Vaccination I.

Principles

Principle of vaccination: The primary goal in vaccination is

to provide protective immunity by inducing a memory re
sponse to an infectious microbe using a non-toxic antig
en preparation. It is important to produce immunity of t
he appropriate kind: antibody and/or cellular immunity.
Antibody mediated protection: primarily against extracellul
ar organisms and their products, e.g. Toxins, and distur
bing virus attaching and entering sensitive target cells.
Cell mediated protection: preventing host from the intrac
ellular microbes ( certain bacteria and viruses) infection
and fungi infection..
Vaccination ii. Immunization

Passive immunization: using performed antibodies

Active immunization: using antigen preparations

Systemic (injection) immunization

Vaccination iii. Vaccine

 Antigen preparations: Most vaccines consist of either atten

uated organisms, killed organisms, inactivated exotoxins, or su
bcellular fragments, and more recently genes for antigens in vir
al vectors, and DNA itself.
 Adjuvants
 DNA vaccine

Recombinant vaccine
 Cytokines
Vaccination
iv. Vaccines to pathogens and tumors

 Bacterial vaccines:
BCG (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
DPT (Diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus )
Dysentery vaccine, Typhoid, Cholera
T-independent vaccines to carbohydrates such as capsule of Pn
eumococcus Meningococcusor haemmophilus.
 Viral vaccines : Polio, Measles, Rubella, Yellow fever,Mumps,
Rabies, influenza, HBV vaccine (HBsAg),
 Vaccines to other infectious agents: Malaria and other parasites
 Tumor vaccines : Prostate cancer &
Immuno-therapy
1. Antibodies: TAT (tetanus antitoxin)
2. Cytokines and their receptors
1) Cytokines ： IL-2 ， IFN ， IL-3 ， Erythropoietin （ EP
O ）， GSF ，
3. Immune cell preparations and immune modifiers
１ ) Adoptive immunotherapy ： LAK ， TIL ， NK
2) Anti-metabolic drugs
3) Antibiotics ： Cyclosporin A
Immunotechnology
I. Antibodies as research and diagnostic tools
 . Serological reactions:
Precipitation: Soluble antigen + Ab
Agglutination: antigenic particles + Ab in serum
Complements fixation
 Artificial passive ag or ab particles :
Passive agglutination & reverse passive agglutination
Gel agglutination
Staphylococcus associated agglutination
 Immuno-diffusion : radial immunodiffusion & conunter
 Immuno-electrophoresis: Rocket & counter