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t
4 2
4 2
4
9
10 2142 210000
10 3 , 89 81000 3800
10 2142
10 1249
+
t
M
cr
= 1556 10
6
Nmm
Appendix C of
Single-Storey
Steel Building,
Part 4
LT =
cr
y y
M
f W
=
6
3
10 1556
355 10 2194
= 0,708
6.3.2.2
For hot rolled sections
|
LT
= ( ) | |
2
LT LT,0 LT
LT
1 5 , 0 | o + +
LT,0 = 0,4 and | = 0,75
6.3.2.3
5 , 2 =
b
h
Curve c for hot rolled I sections
o
LT
= 0,49
Table 6.3
Table 6.5
|
LT
= ( ) | |
2
708 , 0 75 , 0 4 , 0 708 , 0 49 , 0 1 5 , 0 + + = 0,763
_
LT
=
2
LT
2
LT LT
1
| | | +
_
LT
=
2 2
708 , 0 75 , 0 763 , 0 763 , 0
1
+
= 0,822
6.3.2.3
2
LT
1
=
2
708 , 0
1
= 1,99
Therefore _
LT
= 0,822
f = 1 0,5 (1 - k
c
) [1 2,0 ( ] ) 8 , 0
2
LT
k
c
=
33 , 0 33 , 1
1
+
=
0 33 , 0 33 , 1
1
+
= 0,75
f = 1 0,5 (1 0,75) [1 2,0 (0,708 0,8)
2
] = 0,877
LT mod
= 937 , 0
877 , 0
822 , 0
LT
= =
f
_
M
b,Rd
=
M1
y y pl, LT
_ f W
=
6
3
10
0 , 1
355 10 2194 937 , 0
= 730 kNm
Title Worked Example: Bending moment resistance 3 of 3
8 - 18
The French National Annex requires alternative values for
LT,0
, o
LT
and |.
The revised calculations are demonstrated below.
5 , 2
1
1 , 0 2 , 0 1 , 0 2 , 0
LT,0
+ = + =
h
b
= 0,24
French NA
| = 1,0
French NA
2 2
LT LT
708 , 0
5 , 2
1
2 , 0 4 , 0 2 , 0 4 , 0 = = o
h
b
= 0,36
French NA
|
LT
= ( ) | |
2
708 , 0 24 , 0 708 , 0 36 , 0 1 5 , 0 + + = 0,835
_
LT
=
2 2
708 , 0 835 , 0 835 , 0
1
+
= 0,783
LT mod
= 892 , 0
877 , 0
783 , 0
LT
= =
f
_
M
b,Rd
=
6
3
10
0 , 1
355 10 2194 892 , 0
= 695 kNm
8 - 19
Worked Example 2: Combined axial force and
bending moment (N-M Interaction)
1 of 5
Made by CZT Date 02/2010
Calculation sheet
Checked by ENM Date 02/2010
1. Combined axial force and bending moment
This example presents the method used in the member resistance calculator
for calculating the out-of-plane buckling resistance and in-plane buckling
resistance, adopting the recommended values of EN 1993-1-1.
References are to
EN 1993-1-1
unless otherwise
stated
Section: IPE 450
Steel grade: S355
N
Ed
= 127 kN
M
y,Ed
= 356 kNm (bending moment constant along the beam)
M
z,Ed
= 0 kNm
L
y
= L
z
= L
LT
= L
cr
= 1,7 m
1.1. Cross-section classification
1.1.1. The web
w
t
c
=
4 , 9
8 , 378
= 40,3
Table 5.2
(Sheet 1)
d
N
=
y w
Ed
f t
N
=
355 4 , 9
127000
= 38
o =
w
N w
2d
d d +
=
8 , 378 2
38 8 , 378
+
= 0,55 > 0,50
The limit between Class 1 and Class 2 is :
1 13
396
o
c
=
1 55 , 0 13
81 , 0 396
= 52,1
Then :
w
t
c
= 40,3 < 52,1
The web is class 1.
1.1.2. The flange
f
t
c
=
6 , 14
3 , 69
= 4,7
The limit between Class 1 and Class 2 is : 9 = 9 0,81 = 7,3
Then :
f
t
c
= 4,7 < 7,3
The flange is Class 1
Table 5.2
(Sheet 2)
Therefore, the section is Class 1. The verification of the member will be based
on the plastic resistance of the cross-section.
