Math 1300 Printable Textbook

MATH 1300
Fundamentals of
Mathematics

University of Houston Department of Mathematics

MATH 1300, Fundamentals of Mathematics
2011 University of Houston Department of Mathematics
MATH 1300 Fundamentals of Mathematics i

MATH 1300 Fundamentals of Mathematics
Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTORY INFORMATION AND REVIEW................................... 1
Section 1.1: Numbers ................................................................................................................ 1
Types of Numbers................................................................................................................... 1
Order on a Number Line....................................................................................................... 16
Exercise Set 1.1..................................................................................................................... 23

Section 1.2: Integers ................................................................................................................ 26
Operations with Integers ....................................................................................................... 26
Exercise Set 1.2..................................................................................................................... 35

Section 1.3: Fractions .............................................................................................................. 36
Greatest Common Divisor and Least Common Multiple ..................................................... 36
Addition and Subtraction of Fractions.................................................................................. 43
Multiplication and Division of Fractions.............................................................................. 50
Exercise Set 1.3..................................................................................................................... 56

Section 1.4: Exponents and Radicals ...................................................................................... 58
Evaluating Exponential Expressions..................................................................................... 58
Square Roots ......................................................................................................................... 66
Exercise Set 1.4..................................................................................................................... 72

Section 1.5: Order of Operations............................................................................................. 75
Evaluating Expressions Using the Order of Operations ....................................................... 75
Exercise Set 1.5..................................................................................................................... 79

Section 1.6: Solving Linear Equations .................................................................................... 82
Linear Equations ................................................................................................................... 82
Exercise Set 1.6..................................................................................................................... 85

Section 1.7: Interval Notation and Linear Inequalities............................................................ 86
Linear Inequalities ................................................................................................................ 86
Exercise Set 1.7..................................................................................................................... 94

University of Houston Department of Mathematics ii
Section 1.8: Absolute Value and Equations ............................................................................ 96
Absolute Value...................................................................................................................... 96
Exercise Set 1.8................................................................................................................... 103

CHAPTER 2: POINTS, LINES, AND FUNCTIONS .......................................................... 104
Section 2.1: An Introduction to the Coordinate Plane........................................................... 104
Points in the Coordinate Plane............................................................................................ 104
Exercise Set 2.1................................................................................................................... 117

Section 2.2: The Distance and Midpoint Formulas............................................................... 120
The Distance Formula......................................................................................................... 120
The Midpoint Formula........................................................................................................ 129
Exercise Set 2.2................................................................................................................... 134

Section 2.3: Slope and Intercepts of Lines ............................................................................ 136
The Slope of a Line............................................................................................................. 136
Intercepts of Lines............................................................................................................... 142
Exercise Set 2.3................................................................................................................... 149

Section 2.4: Equations of Lines............................................................................................. 152
Writing Equations of Lines................................................................................................. 152
Exercise Set 2.4................................................................................................................... 160

Section 2.5: Parallel and Perpendicular Lines....................................................................... 162
Pairs of Lines - Parallel and Perpendicular Lines............................................................... 162
Exercise Set 2.5................................................................................................................... 168

Section 2.6: An Introduction to Functions ............................................................................ 170
Definition of a Function...................................................................................................... 170
Domain of a Function ......................................................................................................... 177
Exercise Set 2.6................................................................................................................... 181

Section 2.7: Functions and Graphs........................................................................................ 185
Graphing a Function ........................................................................................................... 185
Exercise Set 2.7................................................................................................................... 200

CHAPTER 3: POLYNOMIALS ............................................................................................ 203
Section 3.1: An Introduction to Polynomial Functions......................................................... 203
Polynomials and Polynomial Functions.............................................................................. 203
Exercise Set 3.1................................................................................................................... 213

MATH 1300 Fundamentals of Mathematics iii
Section 3.2: Adding, Subtracting, and Multiplying Polynomials.......................................... 216
Operations with Polynomials.............................................................................................. 216
Exercise Set 3.2................................................................................................................... 223

Section 3.3: Dividing Polynomials........................................................................................ 225
Polynomial Long Division and Synthetic Division ............................................................ 225
Exercise Set 3.3................................................................................................................... 238

Section 3.4: Quadratic Functions .......................................................................................... 240
The Definition and Graph of a Quadratic Function............................................................ 240
Exercise Set 3.4................................................................................................................... 249

CHAPTER 4: FACTORING.................................................................................................. 250
Section 4.1: Greatest Common Factor and Factoring by Grouping.................................... 250
GCF and Grouping.............................................................................................................. 250
Exercise Set 4.1................................................................................................................... 258

Section 4.2: Factoring Special Binomials and Trinomials .................................................... 260
Special Factor Patterns........................................................................................................ 260
Exercise Set 4.2................................................................................................................... 268

Section 4.3: Factoring Polynomials....................................................................................... 270
Techniques for Factoring Trinomials.................................................................................. 270
Exercise Set 4.3................................................................................................................... 281

Section 4.4: Using Factoring to Solve Equations.................................................................. 283
Solving Quadratic Equations by Factoring......................................................................... 283
Solving Other Polynomial Equations by Factoring ............................................................ 290
Exercise Set 4.4................................................................................................................... 295

CHAPTER 5: RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS, EQUATIONS, AND FUNCTIONS........... 297
Section 5.1: Simplifying Rational Expressions..................................................................... 297
Rational Expressions........................................................................................................... 297
Exercise Set 5.1................................................................................................................... 302

Section 5.2: Multiplying and Dividing Rational Expressions................................................ 304
Multiplication and Division................................................................................................ 304
Exercise Set 5.2................................................................................................................... 309

University of Houston Department of Mathematics iv
Section 5.3: Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions.................................................. 311
Addition and Subtraction.................................................................................................... 311
Exercise Set 5.3................................................................................................................... 319

Section 5.4: Complex Fractions ............................................................................................ 321
Simplifying Complex Fractions.......................................................................................... 321
Exercise Set 5.4................................................................................................................... 328

Section 5.5: Solving Rational Equations............................................................................... 331
Rational Equations.............................................................................................................. 331
Exercise Set 5.5................................................................................................................... 340

Section 5.6: Rational Functions............................................................................................. 342
Working with Rational Functions....................................................................................... 342
Exercise Set 5.6................................................................................................................... 354

ODD-NUMBERED ANSWERS TO EXERCISE SETS....................................................... 357

MATH 1300 Fundamentals of Mathematics v

MATH 1300 Fundamentals of Mathematics
Online Resources

Math 1300 Online:
All materials found in this textbook can also be found online at:
http://online.math.uh.edu/Math1300/

The Math 1300 online site also contains flash lectures which match each additional example in
the text.

Additional Resources:
Math 1300 is designed to prepare students for Math 1310 (College Algebra). There is some
overlap in course material between these two courses, and the online resources for Math 1310
may prove to be helpful.

The Math 1310 materials can be found online at:
http://online.math.uh.edu/Math1310/

In addition to the textbook material, the online site for Math 1310 contains flash lectures
pertaining to most of the topics in the College Algebra course. These lectures simulate the
classroom experience, with audio of course instructors as they present the material on prepared
lesson notes. The lectures are useful in furthering understanding of the course material and can
only be viewed online.

The next page contains a list of some of the overlapping topics between the courses. This should
help students to locate the flash lectures and other textbook materials in Math 1310 that may be
useful for Math 1300. (Keep in mind that Math 1300 and Math 1310 do not cover identical
topics. It may be necessary to search through the Math 1310 sections to find specific types of
examples covered in Math 1300, and some topics in one course may not be covered at all in the
other.)

University of Houston Department of Mathematics vi
Overlapping Topics between Math 1300 and Math 1310
(to use Math 1310 online resources as a reference for Math 1300)

Math 1300 Math 1310
Section 1.6: Linear Equations Section 2.1: Linear Equations
Section 1.7: Interval Notation and Linear
Inequalities
Section 2.6: Linear Inequalities
Section 1.8: Absolute Value and Equations Section 2.8: Absolute Value
Section 2.1: An Introduction to the Coordinate
Plane
Section 1.1: Points, Regions, Distance
and Midpoints
Section 2.2: The Distance and Midpoint Formulas Section 1.1: Points, Regions, Distance
and Midpoints
Section 2.3: Slope and Intercepts of Lines Section 1.2: Lines
Section 2.4: Equations of Lines Section 1.2: Lines
Section 2.5: Parallel and Perpendicular Lines Section 1.2: Lines
Section 2.6: An Introduction to Functions Section 3.1: Basic Ideas
Section 2.7: Functions and Graphs Section 3.2: Functions and Graphs
Section 3.1: An Introduction to Polynomial
Functions
Section 4.1: Polynomial Functions
Section 3.3: Dividing Polynomials Section 4.2: Dividing Polynomials
Section 3.4: Quadratic Functions Section 3.5: Maximum and Minimum
Values
Section 4.1: Greatest Common Factor and
Factoring by Grouping
Section 2.3: Quadratic Equations
Section 2.5: Other Equations
Section 4.2: Factoring Special Binomials and
Trinomials
Section 2.3: Quadratic Equations
Section 4.3: Factoring Polynomials Section 2.3: Quadratic Equations
Section 4.4: Using Factoring to Solve Equations Section 2.3: Quadratic Equations
Section 5.6: Rational Functions Section 4.4: Rational Functions

SECTION 1.1 Numbers
MATH 1300 Fundamentals of Mathematics 1

Chapter 1
Introductory Information and Review

Section 1.1: Numbers

Types of Numbers
Order on a Number Line

Types of Numbers

Natural Numbers:

CHAPTER 1 Introductory Information and Review
University of Houston Department of Mathematics 2

Example:

Solution:

Even/Odd Natural Numbers:

SECTION 1.1 Numbers
Whole Numbers:

Example:

Solution:

Integers:


Example:

Solution:

Even/Odd Integers:

Example:

Solution:

SECTION 1.1 Numbers
Rational Numbers:

Example:

Solution:


Irrational Numbers:

SECTION 1.1 Numbers
Real Numbers:

Example:

Solution:


Note About Division Involving Zero:

Additional Example 1:

Solution:

SECTION 1.1 Numbers

Solution:

Natural Numbers:

Whole Numbers:

Integers:

Prime/Composite Numbers:

Positive/Negative Numbers:

Even/Odd Numbers:

Rational Numbers:

SECTION 1.1 Numbers


Solution:

Natural Numbers:

Whole Numbers:

Integers:

Prime/Composite Numbers:

Positive/Negative Numbers:

Even/Odd Numbers:

Rational Numbers:

SECTION 1.1 Numbers


Solution:


SECTION 1.1 Numbers


Order on a Number Line

The Real Number Line:

Example:

Solution:

SECTION 1.1 Numbers
Inequality Symbols:

The following table describes additional inequality symbols.

Example:

Solution:


Example:

Solution:

Example:

Solution:


Solution:

SECTION 1.1 Numbers


Solution:



Solution:

SECTION 1.1 Numbers


Solution:


Exercise Set 1.1: Numbers

State whether each of the following numbers is prime,
composite, or neither. If composite, then list all the
factors of the number.

1. (a) 8 (b) 5 (c) 1
(d) 7 (e) 12

2. (a) 11 (b) 6 (c) 15
(d) 0 (e) 2

Answer the following.

3. In (a)-(e), use long division to change the
following fractions to decimals.
(a)
1
9
(b)
2
9
(c)
3
9

(d)
4
9
(e)
5
9
Note:
3 1
9 3
=
Notice the pattern above and use it as a
shortcut in (f)-(m) to write the following
fractions as decimals without performing
long division.
(f)
6
9
(g)
7
9
(h)
8
9

(i)
9
9
(j)
10
9
(k)
14
9

(l)
25
9
(m)
29
9
Note:
6 2
9 3
=

4. Use the patterns from the problem above to
change each of the following decimals to either a
proper fraction or a mixed number.

(a) 0. 4 (b) 0.7 (c) 2.3
(d) 1.2 (e) 4.5 (f) 7.6

State whether each of the following numbers is
rational or irrational. If rational, then write the
number as a ratio of two integers. (If the number is
already written as a ratio of two integers, simply
rewrite the number.)

5. (a) 0.7 (b) 5 (c)
3
7

(d) 5 (e) 16 (f) 0.3
(g) 12 (h)
2.3
3.5
(i) e
(j) 4 (k) 0.04004000400004...

6. (a) t (b) 0.6 (c) 8
(d)
1.3
4.7
(e)
4
5
(f) 9
(g) 3.1 (h) 10 (i) 0
(j)
7
9
(k) 0.03003000300003

Circle all of the words that can be used to describe
each of the numbers below.

7. 9
Even Odd Positive Negative
Prime Composite Natural Whole
Integer Rational Irrational Real
Undefined

8. 0.7
Undefined

9. 2
Undefined

10.
4
7

Undefined


11. Which elements of the set

{ }
15
4
8, 2.1, 0.4, 0, 7, , , 5, 12 t belong
to each category listed below?

(a) Even (b) Odd
(c) Positive (d) Negative
(e) Prime (f) Composite
(g) Natural (h) Whole
(i) Integer (j) Real
(k) Rational (l) Irrational
(m) Undefined

12. Which elements of the set
{ }
3 2
4 5
6.25, 4 , 3, 5, 1, , 1, 2, 10
belong to each category listed below?

(a) Even (b) Odd
(c) Positive (d) Negative
(e) Prime (f) Composite
(g) Natural (h) Whole
(i) Integer (j) Real
(k) Rational (l) Irrational
(m) Undefined

Fill in each of the following tables. Use Y for yes if
the row name applies to the number or N for no if it
does not.

13.

25
0

1
3
5
10
55 13.3
Undefined
Natural
Whole
Integer
Rational
Irrational
Prime
Composite
Real

14.
2.36
0
0
5
=
2
2

2
7

9 3 =
Undefined
Natural
Whole
Integer
Rational
Irrational
Prime
Composite
Real

Answer the following. If no such number exists, state
Does not exist.

15. Find a number that is both prime and even.

16. Find a rational number that is a composite
number.

17. Find a rational number that is not a whole
number.

18. Find a prime number that is negative.
19. Find a real number that is not a rational number.

20. Find a whole number that is not a natural
number.

21. Find a negative integer that is not a rational
number.

22. Find an integer that is not a whole number.

23. Find a prime number that is an irrational number.

24. Find a number that is both irrational and odd.

Answer True or False. If False, justify your answer.j

25. All natural numbers are integers.
26. No negative numbers are odd.
27. No irrational numbers are even.
28. Every even number is a composite number.
29. All whole numbers are natural numbers.
30. Zero is neither even nor odd.
31. All whole numbers are integers.
32. All integers are rational numbers.
33. All nonterminating decimals are irrational
numbers.

34. Every terminating decimal is a rational number.

35. List the prime numbers less than 10.
36. List the prime numbers between 20 and 30.
37. List the composite numbers between 7 and 19.
38. List the composite numbers between 31 and 41.
39. List the even numbers between 13 and 97 .
40. List the odd numbers between 29 and 123 .

Fill in the appropriate symbol from the set { } , , < > = .

41. 7 ______ 7
42. 3 ______ 3
43. 7 ______ 7
44. 3 ______ 3
45. 81 ______ 9
46. 5 ______ 25
47. 5.32 ______
53
10

48.
7
100
______ 0.07
49.
1
3
______
1
4

50.
1
6
______
1
5

51.
1
3
______
1
4

52.
1
6
______
1
5

53. 15 ______ 4
54. 7 ______ 49
55. 3 ______ 9
56. 29 ______ 5

57. Find the additive inverse of the following
numbers. If undefined, write undefined.
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 1
(d)
2
3
(e)
3
7
2

58. Find the multiplicative inverse of the following
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 1
(d)
2
3
(e)
3
7
2

59. Find the multiplicative inverse of the following
(a) 2 (b)
5
9
(c) 0
(d)
3
5
1 (e) 1
60. Find the additive inverse of the following
(a) 2 (b)
5
9
(c) 0
(d)
3
5
1 (e) 1

61. Place the correct number in each of the following
blanks:
(a) The sum of a number and its additive
inverse is _____. (Fill in the correct
number.)
(b) The product of a number and its
multiplicative inverse is _____. (Fill in the
correct number.)

62. Another name for the multiplicative inverse is
the ____________________.

Order the numbers in each set from least to greatest
and plot them on a number line.
(Hint: Use the approximations 2 1.41 ~ and
3 1.73 ~ .)

63.
0 9
1, 2, 0.4, , , 0.49
5 4

`
)

64.
2
3 , 1, 0.65 , , 1.5 , 0.64
3

`
)


Section 1.2: Integers

Operations with Integers

Operations with Integers

Absolute Value:

SECTION 1.2 Integers
Addition of Integers:

Example:

Solution:

Subtraction of Integers:

Example:

Solution:

Multiplication of Integers:

Example:

Solution:


Division of Integers:

Example:

Solution:



Solution:



Solution:



Solution:


Solution:

Exercise Set 1.2: Integers

Evaluate the following.

1. (a) 3 7 + (b) 3 ( 7) + (c) 3 7 +
(d) 3 ( 7) + (e) 3 0 +

2. (a) 8 5 + (b) 8 5 + (c) 8 ( 5) +
(d) 8 ( 5) + (e) 0 ( 5) +

3. (a) 0 4 (b) 4 0 (c) 0 ( 4)
(d) 4 0

4. (a) 6 0 (b) 0 ( 6) (c) 0 6
(d) 6 0

5. (a) 10 2 (b) 10 ( 2) (c) 10 2
(d) 2 ( 10) (e) 2 ( 10) (f) 2 10
(g) 2 10 (h) 10 ( 2)

6. (a) 7 ( 9) (b) 7 9 (c) 7 9
(d) 9 ( 7) (e) 9 ( 7) (f) 9 7
(g) 7 ( 9) (f) 9 7

7. (a) 1(4) ____ 0 (b) 7( 2) ____ 0
(c) 5( 1)( 2) ____ 0 (d) 3( 1)(0) ____ 0
8. (a) 3( 2) ____ 0 (b) 7( 1) ____ 0
(c) 5(0)( 2) ____ 0 (d) 2( 2)( 2) ___ 0

Evaluate the following. If undefined, write
Undefined.

9. (a) 6(0) (b)
6
0
(c)
0
6

(d) 6( 1) (e) 6(1) (f) 6( 1)
(g) 6( 1) (h)
6
1
(i)
6
1

(j)
6
0
(k) 6( 1)( 1) (l)

0
6

10. (a) 1(7) (b)
7
1
(c) 7( 1)
(d) 0( 7) (e) 1( 7) (f)
0
7

(g)
7
1
(h)
0
7
(i)
7
0

(j) 7( 1)( 1) (k) 7(0)( 1) (l)
7
0

11. (a) 10( 2) (b)
10
2
(c) 10(2)
(d)
10
2
(e)
10
2
(f)
10
2

12. (a)
6
3
(b) 6( 3) (c)
6
3

(d) 6(3) (e) 6( 3) (f)
6
3

13. (a) 2( 3)( 4) (b) ( 2)( 3)( 4)
(c) 1( 2)( 3)( 4)
(d) 1(2)( 3)( 4)

14. (a) 3( 2)(5) (b) 3( 2)(5)
(c) 3( 2)( 1)(5)
(d) 3( 2)( 2)( 5)

15. (a) 8 2 (b) 8 ( 2) + (c) 8( 2)
(d)
8
2
(e) 8 ( 2) (f) ( 8)(0)

(g) 8( 1) (h) 8 1 (i)
8
1

(j) 0 8 (k) 2 ( 8) (l)
0
8

(m)
2
8
(n)
2
0
(o) 2 8 +

16. (a)
12
3
(b) 12( 3) (c) 12 3
(d) 3 12 + (e) 0( 3) (f) 0 ( 3)
(g) ( 3)(12) (h)
12
1
(i)
3
0

(j)
3
12
(k) 1 ( 3) + (l) 1(12)

(m)
0
3
(n) 3 ( 1) (o) 3(1)

Section 1.3: Fractions

Greatest Common Divisor and Least Common Multiple
Addition and Subtraction of Fractions
Multiplication and Division of Fractions

Greatest Common Divisor and Least Common Multiple

Greatest Common Divisor:

SECTION 1.3 Fractions
A Method for Finding the GCD:

Least Common Multiple:


A Method for Finding the LCM:

Example:

Solution:


The LCM is


Solution:


The LCM is 2 2 2 3 5 120 = .


Solution:

The LCM is 2 3 3 5 7 630 = .

Solution:

The LCM is 2 2 3 3 2 72 = .

Solution:

The LCM is 2 3 3 2 5 180 = .

Addition and Subtraction of Fractions

Addition and Subtraction of Fractions with Like Denominators:

a b a b
c c c
+
+ = and
a b a b
c c c
=

Example:

Solution:


Addition and Subtraction of Fractions with Unlike
Denominators:

Example:

Solution:


Solution:


Solution:


Solution:

(b) We must rewrite the given fractions so that they have a common denominator.
Find the LCM of the denominators 14 and 21 to find the least common denominator.



Solution:


Multiplication and Division of Fractions

Multiplication of Fractions:

Example:

Solution:

Division of Fractions:

Example:

Solution:



Solution:



Solution:



Solution:



Solution:

Exercise Set 1.3: Fractions

For each of the following groups of numbers,
(a) Find their GCD (greatest common divisor).
(b) Find their LCM (least common multiple).

1. 6 and 8
2. 4 and 5
3. 7 and 10
4. 12 and 15
5. 14 and 28
6. 6 and 22
7. 8 and 20
8. 9 and 18
9. 18 and 30
10. 60 and 210
11. 16, 20, and 24
12. 15, 21, and 27

Change each of the following improper fractions to a
mixed number.
13. (a)
9
7
(b)
23
5
(c)
19
3

14. (a)
10
3
(b)
17
6
(c)
49
9

15. (a)
27
4
(b)
32
11
(c)
73
10

16. (a)
15
13
(b)
43
8
(c)
57
7

Change each of the following mixed numbers to an
improper fraction.
17. (a)
1
6
5 (b)
4
9
7 (c)
2
3
8
18. (a)
1
2
3 (b)
7
8
10 (c)
3
5
6
19. (a)
5
7
2 (b)
2
3
5 (c)
1
4
12
20. (a)
1
9
4 (b)
4
5
11 (c)
3
7
9

Evaluate the following. Write all answers in simplest
form. (If the answer is a mixed number/improper
fraction, then write the answer as a mixed number.)
21. (a)
2 1
7 7
+ (b)
8 4 3
11 11 11
+
22. (a)
3 1
5 5
(b)
4 5 2
9 9 9
+
23. (a)
4 1
5 5
8 2 (b)
7 23
3 3

24. (a)
3 21
5 5
(b)
6 2
11 11
7 5 +
25. (a)
3 1
4 4
5 2 (b)
3 4
5 5
6 7 +
26. (a)
5 3
7 7
9 2 (b)
5
11
4
27. (a)
2
3
7 (b)
3 9
10 10
7 3
28. (a)
7 11
12 12
6 2 + (b)
5 1
6 6
8 2

29. (a)
1 1
4 2
+ (b)
1 1
3 7

30. (a)
1 1
8 10
(b)
1 1
6 5
+
31. (a)
1 1 1
4 5 6
+ (b)
2 3
7 5
+
32. (a)
1 1 1
2 7 5
+ (b)
4 3
11 7
+
33. (a)
1 1
35 10
(b)
3 5
4 6
+
Exercise Set 1.3: Fractions

34. (a)
1 1
6 24
(b)
8 7
15 12
+
35. (a)
3 1
7 6
4 5 + (b)
7 1
10 2
7 5
36. (a)
5 1
7 4
10 3 (b)
3 1
12 8
6 4 +
37. (a)
3 4
5 7
7 8 + (b)
4 2
9 3
5 1
38. (a)
5 1
4 6
7 3 (b)
7 13
8 24
2 9 +
39. (a)
7 2
15 12
5 2 (b)
7 5
16 6
9 2 +
40. (a)
9 5
10 8
7 6 + (b)
5 3
14 4
11

fraction, then write the answer as an improper
fraction.)

