1

Chng 1
2
Nhng mc thit k ca cu trc
my tnh
Nhng my tnh ton u tin:
Bn tnh
My tnh s
My tnh Pascal
My phn tch vi phn
My Colossus gii m
thng tin
3
Nhng mc thit k ca cu trc
my tnh
Th h th 0 (1462 1945):
1623: my tnh c kh k thut s u tin.
Do Wilhelm Schickard to ra.
S dng k thut bnh rng ng h tnh ton.
1640: My tnh Blaise Pascal sng ch.
1820: Charles Xavier Thomas to thnh cng
chic my tnh c hc c sn xut hng lot u
tin.
1876: my phn tch vi phn c James Thomson
pht minh.
Ngi c:
1938: my c kh Z1 s dng s nh phn.
1941: my k thut s a nng u tin Z3 c iu
khin bng chng trnh v c th hot ng c.
4
Nhng mc thit k ca cu trc
my tnh
Th h th 0 (1462 1945):
Ngi Anh
1938: My c in Bombe do Alan Turing v Gordon
Welchman thi k c s dng gii m thnh cng
th lin lc qun s c m ha Enigma ca qun c.
1943: Colossus, thit b tnh ton hon ton bng in t
u tin c ch to.
Ngi M:
1939: John Vincent Atanasoff v Clifford E. Berry pht
trin chic My tnh AtanasoffBerry Computer (ABC) mt
chic my tnh in t k thut s c mc ch c th l
gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh.
1940: My tnh s phc ca Shannon v Stibitz c
hon tt
1944: Harvard Mark I, my tnh c in a nng c
a vo hot ng.
5
Nhng mc thit k ca cu trc
my tnh
Th h th 1 (1945 1955):
c im:
S dng bng n in t lm linh kin chnh v bng t
lm thit b vo ra.
Mt tch hp linh kin vo khong 1000 linh kin/foot
3
i din tiu biu: ENIAC, my tnh Von Neuman.
My tnh ENIAC: My tnh hp v tnh ton s hc
in t).
Do M thit k di s ch o ca John Mauchly v J.
Presper Eckert ti i hc Pennsylvania t nm 1943 n
nm 1945.
L chic my tnh a nng in t u tin.
Trng lng 30 tn, bao gm 18.000 bng n, gi tr
500.000 USD.
C kh nng thc hin c 100.000 php tnh/s
6
Nhng mc thit k ca cu trc
my tnh
Th h th 1 (1945 1955):
My tnh ENIAC: My tnh hp v tnh ton s hc
in t).
7
Nhng mc thit k ca cu trc
my tnh
Th h th 1 (1945 1955):
My tnh Von Neuman:
Kin trc Von Neuman:
8
B nh B nh
n v
iu khin
n v
iu khin
n v
lun l s
hc
n v
lun l s
hc
Thanh
cha
Thanh
cha
Ng nhp Ng nhp
Ng xut Ng xut
Nhng mc thit k ca cu trc
my tnh
Th h th 1 (1945 1955):
My tnh Von Neuman:
B nh tm hoc ang tnh ton c cc ng tr m
cung cp s dng thi gian truyn m qua 1 cht trung
gian lu d liu ngn.
n nm 1954, b nh li t thay th nhanh chng cc
dng lu tr tm thi khc.
9
Nhng mc thit k ca cu trc
my tnh
Th h th 2 (1955 1965):
1948: Transitor c pht minh Bell Labs bo
Jonh Bardeen, Walter Brattain v William Shockley
cc my tnh n in t b loi b.
Transitor lm gim ng k kch thc, gi thnh
v chi ph vn hnh.
My tnh transitor u tin c ch to ti Lincoln
Laboratory ca MIT c tn l TX-0.
Nm 1961: my PDP-1 vi kh nng v nhiu im
trn mn hnh 512x512 xut hin cng nghip
my tnh mini c khai sinh.
My tnh PDP-8, 12bit, gi thnh r hn PDP-1 10
ln c gii thiu.
10
Nhng mc thit k ca cu trc
my tnh
Th h th 2 (1955 1965):
Cng ty IBM: xy dng my 7090, 7094 v my
1401 hng kinh doanh nh. My c th c v ghi
bng t, c v c l cc ba, in kt qu nhanh.
1960: cng ty CDC gii thiu my 6600 vi CPU c
c ch song song.
11
Nhng mc thit k ca cu trc
my tnh
Th h th 3 (1965 1980):
Mch tch hp IC c pht minh cho php vi
chc transitor c t trong 1 chip n.
1964: IBM gii thiu sn phm System 360 dng vi
mch. My c tht k cho c tnh ton trong
thng mi v tnh ton trong khoa hc.
12
Nhng mc thit k ca cu trc
my tnh
Th h th 4 (1980 ?):
Vo thp nin 80, vi mch c cc ln VLSI (Very
Large Scale Integration) c kh nng cha vi chc
ngn cho n hang chc triu transtitor trn 1 chip
n.
Cc my tnh nh hn v nhanh hn xut hin
cc my tnh dng cho c nhn vi gi rt thp
my vi tnh hay my tnh c nhn.
My vi tnh s ng cho vic x l vn bn, bng
tnh v cc ng dng m cc my tnh ln hn
khng thc hin tt c.
13
Nhng mc thit k ca cu trc
my tnh
Th h th 4 (1980 ?):
My Intel:
Thnh lp nm 1968 ch li cc chip nh, sau
chuyn sang sn xut cc CPU.
Sn phm: chip 4b 4004, 8b 8008 mt hng c th
trng ln.
1976: Intel cho ra i 8085 v 8080, tip l 8086
CPU 16b. 8088 c cu trc ging 8086 nhng bus d liu
ch c 8b, gi thnh r hn v chm hn.
Chip 8088 l CPU cho cc my vi tnh IBM u tin v tr
thnh chun cng nghip ca PC.
Chip 80186 v 80188: l cc phin bn mi ca 8086 v
8088, cha lng ln cc mch xut nhp.
Nhc im ca 8086 v 8088 l ch c th s dng b
nh 1MB chip 80286 khc phc c vn ny.
14
Nhng mc thit k ca cu trc
my tnh
Th h th 4 (1980 ?):
My Intel:
Chip 80286 c dng trong my IBM AT v PS/2. y l
1 thnh cng ln ca Intel.
Chip 80386: CPU 32bit, tng thch vi cc chip dng
chung vi 8088.
Chip 80486: vi b ng x l ton hc, tng thch vi
80386 v vt tri hn.
80486 c b iu khin b nh v 8KB b nh m
(cache).
1989: Chip 80486 DX c gii thiu.
10/1992: Intel cng b chip Pentium, s dng cng ngh
siu v hng c kh nng kt hp vi cc my c tp
lnh thu nh.
Pentium: 32bit a ch v 64bit d liu, 2 loi b nh
cache.
15
Nhng mc thit k ca cu trc
my tnh
Th h th 4 (1980 ?):
My Intel:
Pentium th h 1: tc 60/66MHz, tch hp 3.1 triu
transitor.
Pentium th h 2: tc 75~200 MHz, tch hp 3.3 triu
transitor.
Pentium th h 3 (MMX): cng b vo nm 1997, tc
233MHz, tch hp 4.5 triu transitor, p ng c nhu
cu v truyn thng a phng tin.
5/1997: Intel cng b Pentium II vi tc ln n
300MHz, tch hp trn 7.5 triu transitor.
1999: Pentium III xut hin vi kh nng biu din khng
gian 3 chiu v nhn bit, tng hp ting ni. Tc ln
n 1 GHz
16
Nhng mc thit k ca cu trc
my tnh
Th h th 4 (1980 ?):
My Intel:
Nm 2001: Pentium IV vi tc ln n 1,7 GHz dng
cng ngh siu ng dn.
Pentium IV th h sau s dng cng ngh siu phn
lung, tc ln n 3 GHz.
Chip a li: Pentium D, Dual Core, Core 2 Duo, Core i3,
Core i5, Core i7.
S pht trin ca Intel phn nh ton b s pht trin ca
cng nghip my tnh.
17
Nhng mc thit k ca cu trc
my tnh
Th h th 4 (1980 ?):
My Motorola:
Thp nin 70: Chip bn dn 6800 c Motorola cung
cp cnh tranh vi Intel.
6800 c s dng rng ri lm b iu khin cho cc
thit b cng nghip.
Chip 6809: tng thch vi 6800 c th thc hin cc
php tnh s 16 bit.
1979: Motorola gii thiu chip 68000 vi thit k hon
ton mi, l cu trc lai gia 16 bit v 32 bit.
68000 c cc nh sn xut my tnh Macintosh, Atari,
Amiga chn lm CPU.
68008: s dng 8 bit bus d liu h gi thnh sn
phm khng c s dng rng ri nh 8088.
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Nhng mc thit k ca cu trc
my tnh
Th h th 4 (1980 ?):
My Motorola:
Chip 68010: C kh nng h tr b nh o c dng
cho cc h iu hnh tinh vi.
Chip 68012: c th a chi ha b nh ln n 2GB.
Chip 68020: chip 32 bit, l nhn ca hu ht cc trm lm
vic do Sun Microsysems, Apollo, HP ch to.
Chip 68030: ci tin qun l b nh.
Chip 68040: b sung b ng x l ton hc, n v qun
l b nh v cache trn chip.
Cc chip Power PC.
My AMD: cc b x l hon ton tng thch vi
cc b x l ca Intel.
19
Tnh ton s hc
Cc h m.
Chuyn i gia cc h m.
Cc php ton trong cc h m.
20
T chc d liu trn my tnh
D liu trn my tnh c biu din theo cc n
v (unit).
Cc n v biu din d liu c s gm: bit, nibble,
byte, word v double-word.
Bit l n v d liu nh nht: mi bit ch lu c
ti a 2 gi tr: 0 hoc 1, hay ng hoc sai.
Nibble: nhm 4 bit, c th lu 16 gi tr.
Byte: nhm 8 bit hoc 2 nibble, c th lu 256 gi
tr.
21
T chc d liu trn my tnh
Word: nhm 16 bit hoc 2 byte, c th lu 2
16
(65536) gi tr.
22
T chc d liu trn my tnh
Double Word: nhm 32 bit, hoc 4 byte, hoc 2
word, c th lu 2
32
gi tr.
23
S c du v s khng du
Biu din s c du: s dng bit cao nht (bn tri
nht) biu din du ca s - gi l bit du.
S khng du: s dng tt c cc bit biu din
gi tr ca s.
Min gi tr ca 1 s gm n bit:
S c du: -2
n-1
n +2
n-1
S khng du: 0 n 2
n
-1
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Bng m ASCII
Bng m ASCII (American Standard Code for
Information Interchange) l bng m cc k t
chun ting Anh dng cho trao i d liu gia cc
h thng tnh ton.
S dng 8 bit biu din 1 k t, cho php nh
ngha tng s 256 k t t 0 ~ 255. Trong :
32 k t u tin (0~31) v k t s 127 l cc k t iu
khin (khng in ra c).
Cc k t t s 32 ~ 126 l cc k t c th in c.
Cc v tr cn li: s dng trong tng lai
25
Bng m ASCII
26
Bng m ASCII
27
Chng 2
28
Cu trc chung ca my tnh in t
Cu trc chung:
29
Cu trc chung ca my tnh in t
Cu trc phn cng:
30
B x l trung tm CPU
Gii thiu:
L linh kin quan trng nht ca my tnh, l b
no ca my tnh.
Trong CPU hin nay c ti hang trm triu Transitor
c tch hp.
L linh kin quyt nh n tc ca my tnh.
Hng sn xut CPU: Intel, AMD, Motorola
31
B x l trung tm CPU
Chc nng:
iu khin my tnh hot ng theo chng trnh.
X l d liu.
Nguyn tc hot ng:
Nhn lnh t chng
trnh nm trong b nh
chnh.
Gii m lnh.
Thc hin tun t.
32
CPU Central Processing Unit CPU Central Processing Unit
CU
ALU Register
BUS Interface
SYSTEM BUS
B x l trung tm CPU
Cu to:
33
B x l trung tm CPU
Cu to:
Khi iu khin CU: iu khin hot ng ca CPU
v cc thnh phn khc.
c lnh t chng trnh trong b nh chnh.