Title
Worked Example: Axial compression and bending interaction (N-M
Interaction)
2 of 5
8 - 20
1.2. Buckling verification
The buckling checks due to the interaction of axial compression and bending
moment are carried out using expressions 6.61 and 6.62 from EN 1993-1-1.
0 , 1
M1
Rk z,
Ed z, Ed z,
yz
M1
Rk y,
LT
Ed y, Ed y,
yy
M1
Rk y
Ed
s
+
+
+
+
_
A
_ M
M M
k
M
M M
k
N
N
0 , 1
M1
Rk z,
Ed z, Ed z,
zz
M1
Rk y,
LT
Ed y, Ed y,
zy
M1
Rk z
Ed
s
+
+
+
+
_
A
_ M
M M
k
M
M M
k
N
N
Expressions
(6.61) and (6.62)
These expressions can be simplified as follows:
-
Ed y,
M A = 0 and
Ed z,
M A = 0 for Class 1, Class 2 and Class 3 sections.
- M
z,Ed
= 0
Therefore expressions (6.61) and (6.62) can be written as:
0 , 1
Rd b,
Ed y,
yy
Rd y, b,
Ed
s +
M
M
k
N
N
and 0 , 1
Rd b,
Ed y,
zy
Rd z, b,
Ed
s +
M
M
k
N
N
1.3. Equation 6.61 (EN 1993-1-1)
1.3.1. Flexural buckling resistance about the major axis, N
b,y,Rd
b
h
=
190
450
= 2,37
t
f
= 14,6 mm
buckling about y-y axis:
Curve a for hot rolled I sections
o
y
= 0,21
Table 6.1
Table 6.2
1
=
y
f
E
t =
355
210000
t = 76,4
6.3.1.3
y =
1 y
cr
1
i
L
=
4 , 76
1
185
1700
= 0,12
|
y
= ( ) | |
2
y y
y
2 , 0 1 5 , 0 o + +
|
y
= ( ) | |
2
12 , 0 2 , 0 12 , 0 21 , 0 1 5 , 0 + + = 0,50
6.3.1.2
_
y
=
2
y
2
y y
1
| | +
=
2 2
12 , 0 50 , 0 50 , 0
1
+
= 1,0
Title
Worked Example: Axial compression and bending interaction (N-M
Interaction)
3 of 5
8 - 21
N
b,y,Rd
=
M1
y y
_ Af
=
3
10
0 , 1
355 9880 0 , 1
= 3507 kN
N
Ed
= 127 kN < 3507 kN OK
1.3.2. Lateral-torsional buckling resistance for bending, M
b,Rd
In order to determine the critical moment of the rafter, the C
1
factor takes
account of the shape of the bending moment diagram.
In this case the bending moment diagram is constant along the segment in
consideration, so = 1,0. Therefore:
1
C = 1,0
Appendix C of
Single-Storey
Steel Building,
Part 4
M
cr
=
z
2
t
2
z
w
2
z
2
1
EI
GI L
I
I
L
EI
C
t
t
+
=
2
4 2
1700
10 1676 210000
0 , 1
t
4 2
4 2
4
9
10 1676 210000
10 9 , 66 81000 1700
10 1676
10 791
+
t
M
cr
= 2733 10
6
Nmm
Appendix C of
Single-Storey
Steel Building,
Part 4
LT
=
cr
y y pl,
M
f W
=
6
3
10 2733
355 10 1702
= 0,470
6.3.2.2
( ) | |
2
LT LT,0 LT
LT LT
1 5 , 0 | o | + + =
6.3.2.3
LT,0
= 0,4 and | = 0,75
b
h
= 2,37
Curve c for hot rolled I sections
o
LT
= 0,49
Table 6.3
Table 6.5
( ) | |
2
LT
470 , 0 75 , 0 4 , 0 470 , 0 49 , 0 1 5 , 0 + + = | = 0,60
_
LT
=
2
LT
2
LT LT
1
| | | +
_
LT
=
2 2
470 , 0 75 , 0 60 , 0 60 , 0
1
+
= 0,961
6.3.2.3
2
LT
1
=
2
470 , 0
1
= 4,53
Therefore _
LT
= 0,961
Title
Worked Example: Axial compression and bending interaction (N-M
Interaction)
4 of 5
8 - 22
M
b,Rd
=
M1
y y pl, LT
_ f W
=
6
3
10
0 , 1
355 10 1702 961 , 0
= 581 kNm
M
Ed
= 356 kNm < 581 kNm OK
1.3.3. Interaction of axial force and bending moment
The interaction factor, k
yy
, is calculated as follows:
k
yy
= ( )
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
Rd y, b,
Ed
my
Rd y, b,
Ed
y
my
8 , 0 1 ; 2 , 0 1 min
N
N
C
N
N
C
The expression for C
my
depends on the values of o
h
and .