41. (a)
2 3
9 4
+ (b)
4 8
15 9

42. (a)
7 9
16 10
(b)
11 17
14 35
+
43. (a)
1
3
5+ (b)
2
3
7
44. (a)
2
5
9 (b)
2
7
6+

fraction, then write the answer as an improper
fraction.)
45. (a)
1
5
3
(b)
5
21
6
(c)
5
16
4

46. (a)
3
8
7
(b)
1
24
18
(c)
11
25
10

47. (a)
1 25
7 11
(b)
10 9
21 8
| |

|
\ .
(c)
3 16
20 15

48. (a)
36 1
25 8
| |

|
\ .
(b)
8 7
19 3
(c)
1 42
14 5

49. (a)
1
5
20
(b)
8
4
3
(c)
7
5
10

50. (a)
3
6
11
(b)
8
20
5
| |

|
\ .
(c)
4
22
9

51. (a)
12 18
35 7
(b)
3
5
5
9
(c)
15 5
16 24

52. (a)
1
4
5
16
(b)
36 9
5 50
(c)
49 35
24 32


53. (a) ( ) ( )
10 4
5 77
8 (b) ( ) ( )
7 9
8 10
1
54. (a) ( ) ( )
3 2
9 4
2 (b) ( ) ( )
7 4
16 5
3
55. (a)
( ) ( )
1 1
7 3
2 5 (b)
( ) ( )
3 3
5 11
6 2
56. (a) ( ) ( )
1 1
7 4
3 5 (b)
( ) ( )
3 11
5 12
2 5
57. (a) ( ) ( )
5 1
8 4
5 2 (b) ( ) ( )
17 1
9 18
11 1
58. (a) ( ) ( )
5 4
5 7
4 1 (b) ( ) ( )
5 1
11 22
2 2


Section 1.4: Exponents and Radicals

Evaluating Exponential Expressions
Square Roots

Evaluating Exponential Expressions

Two Rules for Exponential Expressions:

Example:

SECTION 1.4 Exponents and Radicals
Solution:

Example:

Solution:

Additional Properties for Exponential Expressions:

Two Definitions:

Quotient Rule for Exponential Expressions:

Exponential Expressions with Bases of Products:

Exponential Expressions with Bases of Fractions:

Example:
Evaluate each of the following:
(a)
3
2
(b)
9
6
5
5
(c)
3
2
5
| |
|
\ .

Solution:



Solution:



Solution:



Solution:


Square Roots

Definitions:

Two Rules for Square Roots:

Writing Radical Expressions in Simplest Radical Form:


Example:

Solution:

Example:

Solution:

Exponential Form:


Solution:



Solution:


Solution:


Exercise Set 1.4: Exponents and Radicals

Write each of the following products instead as a base
and exponent. (For example,
2
6 6 6 = )
1. (a) 7 7 7 (b) 10 10
(c) 8 8 8 8 8 8 (d) 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
2. (a) 9 9 9 (b) 4 4 4 4 4
(c) 5 5 5 5 (d) 17 17

3.
2
7 ______ 0
4. ( )
4
9 ______ 0
5. ( )
6
8 ______ 0
6.
6
8 ______ 0
7.
2
10 ______ ( )
2
10
8.
3
10 ______ ( )
3
10

9. (a)
1
3 (b)
2
3 (c)
3
3
(d)
1
3 (e)
2
3 (f)
3
3
(g) ( )
1
3 (h) ( )
2
3 (i) ( )
3
3
(j)
0
3 (k)
0
3 (l) ( )
0
3
(m)
4
3 (n)
4
3 (o) ( )
4
3

10. (a)
0
5 (b) ( )
0
5 (c)
0
5
(d)
1
5 (e) ( )
1
5 (f)
1
5
(g)
2
5 (h) ( )
2
5 (i)
2
5
(j)
3
5 (k) ( )
3
5 (l)
3
5
(m)
4
5 (n) ( )
4
5 (o)
4
5

11. (a) ( )
2
0.5 (b)
2
1
5
| |
|
\ .
(c)
2
1
9
| |
|
\ .

12. (a) ( )
2
0.03 (b)
4
1
3
| |
|
\ .
(c)
2
1
12
| |
|
\ .

Write each of the following products instead as a base
and exponent. (Do not evaluate; simply write the base
and exponent.) No answers should contain negative
exponents.
13. (a)
2 6
5 5 (b)
2 6
5 5

14. (a)
8 5
3 3 (b)
8 5
3 3

15. (a)
9
2
6
6
(b)
9
2
6
6

16. (a)
9
5
7
7
(b)
9
5
7
7

17. (a)
7 3
8
4 4
4
(b)
11 3
8 5
4 4
4 4

18. (a)
12
5 4
8
8 8
(b)
4 9
4 1
8 8
8 8

19. (a)
( )
6
3
7 (b)
( )
( )
3
4
2
5
20. (a)
( )
4
2
3 (b)
( )
( )
4
5
3
2

Rewrite each expression so that it contains positive
exponent(s) rather than negative exponent(s), and then
evaluate the expression.
21. (a)
1
5
(b)
2
5
(c)
3
5

22. (a)
1
3
(b)
2
3
(c)
3
3

23. (a)
3
2
(b)
5
2

24. (a)
2
7
(b)
4
10

25. (a)
1
1
5
| |
|
\ .
(b)
1
2
3
| |
|
\ .

26. (a)
1
1
7
| |
|
\ .
(b)
1
6
5
| |
|
\ .

27. (a)
2
5
(b) ( )
2
5

28. (a) ( )
2
8

(b)
2
8


29. (a)
3
8
2
2
(b)
2
6
2
2

30. (a)
1
2
5
5
(b)
1
3
5
5

31. (a)
( )
( )
2
0
3
2 (b)
( )
( )
2
1
3
2

32. (a)
( )
( )
2
2
1
3

(b)
( )
( )
0
1
2
3

Simplify the following. No answers should contain
negative exponents.
33. (a)
( )
3
3 4 2
3x y z
(b)
( )
3
3 4 2
3x y z

34. (a)
( )
2
5 3 4
6x y z
(b)
( )
2
5 3 4
6x y z

35.
( )
1
3 4 6
7
x x x
x

36.
( )
2 3 4
1
4 1
x x x
x x

37.
( )
3 2
3
1 2
k m
k m

38.
( )
4
4 3 7
3 5 9
a b c
a b c

39.
4 3
1 0 9
2
4
a b
a b

40.
7 0
1 2 4
5
3
d e
d e

41.
( )
0 0
0
a b
a b
+
+

42.
( )
0 0
0
c d
c d

43.
2
3 6
3 2
3
2
a b
a b
| |
|
\ .

44.
3
2 2
2
5
6
a b
a b
| |
|
\ .

Write each of the following expressions in simplest
radical form or as a rational number (if appropriate).
If it is already in simplest radical form, say so.
45. (a) ( )
1
2
36 (b) 7 (c) 18
46. (a) 20 (b) 49 (c) ( )
1
2
32
47. (a) ( )
1
2
50 (b) 14 (c)
81
16

48. (a) ( )
1
2
19 (b)
16
49
(c) 55
49. (a) 28 (b) 72 (c) ( )
1
2
27
50. (a) ( )
1
2
45 (b) 48 (c) 500
51. (a) 54 (b) ( )
1
2
80 (c) 60
52. (a) 120 (b) 180 (c) ( )
1
2
84
53. (a)
1
5
(b)
1
2
3
4
| |
|
\ .
(c)
2
7

54. (a)
1
3
(b)
5
9
(c)
1
2
2
5
| |
|
\ .

55. (a)
7
4
(b)
1
10
(c)
3
11

56. (a)
1
6
(b)
11
9
(c)
5
2


57. (a)
5
3 (b)
4 5 7
x y z
58. (a)
7
2 (b)
2 9 5
a b c

59. (a)
( )
2
5 (b)
( )
4
6 (c)
( )
6
2
60. (a)
( )
2
7 (b)
( )
4
3 (c)
( )
6
10

We can evaluate radicals other than square roots.
With square roots, we know, for example, that
49 7 = , since
2
7 49 = , and 49 is not a real
number. (There is no real number that when squared
gives a value of 49 , since
2
7 and ( )
2
7 give a value
of 49, not 49 . The answer is a complex number,
which will not be addressed in this course.) In a
similar fashion, we can compute the following:

Cube Roots
3
125 5 = , since
3
5 125 = .
3
125 5 = , since ( )
3
5 125 = .

Fourth Roots
4
10, 000 10 = , since
4
10 10, 000 = .
4
10, 000 is not a real number.

Fifth Roots
5
32 2 = , since
5
2 32 = .
5
32 2 = , since ( )
5
2 32 = .

Sixth Roots
1 1
6
64 2
= , since
( )
6
1
2
64 = .
1
6
64
is not a real number.

Evaluate the following. If the answer is not a real
number, state Not a real number.

61. (a) 64 (b) 64 (c) 64
62. (a) 25 (b) 25 (c) 25
63. (a)
3
8 (b)
3
8 (c)
3
8
64. (a)
4
81 (b)
4
81 (c)
4
81
65. (a)
6
1, 000, 000 (b)
6
1, 000, 000
(c)
6
1, 000, 000
66. (a)
5
32 (b)
5
32 (c)
5
32
67. (a)
1
4
16
(b)
1
4
16
(c)
1
4
16

68. (a)
1
3
27
(b)
1
3
27
(c)
1
3
27

69. (a)
1
5
100,000
(b)
1
5
100,000

(c)
1
5
100,000

70. (a)
6
1 (b)
6
1 (c)
6
1

SECTION 1.5 Order of Operations

Section 1.5: Order of Operations

Evaluating Expressions Using the Order of Operations

Evaluating Expressions Using the Order of Operations

Rules for the Order of Operations:
1) Operations that are within parentheses and other grouping symbols are performed
first. These operations are performed in the order established in the following steps.
If grouping symbols are nested, evaluate the expression within the innermost
grouping symbol first and work outward.

2) Exponential expressions and roots are evaluated first.

3) Multiplication and division are performed next, moving left to right and performing
these operations in the order that they occur.

4) Addition and subtraction are performed last, moving left to right and performing
these operations in the order that they occur.

Upon removing all of the grouping symbols, repeat the steps 2 through 4 until the
final result is obtained.


Example:

Solution:

Example:

Solution:


SECTION 1.5 Order of Operations
Solution:


Solution:


Solution:


Solution:


Solution:

Exercise Set 1.5: Order of Operations


1. In the abbreviation PEMDAS used for order of
operations,

(a) State what each letter stands for:
P: ____________________
E: ____________________
M: ____________________
D: ____________________
A: ____________________
S: ____________________

(b) If choosing between multiplication and
division, which operation should come first?
(Circle the correct answer.)
Multiplication
Division
Whichever appears first

(c) If choosing between addition and
subtraction, which operation should come
first? (Circle the correct answer.)
Addition
Subtraction
Whichever appears first

2. When performing order of operations, which of
the following are to be viewed as if they were
enclosed in parentheses? (Circle all that apply.)

Absolute value bars
Radical symbols
Fraction bars

3. (a) 3 4 5 + (b) (3 4) 5 +
(c) 3 4 5 (d) (3 4) 5
(e) 3 4 5 + (f) 3 (4 5) +

4. (a) 10 6 7 (b) (10 6) 7
(c) 10 6(7) + (d) 10(6 7) +
(e) 7 10 6 + (f) 7 (10 6) +

5. (a) 3 7 (b) 7 3 +
(c) 3 7 (d) 7 3 +

6. (a) 2 5 + (b) 2 5 +
(c) 2 5 (d) 2 5

7. (a) 2 7 5 + (b) 2 (7 5) +
(c) 2 ( 7) 5 + (d) 2 7( 5)
(e) 2(7 ( 5)) (f) 2(7) 5 7 +

8. (a) 6 2 ( 4) + (b) ( ) 6 2 ( 4) +
(c) 6 2( 4) (d) ( 6 2)( 4)
(e) 2 ( 6) 4 + (f) 2 4( 6 2) +

9. (a)
2 1 1
5 3 4
+ (b)
2 1 1
5 3 4
| |
+
|
\ .

(c)
2 1 1 1
5 3 4 4
| |

|
\ .
(d)
2 1 1
5 3 4
| |
+
|
\ .

10. (a)
3 5
1
2 6
| |
|
\ .
(b)
3 5
1
2 6
| |
|
\ .

(c)
3 5
1
2 6
| |

|
\ .
(d)
3 5
1
2 6
+

11. (a) ( )
2
5 4 7 (b) ( )
2
1 7
(c) ( ) 5 1 4 7 (d) ( )
2
7 4 1 5 +
(e)
2 2
5 1 (f) ( )
2
5 1

12. (a)
2
2 3 (b) ( )
2
3
2 3
(c) 2 3(1 4) + + (d) ( )
3
( 2 3) 1 4 + +
(e)
2 2
2 3 + (f) ( )
2
2 3 +

13. (a) 20 2(10) (b) ( ) 20 2 10
(c) 20 10 ( 2) 10 5

14. (a) 24 4( 2) (b) (24 4) 2
(c) 24( 2) 4 2( 2)

15. (a)
2
10 5 2 (b) ( )
2
10 5 2
(c) ( )
( )
2
2 10 2 5 5 +

16. (a) (3 9) 3 4 + (b) 3 (9 3) 4 +
(c) ( )
( )
3
3 9 3 4

17. (a)
( )
1
1
6
3

+ (b)
( )
1
1
6
3

(c)
( )
1
1
6
3

18. (a)
( )
1
2
3
5

+ (b)
( )
1
2
3
5

(c)
( )
1
2
3
5


19.
( )
1 1
7 4 5

+ +

20.
( )
1 1
8 3 7

21.
( )
2 4
7 5 2 3
+

22.
( )
3 2
3 2 3 4

+ +

23.
1 1 3
2 3 4
| |

|
\ .

24.
3 3 10
5 10 3

25.
25
5 3 3 +

26.
16
3 2 16

27.
( )
2 3 4 1 +

28. 2 3 4 1 +

29.
( )
2 3 4 1 +

30. ( )
( )
2 3 4 1 +

31.
( )
2
2 3 4 1 +

32.
( )
2
2 3 4 1 +

33.
( ) ( ) 3 7 7 3
12 2 3 3

34.
( ) ( )
3 5
2 4 1 1
5 12 6 3

+

35. ( ) ( )
2
81 2 4 3 2 +

36.
( ) ( )
2 3
64 5 4 2 +

37.
( )
2 2
4 121 5 4 3 +

38.
( )
2 2
144 5 2 6 12 3 +

39.
( )
2
49 3 2
3 49

40.
2
3 49 2
3 49

41.
( )
2
9 16 1
9 16
+
+

42.
( )
2
9 16 1
9 16
+
+

43.
( )
2
2
2 3 5
2 8 2 4

+

44.
( )
2
2 3 5
2 8 2 4

+

45.
( )
( )
2 2 3 2 4
2 2
5 3 3 7 2 4 1
4 2 2 1
81 2 3
+ +
+ +
+

46.
( )
2
3 2
2
5 2 25
2 2 2 3 3
81 16 2
1 3 1 1 4 2

+
+

+ + +


Evaluate the following expressions for the given values
of the variables.
47.
r
P
k
+ for 5, 1, and 7 P r k = = = .

48.
x y
y z
+ for 4, 3, and 8 x y z = = = .

49.
2
2
8 b b c
c
+
for 4 b = and 2 c = .

50.
2
4
2
b b ac
a
+
for 1, 3, and 18 a b c = = = .

Section 1.6: Solving Linear Equations

Linear Equations

Linear Equations

Rules for Solving Equations:

Linear Equations:

Example:

SECTION 1.6 Solving Linear Equations
Solution:

Example:

Solution:


Solution:


Solution:


Solution:

Exercise Set 1.6: Solving Linear Equations

Solve the following equations algebraically.
1. 5 12 x + =
2. 8 9 x =
3. 4 7 x =
4. 2 8 x + =
5. 6 30 x =
6. 4 28 x =
7. 6 10 x =
8. 8 26 x =
9. 13 7 3 = + x
10. 6 11 5 = x
11. 7 4 3 2 = + x x
12. 6 4 2 5 = + x x
13. 3 ) 8 ( 5 9 ) 2 ( 3 = + + x x
14. 3 ) 4 ( 2 5 ) 3 ( 4 + = + x x
15. ) 3 7 ( 4 ) 5 2 ( 3 = x x
16. ( ) ) 5 1 ( 6 4 8 3 2 7 x x + = +
17. 7
5
=
x

18. 10
3
=
x

19.
3
9
2
x =
20.
4
12
7
x =
21.
5
3
6
x =
22.
8
4
9
x =
23. 7 1
5
2
= x
24. 2 7
4
3
= x
25. 1 ) 7 (
5
2
3
5
+ = x x
26. 3 ) 12 ( 12
6
1
9
4
= x x
27. x
x x
3
7
5
3
2
2 =
+
+
28.
12
1
6
5
8
7
= +
+
+
x x
x

Section 1.7: Interval Notation and Linear Inequalities

Linear Inequalities

Linear Inequalities

Rules for Solving Inequalities:

SECTION 1.7 Interval Notation and Linear Inequalities
Interval Notation:

Example:

Solution:


Example:

Solution:

Example:

Solution:


Solution:



Solution:


Solution:


Solution:



Solution:


Solution:



Solution:

Exercise Set 1.7: Interval Notation and Linear Inequalities

2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
For each of the following inequalities:
(a) Write the inequality algebraically.
(b) Graph the inequality on the real number line.
(c) Write the inequality in interval notation.

1. x is greater than 5.
2. x is less than 4.
3. x is less than or equal to 3.
4. x is greater than or equal to 7.
5. x is not equal to 2.
6. x is not equal to 5 .
7. x is less than 1.
8. x is greater than 6 .
9. x is greater than or equal to 4 .
10. x is less than or equal to 2 .
11. x is not equal to 8 .
12. x is not equal to 3.
13. x is not equal to 2 and x is not equal to 7.
14. x is not equal to 4 and x is not equal to 0.

Write each of the following inequalities in interval
notation.

15. 3 > x
16. 5 > x
17. 2 s x
18. 7 < x
19. 5 3 s < x
20. 2 7 s s x
21. 7 x =
22. 9 x =
Write each of the following inequalities in interval
notation.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

Given the set { }
3
1
, 3 , 4 , 2 = S , use substitution to
determine which of the elements of S satisfy each of
the following inequalities.

29. 10 5 2 s + x
30. 14 2 4 > x
31. 7 1 2 > + x
32. 0 1 3 > + x
33. 10 1
2
< + x
34.
5
2 1
s
x

For each of the following inequalities:
(a) Solve the inequality.
(b) Graph the solution on the real number line.
(c) Write the solution in interval notation.

35. 10 2 < x
36. 24 3 > x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
Exercise Set 1.7: Interval Notation and Linear Inequalities

37. 30 5 > x
38. 40 4 < x
39. 11 5 2 > x
40. 17 4 3 s + x
41. 20 3 8 > x
42. 0 10 > x
43. 4 7 11 4 + < x x
44. 7 3 9 5 s x x
45. 6 2 7 10 + > x x
46. x x 5 6 4 8 <
47. 1 4 8 5 + > x x
48. 9 8 10 > + x x
49. ) 7 ( 2 ) 5 4 ( 3 x x < +
50. ) 20 ( ) 2 3 ( 4 + s x x
51. ) 5 (
2
1
3
1
6
5
+ s x x
52. ( ) ( ) x x > + 10
3
1
2
1
5
2

53. 8 2 3 10 < + s x
54. 13 3 2 9 < < x
55. 17 7 3 4 s s x
56. 3 4 5 19 s < x
57.
5
4
15
10 3
3
2
< <
x

58.
3
5
6
2 5
4
3
> >
x

Which of the following inequalities can never be true?

59. (a) 9 5 s s x
(b) 5 9 s s x
(c) 7 3 s < x
(d) 3 5 > > x

60. (a) 5 3 > > x
(b) 1 8 < s x
(c) 8 2 s < x
(d) 10 7 > > x


61. You go on a business trip and rent a car for $75
per week plus 23 cents per mile. Your employer
will pay a maximum of $100 per week for the
rental. (Assume that the car rental company
rounds to the nearest mile when computing the
mileage cost.)

(a) Write an inequality that models this
situation.
(b) What is the maximum number of miles
that you can drive and still be
reimbursed in full?

62. Joseph rents a catering hall to put on a dinner
theatre. He pays $225 to rent the space, and pays
an additional $7 per plate for each dinner served.
He then sells tickets for $15 each.

(a) Joseph wants to make a profit. Write an
inequality that models this situation.
(b) How many tickets must he sell to make
a profit?

63. A phone company has two long distance plans as
follows:

Plan 1: $4.95/month plus 5 cents/minute
Plan 2: $2.75/month plus 7 cents/minute

How many minutes would you need to talk each
month in order for Plan 1 to be more cost-
effective than Plan 2?

64. Craigs goal in math class is to obtain a B for
the semester. His semester average is based on
four equally weighted tests. So far, he has
obtained scores of 84, 89, and 90. What range of
scores could he receive on the fourth exam and
still obtain a B for the semester? (Note: The
minimum cutoff for a B is 80 percent, and an
average of 90 or above will be considered an
A.)

Section 1.8: Absolute Value and Equations

Absolute Value

Absolute Value

Equations of the Form |x| = C:

Special Cases for |x| = C:

Example:

SECTION 1.8 Absolute Value and Equations
Solution:

Example:

Solution:


Example:

Solution:

Example:

Solution:


Example:

Solution:



Solution:


Solution:



Solution:


Solution:


Solution:

Exercise Set 1.8: Absolute Value and Equations

Solve the following equations.

1. 7 = x
2. 5 = x
3. 9 = x
4. 10 = x
5. 12 2 = x
6. 30 3 = x
7. 5 4 = + x
8. 2 7 = x
9. 4 5 x + =
10. 7 2 x =
11. 8 4 3 = x
12. 3 4 5 = + x
13. 3 4 8 x =
14. 5 4 3 x + =
15. 1 7
3
2
= x
16.
3
1
6
5
2
1
= + x
17. 10 7 3 4 = + x
18. 2 8 2 5 = + x
19. 11 5 1 2 3 = + + x
20. 4 6 9 2 2 = + x
21. 11 3 1 4
2
1
= + + x
22. 8 7 5 = + x
23. 1 5 2 3 = + x x
24. 6 7 4 + = + x x

CHAPTER 2 Points, Lines, and Functions

Chapter 2
Points, Lines, and Functions

Section 2.1: An Introduction to the Coordinate Plane

Points in the Coordinate Plane

Points in the Coordinate Plane

The Rectangular Coordinate System:

SECTION 2.1 An Introduction to the Coordinate Plane
Plotting Points in the Coordinate Plane:

Example:

Solution:


Graphing Horizontal and Vertical Lines:

Example:

Solution:

Graphing Other Lines:

Example:

Solution:



Solution:



Solution:


Solution:


Solution:


(c) Draw a line through the points.