Gii m lnh.
Thc thi lnh gii m mt cch tun t.
34
B x l trung tm CPU
Cu to:
Khi tnh ton ALU:
Thc hin cc php ton s hc v logic.
Cc php ton s hc: +, -, *, /
Cc php ton logic: AND, OR, NOT,
Cc php so snh.

D liu:
S nguyn.
S thc vi du phy tnh.
S thc vi du phy ng.
35
B x l trung tm CPU
Cu to:
Thanh ghi:
Lu tr ton hng, kt qu v cc thng s khc trong
qu trnh tnh ton ca CPU.
Bao gm:
Con tr chng trnh PC: ch n v tr ca lnh
tip theo.
Cc thanh ghi a chc nng.
Thanh ghi ch s.
Thanh ghi c.
...
36
B x l trung tm CPU
Cu to:
Cc b phn khc:
Mch xung nhp h thng (system clock): ng b cc
thao tc x l trong v ngoi CPU bng cch pht ra cc
xung nhp thi gian.
Cache s cp: b nh tm, c tc cc nhanh.
Mch qun l in: t ng ct bt in cho cc thit b
ngoi vi hoc ton h thng sau 1 thi gian khng dng
my v a my vo ch sleep.
37
B x l trung tm CPU
Nhng yu t tc ng n hiu sut
rng Bus d liu (Data Bus) v Bus a ch
(Address Bus).
L s lng ng truyn d liu v thng tin a
ch bn trong v bn ngoi CPU.
V d: CPU c 12 ng truyn d liu
38
Tc x l v tc Bus:
Tc x l ca CPU: tnh bng MHz hoc GHz.
Tc Bus ca CPU (FSB): tc d liu ra vo
cc chn ca CPU.
39
B x l trung tm CPU
Nhng yu t tc ng n hiu sut
Dung lng b nh Cache:
Cache nm bn trong CPU, c tc truy cp d
liu theo kp tc x l ca CPU.
Cache lu tr tm thi d liu trc v sau khi x
l.
Cache l gii php lm cho CPU c iu kin hot
ng thng xuyn m khng phi ngt qung ch
d liu.
40
B x l trung tm CPU
Nhng yu t tc ng n hiu sut
B x l trung tm CPU
Cc CPU ca INTEL
Intel 4004:
L BXL 4b u tin c Intel gii thiu vo thng 11
nm 1971, s dng trong my tnh (calculator) ca
Busicom.
C tc 740KHz, kh nng x l 0,06 triu lnh mi
giy
c sn xut trn cng ngh 10 m, c 2.300 transistor
(bng bn dn), b nh m rng n 640 byte.
41
Intel 8080 (1974):
c s dng trong my tnh Altair 8800.
C tc 2MHz, kh nng x l 1,5 triu lnh mi giy.
c sn xut trn cng ngh 6m, c 6000 transistor.
C 8b bus d liu v 16b bus a ch, b nh m rng
n 64KB.
42
B x l trung tm CPU
Cc CPU ca INTEL
Intel 8086 (1978):
c s dng trong nhng thit b tnh ton di ng..
C tc 5, 8, 10MHz.
c sn xut trn cng ngh 3m, c 29.000 transistor.
C 16b bus d liu v 20b bus a ch, b nh m rng
n 1MB.
43
B x l trung tm CPU
Cc CPU ca INTEL
Intel 8088 (1979):
Cn c gi l iAPX, c s dng trong nhng nhng
ng dng nhng, b thit b u cui.
C tc 10 v 12 MHz.
C 16b bus d liu trong v 8b bus d liu ngoi, b nh
m rng n 1MB.
44
B x l trung tm CPU
Cc CPU ca INTEL
Intel 80286 (1982):
Vi x l 16b, cn c gi l 286.
C tc 8, 20MHz, kh nng x l 1,2 triu lnh mi
giy. C 139.000 transistor.
C 24b bus a ch, b nh m rng n 16MB.
Chy theo nhiu ch : ch thc v ch bo v.
C kh nng s dng b nh o trn a cng.
Nhc im:
Khng gian nh trn 1MB c chia thnh nhiu on nh
64kB kh khn cho ngi lp trnh.
Khng th chuyn t ch bo v sang ch thc.
45
B x l trung tm CPU
Cc CPU ca INTEL
Intel 80386 (1985):
C 275.000 transistor, tc 16, 20MHz, x l 6 triu
lnh/s.
Bus a ch 32b, b nh 4GB, c th s dng 64TB b
nh o. C cache ni v cache ngoi.
Chuyn i nhanh chng gia ch thc v ch
bo v.
Cho php chy nhiu chng trnh DOS ng thi.
46
B x l trung tm CPU
Cc CPU ca INTEL
Intel 386 SX (1988):
C 275.000 transistor, x l 2,5 triu lnh/s.
Bus a ch 32b, 16b bus d liu, b nh 20MB.
Phin bn Qu ca 80386.
Intel 386SL:
Phin bn tit kim in ca 386 SX, c thit k
dng trong cc my tnh notebook.
C ch sleep.
47
B x l trung tm CPU
Cc CPU ca INTEL
Intel 486 DX (1991):
S dng cng ngh 1m, c 1,2 triu transistor, x l 20
triu lnh/s, tc 25, 33, 50 MHz (0,8m)
Bus a ch 32b, b nh 4GB, b nh o 64TB.
C cache ni 8K.
S dng cng ngh ng ng, c b ng x l s.
Phin bn qu 486SX: b bt b ng x l s, tc
20, 25 MHz, thc hin c 20 triu lnh/s.
48
B x l trung tm CPU
Cc CPU ca INTEL
Intel 486 SL:
Phin bn tit kim in dng cho notebook, c kh
nng qun l in, c ch sleep.
C phin bn xung nhp gp i 486 DX2 tng tc VXL
m khng i hi bo mch chnh c cng tc . V d:
DX2 50MHz chy vi mainboard 25MHz.
Phin bn xung nhp gp 3 486 DX4:
Tc 75 hoc 100 MHz vn s dng mainboard 25MHz hoc
33 MHz.
Cache ni 16KB.
49
B x l trung tm CPU
Cc CPU ca INTEL
Pentium (1993):
S dng cng ngh 0,4m, c 3,1 triu transitor, tc
60, 66, 90, 100, 120, 150 MHz, x l 112 triu
lnh/s.
32b bus a ch, 64b bus d liu.
S dng cc cng ngh mi: ng ng, cu trc
superscalar, d on r nhnh.
50
B x l trung tm CPU
Cc CPU ca INTEL
Pentium II (1997):
S dng cng ngh 0,35 v 0,25 m, c 7,5 triu
transitor, bus h thng 66 hoc 100 MHz, tc
233, , 450 MHz, x l 112 triu lnh/s. Cache
512KB tr xung.
Kiu ng gi: gn trn khe slot, chip c hn c
nh trn 1 v nm nghing.
Phin bn rt gn Celeron (1998) dnh cho my
cp thp.
51
B x l trung tm CPU
Cc CPU ca INTEL
Pentium III (1999):
Bus h thng 100 hoc 133 MHz,
Tc 500, , 1133 MHz.
Cache 512KB tr xung.
Kiu ng gi: Socket 370.
Phin bn rt gn Celeron.
52
B x l trung tm CPU
Cc CPU ca INTEL
Pentium IV (2000):
S dng kin trc NetBurst.
Bus h thng 100 800MHz, h tr
64b.
Tc 1,3 3,4 GHz.
Cache 2MB tr xung.
Kiu ng gi: Socket 478, 775.
Cc phin bn: Willamette, Northwood,
Prescott, PrescottA, E, F.
H tr cng ngh siu phn lung, tp
lnh MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3.
53
B x l trung tm CPU
Cc CPU ca INTEL
Celeron:
Mc tiu: dung ha gia cng ngh v gi c, p
ng cc yu cu ph thng.
im khc bit vi Pentium l cng ngh ch to
v s lng transitor trn 1 n v.
Tc : 1,7 ~ 3.33GHz.
Tc Bus: 400 ~ 800MHz
Socket: 478, 775
54
B x l trung tm CPU
Cc CPU ca INTEL
Pentium 4 Extreme Edition (2003):
BXL dnh cho game th v ngi dng cao cp.
B sung b nh CacheL3: 2MB.
S dng cng ngh 0,13 m.
55
B x l trung tm CPU
Cc CPU ca INTEL
Pentium 4 Prescott 2M (2004):
Kin trc NetBurst 64b.
Cng ngh 90nm, Cach L2 2MB, bus h thng 800MHz,
socket 775LGA, tc ln n 3,8GHz.
Cng ngh siu phn lung v kh nng tnh ton 64b.
H tr cng ngh Enhanced Speedstep ti u tc
lm vic v tit kim in.
Cng ngh o ha.
56
B x l trung tm CPU
Cc CPU ca INTEL
Pentium D (2005):
BXL li kp (dual core) c ci tin t P4 Prescott.
Cng ngh 90nm, c 230 triu transistor, b nh m L2
2 MB (21 MB), bus h thng 533 MHz hoc 800 MHz,
socket 775LGA.
Mt s BXL: Pentium D 805 (2,66 GHz), 820 (2,8 GHz),
830 (3,0 GHz), 840 (3,2 GHz).
Nhc im: hin tng tht c chai do bng thng BXL
mc 800 MHz (400 MHz cho mi li), in nng tiu
th cao, ta nhiu nhit.
57
B x l trung tm CPU
Cc CPU ca INTEL
Pentium D 915:
Cng ngh 65nm, c 370 triu transistor, b nh m L2
4 MB (22 MB), bus h thng 533 MHz hoc 800 MHz,
socket 775LGA.
Mt s BXL: Pentium D 915 v 920 tc 2,8 GHz, 925
v 930 (3,0GHz), 935 v 940 (3,2 GHz), 945 v 950 (3,4
GHz), 960 (3,6GHz).
H tr cng ngh o ha.
58
B x l trung tm CPU
Cc CPU ca INTEL
Pentium Extreme Edition (2005):
BXL li kp dnh cho game th v ngi dng cao cp.
59
B x l trung tm CPU
Cc CPU ca INTEL
Intel Pentium Dual-Core:
Kiu chn: Soket LGA775
Tc x l t 1,6GHz n >= 2,4GHz
Tc FSB: 800MHz
Cache 1MB
Tng thch vi Memory l DDR2
60
B x l trung tm CPU
Cc CPU ca INTEL
Intel Core 2 Duo:
BXL li kp sn xut trn cng ngh 65 nm.
H tr SIMD instructions, cng ngh Virtualization
Technology cho php chy cng lc nhiu HH.
Tng cng bo v h thng trc s tn cng ca virus,
ti u tc BXL nhm tit kim in nng, qun l my
tnh t xa.
C 291 triu transistor, b nh m L2 4 MB, bus h
thng 1066 MHz, socket 775LGA.
Cc dng BXL: E6600 (2,4 GHz), E6700 (2,66 GHz). Core 2
Duo (tn m Allendale) E6300 (1,86 GHz), E6400 (2,13
GHz)
61
B x l trung tm CPU
Cc CPU ca INTEL
Intel Core2 Duo Processor :
Kiu chn: Soket LGA775
Tc x l t 1,8GHz n >= 3,16GHz
Tc FSB: 800MHz, 1066MHz v 1333MHz
Cache t 2MB n 6MB
Tng thch vi Memory l DDR2, DDR3
Chipset h tr l Intel 945GC, 945GT, 946PL, 946GZ,
Q963, Q965, P965,G965
62
B x l trung tm CPU
Cc CPU ca INTEL
Intel Core2 Quad Processor :
Kiu chn: Soket LGA775
Tc x l t 2,4GHz tr ln
Tc FSB: 1066MHz v 1333MHz
Cache t 6MB n 12MB
Tng thch vi Memory l DDR2, DDR3
63
B x l trung tm CPU
Cc CPU ca INTEL
Intel Core i3, i5, i7:
Core i3: BXL hng bnh dn dnh cho cc my tnh c
bn.
Core i5: BXL tm trung c 4 nhn, tc t 2,66 ~
3,2GHz. S dng cng ngh 45nm.