= 1,0.
Therefore C
my
is calculated as:
C
my
= 0,6 + 0,4 = 0,4 + 0,4 1,0 = 1,0
Annex B Table
B.3
k
yy
= ( )
(
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
+
3507
127
8 , 0 0 , 1 1 ;
3507
127
2 , 0 12 , 0 1 0 , 1 min
= min [0,997; 1,029] = 0,997
Annex B
Table B.2
Rd b,
Ed y,
yy
Rd y, b,
Ed
M
M
k
N
N
+ =
581
356
997 , 0
3507
127
+ = 0,647 < 1,0 OK
The member satisfies the in-plane buckling check.
1.4. Expression 6.62 (EN 1993-1-1)
1.4.1. Flexural buckling resistance about minor axis bending,
N
b,z,Rd
b
h
=
190
450
= 2,37
t
f
= 14,6 mm
buckling about z-z axis
Curve b for hot rolled I sections
o
z
= 0,34
Table 6.1
Table 6.2
1
=
y
f
E
t =
355
210000
t = 76,4
6.3.1.3
z =
1 z
cr
1
i
L
=
4 , 76
1
2 , 41
1700
= 0,540
|
z
= ( ) | |
2
z z
z
2 , 0 1 5 , 0 o + +
|
z
= ( ) | |
2
540 , 0 2 , 0 540 , 0 34 , 0 1 5 , 0 + + = 0,704
6.3.1.2
Title
Worked Example: Axial compression and bending interaction (N-M
Interaction)
5 of 5
8 - 23
_
z
=
2
z
2
z z
1
| | +
=
2 2
540 , 0 704 , 0 704 , 0
1
+
= 0,865
N
b,z,Rd
=
M1
y z
_ Af
=
3
10
0 , 1
355 9880 865 , 0
= 3034 kN
N
Ed
= 127 kN < 3034 kN OK
1.4.2. Interaction of axial force and bending moment
6.3.3(4)
The interaction factor, k
zy
is calculated as follows:
For z > 0,4 :
k
zy
=
( ) ( )
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
Rd z, b,
Ed
mLT Rd z, b,
Ed
mLT
25 , 0
1 , 0
1 ;
25 , 0
1 , 0
1 max
N
N
C N
N
C
z
The bending moment is linear and constant. Therefore C
mLT
is 1,0. Annex B Table
B.3
k
zy
=
( ) ( )
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
3034
127
25 , 0 1
1 , 0
1 ;
3034
127
25 , 0 1
540 , 0 1 , 0
1 max
= max (0,997, 0,994) = 0,997
Annex B Table
B.2
Rd b,
Ed y,
zy
Rd z, b,
Ed
M
M
k
N
N
+ =
581
356
997 , 0
3034
127
+ = 0,653 < 1,0 OK
8 - 24
Worked Example 3: Tension Resistance 1 of 1
Made by CZT Date 02/2010
Calculation sheet
Checked by ENM Date 02/2010
1. Tension Resistance
This example presents the method used in the member resistance calculator
for calculating the tension resistance, adopting the recommended values of the
EN 1993-1-8.
