The Road to Academic

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The Making of World-Class

Research Universities

Philip G. Altbach and Jamil Salmi

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:

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.

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1990 1999
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Chhapla, Hemali. 2009a. "IIT-B: The New Favourite Among JEE Top 100, Delhi,
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1. ( 2005 ),
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. ( 1972 ) 2007
( Bombay, 2008, 11-12). , 2007 , -
.

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.

.

, ,
. ,
- ,

.
: ,
. 1980- ,
, .
. ,
.
,

, , ,
, , .
,
. ,

,
.
1983 - - ;
,
.
, ,
, , ,
.

 : 1983-1999. ,
31 1983 30 1999 ,
,
.

,
- . , ,
,
.

.
,

. 1980-
,
,

, ,
-
.
.
,
. 1962

,
. 1976
13.
.
1979
.
. ,
1979-1983 ,
.

( , -; ,
; , ).
( ),
( ) ( ). ,
.

.
,
.

.
,
. ,
.

- .


,

.
,
,
.
, .

.
,
,
.

;
;
,
.

, ,

,
.

,
.

. ,
. ,
2000 ,
.

 . , ,

.

2000
. , 2002 ,

.
2003 .
,
.


,
(Onyeonoru, 2008).
:
,
.
.

.
,
.
,

, (Okojie, 2007).

, , ,
.
,

.
: 55% ,
25% - 30% -
, .
, ,
(Saint and Lao, 2009).
,
, .

,

, . .
,
.
, -
.
(Pereira, 2007,173).
,
, -
.
. , 2002
,
24 ,

.

,
,
( 2009 ,
26 34 ).
, ,

.
.

,
.

,
.

50

.
1975 ;
(1975-1980 .) (1980-1985 .),

(1985-1990 .).
,
.
2008
2009-2014 . -



, .
2009-2014
,

(University of Ibadan, 2009b, 7).
..
, ,
, :

.
.
-
, ,
(University of Ibadan, 2009b, ix).

12 ,
.
7.1.
:
; ,

;
,
, .

,

,
(37%
2009 ).
,
,
60:40.
, -, ,
(. 7.1).

,
(
), . 7.2,
(PhD) (
)
.

 7.2 (),
(PHD) 10 ,
1999-2008

(1 )

1999

126

670

12

70

878

2000

180

2539

29

227

2975

7,6

2001

13

943

18

156

13,8

2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Total

4061

18

4079

349

36

311

4051

7,6

204

3355
2203

41

226

8,5

362

2271

34

209

216

2132

47

182

185

2220
2852

36

162

462

6158

19185

41

204

2674
2876
2577
2603
3559

312

1747

27 402

7,3
7,1
6,2
5,7
6,4

: University of Ibadan 2008.

-
,
.

,

- .
,
,

.
,
12 863 (68%) -
, .
, .
, 1983-1984
307
(2,5% 12 132 ). 1984-1985
316 (2,3%
13 862 ), ,
. - ,
, 37% 1983-1984 ,
38% - 1984-1985 . 1998-1999 .



,
.
2009 , 111
(. . 7.2).
, , ,
.

.

.
15 .
.
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.

.

,
,

.
: -

;
;
;
(University of Ibadan, 2010).

-
, 2008
1197 .
(18 843 2007-2008 )
16:1.
(. . 7.3).
(. 7.3)

,
( - 19%, - 5%, 24%; - 48%). I
. , 72%
,
(. . (PhD)).
,
, .

,
4988 1988-1989 3263 2007-2008 .
1135 1197 .
3 1
,
.

, \ =

,
.

, . , 1193
1197 4
.
.

-.
,
.

:
; ;
/, ; ;
; , .

,
,
.
( 90%)
(Hartnett 2000).
,
85%, - 1%,
- 1%, - 12%,
18% (University of Ibadan, 2009b).

. 2005-2006
, ,
(. . 7.4).

