MECHANIS OF MATERIAL & MACHINES

1 B

UNIT # 8
TYPES GOVERNOR
OF
GOVERNOR
1-Centrefugal GOVERNOR
It consists of two balls of mass which are
attached to the mass as shown in figure.

ARM

SPINDL
FLY-BALL
E

FLY-BALL
S

LINK

SLEEVE

THROTTLE VALVE
BAVEL GEAR

These balls are known as governor balls and fly balls. The balls revolve with
a spindle which is driven by the engine through bevel gears. The upper end
of the arm are pivoted to the spindle, so that the balls may rise up or fall
down as the revolve about the vertical axis. The arms connected by the links
to a sleeve which is keyed to the spindle. This sleeve revolves with the
MECHANIS OF MATERIAL & MACHINES
2
spindle but can slide up and down. The balls and sleeve rises when the
spindle speed increases and falls when the speed decreases. In order to limit
the travel of a sleeve in up word and down word directions, two stops s,s are
provided on the spindle. The sleeve is connected by a ball crank lever to a
throttle valve. The supply of working fluids decreases when the sleeve rises
and increases when falls.
When the load on the engine increases the engine and governor speed
decreases. This results in the decreases of centrifugal forces on the balls.
Hence the ball move in words and the sleeve moves down words. The down
word movement of the sleeve operates a throttle valve at the other end of the
ball crank lever to increase the supply of working fluid and thus the engine
speed is increased. In this case the extra power output is provided to balance
the increased load.
When the load on the engine decreases, the engine of the g speed
increase which results in the increase of centrifugal force on the balls. Thus
the balls move outward and the sleeve rise upwards. This upwards
movement of the sleeve reduces the supply of working fluid and hence the
speed is decreased. In this case the power output is reduced.

WATT GOVERNOR
The simplest form of centrifugal governor is Watt g is
shown in figure.

It is basically a conical pendulum with links attached to a sleeve of

negligible mass. The arms of governor may be connected to the spindle is
following for three ways.
1. The pivot ‘P’ may be on spindle axis as shown in the figure (a).
2. The pivot ‘P’ may be offset from the spindle axis and the arms
when produced intersect at ‘O’ as in figure ‘b’.
The point ‘P’ may be offset but the arms cross the axis at ‘o’ as shown in
figure ‘c’.
MECHANIS OF MATERIAL & MACHINES
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Let ,
m = Mass of ball
W = Weight of ball
T = Tension in arm
r = Radius
fc = Centrifugal force
h = Height of governor
w = Angular velocity
N = Spindle r.p.m.
It is the assumed that the weight of the arms, links and the sleeve are
negligible as compared to the weight of the balls. Now the balls in
equilibrium under the action of
1. Centrifugal force (fc)
2. Tension of arm (T)
3. Weight of ball (w)
Taking moment about “O”
Fc × h = w × r
m w r × h = mg × r
w ×h=g
h=g/w [w = 2πN/ 60]
[g = 9.81 m/s ]
h = 9.81/(2πN/ 60) [9.81/(2πN/ 60) ]
h = 895 / N m [9.81 / (4 × 9.8696 N/ 3600)]
N = Spindle r.p.m.
QUESTION # 1
Calculate the vertical height of a watt governor . When it
rotates at 60 r.p.m.also . Find the change in vertical height when its speed
increases to 61 r.p.m.
h1= 895 / N
h1=895 / 60
h1= 0.248 mm
h2= 895 / (61)
h2= 0.240 mm
Change vertical height = h1- h2
= 0.248 – 0.240
= 0.008 m Ans.
MECHANIS OF MATERIAL & MACHINES
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PORTER GOVERNOR
The porter governor is a modification of a watt
governor with central load attached to the sleeve as shown below.

The load moves up and down the central spindle. Thos additional down
word force increases the speed of revolution required to enable the ball to
rise to any predetermined level .
Consider the force acting on one – half of the governor as shown
below.

