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The Chronicle of Prosper of Aquitaine, The Gallic Chronicle of 452, The Chronicle of Marius of Avenches.
From Roman to Merovingian Gaul: A Reader (Readings in Medieval Civilizations and Cultures:V) by Alexander Callander Murray
The Chronicle of Prosper of Aquitaine, The Gallic Chronicle of 452, The Chronicle of Marius of Avenches.
From Roman to Merovingian Gaul: A Reader (Readings in Medieval Civilizations and Cultures:V) by Alexander Callander Murray
The Chronicle of Prosper of Aquitaine, The Gallic Chronicle of 452, The Chronicle of Marius of Avenches.
From Roman to Merovingian Gaul: A Reader (Readings in Medieval Civilizations and Cultures:V) by Alexander Callander Murray
Such wns the life I led from about the time I unr i,EntEEn ntil I war
tweny. Finally my parrnts' senre of responsibility eompclled mc, gainrt my
will, I confess, to give up the allurements of the soft ltib rnd forced me to take a wife. The ancient name of her house rves rnore impresrive than its estate, which at the tirre was burdened with problems becausc of lack of attention from its aged owner. A young grandchild who had survived her father succeeded to it, and later yielded to my nuptial torches. Once I had decided to bear the burden laid upon me, in only a few days I \Mas content, aided by the ardor of youth and a zealous spirit, to enjoy the establishment I had acquired. Quickly I forced myself and my people to exchange seductive idleness for unaccustomed activity. Some of them I chal- lenged with the example of my own labor, but others I compelled against their will with the severity of a master. And so, actively pursuing the duties of my new situation, I immediately took action to bring the fallow lands under cultivation and to renew the exhausted vineyards with prompt attention, once I had learned how. And I was first to py my tax obligations t the appointed time, willingly and of my or/n accord - something that seems to many particula bitter pill to swallow; but thereby I quickly assured myself of leisure to expend later upon private relaxation. Paulinus describes the luxury of his household. As much as I enjoyed pleasing and welcome amenities, the great devotion I had for my parents was dearer still and outweighed them all. It bound me with a tie of overwhelming love, so tht for the greter part of a year we kept them company, n rrangement we all wanted and found rewarding. Would that this way of life granted to us might have lasted longer by the bountiful gift of Christ and that also the earlier period of peace might have continued. In so many rrr/ays my youth could have done with the constant attention of my father's experience, and my education could have been fur- thered by good models. But the completion of the third decade of life [a. 4o6] was marked by the unhappy onset of wvo afflictions. In a public ctstro- phe mourned by everyone, enemies were poured into the guts of the Roman realm. This coincided with a private misfortune, the death and funeral of my father. For the last days of the end of his life accorded almost exacdy with the time when the peace was broken. But for me the.destruction caused to my home by the ravages of the enemy, though in itself considerable, was lighter by far than the immeasurable grief caused by the death of my father. He made both homeland and home itself dear to me. For we had such genuine mutual respect for each other that we lived as if there were no age difference between us and our friendship surpassed that of friends of the same age. TER FOUR TF{ E ANTIOUE CHRON TCLE TR.ADNTXONI I N TI..NE FIFTH AND SNXTI_N CENTUR.NES 'llwr ,rrc uo extensiue nanatiue histories Jor the fifth century. Coitemporary historians ild tlul tuith euents under the western emperors during this period, but their works, ,0r,,rli,?,( o.f eastern provefiance, suruiue as fragments embedded in later sources (see ilt 27, Jt). For complete examples oJ western historical writing in thefiJth ce,xtu{y - antl .litr many of that period\ events and much of its chronology - we haue to loole to iltnntilcs. ()hronicles became a signficant form oJ historical writing in the western empire in the .liurth century under the infiuence of the work l<nown as Eusebius-Jerome. This ilut ,t ruorld chronicle, setting out in tabular Jorm biblical, secular, and ecclesiastical his- tory.liom Abraham to the present.The original version was written'in Greek by the rc'ldmn'd church historian Eusebius (ca. z6o-i4o), bkhop of Caesarea; it suruiues now uly in.fagments and in Armenian and l-atin translations. In j9o, Saint Jerome (ca. j1:-4io),adapted an edition of Eusebius\ work. that ended in A.D. jz5, translating it Ittto Lrrtin and bringing euents down to the year j78. It was Jerome's I-atin uersion llnl lrymme infiuential in the west, and his ffirt to bring the chronicle up to date b*,ttttc ,r modelJor western practitioners of chronicle historiography.The main chronicles Itiursled here are all continuations of Jerome and record people and euents oJ recent hittory. 'l'lu'y often do so in a deliberatefashion that belies their appearance as sterile com- pctilit tf haphazard data. The chronicle Jorm may not immediately invite reflectiue n'iiliu.q, ltut modern scholarship has shown how the genre in its late antiqwe and eaily nrtlirwl .form desert,es to be treated as the purytoseful construct of authors with distinct Itttrttliotts. For this reason, not to mention the intrinsic interest and sometimes unique tnltr of' their contents, I have included large excerpts from the chronicles and attempted trttnybtcness ouer a substantial range of entries. I ltnve also kept some, though not all, chronologiul trappings of the chronicles. llrttrttion oJ contemporary dating conventions is often a necessity: not all chronicle t'tttriu can be reduced to simple, standard anno domini dating. Rcaders should also be u\ut' (!l the nwmber of chronological systems available to thosc recortling euents; for rlrrotrolo.gy was, among other things, an aspect oJ historical scU'-conseiouvrcss and a refi- trtiott qf the the public face of the Roman state. Finally, sonc undarstdnding of the nttir'ly ttf systems in use in theffth and sixth centuie5 and tlu'ir impcrfictions, may Itrly n'dders understand the practical problems Jaced by nwdcrn atrd dildcnt sch()lars ttyi,t.( to reconstruct a chronologicalframeworkfor historical n.tftttlit4', 16. PROSPER OF AQUITAINE Prosper oJ Aquitaine (or ProsJter Tiro) was d natiue oJ Giaut who tpent nuu'lr ' his aduh lfe in Rome. He may haue held an impofiant position in papal drcles, possibly dying in 463. Pyosper was deeply inuolued in the theological disputes of his rlay in both Caul and Rome, especially thase concerning grace and free will. Hk ehronicle is just one oJhis works, Itwas conceiueil as an abbreyiation of thefamous chronicle oJJerome, with an original continuation by Prosper himselJ that began in j78;it was composed in a number of editions between 4y and 455. Prosper\ chronicle was infiuenced .by another Jorm of contemporary historical recoril- keeping, consulay annals. Sin Republican times, the year in Roman practice had been named'after the two consuls who took ffice on t January;by late imperial conuention, one consul was named from the West and one om the East. Lists of these consuls cir- culated, often with octasional and brieJ annotations that might be used by chroniclers or historians; suruiving examples of annals sometimes contain ytrecise dates for important public euents. Proslter adopted consular chronology for his chronicle, combining it with a system of his own deuising that numbered years from Christ\ crucifixion. In the excerpts below, a selection of the years Jor the eailier portions of Prosper\ continuation is giuen. From the year 4og the chronicle is complete; the years ith con- suls but no euents giuen in Mommsen's edition haue been omitted. No attempt has been made to distinguish uarious recensions, but in a couple of cases I haue giuen vari- ants. I haue combined the dating schemes into one line: the number oJ the years from Chrbt\ passion, followed by the names (usually two) of the consuls for the year in question. Prosper\ dating can readily be incorporated into the later anno domini scheme of dating, which has been placed in the margin. Source: Prosperi Tironis epitoma chronicon, ed. Th. Mommsen, Clronlca Mitora r, MGH AA 9 (r892), pp. 385-485.Translation by A.C. Murray. a.37e Year 352 [from Christh passion].usonius and Olybrius [consuls]. - ...In this period, Priscillian, bishop of Gallaecia, established from the dogma of the Manichees and Gnostics the heresy bearing his name. a. i8r Year 354. Syagrius and Eucherius. Martin, bishop of the,city of Tours in Gaul, was famous for many exam- ples o[ miracles... a. 382 Year 355.Antonius and Syagrius. Athanaric, king of the Goths, was killed at Constantinople on the fifteenth day after he had been received thcre... a. 384 Year 357. Richomer and C)learclrus. Honorius, the son ofTheodrsius wrs born. iriciur'pr$ided over th Romen church Efter Drnnnrut tha thirry*ixth buhop' In Britein Maximus ws medc empercr by a mudny of the loldiers, He ;6Etl crri3ed ovr to Gaul. Gratian was dcfcatcd at Parii through the treach- { of thc mester of the soldiers, Merobaudes, end f,eeing was captured and llled at Lyons. Maximus mde his sonVictor his colleague in power. Valentinian [l], forty-second emperor, reigned for I years with Theodo- liur, Ye.r ish. nt adius and Bauto, ,,,Priscillian, knowing he would be condemned at the Synod of Bordeaux, rpperled to the emperor [Maximus]. He was tried at Trier and, along with Ettcltnltia, wife of Delfidius the teacher of rhetoric, Latroninus, and other Psrtners in his error, ws put to death by Euvodius, Maximus's praetorian pref'ect,At Bordeaux a cefiat disciple of Priscillian called Urbica was stoned. to dcatl'r on account of her pbstinate impiety by an unruly mob. Yelr 3fir.Theodosius for the second time and Cynegius. 'l'he usurper Maximus, despoiled of his royal garments, appeared before Vele tttinian and Theodosius at the third milestone from Aquilea and was con- deurned to death. His sonVictor was killed in Gaul by Count Arbogst in the mnlc yer. Yclr 36z.Timasius and Promotlls. llishops Itacius and lJrsacius, on account of the destruction of Priscillian, wlrose accusers they were, were deprived of the communion of the church. Yeur 365.Arcadius for the second time and Rufinus. 