SUMMARY

Impact test is one of the ways to determine the impact energy of a material. There
2 most common method to test the impact, in the America a test piece with go trough
method known as Charpy impact test. Although this method is done in the laboratory,
and the second test is Izod method. Test pieces are consists of two polymers from the
family of polyethylene that differ by density. In calculating the impact energy, the
theoretical value is calculated by suing the euation of potential energy.
After conducting the e!periment, the result showed that "#$% fracture area is
almost the same with &#$%. 'till they differ from each other due to impact energy which
&#$% has a higher impact energy than "#$%. (rom these data taken and calculated, we
can assume that any material that has high properties in brittleness, stiffness and strength
will have high impact energy.
)e were able to complete the tensile safely and we understood the torsion theory
and the function of shear modulus are much better after conducting the lab test.

Lab Report MEMB 221
STATEMENT OF INTRODUCTION / OBJECTIVE
To investigate the impact strength of polymers
THEORY
Impact testing
The determination of both tensile strength and hardness testing, slowly and continuously
the test piece was loaded. The impact tester was used to check the sudden tension due to a
uick blow or impact. This e!periment was done by using a drop hammer as a pendulum,
which breaks a test piece. In this lab, we used the Charpy method which consists of
placing the test piece between two supports.
Test pieces

*eyhole and + test pieces give eually good results and the specific impact unit *C+
was measured in k,-m
2
. The + test pieces, the impact energy .impact strength, */0 was
measured in ,oules.
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Lab Report MEMB 221
(ig 12 Charpy method
(ig 22
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Lab Report MEMB 221
Impact strength
In order to calculate the impact strength *C+, the pendulum potential when released, it
was first calculated
K = F L
R
[1 + sin (
1
- 90!"
The potential energy in the pendulum after it had broken the test piece was calculated by
using this formula
T = F L
R
(1 # $%s
&
!
The energy consumed when it break the test piece was given by4
E = K T
This formula neglects friction and wind resistance losses. (or the calculation of the
impact strength *C+, the energy received was divided by the cross sectional area of the
test piece.
E'(ERIMENTA) A((ARATUS
I*+,$- -.s-./ MT 0012
This apparatus was intended for mounting on a bench, with fi!ing holes at the front and
back of base plate. 'o, if it was mounted to the bench, the zero point must be set when it
was installed. The impact tester has ma!imum impact energy of 1 ,oule, each scale
division being 5.1 ,oules. The reduced length of the pendulum reuires a test piece
smaller than standard. The impact tester weighs 35 kg and has dimensions of 167 ! 317 !
765 mm.
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Lab Report MEMB 221
(ig 32
T.s- s+.$i*.n

&igh #ensity $oly %thylene .&#$%0 and "ow #ensity $oly %thylene ."#$%0 were used
to perform the impact testing e!periment. These test specimens measured 9 ! 9 ! 88 mm.
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Lab Report MEMB 221
(ROCEDURE
#ue to the friction and wind resistance, the pendulum will not have the same striking
angle as the fall angle and it can be compensated for by inclining the impact tester
slightly. The fall angle would be larger than the striking angle would be less but the
scale was fi!ed and a non:loaded blow of 17 ,oules shows a value of 17 ,oules.

A3 S.--in4 -5. 6./% +%in- %7 -5. s-,/- +%in-
1. The pointer was set to 17 ,oules .straight down0.
2. The pendulum was raised to the start point. Then, the pendulum was released
by means of the black knob.
3. The pendulum was stopped by using the friction brake. The reading of the
pointer was taken. The pointer should point to zero if the impact tester is
properly set.
8. If the pointer shows more than zero, the impact tester should be angled
slightly by inserted a spacer under the pendulum side. (or free standing
model, the allen screw was screwed down by using an ;<< allen key.
7. If the pointer shows less than zero, i.e. the pointer is over the scale, and then
the spacer shall be placed under the back edge for fi!ed models and the Allen
screw in the free standing model, was turned anti clockwise .upwards0.
9. The setting was checked with an unloaded test. (urther ad,ustment was
completed until e!actly zero was registered.
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Lab Report MEMB 221
B3 T.s-in4
1. The test piece was placed on the supports so that the break indentation faced
the direction of the pendulum swing and that the indent was e!actly in the
middle of the supports.
2. The pendulum was raised to the start point.
3. The pointer was set to 17 ,oules, i.e. straight down.
8. The pendulum was released by turning the black knob, top right. The test
piece was then being broken off.
7. The pendulum was stopped by lifting the friction brake. The pendulum was
made sure to be at standstill before the test pieces were being removed.
9. The energy consumed when breaking the test piece can now be readied
directly from the scale, indicated by the pointer.
=. The value of impact energy was noted down. The fracture area was measured,
and subseuently, the impact strength was calculated
SAFETY (RECAUTION
1. (ingers and hands were kept clear of the pendulum motion thus avoiding ,amming
accidents when released the pendulum from the start point.
2. )hen removed the specimen, the pendulum need to make sure was stopped by
lifting the brake friction.
3. Avoiding from standing or sitting near to the impact tester when pendulum was
released.
=
Lab Report MEMB 221
DATA AND OBSERVATIONS
( > $endulum weight > 2 kg
"
?
> "ength of $endulum > 3@ cm
A
1
> 'wing of the pendulum without any sample > 17=
5
Table 1.52 ?esults of impact strength on the tested specimens
T.s- F/,$-8/.9 A/.,
($*
&
!
I*+,$- En./4:
(;%8<.!
I*+,$- S-/.n4-5
(;%8<./ $*
&
!
An4<. ,7-./ -5.
s=in4>
&
HD(E 0.72 0.9 1.25 137
o
)D(E 0.81 2.8 3.46 129
o
O?s./@,-i%ns
Initially we were already informed that the black colored test specimen was &#$% while
the white colored test specimen was "#$%. According to the data from the table above it
showed that the "#$% has higher impact energy and impact strength than &#$%. The
swing angle of the pendulum differs when the test pieces were applied and we can see the
value of the angle from the reading meter on the apparatus. Both of the test pieces .&#$%
and "#$%0 broke off. And for safety measures, we had to observe a bit far from the
apparatus due to the dangerous swing of the pendulum that moves in a high velocity that
might harm us.
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Lab Report MEMB 221
ANA)YSIS AND RESU)TS
)eight of $endulum > (
> 2kg ! 6.@1m-s
2
> 16.92 C
HD(E
(racture area > 5.@ cm ! 5.6 cm
> 5.=2 cm
2