Let
m = Mass of each ball in kg.
w or mg = Weight of each ball in Newton = mg
M = Weight of central load in kg. = Mg
r = Radius of rotation in meters.
h = Height of governor in meters.
w = Angular speed of balls in rad. / sec.
= 2πN/ 60 rad. / sec
Fc = Centrifugal force acting on each ball in Newton
= mw r
T1 = Tension in the arm in Newton .
MECHANIS OF MATERIAL & MACHINES
5

T2 = Tension in the link in Newton .

α = Angle of inclination of the arm to the vertical.
β = Angle of inclination of the link to the vertical.
There are several ways of determining the relation between the height of
governor (h) and the angular speed of the balls (w). The following two
methods are important from subject point of view .
1. Method of relation of forces.
2. Instantaneous centre method.

1. Method of relation of
forces:
Considering the equilibrium of
forces acting at ‘D’ we have,
T2 cos β = W / 2
T2 cos β = Mg / 2
T2 = Mg / 2 cos β (1)
Again considering the equilibrium of forces acting on ‘B’. The ‘B’is in
equilibrium under the action of the following forces.
I. Weight of the ball.
II. Centrifugal force.
III. Tension in arms.
IV. Tension in the link.
Resolving the forces vertically,
T1 cosα = T2 cos β + W
T1 cosα = mg + Mg / 2 (2)
Resolving the forces horizontally ,
T1 sinα + T2 sin β = Fc
T1 sinα = Mg / 2 cos β . sin β = Fc
T1 sinα + Mg / 2 .tan β = Fc
T1 sinα = Fc - Mg / 2 .tan β (3)
Dividing eg (3) by eg (2),
T1 sinα = Fc - Mg / 2 .tan β
T1 cosα = mg + Mg / 2
(mg + Mg / 2) tanα = Fc – Mg / 2. tan β
mg + Mg / 2 = Fc / tanα - Mg / 2 . tan β / tanα
Substituting.
MECHANIS OF MATERIAL & MACHINES
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tan β / tanα = q , tanα = r / h
mg + Mg / 2 = m .w .r.h / r - Mg / 2 . q

mg + Mg / 2 = m .w .r.h - Mg / 2 . q
mg + Mg / 2 + Mg / 2 . q = m .w .h
mg + Mg / 2(1 + q) = m .w .h
[m + M / 2 (1 + 2)g] / m .w = m .w .h / m .w
h = [m + M / 2 (1 + q)] / m = g / w (4)
w = [m + M / 2 (1 + q)] / m × g / h
(2πN/ 60) = [m + M / 2 (1 + q)] / m × g / h
39.44 N / 3600 = [m + M / 2 (1 + q)] / m × 9.81 / h
3600 × 39.44 N / 3600 = [m + M / 2 (1 + q)] / m × 9.81 / h × 3600
39.44 N = [m + M / 2 (1 + q)] / m × 35316 / h
39.44 N / 29.44 = [m + M / 2 (1 + q)] / m × 35316 / h × 39.44
N = [m + M / 2 (1 + q)] / m × 895 / h
N = [m + M / 2] / m × 895 / h (5)
When the length of arms are equal to the length and the points ‘P’ and ‘D’
lie on the same vertical line then ,
tanα = tan β
q = tanα / tan β = 1
There equation (5) be comes,
N = [m + M ] / m × 895 / h (6)
QUESTION # 2
A porter governor has equal arms each 250 mm long and
pivoted on the axis of rotation. Each ball has a mass of 5kg and the mass of
load on the sleeve is 15kg. the radius of rotation of the ball is 150 mm.
When the governor being to lift and 200 mm when the governor is at
maximum speed. Find the minimum and maximum speed and range of speed
of the governor.
MECHANIS OF MATERIAL & MACHINES
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BP = BD = 250 mm =0.25 m
m = 5kg
M = 15 kg
r1 = 150 mm = 0.15m
r2 = 200 mm = 0.2m
For minimum speed when r1 = BG = 0.15 m
(N1) = m + M / m × 895 / h1
h1 = √ (250) - (150)
h1 = 200 mm
h1 = 0.2 m
(N1) = m + M / m × 895 / h1
(N1) = 5 + 15 / 5 × 895 / 0.2
(N1) = 4 × 4475
N1 = √ 17900
N1 = 133.79 r.p.m.
For maximum speed
(N2) = m + M / m × 895 / h2
h2 = √ (250) - (200)
h2 = 150 mm
h2 = 0.15 m
(N2) = m + M / m × 895 / h2
(N2) = 5 + 15 / 5 × 895 / 0.15
(N2) = 4 × 5966.67
N2 = √ 23866.67
N2 = 154.5 r.p.m.
Range of increase of speed = N2 - N1
= 154.5 – 133.79
MECHANIS OF MATERIAL & MACHINES
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= 20.71 r.p.m.
Question # 3
The arms of porter governor are each 250 mm long and
pivoted on the governor axis. The mass of each ball is 5kg and mass of the
central sleeve is 30kg. The radius of rotation of ball is 150 mm when the
sleeve being to rise and reaches a value of 200 mm maximum speed.
Determine the speed of governor. If the friction of the sleeve is equivalent of
20N load of
the sleeve. Determine how the speed range is modified.