'l'he extreme severiry of Arbogast, master of the soldiers, droveValentinian tnt() committing suicide at Vienne by hanging himself. On the death of Valcntinian, Arbogast, who was burdened with the way the emperor died, as corrrrnander of the army, made Eugenius emperor in Gaul' 'I'heodosius, forry+hird emperor, already in power for 14 years, reigned for I yclrs with his sons Arcadius and Honorius. Yclr 367.Arcadius for the third time and Honorius for the second. .fohn the hermit monk was renowned. He had been granted the gift of prophecy and predicted that Theodosius, who was consulting him on the outcome of the campaign he was mounting against Eugenius, would be vic- lorious. .3ej Year 368. Olybrius end Prrbinur, Theodosius defeated and killed Eugcnius, Augustine, the disciplc of the blessed Ambrose and eminent ln eloquence and learning, was made bishop at Hippo in Africa' At this time, Claudian, the distinguished poet, became well known. Theodosius died at Milan. Arcadius, forty-fourth emperor, already in power fot tz yeats, reigned 13 years with his brother Honorius... a.4o6 Year 379.Arcadius for the sixth time and Probus. vandals and Alans crossed the Rhine and entered Gaul on December 3r. a.4o7 Year 38o. Honorius r the seventh time andTheodosius for the second. Constanline arose in Britain as a usurper and crossed to Gaul. a. 4o8 Year 38r. Bassus and Philippus. Arcadius died in ConstantinoPle. Honorius, forthy-fifth emperor, reigned for r5 years with Theodosius [II], the son of Honorius's brother. a.4oe year 3gz. Honorius for the eighth time andTheodosius for the third. TheVandals took Spain. Attalus was made emperor at Rome. He was soon deprived of power but remained connected with the Goths. a.4ro Year 383. SenatorVaranes. Rome was captured by the Goths under the command of Alaric' and for this reason there was on-try a consul for the east, a practice followed the next year as well. Year 384. Augustus Theodosius r the fourth time' constantine was defeated and captured by Honorius's generals, constan- tius and Ulfila, at the town ofArles. Count Gerontius killed Constantine's son Oonstans, who had begun his rule in Spain, passing the usurper's role to a ecftilirl Maximus. ar *g Yt 3t5. Hnorius for the ninth time and Theodosius for the fifth. In prin Maxiurlrs was removed from power and was granted his life ill-v/i11 lfeU he mOdereti.u and insignificance of the man did not merit }d hir effctltiort of ltrthoriry. At thic time, Hetos, r holy nan and dieeiple of blomcd Mrtda' wru drirn out of Arles by iB people while he preBided over the eity nl bbhopi he wao S,itrtu* end ntt *uUjo.t to ny ehrg, In his place $,e! od.in_ed Patttelus, rieud and acquintence of Constantius, master of the soldie*, whose fevor he prucured, This affair ws a subject of great disagrccments mong the bishops of thc region, l, 4?, Yeer'.11i6. Senator Lucius. His colleague in the consulship was Heraclian' who was responsible for Fvolution in Africa and deprived of his honor and his life' The tsurgundians acquired part of Gaul near the Rhine' The brothers Jovinus and Sebastian seized power in Gaul and were killed' At that time the Briton Pelagius set forth the doctrine bearing his name egainst the grace of Christ; Caelestius and Julian [of Eclanum] were his assis. trnts, He attracted many people to his erroneous views' He proclaimed that enclt person is guided to righteousness by his own will and receives as much gr(:eashedeserves,sincedam'ssininjuredonlyhimselfanddidnotalso iriuct his descendants. For this reason it would be possible for those so wishing to bt: completely without sin and for all little children to be born as innocent r ws the first man before transgression; nor are children to be baptized so tlteycanbedivestedofsinbutsotheycanbehonoredwiththesacramentof ndoPtion. i.4ir Yerrr 387. Constantius and Constans' Attalus on the advice of the Goths and with their help resumed the role ol ttsurper in Gaul. , '] i' Yclrr388.HonoriusforthetenthtimeandTheodosiusforthesixth. AttaluswasabandonedbytheGoths,whoremovedthemselvestoSpain, ,rtrrl, deprived of their support, was captured and presented alive to Constan- tirts the patrician. Athaulf,woundedbyoneofhisownmen'died'and'Walliaseizedhis kirrgdomafterdestroyingthosewhowerethoughttowantthesamething. l":,1 Y...':Ag.th.odosius for the seventh time and Palladius' s".ti.rg peace with Honorius, wallia restored the daughter of the emperor 'l'hcodosius [I], Placidia, whom the Goths had captured and whom Athaulf Itacl married, and Constantius won her hand in marriage' Zosimus took up the episcopal ofiice of the Roman church' He was the llrirry-ninth bishoP. At this time the Pelagians, already condemned by Pope Innocent' v/ere Cbthr enteretl (iatrl under King Athaulf. resisted by the diligence of the Africanr and especirlly
the knowledge of Bishop Augustine. a. 4t7 Year 39o. Honorius for the eleventh time, Constantius for the second. Honorius enrered Rome in a triumph with Attalus walking ahead of his chariot. Honorius ordered him to live in exile on the island of Lipara. .4r8 Year 39r. Honorius for the twelfth time andTheodosius for the eighth. At this time Constantius, a servant of Christ, and former vicar, living at Rome, most devoutly resisted the Pelagians on behalf of the grace of God. The many things he endured at the hands of their faction placed him among the holy confessors. A council was held at Carthage and the synodal decrees of the two hun- dred and fourteen bishops \^/ere conveyed to Pope Zosimus. They were approved and the Pelagian heresy was condemned throughout the whole world. Valentinian, the son of Constantius and Placidia, was born on z July. ,r. 4r9 Year 3gz. Monaxius and Plinta. At Rome Boniface took up the episcopal oflice, the fortieth bishop of the Roman church. Constantius the patrician made peace with Wallia and gave him the province of Aquitania secunda to live in and certain cities of neighboring provinces. t 4zo Year 3g3.Theodosius for the ninth time and Constantius for the third. Constantius was taken as a colleague in power by Honorius. Jerome the priest died at the age of ninery-one on 3o September. ^.4zt Year 3g4.Agricola and Eustathius. Emperor Constantius died. t- 4zz Year 395. Honorius for the thirteenth time and rheodosius for the tenth. At this time an rmy ws sent to Spain against theVandals under the com- mand of Castinus. By a senseless and wrongful order, he made Boniface, a man quite famous in the arts of war, averse to participating in his expedition. And Boniface, reckoning tht ro follow Castinus, whom he had found dis- agreeable and proud, would be dangerous to himself and degrading, rushed off to Portus and from there to Africa. That was the beginning of many difii- culties and subsequent evils for the stte. [Cf. 18, Hydatius, s.a. 4zz.) Yeer Jgo, Mariniarrur rnd rehpiodotur, ,{ugusta lllacidie, dtiven rwry by her bnrther Honodul, wtlt t the east with her children Honorir gndVelentiniatt, Cclcstiue ws set over the Roman church as its forry-flrrt bishop, Horrorius died and John took his imperial authority, It was thought that Cartilus, who commanded the army es master of the soldier, pretended to look thc other way, Theodosius [l] held the Roman empire as forty-sixth emperor. Ycar 397. Castinus andVictor. Exuperantius of Poitiers, praetorian prefect for Gaul, was killed in the ciry ot'Arles by a mutiny of the soldiers, and this deed was not avenged byJohn. 'Iheodosius made his cousin Valentinian [II! Caesar and sent him along witl, the Augusta, his mother, to take back the western empire. At the time, .folrn',s defenses were made weaker because he tried to recapture Africa, over wlrich Boniface ws maintaining his hold. Ycirr jg8.Theodosus, for the eleventh time, and CaesarValentinian' Augusta Placidia and Caesar Valentinian with astonishing good fortune crushed the usurper John and as victors regained royal power' Pardon was given,to Atius, because the Huns he had brought in on behalf ofJohn were lrr1ed back home by his efforts. Castinus, on the other hand, was sent into cxile, because it seemed as ifJohn would not have been able to take over the kirrgdom without his connivance. 'fhe manuscripts oler two slightly dffirent uersions oJ the next entry: r.Valentinian was hailed asugustus by a decree ofTheodosius' z. Valentinian was hailed as ugustus by the army. Arles, noble ciry of Gaul, was assailed by the Goths with great violence, until, threatened by tius, they withdrew not without losses. 1-rn Ycar 399. Theodosius for the twelfth time and Valentinian Augustus for the sccond. Patroclus, bishop of Arles, was wounded many times and killed by a tribune, a certain Barnabus. This crime was blamed on the orders of Felix, nraster of the soldiers, at whose instigation the deacon Titus, a holy man dis- tributing money to the poor at Rome, was also killed. {,, Yc'ar 4oo. Hierius and Ardabur. Due to the decision of Felix, war ws waged against Boniface in the name of the state by the generals Mavortius, Gallio, and Sanoeces. Bonifacet power ;rnd fame were growing in Africa and he had refused to come to Italy. The 67 generls beseiging IJorriface were killed, betrayed by srnoecer, end soon he who had betrayed them was himself killed. Thereafter accesr to the sea wt gained by peoples who were unacquainred with ships until they were called in by the rival sides to give assistance. The conduct of the war undertaken against Boniface \Mas transferred to Count Sigisvult. The Vandal people crossed from Spain to Africa. d. 428 Year 4or. Felix and Taurus. Nestorius, bishop of Constantinople, tried to introduce a new error into the churches. He proclaimed that Christ was born of Mary as a man only, not also as God, and divinity was conferred upon him because of his merit. The diligence of Bishop Cyril of Alexandria in particular and the authority of Pope Caelestinus opposed this impiery. Part of Gaul near the Rhine seized by the Franks was recovered by the forces of Count Atius. rr.4:9 Ycar 4oz. Florentius and Dionysius. Felix was promoted to the oflice of patrician andAtius was made master of the soldiers. Agricola the Pelagian, the son of Bishop Severianus the Pelagian, cor- rupted