Solution:



Exercise Set 2.1: An Introduction to the Coordinate Plane

Plot the following points in a coordinate plane.

1. A(3, 4)
2. B(2, -5)
3. C(-3, -1)
4. D(-4, -6)
5. E(-5, 0)
6. F(0, -2)

Write the coordinates of each of the points shown in
the figure below. Then identify the quadrant or axis
in which the point is located.

7. G
8. H
9. I
10. J
11. K
12. L

Plot each of the following sets of points in a coordinate
plane. Then identify the quadrant or axis in which
each point is located.

13. (a) A(2, 5)
(b) B(-2, -5)
(c) C(2, -5)
(d) D(-2, 5)

14. (a) A(4, -3)
(b) B(-4, -3)
(c) C(-4, 3)
(d) D(4, 3)

15. (a) A(0, -2)
(b) B(-2, 0)
(c) C(2, 0)
(d) D(0, 2)

16. (a) A(-3, 0)
(b) B(3, 0)
(c) (0, -3)
(d) D(0, 3)
17. If the point (a, b) is in Quadrant I, identify the
quadrant of each of the following points:
(a) (-a, -b) (b) (-a, b) (c) (a, a)

18. If the point (a, b) is in Quadrant I, identify the
(a) (-b, a) (b) (b, b) (c) (-b, -a)

19. If the point (a, b) is in Quadrant II, then 0 a <
and 0 b > . Identify the quadrant of each of the
following points:
(a) (-a, -b) (b) (b, a) (c) (a, -b)

20. If the point (a, b) is in Quadrant III, then 0 a <
and 0 b < . Identify the quadrant of each of the
following points:
(a) (-a, b) (b) (b, a) (c) (-a, -b)

21. If the point (a, b) is in Quadrant IV, identify the
(a) (b, -b) (b) (-a, -a) (c) (b, a)

22. If the point (a, b) is in Quadrant II, identify the
(a) (-a, b) (b) (b, b) (c) (a, -a)

23. If the point (a, b) is in Quadrant III, identify the
axis on which each of the following points lies:
(a) (a, 0) (b) (0, b) (c) (-b, 0)

24. If the point (a, b) is in Quadrant IV, identify the
axis on which each of the following points lies:
(a) (0, -b) (b) (-a, 0) (c) (b, 0)

Answer True or False.

25. The point (0, 5) is on the x-axis.
26. The point (-4, 0) is in Quadrant II.
27. The point (1, -3) is in Quadrant IV.
28. The point (-2, -5) is in Quadrant III.
29. The point (0, 0) is in Quadrant I.
30. The point (-6, 1) is in Quadrant IV.
31. If the point (a, b) is in Quadrant IV, then 0 b < .
32. If the point (a, b) is in Quadrant II, then 0 a > .
33. If the point (a, b) is in Quadrant I, then the point
(b, a) is also in Quadrant I.
4 2 2 4 6
4
2
2
4
x
y
H
G
I
J
K
L

34. If the point (a, b) is in Quadrant I, then the point
(a, -b) is in Quadrant II.
35. If the point (a, b) is in Quadrant II, then the point
(-a, -b) is in Quadrant III .
36. If the point (a, b) is in Quadrant IV, then the
point (-b, a) is in Quadrant I.
37. If the point (a, b) is in Quadrant III, then 0 b > .
38. If the point (a, b) is on the y-axis, then 0 a > .
39. If the point (a, b) is on the y-axis, then 0 b > .
40. If the point (a, b) is on the y-axis, then 0 a = .
41. If the point (a, b) is on the y-axis, then the point
(b, a) is on the x-axis.
42. If the point (a, b) is on the x-axis, then the point
(a, 3) lies in Quadrant I .


43. Given the following points:
A(3, 5), B(3, 1), C(3, 0), D(3, -2)

(a) Plot the above points on a coordinate plane.
(b) What do the above points have in common?
(c) Draw a line through the above points.
(d) What is the equation of the line drawn in
part (c)?

A(-3, 4), B(0, 4), C(1, 4), D(3, 4)

(b) What do the above points have in common?
(c) Draw a line through the above points.
(d) What is the equation of the line drawn in
part (c)?

45. (a) List four points that are on the x-axis.
(b) Analyze the coordinates of the points you
have listed. What do they have in common?
(c) Give the equation of the x-axis.

46. (a) List four points that are on the y-axis.
(b) Analyze the coordinates of the points you
have listed. What do they have in common?
(c) Give the equation of the y-axis.

47. Graph the line 2 x = .
48. Graph the line 5 y = .
49. Graph the line 4 y = .
50. Graph the line 3 x = .
51. On the same set of axes, graph the lines 1 x =
and 3 y = .
and 2 y = .
53. On the same set of axes, graph the lines
7
2
x =
and 0 y = .
and
5
2
y = .

Graph the following lines by first completing the table
and then plotting the points on a coordinate plane.

55. 3 2 y x = +

56. 2 5 y x = +

x y
-2
-1
0
1
2
x y
-2
-1
0
1
2

57. 4 7 y x = +

58. 5 1 y x =

59. Graph the line segment with endpoints (-7, 0)
and (0, 7).
60. Graph the line segment with endpoints (3, 5) and
and (-5, -3).
61. Graph the line segment with endpoints (1, -4)
and (-1, 4)
62. Graph the line segment with endpoints (-2, 6)
and (6, 2).
x y
0
1
4

-5
2
3
2

x y
2
-1
3
5

-6
0

Section 2.2: The Distance and Midpoint Formulas

The Distance Formula
The Midpoint Formula

The Distance Formula

Finding the Distance Between Two Points:

Example:

SECTION 2.2 The Distance and Midpoint Formulas

Solution:


Solution:


Solution:



Solution:


Solution:





Solution:





Solution:




Solution:


Use the Pythagorean Theorem to determine c.


The Midpoint Formula

Finding the Midpoint of a Line Segment:

Example:

Solution:


Solution:


Solution:



Solution:


Solution:



Solution:



Exercise Set 2.2: The Distance and Midpoint Formulas

Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the missing side
of each of the following triangles.

Pythagorean Theorem: In a right triangle, if a and b
are the measures of the legs, and c is the measure of
the hypotenuse, then a
2
+ b
2
= c
2
.

1.

2.

3.

4.


(1, 2) A and (4, 7) B

(b) Draw segment AB. This will be the
hypotenuse of triangle ABC.
(c) Find a point C such that triangle ABC is a
right triangle. Draw triangle ABC.
(d) Use the Pythagorean theorem to find the
distance between A and B (the length of the
hypotenuse of the triangle).

( 3, 1) A and (1, 5) B

(b) Draw segment AB. This will be the
hypotenuse of triangle ABC.
(c) Find a point C such that triangle ABC is a
right triangle. Draw triangle ABC.
(d) Use the Pythagorean theorem to find the
distance between A and B (the length of the
hypotenuse of the triangle).

Use the distance formula to find the distance between
the two given points. (You can also use the method from
the previous two problems to double-check your answer.)

7. (3, 6) and (5, 9)
8. (4, 7) and (2, 3)
9. ( 5, 0) and ( 2, 6)
10. (9, 4) and (2, 3)
11. (4, 0) and (0, 7)
12. ( 4, 8) and ( 10, 1)
13.
( )
1
2
5, and
( )
5
6
3,
14.
( )
2
3
, 1 and
( )
3
4
, 0

Find the midpoint of the line segment joining points A
and B.

15. (7, 6) A and (3, 8) B
16. (5, 9) A and (1, 3) B
17. ( 7, 0) A and ( 4, 8) B
18. (7, 5) A and (4, 3) B
19. (3, 0) A and (0, 9) B
20. ( 6, 7) A and ( 10, 6) B
21.
( )
1
3
, 5 A and
( )
3
5
, 7 B
22.
( )
1
2
3, A and
( )
5
6
8, B

c
5
12
a
7
5
2
6
b
c
6
8
c
a
b
Exercise Set 2.2: The Distance and Midpoint Formulas

23. (a) Graph the line segment with endpoints
( 2, 6) A and (5, 4) B .
(b) Find the distance from A to B.
(c) Find the midpoint of AB .

24. (a) Graph the line segment with endpoints
(4, 0) A and ( 2, 5) B .
(b) Find the distance from A to B.
(c) Find the midpoint of AB .

25. If (4, 7) M is the midpoint of the line segment
joining points A and B, and A has coordinates
(2, 3) , find the coordinates of B.

joining points A and B, and A has coordinates
(1, 6) , find the coordinates of B.

joining points A and B, and B has coordinates
( 1, 2) ,
(a) Find the coordinates of A.
(b) Find the length of AB .

28. If ( 2, 1) M is the midpoint of the line segment
joining points A and B, and B has coordinates
( 5, 3) ,
(a) Find the coordinates of A.
(b) Find the length of AB .

29. Determine which of the following points is
closer to the origin: (5, 6) A or ( 3, 7) B ?

30. Determine which of the following points is
closer to the point (4, 1) : ( 2, 3) A or
(6, 6) B ?

31. A circle has a diameter with endpoints
( 5, 9) A and (3, 5) B .
(a) Find the coordinates of the center of the
circle.
(b) Find the length of the radius of the circle.

32. A circle has a diameter with endpoints (2, 7) A
and (8, 1) B .
(a) Find the coordinates of the center of the
circle.
(b) Find the length of the radius of the circle.

Section 2.3: Slope and Intercepts of Lines

The Slope of a Line
Intercepts of Lines

The Slope of a Line

Finding the Slope of a Line:

SECTION 2.3 Slope and Intercepts of Lines

Example:

Solution:




Solution:


Solution:


Solution:


Solution:


Intercepts of Lines

Finding Intercepts of Lines:

Horizontal Lines:

Vertical Lines:

Example:

Solution:

Example:

Solution:


Solution:



Solution:



Solution:

Exercise Set 2.3: Slope and Intercepts of Lines

State whether the slope of each of the following lines is
positive, negative, zero, or undefined.

1. p
2. q
3. r
4. s
5. t
6. w

Find the slope of the line that passes through the
following points. If undefined, state Undefined.

7. ) 7 , 3 ( and ) 0 , 0 (
8. (8, 0) and (3, 6)
9. ) 10 , 4 ( and ) 5 , 2 (
10. ) 9 , 5 ( and ) 3 , 7 (
11. (6, 4) and (2, 4)
12. (5, 1) and (5, 8)
13. ) 7 , 6 ( and ) 3 , 2 (
14. ( 2, 6) and ( 5, 10)
15. ( 3, 8) and ( 3, 4)
16. ) 7 , 1 ( and ) 7 , 8 (
17. (2, 8) and (0, 3)
18. (1, 4) and ( 7, 2)
19.
( )
1
2
, 1 and
( )
2 1
3 6
,
20.
( )
3
4
2, and
( )
5 1
5 8
,
21.
( )
2 4
7 9
, and
( )
5 1
6 2
,
22.
( )
3 7
5 10
, and
( )
7 1
4 8
,

Find the slope of each of the following lines. If
undefined, state Undefined.

23. c
24. d
25. e
26. f

For each of the following:
(a) Complete the given table.
(b) Plot the points on a coordinate plane and
graph the line.
(c) Use two points from the table to find the slope
of the line.

27. 4 1 y x = +

28. 3 2 y x = +

x y
0
2
3
0
1
2

x y
2
2
4
4
3

3
6 4 2 2 4 6
8
6
4
2
2
4
6
x
y
p
q
r
s
t
w
4 2 2 4
4
2
2
4
x
y
c
d
e
f

29.
2
3
4 y x =

30.
3
5
6 y x = +


31. Examine the relationship in numbers 27-30
between each of the equations and the
corresponding slope that you found for each line.
Do you see any pattern? Can you determine the
slope of the line from simply looking at its
equation?

32. Based on the pattern found in the previous
problem, state the slope of the following lines
without graphing the line or performing any
calculations:
(a) 2 9 y x = +
(b) 7 5 y x = +
(c)
4
5
2 y x =
(d)
3
7
4 y x = +

For each of the following graphs:

(a) State the x-intercept.
(b) State the y-intercept.
(c) State the coordinates of the x-intercept.
(d) State the coordinates of the y-intercept.
(e) Find the slope of the line.

33.

34.

For each of the following equations:

(a) Find the x- and y-intercepts of the line.
(b) State the coordinates of the intercepts.
(c) Plot the x- and y-intercepts on a coordinate
plane.
(d) Graph the line, based on the intercepts.

35. 2 8 y x = +
36. 3 6 y x = +
37. 5 4 = x y
38. 7 3 = x y
39. 20 2 5 = + y x
x y
4
5
9
8
3
2

x y
5
0
7
8
0
2 2 4 6
2
2
4
x
y
6 4 2 2 4 6
2
2
4
6
8
10
x
y

40. 2 3 18 x y + =
41. 3 5 30 x y = +
42. 3 24 4 x y + =
43. 2 3 10 x y =
44. 4 6 9 x y + =
45. 5 3 21 0 x y + =
46. 4 7 8 0 x y + =
47. 2 2 7 x y + =
48. 3 15 x =
49. 4 12 y =
50. 4 4 15 x y =
51. 6 24 x =
52. 2 14 y =

For each of the following:

(a) Complete the given table.
(b) Plot the points on a coordinate plane and
graph the line.
(c) Find the x- and y-intercepts of the line.
(d) Find the slope of the line.

53. 2 8 y x =

54. 3 y x = +


55. Examine the relationship in numbers 53 and 54
between each of the equations and the
corresponding y-intercept that you found for
each line. Do you see any pattern? Can you
determine the y-intercept of the line from simply
looking at its equation?

56. Based on the pattern found in the previous
problem, state the y-intercept of the following
lines without graphing the line or performing any
calculations:
(a) 2 9 y x = +
(b) 7 5 y x = +
(c)
4
5
2 y x =
(d)
3
7
4 y x = +
x y
0
0
2
6
0.5
x y
0
0
3
1.5
2

Section 2.4: Equations of Lines

Writing Equations of Lines

Writing Equations of Lines

Different Forms for Equations of Lines:

Example:

Solution:

SECTION 2.4 Equations of Lines

Example:

Solution:


Example:

Solution:

Example:

Solution:


Solution:



Solution:

To sketch the graph, begin by using
the y-intercept to plot the point ( ) 0, 1 .



Solution:



Solution:


Exercise Set 2.4: Equations of Lines

Write an equation in slope-intercept form for each of
the following lines.

1.

2.

3.

4.

For each of the following equations,
(a) Write the equation in slope-intercept form.
(b) Identify the slope and the y-intercept of the
line.
(c) Graph the line.

5. 5 2 = + y x
6. 4 0 y x =
7. 5 1 x y =
8. 6 3 = y x
9. 0 4 = + y x
10. 3 9 x y =
11. 5 4 12 x y =
12. 10 5 2 = + y x
13. 5 2 30 0 y x + =
14. 3 2 8 0 x y + =
15.
5 1
4 2
1 x y =
16.
2 1
3 2
1 x y + =

Each set of conditions below describes the properties
of a particular line. Using these conditions,
(a) Graph the line.
(b) Write an equation for the line in point-slope
form.
(c) Write an equation for the line in slope-
intercept form. (Do this algebraically, and
then check to see if your result matches your
graph.)

17. Slope
3
2
; passes through ( ) 6, 4
18. Slope
2
5
19. Passes through ( ) 8, 2 and ( ) 4, 7

4 2 2 4
4
2
2
4
x
y
4 2 2 4
6
4
2
2
x
y
2 2 4
4
2
2
x
y
4 2 2
4
2
2
x
y
Exercise Set 2.4: Equations of Lines

Write an equation in slope-intercept form for the line
that satisfies the given conditions.

21. Slope
4
7
; y-intercept 3
22. Slope 4 ; y-intercept 5
23. Slope
4
5
24. Slope
3
4
25. Slope
9
2
26. Slope
5
1
31. x-intercept 7 ; y-intercept 5
32. x-intercept 2 ; y-intercept 6
33. Slope
2
3
; x-intercept 4
34. Slope
5
1
; x-intercept 6

Answer the following, assuming that each situation
can be modeled by a linear equation.

35. If a company can make 21 computers for
$23,000, and can make 40 computers for
$38,200, write an equation that represents the
cost C of x computers.

36. A certain electrician charges a $40 traveling fee,
and then charges $55 per hour of labor. Write an
equation that represents the cost C of a job that
takes x hours.

Section 2.5: Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

Pairs of Lines Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

Pairs of Lines - Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

Parallel Lines:

Perpendicular Lines:
Two lines with slopes
1
m and
2
m perpendicular if and only if
1 2
1 mm = .

SECTION 2.5 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines
Example:

Solution:

Example:

Solution:


Solution:


Solution:


Solution:


Solution:


Exercise Set 2.5: Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

State whether the following pairs of lines are parallel,
perpendicular, or neither.

1. 3 5 y x =
3 7 y x = +

2.
2
5
1 y x =

5
2
3 y x = +

3.
7
3
5 y x = +

3
7
4 y x = +

4.
2
3
7 y x = +

2
3
5 y x =

5. 2 5 y x = +
2 5 y x = +

6. 5 7 y x = +

1
5
3 y x =

7. 2 5 7 x y + =
5 2 6 x y =

8. 3 4 8 x y =
3 4 8 x y + =

9. 2 3 5 x y + =
4 6 11 x y + =

10. 5 0 x y + =
2 x y =

11. The line passing through (2, 5) and (7, 9)
The line passing through ( 2, 6) and (2, 1)

12. The line passing through ( 4, 7) and (0, 5)
The line passing through ( 3, 8) and ( 5, 9)

The line passing through (3, 7) and (7, 11)

The line passing through ( 6, 6) and ( 2, 5)

15. 4 y =

1
4
y =

16. 3 x =
3 y =

17. 2 y =
0 x =

18. 5 x =
5 x =

19. The line passing through (4, 5) and ( 1, 5)
The line passing through (2, 3) and (0, 3)

20. The line passing through (2, 6) and (2, 8)
The line passing through ( 3, 4) and (5, 4)

Each set of conditions below describes a particular
line. Using these conditions, write an equation for each
line in the following two forms:
(a) Point-slope form
(b) Slope-intercept form

21. Passes through (4, 7) ; parallel to the line
2 5 y x = +

22. Passes through (4, 7) ; perpendicular to the line
2 5 y x = +

23. Passes through ( 12, 5) ; perpendicular to the
line 6 1 y x = +

24. Passes through ( 12, 5) ; parallel to the line
6 1 y x = +

5
4
2 y x =

26. Passes through (3, 7) ; perpendicular to the
line
5
4
2 y x =

27. Passes through ( 1, 6) ; perpendicular to the line
2 3 7 x y =

2 3 7 x y =
Exercise Set 2.5: Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

Write an equation for the line that satisfies the given
conditions. With the exception of vertical lines, write
all equations in slope-intercept form.

29. Passes through (1, 4) ; parallel to the x-axis
30. Passes through (1, 4) ; parallel to the y-axis
4 = x
4 = y

33. Passes through ( 2, 3) ; and is
(a) parallel to the line
2
3
5 y x =
(b) perpendicular to the line
2
3
5 y x =

34. Passes through (20, 2) ; and is
(a) parallel to the line 3 5 + = x y
(b) perpendicular to the line 3 5 + = x y

6 2 5 = y x

8 3 4 = + y x

37. Passes through (2, 3) ; perpendicular to the line
6 2 5 = y x

38. Passes through ( 1, 5) ; perpendicular to the
line 8 3 4 = + y x

containing (3, 5) and (2, 1)

containing ( 2, 3) and ( 4, 6)

41. Perpendicular to the line containing ( 3, 5) and
(7, 1) ; passes through the midpoint of the line
segment connecting these points

42. Perpendicular to the line containing (4, 2) and
(10, 4) ; passes through the midpoint of the line
segment connecting these points


Section 2.6: An Introduction to Functions

Definition of a Function
Domain of a Function

Definition of a Function

Definition:

SECTION 2.6 An Introduction to Functions

Defining a Function by an Equation in the Variables x and y:

The Function Notation:

Example:

Solution:


Example:

Solution:




Solution:


Solution:



Solution:



Solution:


Solution:


Domain of a Function

Finding the Domain of a Function:

Example:

Solution:

Example:

Solution:


Solution:



Solution:


Solution:


Exercise Set 2.6: An Introduction to Functions

For each of the examples below, determine whether
the mapping makes sense within the context of the
given situation, and then state whether or not the
mapping represents a function.

1. Erik conducts a science experiment and maps the
temperature outside his kitchen window at
various times during the morning.

2. Dr. Kim counts the number of people in
attendance at various times during his lecture this
afternoon.

State whether or not each of the following mappings
represents a function.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Express each of the following rules in function
notation. (For example, Subtract 3, then square
would be written as
2
( ) ( 3) f x x = .)

7. (a) Divide by 7, then add 4
(b) Add 4, then divide by 7

8. (a) Multiply by 2, then square
(b) Square, then multiply by 2

9. (a) Take the square root, then subtract 6 squared
(b) Take the square root, subtract 6, then square

10. (a) Add 4, square, then subtract 2
(b) Subtract 2, square, then add 4

Complete the table for each of the following functions.

11.
3
( ) 5 f x x =

12.
2
( ) ( 4) 1 g x x = +

Find the domain of each of the following functions.
Write the domain first as an inequality, and then
express it in interval notation.