(N1) = m + M / m × 895 / h1
h1 = √ (250) - (150)
h1 = 200 mm
h1 = 0.2 m
(N1) = 5 + 30 / 5 × 895 / 0.2
(N1) = 7 × 4475
N1 = √ 31325
N1 = 176.98 r.p.m.
(N2) = m + M / m × 895 / h2
h2 = √ (250) - (200)
h2 = 150 mm
h2 = 0.15 m
(N2) = m + M / m × 895 / h2
(N2) = 5 + 30 / 5 × 895 / 0.15
(N2) = 7 × 5966.67
N2 =√ 41766.69
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N2 = 204.36 r.p.m.
Range increase speed = N2 - N1
= 204.36 – 176.98
= 27.38 r.p.m.
When , F = 20 N
(N1) = mg + (Mg – F) / mg × 895 / h1

[ For minimum position

Friction show be Minus]
(N1) = 5 × 9.81 + (30 × 9.81 - 20) / 5 × 9.81 × 895 / 0.2
(N1) = 49.05 + 274.3 / 49.05 × 4475

(N1) = 49.05 + 274.3 / 49.05 × 4475

(N1) = 6.6 × 4475
N1 = √ 29535
N1 = 171.8 r.p.m.
(N2) = mg + (Mg + F) / mg × 895 / h2
∴[ For maximum position
Friction show be positive]
(N2) = 5 × 9.81 + (30 × 9.81 + 20) / 5 × 9.81 × 895 / 0.15
(N2) = 49.05 + 314.3 / 49.05 × 5966.7
(N2) = 7.4 × 5966.7
N2 = √44153.58
N2 = 210.12 r.p.m.
Modified range of speed of governor = N2 - N1
= 210.12 – 171.8
= 38.37 r.p.m.
Question # 4
In an engine governor of porter type, the upper and lower arms
are 200 mm and 250 mm respectively and pivoted on the axis of rotation.
The mass of the central load is 15kg, the arms of each ball is 2kg and friction
of the sleeve together with resistance of the operating gear is equal to a load
of 24N at the sleeve. If the linking inclination of the upper arms to the
vertical to the 30 degree and 40 degree. Find range of speed of governor,
taking friction in to account.
MECHANIS OF MATERIAL & MACHINES
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BP = 200 mm = 0.2 m
BD = 250 mm =0.25 m
M = 15kg
m = 2kg
F = 24 N
α1 = 30°
α2 = 40°
Range of speed of governor = n – n = ?
For minimum position
(N1) = mg + (Mg – F / 2)(1 + q) / mg × 895 / h1
r1 = BG = BP sin30°
r1 = 200 × 0.5
r1 =100 mm
r1 = 0.1 m
h1 = BP cos 30°
h1 = 200 ×
h1 = 0.1732 m
q1 = tanβ1 / tanα1
tanα1 = tan 30° = 0.5774
tanβ1 = ?
(BD)² = (BG)² + (DG)²
(DG)² = (BD)² - (BG)²
(DG)² = (0.250)² - (0.1)²
√(DG)² = √0.0625 – 0.01
DG =√ 0.0525
DG = 0.2291 m
tanβ1 = r1 / DG
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tanβ1 = 0.1 / 0.2291
tanβ1 = 0.4364
q1 = tanβ1 / tanα1
q1 = 0.4364 / 0.5774
q1 = 0.753
(N1) = [mg + {Mg – F} / 2 (1 + q)] / mg × 895 / h1
(N1) = [2 × 9.81 {15 × 9.81 – 24}/ 2 (1 + 0.753)]/ 2 × 9.81 × 895 / 0.1732
(N1) = [19.6 + {61.5} (1.753)] / 19.6 × 5167.43
(N1) = [19.6 + 107.8] / 19.6 × 5167.43
(N1) = 127.4 / 19.6 × 5167.43
(N1) = 6.5 × 5167.43
(N1) = 33588.3