the churches of Britain by introducing his own doctrine. On the rec= ommendation of the deacon Palladius, Pope Celestine sent Germanus, bishop of Auxerre, as his representative, and when the heretics had been cast down, he guided the Britons to the Catholic faith. a.43o Year 4o3.Theodosius for the thirteenth time andValentinian for the third. Atius killed Felix and his wife Padusia and the deacon Grun-itus, sensing that they were plotting against him. Aurelius Augustine, a bishop most olttstanding in evey respect, died z8 August. In his very last days he was responding to the books ofJulian [of Eclanum] amidst the ttcks of besieging Vandals and persevering gloriously in deflense of Christian grace. a. 43r Year 4o4.Bassus and ntiochus. A synod of more than rwo hundred bishops gathered at Ephesus. Nesto- rius was condemned along with the heresy bearing his name and many Pela- gians who supported it because the doctrine was related to their own. Palladius, having been ordained by Pope Celestine, was rhe first bishop sent to the Scots believing in Christ. a. 432 Year 4o5.tius andValerius. Sixtus was set over the Roman church as the thirty-second bishop. The Tole eiry rmlned pccfuIin urcnderful hrrmony, Bonifeee 'recived thc ofce of mtter of the roldlil rad came fnrm to ltaly by wey of Rome, -{lthough hc fought r battle wlth Atius, war opposing him, rnd defeated him, he died r few dnye later from ill- Atius, who had surrendercd po$rcr, residcd on his country cstates and lome of his enemies tricd to crush him in a sudden attack. Fleeing to and from there to Dalmatia, he thererfter rcachcd the Huns through ia, He used their friendship and assistance to obtain the peace of the Itipcnrrs and get his power restored. l, '/, j' Yesr 4o6.Theodosius for the fourteenth time and Maximus. ll the years calculated up to the fourteenth consulship of Theodosius and ibat of Maximus: From the fifteenth year ofTiberius and the passion of the Lord,4o6 years. From the restoration of the temple under Darius, ro54 years. r-rcm the first Olympiad and Isaia the prophet, r2ro years. Fr<rm Solomon and the first building of the temple, 1466 years. lirom Moses and Cecrops, king of Attica, 1965 years. ; From Abraham and the rule of Ninus, 2450 years. Now from the flood to Abraham there are g42 yers, and from Adam to tlre llood 2242 years.Thus from dam to the time of the consuls mentioned hove, the years amount to 5634. .- rl. Yc;rr 4oS.fheodosius for the fifteenth time andValentinian for the fourth. l)eace made with the Vandals by Trigetius t Hippo on r r February. The Vrrrdals were given a part ofAfrica to live in. At the same time Atius crushed Gundichar,-who was king of the Burgun- rli;rns and living in Gaul. In response to his entreary Atius gave him peace, which the king did not enjoy for long. For the Huns destroyed him and his llcople root and branch. fi r I t:,: Yt'ar 4o9. lsidorus and Senator. The Goths conunded the peace agreements and seized many towns in tlrc vicinity of their settlements, attacking the city of Narbonne most of all. When it had sufered for some time from siege and hunger, the city was s;tved from both dangers by Count Litorius. For he put the enemy to flight ,rrrd filled the city with grain, having each of his troopers bring along two nleasures of wheat. Year 4ro. Atius for the second time and Sigisvult. 'War was waged against the Goths with the help of the Huns. In Africa, Gaiseric, king of the Vandals, wanted to use the Arian impiery to undo the Catholic faith within the regions where he redded, He persecuted some of our bishops, of whom the most famous were Posidius, Novatus, and Severianus, to the extent that he deprived them of their right to their churches and even drove them from their cities, for their steadfastness would not yield to the terrors of that most proud king. The Augustus Valentinian went to the emperor Theodosius at Constan- tinople and married his daughter. In the same period, four Spaniards, Arcadius, Paschasius, Probus, and Eu- chianus were formerly considered by Gaiseric to be valued and distinguished by virtue of their wisdom and faithful service. To make them even more esteemed, he commanded them to convert to the Arian heresy. But as they most steadfasdy rejected this wickedness, the barbarian was roused to a most furious anger. First their property was confiscated, next they were driven into exile, then tortured severely, and, finally, suffering death in various ways, they succumbed wonderfully to most glorious martydom. A boy called Paulillus, the brother of Eurychianus and Paschasius, was very dear to the king on account ofhis fine body and refined nture; since he could not be separated by threats from his acknowledgment and love of the Catholic faith, he was beaten for some time with rods and condemned to the menest sertude. He ws not killed, it seems, so that youth should not also take g1ory in over- throwing the savagery of an impious man. In the same year barbarian deserters of the federates took to pircy. . 438 Year 4rr.Theodosius for the sixteenth time and Faustus. In this year too the same pirates plundered many islands, especially Sicily. Measures against the Goths in Gaul went well. a. 439 Year 4rz.Theodosius for the seventeenth time and Festus. Litorius, who led Hun auxiliaries, second in command after Atius, rashly joined battle with the Goths, striving to surpss the glory ofAtius and trust- ing in the oracles of diviners and the portents of demons. He made us under- stand the success the band that perished with him might have achieved, had he chosen to follow course better than his own foolhardiness; for he infli- cted such losses on the enemy that, if he had not fallen into captiviry by fighting heedlessly, it would have been doubtful to what side victory should properly have been ascribed. At this time, Julian of Eclanum, a most boastful defender of the Pelagian error was aroused by an immoderate longing for a former lost bishopric. By the varied art of deceiving, and exhibiting the pretence of having amended lril wayr, lte ettrleavrlrccl to insinuate himself into the communion of the church, llut l'ope Sixtus, with the urging of Leo the deacon, opposed these triekr rnd allowed no appnxrclr to lie open to these pestilential efforts, and he eaffied all Ctholiel t reJoi |n threwing beek the dceeitful bealt, ar if the apostolic Br,ord thn for the firrt time beheaded the molt Pmud herry' ln the same period, vlterlcur wffi comidered loyd to our itte and renowned for the frequent demonstrstion of his skill in war' Peacc made with the Coths, for thcy sought it more humbly than ever lrefore after the lamentable trial of an inconclusive war' SinceAtiuswasconcernedwithmettersthatwerebeingsettledinGaul, Gaiseric had nothing to fear from losing his friendship' On r9 October' he took advantage of the peace and seized carthage. He put its citizens to vari- ous kinds of torture and took all of their wealth as his own' Nor did he refrain from despoiling the churches' Euryrying them of their sacred vessels' lncldeprivingthemoftheattentionoftheirpriests,heorderedthattheyno l,r,rg., b. places of divine worship but quarters for his people' He was harsh towards the entire captive population but particular hostile to the nobility and clergy so that no one could tell whether he was waging war more against lllln or God. Carthage suffered this captivity in the 585th year after it had become Roman. Year 4I3.Valentinian Augustus for the fifth time and Anatolius' WhenBishopSixtusdied,theRomanchurchwaswithoutabishopfor . nlore than forty days, awaiting with wondrous peacefulness and forbearance the arrival of Deacon Leo, who was detained in Gaul restoring the friendship between Atius and Albinus. It was as if he had been removed quite a dis- tgrce so that both the merit of him chosen and the judgment of those clroosing might be tested. Then Deacon Leo, summoned by a civic legation lrrcl delivered to his rejoicing home ciry was consecrted the forty-third hishop of the Roman church. !hile Gaiseric was inflicring serious damage on Sicily, he received word tlr;tt sebastian [the son-in-law of Boniface] was crossing from Spain to Africa rnd quickly returned to carthage. Gaiseric thought it would be dangerous to lrirrrself and his people if a man skilled in \ /r was bent upon retaking ( )rrrthage. But Sebastian, wishing to be regarded as a friend rther than as an crrcmy, found everything in the mind of the barbarian contrary to what he lncl supposed. That hope ws to him a cause of the greatest calamiry and an trrrluppy death.-[Cf. r8, Hydatius, s'a' 444,445, 449'1 r Yt'rtr 414. Cyrus. .l.heodosiusopenedhostilitieswiththeVandalsbysendingthegenerals Ariobindus, nsila, and Germanus with a large fleet. They deferred the busi- rrcss with long delays and proved to be more of a burden to Sicily than a help to Africa. I t.442 Year 4r5. Dioscorus and Eudoxius. As the Huns were laying waste to Thrace and Illyrlcum tvith ravage plun- dering, the army that \Mas delayrng in sicily returned for the defence of thc estern pronces. The Augustus valentinian made peace with Gaiseric and Africa was dided between the two inro disfincr rerrirories. Some of Gaiseric's magntes conspired against him because he was proud, even among tris own people, due to the successful outcome of events. But when the undertaking was discovered, they were subjected to many tortures and killed by him.'Whenever others seemed to venture rhe same thing, the king's mistrust served to destroy so many that he lost more men by this anxi. ety of his than if he had been overthrown in war. . 