,
2,8%
1999 9,5% 2002 , 6%
, 2006 9,4% (Bamiro
and Olugbenga 2010).
, ,
4,5 4,3%
. ,

: Bamiro and Olugbenga 2010.

. : 1 = 150 ).

: University of Ibadan 2009b.

, :
,
(University of Ibadan, 2009b).
,
84,7%
, , ,
4,6%, - 10,7%.

,
: 60% - , 39% -
1% - (Hartnett
2000) (. . 7.5).

- .

,
, . ,
(
),
.
.
,
,
10% ,
.

: Bamiro and Olugbenga 2010.

. .

,

.
200
2006 ( . 7.6).
4,5% ,
(4,4 ) .

. (
.)

, . (
) :
, , ,
, . 1950- ,
. 1988 1994
22,02
(Center for Comparative and Global Studies in Education 2001).

 30 .
.
.
.

. , 2000


.
,
( ).

. 14-20 ;
, , 60
(Bamiro and Olugbenga, 2010, 62).

,
(. . 7.7).
2005-2006 417,7 ,
197,7 . -

(
, ),
(Bamiro and Olugbenga, 2010, xiv).

.

, ,
.

, (Pereira, 2007, 177).
2009-2014


. -,

,
. ,

,

.
,
,

. ,
.

,
,
,
-
(University of Ibadan, 2009b, 75).
:

;
;

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, ,
.


.
,
, .

- ,
.

, (),
,
.
, , ,

.

,
,

.
, ,
, , .

, ,
, (World
Bank, 2006).

.

,
,

.
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),
.
,
.


.

, ,
,
.
, , , ,
.


.
- (
),
. ,
, ,
.

,

.

. , ,
,
( )
,
.
,
,
, .

,
, .

. ,


.

.
,
,
, ,

. ,
,
.

 ,
,
, :

Bamiro, Olufemi A., and S. A. Olugbenga. 2010. Sustainable Financing of Higher Education
in Nigeria: A Conceptual Framework: Ibadan, Nigeria: Ibadan University Press.
Center for Comparative and Global Studies in Education. 2001. "Higher Education
Finance and Cost-Sharing in Nigeria." University of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY. http://gse.

() ( ), (6)
,
, () ,
,

(Salmi, 2009, 7).

,
,
. ,

.
,
.
, ,
.
,
. ,
.
,

. ,

(,
. .) ,
.


, .
,
,
.

buffalo.edu/org/inthigheredfinance/files/Country_Profiles/Africa/Nigeria.pdf.
Ekundayo, Haastrup T, and M. O. Adedokun. 2009. "The Unresolved Issue of University
Autonomy and Academic Freedom in Nigerian Universities." Humanity and Social
Sciences Journal 4 (1): 61-67.
Fabunmi, Martins. 2005. "Historical Analysis of Educational Policy in Nigeria:
Implications for Educational Planning and Policy." International Journal of African
and African-American Studies 7 (2): 1-7.
Federal Ministry of Education. 1977. National Policy on Education. Lagos: Federal
Ministry of Education.
Hartnett, Teresa. 2000. "Financing and Trends and Expenditure Patterns in Nigerian
Federal Universities: An Update." Background study for the Nigerian University
System Innovation Project, World Bank, Washington, DC.
Mellanby, Kenneth. 1958. The Birth of Nigeria's University. London: Methuen.
Motani, Nizar A. 1979. "Makerere College 1922-1940: A Study in Colonial Rule and
Educational Retardation." African Affairs 78 (312): 357-69.
Onyeonoru, Ifeanyi. 2008. "Governance: University Autonomy and Cost Recovery
PoliciesUnion Contestation and Sustainable University System." United Nations
Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Paris, http://portal.unesco.org/
education/en/ev.php-URL_ID=36322&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=
201.html.
Pereira, Charmaine. 2007. Gender in the Making of the Nigerian University System.
Oxford, U.K.: James Currey.
Saint, William S., and Christine V. Lao. 2009. "Legal Frameworks for Tertiary Education
in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Quest for Institutional Responsiveness." Working Paper
175, Africa Human Development Series, World Bank, Washington, DC.
Salmi, Jamil. 2009. The Challenge of Establishing World-Class Universities. Washington,
DC: World Bank.
University of Ibadan. 2008. University of Ibadan Digest of Statistics 4 (1).
. 2009a. Pocket Statistics. Ibadan, Nigeria: Planning Unit, Office of the Vice
Chancellor, University of Ibadan.
. 2009b. Promoting Excellence in Teaching Research, and Community Service.
Ibadan, Nigeria: University of Ibadan.