Core i7: BXL hin i nht v nhanh nht ca Intel. C
tnh nng Hyper-Threading cho php thc thi 8 lung d
liu. Tc t 2.66 ~ 3.33GHz.
64
B x l trung tm CPU
Cc CPU ca INTEL
Cc dng Xeon:
Dng CPU cao cp, chuyn s dng cho my ch.
Tc v cache ln hn cc dng CPU tng ng.
65
B x l trung tm CPU
Cc CPU ca INTEL
Pentium v Celeron:
Pentium l Chip c thit k chy cho cc ng dng
mnh nh x l ho, Video, Game 3D v v Chip
Pentium c b nh Cache ln hn v vy lm tng hiu
sut lm vic ca n.
Celeron: L dng chp rt gn ca Pentium nhm h gi
thnh, s Transistor trong Celeron t hn v b nh
Cache nh hn, Celeron c thit k chy cho cc
ng dng nh nh ng dng Vn phng, duyt Web v
v
66
B x l trung tm CPU
Cc CPU ca INTEL
Cc CPU ca AMD
67
Cc thng s k thut ca CPU ghi trn bo gi
Tn thng s Thng s Gii thch
sSpec Number SLA94 S sn phm
CPU Speed 2.40 GHz Tc x l ca CPU
PCG 06 H thng tn nhit, qut
Bus Speed 800 MHz Tc BUS ca CPU hay tc FSB
Bus/Core Ratio 12
T l gia tc CPU v BUS h
thng
L2 Cache Size 2 MB Dung lng b nh Cache L2
L2 Cache Speed 2.4 GHz Tc truy xut b nh Cache L2
Package Type LGA775 Kiu ng gi 775 chn Soket 775
Manufacturing
Technology
65 nm Cng ngh sn xut chp
Core Stepping M0 Cc mc nh du s pht trin ca nhn CPU
CPUID String 06FDh Chui k t m Hexa xc nh c tnh ca CPU
Thermal Design Power 65W Cng sut thit k nhit
Thermal Specification 73.3C
Nhit cho php, qu mc nhit trn CPU c th
ngng hot ng
68
B x l trung tm CPU
Thi hnh lnh:
Lnh my:
Lnh my l dy bt cha yu cu m b x l phi thc
hin.
Cu trc ca 1 lnh my thng gm:
M thao tc: Cho bit lnh thc hin thao tc g (+, -, and,
or,...)
Cc ton hng: Cho bit cc i tng b tc ng bi thao
tc trong m thao tc (thanh ghi, vng nh, hng s,...)
Mi b x l ch hiu c 1 s lnh vi 1 vi cu trc
nht nh
69
B x l trung tm CPU
Thi hnh lnh:
Tp lnh:
Tp hp tt c cc lnh ngi lp trnh c th s dng
1 cp c gi l tp lnh ca cp .
Tp lnh vi s lnh nh s c thao tc nhanh hn.
Cc trnh bin dch ca cc ngn ng lp trnh thng
hot ng tt trn cc tp lnh nh v c chn lc.
70
B x l trung tm CPU
Thi hnh lnh:
Hot ng ca CPU: X l lnh my qua 2 bc,
gi l chu k lnh:
Np lnh (Fetch): Di chuyn lnh t b nh vo thanh ghi.
Thc thi lnh: Gii m lnh v thc hin thao tc yu cu:
71
Bt u Bt u
Np lnh tip
theo
Np lnh tip
theo
Thc thi lnh Thc thi lnh Kt thc Kt thc
Chu k np Chu k thc thi
B x l trung tm CPU
Thi hnh lnh:
Qu trnh np lnh:
Thanh ghi MAR (Memory Address
Register): Lu a ch c gi ra/nhn
vo t bus a ch.
Thanh ghi MBR (Memory Buffer Register):
Lu gi tr c gi ra/nhn vo t bus d
liu.
Thanh ghi PC (Program Counter): Lu a
ch ca lnh s c np).
Thanh ghi IR (Instruction Register): Lu
lnh s c x l.
B x l di chuyn lnh t vng nh c a
ch trong thanh ghi PC vo thnh ghi IR.
Mc nh, gi tr thanh ghi PC c tng 1
lng bng chiu di ca lnh c np.
72
B x l trung tm CPU
Thi hnh lnh:
Qu trnh thc thi lnh: B x l gii m lnh trong
thnh ghi IR v thc hin thao tc yu cu nh:
Thc hin cc php tnh s hc v lun l
Thc hin di chuyn d liu gia thanh ghi v b nh
Thc hin di chuyn d liu gia thanh ghi v thit b
nhp xut
Thc hin cc thao tc iu khin nh r nhnh
73
B x l trung tm CPU
Thi hnh lnh:
V d qu trnh
x l lnh ca
CPU:
Cu trc lnh:
Cc thanh ghi:
PC, IR, AC
M thao tc:
0001: Np d liu
0010: Lu d liu
0101: Cng
74
M thao tc a ch
4 bit 12 bit
B x l trung tm CPU
Thi hnh lnh:
Chu k thc hin lnh ca CPU:
Tm, np lnh k tip t b nh vo thnh ghi lnh.
Thay i ni dung thanh m chng trnh xc nh
a ch lnh k.
Gii m lnh va np.
Xc nh ni cha d liu trong b nh.
Tm, np d liu vo cc thanh ghi nu cn thit.
Thc hin lnh.
Lu kt qu vo ni thch hp.
Tr v bc 1 thc hin lnh k tip.
75
B x l trung tm CPU
Ngt (Interrupt):
Ngt l c ch cho php ngt qu trnh thc thi tun t
thng thng tng lnh ca b x l phc v cng
vic khc nh xut/nhp.
Mt s loi ngt:
Ngt chng trnh
Debug chng trnh
Trng hp trn s, chia cho 0,
Ngt ng h
c pht sinh bi b nh gi bn trong b x l
c s dng trong cc mi trng a nhim
Nhp xut
V d: nhp k t,
Li phn cng
V d: li truyn d liu,..
76
B x l trung tm CPU
Ngt (Interrupt):
Qu trnh phc v ngt:
B x l kim tra ngt mi khi thc thi xong 1 lnh da
vo tn hiu ngt
Nu khng c ngt, np lnh k tip c a ch trong PC.
Nu c ngt:
Tm ngng thc thi tip cc lnh ca chng trnh ang
c thc hin.
Lu li cc d liu ang thc hin dang d ca chng
trnh.
t a ch bt u th tc x l ngt vo thanh ghi PC.
X l ngt
Khi phc cc d liu ang thc hin dang d ca chng
trnh b ngt v tip tc thc hin chng trnh ny
77
B x l trung tm CPU
T chc CPU:
ng i ca d liu:
Bao gm: ALU, cc mch dch, cc thanh ghi v cc ng kt ni
cc b phn trn.
Nhim v:
c cc ton hng t cc thanh ghi tng qut.
Thc hin cc php tnh.
Lu tr kt qu.
78
79
B x l trung tm CPU
T chc CPU:
B iu khin:
Chc nng:
To cc tn hiu iu khin di chuyn s liu.
iu khin cc tc v m cc b phn chc nng phi lm: iu
khin ALU, iu khin c, vit vo b nh trong.
To cc tn hiu gip cc lnh c thc hin 1 cch tun t.
Ci t: Dng mch in t hoc dng vi chng trnh
80
B x l trung tm CPU
T chc CPU:
B iu khin:
B iu khin mch in t:
81
B x l trung tm CPU
T chc CPU:
B iu khin:
B iu khin vi chng trnh:
82
B x l trung tm CPU
K thut ng dn (Pipeline):
Khi nim:
K thut lm cho cc giai on khc nhau ca nhiu lnh c
thi hnh cng 1 lc.
V d: Mi lnh c thc hin trong 5 giai on: IF, ID, EX,
MEM, RS
83
B x l trung tm CPU
K thut ng dn (Pipeline):
Yu cu:
Cn phi c mt mch in thi hnh mi giai on ca lnh
v tt c cc giai on ca lnh c thi hnh cng lc.
Phi c nhiu thanh ghi khc nhau dng cho cc tc v c v
vit.
Trong mt my c k thut ng dn, c khi kt qu ca mt tc
v trc , l ton hng ngun ca mt tc v khc.
Cn phi gii m cc lnh mt cch n gin c th gii m
v c cc ton hng trong mt chu k duy nht ca xung nhp.
Cn phi c cc b lm tnh ALU hu hiu c th thi hnh
lnh s hc di nht, c s gi, trong mt khong thi gian t
hn mt chu k ca xung nhp.
Cn phi c nhiu thanh ghi lnh lu gi lnh m chng ta
phi xem xt cho mi giai on thi hnh lnh.
Phi c nhiu thanh ghi b m chng trnh PC c th tip
tc cc lnh trong trng hp c ngt qung.
84
B x l trung tm CPU
K thut ng dn (Pipeline):
Kh khn:
Kh khn do cu trc: Cn nhiu ALU, PC, IR,... Gii quyt bng
cch thm cc b phn chc nng cn thit v hu hiu.
Kh khn do s liu:
V d trng hp cc lnh lin tip sau:
Lnh 1: ADD R1, R2, R3
Lnh 2: SUB R4, R1, R5
Lnh 3: AND R6, R1, R7
Lnh 4: OR R8, R1, R9
85
B x l trung tm CPU
K thut ng dn (Pipeline):
Kh khn:
Kh khn do s liu:
Khc phc: dng mt b phn phn cng a kt qu t ng ra
ALU trc tip vo mt trong cc thanh ghi ng vo.
Kh khn do iu khin: Do cc lnh thay i tnh thi hnh cc
lnh mt cch tun t.
86
B x l trung tm CPU
K thut siu ng dn (SuperPipeLine):
K thut siu ng dn bc n ngha l chia cc giai on
ca k thut ng dn n gin, mi giai on c thc
hin trong khon thi gian Tc, thnh n giai on con thc
hin trong khon thi gian Tc/n.
87
B x l trung tm CPU
K thut siu ng dn:
88
B x l trung tm CPU
K thut siu v hng (SuperScalar):
My tnh siu v hng bc n c th thc hin ng
thi n lnh trong mt chu k xung nhp Tc.
89
B x l trung tm CPU
My tnh c lnh tht di VLIW (Very long
instruction word):
Thay v c thc hin nhiu lnh trong mt chu k,
ngi ta tm cch a vo nhiu lnh trong mt t
lnh di.
Mt lnh VLIW c th cha hai tc v tnh ton s
nguyn, hai tc v tnh ton s l, hai tc v thm
nhp b nh v mt lnh nhy.
Mt lnh nh vy c chia thnh nhiu trng, mi
trng c th c t 16 n 24 bt v chiu di ca
lnh VLIW l t 112 n 168 bt.
90
B x l trung tm CPU
My tnh vertor:
Mt my tnh vect bao gm mt b tnh ton v
hng bnh thng dng k thut ng dn v mt b
lm tnh vect.
a s cc my tnh vect cho php lm cc php tnh
trn vect s nguyn, vect s l v vect s logic (s
Boolean).
C 2 kiu kin trc my tnh vect: kiu vect nh -
nh v kiu thanh ghi vect.
91
B x l trung tm CPU
My tnh song song:
Cc loi my tnh song song:
1- SISD (Single Instructions Stream, Single Data Stream): My
tnh mt dng lnh, mt dng s liu.
2- SIMD (Single Instructions Stream, Multiple Data Stream):
My tnh mt dng lnh, nhiu dng s liu.
3- MISD (Multiple Instructions Stream, Single Data
Stream):My tnh nhiu dng lnh, mt dng s liu.
4- MIMD (Multiple Instruction Stream, Multiple Data Stream):
My tnh nhiu dng lnh, nhiu dng s liu.
92
B x l trung tm CPU
My tnh song song:
My tnh SISD:
c im:
Ch c mt CPU
mi thi im ch thc hin mt lnh v ch c/ghi mt mc
d liu
C mt thanh ghi,gi l b m chng trnh (program
counter), c s dng np a ch ca lnh tip theo khi x
l tun t
Cc cu lnh c thc hin theo mt th t xc nh
My tnh Von Neuman
93
B x l trung tm CPU
My tnh song song:
94
B x l trung tm CPU
My tnh song song:
My tnh SIMD:
C mt n v iu khin (CU) iu khin nhiu n v x
l (PE)
CU pht sinh tn hiu iu khin n cc n vx l
n lung lnh: cc n vx l thc hin cngmt lnh trn
cc mc d liu khc nhau
a lung d liu:mi n vx l c lung d liu ring
y l kiu tnh ton lp li cc n v s hc trong CPU, cho
php nhng n v khc nhau thc hin trn nhng ton
hng khc nhau, nhng thc hin cng mt lnh.