443 Year 4r6.Maximus for the second time and Paterius. At this time it became clear to the diligent perception of pope Leo that many Manichees were taking refuge in the city. He rooted them out frorn their hiding places and revealed rhem ro the eyes of the whole church; he caused them to censure and report all the deformities of their doctrine and had great piles of books that had been seized burned. This concern, inspired , in the holy man, it seems, by God, was of the greatest benefit not only to the city of Rome but also to the whole world, inasmuch as the confessions of those arrested in Rome might reveal the identity of their teachers, bishops or priests, and the pronces or cities in which they lived. Many bishops in the east imitated the energy of the apostolic governor. a. 444 Year 4r7. Theodosius for the eighteenth time and Albinus. In this year Easter was celebrated on 4 April.This was not an error, r the day of the passion was on zr April. out of respect,the anniversary of the City [on zr April] passed without circuses. Attila king of the Huns killed Bteda, his brother and co-ruler, and forced his people to submit to him. a. 448 Yeat 4zt.Postumianus and Zeno. At this time the Euchian heresy arose. Ir was created by Eutyches a cer- tain priest who presided over a renotvned monastery in Constantinople. He proclaimed that Jesus Christ, our Lord and son of the blessed Virgin Mary had no maternal substance, but only the nature of God's word was in him in the likeness of a human. on account of this impiety he was condemned by Flavian, bishop of the same ciry for he would not be corrected. But reing on royal friendship and the favor of courtiers, he asked to be heard by a uni- versal synod. Thodosius gave his consent and ordered all the bishops to gremble t'EphBur in otd to ndthdtaw thir eondenrnrtion, In this eouncil, Eutyehes wes absolvcd rnd DicrcUrur, bishop sf Nexlndria, clainring primrcy t'or himself, proposed 3ntne of condemnation against Flavian, bishop of C)orrstautinople.This was done oer.thc objections of Hilarus, deacon of the ehurch of Rome, who had been sent fiorn the apostolic see along with Julius the bishop to Pozzuoli to represent the holy Pope Leo. For all the bishops who rnade up the council were compelled to render consent to this heresy try force and fear of counts and soldiers whom the emperor had assigned to l)ioscorus, bishop of Alexandria;,but the aforesaid deacon, amid serious dan- ger to his life, called out his objection although the fury this caused threat- encd to destroy him. Leaving ,1 6 6wn-people there, he secretly departed so lrc might lay bere the aforesaid pope and other Italian bishops an accustion of how the Catholic faith was olated at the council. The holy Flavian passed op to Christ, ending his life in a most glorious fashion, while in the hands of those who led him into exile. l- Ycar 433.Valentinian for the seventh time and Avienus. When Theodosius had died and the chamberlain Chrysaphius. who had rnisused the friendship of the emperor, had been killed, Marcian received the kingdom with the agreement of the whole army. He ws a most impressive rnan, indispensible to not only the state but also the church' By his edicts, which complied with the authority of the apostolic see, the synod of Ephesus was condemned, and it was decided that an episcopal council should be held at chalcedon, so rhat forgiveness might heal the reformed aqd the intransigent might be driven out with their heresy' tl.4 t ' l1 ,., t ..1 I Year 434. Augustus Marcian and Adelphius' After killing his brother, Attila was strengthened by the resources of the deceased and forced many thousands of neighboring peoples into a war. This war, he announced as guardian of Roman friendship, he would wage only against the Goths. But when he had crossed the Rhine and many Gallic cities experienced his savage attcks, both our people and the Goths soon agreed to oppose with allied forces the fury of their proud enemies. nd Atius had such great foresight that, when fighting men were hurriedly collected from everywhere, a not unequal force met the opposing multitude. Although the slaughter of alt ihose who died rhere was incalculable - for neither side gave way - it appears that the Fluns were defeated in this battle because those mong them that survived lost their tste for fighting and turned back home. [, r,;/ Yeir' az. Senator Herculanus and Sporacius. Attila restored the forces he lost in Gaul and tried to enter Italy by way of l'atrtteitlia, ()ttr t:onrtnattcler Atitrs rnadc rro provision following the exertions of the previous war and failed to rnake use of the barrieru of'thc Alps by which the enerry could have been checked. He believed his o,ly hope lay in a full retreat from Italy along with the emperor. But since this course seemed disgraceful and fraught with danger, a sense of shame restrined fear and the widespread overthrow of so many of the noble provinces was used to stiate the savagery and greed of the enemy. of all the plans of the emperor, senare, and people of Rome, none seemed sounder than to send envoys to seek peace from this most fierce of kings. The blessed pope Leo, supported by the help of God, whom he knew never neglects the labors of the devout, took up this matter along with Avienus, a man of consurar rank, and rrygetius, a man with the rank of prefect. Nor was the result other than what faith had taken for granted. For when the entire delegation was honorably received, the king was so delighted with the presence of the chief bishop that he ordered the war to be halted and, having promised peace, retired beyond the Danube. a.4j3 Year 426. Senator Opilio andVincomalus. The synod of chalcedon ended. Euryches and Dioscorus were con- demned. All who disassociated themserves from them were received into communion. [Jniversally confirmed was the faith that was proclaimed by holy Pope Leo with respect to the incarnation of the word, according to the evangelic and apostolic doctrine. Attila died in his own territory. At first great struggles over succession ro the kingship broke out among his sons; then a few of the peoples that used to obey the Huns tried to revolt and created conditions and opportunities for wars. In these the fiercest peoples were corlsulned by attacks upon one another. Among the Goths residing in Gaul, dissersicT xrose among the sons of KingTheodoric, the eldest of which,Thorisnrund, succeeded his father.'when the king tried to act against both the llourarr pcace and the repose of the Goths, he was killed by his brothers, fcrr he lrrcssecl on uncontrollably with harmful measures. a. 454 Year 427. Atius and Studius. Ominous enmities grew stronger tretwecrr tlre Augustus Valentinian and the patrician Atius, even after oathl lrmruirirrg rrruttral loyalty and after an greement to join their childrert in tnarriuge,Wlrcrc the kindness of affection ought to have been streugthctred, thert the tirrrler of hatred burst into flame at the instigation, so it was believed, of Herhclius tl)c eunuch. By insincere devotion, he gained such inflttenc wer the errrperrrls thinking that he could easily push him into doing whetever he wirlrcrl, The manusdltls runlaln tuto tnlane $ rubsequent even$: t, Sincc Hereclius peruurded the enrpcxrr of all manner of wickedness on Atius' prt, there wes thought to be just one course of action available to ve the cmpcror: get his eReRly bfore he got him, As a result Atius was cruelly put to the sword within the recesses of the palace at the hands of the ernperor and his entourage. z, And so while Atius more vehemently sought agreements and more frgssiolltely pressed the case of his son, he was cruelly put to the sword witlrin the recesses of the palace at the hands of the emperor and his entourage. lJoethius, the praetorian prefect, wa killed at the same time; he ws con- nccted to Atius by great friendship. I, ,,, ,,, Yeirr 4ztt.Valentinian for the eighth time andAnthemius. Thc death ofValentinian followed not long after the death ofAtius. So iurpludently was it not avoided that the killer of Atius associated with the tttanis friends and retainers. They found the right time for their crime and, recrctly stalking the prince when he left the city and was awaiting a display of lrttts, stabbed him unexpectedly. Heraclius was killed at the same time, as he ws llext to the emperor, and no one of that royal host was incited to take rcvcnge for so great a crime. As this murder was carried out, moreover, Maximus, t'urice possessor of tltc consulship and holder of the patrician dig"iry took up the imperial powcr. Although people believed he would be in every way beneficial to the erttlungered state, it did not take long for him to show by example the kind nl'rtrirrd he had. Not only did he not punish the killers of Valentinian, but he feceivqd them as friends; and he forbade the Augusta, Valentinian's wife, to nlouru the loss of her husband and within a few days forced her to mrry hirrr. llut he was not to indulge this lack of restraint for long. After another nlolrtll he got news of the arrival of Gaiseric from Africa, and many nobles arrtl cornmoners fled the city.When he gave permission for everyone to leave attrl wished himself to get away in haste, on the seventy-seventh day after his reiu urc of power, he was torn to pieces by the royal slaves; thrown in pieces Ittto thc Tiber, he ws even deprived of burial. After this end to Maximus, a Itonrln cptivity, deserving of many tears, immediately followed, and Gaiseric ohtlinc'cl the ciry devoid of 11 protection. Holy Bishop Leo met him outside tlte glters and his supplication mollified him through the power of God to rur'lr urr cxtent that, when everything was given into his hands, he was held lrack rrcvcrtheless from burning, killing, and torture. Then for fourteen days, thnrugh r1 untrmmeled and open search, l\otne was emptied of all its wr,rltlr, lnd many thousands of captives, all that wcre satisfactory s to age or 71 occupatioll, along wlth the queen rnd her ehlldrcn, were raken way to Carthage. In rhe same year Easter wer celebnted on :4 April, according to the stub- born assertion of the bishop of Alcxandria, with whom all the easterncrg think they should gree, even when holy Pope Leo proresred that it should rather be observed on r7'April. on that day there was no error in the calcu, lation of the firll moon or in the demarcation of the first month. There exist letters of the same pope sent.to the most merciful prince Marcian, in which the calculation of the true date is laid out carefully and plainly and in which the catholic church can be instructed. Though the opinion of easterners was tolerated out ofa desire for unity and peace rather than approved, it must by no means go on being imitated, since an opinion that has brought destructiv of[ense should forever lose authority. TT.T}JE GALLIC CHRONICLE OF 452 This chronicle is the work. oJ an anonymous Caul, writing uery close to the year 452; Itlothing is known of the awthor but what un be inferred of his