Re: diff b/w function and procedure?

Answer
#1
function must return value whereas procedure may or
maynot
return value
Call to Function can be encounter by using select
statement where as procedure can not be call in
select
statement
Re: diff b/w function and procedure? Answer
#2
A procedure a subprogram used to perform a specific
action
whereas a function is a subprogram which is used to
compute
a value,in procedure we can use
parameters(IN,OUT,IN OUT)
but in function we cant

Re: What is TABLE SPACE? Answer

#1
Database is logically divided into three
tablespaces. once
creates the database then automatically create
tablespace
is also called SYSTEM tablepace.tablespace contain
dta
dictionary of all data.
Re: State the difference between implict and explict cursor's? Answer
#1
Implicit Cursor are declared and used by the oracle
internally. whereas the explicit cursors are
declared and
used by the user.

more over implicitly cursors are no need to declare

oracle
creates and process and closes autometically. the
explicit
cursor should be declared and closed by the user.

More over Explicit Cursors were used to retrieve

values
from two or more rows.

Re: State the difference between implict and explict cursor's? Answer
#2
The implicit cursor is used to process INSERT,
UPDATE,
DELETE, and SELECT INTO statements. During the
processing of
an implicit cursor,Oracle automatically performs
the OPEN,
FETCH, and CLOSE operations.

Where as in explicit cursors,the process of its

working is
done in 4 steps namely DECLARE a cursor,OPEN a
cursor,
FETCH from cursor and CLOSE a cursor.

Re: State the difference between implict and explict cursor's? Answer
#3
IMPLICT CURSOR:- Automatically porvide by oracle
which
perform DML statements. queries returns only one
row.

EXPLICT CURSOR:- Defined by user. queries returns

more
than rows.

Re: State the difference between implict and explict cursor's? Answer
#4
Explicit Cursor:-We are not able to Handle
NO_DATA_FOUND
 Exception.

Implicit Cursor:-We are able to Handle

NO_DATA_FOUND
Exception.
Re: Types of locks in database ? Answer
#1
Exclusive locks, Share locks

Re: Types of locks in database ? Answer

#2
2 types
1. Implicit locks: oracle automatically locks the
rows
whenever user performs DML operations.
2. Explicit locks: provided by user.
2 tpyes a) Row level locks: used to lock
selected rows
of table.It is imposed by "for update" clause in
select.
b) Table level locks: used to lock
compleate
table. 3 models 1) share mode
2) share update
3) exlcusive mode

Answer Posted
Question What is Distributed database ? Rank
By
Question Submitted By :: Guest
I also faced this Question!! © ALL Interview .com
Answer A distributed database is a network
of databases
managed by multiple database servers
that appears to a
user as single logical database. The data
of all
databases in the distributed database
 can be simultaneously
accessed and modified.

Question What is cursor and where do you use them? Answer Posted
Rank
By
Question Submitted By :: Mihir
This Interview Question Asked @ eBay
© ALL
I also faced this Question!! Interview .
com
Answer cursor is temperory block of memory which holds the 0 Guest
data as
temperory in buffer

Answer Cursor is an named private area called active set 0 Rajesh

which is
used to process the multiple rows returned by the
query....
cursors are mainly used in
procedure/package/function when
the select qurey in procedure/package/function
returns
more than one value....

if their is any issue mail me @

rajesh_natesh@yahoo.com,rajesh.natesh@cognizant.com

Ques
Distributed database is a database located at different places
and include data from common operational and user
database and also from data generated and used only at the
user's site.
A distributed database is a network of databases managed
by multiple database servers that appears to a user as single
logical database. The data of all databases in the distributed
database can be simultaneously accessed and modified.

Re: WHAT IS INDEXING?

Answer A database index is a data 0 Savithri
# 1 structure that improves the
speed of operations in a
table. Indices can be
created
using one or more columns,
providing the basis for both
rapid random lookups and
efficient ordering of access
to
records.

Re: WHAT IS INDEXING?

Answer It Is One Of The Database
# 2 Object,Which Automatically
Created While Creating The
Primary Keys Those Gives
More
Performance

What are the the different Data

Question Manipulation Language
statements are?
Question Submitted By :: Guest
I also faced this Question!! Answer
Rank
Posted By
 Re: What are the the different Data Manipulation
Language statements are?
Answer INSERT 0 Orawhiz
#1 UPDATE
SELECT

Re: What are the the different Data Manipulation

Language statements are?
Answer insert, update,delete,merge
# 2 (on 9i) .

Re: What are the different Sequence of events takes

place while starting a Database ?
Answer Instance started, Database 0 Orawhiz
# 1 mounted & Database opened

Re: What is a trigger?

Answer A piece of logic written in
# 1 PL/SQL
Executed at the arrival of a
SQL*FORMS event

Re: what are the differences you find when working with
oracle 91 and sql server 2005?
Answer There are so many Difference 0 Daid
#1 in oracle 9i and Sql Kumar
Server2005
some example are as follows:
in Oracle
In sqlserver2005
-----------------------
--------------------------
1.Schema
 Database
2.Block
Pages
3.Segment
N/A
4.Clusters
N/A
5.Index(Type)
Only One Type is Present
6.Materialized Views
N/A
7.Operators
N/A
8.Packages
N/A
9.Hierarchical Operators
N/A
10. In case of partition
table in oracle we have
Three
option and easely
implemented but in Sqlserver
It is complx
work
Etc.........................

Re: What are the advantages of operating a database in

ARCHIVELOG mode over operating it in NO
ARCHIVELOG mode ?
Answer Complete database recovery 0 Guest
#1 from disk failure is
possible
only in ARCHIVELOG mode.