√(N1) =√ 33588.3
N1 = 183.3 r.p.m.
For maximum position
(N2) = [mg + {Mg + F }/ 2(1 + q2)] / mg × 895 / h2
r2 = BG = BP sin40°
r2 = 200 × 0.64
r2 = 0.2 × 0.64
r2 = 0.128 m
h2 = BP cos 40°
h2= 200 × 0.766
h2= 0.2 × 0.766
h2= 0.153 m
(BD)² = (BG)² + (DG)²
(DG)² = (BD)² - (BG)²
(DG)² = (0.250)² - (0.128)²
√(DG)² = √0.0625 – 0.01638
DG =√ 0.04612
DG = 0.214 m
q2 = tanβ2 / tanα2
tanα2 = tan 40° = 0.839
tanβ2 = r2 / DG
tanβ2 = 0.128 / 0.2146
tanβ2 = 0.596
q2 = tanβ2 / tanα2
q2 = 0.596 / 0.839
MECHANIS OF MATERIAL & MACHINES
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q2 = 0.7105
(N2) = [mg + {Mg + F }/ 2(1 + q2)] / mg × 895 / h2
(N2) = [2 × 9.81 {15 × 9.81 + 24} / 2(1 + 0.7105)] / 2 × 9.81 × 895 / 0.153
(N2) = [19.6 + {85.57}(1.753)] / 19.6 × 5849.6732
(N2) = [19.6 + 150] / 19.6 × 5849.6732
(N2) = 169.6 / 19.6 × 5849.6732
(N2) = 8.65 × 5849.6732
(N2) = 50599.673
√(N2) =√ 50599.673
N2 = 224.94 r.p.m.
Range of speed of governor = N2 - N1
= 224.94 – 183.3
= 41.69 r.p.m. 39.18 r.p.m.
Problem # 05:-
A porter Governor has four arms 250mm long. The upper
arms are attached on the axis of rotation and lower arms attached to the
sleeve at distance of 30mm from the axis. The mass of each ball is 5kg
and the sleeve has mass of 50kg. The external radiuses of rotation are
150mm and 200mm. Determine the range of speed of the governor.

Given Data:-
BP = 250mm, BG = 150mm
m = 5kg, M = 50kg
Solution:-
First we find h1 for minimum speed,

( PG ) ( )− BG
( )
2 2 2
= BP

( 0.250−) ( )
2 2
h1 = 0.150
= 0.0625
− 0.0225
= 0.04
h1 = 0.2m
Now find tan α1
BG 0.15
tan α1 = = = 0.75
h1 0.2
Now find tan β1
MECHANIS OF MATERIAL & MACHINES
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( FD ) = ( BD ) − ( BF )
2 2 2

( 0.250 ) − ( 0.12 )
2 2
=
= 0.0625 − 0.0144
= 0.0481
= 0.2193 mm
Put the value in Eq.
BF 0.12
tan β1 = = = 0.547
FD 0.2193
Putting the values of tan α1 & tan β1 in q1
tan β1 0.547
q1 = = = 0.729
tan α1 0.750
PuttingthevaluesinEq .
M
m+ + (1q )1
2 × 895
( N1 ) =
2

m h 1
50
5 + (1+ 0.729)
2 895
= ×
5 0.2
48.225 895
= ×
5 0.2
= 207.75 . r.pm
Now, find the maximum speed, where r2=0.2 m
 MECHANIS OF MATERIAL & MACHINES
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( PG ) = ( BP ) − ( BF ) = ( 0.25 ) − ( 0.2 )
2 2 2 2 2