uiews om the con- tents of his chronicle. His perspectiue is sfficently clear to suggest interesting points oJ contrast with that of his contemporary Proslter. Like Prosper\ work, the Gallic chronicle of 452 was a continuation of an epitome of Jerome's translation of Euse- bius, and begins where Jerome left off in j7s. I gbe the continuation in its entiretyi from 379. The chronicler's treatment of years anil dates contains a number of errors, traceable in part to the sources he used, which are only reasonably detectable in the earlier Ttor- tions oJ the chroniele, Not only did the chronicler work with incorrect regnal year cotlnts for the reigns of Gratian, Theodosius I, and Honoius, but his relatiue placement oJ events is not always acturdte. Following Mommsen's edition, I haye added anno domini dates sparingly ryt to the end of Honorius's reign. After 424 the number of regnal years is correct, and it is possible to equate these with anno domini dates, but readers shoulil be aware that doing so does not preclude misilating, intentional or other- wise,by the chronicler.The Cltorucle is eorreet in the lastfew years after 447.Where the chronicle shows 'double dating'- that is the sprcad of what might be construed as one entry oer nlore than a single year - I havc grouped the years together rather than assuming a blank. year. Finally, it should bc noted that,followingJerome, not only does the chronieler date euents by the regnal years of emperors, but he also introduces olympiads eueryfour years and the years of Abraham euery decade; I haue omitted the laer two modes of dating. In the translation, anno domini datcs ara placcd in the left margin. The year numbers oJ the emperor's reign are in boltllo' Arabic numerals set fiext to the'first entry oJ the year, and the number in hrtrals tltc cnd of each entry conesltonds to *t nunheil4q oJ Monmsenl edhlon'The headlngt Ne thot of the ehrcakle' : Ohnwka (irllint A, (:C:C:e:Ltl, crl,Tlt, Mottttttscrr, (lltrottirn Mhktftt t, M(iH AA u (tlluz), 6+-trri arrd ef, Stc'vctt Muhlbergcr, 'l'h? ttl.litt"(ilttttty Ohruilerc: l\ttptr, llyrlttiltt, uil rht (lhrriller rl'45t (Leccls, I99o), pp, t37-15:,Trrnslation by A.o, Mtrrtry' , Gratian rcigned for 6 years [a. IZC-f8S] n, since he had quite a young brother as a royal colleague, admitted a t of suitable age,Theodosius;'into partnership in the kingdom.[z] (iratiau was much inclined to religion and well disposed toward the hes in all matters.[3] Martirr, bishop ofTours, was regarded as outstanding for his apostolic pow- 4l lelosius restored the exhausted state in the regions of the East.[5] In ltritrrin Maximus ws set up s llsurper by the soldiers.[6], Mtxirtrus vigorously overcme invading Picts and Scots.[7] Altrhrosius wrote most splendid books against the faithlessness of the Anans tltc Augustus Gratian.[8] Maxiirrus crossed the channel and, after a clash with Gratian, killed the lttperor as he fled to Lyons.[g] Theodosius reigned for rr years [a.384-395] Maxintus, out of fear of the leader of the eastern empire,Theodosius, entered intu l treaty withValentinian [II]. [tt] At'l'rier, Manichees were detected and destroyed owing to the utmost zel of Mrximus. Irz] Jultirrl, the mother of Valentinian, favored the Arians and heaped various types of injustices upon Ambrose and the entire church of Milan. [r3] l(clics of the martyrs Gervasius and Protasius first discovered by Ambrose el Milrrn.Ir4] Arpbrosei hymns composed; they wele sung in a form never before heard Itt l,ltin churches. [r5] M,rxirrrus, saying that an unworthy action had been taken against the position ot tlrc church, discovered a wy to break the treaty he had made with a. 388 4 - 392 tO II 8-9 valentinian. valentinian, fearing the usurper, who wnc dnrdy * threat to his life, fled to Theodosius,[r6l Augustine, while at first teaching rheroric at Milan, geve up the crassroom and converted to the true faith, for previously he was a Manichee. [r7] Theodosius came over to Italy with an army, killed Maximus, and restored Valentinian to his kingdom. [r8] Justina, who had africted the churches, \Mas prevented by death from get- ting back the kingdom with her son.[r9] The devout emperor expunged the monstrous act committed in Thessa- lonica by an extrordinary example of repentence for the people he massa- cred.Izo] Heresy of the Apollinarians begun by Apollinaris. [zr] The Arians, who polluted almost the entire East and West, were, by an edict of the devout emperor, despoiled of their churches, which were assigned to Catholics.[zz] John, an Egyptian monk, was regarded as famous because he earned the gift of prophecy from the Lord owing to the puriry of his life.[23] After Damasus, Siricius was the thirty-sixth bishop to take up direction of the Roman church. At Alexandria, on the death of Peter, Timotheus, and after him, Theophilus were made bishops. At Jerusalem, after Cyril, John received the church. At Antioch, on the death of Miletius, Flavianus took his place.[24] A huge dispute rose among us. The bishops who had been driven out by heretics wanted none but themselves to fill the priestly office now that the, heretics had been removed by the emperor.[25] A terrible portent, resembling in every respect a column, appeared in the sky.[26] Temples were destroyed in Alexandria, among thcm the very ancient and famous temple of Serapis, which, like some colurn,, was keeping idolatry from falling.[28] valentinian was eliminated at vienne by Arbogast, his own counr. Eugenius took the emperorh place, seizing power s a ururper,lagl To revenge valentinian's death and erurh the usurpation of Eugenius, Theo. dosius crossed over into ltaly; the frrrcr of tlod wls rcvealed when the ele- ments conspired to assist that very endgar;nr,l,tol 7t t; After Eugeniur hsd been Orcrmc, Theodoriur rcached t[e end of his lifc ln the seventeenth yet of hil rclgn'l3tl Arcadiur and Honorlur reigned for 3a years [Arcadlur, i. 395-408' Honorius, a.395'44] t r L.- / iorrsturtirrople, in fear of God's anger revealed in fire- flashing dreadfully bove the clouds, escaped by turning to Pennce with its whole heart.[33] stilicho killed Rufinus of the Bosphorus region after overcoming the gftarcl of Huns that supported him, because Rufinus reached the summit of irrrperial service but could not abide that Stilirho was preferred to him.[34] (llludian the poet was considered worthy of admiration.[35] (iildo stirred Africa into rebellion and withdrew the usual taxes from the l(omans.[36] Prudentius, our [i.e. christian] lyric poet, a spaniard by his illustrious birth, developed the strength of his talents.[37] 1 Stilicho, master of the soldiers, killed Gildo in Muretnia and restored Africa t(' its former status.[38] Innocent ws the thirty-seventh bishop to occupy the throne of the Itornan church. [39] 'll'rnples of the ancient superstition destroyed over the whole Roman world.[4o] Paulinus of Nola, later a bishop' sold everything as an admirable example, lirr he was the master of innumerable estates, and unimpeded chose the reli- gious life.[4r] .frhn [Chrysostom], bishop of Constantinople, shone in word and deed'[42] Martin, after living an extraordinary life, put aside his [mortal] body.[a3] 'fhe insane Pelagius qied to soil the churches with his purulent doctrine.[44] A synod at Alexandria was convened to deal with a dispute arising from the cloctrine of Origen. This decision emerged from it: that whoever approved of the works of the above mentioned Origen should be placed outside the church. [45] There was an eclipse of the sun.[46] 7 Augustine trcated r ErrG rr attt! in countless books,[461 p In three books Severus used examples of the raint',s holiness to givc us a life of Martin.[48] ro-rr A savage storm ofbarbaric disturbance lay over Italy. For Radagaisus, king of the Goths, crossed the frontier of Italy to plunder.[5o] As a consequence of this, the Arians who had been driven some distance from the Roman world began to take encouragement from the protection of the barbarian peoples ro whom they had turned.[5r] . 4a5 12 Radagaisus laid many cities waste before he fell: his division of his army into three parts under different leaders opened up to the Romans some means of resisting. Stilicho wheeled around his Hun auxiliaries and annihilated a third part of the enemy force in a notable victory. [52] a.4o8 Arcadius, ruler of the est, died leaving quite a small son,Theodosius, as his successor to the empire.[53] Caelestine was the thirry-eighth bishop ro govern the Roman church.[54] 13 The fury of various peoples began to tear Gaul to pieces. Stilicho set them loose as much as he could, indignant that his son had been denied the king- dom.155 | ,+ | At uti., the land in the forum of Trajan let out a bellowing noise for seven I days.[50] a. 4oll Many advised, among other things, the death of Stilicho in the interests of the state, because he was devising plots against the well-being of the emperor.[57] Nestorius, bishop of Constantinople [a. 428-r), turned to a heresy that separtes God from man in [the person of] Christ.[58] 15 John, count of Africa, ws killed by the people.[59] Proculus, bishop of Marseilles, was considered a man of renown: he agreed to an extensive investigation being conducted into the suspected adultery of bishop Remedius [Remigius].[6o] t6 At this time. as the host of enemies grew stronger, the powers of the Romans were weakened to their very foundation.[6r] The British provinces were laid waste by an invasion of Saxons.[62] TheVandals andAlans ravaged part of Gaul; Constantine the usurper took possession of what was left.[63] .,10. s,iJr" took owr the gatet prt of prin,[6a] Finnlly, the capit{ of the rrydd, Rome herself, was most foully exposed to t\ at thc hands of the Goths'[651 ,\ ,l the usurper v/es kid,[661 nothcr looting of Gaul, by the Goths who, under the command of aric, had taken Rome and had then crossed the Alps.[67] Jvirrus scized power as a usurper after Constantine.[68] Hy the diligence of a vigorous man, Datdanus, who \/as the only one not t lubnrit to the usurper, thaulf, who was in command of the Goths after Aluric, was turned away from an alliance withJovinus.[69] Slllustius as well as Sebastian fbrothers ofJovinus] were killed.[7o] Vitlelce, the noblest city of Gaul, was stormed by the Goths; Jovinus had EoIc there in flight.