i's +!: Q/o+ si)es i$ +e Col) &!r -o$ri#ue) o
pro'oi$" or e6!-er#!i$" -o$%li- i$ A%ri-! +rou"+ou +e 1;40s, 70s
!$) <0s. Mu-+ o% +e prese$ -o$%li- o$ +e -o$i$e$ is, i$ p!r, !
le"!-( o% Col) &!r poli-ies o% #o+ E!s !$) &es. Duri$" +is er!,
1uesio$s o% pri$-iples li?e "oo) "over$!$-e, +e rule o% l!9 !$)
r!$sp!re$, e1ui!#le e-o$o'i- '!$!"e'e$, 9ere o%e$ overloo?e) i$
+e i$eress o% polii-!l pr!"'!is' !$) -o''er-i!l "!i$.R
A)e?!$(e @1;;4A i$ +e repor o% ! To(o! %u$)e) Dis!r'i$" E+$i-
Guerrill!s @DEGA pro"r!''e -overi$" Sou+ A%ri-!, MoC!'#i1ue,
E+iopi! !$) *"!$)! es!#lis+es +! pos Ap!r+ei) Sou+ A%ri-!, !$)
i$)ee) +e 9+ole o% A%ri-!, is !9!s+ 9i+ !r's.
17<
A)e?!$(e %ur+er e6pl!i$s, #!se) o$ +is pr!-i-!l e6perie$-e )uri$"
)is!r'!'e$ !-iviies -!rrie) ou i$ +e -ou$ries 'e$io$e) !#ove, +!
e!-+ o% +e "uerrill! +!) up o %our 9e!po$s 9i+ +e' #u ! +e poi$
o% )is!r'!'e$ +e( !ll !l9!(s surre$)ere) o$e, ?eepi$" +e res i$ !
s!%e pl!-e so +! ! +e sli"+es provo-!io$ 9!r -!$ resu'e !"!i$. T+is
pr!-i-e pus +e so-ie( ! +e ris? o% 9+! +!s e-+$i-!ll( #ee$ re%erre)
o !s +e p+e$o'e$o$ o% Qreur$ 9!rsHR.
3.2.2 Structural Violence
T+e issue o% sru-ur!l viole$-e !lso loo' l!r"e !s ! -!use o% viole$
-o$%li-s i$ A%ri-!. A--or)i$" o G!lu$" @1;<8A sru-ur!l viole$-e
+re!e$s $ee)s %or 9el%!re !$) i)e$i(. /u 'ore su--i$-l( pu,
sru-ur!l viole$-e is +e i$sru-io$!lise) %r!'e9or? or pre)eer'i$e)
lo$".er' !rr!$"e'e$ !r"ee) ! pui$" li'i!io$ o +e e%%ors o% !$
!-or3e$i( ! per%or'i$" o +e %ulles o% is poe$i!ls i$ !$(
u$)er!?i$". T+e sru-ur!l viole$-e ori"i$!es %ro' +e &eser$ &orl)
!"!i$s A%ri-!. I$er$!io$!l %i$!$-i!l i$siuio$s su-+ !s I$er$!io$!l
Mo$e!r( Fu$) @IMFA, T+e &orl) /!$?, !$) P!ris Clu# e-. !re +e
e6e-uors o% +ese o#$o6ious pro0e-s.
Si$-e +e 'i).1;<0s A%ri-! +!s #ee$ %!-e) 9i+ ! )e# -risis, +e
over+!$" o% 9+i-+ +!s persise) i$o +e 1;;0s. I !ll s!re) (e!rs #!-?
i$ +e 1;70s 9+e$ A%ri-!$ "over$'e$s resore) o +e!v( #orro9i$" i$
or)er o sus!i$ +eir i'pors !$) i$ves'e$ $ee)s, o$l( o #e %ur+er
#ur)e$e) #( ! -o'#i$!io$ o% risi$" i$eres r!es, 9orse$i$" er's o%
r!)e !$) 'is'!$!"e'e$ o% s+ri$?i$" %orei"$ e6-+!$"e e!r$i$"s. To!l
)e# so-?s %or A%ri-! !'ou$e) o ! lile over X*S 10; #illio$ i$ 1;<0,
#( 1;;0 +ese +!) i$-re!se) #( !s 'u-+ !s 180per-e$ o X*S777.7
#illio$. De# so-?s %or +e -o$i$e$ i$ 1;;8 9ere !$ esi'!e)
s!""eri$" X*S =1= #illio$ A)e?!$(e @1;;<:17=A.
*$)er +is #ur)e$ o% )e#s, A%ri-!$ "over$'e$s 9ere e$0oi$e) #( +ese
i$er$!io$!l %i$!$-i!l i$siuio$s 'e$io$e) !#ove o e'#!r? o$
Sru-ur!l A)0us'e$ Pro"r!''e @SAPA !$) ! +os o% o+er !useri(
'e!sures 9+i-+ i$-lu)e: r!)e li#er!io$D -urre$-( )ev!lu!io$D i"+
-o$rol o% 'o$e( suppl(D -u#!-?s i$ so-i!l e6pe$)iures, p!ri-ul!rl(
e)u-!io$, +e!l+ !$) +ousi$"D re'ov!l o% %oo) su#si)iesD re)u-io$ i$
pu#li- e'plo('e$D !$) priv!iC!io$ o% s!e. o9$e) e$erprises. I$
s+or, Q'!r?e %or-esR re"ul!e !ll '!ers rel!i$" o pri-es, i$-o'es
!$) pro)u-ivi(. T+is +!s #ee$ +e "r!$) $e i$o 9+i-+ A%ri-!$
-ou$ries +!ve %!lle$ +e!)lo$", !$) i +!s #ee$ +!vi$" ripple e%%e-s i$
!ll sp+eres o% +eir $!io$!l lives.
17;
3.2.3 Environmental and Demographic Insecurity
A$o+er -!use o% viole$ -o$%li-s i$ A%ri-! is sresses %ro'
e$viro$'e$!l !$) )e'o"r!p+i- i$se-uri(. Mos A%ri-!$ -ou$ries
#or)eri$" +e s+!+eli!$ re"io$ !$) +rou"+ +e Hor$ +!ve #ee$ %!-i$"
pro#le's o% )rou"+s !$) u$pre-e)e$e) )eseri%i-!io$ over +e l!s
9o o +ree )e-!)es. A'o$" +e +!r)es +i !re: M!uri!$i!, $or+er$
p!rs o% Se$e"!l, M!li, /ur?i$! F!so, Ni"er, C+!), +e Su)!$, E+iopi!
!$) So'!li!. T+e )eerior!io$ o% l!$) !s +e $!ur!l resour-e #!se
resuli$" %or' )e'o"r!p+i- pressure !$) -+ro$i- pover( +!s 'e!$ +!
+ee lile !v!il!#le !r!#le l!$) +!s #e-o'e su#0e- o% i$e$se )ispues
!$) li%e.!$).)e!+ sru""les, !s +e -!se i$ +e Se$e"!l River #!si$.
3.2.4 Democratization
Pressure o% )e'o-r!iC!io$ is !$o+er -o$%li- sour-es i$ A%ri-!. M!$(
-o$e'por!r( A%ri-!$ s!es +!ve su%%ere) u$)er !u+ori!ri!$, -orrup,
sel%.perpeu!i$" oli"!r-+ies !$) o$e.perso$ rulers+ips !$) +is +!s
#rou"+ +e' u$)er i$e$se pressures %ro' #o+ )o'esi- so-i!l %or-es
!$) e6er$!l )o$or i$eress o )e'o-r!iCe. T+e p!er$ !-ross A%ri-!
+!s !l9!(s #ee$ 'o#iliC!io$ o% e+$i- i)e$iies, reli"ious !%%ili!io$s or
o+er so-i!l !%%i$iies %or ele-or!l -o'peiio$ i$ 9+i-+ +e i$eress o%
+e e+$i- 'i$ori(, reli"ious or o+er so-i!l 'i$ori( "roups #e-o'e
0eop!r)iCe). T+is !l9!(s le!ves 'u-+ o #e )esire) !$) 'ore o%e$ +!$
$o, i resuls i$ #loo)( viole$ -o$%li-s.
3.2.5 Loss of State Capacities
A)e?!$(e @1;;< op -iA !lso i)e$i%ies i$-re!si$" loss o% s!e -!p!-iies
!s ! '!0or -!use o% -o$%li- i$ A%ri-!. He )es-ri#es 'os A%ri-!$ s!es
!s e6perie$-i$" re"i'e #re!?)o9$, s!e -oll!pse or o+ers, %!ile) s!es.
He '!i$!i$s +is posiio$ !s ! resul o% %!ilure o$ +e p!r o% '!$( o%
+e s!es o -!rr( ou +e #!si- %u$-io$s o% ! s!e. T+ese i$-lu)e:
-re!i$" @!$) '!i$!i$i$"A pu#li- or)er, or"!$iCi$" @!$) -o$rolli$"A +e
'ili!r(D ru$$i$" ! "over$'e$D !)'i$iseri$" +e '!-+i$er( o% s!eD
)ispe$si$" 0usi-eD '!$!"i$" -o$%li-s !'o$" "roups !$) i$)ivi)u!ls
livi$" i$ +e errior(D pro'oi$" +e "e$er!l 9el%!reD i$-re!si$" +e
$!io$!l 9e!l+ @!lo$" 9i+ )evelop'e$AD re)u-i$" i$e1u!liiesD
re"ul!i$" e6er$!l rel!io$sD !$) -o$)u-i$" 9!r !$) pe!-e.
4.0 CONCLUSION
&+! is -le!r i$ A%ri-! o)!( is +e %!- +! 'os !voi)!#le viole$
-o$%li-s es-!l!e !$) ! +os o% )(i$" o$es !re e6!-er#!e) !s ! resul o%
"over$'e$sH i$!#ili( or %!ilure o per%or' so'e or !ll o% +e %u$-io$s
ie'iCe) !#ove. A -orro#or!io$ o% +e %ore"oi$" is 9+! %ollo9s.
1=0
N!+!$ @1;;;:7A !ssers +!:
T+e roo -!uses o% -ivil 9!rs i$ A%ri-! !$)
else9+ere !re -o'ple6: 9e!? or %!ile) s!esD
!u+ori!ri!$ ruleD ! l!-? o% -oi$-i)e$-e #e9ee$
$!io$ !$) s!eD +e e6-lusio$ o% 'i$oriies %ro'
"over$!$-eD !$) !-ue so-io.e-o$o'i- )epriv!io$
!$) i$e1ui(. T+e -o$ve$io$!l !ppro!-+ o Je!rl(
9!r$i$"H !$) preve$ive )iplo'!-( rele"!es +ese
%!-ors o Q#!-?"rou$) -o$)iio$sR !$) !ssu'es
$!ive( +! '!ss pro6i'!e r!+er +!$ is
sru-ur!l -!uses.
5.0 SUMMARY
T+e '!0or sour-es o% -o$%li- !rise %ro' resour-e, !$) po9er
)isri#uio$. So'e -!uses o% -o$%li- )is-usse) !re +e -ol) 9!r,
sru-ur!l viole$-e, e$viro$'e$!l !$) )e'o"r!p+i- i$se-uri(,
)e'o-r!iC!io$ !$) loss o% S!e -!p!-iies. I$ !))iio$, 9+! loo?s
li?e !$ epio'e o% +e %ore"oi$" )is-ussio$ o$ +e -!uses o% viole$
-o$%li-s i$ A%ri-!, O$(i?e, @700=:27A "ives +e %ollo9i$" !s pro'i$e$
!'o$" +e -!uses:
iA I$e1ui!#le !--ess o po9er !$) resour-esD
iiA To!l !#se$-e or !#!$)o$'e$ o% 'or!l !$) e+i-!l resr!i$ i$
+e use o% po9er !$) '!$!"e'e$ o% pu#li- resour-esD
iiiA Dis-ri'i$!io$ o$ +e #!sis o% se6, reli"io$, e+$i- ori"i$ !$)
so-io.e-o$o'i- s!usD
ivA No$ )e'o-r!i- !$) e6-lusive "over$!$-eD
vA De$i!l o% #!si- +u'!$ ri"+sD !$)
viA F!ilure o% i$siuio$s o% "over$'e$.
iA &+! !re +e v!rious ele'e$s o% so-ie( +! -oul) le!) o
-o$%li-M
iiA E6pl!i$ +e -!uses o% -o$%li-s.
iiiA Disi$"uis+ #e9ee$ -!uses !$) sour-es o% -o$%li-s.
1=1
A%ri-!H, @A To(o! Fu$)e) Pro0e-A I$er$!io$!l Pe!-e Rese!r-+
I$siue. Oslo.
Dep!r'e$ %or I$er$!io$!l Develop'e$ @DFIDA @7001A. The Causes
of Conflicts in Su$Saharan Africa: Frame"ork 'ocument.
Lo$)o$: DFID.
Du Toi, /ri!$ M. @E)A @1;7<A. #thnicity in Modern Africa. /oul)er CO:
&es 5ie9 Press.
F!(e'i, E!(o)e @700=A. JPreve$i$" Co$%li- !$) Pro'oi$" Pe!-e !$)
Se-uri( 9i+i$ NEPAD !$) A%ri-!$ *$io$. so'e preli'i$!r(
-o''e$sH i$ pp4=.<=, E. O#!)!re !$) D. O(e9ole @e)sA The
Ne" *artnershi% for AfricaBs 'e.elo%ment ,N#*A'-:
Challenges and 'e.elo%ment, Lo$)o$: Ce$re %or De'o-r!-(
!$) Develop'e$ @CDDA.
Goor, L.L.P. v!$ @1;;2A. JCo$%li- !$) Develop'e$,: T+e C!uses o%
Co$%li- i$ Developi$" Cou$ries. T+e H!"ue: NIIR,
Cli$"e$)!el.
Posep+ N(e, Pr., @1;;4A LI$er$!io$!l Co$%li-s !%er +e Col) &!r,L i$
Managing Conflict in the *ost$Cold &ar &orld: The Role of
)nter.ention. Repor o% +e Aspe$ I$siue Co$%ere$-e, Au"us
7.4, @1;;8A, @Aspe$, Color!)o: Aspe$ I$siue, pp. 4=.74.
Gloal 'ialogue.
/oo?s.
N9olise, O./.C. @700=A.&!r.M!?i$", Pe!-e'!?i$" !$) Co$%li-
Resoluio$ i$ A%ri-! i$ H./. H!ru$!, O./.C. N9olise !$) D.
Olu(e'i.Eus! e)s A Guide to *eace #ducation and *romotion
Strategies in Africa 5ol.1.77.8=.
1=7
OHDo$$ell, G. @1;<<A. /ureaucratic Authoritarianism, /er?le(:
*$iversi( o% C!li%or$i! Press.
O#ler, P. !$) S. Cl!r?e Ne)sO, @1;74A. (ran #thnic Conflict: A
Com%arati.e *ers%ecti.e. C+!pel Hill: *$iversi( o% Nor+
C!roli$!.
OlC!?, S. !$) P. N!"el Ne)sO, @1;<4A. Com%etiti.e #thnic Relations.
/oso$: A-!)e'i- Press.
O$(i$?e, @700=A. JT+e Co$ri#uio$s o% Ni"eri! o I$er$!io$!l
Pe!-e'!?i$" Oper!io$s: C!se Su)ies o% +e Li#eri!$ !$) Sierr!
Leo$e!$ Co$%li-sH. A$ u$pu#lis+e) M.A. Disser!io$ su#'ie)
o +e Pe!-e !$) Co$%li- Su)ies Pro"r!''e, *$iversi( o%
I#!)!$.
Management: A Com%arati.e Assessment. I#!)!$: Spe-ru'.
Gloal 'ialogue.
1==
UNIT 2 TAXONOMY OF CAUSES OF CONFLICTS IN
AFRICA
Table of Contents
1.0 I$ro)u-io$
7.0 O#0e-ives
=.0 M!i$ Co$e$
=.1 T+e DFID T(polo"( o% -!use o% -o$%li-s i$ A%ri-!: A Revie9
=.7 Roo C!uses o% Co$%li-
=.= Se-o$)!r( C!uses o% Co$%li-
=.2 Teri!r( C!uses o% Co$%li-
2.0 Co$-lusio$
8.0 Su''!r(
7.0 Re%ere$-es
1.0 INTRODUCTION
&e +!ve e!rlier )is-usse) sever!l -!uses o% -o$%li-s, $o o$l( i$ A%ri-!,
#u +e e$ire 9orl). /u +is u$i i$ro)u-es us o +e $e9 (polo"( o%
-!uses o% -o$%li-s i$ A%ri-!, !s reve!le) #( ! re-e$ su)( -o$)u-e) #(
DFID i$ A%ri-!.
2.0 OB1ECTIVES
iA E6pl!i$ +e -!uses o% -o$%li-D !$)
iiA E6pl!i$ +e re!so$s suppori$" +e -l!ssi%i-!io$.
3.0 MAIN CONTENT
3.1 The DFID Typology of cause of Conflicts in Africa: A
Review
T+e *EHs Dep!r'e$ %or I$er$!io$!l Develop'e$ @DFIDA, @7001:12.14A
i)e$i%ies, e6pl!i$s !$) )isi$"uis+es #e9ee$ +e roo -!uses, +e se-o$)!r(
!$) eri!r( -!uses o% -o$%li-s i$ A%ri-!. Mos o% +ese -!uses +!ve #ee$
i)e$i%ie) #u 9+! -!-+es our %!$-( +ere is +e -l!ssi%i-!io$. To +is e%%e-,
lisi$" o% +e poi$s u$)er e!-+ o% +e -l!ssi%i-!io$s is prese$e) #elo9:
1=2
3.2 Root Causes
iA &e!? s!es !$) s!e -oll!pse
iiA E-o$o'i- )e-li$e !$) e-o$o'i- s+o-?
iiiA Hisori-!l %!-ors
ivA N!ur!l resour-es 9e!l+
3.3 Secondary Causes
iA *$e'plo('e$, l!-? o% e)u-!io$ !$) popul!io$ pressure
iiA T+e !#use o% e+$i-i(
iiiA Av!il!#ili( o% !r's
ivA A#se$-e o% i$)epe$)e$, 9ell.i$%or'e) -ivil so-ie( se-or
3.4 Tertiary Causes
iA Re"io$!l !$) I$erlo-?i$" -o$%li-s
iiA F!ilure o -o$soli)!e pe!-e
iiiA L!-? o% "u!r!$ors
ivA I$!)e1u!e !$) i$!ppropri!e 'e)i!io$
vA Mispl!-e) +u'!$i!ri!$ !$) )evelop'e$ !ssis!$-e
F!(e'i, @700=:47.4<A "ives +e %ollo9i$" re!so$s !s +e 'os -rii-!l
ele'e$s i$ u$)ers!$)i$" +e $e9 -o$%li- e1u!io$ !risi$" ou o% +e
1;;0s polii-!l r!$siio$ o$ +e A%ri-!$ -o$i$e$:
@1A T+e s+i%s i$ "lo#!l !$) "eopolii-!l po9er rel!io$sD i$ p!ri-ul!r
+e e$) o% +e -ol) 9!r !$) +e 9i+)r!9!l o% +e 'eropoli!$
se-uri( u'#rell! 9+i-+ p!ve) +e 9!( %or serious -+!lle$"es o
so'e -lie$ re"i'es i$ ! '!$$er previousl( -o$si)ere)
i'possi#le.
@7A &i+ +e )e'ise o% +e u$ivers!lisi- i)eolo"i-!l #!le #e9ee$
so-i!lis' !$) -!pi!lis', $e9 %or's o% -o$%li- e'er"e) i$ +e
%or' o% i)e$i( issues !$-+ore) o$ reli"io$ !$) e+$i-i( i$
p!ri-ul!r.
@=A T+e 9i+)r!9!l o% !ssis!$-e #( #i" s!es !lso resule) i$ +e
se!r-+ %or $e9 %or's o% suse$!$-e, le!)i$" o +e e6ploi!io$ o%
resour-es !$) -ri'i$!l !-ivi(.
@2A I$-re!si$" !v!il!#ili( !$) priv!iC!io$ o% i$sru'e$s o%
viole$-e, r!$s%or'i$" +e 'ili!r( #!l!$-e #e9ee$ +e s!e !$)
so-ie(.
@8A Ne9 %or's o% viole$ !$) r!$s.$!io$!l -ri'e.
1=8
He %ur+er s!es +! ! re-e$ su)( i$)i-!es +! +e per'!$e$
'e'#ers o% +e Se-uri( Cou$-il 9ere o"e+er respo$si#le %or <1G o%
9orl) !r's e6pors %ro' 1;;4.7000. T+e G< $!io$s sol) <7G o% o!l
!r's e6pors o +e e$ire 9orl). *SH s+!re o% +! is over 80 per-e$ !$)
<4G o% !r's supplie) o +e )evelopi$" 9orl) -o'e %ro' +e *$ie)
S!es.
4.0 CONCLUSION
To su' up, 9e -!$ s!( +! 0usi%i-!io$ %or +e s!(i$" Q!--i)e$s )o $o
0us +!ppe$, +e( !re -!use)R is lo-!!#le 9i+i$ +e -o$e6 o% +e
-!uses o% viole$ -o$%li-s i$ A%ri-!. I is $o9 o#vious, !"!i$s +e
#!-?"rou$) o% +e %ore"oi$" )is-ussio$, +! A%ri-!Hs -o$%li-s s+!re !
-o''o$ #!-?)rop o% e-o$o'i- s!"$!io$ !$) %!leri$" )e'o-r!i- rule
+! u$)er'i$e) s!e -!p!-i( !$) le"ii'!-( i$ +e 1;<0s. I +e$
%ollo9s +!, %or A%ri-! o 9ri""le ou o% +er '(ri!) o% viole$ -o$%li-s
+eir roo -!uses $ee) #e properl( i)e$i%ie), !"ree) o$ !$) e6+!usivel(
r!$s%or'e) !--or)i$"l(.
5.0 SUMMARY
I$ +is u$i, 9e +!ve e6!'i$e) !6o$o'( o% -!uses o% -o$%li- i$ A%ri-!.
T+e( !re -l!ssi%ie) u$)er roo, se-o$)!r( !$) eri!r( -!uses.
iA &+! is +e #!sis o% DFIDHs (polo"( o% -!uses o% -o$%li-s i$
A%ri-!M
iiA Ouli$e DFIDHs (polo"( o% -o$%li-s.
iiiA T+ere ! v!rie( o% 9!rs !$) -o$%li- i$ A%ri-! o)!(. Dis-uss.
ivA &+! )o (ou u$)ers!$) #( +e Ne9 &!r%!re i$ A%ri-!M
vA E6plore +e ps(-+olo"i-!l !ppro!-+ o -o$%li- (pes.
1=4
Lo$)o$: DFID.
Goor, L.L.P. v!$ @1;;2A. JCo$%li- !$) Develop'e$,: T+e C!uses o%
Co$%li- i$ Developi$" Cou$ries. T+e H!"ue: NIIR,
Cli$"e$)!el.