= 0.0625 − 0.04 = 0.0225

h2 = 0.15 m
Now find tan α 2
r2 0.2
tan α 2 = = = 1.333
h2 0.15
putting the values for tan β 2
( FD ) = ( BD ) − ( r2 )
2 2 2

( 0.25 ) − ( 0.17 ) = 0.0625 − 0.0289

2 2
=
= 0.0336
FD = 0.1833 m
r 0.17
tan β 2 = 2 = = 0.928
FD 0.1833
Putting the values of tan α 2 & tan β 2 in q2
tan β 2 0.928
q2 = = = 0.69
tan α 2 1.333
Putting the values for find the maximum speed,
M
m+ (1 + q2 )
2 895
( N2 )
2
= ×
m h2
50
5+
(1 + 0.69)
2 895 47.42 895
= × = × = 56564.03
5 0.15 5 0.15
N 2 = 237.83 r. p.m
Now, find range of speed ,
N 2 − N1 = 237.83 − 207.75
N 2 − N1 = 30.08 r. p.m
Problem # 06:-
The arms of a porter governor are 300mm long. The upper
arms are pivoted on the axis of the rotation. The lower arms are
attached to sleeve at distance of 40mm from axis of rotation. The mass
of the load on the sleeve is 70kg and mass of each ball is 10kg.
Determine the equilibrium speed when the radius of the rotation of the
 MECHANIS OF MATERIAL & MACHINES
15
balls is 200mm. If the friction is equitant to a load of 20Nat the sleeve,
what will be the range of speed for this position.

Given Data:-
BP = BD = 300mm = 0.3m BG = 200mm = 0.2m, F =
20N
m = 10kg, M = 70kg
Solution:-
Find the value of h

( GP ) = ( BP ) − ( BG ) = ( 0.3) − ( 0.2 )
2 2 2 2 2

= 0.05 = 0.2236 m
BG 0.2
tan α = = = 0.8944
PG 0.2236
( FD ) = ( BP ) − ( BF ) = ( 0.3) − ( 0.16 )
2 2 2 2 2

= 0.0644 = 0.253 m
BF 0.16
tan β = = = 0.630
BD 0.253
Putting the values of tan α & tan β in q
tan β 0.630
q= = = 0.704
tan α 0.8944

Now, find average speed of governor

M
m+ (1 + q )
2 895
N =
2
×
m h
70
10 + ( 1 + 0.704 ) 895 69.64 895
= 2 × = ×
10 0.2236 10 0.2236
= 27874.686 = 166.95 r. p.m
Now, find minimum speed,
 MECHANIS OF MATERIAL & MACHINES
16
 Mg 
mg +  − F  ( 1+ q)
 2  895
( N1 )
2
= ×
mg h
 70 × 9.81 
10 × 9.81 +  − 10  ( 1 + 0.704 )
 2  895
= ×
10 × 9.81 0.2236
98.1 + (333)(1.704) 895 895
= × = 6.79 ×
98.1 0.2236 0.2236
N1 = 164.7 r. p.m
Now, find maximum speed,
mg + ( Mg ± F ) 895
( N2 )
2
= ×
mg h
 70 × 9.81 
10 × 9.81 +  + 10  ( 1 + 0.704 )
 2  895
= ×
10 × 9.81 0.2236
98.1 + (353) × (1.704) 895 895
= × = 7.137 ×
98.1 0.2236 0.2236
N 2 = 169 r. p.m
Now, find range of speed
N 2 − N1 = 169 − 164.7
N 2 − N1 = 4.25 r. p.m
Problem # 08:-
All arms of a porter governor are 178mm long and are hinged
at a distance of 38mm from the axis of rotation. The mass of each ball is
1.15kg and mass of sleeve is 20kg. The governor sleeve begins to rise at
280 r.p.m, when the links are at angle of 30o to the vertical. Assuming
the friction force to be constant. Determine the minimum and maximum
speed of rotation, when the inclination of the arms to the vertical is 45o.