[7r] Enorurous famine in Gaul.[72] "' Aquitaine given over to the Goths.[73] l)ttroclus, bishop of Arles, dared to conduct a disreputable trade in the sale ot' cpiscopal oftices. [741 Heraclian, count of Africa, who rendered vigorous service in the restora- tion of the Roman world, was killed when he ttempted a revolurion.[75] L: l'lrrcidia,'the emperor's sister, who was a cptive for a long time, and then wife ol'a king, married Constantius, after the king was killed by deception.[77] The Goths were driven back by an attack of Constantius when they nroved again after the death ofAthaulf.[78] 'l'lre heresy of the praedestinati,satd to have started with Augustine, began to spread in this period.[8r] 'lhere was an eclipse of the sun.[82] Sixtus was the thirry-ninth bishop to direct the Roman church l^. 432- 44ol . [8 3] A wonderful portent appeared in the sky.[84] Maximus the usurper took control of Spain by force'[851 Honoratus, Minervius, Castor, and Jovian, the heads of c{iffcrent lnonasteries, Ilourished in Gaul. [86] 29-30 420-2r The imperial digniry was conferred on constantius at the wier of Hono_ rius. consrantius exercised it for scarcery eight months and died, leaving an eight year-old son Valentinian. [88] The usurper Maximus was toppled from power and taken to Ravenna where he was put on display before the emperor during the cerebrations of Hnorius's thirrieth anniversary. [g9] The Vandals crcmed the redt to Aler end, havlng torn th provinee to inflietcd an immense diralter on the Rornans,[to8] 1.7 hiitonsulate had been proclried, Atius, turning to better protection, lvy to Boniface, who hrd eome fiom Africa on)rthe summons of the ,Iropl Thcre was severe cold that was also ruinous to the health of a great many people,Ir ro] lloniface was wounded in a battle he won against Atius but retired from It to die.1Cf. 16, Prosper, s.a. 432.1[r r r] l, "i'.,''., After the battle, Atius turned to the Huns, who at the time were led by Rugila, and returned to Roman territory with the help he had asked r,lr rzl 4 'l'he Goths were summoned by the Romans to bring help.[r13] (iermanus the bishop of Auxerre became renowned for his miraculous powcrs and the strictness of his life.[rr4] ,. i , ,," i*_l Atius was received into favor.[rr5] I\ugila, king of the Huns, with whom peace had been made, died. He was .utccceded by Bleda.[r r6] , i'. ir- Frrther Gaul followed Tibatto, the Jeader of a rebellion, and separated from l(ornan society. This was only the beginning of almost all the servile order ltrvitial of Gaul oming into accord in a Bacaudic rcvolt (Bacauda).1n7) i , "'., {i A rnemorable war against the Burgundians broke out in which almost the urtire people with their king were destroyed by Atius. Ir r 8] !. J'r 4 After Tibitto was captured and the other leaders of the revolt were put in lronds or killed, the commotion of the Bacaudae quietened down.[r19] '. :. 'l'he Theodosian book bringing together all the laws of legitimate emperors lirr the first time.was issued in this year.[rzo] [Polemius] Si1us, who was quite mentally disturbed, composed some writings on religion after he completed his duty serving in the palace.[rzr] t-' l.eo was the fortieth bishop to take up leadership of the Roman church.[rzz] i, tii l{aving pacified disturbances in Gaul,tius returned to ltaly. Irz3] Abandoned country properties of the city ofValence were given over for 3r Placidia was discovered plotting against her brother and exiled to Rome.[go] a. 423 32 Honorius died at Ravenna.[g2] John, a former chief of the bureau of notaries, assumed po,/er, though he had no right to it.[92] Honorius left an empire severely weakened by many crises.[93] Theodosius [I] reigned for z7 years [a. 424_4So] a. 424 r Placidia sent a message to Theodosius begging help.[95] Sigisvult hastened to Africa against Boniface.[96] a'+25 z In Gaul, the [praetorian] prefect Exuperanrius was kilred by the soldiers.[97] Carthage was surrounded with a wall. From the time when the ancient city had been destroyed, carthage \Mas not allowed to be fortified by walls by decree of the Romans in case it sheltered rebellion.[9g] John was defeated by the army of the east and killed. Ravenna then was laid waste by looting.[99] Atius, rhe son of count Gaudentius who was killed by the sordiers in Gaul, entered Italy with Huns in order to supportJohn.[roo] t. 426 3 Valentinian [III] was made emperor at Rome.[ror] a. 427 + Arles was freed from the Goths by Atius.[roz] a' 428 s At last Placidia was brought to the power she wished for.[ro3] t. 42e o cassian set forth in books distributed to a great many people the lives of the fathers, their teachings and rules, which he had rearneJin gypt.[roa] a n,07-8 Atius tried to bring about the destruction of theJuthungi.[ro6] Massacre of almost 2o,ooo troops fighting in spain against thevandals. [cf. 16, Prosper, s.a.422; rg, Hydatius, s,a, 4zz.llto7) 83 r8-r9 a. 44r-42 a.443 20 a.444 2t a.446 23 a. 447 24 division to the Alans who were led by Sarnbida.frz4] The British provinces, which up to this time had endured a variery of disas- ters and misfortunes, were subjected to the authority of the Saxons.[rz6] The lands of Farther Gaul were handed over by the patrician Atius to Alans to be divided with the inhabitants. They subdued those who them with arms, drove out the owners, and obtained possession of the by force.fizTl 1l Sapaudia was given to the remnants of the Burgundians to be divided the native inhabitants. [rz8] Carthage was captured by the Vandals [r. +:S] and along with atl Africa off the might of the Roman Empire with lamentable harm and injury. thereby it became a possession of theVandals.[rz9] Vrhndalra [II, fr. lSll and Mrrclrn l. Y, A thll tirne the pitiable condition of the state wm quitc evident, for there no prlovince without a b*berin settler, nd thc unspeakable hcrcsy of Arians, which had permcted the barbarian nalons, pred over the world and laid claim to the name Catholic.I1381 Ittila entercd Gaul as if he had the right,to ask fora wife that was owed hilu, There he inflicted and suffered defeat and then withdrew to his I - '',O Chir yerr a gret mny portents appeared.[r4o] a. 44s 22 Thrace was shaken by an attack of the Huns.[r3o] Bleda, king of the Huns, was struck down through the deceit of his Attila, who succeeded him.[r3r] New destruction broke out in the East. No less than seventy cities were waste by the plundering of the Huns, for no assistence was brought from the W'est.Ir3z] a.448 23 Eudoxius, a physician by profession and ofperverse, ifwell-developed, talents; fled to the Huns when implicated in the Bacauda that took place at that time.Ir3 j] Eucherius, bishop of Lyons, and Hilary ofArles died, bringing to a close their extraordinary lives. I r 34] An abominable heresy was stirred up by a certain abbot [Euryches]. Theodo- sius, who provided him with support, died in July, having completed over forty years in power. Marcian succeeded him.[r35] Placidia also died in this year, after a life that was irreproachable following her conversion, and while her son completed his twenty-fifth year in power.Ir36] .449 26 a.4so 27 l he had suffered an unexpected defeat in Gaul, Attila, enraged, attacked whiclr the inhabitants, alarmed by fear alone, had stripped of its protec- It*r I IH. FROMITHE CHRONICLE OF HY,DATIUS ol'wltat we lenow of Hydatius depends on the testimony of hk own chronicle. He lnru in Ltmica (the area around present-day Ginzo d.e Limia in north-western in thc prouince of Callaecia (Calicia, the modern name, rcfers to a smaller area Its.filih-ccntury equiualent); Callaecia was the home country oJTheodosius the , At a child Hydatius truvelled to Palestine, probably in 407, where he saw, ollrcr rhurch luminaries, Saint Jerorne. We can infer that he came from a well- tttl wcll-cohnected, Christianfamily. He tells us that he became a bkhop in 428 dars rrot explicitly tell us the city, though it was likely Chaues ln modern Portugal. Iflr Ohronicle, which he completed writing around 470, is a continuation of the U*ltlus-lmtme world chronicle. It is preserued in later epitomes, and a near,ly com- ft'rsioil oJ it suruives in one Carolingian MS. For the per:iod Jollowing the close tlnr.rlrr.rl Histories, it is thefunddmental sourcefor Iberian history and the only r',r',rrnplc of Spanbh historiography prior to the late s.ixth century. But these are llrc rrnsons the ChrontcTe is quoted at length here (in fact much of Hydatius's ftriturt ,,1' strictly local ffiirs, especially concerning the Sueves, has had to be omitted hl ,Iil\ thttlldtion). Hydatius was also deeply interestetl in euents elsewhere in the rrorld, esBecially in Caul and ltaly. In llydatius\ day the Iberian peninsula IHr tlil/ srrpposed to be part of the Gallic prefecture and the Goths, operating out of 'frtttlrnt ()aul at the behest oJ the imperial goernment, were beginning their profound rrporr the course oJ Spanish history. llnlirtuntcly Hydatius\ uersion oJ euents is often complicated by chronological ruhich are especially euident in his ualuable account of the period ortr, 4ss. t itt tlrc Chronicle are dated lry regnal years of empcrors, but these cannot tt5 Of Anastasius; ths consulr were Felix liu the Wett] rnd ecurrdinus [in the East].The indiction was the fourth, the era S4Z7.l= , Srrl ZO. THE CHRONICLE OF MARIUS OF VENCHES Marius was bishop of Auenches probably from ca. SZ4 to 5g4. Auenches was in the Burgundian leingdom, near l-ake Neuchtel. Marius's chronicle fuk only known work) is preserued in a single manuscript of Carolingian date, where it appears as a eontinu- ation of Jerome's chronicle, the Gallic Chronicle of 452 and the last years of Pros- per's chronicle. Among his sources, Marius mad.e use oJ consular and Callic annals, including annals resembling those that must haue been used by Cregory oJ Tours. In this translation I haue noted parallek and analogues with sources that appear elsewhere in this Reader but not with Italian and eastern annals. Marius dates his euents by means oJ consular years, At the time of writing, the old consular system had finally broken down. The last annual consulship was that of Basilius in 54t. The years following were dated Jrom his consulship (the period being called his post-consulship), until the consulship was finally appropriated as part of