Posep+ N(e, Pr., @1;;8A LI$er$!io$!l Co$%li-s A%er +e Col) &!r,L i$
Managing Conflict in the *ost$Cold &ar &orld: The Role of
)nter.ention. Repor o% +e Aspe$ I$siue Co$%ere$-e, @Au"us
7.4, 1;;8A, @Aspe$, Color!)o: Aspe$ I$siue, @1;;4A pp. 4=.74.
Gloal 'ialogue. N$oli, O. @1;;<A. @e)A #thnic Conflict in Africa.
D!?!r: CODESRIA /oo?s.
Gloal 'ialogue.
1=7
UNIT 3 TAXONOMY OF CONFLICTS WORLDWIDE
Table of Contents
1.0 I$ro)u-io$
7.0 O#0e-ives
=.0 M!i$ Co$e$
=.1 S-+'i)Hs T(polo"( o% Glo#!l Co$%li-s
=.7 DFIDHs T(polo"( o% Co$%li- i$ A%ri-!
=.7.1 Co'pulsor( Ar#ir!io$
=.7.7 5olu$!r( Ar#ir!io$
=.= T+e Li'is o% Ar#ir!io$
2.0 Co$-lusio$
8.0 Su''!r(
1.0 INTRODUCTION
T+is u$i i$ro)u-es (ou i$o +e (polo"( o% "lo#!l -o$%li-s.
2.0 OB1ECTIVES
A +e e$) o% +is u$i (ou 9ill #e !#le oD
iA Cl!ssi%( -o$%li-s !-ross +e 9orl)D
iiA E6pl!i$ +e #!sis o% -l!ssi%i-!io$ o% -o$%li-sD
iiiA Des-ri#e +e )i'e$sio$s !$) -o$ours o% -o$e'por!r( -o$%li-s
i$ +e 9orl).
3.0 MAIN CONTENT
3.1 Schmid`s Typology of Global Conflicts
O$ ! #ro!)er pl!%or' !$) ! ! "lo#!l level, S-+'i) @7000:77.7<A "ives
! (polo"(, 9+i-+ is 'ore e$-o'p!ssi$" o% !ll (pes o% -o$e'por!r(
@!r'e)A viole$ -o$%li-. T+e per-e$!"e i$)i-!e) !"!i$s e!-+ (pe
s+o9s +e %re1ue$-( 9i+ 9+i-+ +e( o--urre) #e9ee$ 1;<8 !$) 1;;2
%ro' ! o!l o% 107 viole$ -o$%li-s !rou$) +e 9orl).
1=<
Type A: Anti-regime wars or Political and Ideological conflicts
(19.6): S!e 5ersus I$surre-io$. T+ere !re )i%%ere$ %or's:
li#er!io$ 'ove'e$s 5s. Colo$i!l po9ersD popul!r 'ove'e$s !$)3
or so-i!l.revoluio$!r( 'ove'e$s vs. !u+ori!ri!$ s!eD
)es!#iliCi$" or re.es!#lis+i$" ! s!us !$e e.". Co$r!s 5s.
revoluio$!r( s!e. To)!( so'e %or'er )es!#iliC!io$ -o$%li-s !re
'u!e) o #e-o'e )o'i$!$l( e+$o.$!io$!lis or e+$i- K ri#!lis
@e.". i$ A%"+!$is!$ !$) A$"ol!A.
Type B: ethno-nationalists conflicts (44.1): T+ese -o$%li-s
-o'e i$ )iverse %or's #u 'osl( !s i$r!.s!e -o$%li-s @s!e versus
$!io$AD so'ei'es !s i$ers!e -o$%li-s. E+$o.$!io$!lis -o$%li-s
!re +e 'os %re1ue$ (pes o% -o$e'por!r( !r'e) -o$%li-s !$)
9!rs i$ A%ri-! !$) else9+ereD su-+ -o$%li-s !re "e$er!ll( o% lo$"
)ur!io$ @)e-!)esA, o$l( i$ ! %e9 -!ses 9oul) -o$%li- resoluio$
+elp o -re!e $e9 s!es. Possi#iliies %or -o$%li- resoluio$ i$ su-+
-!ses r!$"e %ro' -o$-essio$s re"!r)i$" -ulur!l !uo$o'( !$)
)iverse )e"rees o% !uo$o'( o @-o$A %e)er!l soluio$s !$) soverei"$
s!e+oo).
Type C: interstate Conflicts (11.8): S!e 5ersus s!e, +is is
e!rlier see$ !s +e Q-l!ssi- (peR o% 9!r%!re. E6!'ples !re: Ir!$.Ir!1
9!r @1;<0.1;<<A, +e 11.)!( 9!r #e9ee$ M!li !$) /ur?i$! F!so
@De-. 1;<8A or +e I$v!sio$ o% *SA i$ P!$!'! @De-. 1;<;A.
Type D: Decolonisation Wars or Foreign -State- Occupations
(FSO) (4.9). Si$-e +e 1;20s %or'er Europe!$ Colo$i!l erriories
+!ve #ee$ li#er!e), o--upie) !$) !$$e6e) #( $o$.Europe!$
re"io$!l po9ers. T+ere !re !lso ! $u'#er o% A%ro.Asi!$ -!ses 9+ere
$o$.Europe!$ po9ers !- !s o--up(i$" %or-esD e.". &eser$ S+!r!,
E!s.Ti'or, &es.P!pu!, P!lesi$e !$) Erire! @u$il 1;;1.1;;7A.
Mos e6!'ples o% (pe D -o$%li-s !re pre)o'i$!$l( e+$o.$!io$!l
i$ -+!r!-er. Si$-e +e *$ie) N!io$s Ge$er!l Asse'#l( "e$er!ll(
loo?e) upo$ !$i.Europe!$ !$) !$i.-olo$i!l sru""les %!vour!#l(,
i$er$!io$!l l!9 re!s su-+ -o$%li-s )i%%ere$l( %ro' (pe /
-o$%li-s.
Type E: Inter-ethnic or tribal Conflicts (13.7): T(pe E %!lls u$)er
+e #ro!) #!$$er o% J#!$$er o% Je+$i- -o$%li-H !lso #u is
)i%%ere$i!e) #( +e !-ors !$) !i's i$volve). Su-+ -o$%li-s !re
o%e$ %ou"+ 9i+ou ! s!e !-or !?i$" p!rD +e issues !re se-!ri!$
!$) Se-or!l i.e. p!ri-ul!r i$eres, ri#!lis', -l!$ -o$%li-s,
-+!uvi$is', !$) $!rro9 $!io$!lis'.
Type F: Gang Wars (3.9): T+is i$volves pre)o'i$!$l( $o$.s!e
@'i6e) 9i+ -ri'i$!l ele'e$sA, espe-i!ll( i$ siu!io$ o% s!e
1=;
-oll!pse. A-ors !re o%e$ vill!"e 'ilii!s, )e'o#iliCe) sol)iers or
'er-e$!ries. O+er !-ors !re )e!+ s1u!)s, pro%essio$!l ?illers, +e
M!%i!, S($)i-!es or pro%essio$!l "roups. A$o+er (pe opposes
selers, 'i"r!$s !$) i$)i"e$ous peoples !s +e -!se i$ +e
'ou$!i$ous !re!s o% /!$"l!)es+, i$ +e Ee$(!$ Ri% 5!lle(, !$) i$
E!ser$ Ni-!r!"u!.
Genocide (2.0): T+is is s!e. or"!$iCe) '!ss 'ur)er !$) -ri'es
!"!i$s +u'!$i( -+!r!-eriCe) #( +e i$e$io$ o e6er'i$!e !
p!ri-ul!r $!io$!l, e+$i-, Qr!-i!lR or reli"ious "roup. M!ss 'ur)er
-o''ie) !"!i$s 'e'#ers o% ! p!ri-ul!r polii-!l "roup
(politicide) or so-i!l "roup (democide) !re e1u!ll( +orri%(i$" -ri'es
!"!i$s +u'!$i(.
A -!re%ul su)( o% S-+'i)Hs (polo"( !#ove s+o9s +! !ll (pes o%
-o$%li- i)e$i%ie) +!ve %e!ure), !l#ei ! v!rie) )e"rees, i$ A%ri-!. T(pe
F is +e le!s %re1ue$ #u 9i+ +e re$) o% e-o$o'i- )o9$ur$ i$ +e
-o$i$e$, +is (pe is !lso 'ore pro#!#l( o i$-re!se.
3.2 DFID`s Typology of Conflicts in Africa
I$ +e s!'e o?e$, DFID @700=:<.;A i)e$i%ies %our )isi$- (pes o%
-o$%li- i$ A%ri-!. T+e( !reD
Co$ve$io$!l 9!r%!re. 9!rs o% !riio$
F!-io$!l 9!r%!re
Ge$o-i)e !$) e+$i- #!se) -o$%li-
T+e Q$e9 9!r%!reR. re"io$!l -o$%li-
&e $o9 e6pl!i$ +e':
1A Conventional Warfare- Wars of Attrition: T+e -o$%li-
#e9ee$ E+iopi! !$) Erire! 9!s +e o$l( -o$ve$io$!ll(
%ou"+ 9!r i$ A%ri-! )uri$" +e l!s o$e !$) ! +!l% )e-!)es. I
9!s %ou"+ 9i+ re"ul!r roops !lo$" ! )e%i$e) series o% %ro$s.
T!r"es !$) o#0e-ives 9ere pri'!ril( 'ili!r( !$) sr!e"i-.
7A Factional Warfare: F!-io$!l 9!rs !re %lui) #( $!ure. T+ere is
r!rel( ! )e%i$e) %ro$ li$e !$) %i"+i$" is %re1ue$l(
opporu$isi- r!+er +!$ sr!e"i-. &!r%!re is lo9 e-+ !$)
s'!ll !r's !re +e '!i$ 9e!po$. Su-+ 9!rs !re $o -osl( !$)
-!$ e!sil( #e sus!i$e) 9i+ou e6er$!l suppor. Cou$ries
-urre$l( !%%e-e) #( %!-io$!l 9!r%!re !re So'!li!, Li#eri!
@I$er$!ll(A, *"!$)! @i$er$!ll(A, N!'i#i! !$) Coe DHvoire.
120
=A Genocide and Ethnic Based Conflict: Terri#le levels o% e+$i-
viole$-e !$) "e$o-i)e, !s e!rlier 9i$esse) i$ R9!$)! !$)
/uru$)i #e9ee$ +e e+$i- Tusi !$) Huu, re.e'er"e) i$ +e
l!s )e-!)e o% +e 70
+
-e$ur( A%ri-!. A +is i'e, %!ile) s!es
su-+ !s Li#eri!, So'!li!, Sierr! Leo$e !$) F!ire #e-!'e
-e$res o% re"io$!l i$se-uri( !$) +!) )e"e$er!e) i$o
-ross-ui$" polii-o.e+$i- -o$%li-s resuli$" i$ "e$o-i)!l
9!rs., 9i+ p!ri-ul!r re%ere$-e o Li#eri!, DoeHs e+$i- Er!+$
!$) M!$)i$"o is !ll(, !$) Tui9or'?p!Hs Gio !$) M!$o
"roups e$"!"e) i$ ! "e$o-i)!l -o$%li-, "roups s!re)
proli%er!i$". T+is (pe o% -o$%li- spre!) li?e 9il)%ire !$)
le!ves ! +u"e )e!+ oll, '!ssive )ispl!-e'e$, %e!r !$)
-o$%usio$. E+$i- !$) "e$o-i)!l %i"+i$" e$)s o i$volve +e
use e6re'el( lo9 e-+$olo"(, +e use o% ?$ives, '!-+ees, !$)
o--!sio$!ll( s'!ll !r's. A )isi$"uis+i$" -+!r!-erisi- is +e
spee) 9i+ 9+i-+ "e$o-i)!l !!-?s !?e pl!-e !$) +e +i"+
)e"ree o% -e$r!l or"!$iC!io$ !$) pl!$$i$" i$volve).
2A The ~New Warfare- Regional Conflict: All +ree ele'e$s
o% 9!r%!re !#ove +!ve -o!les-e) i$o 9+! -!$ #e )es-ri#e) !s
A%ri-!Hs Q$e9 9!r%!reR.re"io$!l -o$%li-. A%ri-!$ -ou$ries
i$-re!si$"l( i$erve$e) 'ili!ril( i$ $ei"+#ouri$" s!es !$)
0usi%( +eir !-io$s o$ +ee "rou$)s o% $e-ess!r( sel%.
proe-io$. Co$%li-s #e-o'e i$-re!si$"l( re"io$!l i$ $!ure !s
-oll!pse) s!es +re!e$ +e se-uri( o% +eir $ei"+#ours. T+e
9!r i$ +e De'o-r!i- Repu#li- o% Co$"o @DRCA i$volves +e
!r'e) %or-es o% ei"+ -ou$ries, !$) +e DRC +!s sou"+ o !?e
+e 9!r #!-? i$o R9!$)!, /uru$)i !$) *"!$)! 9+ere i,
!lle"e)l(, -!'e %ro'. T+e 9!r i$ Li#eri! !lso )evelope) !
si'il!r re"io$!l )i'e$sio$. I #e"! 9!rs i$ Sierr! Leo$e,
Gui$e! !$) Coe DHIvoire respe-ivel(.
8A Interpersonal and psychological dimensions of conflict. T+e
rel!io$s+ip #e9ee$ i$erperso$!l !$) 'ore "e$er!l
ps(-+olo"i-!l !ppro!-+es o -o$%li- is +! #o+ i$ )i%%ere$
9!(s re%le- -o$%li- rese!r-+ersH "e$er!l !ssu'pio$ +!
-o$%li- +!s -o''o$ p!er$s !$) pro-esses ! )i%%ere$ levels,
e.". %ro' +e lo-!l -o''u$i( o +e i$er$!io$!l s(se' level.
Tr!)iio$!ll(, i$erperso$!l !$) ps(-+olo"i-!l )i'e$sio$s o% -o$%li-
+!ve #ee$ )is-usse) i$ er's o% -o"$iive ps(-+olo"(, or -o$-er$s 9i+
i'!"es, per-epio$s, sereo(pi$" !$) "roup pro-esses. T+e rel!io$s+ip
#e9ee$ -o"$iive ps(-+olo"( !$) -o$%li- +!s #ee$ p!ri-ul!rl( evi)e$
i$ +e lier!ure o$ )e-isio$.'!?i$" !$) i$ !$!l(ses o% -o$%li- !s ! $o$.
r!io$!l pro-ess.
121
4.0 CONCLUSION
T+e !ssu'pio$ +! -o$%li- 'i"+ se' pri$-ip!ll( %ro' 'ore
Lsu#0e-iveL ps(-+olo"i-!l )($!'i-s -o$i$ues o #e p!r o% ! #ro!)er
)e#!e #e9ee$ su>ecti.ists !$) o>ecti.ists. T+e l!er vie9s -o$%li- !s
Lre!lL !$) i$)epe$)e$ o% per-epio$, +ou"+ +e %or'er '!( !lso see
-o$%li- !s re!l #u $o LrueL.
Ho9ever, ps(-+olo"i-!l !$) i$er.perso$!l su)ies !re i$-re!si$"l(
i'p!-i$" upo$ -o$%li- !$!l(ses i$ o+er 9!(s. Ele'e$s +! !ppe!r o
#e i$+ere$ p!rs o% -o$%li- su-+ !s +e se$se o% .ictimi?ation !re !))i$"
poe$i!l u$)ers!$)i$" o +e %iel), !s is +e "ro9i$" !e$io$ "ive$ o
+e issue o% entra%ment. A'o$" o+er +i$"s, e$r!p'e$ +elps o
e6pl!i$ 9!(s i$ 9+i-+ -o$%li-s !re '!i$!i$e) over lo$" perio)s o%
i'e. Per+!ps surprisi$"l(, "ive$ +e see'i$" -e$r!li( o% is
i'por!$-e, +e ps(-+olo"i-!l )($!'i-s o% -o$%li- resoluio$ +!ve o$l(
re-e$l( #e-o'e ! -ore issue i$ +e !r'our( o% -o$%li- !$!l(sis. *$)er
+is over!ll ru#ri-, v!rious s-+ol!rs +!ve i$ro)u-e) su-+ -o$-eps !s
framing !s ! 'e!$s o u$)ers!$) L9+! ! -o$%li- is re!ll( !#ouL, !$)
L$o$.r!io$!li(L !s !$ issue o !))ress i$ pro'oi$" pe!-e.
5.0 SUMMARY
I$ +is u$i 9e +!ve )is-usse) 9o '!0or !6o$o'ies o% -o$%li-s, +eir
-!e"ories !$) #!sis %or -!e"oris!io$. &e +!ve !lso e6!'i$e) +e
!6o$o'ies i$ rel!io$ o +e v!rie( o% -o$%li-s i$ A%ri-!.
iA &+! is +e #!sis o% S-+'i)Hs (polo"( o% -o$%li-s i$ +e 9orl)M
iiA Ouli$e S-+'i)Hs (polo"( o% -o$%li-s
iiiA T+ere ! v!rie( o% 9!rs !$) -o$%li- i$ A%ri-! o)!(. Dis-uss.
ivA &+! )o (ou u$)ers!$) #( +e Ne9 &!r%!re i$ A%ri-!M
vA E6plore +e ps(-+olo"i-!l !ppro!-+ o -o$%li- (pes.
127
Lo$)o$: DFID.
!$) E!rl( Respo$se.
Deus-+, M., @1;;1ALSu#0e-ive Fe!ures o% Co$%li- Resoluio$:
Ps(-+olo"i-!l, So-i!l !$) Culur!l Fe!uresL, i$ 5!(r($e$ Ne)O,
Ne" 'irections in Conflict Theory: Conflict Resolution and
Transformation, S!"e, Lo$)o$.
E(er'!$, R. !$) A. P!'iso$, @1;;1A Social Mo.ements: A Cogniti.e
A%%roach, Poli( Press, C!'#ri)"e.
Fis+er, R.P., @1;<;A The Social *sychology of )ntergrou% and
)nternational Conflict Resolution, Sori$"er 5erl!", Ne9 Bor?.
Hi$)le, R., !$) P. Groe#el Ne)sO, @1;;1A Coo%eration and *rosocial
/eha.iour, C!'#ri)"e *$iversi( Press, C!'#ri)"e.
Eel'!$, H., @1;48A )nternational /eha.ior, Hol, Ri$e+e!r, &i$so$,
Ne9 Bor?.
Mo$!"u, A., @1;7=A Man and Aggression, O6%or) *$iversi( Press,
O6%or).
Rie#er, R., @1;;1A The *sychology of &ar and *eace: The )mage of the
#nemy, Ple$u', Lo$)o$.
Ross, M., @1;;=A The Culture of Conflict: )nter%retations and )nterests
in Com%arati.e *ers%ecti.e, B!le *$iversi( Press, Ne9 H!ve$.
Si$"er, L., @1;;2A Settling 'is%utes: Conflict Resolution in /usiness,
Families and the 1egal System, &esvie9 Press, O6%or).
5erC#er"er, B., @1;;0A The &orld in their Minds: )nformation
*rocessing and *erce%tion in Foreign *olicy 'ecisions,
*$iversi( o% C!li%or$i! Press, S!$%or). 5ol?!$, 5., @1;<<A.T+e
Nee) o H!ve E$e'ies !$) Allies: Fro' Cli$i-!l Pr!-i-e o
I$er$!io$!l Rel!io$s+ips, Aro$so$, NP.
12=
MODULE 6
GLOBAL FRAMEWORK OF CONFLICT MANAGEMENT
*$i 1 N!io$!l !$) I$er$!io$!l Pe!-e I$siuio$s
*$i 7 *$ie) N!io$s !$) Pe!-e I$ii!ives i$ Co$%li- Siu!io$s
*$i = *N Pe!-e I$ii!ives i$ A%ri-!
*$i 2 *N I$erve$io$ Sr!e"ies
*$i 8 Glo#!lis!io$, Civil So-ie( !$) Co$%li- M!$!"e'e$
UNIT 1 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL PEACE
INSTITUTIONS
Table of Contents
1.0 I$ro)u-io$
7.0 O#0e-ives
=.0 M!i$ Co$e$
=.1 C!se Su)ies
2.0 Co$-lusio$
8.0 Su''!r(
1.0 INTRODUCTION
/( N!io$!l !$) I$er$!io$!l Pe!-e I$siuio$s, 9e 'e!$ or"!$is!io$s
!$) i$siuio$s +! -o$ri#ue o rese!r-+ !$) !$!l(sis, !)vo-!-( !$)
r!i$i$" i$ +e %iel)s o% -o$%li- !$) pe!-e #uil)i$". I$ pri$-iple, +e
r!$"e o% relev!$ or"!$is!io$s 9oul) e$-o'p!ss viru!ll( !ll
u$iversiies, '!$( rese!r-+ i$siuio$s !$) pro#!#l( 'os $!io$!l
"over$'e$s !s 9ell !s ! +os o% 'ulil!er!l or"!$is!io$s.
E!-+ or"!$iC!io$ o #e i$-lu)e) is +ose +! +!ve ! prove$ !$) o$.
"oi$" -!p!-i( o u$)er!?e rese!r-+ i$ !re!s +! )ire-l( i'p!- upo$
-o$%li- !$) pe!-e. T+e( !lso +!ve i$ o$e 9!( or !$o+er see'i$"
-!p!-i( o )isse'i$!e +e resuls o% +eir 9or? !$) provi)e rel!e)
servi-es su-+ !s r!i$i$", e!-+i$" or !)vo-!-( over i'e.
I s+oul) !lso #e $oe) +! 'os "over$'e$s i$ o$e 9!( or !$o+er !re
i$volve) i$ issues o% -o$%li- !$) -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$ !s 9ell !s i$
9!(s o e$+!$-e "over$!$-e. So'e "over$'e$s i$ +e )evelope) 9orl)
+!ve over +e (e!rs #ee$ i$volve) i$ !-ivel( suppori$" e6e$sive
rese!r-+ !$) !$!l(sis i$ "over$!$-e !$) -o$%li-.rel!e) !re!s +rou"+
overse!s )evelop'e$ !ssis!$-e.
122
2.0 OB1ECTIVES
T+is u$i i$ro)u-es (ou o sever!l $!io$!l !$) i$er$!io$!l !-ors i$
i$volve) i$ -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$ "lo#!ll(. A%er re!)i$" +is u$i, (ou
s+oul) #e !#le o:
i. I)e$i%( s!?e+ol)ers ! +e $!io$!l !$) i$er$!io$!l levels, !$)D
ii. Dis-uss +eir roles !$) si"$i%i-!$-e i$ e$suri$" ! 'ore pe!-e%ul
9orl).
3.0 MAIN CONTENT
3.1 Case Studies
/elo9 is ! s!'ple o% or"!$is!io$s @9i+ +eir !$) A))ressA i$volve) i$
-o$%li- !$) pe!-e #uil)i$" !-iviies i$ A%ri-!$.
I$ Ni"eri! 9e +!ve +e Academic Associates *eace&orks !se) i$
L!"os. T+e A-!)e'i- Asso-i!es Pe!-e&or?s %o-uses pri$-ip!ll( o$
-o$%li- '!$!"e'e$ !$) pe!-e e)u-!io$ r!i$i$". Is e'p+!sis is o
!r"e su)e$s 9+o 9ill #e-o'e %uure le!)ers, !$) i$ so )oi$", i 9or?s
9i+ seve$ o% +e '!i$ u$iversiies i$ Ni"eri!. T+e r!i$i$" %or
-o''u$i( !$) lo-!l "over$'e$ le!)ers le) i$ 1;;7 o +e -re!io$ o% !