13.
1
( ) f x
x
=
14.
4
( ) f x
x
=
x ( ) f x
2
1
0
1
2
x ( ) f x
3
1
1
4
6
A B
7
9
-3
0
5
4
A B
0

8

4
2
A B
-2
9

-6

1
A B
9

-6
8
4
-7
9

10
57

62

65
Time Temp. (
o
F)
Time
1

2

3
85

87
# of People

15.
3
5
) (
=
x
x f
16.
7
( )
8
f x
x
=
+

17.
6
( )
4
x
f x
x

=
+

18.
4
( )
6
x
h x
x
+
=

19.
8
( )
2 5
f t
t
=
+

20.
2
( )
3 4
h t
t
=

21.
4 1
( )
4 9
x
g x
x

=

22.
5 7
( )
3 7
x
f x
x
+
=
+

23.
2
1
( )
9
x
g x
x

=

24.
2
2
( )
25
x
h x
x
+
=

25. 24 2 ) (
2
= x x x f
26. x x f 2 7 ) ( =
27. ( ) 3 5 g x x = +
28.
2
( ) 16 h x x =
29. t t f = ) (
30.
3
) ( x x h =
31. 5 ) ( = x x f
32. 7 ) ( + = x x g
33.
3
( ) 5 f x x =
34.
3
( ) 7 g x x = +
35. ( ) 2 9 h x x = +
36. ( ) 3 2 h t t =
37. ( ) 1 5 g x x =
38. ( ) 4 f x x =
39. ( ) 8 5 2 f x x = +
40. ( ) 2 7 4 f x x = + +
41.
2
( )
6
x
H x
x

=

42.
3
( )
x
G x
x
=
43.
3
( ) 1 f t t =
44.
3
( ) 2 9 g x x =
45.
3
1
( )
5
t
h t
t

=
+

46.
3
2 9
( )
4 7
x
f x
x

47.
5
( ) h x x =
48.
4
( ) h x x =
49.
6
( ) 3 5 g x x =
50.
5
( ) 2 7 g x x = +
51. ( ) f x x =
52. ( ) 2 g x x =
53. ( ) 2 6 H x x =
54. ( ) 3 5 f x x = +

55.
2
( )
7
f x
x

56.
5
( ) f x
x
=
57.
3
( )
4
x
f x
x

=
+

58.
9
( )
1
x
f x
x
+
=


59. If 4 5 ) ( = x x f ,
(a) Find (3) f
(b) Find x when ( ) 3 f x =
(c) Find
( )
1
2
f
(d) Find x when
1
2
( ) f x =
(e) Find ( ) 0 f
(f) Find x when ( ) 0 f x =

60. If ( ) 3 1 f x x = + ,
(a) Find ( 5) f
(b) Find x when ( ) 5 f x =
(c) Find
( )
3
4
f
(d) Find x when
3
4
( ) f x =
(e) Find ( ) 0 f
(f) Find x when ( ) 0 f x =

61. If ( ) 3 h x x = ,
(a) Find (1) h
(b) Find x when ( ) 1 h x =
(c) Find ( ) 2 h
(d) Find x when ( ) 2 h x =
(e) Find ( ) 7 h
(f) Find x when ( ) 7 h x =

62. If ( ) 7 g x x = ,
(a) Find (0) g
(b) Find x when ( ) 0 g x =
(c) Find ( ) 2 g
(d) Find x when ( ) 2 g x =
(e) Find ( ) 3 g
(f) Find x when ( ) 3 g x =

63. If ( ) 2 h x x = + , find
(a) (7) h
(b) (25) h
(c)
( )
1
4
h

64. If ( ) 2 h x x = + , find
(a) (7) h
(b) (25) h
(c)
( )
1
4
h

65. If ( ) 3 f x x = , find
(a) (16) f
(b) (12) f
(c) ( ) 9 f

66. If ( ) 3 f x x = , find
(a) (16) f
(b) (12) f
(c) ( ) 9 f

67. If
2
( ) 5 6 g x x x = + ,
(a) Find (3) g
(b) Find ( ) 4 g
(c) Find
( )
1
2
g
(d) Find ( ) 0 g

68. If
2
( ) 2 15 h t t t = + ,
(a) Find (0) h
(b) Find (6) h
(c) Find ( ) 5 h
(d) Find
( )
2
3
h

69. If
3
2
) (
+
=
x
x
x f ,
(a) Find ( 7) f
(b) Find (0) f
(c) Find ( ) 5 f
(d) Find ( ) 3 f
(e) Find ( ) 2 f

70. If
5 2
( )
4
x
g x
x
=
+
,
(a) Find (2) g
(b) Find ( 4) g
(c) Find
( )
5
2
g
(d) Find ( ) 3 g
(e) Find (0) g

SECTION 2.7 Functions and Graphs

Section 2.7: Functions and Graphs

Graphing a Function

Graphing a Function

The Graph of a Function:

The Vertical Line Test:


Example:

Solution:
\


Example:

Solution:


Example:

Solution:


Solution:


The graph of ( ) y f x = is shown below.
(a) Find the domain of f.
(b) Find the range of f.
(c) Find the following function values: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3 ; 1 ; 0 ; 1 f f f f .
(d) For what value(s) of x is ( ) 2 f x = ?

Solution:

Part (a):

Part (b):

Part (c):

Part (d):


Solution:



Solution:




Solution:



Solution:



Solution:


Exercise Set 2.7: Functions and Graphs

x
y
Determine whether or not each of the following graphs
represents a function.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

For each set of points,
(a) Graph the set of points.
(b) Determine whether or not the set of points
represents a function. Justify your answer.

11. { } (1, 5), (2, 4), ( 3, 4), (2, 1), (3, 6)
12. { } ( 3, 2), (1, 2), (0, 3), (2, 1), ( 2, 1)
13. { } (2, 0), (4, 1), (6, 0), (3, 1), (5, 2)
14. { } ( 1, 4), ( 2, 3), (4, 1), (4, 2), ( 2, 3)


15. Analyze the coordinates in each of the sets
above. Describe a method of determining
whether or not the set of points represents a
function without graphing the points.

16. Determine whether or not each set of points
represents a function without graphing the
points. Justify each answer.
(a) { } ( 7, 3), (3, 7), (1, 5), (5, 1), ( 2, 1)
(b) { } (6, 3), ( 4, 3), (2, 3), ( 3, 3), (5, 3)
(c) { } (3, 6), (3, 4), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 5)
(d) { } ( 2, 5), ( 5, 2), (2, 5), (5, 2), (5, 2)

x
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
y

17. The graph of ) (x f y = is shown below.
(a) Find the domain of the function. Write your
answer in interval notation.
(b) Find the range of the function. Write your
(c) Find the following function values:
) 6 ( ); 4 ( ); 0 ( ); 2 ( f f f f
(d) For what value(s) of x is ( ) 9 f x = ?

18. The graph of ) (x g y = is shown below.
( 2); (0); (1); (3); (6) g g g g g
(d) For what value(s) of x is ( ) 2 g x = ?

19. The graph of ) (x g y = is shown below.
( 2); (0); (2); (4); (6) g g g g g
(d) Which is greater, ( 2) g or (3) g ?

20. The graph of ) (x f y = is shown below.
) 4 ( ); 1 ( ); 1 ( ); 2 ( ); 3 ( f f f f f
(d) Which is smaller, ) 0 ( f or ) 3 ( f ?
2 2 4 6
4
2
2
4
6
x
y
g
6 4 2 2 4 6 8
4
2
2
4
6
8
10
x
y
f
2 2 4 6
2
2
4
6
x
y
g
4 2 2 4
2
2
4
6
x
y
f

For each of the following functions:
(a) State the domain of the function. Write your
(b) Choose x-values corresponding to the domain
of the function, calculate the corresponding y-
values, plot the points, and draw the graph of
the function.

21. 6 ) (
2
3
+ = x x f
22. 4 ) (
3
2
= x x f
23. 3 1 , 5 3 ) ( < s = x x x h
24. 2 3 , 2 ) ( s < = x x x h
25. 3 ) ( = x x g
26. 4 ) ( = x x g
27. 3 ) ( = x x f
28. x x f = 5 ) (
29. x x x F 4 ) (
2
=
30. 1 ) 3 ( ) (
2
+ = x x G

For each of the following equations,
(a) Solve for y.
(b) Determine whether the equation defines y as a
function of x. (Do not graph.)

31. 3 5 8 y x =
32. 2 6 9 2 + = y x
33.
2
2 3 7 y x + =
34.
2
1 5 y x =
35.
2
3 y x = +
36. 3
2
= + y x
37. x y = 2
38. 4 3 = + y x
39. 2 5 7 0 y x =
40. 3 4 8 0 x y + + =

SECTION 3.1 An Introduction to Polynomial Functions

Chapter 3
Polynomials

Section 3.1: An Introduction to Polynomial Functions

Polynomials and Polynomial Functions

Polynomials and Polynomial Functions

Polynomials:
A polynomial in a single variable x is the sum of a finite number of terms of the form
n
ax , where a is a constant and the exponent n is a whole number. Recall that the set
of whole numbers is { } 0, 1, 2, ...

Examples of polynomials in x are
3
3 , 5 8 , x x x + and
2
4 7 1 x x + . They can be
classified according to the number of terms:

CHAPTER 3 Polynomials
Degree of a Polynomial:

Example:

Solution:


Polynomial Functions:


Evaluating Polynomial Functions:

Example:

Solution:


Graphs of Polynomial Functions:

Example:

Solution:



Solution:


Solution:

Leading term:

Degree:

Leading Coefficient:

Constant term:


Solution:



Solution:



Solution:

Exercise Set 3.1: An Introduction to Polynomial Functions

(a) State whether or not each of the following
expressions is a polynomial. (Yes or No.)
(b) If the answer to part (a) is yes, then state the
degree of the polynomial.
(c) If the answer to part (a) is yes, then classify
the polynomial as a monomial, binomial,
trinomial, or none of these. (Polynomials of
four or more terms are not generally given
specific names.)
1.
3
4 3x +
2.
5 3
8
6 3 x x
x
+ +
3. 3 5 x
4.
3 2
2 4 7 4 x x x +
5.
3 2
2
5 6 7
4 5
x x
x x
+
+

6. 8
7.
3 2
5 8 x x x

+
8.
2 7 5
2 3
9 x x +
9.
3 2
7 5 3
2
x x x
+
10.
1 4 1
3 7 2 x x

+
11.
1 1 1
3 4 2
9 2 4 x x x +
12.
2
3 1 x x +
13.
6 3
2
x
14.
3 2
6 8 x x
x
+

15.
4
3 7 x +
16.
2 1
10 3 5 x x

+ +
17. 10
18. 7 4x
19.
1 5 1 3 1 2
5 2 3 4 x x x

+ + +
20.
2 4 9
3 5 6 3 x x x + +
21.
3 4 2 2
3 2 a b a b
22.
5 2 4 9
4 3 x y x y

23.
5 3
2
3
4x y
xy
+
24.
2 9 3 4 2 2 1
5 4
3 x y z xy x y z +
25.
3 7 4 3 2 3 2
5 7
4xyz y x y z
26.
7 3 5 6 2 4
2 3 a a b b a b + +

27. (a)
3
7 2 x x is a trinomial.
(b)
3
7 2 x x is a third degree polynomial.
(c)
3
7 2 x x is a binomial.
(d)
3
7 2 x x is a first degree polynomial

28. (a)
2
5 3 2 x x + is a trinomial.
(b)
2
5 3 2 x x + is a third degree polynomial.
(c)
2
5 3 2 x x + is a binomial.
(d)
2
5 3 2 x x + is a second degree polynomial.

29. (a)
3
6x is a monomial.
(b)
3
6x is a third degree polynomial.
(c)
3
6x is a first degree polynomial.
(d)
3
6x is a trinomial.

30. (a)
2 3
4 7 x x x + is a second degree
polynomial.
(b)
2 3
4 7 x x x + is a binomial.
(c)
2 3
4 7 x x x + is a third degree polynomial.
(d)
2 3
4 7 x x x + is a trinomial.

31. (a)
7 4 6 8
3 2 3 x x y y is a tenth degree
polynomial.
(b)
7 4 6 8
3 2 3 x x y y is a binomial.
(c)
7 4 6 8
3 2 3 x x y y is an eighth degree
polynomial.
(d)
7 4 6 8
3 2 3 x x y y is a trinomial.

32. (a)
4 5
3a b is a fifth degree polynomial.
(b)
4 5
3a b is a trinomial.
(c)
4 5
3a b is a ninth degree polynomial.
(d)
4 5
3a b is a monomial.

Each of the graphs below represents a polynomial
function. Use the graph to determine the x- and y-
intercept(s). The equation of each graph is given for
informational purposes, but the intercepts can be
determined entirely from the graph.

33.
3 2
( ) 5 2 8 f x x x x = + +

34.
2
( ) 8 12 f x x x = +

35.
5 4 3
( ) 2 16 36 54 f x x x x x = +

36.
4 3 2 7 5 31 1
3 3 3 3
( ) 10 f x x x x x = + +

4 2 2 4 6
6
4
2
2
4
6
8
10
x
y
4 2 2 4 6 8 10
20
16
12
8
4
4
x
y
2 2 4
30
20
10
10
20
x
y
6 4 2 2
20
10
10
20
x
y

For each of the following polynomial functions,
(a) Classify the function as linear, quadratic, or
cubic.
(b) Find the x- and y-intercept(s) of the function.
(Do this algebraically without drawing the
graph.)
(c) Find ( 4), ( 1) f f and (6) f .

37.
2
( ) 64 f x x =
38. ( ) 3 8 f x x = +
39.
3
( ) 32 4 f x x =
40.
2
( ) 50 2 f x x =
41. ( ) 12 5 f x x =
42.
3
( ) 2 54 f x x =

Follow the directions above for numbers 43 and 44,
but in part (b), find the y-intercept only. (Do not
find the x-intercept(s).)
43.
2
( ) 3 28 f x x x =
44.
2
( ) 18 9 2 f x x x = +

Section 3.2: Adding, Subtracting, and Multiplying
Polynomials

Operations with Polynomials

Operations with Polynomials

Like Terms:

Addition of Polynomials:

Example:

SECTION 3.2 Adding, Subtracting, and Multiplying Polynomials
Solution:

Subtraction of Polynomials:

Example:

Solution:

Multiplication of Polynomials:


Example:

Solution:

Special Case - Multiplying Two Binomials:

Example:

Solution:

Special Products:

Example:

Solution:


Solution:


Solution:


(a) ( )
2
6 2 7 x x
(b) ( )( )
2
5 3 6 x x x + +

Solution:


Solution:

Exercise Set 3.2: Adding, Subtracting, and Multiplying Polynomials

Multiply. Write your final answer with the terms in
descending order, from highest to lowest degree.

1. ( )( ) 5 8 x x +
2. ( )( ) 2 10 x x + +
3. ( )( ) 1 3 x x
4. ( )( ) 9 2 x x +
5. ( )( ) 3 12 x x + +
6. ( )( ) 15 10 x x +
7. ( )( ) 4 20 x x +
8. ( )( ) 7 8 x x
9. ( )( ) 4 4 x x +
10. ( )( ) 9 9 x x +
11. ( )( ) 7 7 x x
12. ( )( ) 6 6 x x + +
13. ( )( ) 2 1 3 x x +
14. ( )( ) 4 3 2 x x
15. ( )( ) 5 1 4 7 x x + +
16. ( )( ) 3 1 2 5 x x +
17. ( )( ) 3 2 4 x x
18. ( )( ) 6 1 3 4 x x + +
19.
( )( )
2 2
5 7 x x +
20.
( )( )
2 2
3 4 2 1 x x + +
21.
( )( )
4 3 2 3
7 2 5 x x x x
22.
( )( )
5 2 4
2 5 3 x x x +
Perform the indicated operations. Write your final
answer with the terms in descending order, from
highest to lowest degree.

23. (a) 5 2 x x +
(b) 5 2 x x
(c) ( ) 5 2 x x

24. (a)
3 3
7 4 x x
(b)
( )
3 3
7 4 x x
(c)
( )
3 3
7 4 x x

25. (a)
( )
3 4 3
2 5 6 x x x +
(b)
( )
3 4 3
2 5 6 x x x +
(c)
( )( )
3 4 3
2 5 6 x x x

26. (a)
7 4 4
5 3 x x x
(b)
( )
7 4 4
5 3 x x x
(c)
( )
7 4 4
5 3 x x x

27. (a)
( )
2 3
3 2 9 x x x
(b)
( )
2 3
3 2 9 x x x
(c) ( )
2 3
3 2 9 x x x

28. (a)
( )
3
7 5 x x x
(b)
( )
3
7 5 x x x +
(c) ( )
( )
3
7 5 x x x

29. (a)
( )( )
2 2
10 5 7 x x x +
(b)
( )
2 2
10 5 7 x x x +
(c)
( )
( )
( )
2 2
10 5 7 x x x

30. (a) ( )
3
8 2 5 x x
(b) ( )
3
8 2 5 x x
(c)
( )
3
8 2 5 x x

31. (a) ( ) ( ) 3 + 7 x x + +
(b) ( ) ( ) 3 7 x x + +
(c) ( )( ) 3 7 x x + +

Exercise Set 3.2: Adding, Subtracting, and Multiplying Polynomials

32. (a) ( ) 2 8 x x +
(b) ( ) ( ) 2 8 x x +
(c) ( )( ) 2 8 x x +

33. (a)
2
3 2 7 x x x +
(b) ( )
2
3 2 7 x x x +
(c)
( )
( )
2
3 2 7 x x x +

34. (a)
2 3 3 2
6 2 7 x x x x + +
(b)
( )
2 3 3 2
6 2 7 x x x x +
(c)
( )( )
2 3 3 2
6 2 7 x x x x +

35. (a)
( )
2
5 5 4 x x x +
(b) ( )
2
5 5 4 x x x +
(c)
( )
2
5 5 4 x x x +

36. (a) ( )
2 2
7 2 4 9 x x x
(b)
( )
2 2
7 2 4 9 x x x +
(c)
( )
2 2
7 2 4 9 x x x +

37. (a)
2
2 3 4 12 x x x + +
(b)
( )
2
2 3 4 12 x x x +
(c) ( )
( )
2
2 3 4 12 x x x +

38. (a)
( )
2
3 1 4 2 6 x x x +
(b)
( )
2
3 1 4 2 6 x x x +
(c) ( )
( )
2
3 1 4 2 6 x x x +

39. (a)
( ) ( )
3 2 3
2 5 8 2 x x x x x + +
(b)
( )
3 2 3
2 5 8 2 x x x x x +
(c)
( )( )
3 2
2 5 8 2 x x x x + +

40. (a)
( )
4 3 2
5 3 4 2 3 x x x x +
(b)
( )
4 3 2
5 3 4 2 3 x x x x +
(c)
( )( )
4 3 2
5 3 4 2 3 x x x x +

41. (a)
( ) ( )
2 2
3 2 1 2 5 3 x x x x + + +
(b)
( ) ( )
2 2
3 2 1 2 5 3 x x x x + +
(c)
( )( )
2 2
3 2 1 2 5 3 x x x x + +

42. (a)
( ) ( )
2 2
5 7 2 4 3 x x x x + + +
(b)
( ) ( )
2 2
5 7 2 4 3 x x x x + +
(c)
( )( )
2 2
5 7 2 4 3 x x x x + +

43. (a)
( ) ( )
4 3 5 3
2 5 3 2 x x x x x x + + +
(b)
( ) ( )
4 3 5 3
2 5 3 2 x x x x x x + +
(c)
( )( )
4 3 5 3
2 5 3 2 x x x x x x + +

44. (a)
7 4 5 4
4 2 6 3 5 x x x x x x + +
(b)
( ) ( )
7 4 5 4
4 2 6 3 5 x x x x x x +
(c)
( )( )
7 4 5 4
4 2 6 3 5 x x x x x x +

45. (a)
3 2 3
4 2 3 5 4 x x x x + + +
(b)
( ) ( )
3 2 3
4 2 3 5 4 x x x x + +
(c)
( )( )
3 2 3
4 2 3 5 4 x x x x + +

46. (a)
( ) ( )
2 4 3
5 2 8 2 4 x x x x x + + +
(b)
( ) ( )
2 4 3
5 2 8 2 4 x x x x x + +
(c)
( )( )
2 4 3
5 2 8 2 4 x x x x x + +

47. (a) ( ) ( )
2
1 7 x x + +
(b) ( ) ( )
2
1 7 x x +
(c) ( )( )
2
1 7 x x +

48. (a) ( ) ( )
2
2 3 x x + +
(b) ( ) ( )
2
2 3 x x +
(c) ( )( )
2
2 3 x x +

SECTION 3.3 Dividing Polynomials

Section 3.3: Dividing Polynomials

Polynomial Long Division and Synthetic Division

Polynomial Long Division and Synthetic Division

Long Division of Polynomials:

Example:

Solution:






Synthetic Division of Polynomials:

Example:

Solution:


A Comparison of Long Division and Synthetic Division

Let us now analyze the previous two examples, both of which solved the same problem using
long division and then synthetic division.

Long Division Synthetic Division
4 3 2
2 0 5 8 3 5 x x x x x + +
l

Constant: 5

Change the sign of the constant term when
performing synthetic division.

4 3 2
2 0 5 8 3 5 x x x x x + + :
Notice the coefficients of the dividend:
2, 0, 8, 3, 5

Write the coefficients of the dividend (without
changing any signs). Do not forget the
placeholder for
3
0x .

Notice that the coefficients in each column of
the subtraction problems under the division
sign (at the left) are similar to the numbers in
each column of the synthetic division problem
(above). Remember that at the left, the signs
are changed when the expressions are
subtracted.
3 2
4 3 2
4 3
3 2
3 2
2
2
2 10 42 213
5 2 0 8 3 5
2
10 8
10
4
10
2 3
42
213 5
213
1
50
210
106
060
5
x x x
x x x x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x
x
+ + +
+ +
10 50 210 1
5 | 2 0 8 3 5
2 10 42 213 1060
065

:
2 0 8 | 5 5 3 :
| 2 0 3 5 5 8
l

Notice that the numbers in the answer line of
the synthetic division problem are the same as
the coefficients of the quotient plus the final
remainder in the long division problem.
In the long division problem, there is one
column for each power of x, and the
arithmetic in each column is done with the
coefficients.
Synthetic division is a shortcut for doing the
arithmetic with the coefficients without having
to write down all the variables. Remember that
this synthetic division procedure ONLY works
when the divisor is of the form ( ) D x x c = .

The Remainder Theorem:

3 2
4 3 2
4 3
3 2
3 2
2
2
5 2 0 8 3 5
2 10
10 8
10 50
42 3
42
2 10 42 213
1060
210
213 5
213 1065
x x x
x x x x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x
x
+ + +
+ +
5 | 2 0 8 3 5
10 50 210 1
2 10 42 213 1 6
065
0 0

:


Solution:


Solution:



Solution:



Solution:



Solution:

Exercise Set 3.3: Dividing Polynomials

Use long division to find the quotient and the
remainder.

1.
2
6 11
2
x x
x
+

2.
2
5 12
3
x x
x
+ +
+

3.
2
7 2
1
x x
x
+
+

4.
2
6 5
4
x x
x

5.
3 2
2 19 12
3
x x x
x

+

6.
5
33 22 2
2 3
+
x
x x x

7.
1 2
12 6 5 6
2 3
+ +
x
x x x

8.
3 2
12 13 22 14
3 4
x x x
x
+
+

9.
3 2
2
2 13 28 21
3 1
x x x
x x
+ + +
+ +

10.
4 3 2
2
7 4 42 12
7 2
x x x x
x x
+

11.
6 4
14 44 3 32 2
2
2 3 4 5
+
+ + +
x
x x x x

12.
3 6 2
4 28 2 20 10
2 4
2 3 4 6 8
+ +
+ + + + +
x x
x x x x x

13.
5
15 3
2
3 4
+

x
x x

14.
x x
x x x
2
7 2 4 3
2
3 5
+

Use synthetic division to find the quotient and the
remainder.

15.
2
8 4
10
x x
x
+

16.
3
6 4
2
+

x
x x

17.
5
28 6 13 3
2 3
+
+ +
x
x x x

18.
4
31 2
2 3

x
x x x

19.
1
4 3
2 4
+
+
x
x x

20.
1
8 7 3 2
4 5
+ +
x
x x x

21.
5
10 18 27 11 3
2 3 4
+ +
x
x x x x

22.
2
12 5 18 3 2
2 3 4
+ +
x
x x x x

23.
2
8
3
+
+
x
x

24.
3
81
4
+
x
x

25.
2
1
3
5 7 4
+
x
x x

26.
3
1
2 3 4
9 10 6
+ +
x
x x x

Evaluate P(c) using the following two methods:
(a) Substitute c into the function.
(b) Use synthetic division along with the
Remainder Theorem.

27. 2 ; 2 5 4 ) (
2 3
= + + = c x x x x P
28. 1 ; 3 8 7 5 ) (
2 3
= + = c x x x x P
Exercise Set 3.3: Dividing Polynomials

29. 1 ; 12 4 8 7 ) (
2 3
= + = c x x x x P
30. 3 ; 14 6 7 2 ) (
3 4
= + = c x x x x P

Evaluate P(c) using synthetic division along with the
Remainder Theorem. (Notice that substitution without
a calculator would be quite tedious in these examples,
so synthetic division is particularly useful.)