Adewoye, Omoniyi. 2000. "Higher Education in Nigeria: The Birth of an Idea." In Ibadan
University at 50 (1948-1999): Nigeria's Premier University in Perspective,
ed. B. A. Mojuetan, 7-22. Ibadan, Nigeria: Ibadan University Press.
Ashby, Eric. 1959. Investment in Education. Report of a Commission on Post-secondary
Education in Nigeria. Lagos: Government Printer.

. 2010. "Office of International Programmes." University of Ibadan, Ibadan,

Nigeria, http://www.oip.ui.edu.ng/.
World Bank. 2006. "Nigeria Science and Technology Education at Post-basic Levels
(STEPB): Review of S&T Education in Federally Funded Institutions." Education
Sector Review Report 37973, World Bank, Washington, DC.

:


-
-
. - ,
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.
,
, ,
, - . , XIX
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. ,
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.
1842 ,
.
25 . 69
5 . 100 , 31
. 2007
95 .
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. 42%
(CRUCH 2007). 2004-2008
5400 ,
(ISI), 30%
.
1
. 462-
,
, 320-
2008 .
- .
14
2
() .
()
1888 .
,
.
241- .
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3
3700 .
: 19 . ,
41 , 2700 .
, 63 ,
2800 . 23
, 2007 72
(PhD).
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;
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:


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, 1842 ,
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(1806),
XVIII .
,
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.

, ,
(Serrano 1994, 69-78). 1927

, -
. -
1950-1960- (Mellafe, Rebolledo,
and Cardenas, 1992,163-66, 221-224).
,
, ,
. 1888
-

 ,

.

1960-
, ,

-
( ).
1967 7%
20-24 (Brunner, 1986,17).
80% - , 1965
- .
1967 5% ,
(Brunner, 1986, 25, 27,
30).
- .

,

.
, 1968
(Hunneus, 1988).
.
55 . 1967 146 . 1973 (Brunner
1986, 32). ,

.
.
1969 1973
(Arriagada, 1989, 130-31).
,
. ,
, .
, ,
.
,
1970 ,
. ,
, .

1973 . (
1973 1990 ) ,
-.
,
.
, ,
, .
.
2,11% 1972 0,47% 1988 ,
26% 1973 1989 .
-
30% 1974 1980 . ,
,
. 1981
14 ,
(Arriagada, 1989, 27-33).
,
24% 1981 1988
(Lehmann, 1990, 72),
.
8 27% 1973 1980
(Brunner, 1986, 47), 41% 1987 (Lehmann, 1990, 54).
1981
, .


. ,

() 1982 1989
18 (Arriagada, 1989, 117). 1979
1990
- 30%,
, ISI, ,
, ,
(Bernasconi, 2007).

1981
- .

, .
1991 ,

61 ;
510 . , 260 .
135 .
,
40% .
93% 75%
. 66%
.
- 15%
(OECD,
2009, 225).

. (
) ,

(OECD, 2009, 228).

0,3%
(),
() 2004
1,3%.
,
,
.
2%
( ,
1,4%),
85% (OECD, 2009, 225).
.
25 ,

17% (OECD, 2009, 229).