Ni"eri!$ Co$%li- Pe!-e Ne9or?, !$) )uri$" +! s!'e (e!r ! Corps o%
Me)i!ors 9!s %or'e) o )e!l 9i+ -o$%li-s ! +e -o''u$i( level. T+e
Centre for Action$oriented Research on African 'e.elo%ment is a
C!'eroo$.#!se), !-!)e'i- $o$."over$'e$!l or"!$is!io$ +! +!s
i$eress i$ "over$!$-e, -o$%li- preve$io$ !$) resoluio$, !s 9ell !s i$
)evelop'e$. No o$l( )oes i serve !s ! rese!r-+ #o)(, #u i !lso
provi)es e)u-!io$!l !$) -o$sul!$-( servi-es o$ -o$%li- preve$io$.
So'e o% +ese or"!$is!io$s !re u$iversi( #!se) li?e +e Centre for
Conflict Resolution, !$ i$)epe$)e$ i$siue li$?e) o +e *$iversi( o%
C!pe To9$D +e Ce$re -o$-e$r!es o$ -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$ r!i$i$",
pro'oio$ o% )e'o-r!i- v!lues, )is!r'!'e$ !$) )e'ili!ris!io$.
Re-e$l( +e Ce$re +!s )evelope) pro"r!''es %or r!i$i$" se$ior
A%ri-!$ o%%i-i!ls i$ -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$ !s 9ell !s %or su)e$s,
-o''u$i( le!)ers, e!-+ers !$) o+ers i$ pe!-e.#uil)i$".O
)nter$Africa Grou% is esse$i!ll( %o-use) o$ +e Hor$ o% A%ri-!D +e
I$er.A%ri-! Group is pri$-ip!ll( -o$-er$e) 9i+ -o$%li- preve$io$ !$)
resoluio$ !s 9ell !s )evelop'e$. Is pro"r!''es i$-lu)e rese!r-+,
!)vo-!-( !$) pu#li- e)u-!io$, !$) i +!s #ee$ e$"!"e) i$ 9or? rel!i$"
o so.-!lle) L-o'ple6 e'er"e$-iesL.
128
)nter$go.ernmental Authority on 'e.elo%ment C)GA'D is prese$l(
e$"!"e) i$ pe!-e %!-ili!io$ e%%ors %or +e Su)!$ !$) So'!li!, IGAD
%o-uses upo$ -!p!-i(.#uil)i$" !$) !9!re$ess !s 9ell !s e!rl(.9!r$i$"
s(se's. T+ou"+ is '!$)!e is 1uie e6e$sive 9i+i$ +e Hor$ o%
A%ri-! -o$e6, is resour-es !re $or'!ll( 1uie li'ie). T+! s!i), i
-oul) pl!( ! use%ul $e9or? role i% 9!(s 9ere %ou$) o e$+!$-e is
-o$%li- preve$io$ !$) resoluio$.
Al+ou"+ +e +rganisation of African (nity C+A(D is $o ! rese!r-+
or"!$is!io$, per se, i +!s '!)e '!0or sri)es o )evelop ! respo$se
-!p!-i( %or )e!li$" 9i+ -o$%li- preve$io$ !$) resoluio$. L!-? o%
%u$)s !$) +e 9ell.?$o9$ -o$sr!i$s +! !ll oo o%e$ !%%e-
'ulil!er!l or"!$is!io$s li'is +e %ull poe$i!l o% +e OA* i$ +e
%iel)s o% pe!-e #uil)i$" !$) -o$%li- resoluio$.
T+e (nited Nations 'e%artment of *eacekee%ing +%erations C'*3+D is
respo$si#le %or es!#lis+i$" pe!-e?eepi$" !$) pe!-e'!?i$" oper!io$s
'!$)!e) #( +e *N Se-uri( Cou$-il, DPEO !lso 'o$iors !-u!l !$)
poe$i!l -o$%li- !re!s, !$) !ssesses +e e%%e-ive$ess o% *N pe!-e
i$ii!ives +rou"+ is Lesso$s.le!r$e) *$i.
T+e All Africa Conference of Churches is suppore) #( -+ur-+es
+rou"+ou +e 9orl). T+e AACC is i$volve) i$ +e %iel)s o% -o$%li-
preve$io$ !$) resoluio$, i$-lu)i$" 'e)i!io$, -iiCe$ )iplo'!-(, %!-.
%i$)i$" !$) e!rl( 9!r$i$". Nor'!ll( +e Co$%ere$-e respo$)s o +e
re1uess o% lo-!l -+ur-+es, !$) +!s %o-usse) is e%%ors i$ +e !re! o% +e
Gre! L!?es, Su)!$, Sierr! Leo$e !$) Leso+o.
A$o+er i'por i$siuio$ is +e (nited Nations !olunteers C(N!D. T+e
or"!$iC!io$ is se up o pro'oe e%%ors o !))ress so'e o% +e -!uses o%
-o$%li- ! +e -o''u$i( level, *N5 +!s l!u$-+e) si$-e 1;;2 pro0e-s
9+i-+ !i' o e$+!$-e e%%e-ivel( i$er.-o''u$!l -o$%i)e$-e.#uil)i$"
!-iviies +rou"+ +e use o% e6perie$-e) -o$%li- resoluio$ %!-ili!ors
9i+ ! prove$ re-or) i$ $o$.viole$ -o$%li- resoluio$ !$) -o$%i)e$-e.
#uil)i$" !-iviies. T+e !-iviies u$)er +ese pro0e-s %o-us o$ !A
#uil)i$" ! $u-leus o% lo-!l -!p!-i( +rou"+ r!i$i$" o% r!i$ers i$
-o$%li- resoluio$ 3 r!$s%or'!io$ s?ills #A suppor o +ir) se-or !$)
lo-!l NGOs -A (ou+ !-iviies, !$) )A suppor o +e )i!lo"ue pro-ess
#e9ee$ +e opposi$" "roups.
4.0 CONCLUSION
O$e o% +e 'os i'por!$ i$er$!io$!l $o$."over$'e$!l pl!(ers i$ +e
-o$%li- siu!io$s is +e )nternational Committee of the Red Cross
C)CRCO. T+e ICRC !-s !s ! $eur!l i$er'e)i!r( #e9ee$ p!ries
-o$-er$e) i$ 9!r, -ivil 9!r or i$er$!l )isur#!$-e. I !e'ps o e$sure
124
+! -ivili!$ !$) 'ili!r( vi-i's o% -o$%li- !re !%%or)e) proe-io$ !$)
!ssis!$-e, !$) +ose +u'!$i!ri!$ pri$-iples, !s se ou i$ +e Ge$ev!
-o$ve$io$s, is o#serve).
A'o$" +e $oe) -ou$ries o% +e )evelope) 9orl) i$volve) i$ pe!-e
#uil)i$" is Ausri! +rou"+ is 'e%artment of 'e.elo%ment Coo%eration
,''C- lo-!e) i$ +e Fe)er!l Mi$isr( %or Forei"$ A%%!irs, i is
respo$si#le %or poli-( 1uesio$s !$) -o$ri#uio$s o *NDP, *NIDO,
*NFPA, *NICEF !$) s'!ller *N %u$)s !$) pro"r!''es. O+er
'i$isries respo$si#le %or 'ulil!er!l )evelop'e$ i$siuio$s i$-lu)e
+e Fe)er!l Mi$isr( %or Fi$!$-e @respo$si#le %or i$er$!io$!l %i$!$-i!l
i$siuio$sA +e Glo#!l E$viro$'e$!l F!-ili( @GEFA +e Co$sul!ive
Group o$ I$er$!io$!l A"ri-ulur!l Rese!r-+ @CGIARA +e Fe)er!l
Mi$isr( o% A"ri-ulure @&FP, FAOA !$) +e Fe)er!l Mi$isr( o% +e
I$erior @*N Hi"+ Co''issio$er %or Re%u"eesA. Ausri! 9or?s -losel(
9i+i$ +e Europe!$ *$io$ !$) 9i+ +e *NHCHR o -o$)u- pe!-e
#uil)i$", -o$%li- preve$io$ !$) rule o% l!9 i$ii!ives i$ )evelopi$"
-ou$ries. Ausri! !lso %e!ures sever!l i'por!$ i$siuio$s +!
u$)er!?e or suppor rese!r-+, r!i$i$", !)visor( !$) !)vo-!-( 9or?
rel!e) o -o$%li- !$) "over$!$-e issues. T+ese i$-lu)e +e Ausri!$
Su)( Ce$re %or Pe!-e !$) Co$%li- Resoluio$ @ASPRA +e I$siue %or
I$er$!io$!l Polii-s !$) +e I$siue %or Pe!-e. T+e ASPR suppors
*N.le) pe!-e?eepi$" e%%ors +rou"+ r!i$i$" !$) o+er !-iviies.
NFe)er!l
T+e *$ie) Ei$")o'Hs 'e%artment for )nternational 'e.elo%ment
C'F)'O is +e /riis+ "over$'e$Hs '!i$ %o-!l poi$ %or provi)i$"
pover( !llevi!io$ !ssis!$-e )ire-e) i$ p!r ! -o$%li- 'ii"!io$,
-o$%li- resoluio$ !$) "oo) "over$!$-e. &i+i$ DFID, +e Co$%li- !$)
Hu'!$i!ri!$ A%%!irs Dep!r'e$ NCHADO is +e pri'!r( oper!io$!l
!-or +! )e!ls 9i+ -ou$ries i$ -risis. Ho9ever, +e Gover$'e$Hs
Forei"$ !$) Co''o$9e!l+ O%%i-e NFCOO !lso +!s spe-i%i- se-io$s
)e)i-!e) o -o$%li- !$!l(sis !$) preve$io$.
5.0 SUMMARY
I$ +is u$i, 9e +!ve e6!'i$e) +e role o% i$siuio$s 9+o !re !lso
s!?e+ol)ers i$ +e -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$. M!0or i$siuio$s +! +!ve
pl!(e) su-+ roles 9ere i)e$i%ie).
iA &+! roles )o i$siuio$s pl!( i$ -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$M
iiA N!'e +ree i$siuio$s !$) )is-uss +eir roles i$ -o$%li-
'!$!"e'e$ i$ -o$e'por!r( A%ri-!.
127
iiiA &+! is +e role o% %orei"$ !i) i$ -o$%li- resoluio$ !-ross +e
9orl)M
ivA Ho9 si"$i%i-!$ is +e *$ie) N!io$s S(se' o "lo#!l -o$%li-
'!$!"e'e$M
Pe-?, C., @1;;<A. Sustainale *eace: The Role of the (nited Nations
and
Regional +rganisations in *re.enting Conflict. &!s+i$"o$, DC:
C!r$e"ie Co''issio$ o$ Preve$i$" De!)l( Co$%li-.
12<
UNIT 2 UNITED NATIONS AND PEACE INITIATIVES
IN CONFLICT SITUATIONS
Table of Contents
1.0 I$ro)u-io$
7.0 O#0e-ives
=.0 M!i$ Co$e$
=.1 Hisori-!l #!-?"rou$) o% +e *N
=.7 T+e *$ie) N!io$s C+!rer
=.= Pre!'#le o C+!rer
=.2 *N Or"!$ %or &orl) Pe!-e
=.8 T+e Ge$er!l Asse'#l(
=.4 T+e Se-uri( Cou$-il
=.7 T+e I$er$!io$!l Cour o% Pusi-e
=.< T+e Se-re!ri!
2.0 Co$-lusio$
8.0 Su''!r(
1.0 INTRODUCTION
T+e $!'e Q*$ie) N!io$sR, -oi$e) #( Presi)e$ Fr!$?li$ D. Roosevel
o% +e *$ie) S!es, 9!s %irs use) o$ P!$u!r( 1
s
1;27 9+e$
represe$!ives o% 74 $!io$s ple)"e) o -o$i$ue %i"+i$" o"e+er
!"!i$s +e A6is Po9ers @i.e. Ger'!$(, I!l( !$) P!p!$A )uri$" +e
Se-o$) &orl) &!r @*N 1;;<:=A. A-u!ll(, +e er' 9!s $o, !s ! +is
i'e -o$-eive) !s )e$oi$" ! "lo#!l or"!$iC!io$ %or +e '!i$e$!$-e o%
pe!-e !$) se-uri(. I 9!s evolve) !s ! 'ili!r( !lli!$-e o )e%e! +e
A6is Po9ers. Ho9ever, +e *$ie) N!io$s +!s, i$ +e %!-e o% -o$%li-
siu!io$s !rou$) +e 9orl), !ssu'e) is posiio$ i$ spe!r+e!)i$"
-o$%li- '!$!"e'e$.
2.0 OB1ECTIVES
iA E6pl!i$ +e role o% *$ie) N!io$s @*NA !s ! veri!#le or"!$ o%
-o$%li- '!$!"e'e$D !$)
iiA Crii-!ll( !ppr!ise +e *$ie) N!io$Hs i$erve$io$s pro0e-.
12;
3.0 MAIN CONTENT
3.1 Historical background of the UN
*p o April 1;2=, +e /riis+ Pri'e Mi$iser &i$so$ C+ur-+ill, !$)
A'eri-!$ Presi)e$ F. D. Roosevel, 9ere sill i$ %!vour o% +e pos.9!r
i$er$!io$!l s(se' o$ re"io$!l r!+er +!$ "lo#!l #!sis, #o+ o% +e'
+!) !pp!re$l( -+!$"e) +eir 'i$) #( O-o#er o% +e s!'e (e!r. Alo$"
9i+ +e le!)ers o% Sovie *$io$ !$) C+i$!, Roosevel !$) C+ur-+ill
+!) i$ +e %!'ous Mos-o9 De-l!r!io$ -o'e o re-o"$iCe !$) !--ep
+e $e-essi( o% es!#lis+i$" ! u$ivers!l i$er$!io$!l or"!$iC!io$,
9+i-+ is #!se) o$ +e pri$-iple o% soverei"$ e1u!li( o% !ll pe!-e.lovi$"
s!es !$) ope$ o 'e'#ers+ip #( !ll su-+ s!es, l!r"e !$) s'!ll, !$)
-o''ie) o +e '!i$e$!$-e o% i$er$!io$!l pe!-e !$) se-uri(. T+e
*$ie) N!io$s C+!rer 9!s )r!9$ up #( +e represe$!ives o% 80
-ou$ries ! +e *$ie) N!io$s Co$%ere$-e o$ I$er$!io$!l
Or"!$is!io$, 9+i-+ 'e i$ S!$ Fr!$-is-o %ro' 78 April o 74 Pu$e
1;28. T+ose )ele"!es )eli#er!e) o$ +e #!sis o% propos!ls 9or?e) ou
#( +e represe$!ives o% C+i$!, +e Sovie *$io$, +e *$ie) Ei$")o'
!$) +e *$ie) S!es ! Du'#!ro$ O!?s i$ Au"us K O-o#er 1;22.
T+e represe$!ives o% 80 -ou$ries si"$e) +e -+!rer o$ 74 Pu$e 1;28.
Pol!$), 9+i-+ 9!s $o represe$e) ! +e Co$%ere$-e, si"$e) i l!er !$)
#e-!'e o$e o% +e ori"i$!l 81 'e'#er s!es.
T+e *$ie) N!io$s o%%i-i!ll( -!'e i$o e6ise$-e o$ 72 O-o#er 1;28,
9+e$ +e C+!rer +!) #ee$ r!i%ie) #( C+i$!, Fr!$-e, +e Sovie *$io$,
+e *$ie) Ei$")o' !$) +e *$ie) S!es !$) #( ! '!0ori( o% o+er
si"$!ories. Si$-e +e$, *$ie) N!io$s D!( is -ele#r!e) o$ 72 O-o#er
e!-+ (e!r. A -o'pre+e$sive lis o% +e 'e'#er s!es o% +e *$ie)
N!io$s !$) )!es o% +eir !)'issio$ is provi)e) !s !$ !ppe$)i6 o +is
9or?.
3.2 The United Nations` Charter
T+e *$ie) N!io$s C+!rer is +e -o$siui$" i$sru'e$ o% +e
or"!$iC!io$, sei$" ou +e ri"+s !$) o#li"!io$s o% 'e'#er s!es, !$)
es!#lis+i$" +e *$ie) N!io$s or"!$s !$) pro-e)ures.
T+e C+!rer ope$s 9i+ ! pre!'#le, !$) i$-lu)es %ollo9i$" C+!pers:
*$ie) N!io$s Purposes !$) pri$-iples, Me'#ers+ip, or"!$s, P!-i%i-
sele'e$ o% Dispues, A-io$ 9i+ Respe- o T+re!s o +e Pe!-e,
/re!-+es o% +e Pe!-e !$) A-s o% A""ressio$, I$er$!io$!l E-o$o'i-
Cooper!io$, !$) No$.Sel%.Gover$i$" Terriories..
180
3.3 Preamble to the Charter
T+e pre!'#le o +e -+!rer e6presses +e i)e!ls !$) -o''o$ !i's o% !ll
+e peoples 9+ose Gover$'e$s 0oi$e) o"e+er o %or' +e *$ie)
N!io$s:
5&# TA# *#+*1#S +F TA# (N)T#' NAT)+NS
'#T#RM)N#' to sa.e succeeding generations from the
scourge of "ar, "hich t"ice in our life time has rought
untold sorro" to mankind@..4
3.4 UN Organs for World Peace
T+e C+!rer es!#lis+e) si6 pri$-ip!l or"!$s o% +e u$ie) N!io$s,
9+i-+ !re +e: Ge$er!l Asse'#l(, Se-uri( Cou$-il, E-o$o'i- !$)
So-i!l Cou$-il, Trusees+ip Cou$-il, I$er$!io$!l Cour o% Pusi-e !$)
Se-re!ri!. Ho9ever, our )is-ussio$ i$ +is su)( ou-+es o$ +ree o%
+ese or"!$s +! +!ve )ire- or so'e9+! i$errel!e) respo$si#ili( %or
I$er$!io$!l -o$%li- resoluio$ !$) &orl) Pe!-e !$) Se-uri(. /( +is,
9e 'e!$ +e Ge$er!l Asse'#l(, Se-uri( Cou$-il !$) I$er$!io$!l
Cour o% Pusi-e @ICPA. T+e se-re!ri! is )is-usse) 9i+i$ +e -o$e6 o%
+e Se-re!r(.Ge$er!l !s +e !rro9+e!) o% +e !-iviies ! +e Se-re!ri!
!$) +e spo?esperso$ o% !ll +e or"!$s.
3.5 The General Assembly
T+e Ge$er!l Asse'#l( is +e '!i$ )eli#er!ive or"!$. I is -o'pose) o%
represe$!ives o% !ll Me'#er S!es, e!-+ o% 9+i-+ +!s o$e voe.
De-isio$s o$ i'por!$ issues, su-+ !s +ose o$ pe!-e !$) se-uri(,
!)'issio$ o% $e9 'e'#ers !$) #u)"e!r( '!ers, re1uire ! 9o.+ir)s
'!0ori(.
Functions and Powers
*$)er +e C+!rer, +e %u$-io$s !$) po9ers o% +e Ge$er!l Asse'#l(
i$-lu)e:
iA To -o$si)er !$) '!?e re-o''e$)!io$s o$ +e pri$-iples o%
-ooper!io$ i$ +e '!i$e$!$-e o% i$er$!io$!l pe!-e !$)
se-uri(, i$-lu)i$" +e pri$-iples "over$i$" )is!r'!'e$ !$)
!r's re"ul!io$D
iiA To )is-uss !$( 1uesio$ rel!i$" o I$er$!io$!l Pe!-e !$)
Se-uri( !$), e6-ep 9+ere ! )ispue or siu!io$ is #ei$"
181
)is-usse) #( +e Se-uri( Cou$-il, o '!?e re-o''e$)!io$ o$
iD
iiiA To )is-uss !$), 9i+ +e s!'e e6-epio$, '!?e re-o''e$)!io$s
o$ !$( 1uesio$ 9i+i$ +e s-ope o% +e C+!rer or !%%e-i$" +e
po9ers !$) %u$-io$s o% !$( or"!$ o% +e *$ie) N!io$sD
ivA To i$ii!e su)ies !$) '!?e re-o''e$)!io$s o pro'oe
i$er$!io$!l polii-!l -ooper!io$, +e )evelop'e$ !$)
-o)i%i-!io$ o% i$er$!io$!l l!9, +e re!liC!io$ o% +u'!$ ri"+s
!$) %u$)!'e$!l %ree)o's %or !ll, !$) i$er$!io$!l -oll!#or!io$
i$ e-o$o'i-, so-i!l, -ulur!l, e)u-!io$!l !$) +e!l+ %iel)sD
vA To '!?e re-o''e$)!io$s %or +e pe!-e%ul sele'e$ o% !$(
siu!io$, re"!r)less o% ori"i$, 9+i-+ 'i"+ i'p!ir %rie$)l(
rel!io$s !'o$" $!io$sD
viA To re-eive +e -o$si)er repors %ro' +e se-uri( -ou$-il !$)
o+er u$ie) N!io$s or"!$sD
viiA To -o$si)er !$) !pprove +e *$ie) N!io$s #u)"e !$) o
!pporio$ +e -o$ri#uio$s !'o$" 'e'#ersD
viiiA To ele- +e $o$.per'!$e$ 'e'#ers o% +e Se-uri( Cou$-il, +e
'e'#ers o% +e E-o$o'i- !$) So-i!l Cou$-il !$) +ose 'e'#ers
o% +e Trusees+ip Cou$-il +! !re ele-e)D o ele- 0oi$l( 9i+
+e se-uri( -ou$-il, +e 0u)"es o% +e I$er$!io$!l Cour o%
Pusi-eD !$), o$ +e re-o''e$)!io$ o% +e Se-uri( Cou$-il, o
!ppoi$ +e Se-re!r(.Ge$er!l.
T+e Ge$er!l Asse'#l(Hs re"ul!r sessio$ usu!ll( #e"i$s e!-+ (e!r i$
Sepe'#er. A +e s!r o% e!-+ re"ul!r sessio$, +e Asse'#l( ele-s !
$e9 presi)e$, 71 5i-e.Presi)e$s !$) +e -+!irperso$s o% +e
Asse'#l(Hs si6 '!i$ -o''iees.
A +e #e"i$$i$" o% e!-+ re"ul!r sessio$, +e Asse'#l( +ol)s ! "e$er!l
)e#!e, o%e$ !))resse) #( +e!)s o% s!e !$) "over$'e$, i$ 9+i-+
Me'#er S!es e6press +eir vie9s o$ ! 9i)e r!$"e o% i$er$!io$!l
'!ers. Mos 1uesio$s !re +e$ )is-usse) i$ is si6 M!i$ Co''iees:
iA Firs Co''iee @Dis!r'!'e$ !$) I$er$!io$!l Se-uri(AD
iiA Se-o$) Co''iee @E-o$o'i- !$) Fi$!$-i!lAD
iiiA T+ir) Co''iee @So-i!l, Hu'!$i!ri!$ !$) Culur!lAD
ivA Four+ Co''iee @Spe-i!l Polii-!l !$) De-olo$is!io$AD
vA Fi%+ Co''iee @A)'i$isr!ive !$) /u)"e!r(AD
viA Si6+ Co''iee @Le"!lA.