Given Data:-
M = 20kg, m = 1.15kg, N=280 r.p.m
BP = BD = 178mm, α = β = 300
Solution:-
 MECHANIS OF MATERIAL & MACHINES
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r r
sin α = ⇒ sin 30o =
BP 0.178
r = 0.178 × sin sin 30 = 0.089
o

r = 0.089 + 0.038 ⇒ r = 0.127 m

r 0.127
tan α = ⇒ tan 30o =
h h
0.127
h= ⇒ h = 0.22m
tan 30o
mg + ( Mg ± F ) 895
N2 = ×
mg h
N 2 × mg × h
±F = − ( mg + Mg )
895
( 280 ) × ( 1.15 × 9.81) × 0.22 −  1.15 × 9.81 + 20 × 9.81 
2

=
895 ( ) ( )
= 217.41 − 207.48
± F = 9.99 N
α = β = 45o
r 0.127 0.127
tan α = ⇒ tan 45o = ⇒ h1 = = 0.127 m
h h1 tan 45o
mg + ( Mg − F ) 895
( N1 )
2
= ×
mg h1

=
( 1.15 × 9.81) + ( 20 × 9.81 − 9.99 ) × 895
( 1.15 × 9.81) 0.127
895
= 17.51× ⇒ N1 = 123405.01 = 351.29 r. p.m
0.127
Find r,
r r
sin α = ⇒ sin 45o =
BP 0.178
r = sin 45 × 0.178 = 0.125m + 0.038m = 0.163m = h
o
 MECHANIS OF MATERIAL & MACHINES
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Find minimum speed,
mg + ( Mg − F ) 895
( N1 )
2
= ×
mg h

=
( 1.15 × 9.81) + ( 20 × 9.81 − 9.99 ) × 895
( 1.15 × 9.81) 0.163
895
N1 = 17.51× = 310.07 r. p.m
0.163
Find maximum speed,
mg + ( Mg + F ) 895
( N2 )
2
= ×
mg h

=
( 1.15 × 9.81) + ( 20 × 9.81 + 9.99 ) × 895
( 1.15 × 9.81) 0.163
895
N 2 = 19.27 × = 325.29 r. p.m
0.163
Now, find range of speed ,
N 2 − N1 = 325.29 − 310.07
N 2 − N1 = 15.24 r. p.m
Problem # 07:-
A loaded porter governor has four links each 250mm long. Two
revolving masses each of 3kg and a central dead weight of mass 20kg. All
the links are attached to respective sleeve at radial distances of 40mm from
the axis of rotation. The mass revolves at a radius of 150mm at minimum
speed and at a radius of 200 mm at minimum speed. Determine the range of
speed.
Given Data:
r1 = 150mm, r2 = 200mm
m = 3kg , M = 20kg
Solution:
 MECHANIS OF MATERIAL & MACHINES
19
find h1 & α1 ,
( FP ) = ( BO ) − ( BF )
2 2 2

( 0.25) − ( 0.11) = 0.0504 = 0.224m

2 2
=
BF 0.11
tan α1 = = = 0.491
PF 0.224
α1 = tan −1 0.491 = 26.15o
0.15 0.15
tan α1 = ⇒ h1 = = 0.305m
h1 tan 26.15o
find minimum speed,
m + M 895 3 + 20 895
( N1 ) =
2
× = ×
m h1 3 0.305
= 7.67 × 2934.46 = 22507.04
N1 = 149.99 r. p.m

find h2 & α 2 ,
( FP ) = ( BO ) − ( BF )
2 2 2

( 0.25) − ( 0.16 ) = 0.0369 = 0.192m

2 2
=
BF 0.16
tan α 2 = = = 0.8329
PF 0.192
α 2 = tan −1 0.8329 = 39.79o
0.2 0.2
tan α 2 = ⇒ h2 = = 0.240m
h2 tan 39.79o
find maximum speed,
m + M 895 3 + 20 895
( N2 ) =
2
× = ×
m h2 3 0.240
= 7.67 × 3729.167 = 28602.708
N 2 = 169.123 r. p.m
Now, find range of speed,
N 2 − N1 = 169.123 − 149.99
N 2 − N1 = 19.13 r. p.m
MECHANIS OF MATERIAL & MACHINES
20