My tnh SIMD c th h tr x l kiu vector, trong c th
gn cc phn t ca vector cho cc phn t x l tnh
ton ng thi.
My tnh: ILLIAC IV, DAP, CM-2
95
B x l trung tm CPU
My tnh song song:
My tnh SIMD:
96
B x l trung tm CPU
My tnh song song:
My tnh SIMD:
97
B x l trung tm CPU
My tnh song song:
My tnh MISD:
c im:
a lung lnh: c th thc hin nhiu lnh trn cng mt mc
d liu
n lung d liu: cc PU x l trn cng mt lung d liu
Kin trc kiu ny c th chia thnh hai nhm:
Cc my tnh yu cu mi n v x l (PU) nhn nhng
lnh khc nhau thc hin trn cng mt mc d liu.
Cc my tnh c cc lung d liu c chuyn tun t
theo dy cc CPU lin tip-gi l kin trc hnh ng-x l
theo vector thng qua mt dy cc bc, trong mi
bc thc hin mt chc nng v sau chuyn kt qu
cho PU thc hin bc tip theo.
98
B x l trung tm CPU
My tnh song song:
My tnh MISD:
99
B x l trung tm CPU
My tnh song song:
My tnh MISD:
100
B x l trung tm CPU
My tnh song song:
My tnh MIMD:
c im:
Mi BXL c th thc hin nhng lung lnh (chng trnh) khc
nhau trn cc lung d liu ring.
Hu ht cc h thng MIMD u c b nh ring v cng c
th truy cp vo c b nh chung (global) khi cn, do vy
gim thiu c s trao i gia cc BXL trong h thng.
Nhn xt:
y l kin trc phc tp nht, nhng n l m hnh h tr x
l song song cao nht
Cc my tnh c sn xut theo kin trc ny: BBNButterfly,
AlliantFX, iSPC ca Intel
101
B x l trung tm CPU
My tnh song song:
My tnh MIMD:
102
B x l trung tm CPU
My tnh song song:
My tnh MIMD: c xp thnh 3 loi h thng:
H thng SMP (Symmetric Multiprocesors):
Nhiu BXL ging nhau c lp t trong 1 my.
Cc BXL ny kt ni vi nhau thng qua 1 h thng bus.
Mi BXL c 1 cache ring kt hp cc cache ring l Cc
giao thc kt hp cache.
H thng cluster:
Nhiu my tnh c kt ni vi nhau thng qua qua h thng
kt ni tc cao hot ng nh 1 my tnh thng nht. Mi
my l 1 phn ca cluster (1 nt).
u im:
Tc cao: To ra 1 h thng cluster, mi cluster gm
nhiu my tnh.
Kh nng m rng cao: C th nng cp, m rng.
tin cy cao: Hot ng n nh khi 1 nt b h hng.
Chi ph u t thp
103
B x l trung tm CPU
My tnh song song:
My tnh MIMD: c xp thnh 3 loi h thng:
H thng NUMA (Nonuniform Memory Access):
H thng vi b nh chia s, thi gian truy cp cc vng nh
dnh ring cho cc BXL khc nhau l khc nhau.
Thun li:
Hiu qu hn so vi SMP trong cc x l song song.
Khng thay i phn mm chnh.
B nh c kh nng b nghn nhng c th khc phc
c.
Bt li:
Hot ng khng trong sut: vic cp pht cc trang, cc
qu trnh c th c thay i bi cc phn mm nu cn.
H thng phc tp.
104
B x l trung tm CPU
My tnh song song:
Cc loi b nh:
Kin trc b nh chia s:
C 1 b nh trung tm duy nht c phn chia cho cc BXL.
H thng bus chia s kt ni cc BXL v b nh.
105
B x l trung tm CPU
My tnh song song:
Cc loi b nh:
Kin trc b nh phn tn:
Mi my gm cc nt, mi nt cha 1 BXL, b nh, 1 vi ng
vo ra v 1 giao din vi h thng kt ni gia cc nt.
u im:
Phn tn vic thm nhp b nh.
Gim thi gian ch i lc thm nhp b nh cc b.
c dng cho cc my a x l c t BXL.
Nhc im: Trao i d liu gia cc BXL phc tp, mt
nhiu thi gian.
106
B x l trung tm CPU
My tnh song song:
Cc loi b nh:
Kin trc b nh phn tn:
107
B x l trung tm CPU
My tnh song song:
Phng php truyn d liu gia cc BXL:
Phng php th nht: Cc b nh c phn chia 1 cch
vt l c th thm nhp vi 1 nh v chia s logic.
Phng php th 2: khng gian nh v bao gm nhiu khng
gian nh v nh khng giao nhau v c th c mt b x
l thm nhp.
108
B nh
109
Khi nim
B nh (Memory): Thit b c th ghi v cha
thng tin.
Cc tnh cht ca b nh:
Sc cha.
Tc truy cp.
Interface: Cu trc bn ngoi.
110
Cc loi b nh
ROM (Read Only Memory)
Dng trong cc hng sn xut l ch yu.
Thng tin lu tr trong ROM khng th xo c,
thng tin s c lu tr mi mi.
Bt li ca ROM l mt khi ci t thng tin vo
ri th ROM s khng cn tnh a dng.
PROM (Programmable ROM)
ROM a dng, c th ci t li bng cch dng
cc thit b chuyn dng.
Thng tin ch ci t 1 ln.
111
Cc loi b nh
EPROM (Erasable PROM)
Dng cao hn ca PROM
C th xa v vit li c bng cch s dng
phn cng (dng tia hng ngoi).
EEPROM (Electronic EPROM)
C th ghi v xa nhiu ln bng phn mm.
ng dng lm flash BIOS.
FlashROM: Khng th xa tng byte m phi
xa tng khi. Tc ghi, xa rt cao.
112
Cc loi b nh
RAM (Random Access Memory)
Thng tin c th truy cp khng cn theo th t.
Tc truy xut nhanh hn ROM.
D liu lu trong RAM s b mt i khi ngt ngun.
SRAM (Static RAM) v DRAM (Dynamic RAM)
SRAM lu tr d liu m khng cn cp nht
thng xuyn, trong khi DRAM cn cp nht d
liu thng xuyn.
Tc ca SRAM nhanh hn DRAM, nhng gi
thnh v kch thc ln hn nhiu.
DRAM: h gi thnh sn xut ca b nh RAM.
113
Cc loi b nh
FPM-DRAM (Fast Page Mode DRAM)
Dng ci tin ca DRAM.
Ci thin tc truy xut ca DRAM bng cch tin
hnh d a ch trc khi truy cp thng tin.
EDO-DRAM (Extended Data Out DRAM)
Tc nhanh hn FPM-DRAM t 10~15%.
Ci tin cch d a ch trc khi truy cp d liu.
Cn s h tr ca Chipset h thng.
S dng cho my 486 tr ln.
114
Cc loi b nh
BEDO-DRAM (Burst Extended Data Out
DRAM)
S dng cng ngh Pineline rt ngn thi gian
d a ch ca d liu.
SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM)
RAM hot ng c l do 1 memory controller
(hoc clock controller).
Thng tin s c truy cp mi khi clock chuyn t
0 sang 1.
Synchronous: cp nht ngay lc nhy t 0 sang 1.
C tc cao hn hn cc loi DRAM trc.
115
Cc loi b nh
DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate SDRAM)
Nhn i tc truy cp ca SDRAM bng cch
dng c 2 qu trnh ng b khi clock chuyn t 1
sang 0 v t 0 sang 1.
Tc hin ti vo khong 800~1600MHz
DRDRAM (Direct Rambus DRAM)
Memory s c vn hnh bi mt h thng ph
gi l Direct Rambus Channel c rng 16 bit v
mt clock 400MHz iu khin (c th ln 800MHz).
Bng thng: 800MHz x 16bit = 800MHz x 2 bytes =
1.6GB/giy
Chn Rambus Inline Memory Module (RIMM)
116
Cc loi b nh
VRAM (Video RAM)
Ginh ring cho video card.
VRAM chy nhanh hn v ng dng Dual Port technology
nhng ng thi cng t hn.
SGRAM (Synchronous Graphic RAM)
L sn phm ci tin ca VRAM
c v vit tng block thay v tng mng nh.
Flash Memory
L sn phm kt hp gia RAM v hard disk.
C th chy nhanh nh SDRAM m v vn lu tr
c data khi power off.
117
Cc loi b nh
Cache memory
L loi b nh c dung lng rt nh v chy rt nhanh,
gi thnh cao.
Nm gn CPU v c nhim v cung cp nhng d liu
ang dng cho CPU.
Cache L1, L2, L3
118
Cc cp b nh
Cn c phn cp b nh:
Lng thng tin lu tr.
Thi gian thm nhp.
Chu k b nh
Gi tin mi bit nh
119
Cc cp b nh
120
Cc cp b nh
Mc tiu thit lp cc cp b nh:
Gip cho ngi lp trnh mun c mt b nh tht
nhanh vi chi ph u t gii hn.
Ngi dng c mt h thng b nh r tin nh
cp b nh thp nht v gn nhanh nh cp b
nh cao nht.
121
a ch b nh
Bit
n v c bn ca b nh l 1 ch s nh phn: bit.
1bit c th l 0 hoc 1.
Thng tin s c th c ct gi bng cch phn
bit cc gi tr khc nhau ca 1 i lng vt l lin
tc nh in p hoc dng in.
H thng s nh phn ch yu cu 2 gi tr phn bit
phng php tin cy m ha thng tin s.
122
a ch b nh
a ch b nh
B nh gm cc nh (v tr nh).
Mi nh cha 1 mu thng tin.
Mi nh c 1 s i din gi l a ch nh. Cc
chng trnh c th tham chiu n cc a ch ny.
V d: b nh c n nh, nh a ch t 0 n n-1
Cc nh cha cng 1 s bit. Mt nh k bit c
th cha 1 trong 2
k
t hp bit khc nhau.
Nu 1 a ch c m bit s nh ti a c th
nh a ch l 2
m
.
S bt trong a ch lin quan n s nh ti a c
th nh a ch.
Hu ht cc my tnh c chun ha 1 nh c 8
bit. 123
M sa li
B nh c th gp li do cc xung in p trn
ng cp in hoc do nguyn nhn khc.
trnh li: s dng cc m pht hin li hoc
m sa li.
Khi s dng m sa li, cc bit ph c thm
vo mi t nh.
Khi c 1 t ra khi b nh, v bit ph c
kim tra xem c li hay khng.
124
M sa li
Gi s 1 t nh c m bit d liu, ta thm vo r
bit d tha hoc r bit kim tra chiu di ton
b d liu l n = m + r.
1 t nh m bit, c 2
m
t hp bit hp l trong 2
n
t hp c gi tr hp l.
Khi c b nh, thy xut hin 1 t m khng
hp l xy ra li b nh.
125
Thanh ghi
L thit b lu tr c dung lng nh nht
nhng tc truy xut nhanh nht
c dng trong cc b x l
Lu gi lnh v d liu (ton hng, kt qu tnh
ton, cc bit trng thi) x l
C th c lm bng nhiu cng ngh khc
nhau: trigger, core, thin film,
Thng c t chc thnh tp thanh ghi
(register file)
126
B nh RAM
c im:
Cc nh c th c c hoc vit trong khong
thi gian bng nhau.
Mi nh c 1 a ch, mi nh l 1 byte.
RAM c c trng bi:
Dung lng v t chc.
Thi gian thm nhp.
Chu k b nh
127
B nh RAM
SRAM:
Ch to theo cng ngh ECL.
Mi bit nh gm c cc cng logic vi khong 6
transitor MOS, nh d liu l tn ti nu b nh
c cung cp in.
Vic c khng lm hy ni dung ca nh v thi
gian thm nhp bng chu k b nh.