187
T+e 9or? o% +e *$ie) N!io$s (e!r.rou$) )erives l!r"el( %ro' +e
)e-isio$s o% +e Ge$er!l Asse'#l( K +! is o s!(, +e 9ill o% +e
'!0ori( o% +e Me'#ers !s e6presse) i$ resoluio$s !)ope) #( +e
Asse'#l(. T+! 9or? is -!rrie) ou:
/( -o''iees !$) o+er #o)ies es!#lis+e) #( +e Asse'#l( o
su)( !$) repor o$ spe-i%i- issues, su-+ !s )is!r'!'e$,
pe!-e?eepi$", )evelop'e$ !$) +u'!$ ri"+sD
I$ I$er$!io$!l -o$%ere$-es -!lle) %or #( +e !sse'#l(D !$)
/( +e Se-re!ri! o% +e *$ie) N!io$s K +e Se-re!r(.Ge$er!l !$)
+is s!%% o% i$er$!io$!l -ivil serv!$s.
3.6 The Security Council
T+e Se-uri( Cou$-il +!s pri'!r( respo$si#ili(, u$)er +e C+!rer, %or
+e '!i$e$!$-e o% i$er$!io$!l pe!-e !$) se-uri(.
I$ !--or)!$-e 9i+ Ari-le 7=, @1A, @7A !$) @=0 o% +e u$ie) N!io$s
C+!rer, !s !'e$)e) i$ @1;48A.
@1A T+e Se-uri( Cou$-il s+!ll -o$sis o% %i%ee$ ;18A 'e'#ers o% +e
*$ie) N!io$s. T+e repu#li- o% C+i$!D Fr!$-eD +e u$io$ o%
Sovie So-i!lis Repu#li-s @*SSRA $o9 +e Russi!$ Fe)er!io$D
Gre! /ri!i$ !$) +e *$ie) S!es o% A'eri-! !re re-o"$iCe) !s
per'!$e$ 'e'#ers o% +e Se-uri( Cou$-il. T+e Ge$er!l
Asse'#l( ele-s e$ o+er 'e'#ers o% +e *$ie) N!io$s o #e
$o$.per'!$e$ 'e'#ers o% +e Se-uri( Cou$-il, )ue re"!r)
#ei$" spe-i!ll( p!i), i$ +e %irs i$s!$-e o +e -o$ri#uio$ o%
'e'#ers o% +e *$ie) N!io$s o +e '!i$e$!$-e o%
i$er$!io$!l pe!-e !$) se-uri( !$) o +e o+er purposes o% +e
or"!$iC!io$, !$) !lso, o e1ui!#le "eo"r!p+i-!l )isri#uio$.
@7A T+e $o$.per'!$e$ 'e'#ers o% +e Se-uri( Cou$-il !re ele-e)
%or ! er' o% 9o (e!rs. I$ +e %irs ele-io$ o% +e $o$.per'!$e$
'e'#er !%er +e i$-re!se o% 'e'#ers+ip o% +e Se-uri( Cou$-il
%ro' eleve$ o %i%ee$, 9o o% +e %our !))iio$!l 'e'#ers 9ere
o #e -+ose$ %or ! er' o% o$e (e!r. A reiri$" 'e'#er is $o
eli"i#le %or i''e)i!e re.ele-io$.
@=A E!-+ 'e'#er o% +e Se-uri( Cou$-il +!s o$e represe$!ive.
T+e prese$ s(se' %or !llo-!io$ o% se!s ! +e Se-uri( Cou$-il
is #!se) upo$ +e Ge$er!l Asse'#l( resoluio$ 1;;1 @6viiiA.
T+e $u'#ers o% $o$.per'!$e$ 'e'#ers 9ere i$-re!se) %ro' si6 o e$
o$ 1s P!$u!r(, 1;44, !s ! resul o% !$ !'e$)'e$ o +e *$ie) N!io$s
18=
C+!rer. As +e 'e'#ers+ip o% +e *$ie) N!io$s i$-re!se)D i 9!s
-o$si)ere) +! +e 'e'#ers+ip o% +e Se-uri( Cou$-il s+oul) !lso #e
i$-re!se), i$ or)er o "ive 'ore s!es !$ opporu$i( o% sii$" o$ +e
Se-uri( Cou$-il @/!'i)ele, 700=:=4A.
E!-+ Cou$-il 'e'#er +!s o$e voe. De-isio$s o$ pro-e)ur!l '!ers
!re '!)e #( !$ !%%ir'!ive voe o% ! le!s ; o% +e 18 'e'#ers.
De-isio$s o$ su#s!$ive '!ers re1uire $i$e voes, i$-lu)i$" +e
-o$-urri$" voes o% !ll %ive per'!$e$ 'e'#ers. T+is is +e rule o%
Q"re! po9er u$!$i'i(R, o%e$ re%erre) o !s +e Q5eoR po9er. I% !
per'!$e$ 'e'#er )oes $o !"ree 9i+ ! )e-isio$, i -!$ -!s ! $e"!ive
voe, !$) +is !- +!s po9er o% veo. I% ! per'!$e$ 'e'#er )o $o
suppor ! )e-isio$ #u )oes $o 9is+ o #lo-? i +rou"+ ! veo, i '!(
!#s!i$.
/( virue o% Ari-le 78 o% +e C+!rer, !ll Me'#ers o% +e *$ie)
N!io$s +!ve le"!l o#li"!io$ o -!rr( ou +e )e-isio$s o% +e Se-uri(
Cou$-il. Q&+ile o+er or"!$s o% +e *$ie) N!io$s '!?e
re-o''e$)!io$s o Gover$'e$s, +e -ou$-il !lo$e +!s Po9er o !?e
)e-isio$s 9+i-+ Me'#er S!es !re o#li"!e) u$)er +e C+!rer o -!rr(
ouR *N @1;;<:;A.
T+e %u$-io$s !$) Po9ers o% +e Se-uri( Cou$-il !s s!e) u$)er
Ari-les 72, 78 !$) 74 o% +e *$ie) N!io$s C+!rer !))ress sever!l
!spe-s o% -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$. T+e( !re:
To '!i$!i$ i$er$!io$!l pe!-e !$) se-uri( i$ !--or)!$-e 9i+ +e
pri$-iples !$) purposes o% +e *$ie) N!io$sD
To i$vesi"!e !$( )ispue or siu!io$ 9+i-+ 'i"+ le!) o
i$er$!io$!l %ri-io$D
To re-o''e$) 'e+o)s o% !)0usi$" su-+ )ispues or +e er's o%
sele'e$D
To %or'ul!e pl!$s %or es!#lis+i$" ! s(se' o re"ul!e !r'!'e$sD
To )eer'i$e +e e6ise$-e o% ! +re! o +e pe!-e or !- o%
!""ressio$ !$) o re-o''e$) 9+! !-io$ s+oul) #e !?e$D
To -!ll o$ 'e'#ers o !ppl( e-o$o'i- s!$-io$s !$) o+er 'e!sures
$o i$volvi$" +e use o% %or-e o preve$ or sop !""ressio$D
To !?e 'ili!r( !-io$ !"!i$s !$ !""ressorD
To re-o''e$) +e !)'issio$ o% $e9 Me'#ersD
To e6er-ise +e rusees+ip %u$-io$s o% +e u$ie) N!io$s i$
Qsr!e"i- !re!sRD
To re-o''e$) o +e Ge$er!l Asse'#l( +e !ppoi$'e$ o% +e
Se-uri(.Ge$er!l !$), o"e+er 9i+ +e Asse'#l(, o ele- +e
0u)"es o% +e I$er$!io$!l Cour o% Pusi-e.
182
3.7 International Court of 1ustice (IC1)
T+e I$er$!io$!l Cour o% Pusi-e, #!se) ! T+e H!"ue, +e Ne+erl!$)s,
is +e pri$-ip!l 0u)i-i!l or"!$ o% +e *$ie) N!io$s. I +!$)les -o$%li-
issues !s i !%%e-s le"!l )ispues #e9ee$ s!es p!ries !$) "ives
!)visor( opi$io$s o +e *$ie) N!io$s !$) is spe-i!liCe) !"e$-ies. Is
s!ue is !$ i$e"r!l p!r o% +e *$ie) N!io$s C+!rer.
T+e -our is ope$ o +e p!ries o is s!ue, 9+i-+ !uo'!i-!ll(
i$-lu)es !ll 'e'#ers o% +e *$ie) N!io$s. A s!e, 9+i-+ is $o !
*$ie) N!io$s Me'#er, '!( #e-o'e ! p!r( o +e s!ue, !s is +e
-!se %or S9iCerl!$) !$) N!uru. T+e -our is $o ope$ o priv!e
i$)ivi)u!ls.
T+e 0uris)i-io$ o% +e Cour -overs !ll 1uesio$s, 9+i-+ s!es re%er o
i, !$) !ll '!ers provi)e) %or i$ +e *$ie) N!io$s C+!rer or i$
re!ies or -o$ve$io$s i$ %or-e.
I$ !--or)!$-e 9i+ is s!ue, +e -our )e-i)es )ispues #( !ppl(i$":
I$er$!io$!l -o$ve$io$s es!#lis+i$" rules e6pressl( re-o"$iCe) #(
+e -o$esi$" s!esD
I$er$!io$!l -uso' !s evi)e$-e o% ! "e$er!l pr!-i-e !--epe) !s
l!9D
T+e "e$er!l pri$-iples o% l!9 re-o"$iCe) #( $!io$sD !$)
Pu)i-i!l )e-isio$s !$) +e e!-+i$"s o% +e 'os 1u!li%ie) s-+ol!rs o%
v!rious $!io$s.
T+e Cour -o$siss o% 18 Pu)"es ele-e) #( +e Ge$er!l Asse'#l( !$)
+e Se-uri( Cou$-il, voi$" i$)epe$)e$l(. T+e( !re -+ose$ o$ +e
#!sis o% +eir 1u!li%i-!io$s, $o o$ +e #!sis o% $!io$!li(, !$) -!re is
!l9!(s !?e$ o e$sure +! +e pri$-ip!l le"!l s(se's o% +e 9orl) !re
represe$e) i$ +e -our. No 9o 0u)"es -!$ #e %ro' +e s!'e -ou$r(.
T+e 0u)"es serve %or ! $i$e.(e!r er' !$) '!( #e re.ele-e). T+e(
-!$$o e$"!"e i$ !$( o+er o--up!io$ )uri$" +eir er' o% o%%i-e.
T+e -our $or'!ll( sis i$ ple$!r( sessio$, #u i '!( %or' s'!ller u$is
-!lle) C+!'#ers i% +e p!ries so re1ues. Pu)"e'e$s "ive$ #(
C+!'#ers !re -o$si)ere) !s re$)ere) #( +e %ull -our.
188
3.8 The Secretariat
T+e Se-re!ri! is o$e o% +e pri$-ip!l or"!$s o% +e *$ie) N!io$s. I is
+e!)e) #( ! Se-re!r(.Ge$er!l. T+e Se-re!r(.Ge$er!l is +e C+ie%
A)'i$isr!ive O%%i-er o% +e *$ie) N!io$s.
I$ !--or)!$-e 9i+ Ari-le ;7 o% +e C+!rer, +e is !ppoi$e) #( +e
Ge$er!l Asse'#l( o$ +e re-o''e$)!io$ o% +e Se-uri( Cou$-il %or !
%ive.(e!r, re$e9!#le er'.
A'o$" +e %u$-io$s per%or'e) #( +e Se-re!r(.Ge$er!l, !s e$ruse)
o$ +i' #( +e Ge$er!l Asse'#l(, +e Se-uri( Cou$-il !$) o+er or"!$s
o% +e *$ie) N!io$s i$ !--or)!$-e 9i+ +e provisio$s o% Ari-le ;< o%
+e -+!rer, is o #e !$ !'#!ss!)or o% pe!-e !$) o evolve 9!(s o%
'!$!"i$" -o$%li-. *$)er Ari-le ;;, +e Se-re!r(.Ge$er!l '!( #ri$"
o +e !e$io$ o% +e Se-uri( Cou$-il, !$( '!er +! '!(, i$ +is
opi$io$, +re!e$ +e pe!-e !$) se-uri(. Ari-les 17, @7A, 70, 7= @eA,
101, 110 ;=A %ur+er spell ou spe-i%i- %u$-io$s o% +e Se-re!r(.
Ge$er!l.
4.0 CONCLUSION
T+e 9or? o% +e *$ie) N!io$sH !s e'#o)ie) i$ +e pos o% +e
Se-re!r(.Ge$er!l is o e$sure -o$sul!io$s 9i+ 9orl) le!)ers !$)
o+er i$)ivi)u!ls, !e$)!$-e ! sessio$s o% v!rious *$ie) N!io$s
#o)ies, !$) &orl)9i)e r!vel !s p!r o% +e over!ll e%%or o i$i'!e
+i'sel% !$) +e vie9s o% 'e'#er s!es, !s 9ell !s +e -o$-er$s o%
represe$!ives o% -ivil so-ie(.
5.0 SUMMARY
I$ +is u$i, 9e +!ve e6!'i$e) +e sru-ure !$) er's o% re%ere$-e o%
+e *$ie) N!io$sH. &e +!ve !lso )is-usse) is evolve'e$ si$-e
i$-epio$ i$o ! po9er%ul ool i$ -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$ !rou$) +e 9orl).
iA &+! is +e pl!-e o% -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$ i$ +e *N -+!rerM
iiA Ouli$e +e sr!e"ies o% i$erve$io$ use) #( +e *NM
iiiA Ho9 9ill +e re%or' o% +e *N i'prove -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$
"lo#!ll(M
184
N!#u)ere, D. N. @7000A Gloalisation and *ost$Colonial African State,
Fi'#!#9e: Pri$ Sour-e Li'ie).
Gloal 'ialogue.
Pe-?, C. @1;;<A. Sustainale *eace: The Role of the (nited Nations and
R!'s#o+!', O. !$) T. &oo)+ouse @1;;4A. Aumanitarian )nter.ention
in Contem%orary Conflict: A Reconce%tualisation. C!'#ri)"e:
Poli( Press.
187
UNIT 3 UN PEACE INITIATIVES IN AFRICA
Table of Contents
1.0 I$ro)u-io$
7.0 O#0e-ives
=.0 M!i$ Co$e$
=.1 A Revie9 o% *N Pe!-e I$ii!ives i$ A%ri-!
=.7 *$ie) N!io$sH I$erve$io$ i$ +e Li#eri!$ Civil &!r @C!se
Su)(A
=.7.1 T+e *NIMOL !$) is M!$)!e
=.= *NOMIL K ECOMOG Poi$ Pe!-e?eepi$" Oper!io$ i$ Li#eri!
=.2 *N Pos.-o$%li- !-iviies i$ Li#eri!
=.8 Dis!r'!'e$ o% +e Ar'e) E+$i- Milii!s
2.0 Co$-lusio$
8.0 Su''!r(
1.0 INTRODUCTION
I$ 1;;7, +e Se-uri( Cou$-il +el) ! spe-i!l 'eei$" ! +e 'i$iseri!l
level o$ A%ri-! ! 9+i-+ i e6presse) Q"r!ve -o$-er$R over +e $u'#er
!$) i$e$si( o% !r'e) -o$%li-s o$ +e -o$i$e$ !$) -!lle) %or !$
i$er$!io$!l e%%or o pro'oe pe!-e !$) se-uri( 9i+i$ +e -o$i$e$
@*N, 1;;<:7;A.
O$e o% +e e!rlies !$) l!r"es pe!-e?eepi$" %or-es o% +e *$ie)
N!io$s 9!s )eplo(e) o A%ri-!, %ro' 1;40 o 1;42, i$ 9+! is $o9 +e
De'o-r!i- Repu#li- o% Co$"o. T+e pe!-e?eepi$" %or-e 9!s !""e)
Q*$ie) N!io$s Oper!io$ i$ +e Co$"o, @ON*CA 9i+ ! sre$"+ o%
$e!rl( 70,000 'ili!r( perso$$el.
2.0 OB1ECTIVES
*po$ -o'pleio$ o% su)(i$" +is u$i, (ou s+oul) #e !#le o:
iA Hi"+li"+ +e *NHs v!rious pe!-e i$ii!ives i$ A%ri-!D !$)
iiA Crii-!ll( !ppr!ise +ese i$ii!ives !"!i$s +e #!-?)rop o% +e
proli%er!io$ o% viole$ -o$%li- i$ +e -o$i$e$.
18<
3.0 MAIN CONTENT
3.1 A Review of U.N. Peace Initiative in Africa
5iole$ -o$%li-s 9ere prev!le$ i$ A%ri-! i$ +e e!rl( 1;40s p!rl( !s !
resul o% )e-olo$iC!io$ sru""le i$ so'e p!rs o% +e -o$i$e$ !$)
p!rl( !s ! %!ll.ou o% +e i$ -o$"rue$-ies !'o$" so'e +i+ero 'uu!ll(
+osile peoples lu'pe) o"e+er i$ +e v!rious $e9l( i$)epe$)e$ s!es.
Mos o% +ese -o$%li-s )i) $o !-u!ll( !r!- +e !e$io$ o% +e *$ie)
N!io$s. T+e l!er (pe o% -o$%li- 0us 'e$io$e) +i#er$!e) i$ +e
e-o$o'i- #oo' o% )i%%ere$ s!es !-ross A%ri-! i$ +e 1;70s !$) ver(
e!rl( 1;<0s o$l( o %i$) e6pressio$ i$ +e 1;;0sH Pos.Col) &!r
Polii-!l v!"!ries i$ +e %or' o% !r'e) e+$i- -o$%li-s. *$ie) N!io$s
re-or) o$ -o$%li- i$erve$io$s !$) pe!-e?eepi$" oper!io$s i$ A%ri-!
es!#lis+es +is %!-, !s ON*C +!ppe$e) o #e +e o$l( *N
pe!-e?eepi$" %or-e )eplo(e) o A%ri-! %ro' 1;40.1;<< 9+ile $o less
+!$ si6ee$ @14A pe!-e?eepi$" %or-es, o#server !$) veri%i-!io$
Missio$s +!ve #ee$ se$ o A%ri-! #e9ee$ 1;<; !$) 7002.
T+e re-or) s+o9s +e %ollo9i$":
1. ONUC: *$ie) N!io$s Oper!io$ i$ +e Co$"o
Pul( 1;40 K De-e'#er 1;42.
7. UNAVEM 1: *$ie) N!io$s A$"ol! 5eri%i-!io$ Missio$ 1
P!$u!r( 1;<; K Pu$e 1;;1.
=. UNTAG: *$ie) N!io$s Tr!$siio$ Assis!$-e Group @N!'i#i!
!$) A$"ol!A
April 1;<; K M!r-+ 1;;0.
2. UNAVEM II: *$ie) N!io$s A$"ol! 5eri%i-!io$ II
Pu$e 1;;1 K Fe#ru!r( 1;;8
8. `MINURSO: *$ie) N!io$s Missio$ %or +e Re%ere$)u' i$
&es S!+!r!
April 1;;1 K
4. UNOSOM 1: *$ie) N!io$s Oper!io$ i$ So'!li! 1
April 1;;7 K M!r-+ 1;;=.
7. ONUMOZ: *$ie) N!io$s Oper!io$ i$ MoC!'#i1ue
De-e'#er 1;;7 K De-e'#er 1;;2.
<. UNOSOM II: *$ie) N!io$s Oper!io$ i$ S!'!li! II
M!r-+ 1;;= K M!r-+ 1;;8.
18;
;. UNOMUR: *$ie) N!io$s O#server Missio$ *"!$)!.R9!$)!.
Pu$e 1;;= K Sepe'#er 1;;2.
10. UNOMIL: *$ie) N!io$s O#server Missio$ i$ Li#eri!
Sepe'#er 1;;= K Sepe'#er 1;;7.
11. UNAMIR: *$ie) N!io$s Assis!$-e Missio$ i$ R9!$)!
O-o#er 1;;= K M!r-+ 1;;4.
17. UNASOG: *$ie) N!io$s AouCou Srip O#server Group
@Repu#li- o% C+!)A
1=. UNAVEM III: *$ie) N!io$s A$"ol! 5eri%i-!io$ Missio$ III
Fe#ru!r( 1;;8 K Pu$e 1;;7.
12. `MONUA: *$ie) N!io$s O#server Missio$ i$ A$"ol! Pul(
1;;7.
18. `MINUCRA: *$ie) N!io$s Missio$ i$ +e Ce$r!l A%ri-!$
Repu#li- M!r-+ 1;;<.
14. `UNOMSIL: *$ie) N!io$s O#server Missio$ i$ Sierr! Leo$e
Pul( 1;;<.
KEY: `Me!$s O$"oi$" !s o% Pul( 1;;<. Sour-e: /asic Facts
Aout The (nited Nations, Ne" Eork: (N ,677F- %%. ;:6 G ;:H.
I$ !))iio$ o +e lis !#ove is +e re-e$l( )eplo(e) MINUCI: *$ie)
N!io$s i$ Coe )HIvoire i$ respo$se o +e -ivil 9!r +! erupe) i$ +e
-ou$r( i$ Sepe'#er 1;;;.
A'o$" +e !s?s )is-+!r"e) #( pe!-e?eepi$" oper!io$s over +e (e!rs
!re:
Maintenance of ceasefires and Separation of forces: /(
provi)i$" Q#re!+i$" sp!-eR, !$ oper!io$ #!se) o$ ! li'ie)
!"ree'e$ #e9ee$ p!ries -!$ %oser !$ !'osp+ere -o$)u-ive o
$e"oi!io$D
Preventive deployment: Deplo(e) #e%ore -o$%li- #re!?s ou, !$
oper!io$ )oes provi)e ! re!ssuri$" prese$-e !$) ! )e"ree o%
r!$sp!re$-( 9+i-+ %!vour polii-!l pro"ressD
Implementation of a comprehensive settlement: Co'ple6, 'uli.
)i'e$sio$!l oper!io$s, )eplo(e) o$ +e #!sis o% -o'pre+e$sive
140
pe!-e !"ree'e$s, )o !ssis i$ su-+ )iverse !s?s !s 'o$iori$"
+u'!$ ri"+s, provi)i$" ele-or!l !ssis!$-e, o#servi$" ele-io$s,
%ur$is+i$" +u'!$i!ri!$ !ssis!$-e !$) -oor)i$!i$" suppor %or
e-o$o'i- re-o$sru-io$D
Protection of humanitarian operations during conflict: I$ '!$(
-o$%li-s, -ivili!$ popul!io$s +!ve #ee$ )eli#er!el( !r"ee) !s !
'e!$s o "!i$ polii-!l e$)s. I$ su-+ siu!io$s, pe!-e?eepers +!ve
#ee$ !s?e) o provi)e proe-io$ !$) suppor %or +e )eliver( o%
+u'!$i!ri!$ !i).