PROELL GOVERNOR

W
Fc × BM = w × IM + 2
× ID
Mg
Fc × BM = mg × IM + 2 × (IM + MD)
IM Mg  IM MD 
Fc = mg × BM + 2  BM + BM 
 
FM  IM Mg  IM MD 
Fc = FM mg × BM ÷ 2  BM ÷ BM 
  
FM  IM Mg  IM MD 
Fc =  mg × ÷  ÷ 
BM  FM 2  FM FM 
FM 
Fc =  mg × tan α ÷
Mg
( tan α ÷ tan β ) 
BM  2 
FM  Mg  tan β 
Fc = ×tanα  mg ÷ 1 ÷ 
BM  2  tan α 

Fc =
FM
×tanα  mg ÷
Mg
(1 ÷ q ) 
BM  2 
r
Fc = mw²r , tanα = h
tan β
q = tan α
FM r  Mg 
mw²r = ×h mg ÷ 2 (1 ÷ q ) 
BM  
1 
mw² =
FM
× mg ÷
Mg
(1 ÷ q ) 
BM h  2 
 M 
FM mg ÷ 2 (1 ÷ q )  g
w² = BM
× 
m

h
 

 

2πN
w = 60
MECHANIS OF MATERIAL & MACHINES
21
 M 
 2πN  FM m ÷ 2 (1 ÷q )  g
 ² = × 
 60  BM  m  h

 

 M 
FM m + 2 (1 ÷q )  9.81 × 3600
( )
N2 = × 
( )
BM  m  h × 4 × 9.86

 

 M 
FM m + 2 (1 ÷q )  895
N2 = BM
× m

h
 

 

QUESTION # 1
A proell governor has equal arms of length 300 mm. The
upper and lower ends of the arms are pivoted on the axis of governor. The
extension arms of lower links are each 80 mm long and parallel to the axis.
When the radii of rotation of the balls are 150 mm and 200 mm. the mass of
each ball is 10 kg and the mass of central load is 100 kg. Determine the
range of the speed of the governor.

r1 = 150 mm = .15 m
r2 = 200 mm = 0.2 m
m =10 kg
M =100 kg
BF = 80 mm = 0.08 m
( FP ) 2 = ( PG ) 2 + FG 2
(300 ) 2 = h 2 + 150 2
h12 = (300 ) 2 - 150 2
h1 = √ (300 ) 2 - 150 2
h1 = √(0.3)2 – (0.15)2
h1 = PG = 0.26 m
MECHANIS OF MATERIAL & MACHINES
22
FM = PG = GD = 0.26 m
BM = BF + FM
BM = 0.08 + 0.26
BM = 0.34 m
FM  m + M  895
N12 = ×  m  h
BM  
0.26 10 +100  895
N12 = ×
0.34  
 10  0.26
N12 = 0.764 × 11 × 3442.3
N12 = 28929
N1 = √ 28929
N1 = 170 r.p.m.
For maximum position
( FP ) 2 = ( PG ) 2 + FG 2

(300 ) 2 = h 22 + 200 2
h 22 = (300 ) 2 - 200 2
h 22 = √ (300 ) 2 - 200 2
h 22 = √(0.3)2 – (0.2)2
h 2 = PG = 0.224 m
h 2 = PG = FM = 0.224 m
BM = h 2 + BF
BM = 0.224 + 0.08
BM = 0.304 m
N 22 = FM ×  m + M  895
 m  h2
BM  
0.24  10 +100
 895
N 22 = ×  
0.304  10  0.224
2
N 2 = 0.736 × 11 × 3995.535
N 22 = 32347.851
N2
=√ 32347.851
N 2 =180 r.p.m.
RANGE OF THE SPEED
= N2 – N1
= 180 - 170
= 10 r.p.m.
Question # 2
MECHANIS OF MATERIAL & MACHINES
23
A governor of proell type has each arm 250 mm long. The
pivots of the upper and the lower arms are 25 mm from the axis. The central
load acting on the sleeve has a mass of 25 kg and each rotating ball has a
mass of 3.2 kg. when the governor sleeve is in mid position the extension
link of the lower arm is vertical and the radius of the path of rotation of the
masses is 175 mm. the vertical height of the governor is 200 mm. if the
governor speed is 160 r.p.m. when is mid position, Find
1. length of the extension link.
2. Tension of the upper arm.