the imperial title. A peculiarity of Marius's chronology is that an extld post-consukhip of Basilius was added at the year 566 combined with a misdating of Justinian\ death; thereafter the yearly numbering of the imperial consulship is off by a year. A temporary interruption of the yeaily appointment of consuls, with a consequent post-consulship, also occurred in 5jt. Starting in 5zj Marius includes ind.ictions in his dating scheme. At one time the term indiction meant afiscal cycle of fifteen years beginning with the year,312, but eventually each of the years within the cycle itself came to be called an indiction, num- beredfrom I to XVThe indietion began on t September, and so overlapped two con- sular years, but for purposes of calculation was normalty identified with the consular year in which most of its months fell, In the one instance where Marius does not merely include notice of the indiction but precisely tlates an euent by month and indic- tion (s.a.58t),the event obviouslyfalls in the preuious consular year.There are other examples where the indictions are right, though euents are placed under the wrong con- sular year. Unlike the consular dates, the indictions Jor the reign oJ Justin Jall in the coffe(t year. I give only those years in which euents hauc bcen entered, though these are com- plete, and the year oJJustin\ iruperial tnsulship, which th.e manuscript marked with capital letters. The use oJ dating by consulshilt allou,s us readily to giue anno domini equiualents, which in the transldtion are ltla'd in the margin. Cross rcferences to Hydatius and the Chronicle of 5rt can he .lrrund in documents t6 and 19 respec- tiuely.The abbreuiation }{ist. reJers to f/lc Hislrics t' Marius's contem.porary, Gregory ofTours; see 46-49,where most (ut uot ,il|) tlusr toss rcferences will beJound. Two.erlitioru wrre uretl irr thlr ranrlatiorr, (r) Cftrrr/rir a, f,'f]f,'fltr-DL,t{l etl,Th, }|nttttttrert, ()hruilra Mlmn:, MGH AA rr (rNr;4), pp, :iJ-.19, Ql I*t Chnque tle lt{,drltn (ist"ltt,), ed, nnd trrnr,Jurtin Favr'rrd, rnd, ed, (Lsurrnne, rgql)t thh hlr rr phor- lirrriurile of thc MS,Tfunclutiorr lry A,(1, Murrly, (, "'/ Valcntinian, for the cighth time, and Anthemilrs. The.final year of Prosper\ chronicle follows (as aboue t6). Prcrper cnds at this point and Bishop Marius begiru. ln the year of the above consul[s], Avitus was raised up as emperor in attl, arrd Theoderic, king of the oths, entered Arles in peace with his brathcrr, (. \(" Eottruh Johrr and Varanes. Itr the ycar of their consulships, Emperor Avitus was toppled by Majorian lfld l{iciruer at Placentia and made bishop for the ciry. ltt this year the Burgundians took part of Gaul and divided the lands with ihe (iallic senators. I ) r,;., i" I otuuls Magnus and Apollinaris. Itt tlre year of their consulships, Emperor Majorian went to Spin. - lrt this year ships were cptured by the Vandals at Elche near Spanish Cirrtl'rrrge. [Cf. 18, s.a. 463; r9, Leo 3.] (, .1 ottsuls Severinus and Dagauulf [Dagalaiphus]. , lrr thc year of their consulships, the emperor Majorian was toppled from Powcr at Tortona by the patrictan Ricimer and killed on the river Scrivia. evcrus was raised.up as emperor at Ravenna. Ir-" :. It: ^: ( lonstrls Basilius andVivianus. lrr the year of their consulships, a battle was fought between Aegidius and tlte ( loths berween the Loire and the Loiret near Orleans, and there Frederic, [trrg .,f the Goths, was killed. [Cf. 18, s.a.463; 19, Leo S;and 35] l ( lrusuls Pusaeus and John. lrr the year of their consulships,Anthemius was raised up s emperor. lrr this year Theoderic, king of the Goths, was killed by his brother Euric al'lirnlouse. [Cf. r8,.s.a. 466-62; 19, Leo ro.] 'lJ lco, consul for the fifth time. Irr the year of his consulship, Glycerius was raised up t Ravenn as It)ll er r rPcror. r.474 Leo,junior. In the year of his consulship, (ilycerius was depoled fnrtn drc inrperial ofiice, and Nepos was raised up s emperor. a. +76 Consuls Basiliscus and Armatus. 'When they were consuls, Odoacer was raised up as king. . 48e Consuls Probinus and Eusebius. In the year of their consulships, Theoderic [the Great], king of the [Ostro]goths, entered Italy at Bridge of the Isonzo lMainizza]. ^. 4s3 [Consuls Eusebius, for the second time, and Faustus Albinus] In the year of their consulships, King Odoacer was killed by Theoderic at [the palace of] Lauretum. a. 5oo Consuls Patricius and Hypatius. ln the year of their consulships, a battle was fought at Dijon ber'uveen Franks and Burgundians, due to the deceitful machinations of Godigi against his brother Gundobad. In the battle Godigisel along with his followe fought alongside the Franks against his brother Gundobad. After Gu fled, Godigisel obtained his brother's kingdom for a little while, and dobad took refuge in Agnon. lCf . Hist.Il 32.] ln this year Gundobad regained his strength and surrounded Vienne with a army. He took the ciry killed his brother, and condemned to death many refined tortures a good number of magnates and Burgundians who been in greement with Godigisel. Gundobad recovered the kingdom he lost along with that which his brother had held and ruled successfully to the day of his death. [Cf. Hrsr. II 33.] In this year Odoin was killed at Rome. a. jo9 Consul Inportunus. In the year of his consulship, Mammo, a duke of the [Ostro]goths plun- dered part of Gaul a. 5r5 Consuls Florentius and Anthemius, In the year of their consulships, thc lllol)stery t Agune was built Sigismund. [Cf. Hrit.III 5.] a. 5t6 Consul Peter. In the year of his consulship, King (iutttkrbird died, and his son was raised up as king. [Hrst, III 5:] Y-7,1 eorrnuii Syinrnchui f, nd Borhlur, ln thc 'year of their contuhhipr, Segeric, the ron of igltrnulrd, w;u Qiurtly killed by ordcr of his fether, lCf', Hrsl,III 5,1 i't,) ).' I on*ul Maximus,lndiction I, \ In thc year of his consulship, Sigismund, king of the Burgurrdians, was sur- tndercd by thc l3urgundians to the Franks, led inro Francia dressed as a Itonk, nnd there thrown into a well with his wife and children. lCf. Hkt. III 6,1 i 'r . ,1,' {r ottruls Justirr and Opilio, Indiction II. ln the year of their consulships, Godomar, the brother of Sigismund, was lppointccl king of the Burgundians. [Cf. H,i/. III 6.] tn this year, he fought against Chlodomer, king of the Franks, atVzeronce td tlrere Chlodomer was killed. [Cf. H,s/. III 6.] ' ltt tlris year, Boethius the patrician was killed in the territory of Milan. i {,r I I pttruls Probus junior and Philoxenus, Indiction III. Itt thc year of their consulships, Symmachus the patrician was kfled at *ve,,,,r. \'I I ()lybrius, Indiction IV Itt tltc year of his consulship, Theoderic, king of the [Ostro]goths died in rity of Ravenna, and Athalaric, his grandson, was raised up as king. ecut'.| ycar of the post-consulships of Lampadius and Orestes, Indiction X. ttt tlris year of their consulships, Hypatius the patrician was raised up as ?nltr(.r)r' in an uprising of the people and was killed at the order of the Attgtrrt,'* Justinian. Pompeius and almost 3o,ooo people were put to the tirrtl ;rlong with Hypatius in the circus. ,,,} Gurtrrrls [ustinianus the Augustus, for the fourth rime. and] Paulinus junior. ln+lt,'ti.,rr Xll. fPaulinus was the last western consul.) Itt thc year of their- consulships, the kings of the Franks, Childebert, lhfurth,rr, and Tlheudebert, took hold of Burgundy and, when they had put ftlng ( ioclomar to flight, divided his kingdom. [Cf. H,s/. III rr] ' Itr tlris year, Africa was restored to the Roman empire after ninety-rwo ftatl hy llesarius the patrician. Gelimer, king of theVandals, was delivered a attttvc to Constantinople and presented with his wife and tresure to the ttgt',t,'ri Justinian by the above mentioned patrician. ,r, sJJ Cousul l}elislrius, htdictio XIII, In the year he was consul and gave consular gernes, he lerrdcd in Sicily and restored it to the lloman empire. a. 538 Consul John, Indiction I. In the year he was consul, Milan was stormed by the [Ostro]goths and Burgundians, and there sentors and priests along with other people were killed even in the holy places, so tht the altars \/ere stained with their blood, a. J3e Consul Apio, Indiction II. In the year he was consul, Theudebert, king of the Franks, entered Italy and wasted Liguria and Aemilia. His army caught the sickness of the region and was greatly affiicted. l . J4o Consul Justin, Indiction III. In the year he was consul, the Persians ravaged Antioch and laid waste all of Syria. In this year, BeJisarius the patrician took away'Witigis as a captive frort'r Ravenna and presented him along with his wife and tresure to the Augustus Justin[ian] at Constantinople. a.547 Sixth year of the post-consulship of Basilius, Indiction X. In this year,Vigilius the Roman pope hastened to Constantinople. In this year, Baduila [Totila], king of the [Ostro]goths, took Rome and laid it waste. He pulled down the walls and set part of the ciry on fire. In this year, General Belisarius restored his forces and brought the ciry Rome back under Roman rule. a. 54s Seventh year of the post-consulship of I3asilius, Indiction XI. In this year, Theudebert, the great king of the Franks, died, and his son Theudebald replaced him in the kingship. lCf, Hrsr. lll 36,37.1 In this year, Lanthacarius, dukc of tlrc Franks, died, stabbed during Roman war. a.553 Twelfth year of the post-consulship of llasilius, lncliction I. In this year, Baduila [Totilal, king of thc l()stro]goths, was killed by an army of the Roman state under Ncrsel, il ruuu(ih secretry (chartularius).Teias received Baduilat kingdom. .ii4 Thirteenth year of the post-con,iulrhip ot'llolilirrs, Indiction II. In this year, Teias, king of the (iotlu, war killcd by the above mentioned Narses. frr Fcurteenth yer of th port onruhhip of Builiur, Indiction IIL In thir year, Theudebcld, Ling of thc Frankr, dicd, end Chlothrr the peter- rul uncle of his fathcr took eontrcl of hir kingdom. [Cf, H/rt, IV 9.1 In this year, Chramn, the rcn of King Chlothar, was indueed by his pater- uncle Childebert to tke refuge with him, [Cf, ,{ls' IV t6,] In this year, the Saxons rebelled, and Chlothar fought against them with a tqior fbrce: a host of Franks and Saxons fell in the- fighting but Chlothar *ent v/ay the victor. lCC. Hist.IV Io, 14.] ln tlris period, Buccelin, a duke of the Franks, perished in the Roman war tlrxrg with all of his army. [Cf. Hrsr,IV 9.] ."','. r', .,, \, b Fitteerrth year of the post-consulship of Basilius, Indiction IV Itr this year, the Saxons rebelled again and King Chlothar engaged them in bsttle where the larger part of the Saxons fell..