Online database backup is

possible only in ARCHIVELOG
mode.

Re: What is relational database ? Give me an example !

Answer A relational database is a
 #1 database that conforms to the
relational model, and refers
to a database's data and
schema

1) In computer programming, a schema (pronounced SKEE-mah) is the

organization or structure for a database. The activity of data modeling
leads to a schema. (The plural form is schemata. The term is from a
Greek word for "form" or "figure." Another word from the same
source is "schematic.") The term is used in discussing both relational
databases and object-oriented databases. The term sometimes seems
to refer to a visualization of a structure and sometimes to a formal
text-oriented description.

Re: how to display last 5 letters from a name (take emp table
ename )
Answer select right(ename,5)
# 1 as name from emp
Re: It's Urgent? How to IMPORT .xls & .txt file into ORACLE?
Answer open the TOAD and run
# 1 the QUERY by using the
SELECT
statement. after that
click the right button
and select the
SAVE AS button, in
that select .xls Radio
button and enter
the file name
automatically data
store in that file

Re: query to find the maximum no persons with same age(age

colomn) from emp table
Answer select max_age,age
# 1 from
(select count(age)
max_age,age from emp
group by age order
 by max_age desc)
where rownum < 2

Re: What is a Data Segment ?

Answer Each Non-clustered table
# 1 has a data segment. All
of the table's
data is stored in the
extents of its data
segment. Each
cluster has a data
segment. The data of
every table in the
cluster is stored in the
cluster's data segment.
Re: What is an Extent ?
Answer An Extent is a specific
# 1 number of contiguous data
blocks,
obtained in a single
allocation, used to store
a specific
type of information

Re: What is Data Block ?

Answer ORACLE database's data is
# 1 stored in data blocks. One
data block
corresponds to a specific
number of bytes of
physical
database space on disk.

Re: which clause we are not used in where clause?

Answer Group by clause
#1
Re: What is the use of Redo Log Information ?
Answer The Information in a redo
# 1 log file is used only to
 recover
the database from a system
or media failure prevents
database data from being
written to a database's
data files

Re: When does a Transaction end ?

Answer when ever commit or
# 1 rollback statement occurred
in the end
of trasaction

Re: What is a View ?

Answer View r the virtual table,it
# 3 show the selected fields
only...
it is used for the security
purpose
Re: which sql command we can use to get a print out
from oracle?
Answer set autoprint off/on 3 Jamalvalli
# 1 it is Sql*plus
Command

Re: which sql command we can use to get a print out

from oracle?
Answer set autoprint on;
# 2 will provide the
command for printing.

Re: What is a Sequence ?

Answer Sequence is used to provide
# 1 unique values to database
object.
Re: What is dictionary cache ?
Answer Dictionary cache is 0 Sawant
 #1 information about the
databse objects
stored in a data
dictionary table.

Re: What is dictionary cache ?

Answer Once the database server
# 2 has accessed the table
from the
datafile , it places
that information in the
data-dictionary
cache in shared memory.

Re: What are the Characteristics of Data Files ?

Answer A data file can be
# 1 associated with only one
database.Once
created a data file can't
change size.
One or more data files form
a logical unit of database
storage
called a tablespace.

Re: Explain the relationship among Database, Tablespace and

Data file?
Answer Each databases logically
# 1 divided into one or more
tablespaces One or more data
files are explicitly created
for each tablespace.

Re: what is exact difference between drop and truncate table.

Answer Drop Statement deletes the
# 1 Table structure from the
database.
Truncate statement will
 delete the entire data from
Table
and keeps the Table
structure as it is in the
DB.

Re: How can we Update a table with out using UPDATE

command?
Answer Use merge command. If the
# 1 rows already exist then it
will
update it with new data if
not it would insert the new
data.

Re: Anybody can tell me, how do we find second largest emp
salary from emp table.. Thanks in advance ...
Answer select max(sal) from emp
# 1 where sal < (select max(sal)
from
emp)

select e.sal from emp e where &2>(select

max(count{a.sal})
from emp a where a.sal > e.sal order by desc
)
I would say that Raj has given the correct answer
in general.

In most cases the interviewer restricts the

parameter to be
written in the query as it might effect the
performance.
Select TOP 1 salary from (select Distinct TOP 2
salary from
employee orderby salary desc)

Re: What are main difference between Stored Procedure and

Functions.
Answer The Main difference between
# 1 stored procedure and Function
is SP's can return the value
or not, but Functions should
return the value.

And We can use the function

within the Queries, but sp's
we
won't able to use it in the
queries.

We can implicitely execute

the sp's. But function's we
can't.

Re: What are main difference between Stored Procedure and

Functions.
Answer stored procedure : It is Pre
# 2 Compiled Code(PCode) it is
stored
in Database. we can reuse
without compile.

Function: It need compile

whenever it will run.

Re: find out first highest salary?

Answer select max(sal) from emp;
#1
Re: find out first highest salary?
Answer select * from emp where &n-
# 2 1=(select count(distinct sal)
from emp e where
emp.sal<e.sal);

For example:-
If you enter n=1,it will
display first highest salary
 if you enter n=2,it will
display second highest salary
......

if you enter n=nth,it will

display nth salary

select * from emp x where 1=(select count(distinct

sal)
from emp y where x.sal<=y.sal);

query to find nth sal

select * from emp x where &n=(select count(distinct

sal)
from emp y where x.sal<=y.sal);
Re: What are joins..how many types of joins are there?
Answer Joins are used to fetch a query on more
# 1 than one table.
You can broadly catagorize joins in to
four types.
1. Equi Join
2.Non Equijoin
3.outer joins
4.self joins

Re: What are joins..how many types of joins are there?