References are to
EN 1993-1-8
unless otherwise
stated
p p
1 1
Section: L 120 80 12
Steel grade: S235
Area: A = 2270 mm
2
Bolts: M20, grade 8.8
Spacing between bolts p
1
= 70 mm
Total number of bolts n = 3
Diameter of the holes d
0
= 22 mm
Partial safety factors
M0
= 1,0
M2
= 1,25 (for shear resistance of bolts)
1.2. Angle in tension
M2
u net 3
Rd
| f A
N =
3.10.3
2,5 d
0
= 2,5 22 = 55 mm
5 d
0
= 5 22 = 110 mm
2,5 d
0
< p
1
< 5 d
0
Table 3.8
3
| can be determined by linear interpolation:
Therefore 59 , 0
3
= |
2
0 ac net
mm 2006 22 12 2270 = = = d t A A
3
Rd
10
25 , 1
360 2006 59 , 0
= N = 341 kN
8 - 25
Worked Example 4: Compression Resistance 1 of 3
Made by CZT Date 02/2010
Calculation sheet
Checked by ENM Date 02/2010
1. Compression Resistance
This example presents the method used in the member resistance calculator
for calculating the flexural and the torsional buckling resistance of members
subject to pure compression, adopting the recommended values of
EN 1993-1-1.
References are to
EN 1993-1-1
unless otherwise
stated
Section: IPE 500
Steel grade: S235
L
y
= 3,8 m
L
z
= 3,8 m
1.1. Cross-section classification
1.1.1. The web
w
t
c
=
2 , 10
426
= 41,8
Table 5.2
(Sheet 1)
The limit between Class 3 and Class 4 is : 42 = 42 1,0 = 42
Then :
w
t
c
= 41,8 < 42
The web is class 3.
1.1.2. The flange
f
t
c
=
16
9 , 73
= 4,6
The limit between Class 1 and Class 2 is : 9 = 9 1,0 = 9
Then :
f
t
c
= 4,6 < 9
The flange is Class 1.
Table 5.2
(Sheet 2)
Therefore the section is Class 3.
1.2. Flexural buckling resistance about the major axis,
N
b,y,Rd
L
y
= 3,8 m
5 , 2
200
500
= =
b
h
t
f
= 16 mm
Buckling about y-y axis:
Title Worked Example: Compression Resistance 2 of 3
8 - 26
Curve a for hot rolled I sections
o
y
= 0,21
Table 6.2
Table 6.1
1
=
y
f
E
t =
235
210000
t = 93,9
6.3.1.3
y =
1 z
cr
1
i
L
=
9 , 93
1
204
3800
= 0,198
|
y
= ( ) | |
2
y y
y
2 , 0 1 5 , 0 o + +
|
y
= ( ) | |
2
198 , 0 2 , 0 198 , 0 21 , 0 1 5 , 0 + + = 0,519
6.3.1.2
_
y
=
2
y
2
y y
1
| | +
=
2 2
198 , 0 519 , 0 519 , 0
1
+
= 1,0
N
b,y,Rd
=
M1
y y
Af
=
3
10
0 , 1
35 2 11600 0 , 1
= 2726 kN
1.3. Flexural buckling resistance about the minor
axis, N
b,z,Rd
L
z
= 3,8 m
5 , 2
200
500
= =
b
h
t
f
= 16 mm
Buckling about z-z axis:
Curve b for hot rolled I sections
o
z
= 0,21
Table 6.1
Table 6.2
1
=
y
f
E
t =
235
210000
t = 93,9
6.3.1.3
y
=
1 z
cr
1
i
L
=
9 , 93
1
1 , 43
3800
= 0,94
|
z
= ( ) | |
2
z z
z
2 , 0 1 5 , 0 o + +
|
z
= ( ) | |
2
94 , 0 2 , 0 94 , 0 34 , 0 1 5 , 0 + + = 1,07
6.3.1.2
_
z
=
2
z
2
z z
1
| | +
=
2 2
94 , 0 07 , 1 07 , 1
1
+
= 0,632
N
b,z,Rd
=
M1
y z
_ Af
=
3
10
0 , 1
35 2 11600 632 , 0
= 1723 kN
Title Worked Example: Compression Resistance 3 of 3
8 - 27
1.4. Torsional buckling N
b,T,Rd
L
T
= 3,8 m
N
crT
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
T
2
T
w
2
z
0
1
GI
L
EI
i
t
i
0
2
= i
y
2
+ i
z
2
= 204
2
+ 43,1
2
= 43474
N
crT
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
4
2
9 2
10 3 , 89 81000
3800
10 1249 210000
43474
1 t
10
-3
= 5787 kN
T
=
crT
y
N
f A
=
3
10 5787
235 11600
= 0,686
|
T
= 0,5 [1 +
T
(
T
0,2) +
2
T ]
The buckling curve for torsional buckling is the same as for minor axis
buckling, therefore choose buckling curve b
z
= 0,34
|
T
= 0,5 (1 + 0,34 (0,686 - 0,2) + 0,686
2
] = 0,818
T
=
2
T
2
1
| | +
=
2 2
686 , 0 818 , 0 818 , 0
1
+
= 0,791
N
b,T,Rd
=
M1
T
y
_ Af
=
0 , 1
235 11600 791 , 0
10
-3
= 2156 kN
8 - 28
Worked Example 5: Web Resistance 1 of 2
Made by CZT Date 02/2010
Calculation sheet
Checked by ENM Date 02/2010
1. Web Resistance
This example presents the method used in the member resistance calculator
for calculating the web resistance and the shear resistance, adopting the
recommended values of the EN 1993-1-5 and EN 1993-1-1.