Impact strength > 2.@ D - 5.=2cm
2

> 1.27 D-cm
2

* > ( ! "
?
.1 E sin .
1
F 65
o
0
> 16.92 .5.360 G1 E sin .17=
o
F 65
o
0H
> 5.95@D
T > ( ! "
?
.1 F cos
2
0
> .16.920.5.360.1 F cos 137
o
0
> 13.59 D
% > * F T
> 5.95@F 13.59
> 12.87 D
> 12.87 F 5.6
> 11.77 Doules
*C+

> 11.77 - 5.=2
> 19.58 D-cm
2

I %rror > G.19.58:1.270 - 19.58H155I
> 62.2I
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Lab Report MEMB 221
)D(E
(racture area > 5.6 cm ! 5.6 cm
> 5.@1 cm
2

Impact strength > 2.@ D - 5.@1 cm
2
> 3.879 Doule- cm
2

* > ( ! "
?
.1 E sin .
1
F 65
o
0
> 16.92 .5.360 G1 E sin .17=
o
F 65
o
0H
> 5.95@ D
T > ( ! "
?
.1 F cos
2
0
> .16.920.5.360.1 F cos 127
o
0
> 12.58 D
% > * F T
> 5.95@ F 12.58
> 11.83 D
> 11.83:5.6
> 15.732 Doules
*C+
T
> 15.732 - 5.@1
> 13.55 D-cm
2

I %rror > G.13:2.@0 - 13H155I
> =@.89 I
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Lab Report MEMB 221
DISCUSSIONS
Impact test is standard test a notch sensitivity containing all the three factors i.e
tria!iality . notch 0, high strain rate . pendulum 0 and temperature.
#ifferent between Izod and Charpy method 4
In the case if Charpy impact test, standard specimen with notch in the centre is
supported like a beam loaded at the centre. The notch is in the tension side. )hile in the
case of Izod method, the e!perimen is fi!ed as a cantilever loaded at the end.
Charpy test has two advantages over the Izod test 4
It is easier to place the specimen in the machine, an important consideration in
low temperature test when the test must be performed within a few second after removing
the specimen from a low temperature bath.
It is also the specimen from compressive stresses around the notch, which
are produced in the Izod specimen by the vice, when we consider the comple!ity of the
stress distribution introduced by the notch itself.
E//%/ An,<:sisA
There may be errors in this e!periment. These errors could be caused by impact
tester itself. 'ince the tester is mounted on a table, when the pendulum is released to
swing freely the table will be rocked by the swing. The impact reading could also be
affected by errors since the pendulum is stopped swinging by catching it by hands since
the brake is not working. The errors could also be caused by the manner in which the
specimen is mounted onto the tester. The specimen was mounted using only the double
sided tape. The /:notch on the specimen was also not the same size. The /:notch on the
"#$% specimen was deeper compare to the one on the &#$%. &ence, this will also
contribute to the errors.
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Lab Report MEMB 221
CONC)USION
Impact test is the test to investigate the impact strength of polymer. It is also used
to study the toughness or hardness of the materials. Toughness is the ability of the
material to absorb energy before it breaks of fractures. This test measures the energy
absorbed in fracture under an impulse load. The idea of this test is how the material or
specimen reacts of a sudden tension due to a uick blow or impact.
The test completed using a drop hammer or pendulum which breaks a test
specimen. In the e!periment, we used the Charpy method which consists of placing the
test specimen between two supports. )e obtained different strength or value of
toughness-hardness of the material where in the e!periment we used material with low,
medium and high of carbon specimen. The toughness of the weaker material is higher
because it is proportional to the total area under the stress:strain curve. This area
represents the total energy that is absorbed in fracture.
(rom the e!periment result the easily calculated the impact strength of the
material where is shown the value of hardness of the material. The result shows that
material with low carbon is harder than material with high carbon with respect due to
each percentage different between the theoretical and e!perimental value where for
&#$% is 62.2 I and "#$% is =@.89 I.
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Lab Report MEMB 221
REFERENCES
(erdinand $. Beer, %. ?ussell Dohnston, Dr., and Dohn T. #e)olf. 2558.
;echanics of ;aterials. Third %dition. 'ingapore2 ;c Jraw &ill. $g. 915 : 91@.
;aterials "aboratory ;anual. 2558-2557. +niversiti Tenaga Casional. $g. 27:37.
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