Answer In Oracle we can catogrise joins in
# 7 following ways -
(1) Equi Join (Query having joining
condition)
- Natural Join
- Join Using
- Join ON
(2) Non Equi Join or Cartesian Join
( without using joining
condition)
(3)Outer Join
- left outer join
- right outer join
 - full outer join
(4) self Join or Theta Join
(5) Cross Join
(6) Inner Join

Re: What are Clusters ?

Answer Cluster is amechanism which is used to
# 1 bind data together
such that it will improve performance
while retreiving
information from a table.

Re: what is the use of ondelete cascade?

Answer on delete cascade is used to delete the
# 1 rows/constraints
which are in integrity/foreign key
constraints.

Re: Can we create more than one index on particular column?

Answer No
# 1 But we can create composite index
including that particular
column with other columns.

Re: what is the bitmap index?

Answer bitmap Index is Used mainly in decision
# 1 support systems
because it returns value in bit like 0 and
1.

Example
CREATE BITMAP JOIN INDEX <index_name>
ON <table_name> (<table_name.column_name>)
FROM <table_name, table_name>
WHERE <join_condition>

Re: Maximum how many triggers can be updated in table ?

Answer 12 0 Kavitha
#1
 Re: Maximum how many triggers can be updated in table ?
Answer System Privileges Related To Table
# 2 Triggers
create trigger
create any trigger
administer database trigger
alter any trigger
drop any trigger

Table Trigger Firing Options

-- before constraints are applied
BEFORE INSERT
BEFORE UPDATE
BEFORE DELETE

-- after constraints are applied

AFTER INSERT
AFTER UPDATE
AFTER DELETE
Re: what is the difference between UNION AND UNIONALL
Answer UNION 0 Vinod
#1 The UNION command is used to select Singh
related information Kushwah
from two tables, much like the JOIN
command. However, when
using the UNION command all selected
columns need to be of
the same data type.

Note: With UNION, only distinct

values are selected.

SQL Statement 1
UNION
SQL Statement 2

Employees_Norway:

E_ID E_Name
01 Hansen, Ola
02 Svendson, Tove
03 Svendson, Stephen
04 Pettersen, Kari

Employees_USA:

E_ID E_Name
01 Turner, Sally
02 Kent, Clark
03 Svendson, Stephen
04 Scott, Stephen

-------------------------------------
-----------------------
--------------------

Using the UNION Command

Example
List all different employee names in
Norway and USA:

SELECT E_Name FROM Employees_Norway

UNION
SELECT E_Name FROM Employees_USA

Result

E_Name
Hansen, Ola
Svendson, Tove
Svendson, Stephen
Pettersen, Kari
Turner, Sally
Kent, Clark
Scott, Stephen

Note: This command cannot be used to

list all employees in
Norway and USA. In the example above
we have two employees
with equal names, and only one of
them is listed. The UNION
command only selects distinct values.

UNION ALL
The UNION ALL command is equal to the
UNION command, except
that UNION ALL selects all values.

SQL Statement 1
UNION ALL
SQL Statement 2

-------------------------------------
-----------------------
--------------------

Using the UNION ALL Command

Example
List all employees in Norway and USA:

SELECT E_Name FROM Employees_Norway

UNION ALL
SELECT E_Name FROM Employees_USA

Result

E_Name
Hansen, Ola
Svendson, Tove
Svendson, Stephen
Pettersen, Kari
Turner, Sally
Kent, Clark
Svendson, Stephen
Scott, Stephen
 Re: what is the difference between UNION AND UNIONALL
Answer UNION provides only distinct values
# 2 as output whereas UNION
ALL provides all values.
So UNION ALL seems to be faster than
UNION.

Re: ex. one table is having 1 column with 10 records , then how to
display all the values in row wise ?
Answer it will need a cursor. 0 Ruchi
#1 Varma
begin
for cur1 in (select a from Name) loop
dbms_output.put(cur1.a);
end loop;
end;

dbms_output.put -> displays a chr without

putting a new line

Re: ex. one table is having 1 column with 10 records , then how to
display all the values in row wise ?
Answer create table x (col1 number(4));
# 2 insert into x value(1);
....
...
insert into x value(10); /* upto 10 rows

then

select
substr(max(decode(rownum,1,col1,0)),1,2),
substr(max(decode(rownum,2,col1,0)),1,2),
substr(max(decode(rownum,3,col1,0)),1,2),
substr(max(decode(rownum,4,col1,0)),1,2),
substr(max(decode(rownum,5,col1,0)),1,2),
 substr(max(decode(rownum,6,col1,0)),1,2),
substr(max(decode(rownum,7,col1,0)),1,2),
substr(max(decode(rownum,8,col1,0)),1,2),
substr(max(decode(rownum,9,col1,0)),1,2),
substr(max(decode(rownum,10,col1,0)),1,2)
from x

(where substr only to reduce display size

)

Re: Table Has C1 And C2 Column If Exits any record in c1 then

Update c2 record Otherwise insert new record in the C1 And C2
(Using Procedure)
Answer select * from x; 0 Dinesh
#1 A.
C1 C2
----- ----------
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

1 create or replace procedure updt_x

is
2 cnt number(4);
3 begin
4 select count(1) into cnt from x
where c1 is not null;
5 if cnt > 0 then
6 update x
7 set c2=10;
8 else
9 insert into x
10 values(1,2);
11 end if;
12 commit;
13* end;

SQL> execute updt_x;

PL/SQL procedure successfully

completed.