m = 3.2 kg
M = 25 kg
R = 175 mm = 0.175 m
h = 200 mm = 0.2 m
N = 160 r.p.m
BF = ?
BM = FM + BF
FM  m + M  895
N12 = FM + BF
×  m  h
 
0.2  3.2 + 25  895
(160 ) =
2
 ×
0.2 + BF  3.2  0.2
(160 ) 2 = 0.2 ( 8.812 ) × 4475
0.2 + BF
(160 ) 2 = 0.2 × 39433 .7
0.2 + BF
(160 ) = 0.2
2

39433 .7 0.2 + BF
0.2
0.649 =
0.2 + BF
0.649 ( 0.2 + BF ) = 0.2
 MECHANIS OF MATERIAL & MACHINES
24
0.2
0.2 + BF =
0.649
BF = 0.308 – 0.2
BF = 0.108 m
Mg
T1cosα = mg + 2
0.2 ( 3.2 × 9.81) +  25 × 9.81 
T1 0.25 =  2 
T1 0.8 = 31 .392 +122 .625
T1 0.8 = 154
154
T1 = 0.8
T1 = 192.5
Sensitivity of Governor
Consider two governors ‘A’ and ‘B’ running at a same
speed. When the speed is increases or decreases by a certain amount, the life
of the sleeve of governor ‘A’ is grater
than the life of sleeve of governor ‘B’. it is then said that the governor ‘A’ is
more sensitivity than the governor ‘B’.
In general the greater the life of the sleeve corresponding to a given
frictional change in speed, the greater is the sensitiveness of the governor. It
may also be stated in another way that for a given life of the sleeve, the
sensitiveness of the governor increases as the speed range decreases. This
definition of sensitiveness may be quite satisfactory when the governor is
considered as an independent mechanism. But when the governor is fitted to
an engine, the practical requirement is simply that the change of equilibrium
speed from the full load to the low load position of the sleeve should be as
small a fraction as possible of the mean equilibrium speed.
The sensitiveness is define as the ratio of difference between the
maximum and the minimum equilibrium speed to the mean equilibrium
speed.
Let
N1 = Minimum equilibrium speed.
N2 = Maximum equilibrium speed.
N1 − N 2
N = mean equilibrium speed. =
2
N 2 − N1
∴sensitiveness of governor =
N
MECHANIS OF MATERIAL & MACHINES
25
2( N 2 − N 1 )
= N1 + N 2

Huntin
g
A governor is set to be hunt if the speed of the engine fluctuates
continuously above an below the mean speed. This is cussed a too sensitive
governor which changes the fuel supply by a large amount when a small
change in the speed of rotation takes place . for example when the load on
the engine increases the engine speed decreases and if the governor is very
sensitive , the governor sleeve immediately falls to its lowest position. This
will results in the opening of the control ball wide which will supply the fuel
to the engine in excess of its requirement so that the engine speed rapidly
increases again and the governor speed rises to its highest position. Due to
this movement of the sleeves the control value will cut off the fuel supply
the engine and thus the engine seeped begin to fall once again. This cycle is
repeated indefinitely.
Such a governor may admit either the maximum or minimum amount
of fuel. The effect this will be to cause wide flocculation in the engine speed
or in other words the engine will hunt.
Stability of Governor
A governor is said to be stable when for every speed within
the working range there is definite configuration i,e, there is one radius of
rotation of the governor balls at which the governor is in equilibrium. For
stable governor if the equilibrium speed increase the radius of governor ball
must also increased.
MECHANIS OF MATERIAL & MACHINES
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MECHANIS OF MATERIAL & MACHINES
27