Section: IPE 500
Steel grade: S355
c = 10 mm
s
s
= 100 mm
1.1. Shear resistance
In the absence of torsion, the shear plastic resistance depends on the shear
area, which is given by:
A
v
= A 2 b t
f
+ (t
w
+ 2 r) t
f
A
v
= 11600 2 200 16 + (10,2 + 2 21) 16 = 6035 mm
2
EN 1993-1-1
6.2.6 (3)
V
pl,Rd
=
3
M0
y v
f A
=
1,0 3
10 355 6035
3
= 1237 kN
V
pl,Rd
= 1237 kN
EN 1993-1-1
6.2.6 (2)
1.2. Design resistance to local buckling
c = 10 mm
s
s
= 100 mm
m
1
= 6 , 19
2 , 10
200
w
f
= =
t
b
m
2
= 0,02
2
f
w
|
|
.
|
\
|
t
h
if 5 , 0 F >
m
2
= 0 if 5 , 0 F <
First assume that 5 , 0 F >
m
2
= 0,02
2
16
468
|
.
|
\
|
= 17,11
k
F
= 2 + 6
2
w
s
|
|
.
|
\
| +
h
c s
but k
F
6
k
F
= 2 + 6
|
.
|
\
| +
468
10 100
Title Worked Example: Web Resistance and Shear Resistance 2 of 2
8 - 29
k
F
= 3,41 < 6
e
=
w y
2
w F
2 h f
t E k
but s
s
+ c
EN 1993-1-5
Eq (6.13)
e
=
468 355 2
2 , 10 210000 41 , 3
2
= 224 100 + 10 = 110
therefore
e
= 110
y1
= s
s
+ 2 t
f
( )
2 1
1 m m + + = 100 + 2 16( ) 11 , 17 6 , 19 1 + + = 325 mm
EN 1993-1-5
Eq (6.10)
y2
=
e
+ t
f
2
2
f
e 1
2
m
t
m
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
= 110 + 16 11 , 17
16
110
2
6 , 19
2
+
|
.
|
\
|
+
= 248 mm
EN 1993-1-5
Eq (6.11)
y3
=
e
+ t
f
2 1
m m + = 110 + 16 22 , 17 6 , 19 + = 207 mm
EN 1993-1-5
Eq (6.12)
y
= min (
y1
;
y2
;
y3
) = min (325; 248; 207) = 207 mm
F
cr
= 0,9 k
F
w
3
w
h
t
E = 0.9 3,41 210000
468
2 , 10
3
= 1461406 N
F =
cr
y w y
F
f t
=
1461406
355 2 , 10 207
= 0,72
F = 72 , 0 > 0,5
Therefore the initial assumption was correct and the web resistance can be
calculated based on this value of
F
. Should the calculated value of
F
be less
than 0,5 then the calculation would need to be carried out again, using the
appropriate expression for M
2
F
=
72 , 0
5 , 0 5 , 0
F
=
= 0,69
F
= 0,69
L
eff
=
F
y
L
eff
= 0,69 207 = 143 mm
F
Rd
=
1 M
w eff y
t L f
=
0 , 1
2 , 10 143 355
= 518 kN
EN 1993-1-5
6.2 (1)