31. 5 ; 3 21 70 38 8 3 ) (
2 3 5 6 7
= + + + = c x x x x x x P
32. 2 ; 11 2 35 10 3 ) (
2 4 5 6
= + + = c x x x x x x P
33.
4
3 2 3 4
; 1 22 5 4 ) ( = = c x x x x P
34.
2
7 3 4 5 6
; 13 59 32 19 6 ) ( = + + + = c x x x x x x P

When the remainder is zero, the dividend can be
written as a product of two factors (the divisor and the
quotient), as shown below.

30
6
5
= , so 30 5 6 = .

2
6
2
3
x x
x
x
+
=
+
, so ( )( )
2
6 3 2 x x x x + = +

In the following examples, use either long division or
synthetic division to find the quotient, and then write
the dividend as a product of two factors.

35.
2
11 24
8
x x
x
+

36.
2
3 40
5
x x
x
+

37.
2
7 18
2
x x
x

+

38.
2
10 21
3
x x
x
+ +
+

39.
2
4 25 21
7
x x
x

40.
2
3 22 24
6
x x
x
+

41.
2
2 7 5
1
x x
x
+ +
+

42.
2
5 4 12
2
x x
x
+
+


Section 3.4: Quadratic Functions

The Definition and Graph of a Quadratic Function

The Definition and Graph of a Quadratic Function

Definition:

Graph:

SECTION 3.4 Quadratic Functions

Example:

Solution:


Solution:


Solution:


Solution:

(b) Since 1 0 a = > , the parabola opens upward.




Solution:


Exercise Set 3.4: Quadratic Functions

Each of the quadratic functions below is written in the
form
2
( ) f x ax bx c = + + . The graph of a quadratic
function is a parabola with vertex (h, k), where
2
b
a
h= and
( )
2
b
a
k f = .
(a) Give the coordinates of the vertex of the
parabola.
(b) Does the parabola open upward (with the
vertex being the lowest point on the graph) or
downward (with the vertex being the highest
point on the graph)?
(c) Find the y-intercept of the parabola.
(d) Find the axis of symmetry. (Be sure to write
your answer as an equation of a line.)
(e) Draw a sketch of the parabola which includes
the features from parts (a) through (c). (Do
not worry about the accuracy of the x-
intercepts on your graph; we will learn about
these in a later section.)

1.
2
( ) 6 7 f x x x = + +
2.
2
( ) 8 21 f x x x = +
3.
2
( ) 2 f x x x =
4.
2
( ) 6 9 f x x x = +
5.
2
( ) 2 8 11 f x x x = +
6.
2
( ) 10 f x x x = +
7.
2
( ) 14 49 f x x x = +
8.
2
( ) 16 f x x =
9.
2
( ) 8 9 f x x x =
10.
2
( ) 3 18 15 f x x x = + +
11.
2
( ) 2 5 f x x =
12.
2
( ) 4 7 f x x x = +
13.
2
( ) 4 40 115 f x x x = +
14.
2
( ) 5 10 8 f x x x = +
15.
2
( ) 2 8 14 f x x x =
16.
2
( ) 4 24 27 f x x x = +
17.
2
( ) 5 3 f x x x = +
18.
2
( ) 7 1 f x x x = +
19.
2
( ) 2 3 4 f x x x =
20.
2
( ) 7 3 f x x x =

For each of the following quadratic functions,
(a) Multiply the factors to obtain a function of the
form
2
( ) f x ax bx c = + + .
(b) Find the coordinates of the vertex (h, k) of the
parabola, using the formulas
2
b
a
h= and
( )
2
b
a
k f = .
(c) Match the function to its appropriate graph
from the choices shown below:

I. II.

III. IV.

21. ( )( ) ( ) 3 5 f x x x = +
22. ( )( ) ( ) 2 8 f x x x = + +
23. ( )( ) ( ) 2 1 5 f x x x =
24. ( )( ) ( ) 3 2 4 f x x x = +

2 2 4 6
30
20
10
x
y
10 8 6 4 2 2
24
16
8
8
x
y
2 2 4 6
15
10
5
5
x
y
8 6 4 2 2 4 6
20
10
10
20
x
y
CHAPTER 4 Factoring

Chapter 4
Factoring

Section 4.1: Greatest Common Factor and Factoring by
Grouping

GCF and Grouping

GCF and Grouping

Finding the Greatest Common Factor:

Example:

Solution:

SECTION 4.1 Greatest Common Factor and Factoring by Grouping

Factoring Out the Greatest Common Factor:

CHAPTER 4 Factoring
Example:

Solution:

Factoring by Grouping:



Solution:

CHAPTER 4 Factoring


Solution:

The GCF is the product of the factors that are shared by all three monomials.


Solution:

CHAPTER 4 Factoring


Solution:



Solution:

Exercise Set 4.1: Greatest Common Factor and Factoring by Grouping

Find the GCF (Greatest Common Factor) of the
following monomials.
1.
3 2 2 5 4
18 , 24 , 12 x y x y xy
2.
3 5 7 3 4 9
20 , 32 , 8 x y x y x y
3.
7 4 4 5 7 8
, 7 , 14 a b a b a b
4.
6 10 4 7 4
12 , 15 , 21 c d c d c d
5.
3 12 10 5 6 7 5
16 , 32 , 100 a b c a bc a c
6.
5 2 7 3 7 3
30 , 90 , 45 a b a c b c
7.
6 9 8 3 5 7 5 6 4
10 , 18 , 7 x y z x y z x y z
8.
7 5 3 4 8 6 5 2
9 , 50 , 20 x y z x y x y z

Find the GCF of the terms of the polynomial and
factor it out. If the first term that appears in the
polynomial has a negative coefficient, then factor out
the negative of the GCF.
9. 5 10 a
10. 4 12 x
11. 3 15 b
12. 4 24 y
13. 9 24 x y
14. 10 25 a c
15. 6 8 x xy
16. 8 12 ab bc
17.
3 2
6 2 a b ab
18.
5 7
3 6 ac a c
19.
2 2
15 20 r t rt
20.
4 3 3 6
30 2 u v u w
21.
3 2
4 2 8 x x x
22.
5 3 2
18 36 45 x x x
23.
3 2 4 5 8 3
5 3 7 x y x y x y
24.
3 6 4 5 2
20 8 12 a b ab a b
25.
7 4 9 2 5 3 9 6
35 28 21 a b c a b c a b c
26.
3 7 8 2 5 4 2 6 7
36 12 48 x y z x y z x y z

27.
3 2 5 4 7 3 8
10 21 49 a b c a c b c
28.
7 4 6 4 2 6 3
4 35 9 x y z y z x y z

Factor the following expressions.
29. (a) 5 xy y
(b) 4 5 4 x x x
30. (a) 3 xy y
(b) 6 3 6 x x x
31. (a) 3b ab
(b) 3 5 5 c a c
32. (a) ap cp
(b) 2 2 a b c b
33. 3 ( 5) 4 ( 5) a a b a
34. 4 ( 7) 3 ( 7) x x y x
35. 2 ( 8) ( 8) x x x
36. 3 ( 2) ( 2) b b b
37. ( 3)( 5) ( 2)( 5) x x x x
38. ( 4)( 1) ( 4)( 6) x x x x
39. ( 2)(4 3) ( 8)( 2) a a a a
40. (3 1)(2 6) (3 1)( 2) a a a a

Factor by grouping.
41. 2 2 b c ab ac
42. 3 3 x y xz yz
43. 5 5 y z xy xz
44. 4 4 a b ca cb
45.
2
3 3 x x xy y
46. 3 5 15 xy x y
47. ac ad bc bd
48.
2
p pr tp tr
49. 4 4 xy x y
50. 2 2 b ab a
Exercise Set 4.1: Greatest Common Factor and Factoring by Grouping

51.
2
y xy y x
52.
2
px p x p
53. 12 8 3 2 b ab a
54. 18 24 15 20 xy x y
55.
2
6 2 3 t tx t x
56.
2
15 5 6 2 x xy x y
57. 12 3 8 2 ac ad bc bd
58. 24 15 8 5 xy xz y z

Factor by grouping. (Hint: Use groups of three.)
59. ad ae af bd be bf
60. 4 3 3 12 xy xz x y z
61.
2
3 12 15 2 8 10 x xz x xy yz y
62.
2
12 8 20 3 2 5 ab ac ad b bc bd

Each of the following expressions contains like terms.
Do not combine the like terms; instead, simply factor
by grouping. (This method will be helpful in the next
section when factoring trinomials.)
63.
2
3 2 6 x x x
64.
2
5 7 35 x x x
65.
2
4 3 12 x x x
66.
2
3 6 18 x x x
67.
2
6 10 9 15 x x x
68.
2
21 3 14 2 x x x
69.
2
9 21 6 14 x x x
70.
2
25 5 20 4 x x x
71.
2
4 14 14 49 x x x
72.
2
9 15 15 25 x x x

CHAPTER 4 Factoring

Section 4.2: Factoring Special Binomials and Trinomials

Special Factor Patterns

Special Factor Patterns

Factoring the Difference of Two Squares:

Example:

Solution:

SECTION 4.2 Factoring Special Binomials and Trinomials

Note:

Factoring the Difference of Two Cubes:

Example:

CHAPTER 4 Factoring
Solution:

Factoring the Sum of Two Cubes:

Example:

Solution:

Factoring Perfect Square Trinomials:

Example:

CHAPTER 4 Factoring
Solution:


Solution:



Solution:

CHAPTER 4 Factoring
(c) The monomials
3
10yz and 10y share a common factor of 10 . y The first step in
factoring the given binomial to factor out the GCF of 10y .


Solution:


Solution:

Exercise Set 4.2: Factoring Special Binomials and Trinomials

Multiply the following.
1. (a) 4 4 x x
(b)
2
4 x
(c)
2
4 x

2. (a) 9 9 x x
(b)
2
9 x
(c)
2
9 x

3.
2
2
49 7 x x
4.
2
64 8 8 x x x
5.
2
2
6 12 36 x x x
6.
2
2
4 16 x x
7.
2
10 10 100 x x x
8.
2
2
24 144 12 x x x
9.
2
2
81 9 x x
10.
2
2
5 25 x x

Factor the following polynomials. If the polynomial
can not be factored any further within the real
number system, then write the original polynomial as
your answer.
11. (a)
2
9 x
(b)
2
9 x
(c)
2
6 9 x x
(d)
2
6 9 x x

12. (a)
2
25 x
(b)
2
25 x
(c)
2
10 25 x x
(d)
2
10 25 x x

13.
2
49 x
14.
2
36 x
15.
2
144 x
16.
2
81 a
17.
2
1 p
18.
2
1 p
19.
2
100 x
20.
2
4 x
21.
2
25 c
22.
2
144 d
23.
2
4 9 b
24.
2
25 49 x
25.
2
16 1 x
26.
2
36 1 x
27.
2 2
49 100 x y
28.
2 2
64 25 a b
29.
2 2
25 16 c d
30.
2 2
4 9 z w
31.
2
4
9
x

32.
2
1
16
x

33.
2 2
2 2
x a
y b

34.
2 2
2 2
p r
q t

35.
2 2
16
25 9
x y

36.
2 2
2
100
81
a b
c

37.
2
20 100 x x
38.
2
8 16 x x
39.
2
2 1 x x
40.
2
14 49 x x
41.
2
18 81 x x
42.
2
24 144 x x
43.
2
4 12 9 x x
Exercise Set 4.2: Factoring Special Binomials and Trinomials

44.
2
9 30 25 x x
45.
2
25 40 16 x x
46.
2
36 12 1 x x
47.
2 2
2 x bx b
48.
2 2
2 x cx c
49.
2 2 2
4 20 25 b c bcd d
50.
2 2 2
9 24 16 x xyz y z

When the remainder is zero, the dividend can be
written as a product of two factors (the divisor and the
quotient), as shown below.

30
6
5
, so 30 5 6 .

2
6
2
3
x x
x
x

, so
2
6 3 2 x x x x

In the following examples, use either long division or
synthetic division to find the quotient, and then write
the dividend as a product of two factors.
51.
3
8
2
x
x

52.
3
27
3
x
x

Factor the following polynomials.
53.
3
64 x
54.
3
1 m
55.
3
27 p
56.
3
125 x
57.
3 3
x y
58.
3 3
c d
59.
3 3
125 8 a b
60.
3 3
64 27 x y
CHAPTER 4 Factoring

Section 4.3: Factoring Polynomials

Techniques for Factoring Trinomials

Techniques for Factoring Trinomials

Factorability Test for Trinomials:

Example:

Solution:

SECTION 4.3 Factoring Polynomials
Factoring Trinomials with Leading Coefficient 1:

CHAPTER 4 Factoring

Example:

Solution:


Factoring Trinomials with Leading Coefficient Different from 1:

CHAPTER 4 Factoring


CHAPTER 4 Factoring
Example:

Solution:


(a)
2
2 3 8 x x
(b)
2
42 25 3 x x

Solution:


Solution:

CHAPTER 4 Factoring


Solution:



Solution:

CHAPTER 4 Factoring

Solution:

Exercise Set 4.3: Factoring Polynomials

At times, it can be difficult to tell whether or not a
quadratic of the form
2
ax bx c can be factored
into the form dx e fx g , where a, b, c, d, e, f,
and g are integers. If
2
4 b ac is a perfect square, then
the quadratic can be factored in the above manner.
For each of the following problems,
(a) Compute
2
4 b ac .
(b) Use the information from part (a) to
determine whether or not the quadratic can
be written as factors with integer coefficients.
(Do not factor; simply answer Yes or No.)
1.
2
5 3 x x
2.
2
7 10 x x
3.
2
6 16 x x
4.
2
6 4 x x
5.
2
9 x
6.
2
7x x
7.
2
2 7 4 x x
8.
2
6 1 x x
9.
2
2 2 5 x x
10.
2
5 4 1 x x

Factor the following polynomials. If the polynomial
can not be rewritten as factors with integer
coefficients, then write the original polynomial as your
answer.
11.
2
4 5 x x
12.
2
9 14 x x
13.
2
5 6 x x
14.
2
6 x x
15.
2
7 12 x x
16.
2
8 15 x x
17.
2
12 20 x x
18.
2
7 18 x x
19.
2
5 24 x x
20.
2
9 36 x x
21.
2
16 64 x x
22.
2
6 9 x x
23.
2
15 56 x x
24.
2
6 27 x x
25.
2
11 60 x x
26.
2
19 48 x x
27.
2
17 42 x x
28.
2
12 64 x x
29.
2
49 x
30.
2
36 x
31.
2
3 x
32.
2
8 x
33.
2
9 25 x
34.
2
16 81 x
35.
2
2 5 3 x x
36.
2
3 16 15 x x
37.
2
8 2 3 x x
38.
2
4 16 15 x x
39.
2
9 9 4 x x
40.
2
5 17 6 x x
41.
2
4 3 10 x x
42.
2
9 21 10 x x
43.
2
12 17 6 x x
44.
2
8 26 7 x x

Factor the following. Remember to first factor out the
Greatest Common Factor (GCF) of the terms of the
polynomial, and to factor out a negative if the leading
coefficient is negative.

45.
2
9 x x
46.
2
16 x x
47.
2
5 20 x x
48.
2
4 28 x x
Exercise Set 4.3: Factoring Polynomials

49.
2
2 18 x
50.
2
8 8 x
51.
4 2
5 20 x x
52.
3
3 75 x x
53.
2
2 10 8 x x
54.
2
3 12 63 x x
55.
2
10 10 420 x x
56.
2
4 40 100 x x
57.
3 2
9 22 x x x
58.
3 2
7 6 x x x
59.
3 2
4 4 x x x
60.
5 4 3
10 21 x x x
61.
4 3 2
6 6 x x x
62.
3 2
2 80 x x x
63.
5 3
9 100 x x
64.
12 10
49 64 x x
65.
2
50 55 15 x x
66.
2
30 24 72 x x

Factor the following polynomials. (Hint: Factor first
by grouping, and then continue to factor if possible.)
67.
3 2
2 25 50 x x x
68.
3 2
3 4 12 x x x
69.
3 2
5 4 20 x x x
70.
3 2
9 18 25 50 x x x
71.
3 2
4 36 9 x x x
72.
3 2
9 27 4 12 x x x
SECTION 4.4 Using Factoring to Solve Equations

Section 4.4: Using Factoring to Solve Equations

Solving Quadratic Equations by Factoring
Solving Other Polynomials Equations by Factoring

Solving Quadratic Equations by Factoring

Zero-Product Property:

Example:

Solution:

CHAPTER 4 Factoring
Example:

Solution:

The x-Intercepts of the Graph of a Quadratic Function:

Example:

Solution:



Solution:


CHAPTER 4 Factoring
Solution:


Solution:



Solution:

CHAPTER 4 Factoring

Solution:


Solution:

CHAPTER 4 Factoring
(c) Since 1 0 a , the parabola opens upward.

Solving Other Polynomial Equations by Factoring

Solving Polynomial Equations by Factoring:

Example:

Solution:

Example:

Solution:

The x-Intercepts of the Graph of a Polynomial Function:

CHAPTER 4 Factoring
Example:

Solution:


Solution:


Solution:


Solution:

CHAPTER 4 Factoring

Exercise Set 4.4: Using Factoring to Solve Equations

Solve the following equations by factoring.

1. 0 21 10
2
x x
2. 0 40 13
2
x x
3. 0 12 8
2
x x
4. 0 40 6
2
x x
5. 35 ) 2 ( x x
6. 20 ) 8 ( x x
7. 72 14
2
x x
8. x x 11 60
2

9. 0 15 7 2
2
x x
10. 0 4 7 3
2
x x
11. 12 17 6
2
x x
12. 6 7 10
2
x x
13. 2 5 3
2
x x
14. 0 5 6 8
2
x x
15. 0 25
2
x
16. 0 49
2
x
17. 0 9 4
2
x
18. 0 25 36
2
x

Solve the following equations by factoring. To simplify
the process, remember to first factor out the Greatest
Common Factor (GCF) and to factor out a negative if
the leading coefficient is negative.

19. 0 8
2
x x
20. 0 10
2
x x
21.
2
5 36 0 x x
22.
2
14 48 0 x x
23. 0 21 3
2
x x
24. 0 30 5
2
x x
25. 0 12 3
2
x
26. 0 7 7
2
x
27. 0 90 15 5
2
x x
28. 0 24 20 4
2
x x
29. 0 30 230 80
2
x x
30. 0 18 75 12
2
x x
31.
3 2
5 6 0 x x x
32.
3 2
7 18 0 x x x

Each of the quadratic functions below is written in the
form
2
( ) f x ax bx c . The graph of a quadratic
function is a parabola with vertex (h, k), where
2
b
a
h and

2
b
a
k f .
(a) Find the x-intercept(s) of the parabola by
setting ( ) 0 f x and solving for x.
(b) Write the coordinates of the x-intercept(s)
found in part (a).
(c) Find the y-intercept of the parabola and write
its coordinates.
(d) Give the coordinates of the vertex (h, k) of the
parabola, using the formulas
2
b
a
h and

2
b
a
k f .
(e) Does the parabola open upward (with the
vertex being the lowest point on the graph) or
downward (with the vertex being the highest
point on the graph)?
(f) Find the axis of symmetry. (Be sure to write
your answer as an equation of a line.)
(g) Draw a graph of the parabola that includes
the features from parts (b) through (e).

33.
2
( ) 6 8 f x x x
34.
2
( ) 2 15 f x x x
35.
2
( ) 8 16 f x x x
36.
2
( ) 10 16 f x x x
37.
2
( ) 4 21 f x x x
38.
2
( ) 10 25 f x x x
39.
2
( ) 3 12 36 f x x x
40.
2
( ) 4 8 5 f x x x
41.
2
( ) 16 f x x
Exercise Set 4.4: Using Factoring to Solve Equations

42.
2
( ) 25 f x x
43.
2
( ) 9 4 f x x
44.
2
( ) 9 100 f x x

Find the x-intercept(s) of the following.

45.
3 2
( ) 7 10 f x x x x
46.
3 2
( ) 2 99 f x x x x
47.
3
( ) 25 f x x x
48.
3
( ) 4 f x x x
49.
3 2
( ) 2 9 18 f x x x x
50.
3 2
( ) 4 4 f x x x x

For each of the following problems:
(a) Model the situation by writing appropriate
equation(s).
(b) Solve the equation(s) and then answer the
question posed in the problem.

51. The length of a rectangular frame is 5 cm longer
than its width. If the area of the frame is 36 cm
2
,
find the length and width of the frame.

52. The width of a rectangular garden is 8 m shorter
than its length. If the area of the field is 180 m
2
,
find the length and the width of the garden

53. The height of a triangle is 3 cm shorter than its
base. If the area of the triangle is 90 cm
2
, find the
base and height of the triangle.

54. Find x if the area of the figure below is 26cm
2
.
(Note that the figure may not be drawn to scale.)

x cm
x cm
3 cm
8 cm
SECTION 5.1 Simplifying Rational Expressions

Chapter 5
Rational Expressions, Equations, and Functions

Section 5.1: Simplifying Rational Expressions

Rational Expressions

Rational Expressions

Definition:

Simplifying:

CHAPTER 5 Rational Expressions, Equations, and Functions

Example:

Solution:


Solution:


Solution:



Solution:


Solution:

Exercise Set 5.1: Simplifying Rational Expressions

Simplify the following rational expressions. If the
expression cannot be simplified any further, then
simply rewrite the original expression.

1.
15
25

2.
30
36

3.
48
64

4.
26
39

5.
2 5
5 3
60
48
x y
x y

6.
4 9
7 10
49
56
a b
a b

7.
( )
( )
7
3
3
5
5
10
x x y
x x y
+
+

8.
( )
( )
2
6
3
8
12
c c d
c c d

9.
x y
y x

10.
c d
d c

11.
( )( )
( )
2
6
a b c d
b a

12.
( )( )
( )( )
12
6
x y w z
z w x y

13.
4 8
2
x
x
+
+

14.
3
5 15
x
x

15.
2
5
25
x
x
+

16.
2
3
9
x
x
+
+

17.
2 2
a b
a b
+
+

18.
2
16
4
x
x

19.
2
2
49
9 18
c
c c
+

20.
2
2
11 10
100
x x
x
+

21.
2
2
2 15
10 21
x x
x x

+ +

22.
2
2
20
30
m m
m m

+

23.
2
2
5 6
12
x x
x x
+ +
+

24.
2
2
7 12
7 30
x x
x x
+ +

25.
2
2
8 12
13 42
x x
x x
+
+

26.
2
2
7 10
7 10
x x
x x
+
+ +

27.
2
2
36
12 36
x
x x
+ +

28.
2
2
8 16
16
x x
x
+

29.
2
9 36
4
x
x x
+
+

30.
2
7 14
2
x x
x

31.
2
2
10 30
5 10
x x
x x
+

Exercise Set 5.1: Simplifying Rational Expressions

32.
2
3 2
6 8
9 12
x x
x x

33.
2
2
7 6
8 8
x x
x x
+ +
+

34.
2
2
4 20
4 5
x x
x x

35.
2
2
6 24 18
4 8 60
x x
x x
+ +

36.
2
2
5 10 40
10 30 20
x x
x x
+
+

37.
2
2
4 17 15
5 13 6
x x
x x
+ +
+

38.
2
2
4 8 21
8 24 14
x x
x x

39.
2
2
6 5 4
10 9 2
x x
x x

+ +

40.
2
2
15 4 4
5 22 8
x x
x x
+
+

41.
2
2
8 30 7
16 1
x x
x
+ +

42.
2
2
9 25
6 13 5
x
x x
+

43.
3 2
3 2
1 m m m
m m m n n
+ + +
+ + +

44.
2 2
ax ay bx by
ax ay x y
+
+

45.
3 2 6
3 5 15
xy x y
yz z y
+
+

46.
2 2
5 2 10
4 5 20
ab a b
a b b a
+
+

47.
3
8
2
x
x

48.
3
5
125
x
x
+
+

49.
3
2
27
3 9
x
x x
+
+

50.
3
2
1
1
x
x x
+ +


304

Section 5.2: Multiplying and Dividing Rational Expressions

Multiplication and Division

Multiplication and Division

Multiplication of Rational Expressions:

To multiply two fractions, place the product of the numerators over the product
of the denominators.