SQL> select * from x;

C1 C2
---------- ----------
1 10
2 10
3 10
4 10
5 10
6 10
7 10
8 10
9 10
10 10

10 rows selected.

SQL> delete from x;

10 rows deleted.

SQL> commit;

PL/SQL procedure successfully

completed.

SQL> select * from x;

C1 C2
 ---------- ----------
1 2

Re: Table Has C1 And C2 Column If Exits any record in c1 then

Update c2 record Otherwise insert new record in the C1 And C2
(Using Procedure)
Answer Hi Answer to Your question
#2 IS
create or replace procedure samp(cname
IN sample.ename%type,
cno IN
sample.eno%type)
AS
ccount number;
begin
select count(*) INTO ccount from
sample;
IF ccount = 0 then
update sample set ename = cname;
else
insert into sample values(cname, cno);
END IF;
END;

Sample Table is
ENAME ENO
100

use oracle's new feature called upsert :

merge t1
using (select * t1) t2
on (t1.col1=t2.col1)
when matched then
update set col2='value'
when not matched then
insert into (col1, col2) values ('val1',
'val2');
 1) In relational database design, the process of organizing data to minimize
redundancy. Normalization usually involves dividing a database into two or
more tables and defining relationships between the tables. The objective is to
isolate data so that additions, deletions, and modifications of a field can be
made in just one table and then propagated through the rest of the database
via the defined relationships.
There are three main normal forms, each with increasing levels of
normalization:
 First Normal Form (1NF): Each field in a table contains
different information. For example, in an employee list, each table
would contain only one birthdate field.
 Second Normal Form (2NF): Each field in a table that is not a
determiner of the contents of another field must itself be a function of
the other fields in the table.
 Third Normal Form (3NF): No duplicate information is
permitted. So, for example, if two tables both require a birthdate field,
the birthdate information would be separated into a separate table, and
the two other tables would then access the birthdate information via
an index field in the birthdate table. Any change to a birthdate would
automatically be reflect in all tables that link to the birthdate table.
There are additional normalization levels, such as Boyce Codd Normal Form
(BCNF), fourth normal form (4NF) and fifth normal form (5NF). While
normalization makes databases more efficient to maintain, they can also
make them more complex because data is separated into so many different
tables.
(2) In data
Re: Who i will insert 1 lacks record in a Database table
Answer The qs is not quite 0 Milan
# 1 clear....

Still I suppose u wana

insert 1 lach record in
database
table.
 It is quite simple....

Just write a stored

procedure for insert of 1
lakh
records,compile it and
run...

U will b get 1 lakh records

inserted in a single
stroke...

Re: how many columns can a plsql table have

Answer total 250 , 249 non clustered and
# 2 1 clustered

Re: can a view be updated?

Answer yes it can be updated ....but
# 1 there are certain
restrictions in it.
For eg:
1.a view created from nonupdatable
view cant be updated
2.when it is having having ,
groupby,orderby it cant be
updated.etc

Re: what r routers?

Answer An electronic device connected with
# 1 various nodes in
various network.
Re: what are the database links ?
Answer Database Link is a named path
# 1 through which a remote
database can be accessed.

Re: how do u know the total no of rows in a table?

Answer Select count(*) from table
 #1
Re: what is RAID technology?which is better RAID 0+1 OR RAID 5?
Answer RAID — which stands for Redundant Array
# 1 of Inexpensive
Disks. A RAID distributes data across
several physical disks
which look to the operating system and
the user like a
single disk. Several different
arrangements are possible. We
assume here that all the disks are of
the same capacity, as
is usual.

We have only 3 basic RAID levels :

RAID 0: Provides improved performance

and additional storage
but no fault tolerance. Any disk
failure destroys the array,
which becomes more likely with more
disks in the array. A
single disk failure destroys the entire
array because when
data is written to a RAID 0 drive, the
data is broken into
fragments. The number of fragments is
dictated by the number
of disks in the drive. The fragments
are written to their
respective disks simultaneously on the
same sector. This
allows smaller sections of the entire
chunk of data to be
read off the drive in parallel, giving
this type of
arrangement huge bandwidth. RAID 0 does
not implement error
checking so any error is unrecoverable.
More disks in the
array means higher bandwidth, but
greater risk of data loss.

RAID 1: Mirrored set without parity.

Provides fault
tolerance from disk errors and failure
of all but one of the
drives. Increased read performance
occurs when using a
multi-threaded operating system that
supports split seeks,
very small performance reduction when
writing. Array
continues to operate so long as at
least one drive is
functioning. Using RAID 1 with a
separate controller for
each disk is sometimes called
duplexing.

RAID 5: Striped set with distributed

parity. Distributed
parity requires all drives but one to
be present to operate;
drive failure requires replacement, but
the array is not
destroyed by a single drive failure.
Upon drive failure, any
subsequent reads can be calculated from
the distributed
parity such that the drive failure is
masked from the end
user. The array will have data loss in
the event of a second
drive failure and is vulnerable until
the data that was on
the failed drive is rebuilt onto a
replacement drive.

Rest of RAID levels are the combination

 of these basic raid
levels.

which is better RAID 0+1 OR RAID

5? ...........

good question.......

RAID 0+1: striped sets in a mirrored

set (minimum four
disks; even number of disks) provides
fault tolerance and
improved performance but increases
complexity.