Co$%li- e6pers !"ree +! o -o'pleel( resolve ! -o$%li-, is roo
-!uses +!ve o #e re'ove) %irs. I 9!s i$ +is re"!r) +! +e *$ie)
N!io$s, +!vi$" re-o"$iCe) Q+e li$? #e9ee$ 9!r !$) )ire pover(R i$
A%ri-!, +!s, o% re-e$D s!re) "oi$" i$o -lose -ooper!io$ 9i+ re"io$!l
or"!$iC!io$s, su-+ !s +e or"!$iC!io$ o% A%ri-!$ *$i( @OA*A $o9
A%ri-!$ *$io$ @A*A, !$) su#.re"io$!l or"!$iC!io$s su-+ !s E-o$o'i-
Co''u$i( o% &es A%ri-!$ S!es @ECO&ASA !s )e'o$sr!e) i$
Li#eri!, 1;;= K 1;;7. A is 1;;7 'eei$", +e Se-uri( Cou$-il -!lle)
%or ! %ur+er sre$"+e$i$" o% su-+ -oll!#or!io$ o e$+!$-e -o$%li-
preve$io$ !$) resoluio$ o$ +e A%ri-! -o$i$e$.
I$ ! #i) o re)u-e or er!)i-!e pover(, !s ! '!0or -!use o% -o$%li- i$
A%ri-!, +e *$ie) N!io$s +!s !?e$ "i!$ e-o$o'i- poli-( seps over
+e (e!rs. A is 1;<4 spe-i!l sessio$ o$ A%ri-!, +e Ge$er!l Asse'#l(
!)ope) +e *rogramme of Action for African #conomic Reco.ery and
'e.elo%ment 67FI G 677: ,(N*A#R'-, 9+i-+ sou"+ o 'o#iliCe
polii-!l !$) %i$!$-i!l suppor %or e-o$o'i- re%or's. Revie9i$" +e
pro"r!''e o% A-io$ i$ 1;;1, +e Asse'#l( -!lle) %or ! Ne" Agenda
for 'e.elo%ment of Africa in the 677:s o e$sure -o$i$ue) suppor %or
+e re"io$ #( !-+ievi$" !$ !ver!"e re!l "ro9+ r!e i$ "ross )o'esi-
pro)u- o% ! le!s 4 per-e$ ! (e!r +rou"+ou +e 1;;0s.
To %ur+er e$sure -oor)i$!io$ o% is e6e$sive pro"r!''es i$ A%ri-!,
+e Ge$er!l Asse'#l( l!u$-+e) i$ 1;;4 +e (nited Nations System$"ide
S%ecial )nitiati.e on Africa ,(NS)A- o +elp !--eler!e A%ri-!Hs
)evelop'e$ i$ +e )e-!)e o 7008. *NSIA is )esi"$e) o r!io$!liCe
!$) '!6i'iCe +e i'p!- o% *$ie) N!io$s !ssis!$-e i$ +e re"io$,
@*N, 1;;<: 7; K <0, 1=1A.
T+ere is $o "!i$s!(i$" +e %!- +! +e seps so %!r )is-usse) !re !ll
"e!re) o9!r)s e$"e$)eri$" sus!i$!#le pe!-e i$ A%ri-!: 9+e+er
+rou"+ )eplo('e$ o% pe!-e?eepi$" %or-es, O#server !$) 5eri%i-!io$
Missio$s or +rou"+ +e lee9!( o% sou$) e-o$o'i- )evelop'e$D 9i+i$
+e -o$e6 o% 9+i-+ vi!#le polii-!l i$siuio$s !$) !-iviies -!$
oper!e.
141
3.2 United Nations Intervention in the Liberian Civil War
(Case Study)
A +e e!rl( s!"es o% +e ECOMOG i$ii!ive, +ere 9ere !lle"!io$s
+! +e *$ie) N!io$s +!) %!ile) o s+o9 !$( si"$i%i-!$ -o$-er$ %or
+e r!"e)( +! 9!s u$%ol)i$" i$ Li#eri!. So'e spe-ul!e) +! +e
'!0or po9ers ! +e *$ %el sli"+e) #( +e ECO&AS i$ii!ive o9!r)s
solvi$" +e Li#eri!$ pro#le' !$) +ere%ore )e-i)e) o loo? +e o+er
9!(, le!vi$" +e su#.re"io$!l or"!$iC!io$ o spe$) isel% o e6+!usio$.
T+ere 9ere !lso spe-ul!io$s +! +e *NHs pe!-e?eepi$" #u)"e +!)
!lre!)( #ee$ oversre-+e) #( +e upsur"e o% 'issio$s 9+i-+ i +!)
e'#!r?e) o$ si$-e +e e$) o% +e Col).&!r @l!e 1;<0sA. T+e vie9 i$
so'e 1u!rers 9!s +! +e *$ie) N!io$s 9!s $ei+er i$erese) i$ +e
resor!io$ o% Pe!-e i$ Li#eri! $or )i) i spe-i%i-!ll( e$)orse +e
ECOMOG 'issio$ o Li#eri!.
Ho9ever, +e *N posiio$ 9!s '!)e ?$o9$ i$ Fe#ru!r( 1;;7, 9+e$ +e
*N Se-re!r(.Ge$er!l /ourous.G+!li l!u)e) +e 0oi$ 'eei$" i$ Ne9
Bor? #e9ee$ +e *N, OA* !$) o+er re"io$!l or"!$iC!io$s 9+i-+
sou"+ o #ri$" +e #elli"ere$ %!-io$s i$ So'!li! o !"ree o$ !$
i''e)i!e Cess!io$ o% +osiliies !$) -o$-lu)e ! -e!se%ire !rr!$"e'e$.
He !ppre-i!e) re"io$!l e%%ors ! resori$" pe!-e, O#!si @1;;7:=2;A
$oes:
This >oint effort "ill hel% estalish a %attern for future coo%eration and
the means y "hich the (nited Nations could hel% enhance the role of
regional organi?ations and render assistance to hel% them contriute to
%eacekee%ing and %eacemaking efforts.
S+orl( !%er, )uri$" +is 9o.)!( o%%i-i!l visi o Ni"eri!, +e Se-re!r(.
Ge$er!l %ur+er el!#or!e) o$ *NHs rue posiio$. He )e#u$?e) +e
!lle"!io$s +! +e *$ie) N!io$s 9!s u$-o$-er$e) !#ou Li#eri!. He
sresse) +e -o$-er$ o% +e *N o$ Li#eri! !$) p!ri-ul!rl( o$ loss o%
lives, proper( !$) +e su%%eri$", 9+i-+ +e siu!io$ +!) #rou"+ o$ +e
-ou$r(. He !lso )re9 !e$io$ o +u'!$i!ri!$ !$) e'er"e$-(
!ssis!$-e "ive$ o +e -ou$r( #( !"e$-ies o% +e *$ie) N!io$s,
$o!#l(, *$ie) N!io$s C+il)re$ E$)o9'e$ Fu$) @*NICEFA@ !$)
*$ie) N!io$s Hi"+ -o''issio$ %or Re"u"ees @*NHCRA.
I$ e!rl( Nove'#er 1;;7 ECO&AS '!)e ! represe$!io$ o +e *N
Se-uri( Cou$-il. I$ +e Cou$-ilHs 'eei$" o% 1; Nove'#er, +e
)is-ussio$ 9i+i$ +e -ou$-il %!voure) !$) !pprove) ! re"io$!l soluio$
o +e Li#eri!$ -o$%li-. T+e Se-uri( Cou$-il 'eei$" %or'e) #!sis o%
Resoluio$ 7<<, 9+i-+ re!%%ir'e) is #elie% +! +e B!'oussou?ro I5
147
A--or) o%%ere) +e #es possi#le %r!'e9or? %or ! pe!-e%ul resoluio$ o%
+e Li#eri!$ -o$%li-. Resoluio$ 7<< !lso re1uese) +! +e Se-re!r(.
Ge$er!l )isp!-+ ! spe-i!l Represe$!ive o Li#eri! o ev!lu!e +e
siu!io$ !$) i'pose ! "e$er!l !$) -o'pee e'#!r"o o$ !ll )eliveries o%
9e!po$s !$) 'ili!r( e1uip'e$ o Li#eri!. T+e !r's e'#!r"o )i) $o
+o9ever e6e$) o ECOMOG @Ero, 1;;8:;A.
T+e H!r#el M!ss!-re, !$ i$-i)e$ i$ 9+i-+ $o less 400 -ivili!$s 9ere
sl!u"+ere), +ei"+e$e) +e pressure upo$ ECO&AS !$) +e
I$er$!io$!l Co''u$i( o r( o #ri$" o"e+er +e riv!l %!-io$s i$
or)er o resu'e $e"oi!io$s !$) %i$) ! -o$se$sus o +e -risis. Pe!-e.
!l?s 9ere +ere%ore -o$)u-e) i$ +e su''er o% 1;;= 9i+ +e
!ssis!$-e o% +e *N !$) +e OA*.
T+e !l?s resule) i$ +e Coo$ou A"ree'e$, 9+i-+ 9!s si"$e), #( +e
I$eri' Gover$'e$ o% N!io$!l *$i( @IGN*A, N!io$!l P!rioi- Fro$
o% Li#eri! @NPFLA !$) +e *$ie) Li#er!io$ Move'e$ o% Li#eri! %or
De'o-r!-( @*LIMOA. T+e !"ree'e$ -o$!i$e) !-io$s r!$"i$" %ro'
-e!se%ire +rou"+ )is!r'!'e$ !$) )e'o#iliC!io$ o +e +ol)i$" o%
$!io$!l ele-io$s. T+e p!ries !"ree) o es!#lis+ ! 0oi$ Ce!se%ire
Mo$iori$" Co''iee @PCMCA, -o'prisi$" represe$!ives o% +e +ree
9!rri$" %!-io$s, ECOMOG !$) !$ !)v!$-e e!' o% =0 *N o#servers.
T+is 9!s +e #e"i$$i$" o% +e *$ie) N!io$s i$erve$io$ i$ +e
Li#eri!$ -ivil 9!r.
3.2.1 The UNOMIL and Its Mandate
O$ 77
$)
Sepe'#er, 1;;= !$) #( resoluio$ <44 o% 1;;=, *$ie) N!io$s
O#server Missio$ i$ Li#eri! @*NOMILA 9!s es!#lis+e) #( +e *N
Se-uri( Cou$-il. *NOMIL 9!s !$ o#server 'issio$ o re'!i$
u$!r'e). ECOMOG roops 9ere o provi)e +e *NOMIL 9i+ se-uri(.
T+is 9!s +e %irs 0oi$ *N3re"io$!l pe!-e?eepi$" 'issio$ u$)er!?e$
#( +e *$ie) N!io$s i$ -ooper!io$ 9i+ ! pe!-e?eepi$" 'issio$
!lre!)( se up #( !$o+er or"!$iC!io$, @*N 1;;<:;0A.
T+e *NOMIL '!$)!e 9!s o suppor ECOMOG i$ i'ple'e$i$" +e
Coo$ou pe!-e !"ree'e$, espe-i!ll( -o'pli!$-e 9i+ !$) i'p!ri!l
i'ple'e$!io$ o% +e !"ree'e$ #( !ll p!ries.
3.3 UNOMIL - ECOMOG 1oint Peacekeeping Operation in
Liberia
O$e 9oul) +i$? +! +e i$erve$io$ o% +e *N i$ +e 9!r 9oul) #ri$"
!$ i''e)i!e e$) o +e -risis #!se) o$ +e %!- +!, C+!rles T!(lor +!)
-o$sise$l( )e-l!re) +! +e 9oul) o$l( )is!r' +is roops o *N %or-es
or so'e i$er$!io$!l #o)( o+er +!$ +e Ni"eri!$.)o'i$!e)
14=
ECOMOG 9+i-+ +e s!9 !s #ei$" p!ri!l. Ho9ever, +e pro"ress
o9!r)s i'ple'e$i$" +e Coo$ou A"ree'e$, 9+i-+ %or'e) +e -ore
'!$)!e o% *NOMIL, 9!s slo9 9i+ !ll +e opio$s +! 9ere ouli$e)
#ei$" u$)er'i$e).
&+! 9!s )i%%ere$ !#ou +e Coo$ou A"ree'e$ i$ vie9 o% +e p!s
!"ree'e$s 9!s +! ECOMOG 9!s o #e e6p!$)e) o i$-lu)e 9o
-o$i$"e$s %ro' ousi)e +e &es A%ri-!$ Su#.re"io$ K T!$C!$i! !$)
*"!$)! K !$) ! *N o#server 'issio$. Eve$ 9i+ !ll +ese !$i)oes o$
"rou$), li?e +e B!'oussou?ro I5 A--or)s, +e Coo$ou A"ree'e$ )i)
$o #ri$" pe!-e #u 'ulipli-!io$ o% 9!rri$" %!-io$s.
1;;2 9!s ! ver( rou"+ (e!r i$ +e !$$!ls o% +e +isor( o% +e Li#eri!$
9!r !s +e 0oi$ *NOMIL3ECOMOG e%%ors su%%ere) serious se#!-?s
!$) i #e-!'e !pp!re$ +! +e -o$i$ue) %i"+i$" #e9ee$ +e riv!l
%!-io$s u$)er'i$e) +e i'ple'e$!io$ pro-ess !$) +e ele-io$ o%
Sepe'#er 1;;2. For i$s!$-e, o$ ; Sepe'#er 1;;2, NPFL ele'e$s
)e!i$e) 2= u$!r'e) *NOMIL 'ili!r( o#servers !$) 4 $o$.
"over$'e$!l or"!$iC!io$ perso$$el ! $i$e sies i$ +e $or+er$ !$)
e!ser$ re"io$s. A%er sever!l $e"oi!io$s #e9ee$ *NOMIL, NPFL
!$) $ei"+#ouri$" ECO&AS Cou$ries, !ll 'ili!r( o#servers !$) $o$.
"over$'e$!l or"!$iC!io$ perso$$el 9ere rele!se) #( 1< Sepe'#er.
Ho9ever, 9o T!$C!$i!$ sol)iers 9ere ?ille), ! +ir) l!er )ie) %ro' +is
9ou$)s.
As ! $u'#er o% o#s!-les -o$i$ue) o i'pe)e +e i'ple'e$!io$ o% +e
Coo$ou A"ree'e$ sever!l 'eei$"s 9ere -o$ve$e) le!)i$" o 9o
o+er !"ree'e$s. T+ese 9ere +e A?oso'#o A"ree'e$ @Sepe'#er
1;;2A, 9+i-+ 9!s ! supple'e$!r( !"ree'e$ o +e Coo$ou
A"ree'e$ !$) +e A"ree'e$ o$ +e -l!ri%i-!io$ o% +e A?oso'#o
A"ree'e$ !$) T+e A--ep!$-e, !$) A--essio$ A"ree'e$ si"$e) i$
A--r! i$ De-e'#er 1;;2. T+ese !"ree'e$s 9ere si"$e) o !?e -!re o%
+e loop+oles !$) i$!)e1u!-ies o% +e Coo$ou A"ree'e$. T+e *N
Represe$!ive o Li#eri!, Trevor Gor)o$ K So'ers !)'ie) +!
'is!?es 9ere '!)e over +e )is!r'!'e$ pro-ess +! 9!s )e-i)e) i$
+e Coo$ou A"ree'e$:
5)n the Cotonou Agreement "e all negotiated on the
assum%tion of good faith @ and therefore, three are
as%ects "e did not %ay sufficient attention to. For one, "e
did not address the issue of internal security arrangements
in the country4, ,(N 'oc. SJ677HJ66IK, 6H +ct. %ara. 9-.
T+ou"+ +e err!i$ 9!s ver( rou"+ %or +e *NOMIL3ECOMOG, !s +e
0oi$ oper!io$ +!) o 9e!+er )i%%ere$ sor's i$ +e -ourse o% resori$"
pe!-e o +e 9!r K or$ s!e o% Li#eri!, #u 9i+ -e!se%ire %i$!ll( i$
142
%or-e, ECOMOG 9i+ *NOMIL le$)i$" -re)i#ili( !$) i'p!ri!li( o
is !-iviies, r!$"i$" %ro' )is!r'!'e$ !$) )e'o#iliC!io$ o +e
+ol)i$" o% $!io$!l ele-io$s, +e 0oi$ oper!io$ 9!s !#le o %ul%il is
'!$)!e 9+i-+ -li'!6e) i$ +e Pul( 1;;7 $!io$!l ele-io$s !$)
e$+ro$e'e$ o% )e'o-r!i-!ll( ele-e) "over$'e$.
3.4 UN Post-Conflict activities in Liberia
I$ Nove'#er 1;;7, %ollo9i$" +e -o'pleio$ o% +e *NOMILHs
M!$)!e, +e *N es!#lis+e) ! pos.-o$%li-, pe!-e.#uil)i$" suppor
o%%i-e @P/SOA i$ Li#eri!. He!)e) #( ! Represe$!ive o% +e Se-re!r(.
Ge$er!l, +e o%%i-e 9!s i$e$)e) o sre$"+e$ !$) +!r'o$ise *$ie)
N!io$s pe!-e.#uil)i$" e%%ors, o +elp pro'oe re-o$-ili!io$ !$)
respe- %or +u'!$ ri"+s, !$) o +elp 'o#iliCe i$er$!io$!l suppor %or
re-o$sru-io$ !$) re-over(. T+e *N pos.-o$%li- pe!-e.#uil)i$" is
esse$i!ll( ! preve$ive sr!e"(. I preve$s ! rel!pse o -o$%li- !$) i
us+ers i$ sus!i$!#le pe!-e. I is +ere%ore ! lo$".er' pro0e-, 9+i-+
i$volves +e %ollo9i$":
)e'ili!riC!io$ o% -o'#!!$sD
ele-or!l !ssis!$-eD
re.es!#lis+i$" +e rule o% l!9D
re.-o$sru-io$ o% -ivil so-ie(D
e-o$o'i- !ssis!$-eD !$)
+e reur$ o% re%u"ees !$) I$er$!ll( Displ!-e) Perso$s @IDPSA.
T+e *N !$) +e ECOMOG )i) e6e$sive 9or? i$ +e !re! o%
)is!r'!'e$ !$) )e'ili!riC!io$ o% -o'#!!$s )espie +e
u$-ooper!ive !iu)es o% +e 9!rri$" %!-io$s. T+is is el!#or!el(
)is-usse) u$)er +e $e6 su#.+e!)i$". T+e e%%ors o% +e *NOMIL K
ECOMOG 0oi$ oper!io$ i$ +e )ire-io$ o% ele-or!l !ssis!$-e !$) re.
es!#lis+'e$ o% +e rule o% l!9 resule) i$ +e $!io$!l ele-io$s o% Pul(
1;;7D !)0u)"e) %ree !$) %!ir #( i$er$!io$!l o#servers. I$ +e !re! o%
e-o$o'i- !ssis!$-e !$) re.-o$sru-io$ o% -ivil so-ie(, +e Se-re!r(.
Ge$er!l, o$ = Fe#ru!r( 1;;8, l!u$-+e) !$ i$er.!"e$-( -o$soli)!e)
!ppe!l %or Li#eri!D see?i$" +e *S X48 'illio$ i$ e6r!.#u)"e!r(
resour-es re1uire) #( +e *N !"e$-ies o e'#!r? o$ +u'!$i!ri!$
!ssis!$-e !$) i$ii!l p+(si-!l re.-o$sru-io$ i$ pos.-o$%li- Li#eri!.
Co$se1ue$ upo$ reur$ o% pe!-e, A%ol!(!$ @700=:77A repors +! 7=.1
per -e$ o% Li#eri!$ re%u"ees reur$e) %ro' Coe )HIvoire !$) =8.7 per
-e$ %ro' Gui$e! i$ 1;;<.
3.5 Disarmament of the armed Ethnic Militias
T+e r!$siio$ %ro' 9!r o pe!-e -o''e$-e) !%er +e si"$i$" o% +e
A--r! A"ree'e$ i$ De-e'#er 1;;2, 9+i-+ 9!s ! %ollo9.up, !$) ! %i$e
148
u$e o% +e Coo$ou A"ree'e$. T+e !i' o% +e )is!r'!'e$ e6er-ise
9!s o rerieve !ll 9e!po$s o% )esru-io$ %ro' +e -o'#!!$s o e$sure
!$) '!i$!i$ +e se-uri( o% +e Li#eri!$ S!e. I 9!s ! 'ili!r( pro-ess
!r"ee) ! +e -olle-io$, re"isr!io$ !$) )esru-io$ o% !ll -o$ve$io$!l
9e!po$s !$) !''u$iio$s rerieve) %ro' +e -o'#!!$s.
&i+ p!ri-ul!r %o-us o$ +e Li#eri!$ -!se, +e Coo$ou A"ree'e$ !$)
is %ollo9.ups +e A?oso'#o !$) A--r! A"ree'e$sD %or'e) +e
"ui)i$" pos %or +e e$-!'p'e$, )is!r'!'e$, )e'o#iliC!io$ !$)
rei$e"r!io$ o% +e Li#eri!$ e6.-o'#!!$s. Dis!r'!'e$ #ei$" +e
uli'!e o#0e-ive o% +e -e!se%ire, +e !"ree'e$s pu !ppropri!e
'e!sures i$ pl!-e o e$!#le +e AFL @Ar'e) For-es o% Li#eri!A o
!ssu'e is -+!r!-er !s ! N!io$!l Ar'(. /u u$il su-+ 'e!sures !re
-o'plee) +e AFL li?e !ll o+er p!ries !$) 9!rri$" %!-io$s s+!ll #e
-o'pleel( )is!r'e) i$ !--or)!$-e 9i+ +e Coo$ou !"ree'e$.
I$ or)er o e$sure ! se-ure e$viro$'e$ %or +e proper %u$-io$i$" o% +e
u$i%ie) "over$'e$ i$ Moro$vi!, +e LNTG @Li#eri!$ N!io$!l
Tr!$siio$!l Gover$'e$ i$ -oll!#or!io$ 9i+ ECOMOG s+!ll e$sure
+! $o "roup or i$)ivi)u!ls #e!r !r's i$ +e peri'eer o% +e -!pi!l.
Co$-er$i$" )is!r'!'e$, +e %ollo9i$" !re sipul!e) i$ Se-io$ E !$)
Ari-le 4 o% +e s!'e Coo$ou !"ree'e$:
Count 1: All 9e!po$s !$) 9!rli?e '!eri!ls -olle-e) s+!ll #e
sore) #( +e ECOMOG i$ !r'ouries )esi"$!e) #(
ECOMOG, 'o$iore) !$) veri%ie) #( *N o#servers.
Count 2: All 9e!po$s !$) 9!rli?e '!eri!ls i$ +e possessio$ o% +e
p!ries s+!ll #e "ive$ o ECOMOG i$ )esi"$!e)
!r'ouries.
Count 3: S!i) !r'ouries s+!ll #e se-ure) #( +e ECOMOG,
'o$iore) !$) veri%ie) #( *N o#servers upo$ proper
)o-u'e$!io$ or i$ve$or( o% !ll 9e!po$s !$) 9!rli?e
'!eri!ls re-eive).