128
B nh RAM
DRAM:
S dng k thut MOS.
Mi bit nh gm c 1 transitor v 1 t in.
Vic ghi nh da v vic duy tr in tch np vo
t in.
Vic c 1 bit lm ni dung bit ny b hy sau khi
c, b phn iu khin b nh phi vit li vo
nh ni dung va c chu k c thi gian gp
i thi gian thm nhp.
Vic lu tr thng tin trong bit l tm thi cn
phi refresh sau mi 2s
129
B nh cache
Gii thiu:
Dng cng ngh SRAM, c tc cao.
ng vai tr lm b nh m truy xut nhanh.
Lu tr tm bn sao 1 phn ni dung ca b nh
chnh nm lm gim truy xut vo b nh chnh.
130
B nh cache
Nguyn l hot ng:
Cc khi nim lin quan:
Thnh cng cache (cache hit): BXL tm gp phn t cn
c/ghi trong cache.
Tht bi cache (cache miss): BXL khng tm thy phn t
cn c/ghi trong cache.
Pht tht bi cache (cache penalty): Thi gian cn thit
x l mt tht bi cache.
131
B nh cache
Nguyn l hot ng:
T chc b nh cache:
132
B nh cache
Nguyn l hot ng:
Vn hnh:
Sp xp khi: Mt khi b nh c t vo trong cache
theo 1 trong 3 cch sau:
Kiu tng tng trc tip: Nu mi khi b nh ch c mt
v tr t khi duy nht trong cache c xc nh theo cng
thc: K= i mod n
Trong :
K: v tr khi t trong cache
i: s th t ca khi trong b nh trong
n: s khi ca cache
Kiu hon ton phi hp: trong kiu t khi ny, mt khi
trong b nh trong c th c t vo v tr bt k trong
cache.
133
B nh cache
Nguyn l hot ng:
Vn hnh:
Sp xp khi:
Kiu phi hp theo tp hp: vi cch t chc ny, cache
bao gm cc tp hp ca cc khi cache. Mi tp tp cha
s khi nh nhau. Mt khi c th c t vo 1 s v tr
khi gii hn c xc nh bi cng thc:
K= i mod s
Trong :
K: v tr khi t trong cache
i: s th t ca khi trong b nh trong
s: s lng tp hp trong cache.
134
B nh cache
Nguyn l hot ng:
Vn hnh:
Sp xp khi:
V d: B nh trong c 32 khi, cache c 8 khi, mi khi
gm 32 byte, khi th 12 ca b nh trong c a vo
cache.
135
B nh cache
Nguyn l hot ng:
Vn hnh:
Nhn xt:
Kiu tng ng trc tip: n gin, chi ph t chc thp, khng
linh hot.
Kiu hon ton phi hp: Chi ph tm kim cao do xc nh
block nm trong line hay cha duyt tt c cc line.
Kiu phi hp theo tp hp: Kt hp tng ca 2 kiu trn.
136
B nh cache
Nguyn l hot ng:
Vn hnh:
Nhn din khi:
MI khi c 1 nhn a ch. Nhn c xem xt song song.
bit 1 khi ca cache c cha thng tin BXL cn hay
khng: thm 1 bit nh du vo nhn.
Tng ng vi 3 kiu sp xp khi:
Xc nh v tr t cn c cn c vo t chc s t
trong khi: Ph hp vi c 3 kiu
Phn nhn dng s th t khi s khc nhau ty thuc
cch xp t khi.
137
B nh cache
Nguyn l hot ng:
Vn hnh:
Nhn din khi:
Phn nhn dng ch s khi:
Kiu tng ng trc tip:
Kiu hon ton phi hp
138
B nh cache
Nguyn l hot ng:
Vn hnh:
Nhn din khi:
Phn nhn dng ch s khi:
Kiu phi hp theo tp hp:
139
B nh cache
Nguyn l hot ng:
Vn hnh:
Thay th khi:
Thay th ngu nhin: phn b ng u vic thay th,
cc khi cn thay th trong cache c chn ngu nhin.
Khi xa nht (LRU: Least Recently Used): cc khi
c thm nhp s c nh du v khi b thay th l
khi khng c dng t lu nht.
Vo trc ra trc (FIFO: First In First Out): Khi c a
vo cache u tin, nu b thay th, khi s c thay
th trc nht.
Tn s s dng t nht (LFU: Least Frequently Used): Khi
trong cache c tham chiu t nht
140
B nh cache
Nguyn l hot ng:
Vn hnh:
Chin thut ghi:
2 cch chnh ghi vo cache:
Ghi ng thi: Thng tin c ghi ng thi vo khi
ca cache v khi ca b nh trong.
Ghi li: Thng tin cn ghi ch c ghi vo khi trong
cache. qun l s khc bit ni dung gia khi ca
cache v khi ca b nh trong, mt bit trng thi c
dng ch th.
141
B nh cache
Nguyn l hot ng:
Vn hnh:
Chin thut ghi:
Gii php khi c tht bi ghi vo cache:
Ghi c np: khi cn ghi t b nh trong c np vo
trong cache nh m t trn. Cch ny thng c
dng trong cch ghi li.
Ghi khng np: khi c thay i b nh trong
khng c a vo cache. Cch ny c dng
trong cch ghi ng thi.
142
B nh cache
Nguyn l hot ng:
Vn hnh:
Chin thut ghi:
Cch gii quyt s khng ng nht d liu:
Mi b iu khin cache s theo di cc thao tc ghi
vo b nh t cc b phn khc. Nu thao tc ghi vo
phn b nh chia s c nh x vo cache ca n
qun l, b iu khin cache s v hiu ho s thm
nhp ny. Chin lc ny ph thuc vo cch ghi ng
thi trn tt c cc b iu khin cache.
Mt vi mch c dng iu khin vic cp nht,
mt thao tc ghi vo b nh t mt cache no s
c cp nht trn cc cache khc.
Mt vng nh chia s cho mt hay nhiu b x l th
khng c nh x ln cache. Nh vy, tt c cc
thm nhp vo vng nh chia s ny u b tht bi
cache.
143
B nh cache
Nguyn l hot ng:
ng b ha cache v b nh chnh:
Ghi thng (write through): Khi 1 line/block b thay i trong
cache/RAM bi CPU/I block/line tng ng trong
RAM/cache s lp tc c cp nht chm.
Ghi li (write back):
Khi 1 line b thay i trong cache s dng bit nh du.
Khi phi thay th line b nh du cp nht li block
tng ng trong b nh chnh.
IO phi truy xut RAM thng qua cache.
144
B nh cache
Kch thc block v cache
Kch thc block:
Qu nh: gim tnh ln cn v khng gian.
Qu ln: thi gian chuyn block vo cache lu.
Kch thc block thng t 8 64 bytes.
Kch thc cache:
Kch thc cache t l thun vi gi thnh.
C t l thun vi tc hay khng?
Qu nh: s lng block c th lu trong cache t t l
cache miss cao.
Qu ln: nhiu ni dung khng cn thit lu trong cache
mt nhiu thi gian kim tra block c nm trong
cache hay cha.
145
B nh cache
S lng v loi cache:
S dng nhiu mc cache L1, L2, L3,...
On-chip cache: nm trn cng IC vi BXL, truy xut
nhanh.
Off-chip cache: nm trn IC ring v c ni vi BXL
qua h thng bus, truy xut chm hn.
L1 cache:
Kch thc: 10KB
Hit time: 1 chu k
T l tht bi: 1 5%
L2 cache:
Kch thc: 100KB
Hit time: 1 chu k
T l tht bi: 10 20%
146
B nh cache
S lng v loi cache:
Loi cache:
Unified cache: 1 cache cho c lnh v d liu
Split cache: cache ring cho lnh (instruction cache) v
d liu (data cache).
Cc mc cache
Cache mc 1 (L1 cache)
Cache mc 2 (L2 cache)
Cache mc 3 (L3 cache)
147
B nh cache
Cc mc cache
AMAT(Average Memory Access Time) =
L1 Hit time + L1 Miss Rate * L1 Miss Penalty
L1 Miss Penalty =
L2 Hit Time + L2 Miss Rate * L2 Miss Penalty
AMAT = L1 Hit Time + L1 Miss Rate *
(L2 Hit Time + L2 Miss Rate * L2 Miss Penalty)
148
B nh cache
Cc mc cache:
Gi s:
L1 Hit Time = 1 cycle
L1 Miss rate = 5%
L2 Hit Time = 5 cycles
L2 Miss rate = 15%
L1, L2 Miss Penalty = 200 cycles
Khng dng cache L2
AMAT = 1 + 0.05 x 200 = 11 cycles
Dng cache L2
L1 miss penalty = 5 + 0.15 * 200 = 35
AMAT = 1 + 0.05 x 35 = 2.75 cycles
Dng L2 nhanh hn gp 4 ln khng dng L2
149
a t
Chc nng, nhim v:
Lu tr di hn cc tp tin.
Thit lp 1 cp b nh bn di b nh trong
lm b nh o lc chy chng trnh.
Cc loi:
a mm: chm, 1 lp a
a cng: nhanh hn, nhiu lp a
150
a t
a cng:
Cu to:
151
a t
a cng:
Cu to:
152
a t
a cng:
T chc:
Gm nhiu lp a, mi lp ph t 1 hoc c 2 mt.
Mi mt c tng ng 1 u t l 1 li thp ch U c
cun dy qun quanh c hoc ghi d liu.
Mi mt c chia thnh nhiu vng trn ng tm
(track).
Mi track c chia thnh cc cung (sector), mi cung
cha 512 byte.
Mi ln c/ghi t nht 1 sector.
153
a t
a cng
Lu tr thng tin
Cu to u t: gn ging nam chm in
Li hnh ch U c lm bng hp kim khng c tnh duy tr t
tnh.
C khe h nh l im tip xc vi lp t ca a t.
Dy dn c qun quanh li.
154
a t
a cng
Lu tr thng tin
Khi ghi:
Dng in trong cun dy AB c cng thay i ng vi cc
bit cn ghi to ra t trng thay i trong li.
Qua khe h, t thng ca t trng xuyn xung lp t tnh
sp xp cc ht t tnh theo hng nht nh ph thuc chiu
ca t trng to thnh nhng nam chm cc nh.
155
a t
a cng
Lu tr thng tin
Khi c:
u t lt qua b mt a, li lt qua t trng ca cc nam
chm cc nh trn b mt a
T trng ca cc nam chm c chiu khc nhau to ra dng
in cm ng trong cun dy AB. Dng in ny mang thng tin
ghi trn a.
Dng in cm ng c khuch i ly li d liu ghi ban
u.
Cc thng tin trn a khng b xa trong qu trnh c.
156
a t
a cng
Lu tr thng tin
Thi gian truy xut:
Disk Latency = Seek Time + Rotation Time + Transfer Time
Seek Time Thi gian di chuyn u c ti ng track cn c,
ph thuc vo s track trn mt mt v tc ca actuator.
Trung bnh < 10 ms.
Rotation Time Thi gian quay a sao cho sector mun c nm
di u c, ph thuc vo tc quay ca a
7200 rpm (Revolutions Per Minute) 120 Rev/sec
1 revolution = 1/120 sec ~ 8.33 milliseconds
Trung bnh (1/2 revolution) = 4.17 ms
Transfer Time Thi gian c v truyn d liu, ph thuc vo
mt ph t ca sector v chun giao tip (ATA, SATA, SCSI,).
157
a t
nh dng a:
Cc bc nh dng:
nh dng vt l (nh dng cp thp).
Phn vng.
nh dng cp cao.
nh dng cp thp do nh sn xut thc hin. Phn vng v
nh dng cp cao l cng vic ca K thut vin.
158
a t
nh dng a:
nh dng vt l:
S dng chng trnh nh dng to cc ng Track.
Chia cc Track thnh cc Sector v in thng tin bt u v kt thc
cho mi Sector.
159
a t
nh dng a:
Phn vng a:
Phn vng l qu trnh chia a vt l thnh nhiu logic khc nhau.
Ci Windows 98: Phn vng trc khi ci h iu hnh.
Ci Windows 2000, XP, 7, 8: C th phn vng trong lc ci.