Example:

Solution:

SECTION 5.2 Multiplying and Dividing Rational Expressions
Division of Rational Expressions:

Example:

Solution:


306

Solution:


SECTION 5.2 Multiplying and Dividing Rational Expressions
Solution:



308
Solution:

Exercise Set 5.2: Multiplying and Dividing Rational Expressions

Multiply the following rational expressions and
simplify. No answers should contain negative
exponents.

1.
6 14
7 18

2.
8 45
9 32

3.
2
10
5

4.
3
12
8

5.
4 7 3
5 8 6 9
ab c d
c d a b

6.
5 6 3
3 8 10 9
x y wz
w z x y

7.
8 2 4 6 6 2
3 5 5 3 7
m n n t p t
p t m m n
| | | | | |

| | |
\ . \ . \ .

8.
3 4 8 2 2 3 4
2 7 7 5
x y a b x y a
ab x y b y
| | | | | |

| | |
\ . \ . \ .

9.
2
5
3
2
6
x
x

10.
4
5
6
2
x
x

11.
5 3
3 10
x x
x x
+

12.
6 5
1 6
x
x x
+
+

13. ( )
5
2
2
x
x
x

14.
3
( 1)
1
x
x
x
+
+

15.
5
(7 )
7
x
x
x

16.
3
( 2)
2
x
x

17.
3 2
( 5)
5
x
x
x
+

18.
2 1
(3 )
3
x
x
x
+

19.
3
( 4)
5 20
x
x

20.
2
(4 28)
7
x
x
+
+

21.
3 4
(2 8)
3 12
x
x
x

+
+

22.
2 2
(3 3)
4 4
x
x
x

+

23.
6 12 4 12
3 3 6
x x
x x
+
+

24.
7 6 24
2 8 5 35
x x
x x
+
+

25.
6 10 3
5 15 9
x
x x

26.
2
2 4 6
6 9
x x
x x x
+

27.
2 2
2 2
6 6 5
3 4 2 15
x x x x
x x x x
+ +
+

28.
2 2
2 2
2 12
8 15 9 14
x x x x
x x x x

+ + +

29.
2 2
2
3 10 2 4
5 6 24
x x x x
x x x
+
+

30.
2 2
2 2
6 30 4 21
6 40 8
x x x x
x x x x
+

31.
2
2
4 9
3 16
x x
x x
+
+

Exercise Set 5.2: Multiplying and Dividing Rational Expressions

32.
2 2
25 12 36
6 5
x x x
x x
+ +
+ +

33.
2 2
2 2
2 9 10 7 12
5 6 2 3 5
x x x x
x x x x
+ + + +
+ + +

34.
2 2
2 2
2 8 3 14 5
3 16 5 20
x x x x
x x x x
+
+ +

35.
7 2 14
7 3 21 2 2
ax bx ay by ax x a
ax x a ax bx a b
+ + + +
+ +

36.
2 2
2 2
3 3
ac ad bc bd c d
ac ad bc bd ac ad bc bd
+
+ +

Divide the following rational expressions and simplify.
No answers should contain negative exponents.

37.
5 15
8 32

38.
6 4
25 5

39.
25
10
2
| |

|
\ .

40.
12
6
7

41. ( )
2
6
3

42. ( )
4
40
5
| |

|
\ .

43.
4 3
2 7 5
x x z
y z y

44.
3 7 5 9
4 2
a c b c
b a

45.
5 6
5 2
2 5
a b
a d
c d

46.
3 2
4 5
6
x y
x z
w z

47.
3 5
1 1
x x
x x
+

48.
4 3
2 2
x x
x x
+

49.
2
7 7 1
21 3
x x
x x
+

50.
2
7 4
3 9
x
x x
+
+

51.
2
1 1
6 3 18
x x
x x

+ +

52.
2
5
2 4
x x
x x

+ +

53.
2
5 10
4 16 x x

54.
2
2
4 2
5 25
x x
x x

+

55.
2
2 2
9 3
1 2 1
x x
x x x
+ +
+

56.
2
2
4 9 2 3
5 10 25
x x
x x x

+

57.
2 2
2 2
3 10 6
3 28 12
x x x x
x x x x

+

58.
2 2
2 2
4 4 8 20
6 16 9 8
x x x x
x x x x
+ +
+

59.
2 2
2 2
6 1 3 2 1
6 5 1 3 4 1
x x x x
x x x x
+ +
+ + + +

60.
2 2
2 2
10 17 6 6 5 4
5 4 12 3 2 8
x x x x
x x x x
+ +
+

61.
3 3
3 3
am an bm bn am an bm bn
am an bm bn am an bm bn
+ +
+ +

62.
2
2 2 5 5
5 5 3 3
cx dx cy dy cx cy dx dy
cx dx c d x x xy y
+ + + +
+ + + +
SECTION 5.3 Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions

Section 5.3: Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions

Addition and Subtraction

Addition and Subtraction

Addition and Subtraction of Rational Expressions with Like
Denominators:

Example:
Perform the following operations. All results should be in simplified form.

Solution:

Addition and Subtraction of Rational Expressions with Unlike
Denominators:

Example:

Solution:

Perform the following operations. All results should be in simplified form.

Solution:

Perform the addition. Give the result in simplified form.

Solution:


Perform the subtraction. Give the result in simplified form.

Solution:


Perform the subtraction. Give the result in simplified form.

Solution:


Perform the following operations. Give all results in simplified form.

Solution:

Exercise Set 5.3: Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions

Perform the indicated operations and simplify.
(Whenever possible, write both the numerator and
denominator of the answer in factored form.)

1.
2 3
5 7
x y
+
2.
4 2
5 3
a b

3.
3 2
4 9 a b

4.
7 5
2 3 c c
+
5.
2 2 5
7 2
x y xy
+
6.
4 7 5 4
3 2
a b a b

7.
8 7
5 5
x x
x x
+ +
+
+ +

8.
3 4 6
1 1
x x
x x

9.
3 2 2 6
5 20 5 20
x x
x x
+ +

10.
2 3 10 9
4 3 4 3
x x
x x
+
+

11.
2 3
1 5 x x
+

12.
5 6
4 7 x x
+
+ +

13.
3 8
1 x x
+
+

14.
5 2
4 x x

15.
3 4
1 2 x x
+ +

16.
1 2
2 2 x x
+

17.
6 2
3 7 x x
+

18.
7 4
9 2 x x
+

19.
5 4
3 3
x
x x
+
+

20.
2
5 5
x x
x x

21.
2
3
5 x
+

22.
5
4
7 x
+

23.
7
2
2 x
+

24.
6
4
3 x

25.
4 2
1 3
x
x x
+
+
+

26.
3 1
3 3
x
x x

+

27.
2 3
2
x
x x

+

28.
4
3 5
x
x x
+
+

29.
1 1
1 2 1
x
x x
+
+ +

30.
2 3 6
1
x
x x
+
+

31.
3 1
2 4
x x
x x
+
+
+

Exercise Set 5.3: Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions

32.
1 2
3 1
x x
x x
+
+

33.
5 2
4 3
x x
x x
+
+

34.
4 2
1 1
x x
x x

+

35.
7 5
8 12 6 6 x x
+
+

36.
5 2
12 6 10 40 x x
+

37.
3 8 6
1 2 x x x
+
+

38.
2 4 3
3 2 x x x
+
+

39.
2
2
4 3
5
2 8
x
x x
+

40.
2
2
3 5
2
3 4
x x
x x
+

41.
2 2 2
2 5
2 8 2 4
x
x x x x x x
+
+ +

42.
2 2 2
1 1
3 18 6 3
x
x x x x x x
+
+ +

43.
2 2 2
4 2
10 24 12 32 14 48
x
x x x x x x
+
+ + + + + +

44.
2 2 2
2 3
7 12 4 3 5 4
x
x x x x x x
+
+ + +

SECTION 5.4 Complex Fractions

Section 5.4: Complex Fractions

Simplifying Complex Fractions

Simplifying Complex Fractions

Definition:

Simplifying:

Example:

Solution:
Method 1:


Method 2:


Solution:


Solution:



Solution:


Solution:


Solution:

Exercise Set 5.4: Complex Fractions

Simplify the following. No answers should contain
negative exponents.

1.
7
12
5
8

2.
6
7
2
3

3.
4
3
4
5
x
y
x
y

4.
5
2
7
12
4
a
b
c
b

5.
2
3
3
4
2
8
5
ab
c d
a c
bd

6.
4
6 5
2
7
3
8
9
4
x y
w z
x w
z

7.
3
2
5
4
8
x yz
x
y

8.
3
5
2
10
b c
d
bd

9.
2 3
3 4
1 2
2 5
+

10.
5 1
6 2
3 2
5 3

11.
5
6
1 2
2 3
+

12.
1
1
7
1
7
+

13.
1
2
4
1
2
2
+

14.
5
8
2
4
3

15.
2
5
3
10
x
x
+

16.
7
8
1
12
x
x
+

17.
3
a b
b
b a
ab
+

18.
2
x y
x y
xy
+

19.
2
2
4
7 12
8
20
6
x x
x
x x
x
+ +


20.
5
2
3
2
9
6 16
18
11 24
x
x x
x
x x

+

21.
3 2
3 2
x x
x x
+

22.
4 5
3 4
a a
a a
+

23.
2
1
1 1
2 2
x
x
x
+

24.
2
5 1
3 3
25
x
x
x

25.
2 3
5 4
a b
a b
+

26.
7 2
3 4
x y
x y
+

27.
6
1
9
x
x
x
x

28.
4
10
7
x
x
x
x
+
+

29.
2
2 3
5 5
2
25
x x
x

30.
2
6
2
4 1
2 1
x
x x
x x
+
+

31.
1 3
3 4
3 2
3 1
x x
x x
+
+
+ +

32.
2 5
1 2
3 2
2
x x
x x
+
+

33.
15
2
12
7
x
x
x
x
+
+

34.
14
9
7
6
x
x
x
x
+ +
+

For each of the following expressions,
(a) Rewrite the expression so that it contains
positive exponents rather than negative
exponents.
(b) Simplify the expression.

35.
1
1
1
x
x
+

36.
1
1
3 x
x

37.
1 1
1 1
x y
x y

+

38.
1 1
2 2
c d
c d

+
+

39.
2 2
1 1
x y
x y

+


40.
1 1
2 2
a b
b a

41.
1 1
3 3
c d
c d

42.
3 3
1 1
x y
x y

+
+

43.
3 3
2 2
a b
a b

+
+

44.
2 2
3 3
x y
x y

+

45.
1
1
1
1 x
+
+

46.
2
1
1
1 x
+

47.
1
5
4
5 x
+

48.
1
2
3
2 x

+

SECTION 5.5 Solving Rational Equations

Section 5.5: Solving Rational Equations

Rational Equations

Rational Equations

Definition of a Rational Equation:

Solving a Rational Equation:

Example:

Solution:


Example:

Solution:


Extraneous Solutions:

Example:

Solution:



Solution:



Solution:



Solution:



Solution:

Exercise Set 5.5: Solving Rational Equations

Solve the following. Remember to identify any
extraneous solutions.

1.
2
2
5 3
x x
=
2.
3 2
1
4 3
a a
=
3.
3 2
22
2 5
c c
=
4.
5
14
8 4
x x
+ =
5.
5 3
2
6 10
x x
+ =
6.
7 3
5
8 20
x x
=
7.
4 7 3
5 5
x x
x x
+
=

8.
3 4 8
2 2
x x
x x
+ +
=

9.
5 2 6
1 1
x x
x x
+ +
=
+ +

10.
3 4 5 7
6 6
x x
x x
+
=
+ +

11. 3
4
7
5
2
= +
x x

12. 2
4
5
6
7
= +
x x

13.
3
4
2 x
=

14.
5
3
7 x
=
+

15.
2
0
5 x
=

16.
5
0
2
x
x
=
+

17.
3 1
7
5
x
x

=
+

18.
3
2
7
x
x
=
+

19.
2
7
1
9 x
=

20.
2
5
0
4 x
=

21.
2
5
1
7 12
x
x x
+
=
+

22.
2
11
1
3 10
x
x x
=
+

23.
5 9
2
7 3 t
+ =
+

24.
3 12
3
1 5 x
+ =

25.
7 8
1
9 1
x
x
+
=
+

26.
2 1
1
9 4
a
a
+
=
+

27.
7 2
3
7 3
x
x

+ =
+

28.
2 2
2
3 3
t
t
+
=

29.
1 3 13
1 4 12
w
w
+ =
+

30.
4 1 9
9 2 14
x
x
+
+ =
+

31.
5 3 7
3 4 4
x
x x
+
+ =
+ +

32.
3 3
2 7 2
x x
x x

=

Exercise Set 5.5: Solving Rational Equations

33.
15 3
8
3
1
5
4
=
x x

34.
3
5
6 3
4
2
7
=
+
+
+ x x

35.
3 2 1
4 8 3 6 36 a a
=

36.
5 1 7
3 15 2 10 12 c c
=
+ +

37.
2
3 1 7
5 3 2 15 x x x x
+ =
+ +

38.
2
2 1 4
1 2 2 x x x x
=
+ +

39.
2
4 2 8
3 1 2 3 x x x x
+ =
+

40.
2
7 2 10
4 5 9 20 x x x x
+ =
+

41.
2
3 4 8
2 2 4 x x x
=
+

42.
2
3 6 24
4 4 16 x x x
=
+

43.
2
1 6
1
x x
=
44.
2
12 1
1
x x
+ =
45.
2
7 4
2
x x
+ =
46.
2
4 11
3
x x
+ =
47.
6 1
1
4 x x
+ =
+

48.
7 4
1
5 x x
=
+

49.
4 1
1
4 1 x x
+ =
+ +

50.
5 2
1
4 2 x x
+ =
+

51.
7 8
1
5 8 x x
=
+ +

52.
5 6
1
7 9 x x
=
+ +

53.
4 2
1
5 10
x
x x
=
+ +

54.
2 1
1
7 3
x
x x
=
+ +

55.
1 4
2 5 3 2 5
x
x x x
+ =

56.
2 1 6
3 1 3 1
x
x x x
=
+ +

57.
4 3 3
3 2 1 1
x
x x x
+ =
+

58.
5 2
2 3 2 3
x
x x x
=


Section 5.6: Rational Functions

Working with Rational Functions

Working with Rational Functions

Definition of a Rational Function:

Domain of a Rational Function:

Example:

SECTION 5.6 Rational Functions
Solution:

Graph of a Rational Function:
Example:

Solution:


The graph of the function is shown below, labeled with the information from parts (b)-(d).

Vertical Asymptotes:

Finding Vertical Asymptotes

Example:

Solution:


Horizontal Asymptotes:



Solution:

( ) 0
3
0
1
f x
x
x
=



Solution:


Solution:


Exercise Set 5.6: Rational Functions

Find the indicated function values. If undefined, state
Undefined.

1. If ( )
3
x
f x
x
=
, find
(a) (0) f (b) ( 1) f (c)
( )
1
3
f

2. If
5
( )
5
f x
x
=
+
, find
(a) (0) f (b) ( 5) f (c)
( )
1
5
f

3. If
3 2
( )
7
x
f x
x

=
, find
(a) (0) f (b) ( 3) f (c)
( )
4
5
f

4. If
2 7
( )
6
x
f x
x
+
=
, find
(a) (0) f (b) (4) f (c)
( )
3
4
f

5. If
2
2
( )
6
f x
x x
=

, find
(a) ( 2) f (b) (0) f (c) (5) f

6. If
2
1
( )
2 1
x
f x
x x
=
+ +
, find
(a) ( 4) f (b) (0) f (c) (1) f

7. If
2
( )
121
x
f x
x

=
, find
(a) ( 3) f (b) (0) f (c) (12) f

8. If
2
1
5 14 x x
, find
(a) (0) f (b) ( 1) f (c) (7) f

9. If
2
3
( )
11 28
x
f x
x x
=
+ +
, find
(a) (3) f (b) ( 4) f (c) (0) f

10. If
2
5
( )
12
x
f x
x x
+
=

, find
(a) (0) f (b) ( 2) f (c) ( 5) f

The graph of each of the following functions has a
horizontal asymptote at 1 y= . (You will learn how to
find horizontal asymptotes in a later mathematics
course.) For each function,
(a) Find the domain of the function and express it
as an inequality.
(b) Write the equation of the vertical
asymptote(s) of the function.
(c) Find the x- and y-intercept(s) of the function,
if they exist. If an intercept does not exist,
state None.
(d) Find (1) f and ( 1) f .
(e) Based on the features from (a)-(d), match the
function with its corresponding graph, using
the choices (Graphs I-IV) below.

11.
4
( )
3
x
f x
x

12.
6
( )
2
x
f x
x
+
=
+

13.
6
( )
3
x
f x
x
+
=

14.
4
( )
2
x
f x
x
=
+

Graph IV:
Graph I: Graph II:
Graph III:
8 4 4
8
4
4
8
x
y
8 4 4
8
4
4
8
x
y
8 4 4 8
8
4
4
8
x
y
4 4 8
8
4
4
8
x
y

The graph of each of the following functions has a
horizontal asymptote at 0 y= . (You will learn how to
find horizontal asymptotes in a later mathematics
course.) For each function,
as an inequality.
(c) Find the x- and y-intercept(s) of the function,
if they exist. If an intercept does not exist,
state None.
(d) Find (1) f and ( 1) f .
(e) Based on the features from (a)-(d), match the
function with its corresponding graph, using
the choices (Graphs I-IV) below.

15.
4
( )
2
f x
x
=

16.
8
( ) f x
x
=
17.
4
( ) f x
x
=
18.
8
( )
2
f x
x
=

For each of the following functions,
as an inequality. Then write the domain of the
function in interval notation.
(c) Find the x- and y- intercept(s) of the function.
If an intercept does not exist, state None."

19. If
10
( )
5
f x
x
=
+

20.
12
( )
3
f x
x
=

21.
6
( )
2
x
f x
x

=
+

22. ( )
8
x
f x
x
=

23.
3
( )
x
f x
x
+
=
24.
4
( )
1
x
f x
x
=
+

25.
2
9
( )
9
x
f x
x

=

26.
2
8
( )
16
x
f x
x

=

27.
2
24
( )
8 12
f x
x x
=
+

28.
2
2
( )
20
x
f x
x x
=
+

29.
2
5
( )
2 1
x
f x
x x
+
=
+

30.
2
8
( )
5 4
x
f x
x x
+
=
+ +

31.
2
4
( )
8
f x
x x
=
+

32.
2
4
( )
6
x
f x
x x

Graph IV:
Graph I: Graph II:
Graph III:
8 4 4 8
8
4
4
8
x
y
8 4 4 8
8
4
4
8
x
y
4 4 8
8
4
4
8
x
y
4 4 8
8
4
4
x
y

33.
2
10 25
( )
5
x x
f x
x
+ +
=

34.
2
7 18
( )
5
x x
f x
x

=
35.
2
2
( )
25
x
f x
x
=

36.
2
1
( )
16
x
f x
x
+
=

37.
2
5 14
( )
5 7
x x
f x
x
+
=
+

38.
2
9 1
( )
3 2
x
f x
x

=

39.
2
2
25 36
( )
5 4
x
f x
x x
=
+

40.
2
2
7 6
( )
5 24
x x
f x
x x
+ +
=

Odd-Numbered Answers to Exercise Set 1.1: Numbers

1. (a) Composite; 1, 2, 4, 8
(b) Prime
(c) Neither
(d) Neither
(e) Composite; 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12

3. (a) 0.1
(b) 0.2
(c) 0.3
(d) 0.4
(e) 0.5
(f) 0.6
(g) 0.7
(h) 0.8
(i) 0.9 1 =
(j) 1.1 (since
10 1
9 9
1 = )
(k) 1.5 (since
5 14
9 9
1 = )
(l) 2.7 (since
25 7
9 9
2 = )
(m) 3.2 (since
29 2
9 9
3 = )

5. (a) Rational;
7
10

(b) Irrational
(c) Rational;
3
7

(d) Rational;
5
1

(e) Rational;
4
1

(f) Rational;
1
3

(g) Rational;
12
1

(h) Rational;
23
35

(i) Irrational
(j) Rational;
2
1

(k) Irrational

7. Odd, Negative, Integer, Rational, Real
9. Positive, Irrational, Real
11. (a) 8, 0, 12
(b) 5
(c)
15
4
7, , , 5, 12
(d) 8, 2.1, 0.4
(e) 5
(f) 12
(g) 5, 12
(h) 0, 5, 12

(i) 8, 0, 5, 12
(j) All numbers in the set:

15
4
8, 2.1, 0.4, 0, 7, , , 5, 12
(k)
15
4
8, 2.1, 0.4, 0, , 5, 12
(l) 7,
(m) None

13.

15. 2 is the only number that is both prime and even.
17. Answers vary. Some possible answers are:

2 4
3 7
, , 0.6, 0.37, 0.2, 8
(Note: Any repeating decimal is a rational number.
There are methods for changing repeating decimals to
fractions which will not be learned in this course.)

19. Answers vary. Some possible answers are:
2, 3, 5, 6, 10, , , 0.080080008... e

21. Does not exist
23. Does not exist
25. True
27. True
29. False. The number 0 is a whole number but not a
natural number.

