Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Introduction
3/2/98
Natural
Whole Numbers = Cardinal (N)
Integers (J) 0,1,3,4,etc. Zero
Rational (Q)
The Real Decimals Negative
Number System Fractions
Irrational (I)
Surds
Complex Numbers
Unreal Number System
Terms:
Quadatic Degree is 2 E.g. 2x2 3x + 3
Linear Degree is 1 E.g. 3x 8
Monic Leading coefficient is 1 E.g. x3 2x + 3
Degree The leading terms power 3 E.g. x3 2x + 3
Conjugate a+b & a–b
Alpha
Beta
Delta
Gamma
Epsilon
Pi
Theta
Rho
Lambda
Sigma
Omega
Infinity
Radian:
The angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc equal in length to the radius
of the circle.
Equation: Circumference (360) = 2. rad
Proof:
C(360) = 2..r units
2..r
C(360) = rad
r
= 2. rad
Irrational - Surds
3/2/98
3
Top Numerator Bottom Denominator
4
Remember: a2 = 9 a = 9
Properties:
(1) c a d b = c.d a.b
a a
(2) =
b b
(3) a = a
2
2 3 5
E.g. (2) Rationalise the denominator of
3 4 2
2 3 5 2 3 5 3 4 2
A So, =
3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 2
=
2 3 5 3 4 2
29
2 3
0 1 2
Recurring
1
E.g. = 0.333…
3
1 = 0.142857142857…
7
A n = 0.111… …(1)
10n = 1.111… …(2)Note:
(2) – (1) One recurring number = 10n
9n = 1 Two recurring numbers = 100n
1 Three recurring numbers = 1000n
n= Etc.
9
Index Laws
5/2/98
(1) nm nn = nm + n
(2) nm ÷ nn = nm n
(4) n0 = 1
a
na n
(5) =
ba b
1
(6) a1 =
a
(7) n½ = n
(8) m
a
n = m
n a
or n
ma
1 n
(9) a
=
n a
Factorising
9/2/98
Quadratics:
E.g. x2 + 4.x + 3
A So, a+b=4
And, a.b = 3
(x + 1)(x + 3)
2
b
Add to complete the square on: a2 + b.a
2
Perfect Squares:
Equation: (a – b)2 = a2 – 2.a.b + b2
Luke Cole Page 5
GIKPKC7 94107 The Real Number System Page 6
Equation: a2 – 1 = (a –1)(a + 1)
Proof:
(a + b)(a2 – a.b + b2) = a3 – a2.b + a.b2 + a2.b + b3
= a3 + b3
Proof:
(a – b)(a2 + a.b + b2) = a3 + a2.b + a.b2 – a2.b – a.b2 – b3
= a3 – b3
Simultaneous Equations
17/2/97
Equations with Two Unknowns Variables:
E.g. y = x2 …(1)
y=x+2 …(2)
Sub (1) into (2)
x2 = x + 2
x2 – x – 2 = 0
(x – 2)(x + 1) = 0
x–2=0 x+1=0
x=2 & x=–1
Sub x = 2 & x = – 1 into (2)
y=2+2 y=–1+2
y=4 & y=1
x=2 & x=–1
y=4 & y=1
Inequalities
19/2/98
The inequality sign reverses when or ÷ by a negative.
Never write E.g. 4 > x > 5 (write x < 4 & x > 5), only E.g. 4 < x < 5.
E.g. (1) Solve for x 3.x + 1 19
A 3.x 18
0
x6
A – 2.y – 4 > 12
– 2.y > 16
y<–8 8 0
A Here, x 0
Also, 1 = 4.x
1
Test, x =
8
4>8
Test, x = 1
1<4
Test, x = 1
1<4
x<0&x>¼
2 2¾
Absolute Values
20/2/98
All ways check answers, because they are not always right.
When you have absolute values on both sides of the equal or inequalities sign, there’s
no need to do four possible solutions, two is enough.
Definition:
a = a E.g. 5 = 5
– a= a E.g. – 5 = 5
Alternatively
If a > 0, then a = a E.g. 3 = 3
If a < 0, then a = – a E.g. – 3 = – (– 3)
If a = 0, then a = 0 =3
Properties:
a.b= a b E.g. – 3 2 = – 3 2
– 6 = 3 2
6=6
a2 = a2 E.g. – 5 = – 52
2
52 = – 52
a + b a + b E.g. – 3 + 5 – 3 + 5
2 3 + 5
28
A x–25 & – (x – 2) 5
x7 x–25
x–3 & x7