C th s dng phn mm phn vng: Partition Magic, Archonis
Disk Director,
160
a t
nh dng a:
nh dng cp cao (Format):
Cc kiu nh dng:
Bng nh v file FAT (File Allocation Table): Bng a ch gip h iu hnh
qun l c cc file hoc th mc trn a.
FAT: S dng 16b nh a ch qun l c 2
16
a ch Cluster, tng
ng vi a ti a 2GB.
FAT 32: S dng 32b nh a ch qun l c 2
32
a ch Cluster,
tng ng vi a ti a 2048GB.
NTFS (Win NT File System): h tr tn file di 256 k t.
EXT1, EXT2: dng cho h iu hnh Linux.
161
a t
K thut RAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive
Disks)
c im:
RAID l 1 tp hp cc a cng c thit lp theo 1 k thut m h
iu hnh ch nhn thy 1 a logic duy nht.
C ch c/ghi thng tin din ra trn nhiu a.
Trong mng a c lu cc thng tin kim tra li d liu c th phc
hi nu c 1 a trong mng a b h hng.
Mc ch:
m bo an ton d liu.
Tng tc truy xut ca h thng.
To ra nhng a logic c dung lng ln hn dung lng ca a vt
l.
162
a t
K thut RAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive
Disks)
Cc loi RAID
RAID 0:
a logic c to ra t nhiu a vt l.
a logic c dung lng bng tng dung lng ca cc a vt l.
D liu c ghi phn tn trn tt c cc a vt l.
K thut ny khng c c ch an ton d liu Khi 1 a h ton b
khng hot ng c.
C th c thit lp bng phn cng hay phn mm.
163
a t
K thut RAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive
Disks)
Cc loi RAID
RAID 1 (Mirror):
S dng a gng, tc l dng 2 a. Khi thng tin vit vo 1 a th cng
c vit vo a gng.
Nu 1 trong 2 a b h th a cn li dng bnh thng.
c thit lp bng phn cng hoc phn mm vi chi ph ln, hiu sut
s dng khng cao
164
a t
K thut RAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks)
Cc loi RAID
RAID 2:
Dng k thut truy cp a song song, tt c cc a thnh vin trong RAID
u c c khi c 1 yu cu t ngoi vi.
1 m sa li c tnh ton da vo cc d liu c lu trong cc a dng
lm a kim tra. Thng dng m Hamming.
Khi c yu cu d liu: cc a c ghi ng thi.
Khi pht hin li: b iu khin nhn dng v sa li ngay.
RAID 2 thch hp cho h thng yu cu gim thiu c kh nng xy ra
nhiu a h hng cng lc.
165
a t
K thut RAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks)
Cc loi RAID
RAID 3:
Dng k thut ghi song song, yu cu ti thiu 3 a c thng s k thut
ging nhau.
1 a c dng lu cc thng tin kim tra li.
Dung lng a logic: n-1/n (n: s a s dng).
D liu c ghi ng thi trn n-1 a v bit kim tra chn l c ghi trn
a dng lm a lu thng tin li.
Khi 1 a b hng, h thng vn hot ng bnh thng.
Khi thay th 1 a mi, h thng ti to li thng tin cn c vo d liu trn
cc a cn li cn li.
166
a t
K thut RAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks)
Cc loi RAID
RAID 4:
Dng k thut truy cp cc a trong mng c lp p c cc yu cu
song song.
1 a dng cha cc bit kim tra.
Nhc im: b nghn c chai ti a kim tra khi c nhiu yu cu ng
thi.
167
a t
K thut RAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks)
Cc loi RAID
RAID 5:
Dng k thut truy cp cc a trong mng c lp.
D liu c ghi tng khi trn cc a thnh vin. Cc bt kim tra li
c ghi tri u ln trn tt c a.
Khi 1 a b hng, h thng vn hot ng bnh thng.
Khi thay th 1 a mi, h thng ti to li thng tin cn c vo d liu trn
cc a cn li cn li.
168
a t
K thut RAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks)
Cc loi RAID
RAID 6:
Cn c n+2 a: n a d liu v 2 a ring bit lu cc khi kim tra.
1 trong 2 a kim tra dng c ch kim tra nh trong RAID 4&5. a cn li
kim tra c lp theo 1 gii thut kim tra.
C th phc hi c d liu ngay c khi c 2 a d liu b h hng.
169
a t
Partition v RAID
Ging nhau: Chia vt l thnh cc logic.
Khc nhau
170
Partition RAID
To cc logic trn 1 a vt l To cc logic trn nhiu a vt l
Dung lng logic nh hn dung
lng vt l
Dung lng logic c th ln hn
dung lng vt l
Khng lu thng tin kim tra li Co lu cc thng tin kim tra li
Khng th phc hi d liu khi a
hng
C th phc hi d liu khi a hng
a quang
Cc loi a quang
CD (Compact Disk): a quang khng th xo
c, dng trong cng nghip gii tr (cc a m
thanh c s ho).
CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory): a
khng xo dng cha cc d liu my tnh.
CD-R (CD-Recordable): Ging nh a CD, a mi
cha c thng tin, ngi dng c th ghi d liu
ln a mt ln v c c nhiu ln. D liu trn
a CD-R khng th b xo.
171
a quang
Cc loi a quang
CD-RW (CD-Rewritable): Ging nh a CD, a
mi cha c thng tin, ngi dng c th ghi d
liu ln a, xo v ghi li d liu trn a nhiu ln.
DVD (Digital Video Disk - Digital Versatile Disk): Ra
i phc v cho cng nghip gii tr, a cha cc
hnh nh video c s ho. a DVD c th cha
d liu trn c hai mt a, dung lng ti a ln
n 17GB.
172
a quang
Cc loi a quang
DVD-R (DVD-Recordable): Ging nh a DVD-
ROM, c th ghi d liu ln a mt ln v c
c nhiu ln. a ny ch c th ghi c trn
mt mt a, dung lng ghi trn mi mt ti a l
4.7 GB.
DVD-RW (DVD-Rewritable): Ging nh a DVD-
ROM, c th ghi, xo v ghi li d liu ln a nhiu
ln.. a ny cng c th ghi c trn mt mt
a, dung lng ghi trn mi mt ti a l 4.7 GB.
173
a quang
Cu to a quang:
a quang l mt a nha, d liu ghi trn a
quang i t trong ra ngoi theo hnh xon c.
D liu trn CD-ROM c chia thnh tng khi.
Mi khi gm:
12 byte ng b.
4 byte a ch khi.
2048 byte d liu.
288 byte m sa li.
Tc c s ca mt a quang l 1X = 150
Kbyte/giy.
174
a quang
Cu to a quang:
L pit su 0,12 m, rng 0,6 m, c khc theo 1
track hnh xon c vi khong cch 1,6 m gia
cc vng, khong 16000 track/inche.
Cc pit v nn ko di khong t 0,9 n 3,3 m.
Track bt u t pha trong v kt thc pha
ngoi theo 1 ng khp kn cch ra a 5mm.
175
a quang
Cu to a quang:
Cu to CD-R:
Lp ph chng xc;
Lp phim bo v tia t ngoi;
Lp phim phn x (vng hoc hp kim mu bc 50 ~
100nm);
Lp mu polyme hu c (lu tr d liu);
Lp polycartbonat trong sut (lp nn);
Lp nhn a.
176
a quang
Cu to a quang:
Cu to CD-RW
Lp ph chng xc;
Lp phim bo v tia t ngoi;
Lp phim phn x (vng hoc hp kim mu bc);
Lp cch in trn;
Lp kim loi lu tr d liu;
Lp cch in di;
Lp polycartbonat trong sut (lp nn);
Lp nhn a.
177
a quang
Cu to a quang:
Cu to a DVD
Kch thc l pit nh hn 2,08 ln (0,4 m).
Khong cch gia cc qu o nh hn 1,02 ln (0,74
m).
Vng d liu ln hn 1,02 ln.
M ho d liu tit kim hn 1,06 ln.
Sa li hiu qu hn 1,332 ln.
Kch thc phn u khi nh hn 1,06 ln.
Tc truy cp c bn (1x) ca 1 a DVD l 1,385
Mbyte/giy. Thi gian truy cp 100ms.
178
a quang
Cu to a quang:
Cu to a DVD
179
a quang
Cu to a quang:
Mch iu khin:
Li tia laser, hiu chnh tiu c, chnh v qu o.
c/ghi d liu t u c quang.
iu khin b m (Ram Buffer).
BIOS: Qun l cc thng s v a.
u c/ghi quang:
Diod pht tia laser (ngun laser)
Cc thu knh v lng knh.
Diod thu (Diod cm quang).
B phn chnh cng tia laser.
Cp dn d liu n bo mch iu khin.
C cu tip xc vi mt iu khin u c quang.
B chnh v (chnh tiu c).
180
a quang
Cu to a a quang:
Cc motor:
Mt iu khin u c/ghi quang l dng mt bc :
chuyn ng xoay ca mt thnh chuyn ng bc ca
u c quang. Mt ny iu khin chnh xc u c
quang n cc rnh trn mt a.
Mt iu khin quay a: Mt iu khin a quang lm
vic vi vn tc gc khng i c gn tm th a quay
nhanh hn.
Mt iu khin khay a
181
a quang
Cu to a a quang:
182
a quang
Nguyn tc vn hnh:
Qu trnh c thng tin da trn s phn chiu ca
cc tia laser nng lng thp t lp lu tr d liu.
B phn tip nhn nh sng s nhn bit c
nhng im m ti tia laser b phn x mnh
hay bin mt do cc vt khc (pit) trn b mt a.
B nhn nh sng trong a thu nhn cc tia
phn x v khuch tn c khc x t b mt a.
Khi cc ngun sng c thu nhn, b vi x l s
dch cc mu sng thnh cc bit d liu hay m
thanh.
183
Flash memory
Mt loi cng ngh lu tr c s dng ph bit
nht hin nay: USB, th nh, ROM,...
Khng cn ngun in duy tr d liu:
1 bit d liu c to t NMOS transitor vi 1 cht dn
c thm vo gia G v S/D duy tr cc electron.
C electron tng ng vi bit 1, khng c electron
tng ng vi bit 0.
u im:
Duy tr d liu lu di.
t tn in nng.
Nhc im:
S chu k nghi/xa d liu b gii hn.
Hu ht khong trn 100.000, 1 s trn 1 triu chu k
ghi/xa d liu.
184
Flash memory
USB (Universal Serial Bus)
185
Flash memory
Th nh:
186
Th vin bng t (Tape library)
Thit b cho php kt hp hng ngn bng t
to thnh mt thit b lu tr c dung lng
ln n Terabyte, Petabyte.
187
Th vin a
Thit b cho php kt hp
hng ngn a cng to
thnh mt thit b lu tr
c dung lng ln n
Terabyte, Petabyte.
188
Optical jukebox
Thit b cho php kt hp hng ngn a
quang(CD, DVD, Blue-ray disk) to thnh
mt thitb lu tr c dung lng ln n
Terabyte, Petabyte
189
B nh o
Gii thiu
B nh o xc nh 1 c ch vn chuyn t ng
s liu gia b nh trong v b nh ngoi.
B nh o lm nh trch nhim ca lp trinh vin
khi di chng trnh vt qu gii hn dung
lng b nh.
Trong cc b x l hin i: b nh o c dng
cho php thc hin cng lc nhiu tin trnh,
mi tin trnh c 1 khng gian nh v ring.
B nh o n gin ha vic np chng trnh vo
b nh thi hnh nh c ch ti nh a ch cho
php 1 chng trnh c th c thi hnh khi n
nm bt c v tr no trong b nh.
B nh o c thit k bng nhiu k thut c
th.
190
B nh o
S khc bit gia b nh cache v b nh o:
So vi b nh cache th cc tham s ca b nh
o tng t 10 100.000 ln
191
B nh o
S khc bit gia b nh cache v b nh o:
S tht bi cache, s thay th 1 khi trong cache
c iu khin bng phn cng, trong khi s thay
th trong b nh o l do h iu hnh.
Khng gian nh v m BXL qun l l khng gian
nh v ca b nh o, cn dung lng b nh
cache khng ty thuc vo khng gian nh BXL.
B nh ngoi cn c dng lu tr tp tin.