31. True
33. False. A repeating decimal such as
4
9
0.4 = is a
nonterminating decimal, but is a rational number.

35. 2, 3, 5, 7
37. 8, 9. 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18
39. 4, 6, 8

25
0

1
3
5
10
55 13.3
Undefined Y N N N N
Natural N Y N N N
Whole N Y N N N
Integer N Y N Y N
Rational N Y Y Y Y
Irrational N N N N N
Prime N N N N N
Composite N N N N N
Real N Y Y Y Y
Odd-Numbered Answers to Exercise Set 1.1: Numbers

3 2 1 0 1
41. <
43. >
45. =
47. >
49. >
51. <
53. <
55. =
57. (a) 3
(b) 4
(c) 1
(d)
2
3

(e)
3
7
2

59. (a)
1
2

(b)
9
5

(c) Undefined
(d)
5
8
(Note:
3 8
5 5
1 = )
(e) 1

61. (a) 0
(b) 1

63. Numbers ordered from least to greatest:

9 0
, 2, 1, , 0.4, 0.49
4 5

`
)

The above numbers plotted on a number line:

Odd-Numbered Answers to Exercise Set 1.2: Integers

1. (a) 10
(b) 10
(c) 4
(d) 4
(e) 3

3. (a) 4
(b) 4
(c) 4
(d) 4

5. (a) 12
(b) 8
(c) 8
(d) 8
(e) 12
(f) 8
(g) 12
(h) 12

7. (a) <
(b) >
(c) >
(d) =

9. (a) 0
(b) Undefined
(c) 0
(d) 6
(e) 6
(f) 6
(g) 6
(h) 6
(i) 6
(j) Undefined
(k) 6
(l) 0

11. (a) 20
(b) 5
(c) 20
(d) 5
(e) 5
(f) 5

13. (a) 24
(b) 24
(c) 24
(d) 24

15. (a) 6
(b) 10
(c) 16
(d) 4
(e) 6
(f) 0
(g) 8
(h) 9
(i) 8
(j) 8
(k) 10
(l) 0
(m)
1
4
, or 0.25
(n) Undefined
(o) 6
Odd-Numbered Answers to Exercise Set 1.3: Fractions

1. (a) GCD: 2 (b) LCM: 24

3. (a) GCD: 1 (b) LCM: 70

5. (a) GCD: 14 (b) LCM: 28

7. (a) GCD: 4 (b) LCM: 40

9. (a) GCD: 6 (b) LCM: 90

11. (a) GCD: 4 (b) LCM: 240

13. (a)
2
7
1 (b)
3
5
4 (c)
1
3
6

15. (a)
3
4
6 (b)
10
11
2 (c)
3
10
7

17. (a)
31
6
(b)
67
9
(c)
26
3

19. (a)
19
7
(b)
17
3
(c)
49
4

21. (a)
3
7
(b)
9
11

23. (a)
3
5
6 (b)
1
3
5

25. (a)
2 1
4 2
3 3 = (b)
2
5
14

27. (a)
1
3
6 (b)
4 2
10 5
3 3 =

29. (a)
3
4
(b)
4
21

31. (a)
17
60
(b)
31
35

33. (a)
5 1
70 14

= (b)
7
12
1

35. (a)
25
42
9 (b)
2 1
10 5
2 2 =

37. (a)
6
35
16 (b)
7
9
3

39. (a)
33 11
60 20
2 2 = (b)
13
48
12

41. (a)
35
36
(b)
28
45

43. (a)
16
3
(b)
19
3

45. (a)
5
3
(b)
35
2
(c) 20

47. (a)
25
77
(b)
15
28
(c)
4
25

49. (a) 100 (b)
2
3
(c)
50
7

51. (a)
2
15
(b)
27
25
(c)
9
2

53. (a)
1
7
1 (b)
11
16
1

55. (a) 12 (b) 15

57. (a)
1
2
2 (b)
5
7
5
Odd-Numbered Answers to Exercise Set 1.4: Exponents and Radicals

1. (a)
3
7 (b)
2
10
(c)
6
8 (d)
7
3

3. <

5. >

7. <

9. (a) 3 (b) 9 (c) 27
(d) 3 (e) 9 (f) 27
(g) 3 (h) 9 (i) 27
(j) 1 (k) 1 (l) 1
(m) 81 (n) 81 (o) 81

11. (a) 0.25, or
1
4
(b)
1
25
(c)
1
81

13. (a)
8
5 (b)
4
5

15. (a)
7
6 (b)
11
6

17. (a)
2
4 (b)
5
4

19. (a)
18
7 (b)
24
5

21. (a)
1
1 1
5 5
= (b)
2
1 1
25 5
= (c)
3
1 1
125 5
=

23. (a)
3
1 1
8 2
= (b)
5
1 1
32 2
=

25. (a)
( )
1
1
5
1
5 = (b)
( )
1
2
3
1 3
2
=

27. (a)
2
1 1
25 5
= (b)
( )
2
1 1
25
5
=

29. (a)
1
32
(b) 16

31. (a) 1 (b)
1
64

33. (a)
9 12
6
27x y
z
(b)
6
9 12
27
z
x y

35.
20
x

37.
4
4
k
m

39.
4 6
8a b

41. 2

43.
12 8
4
9a b

45. (a) 6 (b) 7 (c) 9 2 3 2 =

47. (a) 25 2 5 2 = (b) 14 (c)
9
4

49. (a) 4 7 2 7 = (b) 36 2 6 2 =
(c) 9 3 3 3 =

51. (a) 9 6 3 6 = (b) 16 5 4 5 =
(c) 4 15 2 15 =

53. (a)
5
5
(b)
3
2
(c)
14
7

55. (a)
7
2
(b)
10
10
(c)
3 11
11

57. (a) 9 3 (b)
2 2 3
x y z yz

59. (a) 5 (b) 36 (c) 8

61. (a) 8 (b) Not a real number (c) 8

63. (a) 2 (b) 2 (c) 2

65. (a) 10 (b) Not a real number (c) 10

67. (a)
1
2
(b) Not a real number (c)
1
2

69. (a)
1
10
(b)
1
10
(c)
1
10

Odd-Numbered Answers to Exercise Set 1.5: Order of Operations

1. (a) P: Parentheses
E: Exponents
M: Multiplication
D: Division
A: Addition
S: Subtraction
(b) Whichever appears first
(c) Whichever appears first

3. (a) 23 (b) 35
(c) 17 (d) 5
(e) 4 (f) 6

5. (a) 10 (b) 4
(c) 4 (d) 10

7. (a) 4 (b) 14
(c) 10 (d) 33
(e) 24 (f) 16

9. (a)
19
60
(b)
11
60

(c)
7
30
(d)
1
30

11. (a) 45 (b) 49
(c) 8 (d) 57
(e) 26 (f) 36

13. (a) 100 (b) 1 (c) 5,000

15. (a) 40 (b) 16 (c) 33

17. (a)
6
19
(b) 2 (c) 18

19.
19
20
6

21.
2
81
44

23.
1
8
1

25.
5
14

27. 7

29. 2 3 5

31. 25

33.
8
15

35. 19
37. 18

39.
1
3

41.
5
7

43. 2

45.
1
15

47.
6
7
4

49. 4
Odd-Numbered Answers to Exercise Set 1.6: Solving Linear Equations

1. 7 x =
3. 3 x =
5. 5 x =
7.
5
3
x =
9. 2 = x
11. 5 = x
13.
4
11
8
22
= = x
15.
13
6
= x
17. 35 = x
19. 6 x =
21.
18
5
x =
23. 20 = x
25. 10 = x
27.
52
27
= x

Odd-Numbered Answers to Exercise Set 1.7:
Interval Notation and Linear Inequalities

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1. (a) 5 x >
(b)
(c) ( ) 5,

3. (a) 3 x
(b)
(c) ( ] , 3

5. (a) 2 x
(b)
(c) ( ) ( ) , 2 2,

7. (a) 1 x <
(b)
(c) ( ) , 1

9. (a) 4 x
(b)
(c) [ ) 4,

11. (a) 8 x
(b)
(c) ( ) ( ) , 8 8,

13. (a) 2 x and 7 x
(b)
(c) ( ) ( ) ( ) , 2 2, 7 7,

15. ( ) , 3
17. ( ] 2 ,
19. ( ] 5 , 3
21. ( ) ( ) , 7 7,
23. ( ) 3 , 1
25. ( ] 4 ,
27. ( ) ( ) , 0 0,
29. { }
3
1
, 3 , 2
31. { }
3
1
, 3 , 2
33. { }
3
1
, 2

35. (a) 5 < x
(b)
(c) ( ) 5 ,

37. (a) 6 x
(b)
(c) ( ] 6 ,

39. (a) 3 x
(b)
(c) [ ) , 3

41. (a) 4 < x
(b)
(c) ( ) 4 ,

43. (a) 5 > x
(b)
(c) ( ) , 5

45. (a)
8
13
x
(b)
(c) [ ) ,
8
13

47. (a)
3
1
x
(b)
(c) ( ]
3
1
,
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 8 7 6 5 4 3
5 4 3 2 1 0 1
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
8
13

7 6 5 4 3 2 1
3
1

11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4
6 5 4 3 2 1 0
4 3 2 1 0 1 2
1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Interval Notation and Linear Inequalities

5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
3 2 1 0 1 2 3
49. (a)
17
2
> x
(b)
(c) ( ) ,
17
2

51. (a) 2 x
(b)
(c) [ ) , 2

53. (a) 2 4 < x
(b)
(c) [ ) 2 , 4

55. (a) 1 2 i.e. , 2 1 x x
(b)
(c) [ ] 1 , 2

57. (a)
3
22
3
20
< < x
(b)
(c) ( )
3
22
3
20
,

59. b (since 9 is not less than 5), and
d (since -5 is not greater than -3)

61. (a) 100 23 . 0 75 + x , where x represents the # of
miles driven.

(b) 7 . 108 x , so you can drive a maximum of 108
miles and still be reimbursed in full.

63. You would need to talk for more than 110 minutes in
order for Plan 1 to be more cost-effective than Plan 2.
17
2

2
3
22

3
20

Odd-Numbered Answers to Exercise Set 1.8: Absolute Value and Equations

1. 7 = x
3. No solution (since the absolute value of any quantity
is always 0 , and therefore cannot be negative)
5. 6 = x
7. 9 , 1 = = x x
9. 1 x =
11.
3
4
, 4 = = x x
13. 4 x =
15. 9 , 12 = = x x
17.
3
7
3
1
, = = x x
19.
2
3
2
1
, = = x x
21. No solution (since the absolute value of any quantity
is always 0 , and therefore cannot be negative)
23.
8
1
2
3
, = = x x
An Introduction to the Coordinate Plane

1, 3, 5:

7. (-4, 2); Quadrant II
9. (0, 3); y-axis
11. (-3, -4); Quadrant III

13. Graph:

(a) Quadrant I
(b) Quadrant III
(c) Quadrant IV
(d) Quadrant II

15. Graph:

(a) y-axis
(b) x-axis
(c) x-axis
(d) y-axis

17. (a) III (b) II (c) I

19. (a) IV (b) IV (c) III

21. (a) II (b) III (c) II

23. (a) x-axis (b) y-axis (c) x-axis

25. False

27. True

29. False

31. True

33. True

35. False

37. False

39. False

41. True
6 4 2 2 4 6
4
2
2
4
6
x
y
C
E
A
6 4 2 2 4 6
6
4
2
2
4
6
x
y
C B
A
D
4 2 2 4
4
2
2
4
x
y
C B
A
D

43. (a), (c): See graph below.

(b) They all have an x-value of 3
(d) 3 x =

45. (a) Answers vary for part (a). One possible set of
points is ( 3, 0), (0, 0), (2, 0), (6, 0) .
(b) All points on the x-axis have a y-value of zero.
(c) 0 y =

47.

49.

51.

53.

2 2 4
2
2
4
x
y
4 2 2 4
2
2
4
x
y
4 2 2 4
2
2
4
x
y
2 2 4
2
2
4
x
y
2 2 4 6
2
2
4
x
y
C
B
A
D

55. 3 2 y x = +

Graph:

57. 4 7 y x = +

Graph:

59.

61.

x y
-2 -4
-1 -1
0 2
1 5
2 8
x y
0 7
1
4

6
3 -5
5
4
1.25 = == =
2
3
2

13
6 4 2 2 4 6
4
2
2
4
6
8
x
y
8 6 4 2 2 4 6 8 10
4
2
2
4
6
8
10
12
x
y
8 6 4 2 2 4
2
2
4
6
8
x
y
4 2 2 4
4
2
2
4
x
y
The Distance and Midpoint Formulas

1. 13 c =

3. 32 16 2 4 2 b = = =

5. (a) (c): See graph.
Note: Point C could also be placed at (1, 7).

(d)
2 2 2
) ( 5 3 AB = +
34 = AB

7. 13
9. 5 3 5 9 45 = =
11. 65
13.
37
3

15. ( ) 7 , 5
17.
( )
11
2
, 4
19.
( )
3 9
2 2
,

21.
( )
2
15
, 1
23. (a)

(b) 149
(c)
( )
3
2
, 1
25. (6, 11)
27. (a) (7, 8)
(b) 5
29. Point B is closer to the origin, since 61 58 <
31. (a) The center of the circle is ( 1, 2) .
(b) The length of the radius of the circle is 65 .
2 2 4 6 8
2
2
4
6
8
x
y
A
B
C
4 2 2 4 6 8
4
2
2
4
6
x
y
A
B
Slope and Intercepts of Lines

1. Positive
3. Zero
5. Negative
7.
7
3

9.
5
2

11. 0
13.
5
4

15. Undefined
17.
5
2

19. 5
21.
7
141

23.
3
4

25. Undefined
27. (a) 4 1 y x = +

(b)

(c) Slope: 4

29. (a)
2
3
4 y x =

(b)

(c) Slope:
2
3

31. Summary of slopes from numbers 27-30:
4 1 y x = + Slope: 4
3 2 y x = + Slope: 3

2
3
4 y x = Slope:
2
3

3
5
6 y x = + Slope:
3
5

The slope is the coefficient of the x-term. The
equation of a line is often written in the form
y mx b = + , and m represents the slope of the line.

33. (a) x-intercept: 4
(b) y-intercept: 2
(c) Coordinates of x-intercept: ( ) 4, 0
(d) Coordinates of y-intercept: ( ) 0, 2
(e) Slope:
1
2

x y
0 1
2 9
1 3
1
4

0
1
2

3
x y
0 4
5 2
3

9 2
6 8
3
2

3
6 4 2 2 4 6 8
4
2
2
4
6
8
10
x
y
6 4 2 2 4 6 8 10
10
8
6
4
2
2
4
x
y

y-intercept: 8
(b) Coordinates of x-intercept: ( ) 4, 0
Coordinates of y-intercept: ( ) 0, 8
(c), (d): See graph below.

37. (a) x-intercept:
5 1
4 4
1 =
y-intercept: 5
(b) Coordinates of x-intercept:
( )
1
4
1 , 0

y-intercept: 10

y-intercept: 6

4 2 2 4 6 8
2
2
4
6
8
10
x
y
4 2 2 4 6 8
2
2
4
6
8
10
x
y
2 4 6 8 10
8
6
4
2
2
x
y
4 2 2 4 6
8
6
4
2
2
x
y

y-intercept:
10 1
3 3
3 =
Coordinates of y-intercept:
( )
1
3
0, 3

21 1
5 5
4 =
y-intercept: 7
( )
1
5
4 , 0

7 1
2 2
3 =
y-intercept:
7 1
2 2
3 =
( )
1
2
3 , 0
Coordinates of y-intercept:
( )
1
2
0, 3

49. (a) x-intercept: None
y-intercept: 3
(b) Coordinates of x-intercept: N/A

6 4 2 2
2
2
4
x
y
8 6 4 2 2 4
2
2
4
6
8
x
y
2 2 4 6
2
2
4
x
y
4 2 2 4
2
2
4
x
y

y-intercept: None
Coordinates of y-intercept: N/A

53. (a) 2 8 y x =

(b)

(c) x-intercept: 4
y-intercept: 8
(d) Slope: 2

55. Summary of y-intercepts from numbers 53 and 54:
2 8 y x = y-intercept: 8
3 y x = + y-intercept: 3
The y-intercept is the constant term. The equation of
a line is often written in the form y mx b = + , and b
represents the y-intercept of the line.

x y
0 8
4 0
2 4
7 6
0.5 9
6 4 2 2
4
2
2
4
x
y
6 4 2 2 4 6 8 10 12
10
8
6
4
2
2
4
6
x
y
Equations of Lines

1.
4
3
2 y x =
3. 3 = x y
5. (a) 5 2 + = x y
(b) Slope: 2 ; y-intercept: 5
(c)

7. (a) 5 1 y x =
(b) Slope: 5; y-intercept: 1
(c)

9. (a)
4
x
y =
(b) Slope:
1
4
; y-intercept: 0
(c)

11. (a)
5
4
3 y x =
(b) Slope:
5
4
; y-intercept: 3
(c)

13. (a)
2
5
6 y x = +
(b) Slope:
2
5
; y-intercept: 6
(c)

15. (a)
5
2
2 y x =
(b) Slope:
5
2
; y-intercept: 2
(c)

2 2 4 6
2
2
4
6
x
y
6 4 2 2 4 6
6
4
2
2
4
x
y
4 2 2 4 6
6
4
2
2
4
x
y
4 2 2 4 6
8
6
4
2
2
x
y
2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
6
4
2
2
4
6
8
x
y
6 4 2 2 4 6
8
6
4
2
2
4
x
y
Equations of Lines

17. (a)

(b) ( ) ( )
2
3
4 6 y x = +
(c)
2
3
8 y x = +

19. (a)

(b) ( ) ( )
3
4
2 8 y x = + or ( ) ( )
3
4
7 4 y x + =
(c)
3
4
4 y x =

21.
4
7
3 y x = +
23.
4
5
7 y x =
25.
2 4
9 3
y x = +
27.
3
5
4 y x = +
29.
7 3
5 5
y x =
31.
5
7
5 y x =
33.
3
2
6 y x = +
35. 6200 800 + = x C

12 10 8 6 4 2 2
4
2
2
4
6
8
10
x
y
10 8 6 4 2 2 4 6
10
8
6
4
2
2
4
x
y
Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

1. Parallel
3. Perpendicular
5. Neither
7. Perpendicular
9. Parallel
11. Neither
13. Perpendicular
15. Parallel
17. Perpendicular
19. Parallel

21. (a) ( ) 7 2 4 y x =
(b) 2 1 y x =

23. (a) ( )
1
6
5 12 y x = +
(b)
1
6
7 y x = +

25. (a) ( )
5
4
7 3 y x + =
(b)
5 13
4 4
y x =

27. (a) ( )
3
2
6 1 y x = +
(b)
3 9
2 2
y x = +

29. 4 = y
31. 2 x =

33. (a)
13 2
3 3
y x = +
(b)
3
2
y x =

35.
5
2
2 y x =
37.
19 2
5 5
y x = +
39. 18 6 + = x y
41.
5 4
3 3
y x =
An Introduction to Functions

1. This mapping does not make sense, since Erik could
not record two different temperatures at 9AM. The
mapping does not represent a function.
3. Yes, the mapping represents a function.
5. No, the mapping does not represent a function.
7. (a) ( ) 4
7
x
f x = +
(b)
4
( )
7
x
f x
+
=

9. (a)
2
( ) 6 36 f x x x = =
(b)
( )
2
( ) 6 f x x =

11.

13. 0 x
Interval notation: ( ) ( ) , 0 0,

15. 3 x

17. 4 x

19.
5
2
t
Interval notation:
( ) ( )
5 5
2 2
, ,

21.
9
4
x
Interval notation:
( ) ( )
9 9
4 4
, ,

23. 3 x and 3 x
Interval notation: ( ) ( ) ( ) , 3 3, 3 3,

25. All real numbers
Interval Notation: ( ) ,

29. 0 t
Interval Notation: [ ) , 0

31. 5 x
Interval Notation: [ ) , 5


35.
9
2
x
Interval Notation:
)
9
2
,

37.
1
5
x
Interval Notation:
(
1
5
, (

39.
5
2
x
Interval Notation:
(
5
2
, (

41. 2 x and 6 x
Interval notation: [ ) ( ) 2, 6 6,


45. 5 t


49.
5
3
x
Interval Notation:
)
5
3
,



x
3
( ) 5 f x x = = = =
2 13
1 6
0 5
1 4
2 3
An Introduction to Functions

55. 7 x

57. 4 x

59. (a) (3) 11 f =
(b)
7
5
x =
(c)
( )
13 1
2 2
f =
(d)
7
10
x =
(e) ( ) 0 4 f =
(f)
4
5
x =

61. (a) (1) 2 h =
(b) 4, 2 x x = =
(c) ( ) 2 5 h =
(d) No such value of x exists (since 3 x cannot
be negative).
(e) ( ) 7 4 h =
(f) 10, 4 x x = =

63. (a) (7) 3 h =
(b) (25) 27 9 3 3 3 h = = =
(c)
( )
3 9 1
2 4 4
h = =

65. (a) (16) 1 f =
(b) (12) 12 3 4 3 3 2 3 3 f = = =
(c) ( ) 9 0 f =

67. (a) (3) 0 g =
(b) ( ) 4 42 g =
(c)
( )
35 1
2 4
g =
(d) ( ) 0 6 g =

69. (a)
1
2
( 7) f =
(b)
2
3
(0) f =
(c) ( )
7
2
5 f =
(d) ( ) 3 f is undefined.
(e) ( ) 2 0 f =

Functions and Graphs


1. No, the graph does not represent a function.
3. Yes, the graph represents a function.
7. No, the graph does not represent a function.
11. (a)

(b) No, the set of points does not represent a
function. The graph does not pass the vertical
line test at 2 x = .

13. (a)

(b) Yes, the set of points represents a function. The
graph passes the vertical line test.

15. If each x value is paired with only one y value, then
the set of points represents a function. If an x value is
paired with more than one y value (i.e. two or more
coordinates have the same x value but different y
values), then the set of points does not represent a
function.
17. (a) Domain: [ ] 4, 6
(b) Range: [ ] 3, 9
(c) ( 2) 3 f =
(0) 3 f =
(4) 9 f =
(6) 3 f =
(d) 4 x = , 4 x =

19. (a) Domain: ( ) , 6
(b) Range: ( ] , 5
(c) ( 2) 1 g =
(0) 5 g =
(2) 1 g =
(4) 1 g =
(6) g is undefined
(d) ( 2) g is greater than (3) g , since 1 0 > .

21. (a) Domain: ( ) ,
(b)

x
3
2
( ) 6 f x x = + = + = + = +
2 9
1
15
2
7.5 = == =
0 6
1
9
2
4.5 = == =
2 3
4 2 2 4
2
2
4
6
x
y
2 2 4 6
4
2
2
4
x
y
6 4 2 2 4 6
2
2
4
6
8
10
x
y

23. (a) Domain: [ ) 1, 3
(b)

25. (a) Domain: ( ) ,
(b)

27. (a) Domain: [ ) 3,
(b)

29. (a) Domain: ( ) ,
(b)

x ( ) 3 5 h x x = = = =
1 8
0 5
1 2
2 1
3 4
(open circle)
x
( ) 3 g x x = = = =
1 2
2 1
3 0
4 1
5 2
x ( ) 3 f x x = = = =
3 0
4 1
5
2 1.4
7 2
12 3
x
2
( ) 4 F x x x = = = =
1 5
0 0
1 3
2 4
3 3
6 4 2 2 4 6 8
10
8
6
4
2
2
4
x
y
2 2 4 6 8 10 12
6
4
2
2
4
6
8
x
y
4 2 2 4 6 8
6
4
2
2
4
6
x
y
2 2 4 6 8
2
2
4
x
y

31. (a)
5 8 5 8
3 3 3
x
y x
+
= = +
(b) Yes, the equation defines y as a function of x.

33. (a)
2
2 3 7 3 7
2 2 2
x
y x
+
= = +

35. (a) 3 y x = +
(b) No, the equation does not define y as a function
of x.

37. (a) ( ) 2 y x = +
(b) No, the equation does not define y as a function
of x.