Course 4: E!-+ o% +e 9!rri$" p!ries s+!ll e$sure +! is -o'#!!$s
repor !ll 9e!po$s !$) 9!rli?e '!eri!ls o ECOMOG
9+i-+ 9oul) #e i$ve$ories #( ECOMOG, 'o$iore) !$)
veri%ie) #( +e LNTG !$) *NOMIL. *po$ proper
i$ve$or( su-+ 9e!po$s !$) 9!rli?e '!eri!ls, s+!ll #e
!?e$ #( ECOMOG o +e )esi"$!e) !r'ouries,
'o$iore) !$) veri%ie) #( *NOMIL !$) LNTG.
144
Count 5: All $o$.-o'#!!$s 9+o !re i$ possessio$ o% 9e!po$s !$)
9!rli?e '!eri!ls s+!ll #e repore) !$) surre$)er s!'e o
ECOMOG, 'o$iore) !$) veri%ie) #( LNTG !$)
*NOMIL. Su-+ 9e!po$s !$) 9!rli?e '!eri!ls s+!ll #e
reur$e) o +e o9$er !%er )ue re"isr!io$, li-e$si$" !$)
-eri%i-!io$ #( +e "over$i$" !u+ori( !%er ele-io$s.
Count 6: T+e ECOMOG s+!ll +!ve +e !u+ori( o )is!r'
-o'#!!$s or $o$.-o'#!!$s i$ possessio$ o% 9e!po$s
!$) 9!rli?e '!eri!ls. T+e *NOMIL s+!ll 'o$ior !ll
su-+ !-iviies.
Count 7: For +e sole purpose o% '!i$!i$i$" +e -e!se%ire,
ECOMOG s+!ll -o$)u- !$( su-+ o re-over los or
+i))e$ 9e!po$s, o#serve) !$) 'o$iore) #( *NOMIL
!$) LNTG.
T+e p!ries !"ree) !$) %ull( -o''ie) +e'selves o +e e$-!'p'e$
o% +eir -o'#!!$s, !$) '!i$e$!$-e o% -o''!$) !$) -o$rol i$
e$-!'p'e$ -e$res, es!#lis+e) #( ECOMOG, *NOMIl !$) LNTG i$
-oll!#or!io$ 9i+ +e p!ries. T+e e$-!'p'e$ -e$res s+!ll, i$
!))iio$ o )is!r'!'e$ !$) )e'o#iliC!io$, serve !s r!$si poi$s %or
+e %ur+er e)u-!io$, r!i$i$" !$) re+!#ili!io$ o% s!i) -o'#!!$s.
I$ pursui o% +e !#ove, +e p!ries !"ree) o su#'i o +e ECOMOG
!$) +e *NOMIL, -o'plee liss o% +eir -o'#!!$s !$) 9e!po$s !$)
9!rli?e '!eri!ls !$) +eir lo-!io$s o +e $e!res e$-!'p'e$ -e$res.
4.0 CONCLUSION
I$ -o$sul!io$ 9i+ +e p!ries, +e ECOMOG !$) +e *NOMIL !$)
LNTG s+!ll i)e$i%( lo-!io$ %or e$-!'p'e$, se-uri( o% e$-!'p'e$
sies s+!ll #e provi)e) #( +e ECOMOG, 'o$iore) !$) veri%ie) #(
*NOMIL !$) LNTG.
I 9!s !lso !"ree) +!, i$ +e pro-ess o% +e )is!r'!'e$, !ll viol!io$s
o% +e -e!se%ire !"ree'e$ s+!ll #e repore) o *NOMIL 9+o s+!ll, o$
i''e)i!e re-eip o% +e i$%or'!io$ o$ viol!io$, -o''e$-e !$
i$vesi"!io$ !$) '!?e %i$)i$"s +ereo%. *NOMIL s+!ll su#'i is
%i$)i$"s o +e -e!se%ire viol!io$ -o''iee. T+e viol!io$ -o''iee
s+!ll i$vie +e viol!i$" p!r( @iesA %or +e purpose o% +!vi$" su-+
p!ries !?e -orre-ive 'e!sures o re)ress +e viol!io$s 9i+i$ su-+
i'e %r!'e !s '!( #e sipul!e) #( +e -o''iee. S+oul) +e viol!i$"
p!r( @iesA $o !?e +e re1uire) -orre-ive 'e!sures, +e use o% pe!-e
e$%or-e'e$ po9ers !re re-o''e$)e) !"!i$s +e viol!or, +e LNTG i$
-oll!#or!io$ 9i+ ECOMOG s+!ll +ereupo$ !?e +e $e-ess!r( !-io$,
147
@O$(i?e, 700=:72=.72;A. Ho9ever, +e -e!se%ire 9!s -o$i$u!ll(
viol!e) #( !ll si)es !$) +ere 9!s ! )ispl!( o% u$9illi$"$ess #( +e
%!-io$s o provi)e vi!l i$%or'!io$ o$ +e $u'#er !$) lo-!io$ o% +eir
-o'#!!$s, 9e!po$s !$) 'i$es. T+e "ro9i$" +osiliies !$) %i"+i$"
!))e) o +e l!-? o% su--ess i$ +e )is!r'!'e$ !$) )e'o#iliC!io$
pro-ess. /( Pu$e 1;;2, ! o!l o% o$l( =,1;7 -o'#!!$s +!) #ee$
)e'o#iliCe).
5.0 SUMMARY
I$ +is u$i, 9e +!ve e6!'i$e) +e role !$) per%or'!$-e o% +e *$ie)
N!io$s i$ is pe!-e i$ii!ive e%%ors. T+is is !"!i$s +e #!-?)rop o% +e
proli%er!io$ o% viole$ -o$%li-s i$ +e -o$i$e$. T+e sr!e"ies
e'plo(e) i$ p!ri-ul!r -!ses 9ere !lso i)e$i%ie).
iA Ouli$e +e sr!e"ies o% i$erve$io$ use) #( +e *NM
iiA M!?e ! -rii1ue o% +e *N i$erve$io$ i$ Li#eri!.
Gloal 'ialogue.
R!'s#o+!', O. !$) T. &oo)+ouse, @1;;4A. Aumanitarian )nter.ention
Poli( Press.
14<
UNIT 4 UN INTERVENTION STRATEGIES
Table of Contents
1.0 I$ro)u-io$
7.0 O#0e-ives
=.0 M!i$ Co$e$
=.1 *$ie) N!io$sH Pe!-e%ul I$erve$io$ Sr!e"ies
=.7 Pe!-e'!?i$"
=.= Pe!-e?eepi$"
=.2 Preve$io$ Deplo('e$
=.8 Cooper!io$ 9i+ Re"io$!l Or"!$is!io$s
=.4 Pe!-e./uil)i$"
=.7 T+e *$ie) N!io$sH Coer-ive I$erve$io$ Sr!e"ies
=.< Pe!-e E$%or-e'e$
=.; E'#!r"oes !$) S!$-io$s
2.0 Co$-lusio$
8.0 Su''!r(
1.0 INTRODUCTION
T+e *$ie) N!io$s C+!rer o#li"!es Me'#er S!es o sele +eir
)ispues #( pe!-e%ul 'e!$s, i$ su-+ ! 9!( +! i$er$!io$!l pe!-e !$)
se-uri(, !$) 0usi-e, !re $o e$)!$"ere). /u e6perie$-e +!s
)e'o$sr!e) +! +e $!ure !$) %or's o% so'e 9!rs +!ve )e%ie)
pe!-e%ul sele'e$ o +e e%%e- +! *$ie) N!io$s +!ve i$vo?e) +e
-oer-ive 'e!$s o% is C+!rer !s +e l!s opio$.
2.0 OB1ECTIVES
A +e e$) o% +is u$i, (ou s+oul) #e !#le oD
iA E6pl!i$ *NHs pe!-e%ul !$) -oer-ive i$erve$io$ sr!e"ies.
3.0 MAIN CONTENT
3.1 United Nations Peaceful Intervention Strategies
Ari-le == o% +e C+!rer e6pressl( s!es +e 'i$)s o% +e 'e'#er s!es
9i+ re"!r) o pe!-e%ul sele'e$ o% )ispues +us:
@1A T+e p!ries o !$( )ispue, +e -o$i$u!$-e o% 9+i-+ is li?el( o
e$)!$"er +e '!i$e$!$-e o% i$er$!io$!l pe!-e !$) se-uri(,
14;
s+!ll %irs o% !ll, see? ! soluio$ #( $e"oi!io$, e$1uir(,
'e)i!io$, -o$-ili!io$, !r#ir!io$, 0u)i-i!l sele'e$, resor o
re"io$!l !"e$-ies or !rr!$"e'e$s, or o+er pe!-e%ul 'e!$s o%
+eir o9$ -+oi-e.
@7A T+e Se-uri( Cou$-il s+!ll, 9+e$ i )ee's $e-ess!r(, -!ll upo$
+e p!ries o sele +eir )ispue #( su-+ 'e!$s.
O+er Ari-les o% +e *N C+!rer )e!li$" 9i+ '!i$e$!$-e o% pe!-e
i$-lu)e Ari-les 11, 17 !$) -+!pers 5I !$) 5II. Pe!-e%ul i$erve$io$
i$ -o$%li-s ! +e level o% +e *$ie) N!io$s +!s !?e$ +e %ollo9i$"
%or's:
Pe!-e'!?i$"
Pe!-e?eepi$"
Preve$ive Deplo('e$
Cooper!io$ 9i+ re"io$!l or"!$iC!io$s
Pe!-e.#uil)i$"
3.2 Peacemaking
Pe!-e'!?i$" is +e use o% )iplo'!i- 'e!$s o persu!)e p!ries i$
-o$%li- o -e!se +osiliies !$) o $e"oi!e ! pe!-e%ul sele'e$ o% +eir
)ispue. T+e Se-re!r(.Ge$er!l pl!(s ! -oor)i$!l role i$ pe!-e'!?i$"
#o+ #( se$)i$" spe-i!l e$vo(s or 'issio$s %or spe-i%i- !s?s, su-+ !s
$e"oi!io$ or %!-.%i$)i$". T+e Se-re!r(.Ge$er!l '!( !?e i$ii!ives
o e$-our!"e !$) '!i$!i$ +e 'o'e$u' o% $e"oi!io$s #e9ee$
-o$%li- p!ries. He '!( !lso use +is Q"oo) o%%i-esR %or 'e)i!i$", or o
e6er-ise Qpreve$ive )iplo'!-(R. T+e i'p!ri!li( o% +e Se-uri(.
Ge$er!l is o$e o% +e *$ie) N!io$sH "re! !sses. T+is role 9!s
e6e'pli%ie) i$ Fe#ru!r( 1;;< 9+e$, se1uel o -o$sul!io$ 9i+ +e
Se-uri( Cou$-il 'e'#ers, Se-re!r(.Ge$er!l Eo%i A$$!$ visie)
/!"+)!) !$) su--ee)e) i$ resolvi$" ! )ispue 9i+ Ir!1 over 9e!po$s
i$spe-io$s, 9+i-+ +re!e$e) ! re$e9!l o% +osiliies 9i+ +! -ou$r(.
A )e-!)e e!rlier, 1;<<, +e +e$ Se-re!r(.Ge$er!l pl!(e) si'il!r role
+is le) o +e e$) o% +e 9!r #e9ee$ Ir!$ !$) Ir!1 +! +!) persise)
si$-e 1;<0.
3.3 Peacekeeping
Pe!-e?eepi$" !s +e $!'e i'plies, i$volves )eplo('e$ o% roops o !
-o$%li- s!e 9i+ +e !i' o% ?eepi$" +e pe!-e. Pe!-e?eepi$" oper!io$
'!( i$volve 'ili!r( o#server 'issio$s, pe!-e?eepi$" %or-es, or !
-o'#i$!io$ o% #o+. Mili!r( o#server 'issio$s !re '!)e up o%
u$!r'e) o%%i-ers, (pi-!ll( o 'o$ior !$ !"ree'e$ or ! -e!se%ire. T+e
170
sol)iers o% +e pe!-e?eepi$" %or-es +!ve 9e!po$s, #u i$ 'os siu!io$s
-!$ use +e' o$l( i$ sel%.)e%e$-e.
&+ile $o spe-i%i-!ll( e$vis!"e) i$ +e C+!rer, Pe!-e?eepi$" 9!s %irs
)eplo(e) #( +e *$ie) N!io$s i$ 1;2< 9i+ +e es!#lis+'e$ o% +e
*$ie) N!io$s Tru-e Supervisio$ or"!$iC!io$ i$ +e Mi))le E!s
@*NTSOA. I +!s o #e 'e$io$e), +o9ever, +! pe!-e?eepi$" +ou"+
+!s #e-o'e 'ore or less ! r!)iio$!l 'e!$s o% i$erve$io$ use) #( +e
*N, is $o ! sus!i$!#le '!$s o% -o$%li- r!$s%or'!io$. Pusi%i-!io$ o
+is !sserio$ is !pp!re$ i$ +e %r!"ili( o% $e"!ive pe!-eR, i% !$(, +!
pe!-e?eepi$" oper!io$ !l9!(s #ri$". T+is +!s !lso #rou"+ !#ou
perpeu!l s!io$i$" o% pe!-e?eepi$" %or-e i$ -o$%li- Co$es %or %e!r o%
Qreur$ 9!rsR. A$ e6!'ple is +e *NTSO i$ +e Mi))le E!s
@Perus!le'A, 9+i-+ +!) #ee$ )eplo(e) si$-e 1;2< !$) 9!s sill o$ !s o%
Pul( 1;;< K ! perio) o% 20 (e!rs.
3.4 Prevention Deployment
T+is is ! pro.!-ive 9!( o% respo$)i$" o poe$i!l -o$%li- !$) %ores!lls
s!'e. I is +e %iel)i$" o% pe!-e?eepers o %ores!ll pro#!#le -o$%li-.
T+is is ! rel!ivel( $e9 )i'e$sio$ o% -o$%li- preve$io$ +! +e
I$er$!io$!l Co''u$i( $ee)s '!6i'!ll( uiliCe. I is o$e o% +e $e6us
o% seps e$-o'p!sse) i$ E!rl( &!r$i$" !$) E!rl( Respo$se o Co$%li-.
A "oo) su--ess%ul e6!'ple o% +is pro.!-ive 'e!sure is +e (nited
Nations *re.enti.e 'e%loyment Force )eplo(e) i$ %or'er Bu"osl!v
Repu#li- o% M!-e)o$i! i$ 1;;7 -o$se1ue$ o$ +e -ou$r(Hs re1ues !$)
T+e Se-uri( Cou$-ilHs !pprov!l. T+e 1,100 K sro$" %or-e +!s #ee$
'o$iori$" )evelop'e$s i$ +e #or)er !re!s +! -oul) +re!e$ +e
-ou$r(Hs errior( or u$)er'i$e is s!#ili( i$ +e -ourse o% +e
Bu"osl!v -o$%li-.
3.5 Co-operation with Regional Organisations
T+e u#i1ui( o% 9!rs !$) i$r!-!#ili( o% 'os o% +e' $o9!)!(s
!rou$) +e 9orl) +!s '!)e +e *$ie) N!io$s o #e i$-re!si$"l(
-ooper!i$" 9i+ re"io$!l or"!$iC!io$s !$) o+er e6er$!l !-ors !s 9ell
!s 'e-+!$is's provi)e) %or i$ C+!per 5III o% is C+!rer.
Ari-le 87 o% +e *$ C+!rer provi)es +us:
1A No+i$" i$ +e prese$ C+!rer pre-lu)es +e e6ise$-e o% re"io$!l
!rr!$"e'e$s or !"e$-ies %or )e!li$" 9i+ su-+ '!ers rel!i$" o
+e '!i$e$!$-e o% i$er$!io$!l pe!-e !$) se-uri( !s !re
!ppropri!e %or re"io$!l !-io$, provi)e) +! su-+ !rr!$"e'e$s
or !"e$-ies !$) +eir !-iviies !re -o$sise$ 9i+ +e purposes
!$) pri$-iples o% +e *$ie) N!io$s.
171
7A T+e 'e'#ers o% +e *$ie) N!io$s e$eri$" i$o su-+
!rr!$"e'e$s or -o$siui$" su-+ !"e$-ies s+!ll '!?e ever(
e%%or o !-+ieve p!-i%i- sele'e$ o% lo-!l )ispues +rou"+ su-+
re"io$!l !rr!$"e'e$s or #( su-+ re"io$!l !"e$-ies #e%ore
re%erri$" +e' o +e Se-uri( Cou$-il.
=A T+e Se-uri( Cou$-il s+!ll e$-our!"e +e )evelop'e$ o% p!-i%i-
sele'e$ o% lo-!l )ispues +rou"+ su-+ re"io$!l !rr!$"e'e$s
or #( su-+ re"io$!l !"e$-ies o$ +e i$ii!ive o% +e s!es
-o$-er$e) or #( re%ere$-e %ro' +e Se-uri( Cou$-il.
Ari-le 88 o% +e C+!rer %ur+er provi)es +us:
@1A QT+e Se-uri( Cou$-il s+!ll, 9+ere !ppropri!e uiliCe
su-+ re"io$!l !rr!$"e'e$s or !"e$-ies %or e$%or-e'e$
!-io$ u$)er is !u+ori(. /u $o e$%or-e'e$ !-io$ s+!ll
#e !?e$ u$)er re"io$!l !rr!$"e'e$s or #( re"io$!l
!"e$-ies 9i+ou +e !u+oriC!io$ o% +e Se-uri(
Cou$-il>R
I$ !--or)!$-e 9i+ +e provisio$s o% is C+!rer !s +i"+li"+e) !#ove
!$) i$ +e se!r-+ %or i$er$!io$!l p!-e !$) se-uri(, +e *$ie) N!io$s
+!s 9or?e) -losel( 9i+ ! +os o% re"io$!l or"!$iC!io$s. For i$s!$-e,
i 9or?e) 9i+ +e Or"!$is!io$ o% A%ri-!$ *$i( @OA*A i$ So'!li! !$)
&eser$ S!+!r!. I$ ! -ivil 9!r +! #ro?e ou, %ollo9i$" +e )o9$%!ll o%
Presi)e$ S!i) /!rre, i$ 1;;1 i$ So'!li! #e9ee$ +e %!-io$ suppori$"
I$eri' Presi)e$ Ali M!+)i Mo+!'e) !$) +! lo(!l o Ge$er!l
Mo+!'e) F!r!+ Ai)i), +e *$ie) N!io$s, i$ -ooper!io$ 9i+ +e
O.A.*. !$) o+er or"!$iC!io$s sou"+ o resolve +e -o$%li-. I 9!s !$
i$r!-!#le 9!r !$) +e *N roops *NOSOM 9i+)r!9 i$ M!r-+ 1;;8
9+e$ +e 9!rri$" %!-io$s re%use) o e$!- ! -e!se%ire !$) %or' !
Gover$'e$ o% N!io$!l *$i(.
Moreover, i$ ! spir!l o% polii-!l up+e!v!ls +! !e$)e) +e )ep!rure
o% QLi%e Presi)e$R Pe!$.Cl!u)e Duv!lier i$ 1;<4 i$ H!ii 9+i-+
-ul'i$!e) i$ +e e6pulsio$ o% ! )e'o-r!i-!ll( ele-e) presi)e$ Pe!$.
/err!$) Arisi)e %ro' o%%i-e #( -oupiss le) #( Lieue$!$.Ge$er!l
R!oul Ce)r!s, +e *$ie) N!io$s 9or?e) e6e$sivel( i$ -oll!#or!io$
9i+ +e Or"!$is!io$ o% A'eri-!$ S!es @OASA o re)ress +e siu!io$
!$) e$+ro$e )e'o-r!-(. A 0oi$ *$ie) N!io$s3OAS 'issio$ K +e
)nternational Ci.ilian Mission in Aaiti @MICI5IHA K 9!s )eplo(e) i$
+e -ou$r( i$ 1;;=. Is !s? 9!s o 'o$ior +e +u'!$ ri"+s siu!io$
!$) o i$vesi"!e viol!io$s.
I$ +e s!'e '!$$er, +e *$ie) N!io$s suppore) +e E-o$o'i-
Co''u$i( o% &es A%ri-!$ S!es @ECO&ASA i$ is e%%ors o e$) !
-ivil 9!r +! +!) #ro?e$ ou i$ l!e 1;<; i$ Li#eri!. T+ese e%%ors
177
i$-lu)e) es!#lis+i$", i$ 1;;0, !$ o#server %or-e, +e ECO&AS
Ce!sse%ire Mo$iori$" Group @ECOMOGA.
A%er ECO&AS #ro?ere) ! pe!-e !"ree'e$ i$ Coo$ou, /e$i$, i$
1;;=, +e Se-uri( Cou$-il es!#lis+e) +e (nited Nations +ser.er
Mission in 1ieria ,(N+M)1-. Is !s? 9!s o suppor ECOMOG i$
i'ple'e$i$" +e Coo$ou Pe!-e !"ree'e$.
3.6 Peace-Building
Pe!-e?eepi$" !$) pe!-e'!?i$" %u$-io$s o% +e *N !re 9ell
)o-u'e$e) #u lile or $o+i$" +!s #ee$ +e!) !#ou is pe!-e.#uil)i$"
!-iviies. Pe!-e.#uil)i$" is esse$i!ll( !r"ee) ! e$"e$)eri$"
sus!i$!#le pe!-e. I$ +is p!per An Agenda for *eace, %or'er *N
Se-re!r(.Ge$er!l, /ouros.G+!li )es-ri#e) pe!-e.#uil)i$" !s:
Action to identify and su%%ort structures "hich "ill tend to
strengthen and solidify %eace in order to a.oid a rela%se into
conflict G reuilding the institutions and infrastructures of
nations torn y ci.il "ar and strife ,and tackling the- dee%est
causes of conflict: economic des%air, social in>ustice and
%olitical o%%ression, ,/outros$Ghalki, 6779:66-.
Pe!-e.#uil)i$" is -o$-er$e) 9i+ es!#lis+i$" ! s!#le e$viro$'e$ i$
9+i-+ $e"oi!e) sele'e$s -!$ %louris+ !$) i -o'ple'e$s +e pe!-e.
?eepi$" !$) pe!-e.'!?i$" !-iviies o% +e *$ie) N!io$s. T+e !s?s
i$volve) i$ pe!-e.#uil)i$" +!ve +e poe$i!l o serve !s ! preve$ive
sr!e"(. T+is !sserio$ is e6presse) #( +e Se-re!r(.Ge$er!l +us:
'emilitari?ation, the control of small arms, institutional reform,
im%ro.ed %olice and >udicial systems, the monitoring of human
rights, electoral reform and social and economic de.elo%ment
can e as .aluale in %re.enting conflict as in healing the
"ounds after conflict has occurred.
As o% Fe#ru!r( 7000, +e *N +!s ru$ pe!-e.#uil)i$" 'issio$s i$ El.
S!lv!)or, Ni-!r!"u!, H!ii, C!'#o)i!, N!'i#i!, MoC!'#i1ue, A$"ol!,
Li#eri!, Gui$e!./iss!u !$) +e Ce$r!l A%ri-!$ Repu#li-. T+e *$ie)
N!io$s -o''i'e$ o Pe!-e.#uil)i$" #e-o'es i'per!ive #!se) o$ is
p!s u$ple!s!$ e6perie$-e i$ pe!-e?eepi$" !$) pe!-e'!?i$", !s 9ell !s
o$ +e "re! proli%er!io$ o% i$er$!l -o$%li-s, 9+i-+ +!ve e'er"e) si$-e
+e e$) o% +e Col) &!r.