192
B nh o
Cc loi b nh o:
B nh o nh v trang:
Loi b nh o vi khi c dung lng c nh gi l
trang.
nh v trang xc nh 1 a ch trong trang.
B nh o nh v on:
Loi b nh o vi khi c chiu di thay i gi l on.
Cn 2 t: 1 t cha s th t on v 1 t cha di
trong on.
193
B nh o
Hot ng ca b nh o:
nh x cc trang o vo b nh vt l:
Vic trng pht b nh o khi c tht bi tng ng vi
vic phi thm nhp vo a chm phng n
hon ton phi hp.
194
B nh o
Hot ng ca b nh o:
Tm 1 khi ang nm trong b nh trong:
Vic nh v da vo 1 cu trc d liu trong s th t
trang hoc on c c ch s.
nh v trang: da vo bng trang, a ch trong b nh
vt l l vic t k nhau s th t ca trang vt l vi a
ch trong trang.
195
B nh o
Hot ng ca b nh o:
Tm 1 khi ang nm trong b nh trong:
.
196
B nh o
Hot ng ca b nh o:
Tm 1 khi ang nm trong b nh trong:
nh v on: a ch vt l cui cng c xc lp bng
cch cng a ch on v a ch trong on.
197
B nh o
Hot ng ca b nh o:
Chn khi thay th khi c tht bi: dng khi t dng
gn y nht (LRU).
Ghi s liu: s dng chin thut ghi li.
198
B nh o
Bo v cc tin trnh bng cch dng b nh
o:
S xut hin ca a chng trnh i hi vic
bo v v phn chia gia cc chng trnh.
a chng trnh tin trnh (process): 1 tin trnh
gm c 1 chng trnh ang thc hin v tt c cc
thng tin cn thit tip tc thc hin chng
trnh ny.
Trong a chng trnh, BXL v b nh c chia
s 1 cch qua li to cm gic mi ngi dng
c 1 my tnh.
199
B nh o
Bo v cc tin trnh bng cch dng b nh
o:
1 tin trnh phi vn hnh ng n.
Vic m bo cc tin trnh chy ng c chia
s gia nh thit k my tnh v nh thit k h
iu hnh:
Nh thit k my tnh: m bo BXL c th lu gi trng
thi cc tin trnh v phc hi cc trng thi.
Nh thit k h iu hnh: m bo cc tin trnh khng
nh hng n nhau.
200
B nh o
Bo v cc tin trnh bng cch dng b nh
o:
H iu hnh:
Chia b nh trong cho cc tin trnh.
Trng thi ca mi tin trnh hin din trong phn b nh
c chia.
Trch nhim ca nh thit k my tnh:
Cung cp 2 ch vn hnh, cho bit tin trnh ang thc
hin l tin trnh ca ngi dng hay tin trnh ca h
thng.
Cung cp 1 tp hp con trng thi ca BXL m tin trnh
ngi s dng c th dng nhng khng th sa i.
Cung cp cc c ch c th chuyn i t ch
ngi dng sang ch ngi iu hnh v ngc li
201
T chc vo ra
H thng bus:
Bus l h thng cc dy cp ni vi cc chc nng
khc nhau:
Cc ng d liu
Cc ng a ch
Cc dy iu khin
Cung cp ngun.
u im: gi tin r, d thay i ngoi vi.
Nhc im: to ra nghn c chai gii hn lu
lng vo ra ti a Cn c 1 h thng bus
kh nng phc v.
Bus b gii hn tc b cc yu t vt l (chiu
di, s b phn c mc vo)
202
T chc vo ra
H thng bus:
2 loi bus: bus h thng v bus vo/ra.
Bus h thng:
Kt ni BXL vi b nh.
Ngn v rt nhanh.
Bus ng b, gm c 1 xung nhp trong cc ng dy
iu khin v nghi thc cho cc a ch v cc s liu i
vi xung nhp tt c vn hnh vi cng 1 xung nhp.
Bus vo ra:
C chiu di ln.
C kh nng ni kt vi nhiu loi ngoi vi.
Bus bt ng b, khng c xung nhp ng b trong h
thng bus. D dng thch ng vi nhng thay i cng
ngh
203
T chc vo ra
H thng bus:
204
T chc vo ra
H thng bus:
Bus vo/ra c phn cp thnh 2 h thng con:
Bus tc cao: h tr ni kt cc thit b tc cao
(SCSI, LAN, Graphic, ...)
Bus m rng: kt ni cc ngoi vi yu cu tc thp
(modem, cng ni tip, cng song song,...)
205
T chc vo ra
H thng bus:
206
T chc vo ra
Giao din gia BXL vi cc b phn vo ra:
Dng 2 cch lin lc vi cc b phn vo/ra:
Cch th nht: Dng 1 vng a ch ca b nh lm vng
a ch ca cc ngoi vi. Khi c hay vit vo vng a ch
ny l lin h n cc ngoi vi.
Cch th 2: Dng m lnh ring bit cho vo/ra. BXL gi
1 tn hiu iu khin cho bit a ch ang dng l ca 1
ngoi vi.
S dng ngt (Interup) bo cho BXL bit c b
phn vo/ra cn c phc v.
S dng vi mch DMA (Direct Memory Access)
chuyn d liu m khng c s can thip ca CPU
207
T chc vo ra
DMA:
Vi mch chc nng c bit, chuyn s liu gia
ngoi vi v b nh trong, trong lc CPU rnh ri
lm cng vic khc.
Nm ngoi CPU v tc ng nh l ch nhn ca
bus.
DMA ch ng chuyn s liu v khi chm dt th
tr quyn iu khin cho b x l.
DMA thc hin theo 2 chng trnh c nh hay
theo 1 chng trnh m HH np vo b nh
trong.
My tnh c BXL vo/ra (DMA) c xem nh 1
my tnh a x l.
208
T chc vo ra
Cu trc ca cc h thng vo/ra trn PC:
Song song (Parallel)
Ghp ni song song thng ch phc v cho my in.
C 3 thanh ghi c th truyn s liu v iu khin my in
v khi ghp ni: thanh ghi d liu, thanh ghi trng thi
my in, thanh ghi iu khin my in.
a ch c s ca cc thanh ghi cho tt c cc cng LPT
c lu tr trong vng s liu BIOS.
C th trao i d liu trc tip gia 2 PC qua cng song
song.
My in c th c truy xut bng chng trnh qua
DOS, BIOS hay trc tip qua cc cng.
209
T chc vo ra
Cu trc ca cc h thng vo/ra trn PC:
Cng ni tip COM (Serial port)
Truyn ni tip ng b v bt ng b:
Ghp ni tip cho php trao i gia cc thit b tng bit
mt.
Cc thit b ni qua cng COM: my v, modem, chut.
Truyn ng b: Ngoi ng dy d liu phi a thm
vo 1 hoc vi ng tn hiu ng b.
Truyn bt ng b: Cc bit d liu t n cha cc thng
tin ng b, pht v thu hot ng cng 1 tn s.
Kim tra chn l v tc truyn:
Bit chn l c dng pht hin li trn ng truyn.
Tc truyn d liu: s bit c truyn trong 1 giy (bps)
210
T chc vo ra
Cu trc ca cc h thng vo/ra trn PC:
Chun ghp ni RS-232:
Quy nh ghp ni v c kh, in v logic gia 1 thit b
u cui s liu DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) v thit
b thng tin s liu DCE (Data Communication Equipment)
Vic truyn s liu l bt ng b.
Cho php truyn tn hiu vi tc n 20.000 bps.
Cc phng thc ni gia DTE v DCE:
n cng
Bn song cng
Song cng
211
Cc phng php iu khin vo ra
Phn loi:
Vo ra bng chng trnh.
Vo ra bng ngt.
Truy cp b nh trc tip DMA.
Vo ra bng chng trnh:
Nguyn tc chung:
S dng lnh vo ra trong chng trnh trao i d
liu vi cng vo ra.
Khi CPU thc hin chng trnh gp lnh vo/ra th CPU
iu khin trao i d liu vi cng vo/ra.
Lnh I/O:
Vi khng gian a ch vo ra ring bit: s dng cc lnh
vo ra chuyn dng.
Vi khng gian vo ra dng chung b nh: cc lnh trao
i d liu s dng nh ngn nh.
212
Cc phng php iu khin vo ra
Vo ra bng chng trnh:
Hot ng:
CPU gp lnh trao i vo ra, yu cu thao tc vo ra
Module vo ra thao tc vo ra
Module vo ra thit lp cc bit trng thi(State)
CPU kim tra cc bit trng thi:
Nu cha sn sng th quay li kim tra li
Nu sn sng th chuyn sang trao i d liu vi Module
vo ra.
Nhn xt:
CPU trc tip iu khin vo ra: c trng thi, kim tra
trng thi, thc hin trao i.
Trong trng hp nhiu thit b cng cn trao i d liu
v thit b cha sn sng tn rt nhiu thi gian CPU
Vic thc hin trao i n gin
213
Cc phng php iu khin vo ra
Vo ra bng chng trnh:
Lu thc hin chng trnh
214
Cc phng php iu khin vo ra
Vo ra bng ngt:
Nguyn tc chung:
CPU khng phi i trng thi sn sng ca module
vo/ra.
Module vo/ra khi n sn sng pht ra tn hiu yu cu
ngt CPU.
CPU thc thin chng trnh vo ra tng ng trao
i d liu.
CPU tr li chng trnh ang b ngt.
215
Cc phng php iu khin vo ra
Vo ra bng ngt:
Cc phng php ni ghp:
S dng nhiu ng yu cu ngt.
Kim tra vng bng phn mm (Polling)
Kim tra vng bng phn cng
S dng b iu khin ngt.
Nhiu yu cu ngt ng thi
CPU s dng nhiu ng yu cu ngt. Np vo thanh
ghi yu cu ngt.
Hn ch s lng Module vo ra
Cc ng ngt c qui nh mc u tin.
216
Cc phng php iu khin vo ra
Vo ra bng ngt:
Cc phng php ni ghp:
CPU pht ra tn hiu chp nhn ngt n Module u tin.
Nu Module khng gy ra ngt thi n gi tn hiu
ti cc Module k tip
Module I/O gy ngt s t vector ln bus d liu
CPU s dng ngt xc nh chng trnh con iu
khin ngt
Th t vo ra cc Module trong chui xc nh th t u
tin.
217
Cc phng php iu khin vo ra
Truy nhp b nh trc tip DMA:
Nhc im chnh ca 2 phng php trn:
CPU tham gia trc tip vo trao i d liu.
Trao i lng d liu nh.
DMA khc phc
nhc im, s
dng module phn
cng DMAC
(DMA Controller)
Khi trao i d
liu khng cn CPU.
218
Cc phng php iu khin vo ra
Truy nhp b nh trc tip DMA:
Thnh phn ca DMAC:
Thanh ghi d liu: cha d liu trao i.
Thanh ghi a ch: cha a ch ca ngn nh d liu.
B m d liu: cha s t d liu cn trao i.
Khi logic iu khin: iu khin hot ng ca DMAC.
Hot ng ca DMA:
Khi cn vo/ra d liu th CPU nh DMAC tin hnh vo
ra d liu vi thng tin:
a ch thit b vo ra
a ch u ca mng nh cha d liu v DMAC np
thanh ghi a ch
S t d liu cn truyn v DMAC np vo b m d liu
CPU s i thc hin vic khc.
DMAC iu khin vic trao i d liu sau khi truyn mt
t d liu th ni dung thanh ghi a ch tng ln v ni
dung b m d liu gim xung mt n v.
219
Cc phng php iu khin vo ra
Truy nhp b nh trc tip DMA:
Hot ng ca DMA:
Khi b m d liu = 0, DMAC gi tn hiu ngt ti CPU
bo kt thc DMA.
220
Cc phng php iu khin vo ra
Truy nhp b nh trc tip DMA:
Cc kiu thc hin DMA:
DMA truyn theo khi: DMAC s dng BUS truyn c
khi d liu (CPU chuyn nhng BUS cho DMAC).
DMA ly chu k: DMAC cng bc CPU treo tm thi
tng chu k BUS thc hin truyn mt t d liu.