Hence, Raid 5 is definitely better

because if there is a
failure of even 1 disk in RAID 0+1....
the situation is same
as it is in raid 5 but, the min. no. of
disks utilized in
raid 0+1 is 4 and on the other hand in
raid 5, the similar
fault tolerance is given with a min of
3 HDDs.

Seniors kindly correct me if I am

wrong.

Re: which statement is running fastly ie insert or delete?

Answer Its definitely Delete.
# 4 Becuase
When Delete operation is being performed
then Oracle
doesnot actualy permanently remove the
data from data block
but rather marks that particular data
block as unusable.
Whereas when concerned to Insert Oracle
needs to insert the
 new values into Datablocks.

Re: What are Schema Objects ?

Answer Schema objects are the logical structures
# 1 that directly
refer to the database's data. Schema
objects include tables,
views,
sequences, synonyms, indexes, clusters,
database triggers,
procedures, functions packages and
database links.

Re: What is Parallel Server ?

Answer Multiple instances accessing the
# 1 same database (Only
In Multi-CPU environments)

Re: Can we create index on views?

Answer An index cannot be defined on a view.
# 1 Because view is
virtual table, which consists of a subset
of columns from
one more tables.

The Restrictions imposed on views are as

follows:
1. A view can be created only in the
current database.
2. A view can be created only if there is
a SELECT
permission on its base table
3. A Trigger or an Index cannot be
defined on a view.
4. A view cannot be derive its data from
temporary tables.
5. The CREATE VIEW statement cannot be
combined with other
SQL statements in a single batch.
 Re: What is Public Database Link ?
Answer Public database link is created 0 Orawhiz
# 1 for the special user group
PUBLIC.

A public database link can be

used when any user in the
associated database specifies a
global object name in a SQL
statement or object definition.

Re: Tell me New Feature of Oracle 10g?

Answer 10g stands for Grid computing:
# 2 read oracle link below for all its features :

http://www.oracle.com/technology/pub/articles/10gdba/index.html

http://www.oracle.qassociates.co.uk/oracle-10g-features.htm

Re: what is the output of select * from emp where null=null & select * from
emp where 1=1
Answer select * from emp where null=null: 2 Anitha
# 1 will not return any rows
in the table since two null values
are not always same.

select * from emp where 1=1 : will

return all the rows in
the table because 1 is always equal
to 1.

Re: how to truncate date and get only time part 9:20:00
Answer select <column_name>,to_char 0 Saisivakumar
# 1 (<column_name>,'fmdd month [Kesdee]
yyyy fmhh:MI:ss am') from
<table_name> where
condition;
 Note: i have given for both date
and time, pls use as u
want.

Re: what is primary key and foreign key when and where have to use
Answer primary key has a unique & it is 0 Prashant
# 1 only one in a
databasewhile fkey is not unique. it
is based on primary key

HI

Primary key = (Not Null + Unique).

Foreign key = (For Referential table access).

primary key has unique value, it dostnt contain

null values
and duplicate values.

foregin key is primary key of another table

Re: What is difference between UNIQUE constraint and

PRIMARY KEY constraint ?
Answer The Primarykey Constraint=
# 1 unique + Not Null constraints.
For the Unique the meaning it
self it is telling unique
value. won't accept duplicate
values.

When ever you create a primary key constraint on

perticular
column in a table it creates clustered index by
default,
it cannot allow null values and a table having only
one
primary key constraint. But in the case of Unique
Key
constraint, it allow only one null value, it
creates non-
clustered index by default and a table having
multiple
unique key constraints.

Re: what are Triggers?

Triggers are basically used to implement business

rules.
Triggers are also similar to stored procedures.The
difference is that it can be activated when data is
added
or edited or deleted from a table in a database.

Re: what are Triggers?

Answer Triggers are the database
# 2 objects (Like Procedures)
which
will be executed by the
Database itself and cannot be
excuted by the user
explicitly. The trigger can be
written
to execute while inserting/
updating/ deleting a row.

Two types of triiger

ROW LEVEL TRIGGER

 ===============
Row Level triggers are FOR
EACH ROW, that is, the trigger
is activated for each row that
is inserted/updated/deleted.

STATEMENT LEVEL TRIGGER

=====================
Statement level triggers will
execute the action specified
only once. (Will not consider
the no. of rows being
inserted/updated/deleted)
Re: What are the Limitations of a CHECK Constraint ?
Answer The check consttraint should
# 1 be with in the two boundaries
(min value to max value).

Re: What are the Limitations of a CHECK Constraint ?

Answer It is used to avoid invalid
# 2 and inconsistence data into
the
data base table.
For example if you specify
like this
sal int Check(sal>=1000)
and trying to insert value
below 1000 in the sal
column,they won't accept
you.That means it restrict the
data in the database table.

Re: Explain 1st, 2nd, 3rd normalization form of data base

Answer HI
#1
 First Normalisation is
"Primary Key"

Second Normalisation is "

Composite Key"

bye
Re: Explain 1st, 2nd, 3rd normalization form of data base
Answer 1st normal form: first
# 2 identify the repeating
group of
fields n group them into
separate table
2nd normal: it should be in
1st normal form and check
all
fields are dependent on
primary key
3nd normal form: it should
be in 2nd normal form and
check
all the fields r independent
of any other non-key
attribute
ie removes the fields that
dependent on non-key

1st normal: first identify

repeating fields and group
them
another table
2nd normal: it should be in
1st normal form and identify
that all fields all
dependent on primary key.
3nd normal: it should be in
2nd normal form and check
all
 fields all indpendent of
other non-key attribute

Re: difference between oracle8i and oracle9i

Answer merge is a command which is
# 1 used to both insert and
delete.
timestamp datatype is
introduced.
max no of columns in 8i is
256 where as in 9i we can
have
999.
on delete set null supports
only in 9i.
by using this, when we
delete the parent record the
child
records are replaced with
null values

Re: what is difference between where clause and having clause?