17=
3.7 The United Nations Coercive Intervention Strategies
Despie +e 'e-+!$is's %or pe!-e%ul !$) p!-i%i- sele'e$ o% -o$%li-s
!'o$" $!io$s o% +e 9orl) pu i$ pl!-e #( +e *$ie) N!io$s, so +!
is uli'!e !i' o% e$suri$" i$er$!io$!l pe!-e !$) se-uri( -!$ #e
!-+ieve)D +ere !re !lso 'e!sures pu i$ pl!-e #( +e s!'e or"!$iC!io$
o -ur!il e6-esses !$) !#uses o% re-!l-ir!$ s!es. T+e 'e!sures
i$-lu)e:
Pe!-e e$%or-e'e$
E'#!r"oes !$) S!$-io$s
Au+oriCe) Mili!r( A-io$
3.8 Peace Enforcement
*$)er C+!per 5II o% +e *N C+!rer, +e Se-uri( Cou$-il -!$ !?e
e$%or-e'e$ 'e!sures o '!i$!i$ or resore i$er$!io$!l pe!-e !$)
se-uri(. I$ +e pro-ess o% r!$s%or'i$" ! -o$%li-, pe!-e?eepi$"
'!$)!e o% ! pe!-e?eepi$" %or-e -!$ #e -+!$"e) o pe!-e e$%or-e'e$
i% +e 9!rri$" %!-io$s re%use o respe- -e!se%ire !"ree'e$ or o+er
!"ree'e$ e!rlier si"$e).
T+is 9!s +e -!se i$ Li#eri! 9+e$, -o$se1ue$ upo$ +e !ss!ssi$!io$ o%
Presi)e$ S!'uel Doe o$ Sepe'#er ; 1;;0, +e ECOMOG For-e
Co''!$)er 9!s -+!$"e) !$) +e '!$)!e o% +e %or-e oo -+!$"e)
%ro' pe!-e?eepi$" o pe!-e e$%or-e'e$.
3.9 Embargoes and Sanctions
T+e Se-uri( Cou$-il +!s sever!ll( +!) o resor o e-o$o'i- s!$-io$s
!$) e'#!r"os !s !$ e$%or-e'e$ ool 9+e$ pe!-e 9!s +re!e$e) !$)
)iplo'!i- e%%ors +!) %!ile).
Ari-le 21 o% +e *N C+!rer s!es +!:
The Security Council may decide "hat measures not
in.ol.ing the use of armed force are to e em%loyed to gi.e
effect to its decision, and it may call u%on the memers of
the (nited Nations to a%%ly such measures. These may
include com%lete or %artial interru%tion of economic
relations and of rail, sea, air, %ostal, telegra%hic, radio and
other means of communication, and the se.erance of
di%lomatic relations.
S!$-io$s 9ere i'pose), usi$" +e provisio$s o% +e *N C+!rer s!e)
!#ove, #( +e *ND !"!i$s Sou+ A%ri-!Hs Ap!r+ei) re"i'e i$ 1;77, !$)
172
su#se1ue$l( li%e) 9i+ +e e$) o% !p!r+ei) i$ 1;;2. Re-e$l(,
S!$-io$s +!ve #ee$ i'pose) !"!i$s Ir!1, +e %or'er Bu"osl!vi!,
Li#(!, H!ii, Li#eri!, R9!$)!, So'!li!, *NITA %or-es i$ A$"ol!,
Su)!$ !$) Sierr! Leo$e. T+ese e-o$o'i- S!$-io$s +!ve !?e$ '!$(
%or's, r!$"i$" %ro' spe-i%i- r!)e #!$s, p!-i%i- #lo-?!)es o %ull
e'#!r"oes, @*N, 1;;7: 74A.
T+e use o% '!$)!or( s!$-io$s #ri$"s pressure o$ +e !r"e s!e or
e$i( o -o'pl( 9i+ +e o#0e-ives se #( +e Se-uri( Cou$-il 9i+ou
resori$" o %or-e.
4.0 CONCLUSION
Authorized Military Action
&+e$ )iplo'!i- pe!-e'!?i$" e%%ors %!il, +e *N '!( !u+oriCe
sro$"er !-io$ #( 'e'#er s!es u$)er C+!per 5II o% +e C+!rer.
C!ses +!ve #ee$, 9+e$ +e Se-uri( Cou$-il !u+oriCe) -o!liio$ o%
Me'#er S!es o use Q!ll $e-ess!r( 'e!$sR, i$-lu)i$" 'ili!r( !-io$,
o )e!l 9i+ ! -o$%li- K !s i )i) o resore +e soverei"$( o% Eu9!i
!%er is i$v!sio$ #( Ir!1 @1;;1AD o per'i +u'!$i!ri!$ relie% oper!io$s
i$ +e 'i)s o% -ivil 9!r i$ So'!li! @1;;7A !$) R9!$)! @1;;2AD o
resore +e )e'o-r!i-!ll( ele-e) "over$'e$ i$ H!ii @1;;2AD !$) o
proe- +u'!$i!ri!$ oper!io$s i$ Al#!$i! @1;;7A.
T+ese !-io$s, +ou"+ !u+oriCe) #( +e Se-uri( Cou$-il, 9ere e$irel(
u$)er +e -o$rol o% +e p!ri-ip!i$" s!es. T+e( 9ere $o *$ie)
N!io$s pe!-e?eepi$" oper!io$s, 9+i-+ !re es!#lis+e) #( +e Se-uri(
Cou$-il !$) )ire-e) #( +e Se-re!r(.Ge$er!l.
5.0 SUMMARY
I$ +is u$i, 9e +!ve e6!'i$e) sr!e"ies e'plo(e) #( +e *$ie)
N!io$s. T+e( !re -l!ssi%ie) i$o pe!-e%ul versus -oer-ive sr!e"ies.
iA Ouli$e +e sr!e"ies o% i$erve$io$ use) #( +e *NM
iiA M!?e ! -rii1ue o% +e *N i$erve$io$ i$ Li#eri!
178
Gloal 'ialogue.
R!'s#o+!', O. !$) T. &oo)+ouse @1;;4A. Aumanitarian )nter.ention
Poli( Press.
174
UNIT 5 GLOBALISATION, CIVIL SOCIETY AND
CONFLICT MANAGEMENT
Table of Contents
1.0 I$ro)u-io$
7.0 O#0e-ives
=.0 M!i$ Co$e$
=.1 Polii-!l Glo#!lis!io$ !$) No$.S!e A-ors
=.7 Glo#!l Civil So-ie( !$) Co$%li- M!$!"e'e$
=.= Top 78 NGO Ciies #( Ne9or? Co$$e-ivi(
2.0 Co$-lusio$
8.0 Su''!r(
1.0 INTRODUCTION
I$ +is u$i 9e 9ill #e e6!'i$i$" "lo#!lis!io$ !$) is i'p!- o$ -ivil
so-ie( !$) -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$. To %ull( u$)ers!$) +e )($!'i-s o%
+e -o$-ep o% Glo#!l Civil So-ie(, i 9oul) #e $e-ess!r( o e6plore
%ur+er, +e l!r"er -o$e6 o% polii-!l "lo#!lis!io$ !$) is rel!io$s+ip o
so-ie!l !-ivis'. T+e e'er"e$-e o% +ese r!$s$!io$!l or"!$is!io$!l
"roups o $e!rl( ever( $oo? !$) -r!$$( o% +e 9orl) i$ +e p!s +!l%.
-e$ur( !$) is rel!io$ o +e "ro9+ !$) evoluio$ o% i$er.
"over$'e$!l or"!$iC!io$ +!ve i$volve) -o'ple6 pro-esses +! )e%(
si'pl( -+!r!-eriC!io$.
2.0 OB1ECTIVES
iA E6pl!i$ +e pro-ess o% polii-!l "lo#!lis!io$D
iiA Hi"+li"+ is i'pli-!io$s %or -o$%li-, !$) -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$D
!$)
iiiA Des-ri#e +e role o% so-i!l !-ivis' 9i+i$ +e pro-ess.
177
3.0 MAIN CONTENT
3.1 Political Globalisation and Non-State Actors
A +eorei-!l %u$)!'e$!li(, "er'!$e o e'piri-!l !$!l(sis o% +e rise
!$) i$%lue$-e o% Glo#!l Civil So-ie( i$ i$er$!io$!l rel!io$s !$)
spe-i%i-!ll( i$ +e !re! o% -o$%li- !$) pe!-e su)ies, is +e plur!lis.
i$er)epe$)e$-e 'o)el o% i$er$!io$!l polii-s. A--or)i$" o +is
'o)el, polii-!l pro#le's !re e'#e))e) i$ +e l!r"er so-i!l.!$)
p!ri-ul!rl( e-o$o'i-.sei$" i$ 9+i-+ +e( !?e pl!-e. I$
-o$r!)isi$-ive o +e re!liss ouloo? @+! %o-us o$ +e !-iviies o%
s!esA, +e propo$e$s o% +e plur!lis.i$er)epe$)e$-e +eor( posi +!
i$ +e 'o)er$ "lo#!l s(se', !ll poli-( !-ors !re i$er9i$e) !$) !%%e-
e!-+ o+er. T+is is #e-!use, s!es !re $o +e o$l( !-ors i$ +e
i$er$!io$!l s(se', +ou"+ +e( @s!esA se +e rules o% e-o$o'i-,
-o''u$i-!io$s, e-+$olo"( !$) o+er "!'es +! o--ur si'ul!$eousl(,
+e( @s!esA )o $o se +e i$er$!io$!l !"e$)!, $or -!$ +e( '!?e
)e-isio$s !s i% re'ove) %ro' +e i$eress, v!lues !$) !spir!io$s o%
'illio$s o% #usi$ess %ir's, #!$?s, s+ippi$" -o'p!$ies, polii-!l p!ries,
-iiCe$Hs "roups, !$) +e li?e. i is +ese $o$.s!e !-ors +! i$ii!ll(
r!ise ie's o i$er$!io$!l !"e$)!.
No$.s!e !-ors, +e plur!lis.i$er)epe$)e$-e +eoris !r"ue, -re!e !ll
sors o% r!$s.$!io$!l -o!liio$s +! -ir-u've$ +e poli-es o% !$(
i$)ivi)u!l s!e. T+e( !- !s i$er$!io$!l pressure "roups, +e(
pu#li-iCe pro#le's !$) +e( propose soluio$s !$) 9!( %or9!r) o +e
v!rious 9orl) pro#le's. I$ +e perspe-ive o% +e plur!lis.
i$er)epe$)e$-e +eoriss, issues +! !re i$er$!io$!ll( re-o"$iCe) !s
Q?e(R @r!$siio$, re.i$e"r!io$ o$ o% E6.-o'#!!$s, ille"!l, surplus
Ar's, e-A i$ pos.-o$%li- siu!io$s, -oul) $o #e le% i$ +e +!$)s o%
s!es !lo$e, #e-!use i$ !$( e$)uri$" pos -o$%li- re-o$sru-ive e%%ors,
+e po9er o% pu#li-i( !$) s-ie$i%i-, e-+$i-!l, e-o$o'i- ?$o9le)"e
l!r"el( repl!-e +e po9er o% "u$s !$) !r'ies. Eve$ i$ '!0or
i$er$!io$!l %oru' su-+ !s +e *N +e( @propo$e$s o% +is +eor(A
reier!e:
Non$go.ernmental grou%s ha.e access to
delegates< %ro.ide all sorts of information, and
loy of international %rolems, ranging from the
sa.ing of threatened animal s%ecies to the
treatment of refugees in indi.idual countries.
E%%or #( i$er$!io$!l !-ors o i$e"r!e lives !$) liveli+oo)s i$
so-ieies e'er"i$" %or' -ivil 9!r i$o rel!ive pe!-e +!s sp!9$e) !
pe!-e #uil)i$" i$)usr( !?i$ o +e !i) i$)usr( +! +!s !r!-e)
-rus!)i$" Ce!l !$) !--us!io$s o% +u#ris i$ !#ou e1u!l 'e!sure.
17<
Co$se1ue$l(, i$ +e spiri o% +u'!$i!ri!$is' !$) li#er!l
i$er$!io$!lis', e6er$!l or"!$iC!io$s +!ve !ssu'e) respo$si#ili( %or
#uil)i$" pe!-e i$ 9!r.or$ so-ieies 9i+ +e !i' o% preve$i$" re-e)i$"
i$o viole$ -o$%li-s. T+is is 9+( +ere is $o9 +e re-o"$iio$ o% +e
le"ii'!-( o% r!$s$!io$!l -ivil "roups i$ +e i$er$!io$!l s(se', i$
-o'p!i#ili( 9i+ +e $eo.li#er!l !"e$)! o #ri$" !#ou e$)uri$" pe!-e
i$ 9!r %or' -ou$ries !$) i$ +e pos.-o$%li- re-o$sru-ive e%%ors.
T+e '!i$ poi$ o% e'p+!sis +ere is +! +e roles #ei$" pl!(e) #(
r!$s$!io$!l so-i!l 'ove'e$ i$ pos.-o$%li- re-o$sru-io$ !ll over
+e 9orl), @!--eler!i$" +e r!$siio$ o -ivil rules, i$-re!si$" re%u"ee
reur$s, l!9 !$) or)er, -o$ri#ui$" o +e )evelop'e$ o% i$siuio$s
$e9 ele-or!l l!9, 'e)i! re%or', so-i!l 9el%!re !$) +u'!$ ri"+sA, !re
"e$er!ll( i$%or'e) #( +e posiio$ o% $eo.li#er!lis' +! i$er$!io$!l
pe!-e !$) se-uri( i$ +e 9orl) -!$ o$l( #e !-+ieve) +rou"+ +e
-o'ple'e$!r( e%%ors !$) u$)ers!$)i$" o% s!es !$) $o$.s!e !-ors
i$ i$er$!io$!l polii-s.
Al+ou"+, i$erve$io$!r( !-ors !ppe!r o #e -!u"+ i$ ! )ile''!
#e9ee$ suppor %or s!e soverei"$( !$) suppor %or -ivil so-ie(, !$)
+e i)eolo"( o% $eo.li#er!l e-o$o'i- 'o)er$iC!io$, 9i+ 9+i-+ le!)
or"!$iC!io$s su-+ !s +e 9orl) /!$? !$) IMF +!ve #ee$ i'#ue), o%e$
+!s +e e%%e- o% u$)er'i$i$" +e 'e-+!$is's $e-ess!r( %or s!e
#uil)i$" !$) )iri"is'e +! -oul) '!?e !u+oriies i$ 9!r.or$ so-ieies
!?e "re!er respo$si#ili( %or +e 9el%!re !$) ri"+ o% +eir peopleD +e
%!- re'!i$s +! i$ +e pe!-e pro-ess, i$er$!io$!l %i$!$-i!l i$siuio$s
!$) +eir '!i$ )o$ors +!ve o%e$ e6pe-e) $o$."over$'e$!l
or"!$iC!io$s, priv!e, volu$!r( se-or !$) *$ie) N!io$s !"e$-ies o
!?e o$ ! s!%e(.$ei$", role %or su-+ so-ieies. Esse$i!l servi-es !re
o%e$ su#-o$r!-e) o +e priv!e or NGO se-ors, i$ li$e 9i+ +e $eo.
li#er!l !"e$)!, +! +u'!$i!ri!$ or"!$iC!io$s !re i'pelle) o !e'p
o provi)e ! s!%e( $e #e(o$) +e p+!se o% e'er"e$-(, relie%, 9+ere
"over$'e$ sru-ures, reve$ue !$) pu#li- e6pe$)iure !llo-!io$s +!ve
%ou$)ere).
Fur+er'ore, Glo#!l Civil So-ie( +!s e'er"e) !s p!r o% ! polii-!l
pro-ess o% "lo#!liC!io$. As !r"ue) #( Rei'!$$ @7007A, +e e'er"e$-e
o% "lo#!l -ivil so-ie( is ! #uil) up o$ +e so-i!l 'ove'e$ +eor(, +e
so-iolo"i-!l i$siuio$!l !r"u'e$ !$) 9or?s )o$e #( sro$" s!e
+eoris i$erese) i$ -ivil so-ie( ! +e N!io$!l level. I$ provi)i$"
e6pl!$!io$s %or +e rise o% $e9 -iiCe$ !)vo-!-( "roups !$) so-i!l
'ove'e$ or"!$is!io$s, polii-!l s-ie$iss %ro' +e sro$" s!e
perspe-ive !$) so-i!l 'ove'e$ +eoriss +!ve %o-use) o$ +e
i$-e$ives provi)e) #( polii-!l opporu$i( sru-ures i$ s+!pi$"
v!rious %or' o% polii-!l p!ri-ip!io$. &+e$ e6e$)e) o +e
17;
i$er$!io$!l level, +e -o$-ep o% polii-!l opporu$i( sru-ure o%%ers !
use%ul +eorei-!l %r!'e9or? %or u$)ers!$)i$" +o9 -+!$"i$"
i$er$!io$!l polii-!l sru-ures !$) -o$e6s +!ve )ire-l( s+!pe) +e
"ro9+ o% i$er$!io$!l No$."over$'e$!l or"!$is!io$s !$) o+er -ivil
so-ie( "roups oper!i$" r!$s.$!io$!ll(.
So-i!l 'ove'e$ +eoriss i$erese) i$ r!$s.$!io$!l so-i!l 'ove'e$s
+!ve !r"ue) -o$vi$-i$"l( +! +e e'er"e$-e !$) e6p!$sio$ o% i$er.
"over$'e$!l or"!$is!io$s @IGOHsA i$ +e pos 9!r perio) @li?e +e
e'er"e$-e o% +e $!io$.s!e i$ previous -e$resA +!s provi)e) $e9
i$-e$ives %or so-ie!l !-ors o or"!$iCe o$ ! "lo#!l s-!le !$) o ur$ o
$e9 i$er$!io$!l !r"es !s lo-!io$ o% !-io$. T+ere%ore, +is polii-!l
li#er!liC!io$ 9+i-+ i$volve) ! si"$i%i-!$ ope$i$" ! +e i$er$!io$!l
level, o% sever!l )i'e$sio$s o% polii-!l opporu$iies, +!s #ee$ o%
p!ri-ul!r relev!$-e o or"!$iCers o% "lo#!l -ivil so-ie(.
Defining Globalisation
Glo#!lis!io$ +!s #e-o'e o$e o% +e 'os %re1ue$l( use) #uCC 9or)s i$
'u-+ o% o)!(Hs )is-ourse $o 0us 9i+i$ +e so-i!l s-ie$-es, #u !-ross
!ll !-!)e'i- )is-ipli$es, !$) eve$ !'o$" $o$.spe-i!liss. I is +e $!'e
+! is "ive$ o +e pro-ess 9+ere#( so-i!l r!$s!-io$s o% !ll ?i$)s
i$-re!si$"l( !?e pl!-e 9i+ou !--ou$ %or $!io$!l or s!e #ou$)!ries,
9i+ +e resul +! +e 9orl) +!s #e-o'e o$e rel!ivel( #or)erless so-i!l
sp+ere. T+e re$)s +! !re usu!ll( poi$e) o !s (pi%(i$" "lo#!liC!io$
i$-lu)e:
The gro"ing integration of national economies, a
gro"ing a"areness of ecological interde%endence< the
%roliferation of com%anies, social mo.ements, and
intergo.ernmental agencies o%erating on a gloal scale<
and a communications re.olution "hich has aided the
de.elo%ment of a gloal consciousness.
T+is p+e$o'e$o$ +!s #rou"+ !#ou $e9 1u!li!ive )evelop'e$ i$ +e
9orl) e-o$o'( !$) i$er$!io$!l rel!io$s i$ "e$er!l. I is $o9 #ei$"
!sso-i!e) 9i+ +e e'er"e$-e o% ! "lo#!l vill!"e.
I is i'por!$ o +o9ever $oe +! !s 9e +!ve !r"u'e$s i$ %!vour o%
"lo#!liC!io$, so, !lso 9e +!ve +ou"+s !$) perspe-ives +! )is-uss
+e se!'( si)e or )is-o$e$ o% "lo#!liC!io$. I$ +e +i$?i$" o% Cl!u)e
A?e @1;;8A, "lo#!liC!io$ is $o+i$" #u +e '!r-+ o% -!pi!l over !ll +e
9orl) i$ se!r-+ o% pro%is, ! pro-ess re%le-e) i$ +e rese!r-+ !$) po9er
o% 'uli$!io$!l -orpor!io$s. A'u9o @700=A sees i !s ! -o'ple6
pro-ess +! +!s '!$( si)es !$) %e!ures !!-+e) o iD !s +e o#serve):
1<0
Gloalisation is a com%le= %rocess and %henomenon of
antinomies and dialectics, integrating and fragmenting
"orld< uniformity and locali?ation< increased material
%ros%erity and dee%ening misery< homogeni?ation and
hegemoni?ation. Gloalisation is nothing ut a mi=ed
grill.
Glo#!lis!io$ o$ +e o+er +!$) +!s +e poe$i!li( o% ero)i$" $!io$!l
soverei"$( o% +e 9e!?es !$) poores s!es, 9+ils 9i)e$i$" +e
e-+$olo"i-!l )ivi)e !'o$"s s!es. O$ +e o+er +!$), A'u9o %ur+er
!r"ues +! "lo#!lis!io$ e$)s o provi)e !$ e$!#li$" e$viro$'e$ %or
"re!er respe-s %or +u'!$ ri"+s !$) "e$)er e1u!li(. He @A'u9oA
+o9ever -o$-lu)e) +! "lo#!lis!io$:
)s an economic orthodo=y that is failing the %eo%les ut
enriching in.estors and ig cor%orationL
T+e '!i$ !r"u'e$, i$ respe- o +e +eorei-!l u$)erpi$$i$" o% +is
su)( is +! +e e'er"e$-e, roles, i'p!- !$) i$%lue$-e o% "lo#!l -ivil
so-ie( s+oul) #e see$ !s ! %!-or o% +e polii-!l li#er!liC!io$, +e
i$er-o$$e-e)$ess !$) i$er9i$e) o% +e 9orl).
Globalisation and Civil Society
Co$se1ue$l(, "lo#!lis!io$ #es e6pl!i$s +e relev!$-e o% Glo#!l Civil
So-ie( i$ -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$ i$ li$e 9i+ +e !r"u'e$ o% Ali
F!r!C'!$) @1;;;A +! +rou"+ "lo#!lis!io$, 9orl)9i)e i$e"r!io$ !$)
r!$s-e$)e$-e !?e pl!-e, evo?i$" ! le!s 9o )i%%ere$ i$elle-u!l
respo$ses. O$ o$e +!$) !re +ose 9+o !r"ue +! +e "ro9+ i$ r!$s.
$!io$!l -orpor!io$s, i$ p!ri-ul!r #e-!use o% +eir Qs!e.i$)i%%ere$R
$!ure, !$) +e spre!) o% "lo#!l -!pi!lis' +!ve '!)e s!es irrelev!$ or
eve$ o#soles-e$ @/!ll 1;47D N!is#i 1;;2D O+!'e 1;;8A. O+ers sill
#elieve +! "lo#!l !"e$-ies +! !re supple'e$i$", i% $o suppl!$i$",
+e erriori!l $!io$.s!es @Pi--ioo, 1;<;D CoC 1;;=D Eore$ 1;;8A.