$7ist. IV ro, r4.] ttt this year, the Franks devastated all ofThuringia because it had conspired lth tlre Saxons. [Hlsl. IV ro, r4.] At tlre same tipe, Chramn gthered an arrrry and laid waste the territory of lris firther. fHisllY ry.] ,,,.:ll::1,::liii:\,'";:;,*i"::JT:.iff :j:#"l*"'f "' lrr this year, when their strength was restored, the forces of the Roman ltte took possession of the part of Italy that King Theudebert had acquired. - .i t r..# tieverrteenth year of the post-consulship of Basilius, IndictionVI. , lrr this yeaa Childebert, king of the Franks, passed away, and his brother Kirrg Ohlothar took possession of his kingdom. [C1. Hkt.IV zo.] 1f \' t Ntrrctcenth year of the post-consulship of Basilius, IndictionVIIL lrr this year the sixteenth moon'was darkened in the clear s amidst the rlttrrirrg stars and could scarcely be seen. lrr this year, Chramn, after giving oaths to his father, went to the Bretons attrl, :rttempting to seize his father's kingdom, dared to .lnove against him, revcrcly plundering many districts. To stop his son's madness, the father quickly brought up an rmy and killed the count of the Bretons. He took ( ihrirrrtn alive, burned him along with his wife and children, and put an end [u tlre destruction of the whole region. [Cf . Hkt. IV zo.] 'llvcrrtieth ear of the post-consulship of Basilius, Indiction IX. lrr this year, King Chlothar died and his sons - that is Charibert, Gun- tr,rrrr, Ohilperic, and Sigibert - dided his kingdom. lcf. Hist.lY zr, zz.l t x. .53 Twenty-secoud year of the post-corrsulship of I3asiliur, Indiction XI. In this yer, the power l mount of Turedunum in the'territory ofValais collapsed so sudden-ly that it crushed the fortress which was ncarby and the villages along with all their inhabitants. It set in motion the whole lake sixty miles long and twenty miles wide so that the outpouring of water devastated the ancient llages on both banks with their inhabitants and herds and also demolished many holy places with their servants. The force.of the 'rvter brought down the bridge at Geneva, mills and people, and the flood pouring into the city of Geneva killed a great many people. [Cf. Hist.IV 3r.] . s6s Twenry-fourth year of the post-consulship of Basilius, Indiction XIII. In this year, the monks of gaune, roused by the spirit of anger, stormed the church house at night, trying to kill their bishop Agricola and the clergy and citizens who were with him.'While the clergy and citizens strove to pro. tect their bishop, they were seriously wounded by those monks. In this year Magnachar, a duke of the Franks, passed away. [Cf. Hist.IY z5; Y 17, zo.) a.566 Twenty-fifth year of the post-consulship of Basilius, Indicrion XIV In this year, a sign appeared in the sky for seventy days. In this year Augustus Justinian died [r. S6S], and his nephew Justin took up the imperial ofiice. In this year, the winter was very severe, so that for five or more months the land could not be seen owing to the great amount of snow. These harsh conditions killed many animals. In this yea Sindual the Herul usurped power but was killed by Narses. . s67 Frnsr Yran oF rHE coNSULSHTp oF rHE Aucusrus JusrrN f f [a. jOO]; INprcrroN XV. Fnola rHE BEGINNING oF THE woRLD To rHrs coNSUL THE YEARS AMoUNT ro 5,7r8. a.568 SEcoN Ynan or rHE coNsuLSHIp ol Aucusrqs JusrrN II, INrc- TION I. After Narses, former superintendent lof thc sacred bedchamber] and patri- cian, had laid low so many usurpers - that is lladuila [Totila] and Teias, kings of the Goths; and Buccelin, a duke of the Franks; as well as Sindual the Herul - he was recalled from Italy in this ye:rr by thc above-mentioned Augustus, having commendably restored Milarr ancl othcr rowns the [Ostro]goths had ruined. 86" Thirrl yeai of the eonrulehip of Auguitu Jurtill II, Indiction IL In thir year, the kirrg of the tonrtrrrdr Alboin, with sll hir forces, lcft and burnccl his hermeland Pannonia, nnd, in an expedition thet includecl wivcs rtd his entirc people, took porie$iorr of Italy; thcre sonre dicd by clisease, rctue by hunger, and not a few by the sword, [Cf. Hrs IV ar,l ln this year also, they dared to entcr thc adjoining districts of (]aul, where I lergc nurnbcr of them were captured and put up for sale. ,'+ Fourth year of the consulship of AugustusJustin II, Indiction III. Itt this year, a severe illness accompanied by diarrhea nd pustules struck ItEly rrnd Gaul severely, and cattle in particular perished throughout the abuve-tnentioned regions. Irr this year, Celsus the patrician died. [Cf. Hist. lY 42.) ,,"1 .4, Fiftlr year of the consulship of Augustus Justin II, Indiction IV lrr tlris year, an unspeakable disease of the groin called the pox (ltustula) Ievrgccl countlesslpeople in the above-mentioned districts. lCf . Hist.IV 3r.] . i t/ ixth year of the consulship ofAugustusJustin II, IndictionV ln this year,Alboin, king of the Lombards was killed atVerona by his own ft)llowc:rs - that is Helmichis and others - with the agreement of the kih.g's witb, And the above-mentioned Helmichis, in company with the aforesaid lvifb, whom he married, surrendered himself at Ravenna to the Roman stte *long with part of the army and all the treasure brought from Pannonia as wrll ls that accumulated in Italy. ji evorth'year of the consulship ofAugustusJustin II, IndictionVI. lrr this year, a duke of the Lombards called Cleph was appointed king of tlut people, and many magnates and those of moderate rank were killed by Irtrrr. Irr this year, Vaefarius, a duke of the Franks, died, and Theudefred was i.ppointed duke [of theTlansjuran region] in his place. 'r ' j i - .-d F,tglrth year of the consulhip ofAugustusJustin II, IndictionVII. ln this year,,Cleph, king of the Lombards, was killed by one of his own Iel,rirtcrs. ln this year, the Lombards again invaded Valais and took possession of (ilusrre.They lived in the monastery of the saints of Agaune for many days, arrtl rrfterward engaged an arrrly of the Franks in battle at llcx, where they rvclc killed almost to a rnar,; a few escaped by flight, Morcovcr Mauri and other peoples werc defcated S th: mnie Fnnkr 6t wnHring to irrvade their\ territory ofProvence, a. s76 Tenth year of the consulship ofAugustusJustin II, Indiction IX, In this year, Sigibert, king of the Franks, began hostilities against his brother chilperic, and when he had already boxed him in and \Mas conrem. plating killing him, he was killed by Chilperic's men through deception; SigiberttsonChi1deberttookupthekingship.[Cf.Hist.IV5r,s.a.575.] I a.577 Eleventh year of the consulship ofAugustusJustin II, Indiction X. In this year died the royal and distinguished youths chlothar and Chlodomer, the sons of king Guntram. ICfl Hkt.IV z5;V t7, s.a. 577.) ;l .578Twe1fthyearoftheconsu1shipofAugustuSJustinII,IndictionXI. In this year, Merovech, the son of King Chilperic was killed. lcf. Hkt. 18, s.a. 577.1 a. s7s Thirteenth year of the consulship ofAugustusJustin II, Indiction XII. In this year the rwo brothers Bishops Salonius and Sagittarius were removed from the dignity of the episcopal office for various crimes by a council that gathered at Chalon-sur-Sone. lcf.Hist.V 27,s.a.579.1 In this year, the Augustus Justin died and riberius succeeded him [g octo- ber 5781. a. 58o First year of the consulship of Augustus Tiberius Constantinus, Indiction XIII. In this year, in the month of october, the Rhne so overflowed its banks in the territory ofvalais that it impeded the gathering of the harvest.And in Italy the rivers so overflowed that the farmers suffered losses. [cf. Hist.y y, s.a. 58o.] JSr Second year of the consulship of Augustus Tiberius Constantinus, Indiction XIV In this indiction, in the month of September 1: a. 5go], eueen Aus- trechild died; because of her passing, two doctors, Nicolaus and Donatus, were killed. lcfl Hist. V 35, s,a. 5Bo.l In this year, Mummolus the patricirn took refuge in the border counrry of king childebert, rht is Avignon, taking with him his wife and children, a host of household servants, and mueh weelth. lCf. Hr.sr.VI r, s.a.5gr.] CHAPTER FIVE SALVIAN OF MARSEILLES -oN GOD'S JUDGMENT ,1lpis11 was born of a noblefanily ca, 4lo and died cd.48o, His birthplace is generally thought ttt haue been nofihern Gaul, probably Tiier or Cologne. He married (hb wtJe\ lltnn' u,as Palladia) and had a daughter, but, after her birth, he and his wfe adopted Iligirrrrs lives anil separated. Saluian entered the mofiastery of Urins ca. 424 and rtil\'d to Marseilles in the 4jos; by thk time he had become a priest. A number of his ll,.trkt surie: a treatise against auarice written under the pseudonymTimotlry, a hand- tltl ol' lctters, and the work for which he is renowned, On the Governance of God. ()rr the Governance of God, the main argument oJ which is excerpted here, Httiutdins thar Go(\ judgment is irnmanent. In so doing, it prouides a theological esplntationfor the poorJortunes oJ the Roman state.Written in the 440s, the work is noublc.for its reJerens to contemporary and neu cofitemporary conditions and society, -both Roman and barbarian, but readers should beware. Saluian does not attempt to dtxvibc society, nor strictly speaking does he prouide a commentary on it; his subject \ finvility, his aim is the reJorm of human behauior, and his method is an indictment'of fu priuate and public morls of the Roman elite. 'lb -facilitate re,ailing anil reJerence, I have added two levels of subheadings. \rrrrrlc: Ie Writings of Salvian the Presbyter, trans.Jererniah E O'Sullivan, (NewYork, r947), with rrrrrrc ruinor revisions- 2I. ON TH COZERNANC OF GOD . BOOK I r. God's Judgment and God's Governance l\iorne men say that God is indiffereirt and, as it were, unconcerned with Irrrnran acts, inasmuch as He neither protects the good nor curbs the wicked. 'l'lrey say that in this world, therefore, the good are generally unhappy; the cvildoers, happy. Because I am addressing Christians, the holy scriptures alone rlrould suflice as a refutation of this charge. But, because many have some I r09