Answer in 'where' clause every
# 1 records filtered based on
where
in 'having' is with aggregate
records (group by functions )

Re: what is difference between where clause and having clause?

Answer RISTRICT GROUP BY FUNCTION BY
# 2 HAVING.
RESTRICT NORMAL QUERY BY
WHERE.

YOU CAN PUT WHERE AND HAVING

IN A QUERY
Re: What are triggers?Where are they used?
Answer trigger is autorun query. for
# 1 example if you perform some
 operation that time some
operation(insert,delete) shuld
be
execute automatically that
time you have to use trigger

Re: What are triggers?Where are they used?

Answer triggers are the named pl/sql
# 2 blocks which are executed
automatically at the specified
events.the event at which
triggers are executed is
called as the triggering
event.there are 3 types of
triggers
(i) dml triggers:
these triggers are executed
either before or after any dml
events(i.e insert or update or
delete)
(ii) ddl triggers:
these triggers are executed
either before or after any ddl
events(i.e create or alter or
rename or truncate or drop)
(iii) database triggers
these trigger are executed
either before or after any
database events(i.e logon or
logoff or startup or shutdown)
database triggers can be
created only by user having
dba
privileges.
using triggers we can perform
the following operations
(i) auto managing of data
(ii) auditing of data
(iii) auditing of events
(iv)defining of validations
Re: What is Index and different types of Indexes?
Answer Index is used to solve some
# 1 query fast.

we have 2 types of cursors.

1 Bitmap Index ( used only
on Low cardinality columns)

2. Btree Index ( used only

for High Cardinality of

columns)
Re: What is Index and different types of Indexes?
Answer Index is used to fetch the
# 2 data in a reliable and fast
manner and the types of index
avalilable are clustered
index and non clustered index.

Re: What is Index and different types of Indexes?

Answer indexes is a process of
# 3 creating a structure from a
database table from a single
or multiple compostion
(atleast) of attributes for
efficient data retreival.
some database even allow to
create indexes out of
expressions as well.

there are different types of

indexes based on the
implementation methodology:
b Trees, b+ trees, bitmap
indexes, hash index etc .
infact
 in some database the index
file is different from the
database file and hence one
can write one's plug in for a
special kind of index .

clustered and non-clustered

is the kind of architecture
that is used to define the
index methodology as noted
earlier.

indexes are boon when used in

retreivals and they are
doomed when used in
situations where there's more
write
than read. this is so because
every new write in the table
also implies corresponding
modofication in the indexes
as
created for the table.

Re: What is Index and different types of Indexes?

Answer PHYSICAL OR LOGICAL LISTING
# 4 OF COLUMN TO SPEEDUP THE
SEARCH
IN A TABLE OR VIEW IS CALLED
INDEX.

FUNCTION BASED INDEX

HASH INDEX
BITMAP INDEX
COMPOSIT INDEX
B TREE INDEX
Re: Can Multiple instances be run on Single Machine???
Answer Yes, you can run RAC (Real
# 2 Application Clusters) that
consist of multiple instances
 accessing the same database.
You can also run the same and
different versions of Oracle
running on a single machine
each of course accessing
different databases.

Re: what is the difference between primary key &

foreign key?
Answer Primary keys enforce 1 Ramprakash
#1 entity integrity by
uniquely
identifying entity
instances. Foreign keys
enforce
referential integrity by
completing an association
between
two entities.

Re: what is the difference between primary key &

foreign key?

Answer
#2

Re: what is the difference between primary key & foreign key?

Answer
#3
Primary key is unique
primary key is not NULL and

foreign key is NULL

foreign key reference as Primary key in another
table
 Answer
#2

Guest

Re: what is the difference between primary key & foreign key?

Answer
#4
Primary Key is unique Key entire the table and
which is
also NOT NULL
where as foriegn key is the null & which
references the
primary key .

0
Muneer

Re: what is the difference between primary key & foreign key?

Answer
#5
primary key is the parent and foreign is the child.

0
Guest
 Answer
#2

Re: what is the difference between primary key & foreign key?

Answer
#6
primary key is used to identify a row and it
doesnot allow
null values. It avoids duplication of rows.

whereas foreign key refers to a column or

combination of
columns included in the defenition of referential
integrity.

0
Guest

Re: what is the difference between primary key & foreign key?

Answer
#7
In the context of relational databases, a foreign
key is a
referential constraint between two tables.[1] The
foreign
key identifies a column or a set of columns in one
(referencing) table that refers to a column or set
of
columns in another (referenced) table. The columns
in the
referencing table must form a primary key or unique
key.
 Answer
#2

0
Raghu

Re: what is the difference between primary key & foreign key?

Answer
#8
Basic difference betweeen Primary key and foreign
key is :

Primary key will not allow "Null values" and

"Duplicate
values"

Foreign key will allow "Null values" and "Duplicte

values"
and it refers to a primary key in anoter table.

0
Shaik Gouse Peer

Re: what is the difference between primary key & foreign key?

Answer
#9
primary key is used to identify a row and it
doesnot allow
null values. It avoids duplication of rows.
 Answer
#2

whereas foreign key refers to a column or

combination of
columns included in the defenition of referential
integrity.

0
Hardik Patel

Re: what is the difference between primary key & foreign key?