39. (a)
5 7
5 7
2 2 2
x
y x
+
= = +
An Introduction to Polynomial Functions

1. (a) Yes
(b) Degree: 3
(c) Binomial

3. (a) Yes
(b) Degree: 1
(c) Binomial

5. (a) No
(b) N/A
(c) N/A

7. (a) No
(b) N/A
(c) N/A

9. (a) No
(b) N/A
(c) N/A

11. (a) No
(b) N/A
(c) N/A

13. (a) Yes
(b) Degree: 6
(c) Monomial

15. (a) No
(b) N/A
(c) N/A

17. (a) Yes
(b) Degree: 0
(c) Monomial

19. (a) Yes
(b) Degree: 5
(c) None of these

21. (a) Yes
(b) Degree: 7
(c) Binomial

23. (a) No
(b) N/A
(c) N/A

25. (a) Yes
(b) Degree: 9
(c) Trinomial

27. (a) False
(b) True
(c) True
(d) False

29. (a) True
(b) True
(c) False
(d) False

31. (a) True
(b) False
(c) False
(d) True

33. x-intercepts: 1, 2, 4
y-intercept: 8

35. x-intercepts: 1, 0, 3
y-intercept: 0

37. (a) Quadratic
(b) x-intercepts: 8, 8
y-intercept: 64
(c) ( 4) 48 f =
( 1) 63 f =
(6) 28 f =

39. (a) Cubic
(b) x-intercept: 2
y-intercept: 32
(c) ( 4) 288 f =
( 1) 36 f =
(6) 832 f =

41. (a) Linear
(b) x-intercept:
12
5

y-intercept: 12
(c) ( 4) 32 f =
( 1) 17 f =
(6) 18 f =

43. (a) Quadratic
(b) y-intercept: 28
(c) ( 4) 0 f =
( 1) 24 f =
(6) 10 f =
Adding, Subtracting, and Multiplying Polynomials

1.
2
3 40 x x +
3.
2
4 3 x x +
5.
2
15 36 x x + +
7.
2
16 80 x x
9.
2
16 x
11.
2
14 49 x x +
13.
2
2 5 3 x x +
15.
2
20 39 7 x x + +
17.
2
3 14 8 x x +
19.
4 2
2 35 x x +
21.
7 6 5
7 37 10 x x x +

23. (a) 3x
(b) 7x
(c)
2
10x

25. (a)
4 3
5 4 x x
(b)
4 3
5 28 x x
(c)
10
60x

27. (a)
5 3
27 6 x x
(b)
3 2
9 3 2 x x x
(c)
3
15x

29. (a)
4 3
70 35 x x
(b)
2
3 5 x x +
(c)
5
350x

31. (a) 2 10 x +
(b) 4
(c)
2
10 21 x x + +

33. (a)
2
7 x x +
(b)
2
7 x x + +
(c)
3 2
2 21 x x x

35. (a)
2
10 4 x x +
(b)
2
20 x
(c)
3 2
5 25 20 x x x +

37. (a)
2
2 9 x x
(b)
2
6 15 x x + +
(c)
3 2
2 5 36 36 x x x

39. (a)
3 2
4 13 x x x
(b)
4 3 2
16 6 40 x x x
(c)
5 4 3 2
2 16 40 10 x x x x x +

41. (a)
2
5 3 2 x x +
(b)
2
7 4 x x +
(c)
4 3 2
6 11 3 11 3 x x x x +

43. (a)
5 4 3
2 7 4 x x x x +
(b)
5 4 3
2 3 2 x x x x +
(c)
9 8 7 6 5 4 2
2 5 4 7 2 11 3 x x x x x x x + + + +

45. (a)
3 2
2 4 2 9 x x x + +
(b)
3 2
4 4 2 1 x x x + +
(c)
6 5 4 3 2
3 12 2 19 16 10 20 x x x x x x + + + +

47. (a)
2
15 48 x x + +
(b)
2
13 50 x x
(c)
3 2
13 35 49 x x x + +

Odd-Numbered Answers to Exercise Set 3.3
Dividing Polynomials

1. Quotient: 4 x ;
Remainder: 3

3. Quotient: 6 x + ;
Remainder: 8

5. Quotient: 4 5
2
x x ;
Remainder: 0

7. Quotient: 5 4 3
2
+ + x x ;
Remainder: 7

9. Quotient: 7 2 + x ;
Remainder: 14 5 + x

11. Quotient: 1 8
2 3
2
1
+ x x ;
Remainder: 8

13. Quotient: 15 3
2
x x ;
Remainder: 60 5 + x

15. Quotient: 2 + x ;
Remainder: 24

17. Quotient: 4 2 3
2
+ x x ;
Remainder: 8

19. Quotient: 4 4
2 3
+ x x x ;
Remainder: 0

21. Quotient: 17 7 4 3
2 3
+ x x x ;
Remainder: 75

23. Quotient: 4 2
2
+ x x ;
Remainder: 0

25. Quotient: 6 2 4
2
+ x x ;
Remainder: 2

27. (a) Using substitution, 4 ) 2 ( = P
(b) The remainder is 4 , so 4 ) 2 ( = P .

29. (a) 7 ) 1 ( = P
(b) The remainder is 7 , so 7 ) 1 ( = P .

31. 97 ) 5 ( = P
33. ( ) 10
4
3
= P
35. ( )( )
2
11 24 8 3 x x x x + =

37. ( )( )
2
7 18 2 9 x x x x = +

39. ( )( )
2
4 25 21 7 4 3 x x x x = +

41. ( )( )
2
2 7 5 1 2 5 x x x x + + = + +

Quadratic Functions

1. (a) Vertex: ( ) 3, 2
(b) The parabola opens upward.
(c) y-intercept: 7
(d) Axis of symmetry: 3 x =
(e)

3. (a) Vertex: ( ) 1, 1
(c) y-intercept: 0
(e)

5. (a) Vertex: ( ) 2, 3
(c) y-intercept: 11
(e)

7. (a) Vertex: ( ) 7, 0
(c) y-intercept: 49
(e)

10 8 6 4 2 2 4
4
2
2
4
6
8
10
x
y
2 2 4
2
2
4
x
y
6 4 2 2 4 6 8 10
2
2
4
6
8
10
12
x
y
7 7 14 21
14
7
7
14
21
28
35
42
49
56
63
x
y
Quadratic Functions

9. (a) Vertex: ( ) 4, 7
(b) The parabola opens downward.
(c) y-intercept: 9
(e)

11. (a) Vertex: ( ) 0, 5
(c) y-intercept: 5
(e)

13. (a) Vertex: ( ) 5, 15
(c) y-intercept: 115
(e)

15. (a) Vertex: ( ) 2, 6
(c) y-intercept: 14
(e)

14 12 10 8 6 4 2 2 4 6
10
8
6
4
2
2
4
6
8
x
y
8 6 4 2 2 4 6 8
20
15
10
5
5
x
y
4 2 2 4 6 8 10 12
20
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
x
y
8 6 4 2 2 4 6
24
20
16
12
8
4
4
x
y
Quadratic Functions

17. (a) Vertex:
( )
5 13
2 4
,
(c) y-intercept: 3
(d) Axis of symmetry:
5
2
x =
(e)

19. (a) Vertex:
( )
3 41
8 16
,
(c) y-intercept: 2
(d) Axis of symmetry:
3
8
x =
(e)

21. (a)
2
( ) 2 15 f x x x = +
(b) ( ) 1, 16
(c) Graph III

23. (a)
2
( ) 2 12 10 f x x x = +
(b) ( ) 3, 8
(c) Graph II
6 4 2 2 4 6 8 10
8
6
4
2
2
4
6
x
y
2 2
2
2
4
x
y
Greatest Common Factor and Factoring by Grouping

1.
2
6xy
3.
4 4
a b
5.
3 5
4a c
7.
3 5 4
x y z
9. ( ) 5 2 a +
11. ( ) 3 5 b
13. ( ) 3 3 8 x y
15. ( ) 2 3 4 x y
17.
( )
2
2 3 1 ab a b +
19. ( ) 5 3 4 rt r t
21.
( )
2
2 2 4 x x x +
23.
( )
3 2 3 5
5 3 7 x y xy x y +
25.
( )
2 4 5 8 5 5
7 5 4 3 a b c a c b ab c +
27.
( )
5 3 2 4 2 3 3
10 21 49 c a b a c b c +

29. (a) ( ) 5 y x
(b) ( )( ) 4 5 x x

31. (a) ( ) 3 b a +
(b) ( ) ( ) 5 3 c a + +

33. ( )( ) 5 3 4 a a b + +
35. ( )( ) 8 2 1 x x + +
37. ( ) ( ) 5 2 1 x x +
39. ( ) ( ) 2 3 11 a a
41. ( )( ) 2 b c a + +
43. ( )( ) 5 y z x +
45. ( )( ) 3 x x y +
47. ( )( ) c d a b
49. ( ) ( ) 4 1 y x +
51. ( )( ) 1 y x y +
53. ( )( ) 3 2 4 b a + +
55. ( ) ( ) 3 2 1 t x t +
57. ( )( ) 4 3 2 c d a b
59. ( )( ) d e f a b +
61. ( )( ) 4 5 3 2 x z x y +
63. ( )( ) 3 2 x x +
65. ( )( ) 4 3 x x
67. ( )( ) 3 5 2 3 x x + +
69. ( )( ) 3 7 3 2 x x +
71. ( ) ( ) 2 7 2 7 x x + + , or ( )
2
2 7 x +
Factoring Special Binomials and Trinomials

1. (a)
2
16 x
(b)
2
8 16 x x + +
(c)
2
8 16 x x +

3. False
5. True
7. True
9. False

11. (a) ( )( ) 3 3 x x +
(b)
2
9 x +
(c) ( )
2
3 x +
(d) ( )
2
3 x

13. ( )( ) 7 7 x x +
15.
2
144 x +
17. ( ) ( ) 1 1 p p +
19. ( )( ) 10 10 x x +
21. ( )( ) 5 5 c c +
23. ( ) ( ) 2 3 2 3 b b +
25. ( )( ) 4 1 4 1 x x +
27. ( )( ) 7 10 7 10 x y x y +
29.
2 2
25 16 c d +
31. 2 2
3 3
x x
+

33.
x a x a
y b y b

+

35.
4 4
5 3 5 3
xy xy
+

37. ( )
2
10 x
39. ( )
2
1 x +
41. ( )
2
9 x +
43. ( )
2
2 3 x
45. ( )
2
5 4 x +
47. ( )
2
x b
49. ( )
2
2 5 bc d
51. ( )
( )
3 2
8 2 2 4 x x x x = + +
53. ( ) ( )
2
4 4 16 x x x + +
55. ( )( )
2
3 3 9 p p p + +
57. ( )( )
2 2
x y x xy y + +
59. ( )( )
2 2
5 2 25 10 4 a b a ab b + +
Factoring Polynomials

1. (a) 13
(b) No

3. (a) 100
(b) Yes

5. (a) 36
(b) Yes

7. (a) 81
(b) Yes

9. (a) 36
(b) No

11. ( )( ) 5 1 x x +
13. ( )( ) 3 2 x x
15.
2
7 12 x x
17. ( )( ) 10 2 x x + +
19. ( )( ) 3 8 x x +
21. ( )
2
8 x +
23. ( )( ) 7 8 x x
25. ( )( ) 4 15 x x +
27. ( ) ( ) 3 14 x x + +
29. ( )( ) 7 7 x x +
31.
2
3 x
33.
2
9 25 x +
35. ( )( ) 2 1 3 x x +
37. ( )( ) 2 1 4 3 x x +
39. ( )( ) 3 4 3 1 x x +
41. ( )( ) 4 5 2 x x +
43. ( )( ) 4 3 3 2 x x
45. ( ) 9 x x +
47. ( ) 5 4 x x
49. ( )( ) 2 3 3 x x +
51. ( )( )
2
5 2 2 x x x +
53. ( )( ) 2 4 1 x x + +
55. ( )( ) 10 7 6 x x +
57. ( )( ) 11 2 x x x +
59. ( )
2
2 x x +
61.
( )
2 2
6 6 x x x + +
63. ( )( )
3
3 10 3 10 x x x +
65. ( )( ) 5 2 1 5 3 x x + +
67. ( )( )( ) 2 5 5 x x x + +
69. ( )( )
2
5 4 x x +
71. ( )( )( ) 9 2 1 2 1 x x x + +
Using Factoring to Solve Equations

1. 3 , 7 = = x x
3. 6 , 2 = = x x
5. 7 , 5 = = x x
7. 4 , 18 = = x x
9.
3
2
, 5 x x = =
11.
3 4
2 3
, x x = =
13.
2
3
1, x x = =
15. 5 , 5 = = x x
17.
3 3
2 2
, x x = =
19. 8 , 0 = = x x
21. 4, 9 x x = =
23. 7 , 0 = = x x
25. 2 , 2 = = x x
27. 3 , 6 = = x x
29.
1
8
, 3 x x = =
31. 0, 3, 2 x x x = = =

33. (a) x-intercepts: 4, 2
(b) ( ) 4, 0 , ( ) 2, 0
(c) y-intercept: 8
(d) Vertex: ( ) 3, 1
(e) The parabola opens upward.
(f) Axis of symmetry: 3 x =
(g)

(b) ( ) 4, 0
(c) y-intercept: 16
(d) Vertex: ( ) 4, 0
(g)

(b) ( ) 7, 0 , ( ) 3, 0
(c) y-intercept: 21
(d) Vertex: ( ) 2, 25
(e) The parabola opens downward.
(g)

4 2 2 4 6 8 10
2
2
4
6
8
10
x
y
6 4 2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
2
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
x
y
12 10 8 6 4 2 2 4 6 8 10
10
5
5
10
15
20
25
30
x
y

(b) ( ) 6, 0 , ( ) 2, 0
(c) y-intercept: 36
(d) Vertex: ( ) 2, 48
(g)

(b) ( ) 4, 0 , ( ) 4, 0
(c) y-intercept: 16
(d) Vertex: ( ) 0, 16
(g)

43. (a) x-intercepts:
3 3
2 2
,
(b)
( )
3
2
, 0 ,
( )
3
2
, 0
(c) y-intercept: 9
(d) Vertex: ( ) 0, 9
(e) The parabola opens downward.
(g)

45. 0, 2, 5
47. 0, 5, 5
49. 2, 3, 3

Note: In the following problems, there are other correct
ways of modeling the situation in part (a). The final
answer in part (b), however, is unique, regardless of the
method used for solving the problem.

51. (a) Let the width of the rectangle w =
5 the length of the rectangle w+ =

Equation: 36 ) 5 ( = + w w

(b) 4 = w (Note that 9 w = does not make sense as
the width of the rectangle.)

Answer: The length of the rectangle is 9 cm,
and the width of the rectangle is 4
cm.
12 10 8 6 4 2 2 4 6 8 10
60
54
48
42
36
30
24
18
12
6
6
12
18
x
y
12 10 8 6 4 2 2 4 6 8 10 12
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
2
x
y
8 6 4 2 2 4 6 8
4
2
2
4
6
8
10
x
y

53. (a) Let the base of the triangle x =
3 the height of the triangle x =

) )( ( triangle a of Area
2
1
height base =

Equation: 90 ) 3 )( (
2
1
= x x

(b) 15 = x (Note that 12 x = does not make sense
as the base of the triangle.)

Answer: The base of the triangle is 15 cm, and
the height of the triangle is 12 cm.
Simplifying Rational Expressions

1.
3
5

3.
3
4

5.
2
3
5
4
y
x

7.
( )
4
2
2
x y
x
+

9. 1
11.
( )
, or
3 3
c d d c

13. 4
15.
1
5 x

17.
2 2
a b
a b
+
+

19.
7 7 7
, or , or
2 2 2
c c c
c c c
+ +

21.
5
7
x
x
+

23.
2
2
5 6
12
x x
x x
+ +
+

25.
2
7
x
x

27.
6
6
x
x
+

29.
9
x

31.
2( 3)
2
x
x
+

33.
( 6)
8
x
x
+

35.
3( 1)
2( 5)
x
x
+

37.
4 5
5 2
x
x
+

39.
3 4
5 2
x
x
+

41.
2 7
4 1
x
x
+

43.
1 m
m n
+
+

45.
2
5
x
z
+

47.
2
2 4 x x + +
49. 3 x +
Multiplying and Dividing Rational Expressions

1.
2
3

3. 4
5.
2
5 5 5
c
a b d

7.
3 3
p t
n

9.
3
1
x

11.
5
10
x
x
+

13. 5 x
15. 5x
17. ( ) 3 2 , or 3 2 x x +
19.
3
5

21.
( ) 2 3 4
3
x

23. 4
25.
2
5x

27.
2
4
x
x
+

29.
( )
( )
2
2
3 4
x
x

31.
( )( )
2
4 3
16
x x
x
+ +
+

33.
4
1
x
x
+

35.
3
x y
x
+

37.
4
3

39.
4
5

41.
1
9

43.
3
3 10
y
x z

45.
6
2 7
b
c d

47.
3
5
x
x
+

49.
1
1 x

51. ( ) 3 1 x +
53.
( )
1
2 4 x +

55.
( )( )
( )( )
2
9 1
1 3
x x
x x
+
+ +

57.
5
7
x
x

59. 1
61.
a b
a b
+

Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions

1.
14 15
35
x y +

3.
27 8
36
b a
ab

5.
3
2 5
7 2 y x
x y
+

7.
2 15
5
x
x
+
+

9.
1
5

11.
( )( )
5 13
1 5
x
x x

13.
( )
11 3
1
x
x x
+
+

15.
( )( )
2
1 2
x
x x
+
+ +

17.
( )
( ) ( )
4 12
3 7
x
x x
+
+

19.
1 1
, or
3 3
x x
x x

21.
3 13
5
x
x
+
+

23.
2 3
2
x
x
+

25.
( )( )
( )( )
5 2
1 3
x x
x x
+
+

27.
( )( )
( )
4 1
2
x x
x x
+
+

29.
( )( )
2
2
1 2 1
x
x x + +

31.
( )
( )( )
2
2 2 7
2 4
x x
x x
+
+

33.
( )( )
7
4 3 x x
+

35.
( )( )
41 9
12 2 3 1
x
x x
+
+

37.
( )( )
2
19 6
1 2
x x
x x x

+

39.
( )( )
2
10 37
4 2
x x
x x

+

41.
( ) ( )
( )( )
6 3
4 2
x x
x x x
+
+

43.
( )( )
2
4 6
x
x x
+
+ +

Complex Fractions

1.
14
15

3.
2
3
20y
x

5.
3 3
2 4
5
4
b d
a c

7.
6
2
xy z

9.
5
54

11.
5
7

13.
3
2

15.
( ) 2 2
3
x
x
+

17.
( )
2
ab a b
b a
+

19.
( )
( )
3
3 3
4 5
x x
x
+

21. 5
23. ( ) 2 1 x
25.
2 3
5 4
b a
b a
+

27.
( )
( )( )
2
1 3
x x
x x
+
+

29.
25
2
x

31.
( )( )
( )( )
4 5 1
4 3
x x
x x
+ +

33.
5
4
x
x
+

35. (a)
1
1
1
x
x
+

(b)
1
1 x +

37. (a)
1 1
1 1
x y
x y
+

(b)
y x
y x
+

39. (a)
2 2
1 1
1 1
x y
x y
+

(b)
y x
xy

41. (a)
3 3
1 1
1 1
c d
c d

(b)
2 2
2 2
c d
d cd c + +

43. (a)
3 3
2 2
1 1
1 1
a b
a b
+
+

(b)
( )
( )( )
( )
2 2
3 3
2 2 2 2
b a b ab b
b a
ab b a ab b a
+ + +
+
=
+ +

Complex Fractions

45. (a)
1
1
1
1
x
+
+

(b)
2 1
1
x
x
+
+

47. (a)
5
4
1
5
x
+

(b)
15 4
5 1
x
x
+
+

Solving Rational Equations

1. 30 x =
3. 20 c =
5.
30
17
x =
7.
10
3
x =
9. No solution.
( 1 x = is an extraneous solution.)
11.
43
60
x =
13.
5
4
x =
15. No solution.
17. 9 x =
19. 4, 4 x x = =
21. 1, 7 x x = =
23. 4 t =
25. 8 x =
27.
35
2
x =
29. 2 w =
31. 1 x =
33. 25 x =
35. 5 a =
37.
11
4
x =
39. No solution.
41. 22 x =
43. 2, 3 x x = =
45.
1
2
4, x x = =
47. 1, 4 x x = =
49. 2, 2 x x = =
51. 12, 2 x x = =
53.
19
2
0, x x = =
55.
4
3
5, x x = =
57.
2
9
x =
Rational Functions

1. (a) (0) 0 f =
(b)
1
4
( 1) f =
(c)
( )
1 1
8 3
f =

3. (a)
2
7
(0) f =
(b)
11
10
( 3) f =
(c)
( )
2 4
31 5
f =

5. (a) ( 2) f is undefined.
(b)
1
3
(0) f =
(c)
1
7
(5) f =

7. (a)
3
112
( 3) f =
(b) (0) 0 f =
(c)
12
23
(12) f =

9. (a) (3) 0 f =
(b) ( 4) f is undefined.
(c)
3
28
(0) f =

11. (a) Domain: 3 x
(b) Vertical asymptote at 3 x =
(c) x-intercept: 4
y-intercept:
4
3

(d)
3
2
(1) f = ;
5
4
( 1) f =
(e) Graph IV

13. (a) Domain: 3 x
(c) x-intercept: 6
y-intercept: 2
(d)
7
2
(1) f = ;
5
4
( 1) f =
(e) Graph II

15. (a) Domain: 2 x
(c) x-intercept: None
y-intercept: 2
(d) (1) 4 f = ;
4
3
( 1) f =
(e) Graph III

17. (a) Domain: 0 x
y-intercept: None
(d) (1) 4 f = ; ( 1) 4 f =
(e) Graph II

19. (a) Domain: 5 x
( ) ( ) , 5 5,
(b) Vertical asymptote: 5 x =
y-intercept: 2

21. (a) Domain: 2 x
( ) ( ) , 2 2,
(c) x-intercept: 6
y-intercept: 3

23. (a) Domain: 0 x
( ) ( ) , 0 0,
(c) x-intercept: 3
y-intercept: None

25. (a) Domain: 3, 3 x x
( ) ( ) ( ) , 3 3, 3 3,
(b) Vertical asymptotes: 3, 3 x x = =
(c) x-intercept: 9
y-intercept: 1

Rational Functions

27. (a) Domain: 2, 6 x x
( ) ( ) ( ) , 2 2, 6 6,
y-intercept: 2

29. (a) Domain: 1 x
( ) ( ) , 1 1,
(c) x-intercept: 5
y-intercept: 5

31. (a) Domain: 0, 8 x x
( ) ( ) ( ) , 8 8, 0 0,
y-intercept: None

33. (a) Domain: 5 x
( ) ( ) , 5 5,
(c) x-intercept: 5
y-intercept: 5

35. (a) Domain: 5, 5 x x
( ) ( ) ( ) , 5 5, 5 5,
(c) x-intercept: 0
y-intercept: 0

37. (a) Domain:
7
5
x

( ) ( )
7 7
5 5
, ,
(b) Vertical asymptote:
7
5
x =
(c) x-intercepts: 7, 2
y-intercept: 2

39. (a) Domain: 1, 4 x x
( ) ( ) ( ) , 1 1, 4 4,
(c) x-intercepts:
6 6
5 5
,
y-intercept: 9

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MATH 1300

(k) 6( 1)( 1) (l)

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