( , )
, , ,
.
,
,
1990 ,

.
0,51% 1990 0,67% 2007 .
, ,
1990 30,5 . 2004 .
ISI-, 3,5 . 2007 . 2007
287 , 10 ,
1990 .


, 1990 .

. , (. .
) 20 ;
4 ;
7 (Ministry of Education 2010).
,
(
),
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.

. ,
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ISI ,
60%
.
.
.
,
(Bernasconi, 2007), ,

(Altbach, 2007).
,
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 ,
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.
.
, 8.1,

, 15% (
). 2007
100 (. 8.1).

. ,
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( ,
42% (. 9
, ).

, 8.1 20 .

- ,
, .

.
- 1992 2007
.

1991 , (
). ,
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.
10% ,
, ,
60%
, . .
,
,


.

.
,

-
.
,
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.
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.


.

:
,
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...
... -
,
. ,
(Levy
and Bernasconi, 1998, 464).

,
1950- , ,
.
, . 1960-

,
(Levy and
Bernasconi, 1998, 464-67).
1968
, .
-

.
,
,
. ,
27 . 1967 66 . 1973 (Brunner, 1986, 31-40).
(1973-1990 .)
;
, ,
; 1980 48 800 (Brunner,
1986,49). 1981
,
.
1990 18 . ,
37%. ,
1980- , .

,
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.

.

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, 36 ,
. 27 , 7
2 .

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1990 .
, 1990 1997 ,
,

.
1998/99
,
, .
,

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 . 2004

80% ( 33% 55%).
,
,
.

, , .

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.


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, .

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,
(UCH
2007, 12).
(UCH 2004)

, .
.

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1999 ; ()
; () ; ()
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.
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; (6)
4
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; ()
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, . ,
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2006-2010 ,
,

259

. ,

, .

. ,
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, .

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.

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18 . .
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,
, .
, 340
- 2004
(UCH, 2004, 127).
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). , 2005 ,
. , 2004
22 , 2005 2008 90 (UCH,
2008, 24). ,

.
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1400 ,
,
. 200
.

1888 .

- .
.
,
.
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,
.

,
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(Levy, 1986, 79-80).
1940- , 10

(Krebs, Munoz, and Valdivieso, 1994).
, 13 TVUC
,
.
1968

, ,
.
;

- ;
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,
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.
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.
. ,
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,
15 ,
. .
, ,

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,
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,
.
,
. , 1987 1992
40% (Koljatic, 1999, 350). ,
,

,
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,
(Bernasconi, 2005,253).
,
,
.
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.
,


,
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, .
, -
241-
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(PSU), 1000
.
.
(ISI),
.
1990-
700 2007 . ,
-
,
.
,
,
. ,
95% 1973 . 1980-
70%
. 1992 20%
, 11%. ,
1992 2007
.

.
2038 , 150 .
,
.

,
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. ,
. ,
1968 ,
.

.
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,
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), ,

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. , ,
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. ,
,
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,
(Koljatic,
1999, 354).
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,
(Koljatic, 1999, 354-355).

1990- , ,
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, , .
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.

. ,
.

 1990- ,

( ,
),
60% (Bernasconi, 2005, 255).
, ,
(
) , .
,
DICTUC (Direction de Investigaciones Cientificas Tecnologicas de la Pontificia
Universidad Catolica de Chile). ,
, ,
1990- . - (
-) .
2005 ,

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.
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( 10 120 ),
.
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).
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9),
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), .
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,
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-
, .

1. ISI: Thomson Reuters' Web of Knowledge.

2. ,
, (facultad) ,
. ,
,
.
3. ISI: Thomson Reuters' Web of Knowledge.
4. 48 ( :
- 44,5 , SIES
2008 (Ministry of Education of Chile,
2008). . http://www.sies.cl/.
5.

,
(OECD 2009).
6. , ,

(Clark, 2004,110-121).
7. , ,
,
. . 7 .

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. 2004. Sustaining Change in Universities: Continuities in Case Studies and
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Technology, Monterrey Tech, ITESM.
.