Answer
# 10
Primary key is used to identify a row in a table
and it
doesnot allow null values. It avoids duplication of
rows.

whereas foreign key refers to a column or

combination of
columns included in the defenition of referential
integrity

0
Gaurav , Ashish ,preeti , Main

Re: what is the difference between primary key & foreign key?

Answer
# 11
 Answer
#2

foreign key is NULL

foreign key reference as Primary key in another
table

Primary key is unique

primary key is not NULL and

0
Shree

Re: what is the difference between primary key & foreign key?

Answer
# 12
primary key is a keyword .that refers to the
unique value
in the particular record.it cant have null

foreign key is always keyword that refers primary

key.it has
null value.its refers to another table

0
Simbu

Re: what is the difference between primary key & foreign key?

Answer
 Answer
#2

# 13
foregin key reference a primary key in another
table

and primary key is used to identify a row.

0
Raji

Re: what is the difference between primary key & foreign key?

Answer
# 14
primary key does not allow duplicate and null
values
but foreign key allows null values it refers
primary key

0
Harish
 Answer
#2

Re: what is the syntax of ALTER command?

Answer alter table tablename
# 5 add(colname
datatype,colname1
datatype...);
alter table tablename
modify(colname
datatype,colname1
datatype..);

Re: what is the syntax of DROP command?

Answer drop table tablebname
#3
Re: what is the syntax of CREATE command?
Answer create table <table
# 4 name>(column
definition1, column
definition2,...);

Re: what is the syntax of DELETE command?

Answer 1) Delete [From]
# 1 <Table_Name>
Re: what is the syntax of DELETE command?
Answer select * from tablename
#2
where col1=xyz
delete col1;

Re: what is the syntax of UPDATE command?

Answer UPDATE <table name> SET
# 1 <column name>=<new value>
WHERE
<condition>;

Re: what is the syntax of UPDATE command?

Answer select * from tablename
# 2 where(col1=>10)update
col2=234;

Re: what is the syntax of UPDATE command?

Answer update tablename set
# 3 columnvalue=newvalue where
condition;

Re: what is the syntax of UPDATE command?

Answer As per my knowledge first
# 4 and third one is
correct.That is

UPDATE <table name> SET

<column name>=<new value>
WHERE
<condition>;

Re: What is Hash Index?

Answer A Hash index stores key
# 1 value pairs based on a
pseudo
randomizing function called
hash function
Re: What is Normalization ?
Answer It is a technique for
# 1 designing a database system.

Re: What is Normalization ?

Answer It is a technique for
# 2 designing a database system.

Re: What is Normalization ?

Answer It is a technique to 0 Anshu
# 3 simple the design of
database system.

Re: What is Normalization ?

Answer Database normalization
# 4 is a technique for
designing
relational database
tables to minimize
duplication of
information and, in so
doing, to safeguard the
database
against certain types
of logical or
structural problems,
namely data anomalies.

For example, when

multiple instances of a
given piece of
information occur in a
table, the possibility
exists that
these instances will
not be kept consistent
when the data
within the table is
 updated, leading to a
loss of data
integrity. A table that
is sufficiently
normalized is less
vulnerable to problems
of this kind, because
its structure
reflects the basic
assumptions for when
multiple instances
of the same information
should be represented
by a single
instance only.
Re: What is Normalization ?
Answer Note: 0 Ron
# 5 1. data is normalized in
oltp systems
( are of different forms
:1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF,
4NF,
5NF,DKNF,6NF)
2. when it comes to
olap/datawarehouse/dss
sytems data is
generally de-normalized.
(N1NF, PNF).

there is always a trade-

off to consider between
data
redundancy vs
performance

Re: What is Normalization ?

Answer to avoiding duplicate
# 6 data and easy maintence
it depends on entity
 relationship between
columns

Re: Difference between sub query and nested query ?

Answer Hi Friends,
#1
Query inside a query is
called as Sub query. Sub
query is
also called as Nested Query.

Re: Difference between sub query and nested query ?

Answer Main Diff. b/w Subquery &
# 2 Nested Subquery:

The query inside a query is

known as a subquery.
When we have another query
again query inside subquery
then
it is known as nested
subquery.

Re: Difference between sub query and nested query ?

Answer Correlated subquery runs once
# 3 for each row selected by the
outer query. It contains a
reference to a value from the
row selected by the outer
query.
Nested subquery runs only
once for the entire nesting
(outer) query. It does not
contain any reference to the
outer query row.
For example,
Correlated Subquery:
select e1.empname,
e1.basicsal, e1.deptno from
 emp e1 where
e1.basicsal = (select
max(basicsal) from emp e2
where
e2.deptno = e1.deptno)
Nested Subquery:
select empname, basicsal,
deptno from emp where
(deptno,
basicsal) in (select deptno,
max(basicsal) from emp group
by deptno)

Re: What is E-R diagram ?

Answer An Entity-Relationship (E-R)
# 1 diagram is a specialized
graphic that illustrates the
interrelationships between
entities in a database.

ER diagrams often use symbols

to represent three different
types of information.

1. Boxes are commonly used to

represent entities.
2. Diamonds are normally used
to represent relationships
and
3. Ovals are used to
represent attributes.
Re: What is SAVE POINT ?
Answer it is nopthing but , sub
# 1 divide the transaction into
smaller part.

Re: What is SAVE POINT ?

Answer this is used to save a
# 2 query/transaction at a
 particular point
by using save<file name>

Re: What does COMMIT do ?

Answer Commit is a TCL command
# 2 which is used to make
database
transaction parmanent.

one the data is commited it

can't be rollbacked.

Re: What does COMMIT do ?