/u 'ore i'por!$l(, +e relev!$ o% Glo#!l Civil So-ie( i$ -o$%li-
'!$!"e'e$ is p!r o% ! s(se' o% -olle-ive 9orl) se-uri( 9+ere s!es
!$) people -!$ live i$ pe!-e 9i+ e!-+ o+er, i)eolo"ies !si)e, !$)
o#serve) e!-+ o+erHs #or)ers !$) '!i$!i$ -olle-ive se-uri( i$eress.
3.2 Global Civil Society and Conflict Management
+ur mission is to increase the a"areness of our interde%endence and
create a ne" .ision of "hat it means to e a gloal citi?en in this
interde%endent "orld. &e ho%e to lay the foundations of gloal ci.ic
coo%eration and to do so "e need not only ci.ic leaders and dignitaries,
ut also %arents, students and children.
1<1
D!vi) Cl!u)ler o% +e Ce$re %or +e su)( o% De'o-r!-( e6pl!i$s i$ +is
$e9 #oo?, ile), -o$sru-i$" Gloal Ci.il Society @700=A, +! 9i+ +e
-oll!pse o% +e Sovie *$io$ !$) +e e$) o% +e Col) 9!r i$ +e l!e
1;<0s !$) e!rl( 1;;0s, ! 9+ole $e9 er! o% e+i-!l %orei"$ poli-( !$)
+u'!$i!ri!$ i$erve$io$ +!s -o'e o preo--up( s!e'e$ i$ Europe
!$) A'eri-!D +is $e9 polii-iC!io$ +!s +!) sro$" i'p!- o$ +e
)is-ipli$e o% i$er$!io$!l rel!io$. I$ -o$e'por!r( i$er$!io$!l
rel!io$s, i !ppe!rs +! +e ol) +eories o% rel!io$s #e9ee$ s!es,
s!es pursi$" sel%.i$eres, "over$e) #( +e pri$-iples o% $!io$!l
soverei"$( K !re +opelessl( ou)!e)D +ere !re $e9 re!liies i$
i$er$!io$!l rel!io$s, su-+ +! +e lier!ure o$ -o$%li- resoluio$,
s!e #uil)i$", i$er$!io$!l -ivil so-ie(, +eories o% +e -o$sru-io$ o%
$!io$!l i)e$i%ies !$) $or'!ive i$erpre!io$s o% +e i$er$!io$!l
sp+ere, $o9 !#ou$).
Defining Global Civil Society
&+! +e$ is Glo#!l Civil So-ie(M T+eories o% -ivil so-ie( #!se) o$
)o'esi- polii-s e$visio$ %re1ue$l( !$) )e$se e6-+!$"e !'o$"
i$)ivi)u!ls, "roups, !$) or"!$iC!io$s i$ +e pu#li- sp+ere, sep!r!e
%ro' s!e.)o'i$!e) !-io$.
A 9ell.)evelope) Glo#!l Civil So-ie( +!s +e poe$i!ls o i$%lue$-e
$!io$!l "over$'e$ i$ 9o #!si- 9!(s: i e$+!$-es polii-!l
respo$sive$ess #( !""re"!i$" !$) e6pressi$" +e 9is+e) o% +e pu#li-
+rou"+ ! 9e!l+ o% $o$ "over$'e$!l %or's o% !sso-i!io$, !$) i
s!%e"u!r)s pu#li-3peopleHs %ree)o' #( li'ii$" +e "over$'e$Hs !#ili(
o i'pose !r#ir!r( rule #( %or-e. I$ +e s!'e vei$, +e i$-re!se i$ +e
$u'#ers o% $o$."over$'e$!l or"!$iC!io$s 9i+ s+!re) r!$s.$!io$!l
"o!l -oul) #e e1u!e) 9i+ +e e'er"e$-e o% "lo#!l -ivil so-ie(. /u
+e e6plosio$ i$ +e $u'#er o% !-ors is eve$ ! 'i$i'!l -o$)iio$ %or +e
rise o% Glo#!l Civil So-ie(D )eeper -+!$"es s+oul) #e evi)e$ i$ +e
1u!li( o% $o$."over$'e$!l !--ess !$) pro6i'i( o "lo#!l %or's o%
"over$!$-e.
Evi)e$-e o% +e "lo#!lis' o% -ivil so-ie( is e'piri-!l i$ +e 1u!li( o%
so-i!l i$er!-io$ i$ -urre$ "lo#!l polii-s 9+e$ 9e e6!'i$e +e
su#s!$ive -o$e$ o% $o$."over$'e$!l or"!$iC!io$ p!ri-ip!io$ !$)
i$er!-io$s @p!ri-ul!rl( ! +e *N -o$%ere$-es !s e!rlier )is-usse) i$
+e pre-e)i$" -+!perA 9i+ +e -le!r i$)i-!io$ +! -o''o$
u$)ers!$)i$"s !re $o9 )evelopi$" #o+ !'o$" $o$."over$'e$!l
or"!$iC!io$s +e'selves !$) #e9ee$ $o$."over$'e$!l or"!$iC!io$s
!$) s!es. Glo#!l Civil So-ie( +ere%ore -o$$oes ! v!s,
i$er-o$$e-e), 'ulil!(ere), so-i!l sp!-e +! -o'prises '!$(
1<7
+u$)re)s o% sel%.)ire-i$", or $o$."over$'e$!l i$siuio$s !$) 9!(s o%
li%e. I$ +e o#serv!io$ o% A$+eier !$) T+e'u)o, @7007:72A:
Through its cross order net"orks, gloal ci.il society is constituted of
chairs of interactions linking the local, regional and %lanetary orders.
This ne" social "orld is constituted of net"orks, coalitions,
%artnershi%s and social mo.ements.
O+er s-+ol!rs or so-i!l 'ove'e$ +eoriss -o$-epu!liCe Glo#!l Civil
So-ie( !s '!)e up o% Qso'e -o'#i$!io$ o% $e9or?s o% le"!l
proe-io$, volu$!r( !sso-i!io$s, !$) %oru's o% i$)epe$)e$ pu#li-
e6pressio$R. T+ese -o$-epu!liC!io$s, $o 9i+s!$)i$", +ere is sill !
)iver"e$-e o% opi$io$s s-+ol!rl( -!$ +is e'er"i$" re$) o% "lo#!l -ivil
so-ie(. So'e eve$ !r"ue +! is oo soo$ o )e-l!re +! ! "lo#!l -ivil
so-ie( +!s )e%i$iivel( e'er"e) #e-!use o% 9+! +e( see !s u$eve$
"eo"r!p+i-!l spre!) !$) !-+ieve'e$ o% "lo#!l -ivil so-ie( !s
-o'p!re) 9i+ +e e6pe-!io$s "e$er!e) %ro' +e +eoriC!io$ o% +e
-o$-ep. @C+!$)+o?e, 7007D Ee!$e, 7001, Cl!r?, Frie)'!$ !$)
Ho-+seler, 1;;<A.
Ho9ever, %ro' +e %ore"oi$", 9+! is so %u$)!'e$!l o +e -o$-ep o% !
"lo#!l -ivil so-ie( !$) ver( relev!$ o +e prese$ su)( is +! +e
e'er"e$-e o% r!$s.$!io$!l so-i!l !$) polii-!l -o''u$iies -o$siue)
+rou"+ r!$s #or)er 'i"r!io$ is i$-re!si$"l( #ei$" -o$-epu!liCe) !s
+e #!sis %or $e9 %or's o% -iiCe$s+ip i)e$i( o +e e6e$ +!
'e'#ers '!i$!i$ i)e$i%i-!io$ !$) soli)!riies 9i+ o$e !$o+er !-ross
s!e erriori!l )ivi)es. T+ese i)e$i%i-!io$ !$) soli)!riies !rise ou o%
$e9or?s, !-iviies !$) i)eolo"ies +! sp!$ +e +o'e !$) +e +os
so-ie(.
T+ere%ore, re-e$ rese!r-+es i$ i$er$!io$!l $o$."over$'e$!l
or"!$iC!io$s, r!$s.$!io$!lis', so-i!l 'ove'e$s, "lo#!l -iiCe$s+ip
!$) "lo#!l "over$!$-e i$)i-!e !$) )e-l!re +! +ere is $o9 ! "lo#!l
-ivil so-ie( oper!i$" r!$s.$!io$!ll( !$) -ross K #or)erli$e !ll over
+e "lo#e. @A$+eiver !$) T+e'u)o, 7007D T!(lor, 7002D C+!$)ler,
7002A.
As repore) #( Pro%essor Peer P. T!(lor ;7002A, i$ +e %irs (e!r#oo? o%
"lo#!l -ivil so-ie( @A$+eier e !l. 7001!A +e "eo"r!p+( o% is su#0e- is
"ive$ pro'i$e$-e> o$e o% +e 'os sri?i$" %i$)i$"s o% +e (e!r#oo? is
+! "lo#!l -ivil so-ie( is +e!vil( -o$-e$r!e) i$ $or+ K &eser$
Europe. T+e !u+ors o% +e %irs (e!r#oo? o% "lo#!l -ivil so-ie( +!s
illusr!e) +eir %i$)i$"s 9i+ ! !#le +! i)e$i%ies +e op -ou$ries +!
!re +e Q%o-!l poi$sR o% "lo#!liC!io$, i$er$!io$!l rule o% l!9 !$)
Glo#!l Civil So-ie(. /u #( usi$" !$ i$erlo-?i$" $e9or? 'o)el !$)
)!! o$ 72, "lo#!l $o$."over$'e$!l or"!$iC!io$s 9i+ o%%i-es !-ross
1<=
17< -iies, N"o -o$$e-ivi( v!lues %or -iies s+o9 +! +ere is ! Q"lo#!l
sou+R, espe-i!ll( Su#.S!+!r!$ A%ri-!, "eo"r!p+i-!l #i!s, N!iro#i is +e
'os -o$$e-e) 9orl) -i( 9i+ respe- o $o$."over$'e$!l
or"!$iC!io$s !-iviies. T+us, T!(lor ;7002A -o$-lu)es +!:
Gloal Ci.il Society does not re%licate the geogra%hy of
economic gloalisation< it is creating its o"n ne"
geogra%hy. Thus is a re.ision of recei.ed "isdom on the
geogra%hy of gloal ci.il society, ased u%on a ne"
methodology that focuses u%on the net"orks of NG+s
acti.ities across cities.
I is i'per!ive o pro%%er ! re'i$)er +ere, +! Glo#!l Civil So-ie( is
!-u!ll( 'ore +!$ +e !-iviies o% 0us NGOs. /u !s C+!$)+o?e
;7007, =<A pus i QNGOs pl!( ! l!r"er +!$ K li%e sole i$ "lo#!l -ivil
so-ie(.
Co$se1ue$l(, $o$."over$'e$!l or"!$iC!io$s re'!i$, i$ li$e 9i+ +is
su)( !$) i$ +e 9or)s o% pro%essors P. P. T!(lor @7002A Q+e o#vious
%ou$)!io$ %or )es-ri#i$" +e "eo"r!p+( o% Glo#!l Civil So-ie(. I$ +e
!r"u'e$ o% S!sse$ @7007A, sr!e"i- -ross #or)er "eo"r!p+( +! #(
p!sses $!io$!l s!es, is p!r o% +e i$%r!sru-ure o% Glo#!l Civil
So-ie( !$) +is is #e-!use -iies provi)e ! Q+i-? e$!#li$" e$viro$'e$
+rou"+ 9+i-+ r!$s.$!io$!l !$) su#.$!io$!l !-iviies -!$ #e #rou"+
o"e+er. S+e su#se1ue$l( -o$-lu)es +us:
The density of %olitical and ci.ic cultures in large cities
locali?es gloal ci.il society in %eo%leBs li.es. &e can
think of these as multi%le locali?ations of ci.il society
that are gloal in that they are %art of gloal circuits
and trans$oundary net"orks.
I$ +er !ssess'e$ o% +e !$i-ip!or( poe$i!l o% Glo#!l Civil So-ie(,
E!l)or ;700=A !--eps +e -rii-is's o% C+!$)+o?e @7001A !$) o+ers
+! '!$( NGOs +!ve #e-o'e oo -lose o #o+ "over$'e$s !$)
-orpor!io$s +us -o'pro'isi$" +eir r!)i-!l poe$i!l. S+e u$)ers!$)s
+is "ro9i$" )iss!is%!-io$ !$) re%ers o NGOs !s Q!'e)R su--essors
o e!rlier, 'ore r!)i-!l, so-i!l 'ove'e$s. Ho9ever, s+e @E!l)orA )oes
$o +ere#( -o$-lu)e +! Glo#!l Civil So-ie( is irrelev!$ o -re!i$" !
'ore +u'!$e "lo#!lis!io$. T+us, s+e o#serve) +!:
Gloal Ci.il Society is a %rocess through "hich social
contracts can e negotiated "ith agreements made at
local, national and gloal scales.
1<2
I$ +e i$erlo-?i$" $e9or? 'o)el o% -o$-epu!liCi$" "lo#!l -ivil
so-ie( use) #( T!(lor ;7002A, !s illusr!e) i$ T!#le 2, +e resuls
i$)i-!e +! -iies +ouse NGOs, 9i+ ver( l!r"e o%%i-e $e9or?sD +ese
!re +e pl!-es o #e %or "lo#!l NGOs. For +eir "lo#!l sr!e"ies, 'os
NGOs -o$si)er N!iro#i, /!$"?o?, Ne9 O)+i !$) M!$il! o #e !s
i'por!$ !s /russels, Lo$)o$ !$) &!s+i$"o$.
T+e ?e( poi$ i$ +ese e'piri-!l resuls is +! +e "lo#!l sou+ is $o
Qreprese$e)R i$ !$( se$se +rou"+ NGOs #u +eir "lo#!l !-iviies !re
provi)i$" ! le"ii'iCi$" pl!%or' %or )issi)e$ !$) )iverse voi-es %ro'
re"io$s 9+ere e-o$o'i- !$) polii-!l po9er is l!-?i$". As ! resul, i is
#ri$"i$" !#ou Q! re$e9e) +ope %or )evelopi$" !$ e'!$-ip!or( "lo#!l
!"e$)!, !$) +ere%ore, i$%or' +e #!sis %or siu!i$" "lo#!l -ivil so-ie(
9i+i$ +e -o$e6 o% -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$ !$) re-o$sru-io$ i$ +e
-o$i$e$ o% A%ri-!.
3.3 Top 25 NGO Cities by Network Connective
NGO Network
Connectivity
Global Network
Connectivity
City Level Rank Rank Difference
N!iro#i =77; 1 ;; ;<
/russels =20< 7 1=
/!$"?o? ==7< = 78
Lo$)o$ =711 2 .=
Ne9 Del+i =70; 8 27
M!$il! =1;< 4 20
&!s+i$"o$ =1<1 7 =0
H!r!re 7;;; < 172
Ge$ev! 77;4 ; 8<
Mos-o9 777; 10 72
Ne9 Bor? 778< 11 .;
Me6i-o Ci( 7474 17 4
P!?!r! 7472 1= ;
To?(o 7414 12 8 .;
A--r! 78;; 18 180 1=8
C!iro 784; 14 8; 2=
D+!?! 7847 17 187 1=8
Ro'e 7840 1< 8= =8
D!?!r 72== 1; 707 1<7
S!$i!"o 720< 70 87 =7
A#i)0!$ 7=74 71 1=1 110
/ue$os Aires 7=70 77 7= 1
77<7 7= 1;4 17=
D!r es S!l!' 7784 72 22 70
Cope$+!"e$ /ei0i$"
Sour-e: Glo#!liC!io$, 5ol. 1, No. 7.
1<8
4.0 CONCLUSION
T+e $!ure o% -o$%li- +!s -+!$"e) si$-e +e e$) o% +e Col) &!r. T+ere
!re %e9er -o$%li-s #e9ee$ s!es !$) 'ore -o$%li-s over po9er !$)
)o'i$!$-e 9i+i$ s!es. T+ese i$er$!l -o$%li-s o%e$ %or' !lo$"
reli"ious or e+$i- li$es. E+$i- !$) reli"ious -o$%li-s L!re o%e$
per-eive) !s #ei$" rooe) i$ p!s !ro-iies !$) reo--ur %ro' "e$er!io$
o "e$er!io$, e!-+ $e9 -o$%li- #uil)i$" o$ +e l!s.L I$er$!l -o$%li-s
o%e$ resul i$ +e #re!?)o9$ o% "over$!$-e !$) -ivil so-ie(. T+e
-+!$"i$" $!ure o% -o$%li- poses $e9 -+!lle$"es %or NGO i$erve$io$.
NGOs +!ve +e poe$i!l o pl!( ?e( roles i$ resori$" -ivil so-ie( !$)
#uil)i$" pe!-e. Firs, +o9ever, NGOs 'us re-o"$iCe +! +eir
i$erve$io$s )o !%%e- +e -ourse o% -o$%li-s, !$) L+! +eir 9or? i$
relie% !$) )evelop'e$, !%%e-s $o o$l( +e so-i!l !$) e-o$o'i- 9ell.
#ei$" o% +eir !r"e "roups, #u !lso +e l!r"er polii-!l siu!io$.R
QA!llR @1;;4:2=4A QA!llR su""ess %our roles +! NGOs 'i"+ pl!( i$
+e pe!-e'!?i$" pro-ess. Firs, NGOs s+oul) pursue +eir r!)iio$!l
relie% !$) re+!#ili!io$ !-iviies. Se-o$)l(, +e( s+oul) -o$i$ue o
'o$ior +u'!$ ri"+s !#uses. NGOs s+oul) !lso !?e o$ +e $e9er !s?s
o% provi)i$" e!rl( 9!r$i$" o% poe$i!l viole$ -o$%li-s !$) s+oul)
pursue -o$%li- resoluio$ !-iviies. QA!llR 9!r$s +! +ese roles 'us
#e ?ep sep!r!e #o+ %or +e s!%e( o% +e NGO 9or?ers, !$) i$ or)er o
#e e%%e-ive.
&+ile NGOs s+oul) -o$i$ue +eir r!)iio$!l relie% !$) re+!#ili!io$
!-iviies, NGOs 'us !)op ! 'ore lo$".er' perspe-ive o$ +eir
!-iviies. QA!llR su""ess +! L+e i$ii!l e'er"e$-( relie% respo$se
s+oul) #e li$?e) o ! se o% !-iviies +! le!)s o +e r!$s%or'!io$ o%
+ose -o$%li-s i$ ! 9!( +! pro'oes sus!i$e) !$) -o'pre+e$sive
re-o$-ili!io$ !'o$" +e 9!rri$" p!ries.L@p. 2=;A M!$( NGOs !- !
+e 'i))le !$) "r!ss.roos levels o% so-ie(, !$) so !re 9ell.pl!-e) o
)evelop su-+ li$?s !$) r!$s%or'!ive !-iviies. I$ provi)i$" relie% !$)
re+!#ili!io$, NGOs s+oul) see? o )r!9 o$ lo-!l resour-es.
Developi$" lo-!l resour-es e'po9ers people. E6-essive use o% e6er$!l
resour-es -!$ %oser )epe$)e$-e !$) p!ssivi(. E6er$!l resour-es -!$
!lso #e-o'e ! $e9 o#0e- o% -o$e$io$, i$!)vere$l( %ueli$" +e
-o$%li-. NGOs s+oul) !lso see? o )r!9 $e9 p!ri-ip!$s i$o +eir
!-iviies. For e6!'ple 9o'e$, 9+o +!ve o%e$ #ee$ overloo?e) i$
pe!-e pro-esses, +!ve re-e$l( pl!(e) ?e( roles i$ re.es!#lis+i$"
-o''u$i-!io$ !$) e-o$o'i- ies #e9ee$ %i"+i$" "roups i$ So'!li!.
O$e 9!( o '!?e pe!-e'!?i$" 'ore e%%e-ive is o s+i% 'ore o9!r)s !
preve$!ive !ppro!-+ o -o$%li-. Lo-!l !$) "r!ss.roos orie$e) NGOs
!re u$i1uel( pl!-e) o re-o"$iCe +e e!rl( si"$s o% -o$%li- !$)
1<4
)eerior!i$" so-i!l -o$)iio$s. I$ '!$( -!ses, +e i$er$!io$!l
-o''u$i( +!s +!) e!rl( 9!r$i$" o% ! poe$i!l -o$%li-, #u +!s l!-?e)
+e polii-!l 9ill o !-. Here, NGOs 'i"+ !lso !- !s !)vo-!es %or
e!rl( i$erve$io$.
NGOs s+oul) -o$si)er e$"!"i$" 'ore )ire-l( i$ -o$%li- resoluio$
!-iviies 9+e$ %our -o$)iio$s !re 'e. Firs, +e NGO 'us #e ver(
%!'ili!r 9i+ +e -ou$r(, issues, !$) p!ri-ip!$s i$ +e -o$%li-. T+e
NGO s+oul) +!ve i$)i"e$ous p!r$ers. T+e NGO s!%% 'us #e 9ell
"rou$)e) i$ -o$%li- resoluio$ s?ills !$) ?$o9le)"e. A$) %i$!ll(, NGO
9or?ers 'us u$)ers!$) !$) !--ep +e perso$!l ris? +e( ru$ i$
!e'pi$" o i$erve$e )ire-l( i$ +e -o$%li-.
Ge$er!ll(, NGOs !$) o+er i$er$!io$!l or"!$iC!io$s $ee) o #eer
-oor)i$!e +eir e%%ors. I$ p!ri-ul!r, NGOs 'us le!r$ o -ooper!e
9i+ 'ili!r( pe!-e?eepi$" %or-es. All su""ess +! NGO !$) 'ili!r(
-ooper!io$ 9oul) #e i'prove) #( ! -le!rer u$)ers!$)i$" o% +e over!ll
'issio$ o#0e-ives o$ #o+ si)es. Give$ +e -+!$"i$" $!ure o% -o$%li-
i$ +e pos.Col) &!r er!, L+u'!$i!ri!$ oper!io$s s+oul) %or' ! ?e(
p!r o% r!i$i$" %or +e !r'e) %or-es.LNp. 221O I$er$!io$!l !$) NGO
-oor)i$!io$ 9oul) #e i'prove) #( )evelopi$" ! si$"le u$i%ie) -+!i$ o%
-o''!$) %or -o$%li- i$erve$io$s. Pro-e)ures %or +ol)i$" NGOs
!--ou$!#le %or +eir !-io$s s+oul) !lso #e )evelope).
5.0 SUMMARY
I$ +is u$i, 9e +!ve e6!'i$e) "lo#!lis!io$ !$) is i'p!- o$ -ivil
so-ie( !$) -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$ pro-esses. T+e -o$-eps o%
"lo#!lis!io$, "lo#!l -ivil so-ie(, !$) p!ri-ip!$s 9ere )is-usse).
iA &+! is "lo#!lis!io$M
iiA &+! is "lo#!l Civil So-ie(M
iiiA &+! roles -!$ NGOs pl!( i$ -o$%li- '!$!"e'e$M
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