DMA trong sut: DMAC nhn bit nhng chu k no CPU
khng s dng BUS th chim BUS trao i d liu.
c im DMA:
CPU khng tham gia trong qu trnh trao i d liu.
DMAC iu khin trao i d liu gia b nh chnh v
Module vo ra vi tc nhanh.
Ph hp vi yu cu trao i mng d liu c kch thc
ln.
221
Cc phng php iu khin vo ra
B x l vo ra:
Vic iu khin vo ra c s dng bi mt b
iu khin vo ra chuyn dng.
B x l vo ra hot ng theo chng trnh ring
ca n.
Chng trnh ca b x l vo ra c th nm trong
b nh chnh hoc b nh ring.
Hot ng theo kin trc a x l
222
Chng 3
223
Khi qut
Thit b ngoi vi:
Tn chung ni n 1 s loi thit b bn ngoi thng
my c gn kt vi my tnh vi tnh nng
xut/nhp hoc m rng kh nng lu tr.
Cc thit b ngoi vi ca my tnh:
Thit b cu thnh ln my tnh v khng th thiu c:
mn hnh, bn phm, chut,...
Thit b c mc ch m rng tnh nng hoc kh nng
ca my tnh: USB, th nh, a lu tr,...
224
Khi qut
Yu cu:
Chc nng: m nhim vic truyn thng tin qua
li gia cc b phn ca h thng.
Yu cu h iu hnh tm cch qun l, iu khin
v khai thc cc thit b 1 cch c hiu qu.
Nguyn tc t chc v qun l thit b:
CPU ch iu khin cc thao tc vo/ra.
Cc thit b gn vi cc thit b c bit: thit b
qun l.
Thit b qun l: ng vai tr 1 my tnh chuyn
dng, iu khin cc bit b kt ni, hot ng c
lp vi nhau, c lp vi CPU v cc thnh phn
khc trong h thng.
225
Khi qut
Nguyn tc t chc v qun l thit b:
1 h thng my tnh c th c nhiu knh vo/ra.
CPU phi hiu c ngn ng knh. Ngn ng
knh c np vo h thng khi np HH hoc khi
HH ang hot ng.
CPU iu khin vo/ra thng qua chng trnh iu
khin knh tng ng.
226
Khi qut
Nhn xt:
Nguyn l iu khin trn cho php trong lc cc
thao tc vo/ra c thc hin thit b ngoi vi th
CPU vn hot ng song song.
Cho php gn thm thit b, m bo h thng
khng ph thuc cu hnh ca thit b c th, c
tnh lu ng cao.
227
Khi qut
Cu trc tng qut:
B chuyn i tn hiu: chuyn i d liu gia bn
trong v bn ngoi My tnh.
B m d liu: ni lu tr d liu trung gian gia
my tnh v thit b ngoi vi, c t bn trong
thit b ngoi vi.
Khi logic iu khin: iu khin hot ng ca
thit b ngoi vi theo tn hiu t module I/O gi ti
thit b.
228
Khi qut
Cu trc tng qut:
229
Khi qut
Module I/O:
Chc nng: Ni ghp thit b ngoi vi vi bus ca
my tnh.
iu khin v nh thi.
Trao i thng tin vi CPU.
Trao i thng tin vi thit b ngoi vi.
m gia my tnh vi thit b ngoi vi.
Pht hin li ca cc thit b ngoi vi.
Cu trc chung:
Thanh ghi m d liu: m d liu trong qu trnh trao
i.
Cng ni ghp vo ra: kt ni thit b ngoi vi, mi cng
c a ch xc nh v chun kt ni ring.
Thanh ghi trng thi/iu khin: Lu tr thng tin trng
thi cho cc cng vo ra.
Khi logic iu khin: iu khin Module vo ra.
230
Khi qut
Module I/O:
231
Bn phm
Gii thiu:
Thit b nhp d liu v cu lnh.
Bn phm c bn gm 104 phm. Mi phm c cc
k t c khc hoc in trn phm.
Mi ln nhn 1 phm tng ng vi 1 k hiu c
to ra
Cng giao tip: PS/2, USB hoc kt ni khng dy
232
Bn phm
Gii thiu:
Cc nhm phm:
Nhm phm nh my: cc phm ch, phm s v phm
cc k t c bit.
Nhm phm chc nng: F1F12, phm di chuyn, xa,
chn,...
Cc phm m s: Num Lock, Caps Lock, Scroll Lock
Cc phm iu khin: Ctrl, Shift, Alt,...
233
Bn phm
Cc loi bn phm:
Chuyn mch bng c kh:
n gin: Chuyn mch (Switch) to 1 tip xc v in
khi n phm.
Phc tp: 1 nam chm di mi phm i qua 1 cun dy
khi g phm dng in cm ng.
Chuyn mch bng t in:
C 2 bn nha ni thnh ma trn chuyn mch c thit
k pht hin nhng thay i v in dung ca mch.
Khi nhn phm: bn trn di chuyn so vi bn di c
nh thay i in dung.
Bn phm cm bin in t: Thay i dng in
theo hiu ng Hall.
234
Bn phm
Cu to:
235
Bn phm
Cu to:
u ni bn phm:
236
Bn phm
To m bn phm:
Chp x l bn phm lin tc kim tra trng thi ca
ma trn qut xc nh cng tc ti cc ta
(X,Y) c ng hay m
Nu ng ghi m SDU tng ng vo b m
truyn ni tip m ny n mch ghp ni bn
phm trong PC.
Cu trc SDU:
STRT: bit start (lun bng 0).
DB0 - DB7: bit s liu t 0 n 7.
PAR: bit parity (lun l)
STOP: bit stop (lun bng 1).
237
Bn phm
M qut bn phm:
Mi phm nhn c gn cho 1 m qut gm 1
byte. Nu 1 phm c nhn 1 m make code
tng ng vi m qut c truyn ti mch ghp
ni bn phm ca PC.
Chng trnh x l ngt: x l m ty theo phm
SHIFT c c nhn hay khng.
Phn cng v phn mm x l bn phm gii quyt
cc vn sau:
Nhn v nh phm nhng khng c pht hin.
Kh nhiu rung c kh.
Phn bit 1 phm nhn nhiu ln hay nhn 1 ln nhng
c gi trong 1 khong thi gian di.
238
Bn phm
Truy xut bn phm qua BIOS:
BIOS ghi cc k t do vic nhn cc phm vo b
m.
Mi k t c lu tr bng 2 byte: byte thp l m
ASCII, byte cao l m qut.
Chng trnh x l ngt xc nh m ASCII t m
qut bng bng bin i v ghi c 2 m vo b
m bn phm.
Cc hm BIOS tr v gi tr 0 ca m ASCII nu
phm iu khin hoc chc nng c nhn.
239
Chut
Chc nng:
Thit b tr trn mn hnh.
Cc trnh iu khin chut c tch hp trong cc
h iu hnh.
Cc loi chut:
Chut bi
Chut quang
240
Chut
Chut bi:
Bn trong c 1 vin bi cao su t vo trc c chiu
vung gc vi nhau.
241
Chut
Chut bi:
B cm bin chuyn i ng c hc ca bi thnh
tn hin in.
242
Chut
Chut bi:
Diod pht quan pht nh sng hng ngoi chiu
qua 1 bnh rng c l vo n thu quang.
Bnh rang xoay nh sng b ngt qung n
thu quan i nh sng thnh tn hin in IC gii
m tn hiu iu khin.
243
Chut
Chut bi:
Cc cng tc nhn phm:
Chut tri
Chut phi
Con ln
244
Chut
Chut quang:
Hot ng theo nguyn tc quang hc.
H thng pht quang v cm quang.
Bi xoay v cc cng tc.
245
Chut
Chut quang:
Diod pht ra nh sng chiu ln b mt ca
mouse-pad.
nh ca mouse-pad c thu knh hi t ln b
mt ca b cm quang.
B cm quang phn tch s di chuyn tn hiu
in.
Diod pht quang c 2 ch sng
Ch yu: 0.3V
Ch mnh: 2.2V
246
Mn hnh
Gii thiu:
Thit b in t c chc nng hin th v giao tip
gia ngi s dng vi my tnh.
B phn khng th tch ri.
Server: c th dng chung hoc khng s dng.
247
Mn hnh
Nguyn l hin th:
Hnh nh: c to bi nhiu im nh (pixel).
Mn hnh thng hin th khong hn 1 triu im
nh.
My tnh quyt nh hin th th t cc im nh
to ra hnh nh.
S dng b chuyn i: ly d liu nh phn t
CPU, chuyn thnh hnh nh hin th trn mn
hnh.
Khi CPU nhn c yu cu xem hnh nh
chuyn yu cu ti card ha quyt nh dng
cc pixel hin th hnh nh gi thng tin mn
hnh hin th qua dy cp.
248
Mn hnh
Card mn hnh:
Nhim v:
Chuyn i d liu s ca my tnh thnh tn hiu tng
t cung cp cho mn hnh.
M 1 chng trnh, d liu c np vo RAM ng thi
ni dung cng c sao chp sang b nh trn card mn
hnh hin th.
IC x l d liu trn card mn hnh i cc bit nh phn
thnh tin hiu v cng sng ca cc im nh trn
mn hnh.
B nh trn card mn hnh:
Tn hiu a ra mn hnh phi lin tc nn khng th ly
d liu trc tip t RAM m phi ly t b nh trn card
mn hnh.
Mi im nh cn c 1 v tr nh trn b nh ca card
mn hnh tng ng lu thng tin v mu sc.
249
Mn hnh
Card mn hnh:
Card mn hnh c u tin kt ni vi CPU qua
bus AGP.
AGP:
Bus 32 bit, xung nhp 1X = 66MHz.
Hot ng vi kh nng kt ni ti a.
S dng Pipeline tng tc.
250
1x 66 MHz 266 MBps
2x 133 MHz 533 MBps
4x 266 MHz 1,066 MBps
Mn hnh
Card mn hnh:
PCI Express
Giao din bus h thng m
rng.
Giao din nhanh c thit
k thay th PCI, PCI-X
v AGP.
Kt ni ni tip, hot ng
nh l mng, iu khin
d liu t nhiu ngun.
C Switch iu khin vi
lung kt ni Point to
Point hng d liu trc
tip ti thit b cn.
251
Mn hnh
Cc thng s c bn ca mn hnh:
phn gii:
Mn hnh hin th nh theo tng im ri rc rt nh gi l
im nh.
phn gii biu th s im nh hng ngang x s im
nh hng dc. V d: 1024x768
Mi mn hnh c 1 phn gii ti a xc nh.
Tc refresh:
Tc Refresh th hin s khung hnh t c trong 1s.
Mn hnh CRT c tc Refresh t 60 85 Hz.
Mn hnh LCD: c tc Refresh 60Hz.
252
Mn hnh
Cc thng s c bn ca mn hnh:
Thi gian p ng (i vi mn hnh LCD):
L khong thi gian bin i hon ton mu sc ca 1
im nh, tnh bng ms.
Kch thc im nh:
Kch thc im nh l 1 thng s c nh, l kch thc
im nh nh nht.
Kch thc im nh ca mi hng, mi model c th
khc nhau.
Kch thc im nh cng nh, hnh nh hin th cng
nt.
253
Cu hi n tp
Chng 1:
Phn loi my tnh.
c im ca cc th h my tnh.
Cch biu din s khng du, s c du.
254
Cu hi n tp
Chng 2:
Cu trc ca my tnh.
Cu to ca CPU.
Cc bc x l lnh ca CPU, s qu trnh x
l ca CPU.
Chu k thc hin lnh ca CPU.
Ngt, qu trnh phc v ngt.
Phn cp b nh: s phn cp, mc tiu phn
cp.
T chc a ch b nh.
a cng:
T chc a cng.
Nguyn tc lu tr thng tin.
Cc k thut RAID.
255
Cu hi n tp
Chng 2:
a quang:
Cc loi a quang.
Nguyn tc vn hnh.
256
Cu hi n tp
Chng 3:
Khi nim, nhim v ca thit b ngoi vi.
Cc cng vo ra c bn ca my tnh.
Nguyn tc hot ng ca bn phm.
Cc thng s c bn ca mn hnh.
Nhim v ca card mn hnh.
B nh card mn hnh.
257