Answer Commit is a TCL command
# 3 which is used to make
database
transaction parmanent.

Re: Define Transaction ?

Answer Transaction is an list of
# 1 commands given in oracle.
which includes
DDL,DML,DCL,TCL,DSL

Re: Define Transaction ?

Answer transaction have the property
# 2 that if they are interrupted
before they complete the
database will restore to a
self
consistent state usually the
one before the transaction
began.

Re: What is Database Buffers ?

Answer Database buffers are cache in
# 1 the SGA used to hold the data
blocks that are read from
the data segments in the
 database such as tables,
indexes and clusters
DB_BLOCK_BUFFERS parameter in
INIT.ORA decides the size.

Re: What is a deadlock ? Explain .

Answer Two processes wating to
# 1 update the rows of a table
which
are locked by the other
process then deadlock arises.

In a database environment
this will often happen
because
of not issuing proper row
lock commands. Poor design
of
front-end application may
cause this situation and the
performance of server will
reduce drastically.

These locks will be released

automatically when a
commit/rollback operation
performed or any one of this
processes being killed
externally.

Re: What is mean by Program Global Area (PGA) ?

Answer It is area in memory that 1 Sawant
# 1 is used by a Single Oracle
User
Process.

Re: What is mean by Program Global Area (PGA) ?

Answer it is a allocation which
 #2 can be used by sou

Re: What is a materialised view?

Answer Its the data of the remote 0 Deva
# 1 database. When we queried
for
the data at the remote
database/schema, the
data/resuls set
is known as the
materialized view.

Re: What is a materialised view?

Answer Materialised view is a
# 2 snopshot/Copy of
data(where data can
come out of select query)
which can be refresed over
a
period of time.

Re: What is the difference between implicit index and

explicit index?
Answer Implicite index is 0 Daid
# 1 created by oracle Kuamr
Internally
ex: when we make a
primary key in a Column
then implicit
Index created which is
Clustered Type
index(Default)
while Explicite index
created by "Create Index
Command'
User
 Re: What are virtual columns?
Answer the virtual cols are rownum,
# 1 rowid . like
Re: What is the difference between column level
constraints and table level constraints?
Answer Column level constraints 0 Nilesh
#1 are applicable to that
column
only, whereas table level
conatraints are used to
define
composite keys like
primary key for the
combination of two
or more columns in a table

column level constraints contain all types of

constraints
(like, not null,primary key,foregin key,unique).but
table
level except not null constraint its supports all
constraints.

Re: What is a Database instance ? Explain?

Answer A database instance
# 1 (Server) is a set of memory
structure
and background processes that
access a set of database
files.

The process can be shared by

all users.

The memory structure that

are used to store most
queried data from database.
This helps up to improve
database performance by
 decreasing the amount of I/O
performed against data file.

Re: What is a cluster Key ?

Answer The related columns of the
# 1 tables are called the cluster
key. The cluster key is
indexed using a cluster index
and
its value is stored only once
for multiple tables in the
cluster.

Re: How to define Data Block size ?

Answer A data block size is specified
# 1 for each ORACLE database when
the database is created. A
database users and allocated
free
database space in ORACLE
datablocks. Block size is
specified
in INIT.ORA file and cann't be
changed latter.
Re: What are the different type of Segments ?
Answer Data Segment,
# 1 Index Segment,
Rollback Segment and
Temporary Segment

A Database contains one or more Rollback Segments

to
temporarily store "undo" information.

Each Index has an Index segment that stores all of

its data
Re: What are the types of Database Links ?
Answer Private Database Link, Public
# 1 Database Link & Network
Database Link.

Re: What is Network Database link ?

Answer Network database link is
# 1 created and managed by a
network
domain service.

A network database link can

be used when any user of any
database in the network
specifies a global object
name in a SQL
statement or object
definition

Re: What is an Extent ?

Answer An Extent is a specific
# 1 number of contiguous data
blocks,
obtained in a single
allocation, used to store a
specific
type of information

Re: What is Public Database Link ?

Answer Public database link is
# 1 created for the special user
group
PUBLIC.

A public database link can be

used when any user in the
associated database specifies
a global object name in a SQL
statement or object
 definition.

Re: What is Private Database Link ?

Answer Private database link is
# 1 created on behalf of a
specific user.

A private database link can be

used only when the owner of
the link specifies a global
object name in a SQL statement
or in the definition of the
owner's views or procedures.

Re: What is schema?

schema is collection of objects
(table,view,procedure,function.....)
SCHEMA IS THE DESCRIPTION OF OBJECT,AND SCHEAM
CAN BE
REPRESENTED BY SCHEAMA DIAGRAM.
Every design that we made in the data base is
called as
schema .like table , namefeild , columns and all
the feild
that will be generated by the user is called as
schema.
Schema is simply an user to the database wherein
the user
can create its own objects in the database.
Schema is structure of DataBase
Re: What are inner join and outer join?
Answer Inner join is the most common
# 1 type of join. Inner joins
return all rows from multiple
tables where the join
condition is met.

Outer join returns all rows

from one table and only those
 rows from a secondary table
where the joined fields are
equal (join condition is met).

Re: How to create DSN..Explain?

Answer 1. Control Panel>>Admin
# 1 Tools>>Data Services (ODBC)>>

2. From ODBC Data Source

Administrator dialog, select
requires DSN type
(User DSN, System DSN, File
DSN). From the selected DSN,
click ?Add? button and select
the required driver and
click ?Finish? button.

3. From ODBC Text Set up enter

the Data Source Name and
Description.
Select the DB and click Ok
button.

4. DSN is created.