3. ,
,
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,
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,
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.

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11

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.


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, , 43
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323

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112
. 133, 1355,13510
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.

156

141, 157, 171
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152-153
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318, 325, 346

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311

291-292, 350

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300, 302

95

283

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278-281. .

285-286

302-303, 304
281-286, 305

301-302

288-290

297,

298, 299

() 277, 278-279,

278-281

3041, 305

288-290, 298, 299

305

285-286, 296-297

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350

() 149,151,

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152,159,161,166,167, 171

345

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() 34, 37,

,
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52
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() 220, 222

217, 220
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202-203

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(1967-70), 217,
219-220

334

213-224

() 357

220-222, 223-224

75

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() 294, 295, 302, 3057,

3068

140, 142
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162

(NUS) 137-174

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156-157

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() 243-274

261-262, 346

264

245-249, 259-261
, 247-249
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263-265
244, 341
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262-263, 348
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, 310

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285, 303

, 207

229-230

(EFA), 2

252

325

56,

118-120, 121

58-59

(Hong Kong SAR, ), 78
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2001-2010 , 157
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268-269

197

146

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93

154

259

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119
172

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2
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299

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,
156,165, 174

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344-345
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162,188,255,314
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296, 297-298
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151, 160-161


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, 186-187


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231-232, 23U, 232/
, 159-164
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162-164, 332
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(SETARA) 167

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116-117
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122-123

111-115
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318

117-119

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300-301

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,
51-52

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161
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57

69

156

163
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200-201

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158-159

318-326,

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333-334

351-353

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581

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205
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222-223, 225
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218-220
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213-214f
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221-222
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() 198-201
(UM), 129-166
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13

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269

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148, 198

229,234, 248, 257

228-229
256-258

161

263

12,15

() 226-227,

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116, 323

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263-265

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137-138

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75-76

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310-315

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169

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109
581, 78
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239-240, 332
252-253
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233-235
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244-245
241-242
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118

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236
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348
,
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45

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54

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309-310

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124

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(, ),
197, 2045
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58 1
63, 139

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50-51
55
,

, , 67

54-58

, 36-38
, 38-39
59-61
- ,
52-54
55-56
58-59

56-57
-

, 332-331

.. 67
, , 75
283,
285-286, 288, 289

() 98
- 88
(
,

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) 169, 179, 180

-
42, 52-53
47
61-63

45-47

21, 27

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, 58-59
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150,173

, 198
() 57

() 55
.
197

83

138

121-122
189-190
139,143-144, 344
243

() 143
, , 13

ARWU. .

DICTUC, (), 264
From Good to Great (), 360
Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010
(Schwab), 36
Hang Lung Group, 94
ISI ( ),
, 164, 230,247
Kerry Group, 94
LAOTSE (
), 198
McKinsey Quarterly

36
NUSNET, 161

Real Pontificia Universidad de Mexico 294

SETARA (
) 167
Shanghai Baoshan Iron and Steel Company, 54
Shui On Group 92
Shun Hing Group 92
SIES (Sistema de Informacion de la Educacion
Superior) 272n4
Sino Group, 92
Sistema de Informacion de la Educacion
Superior (SIES) 272n4
The Great Brain Race (Wildavsky), 344
The Uses of the University ( Kepp) 24
World Class Worldwide: Transforming Research
Universities in Asia and Latin America
(Altbach and Balan). .

Outlook-GK-Mode, 179

69 :
/ . . . ,
. ; . . - .: , 2012 - 416 .
ISBN 978-5-7777-0530-3
.
,
, ,
.
.

. ,

. ,
, ,
.
,
,
, .
378
74.04

: ..
: ..
: ..

12.05.2012 .
. .
70 100 1 6 . . . . 33,54. 1500 . 3621.

125993, , . , . 11, .
e-mail: info@vesmirbooks.ru
http://www.vesmirbooks.ru

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