.. , .

,
. , ..

,
,

. .- . ..

III




-

URSS
2014

530.1:621.396
.., .., .,
..
, , ,
. 3- . . 3.
- / . . .-. . . . . . - .: URSS, 2014.- 236 .: .

, , , , , .
. .
.
.
.
.
, -

--, . -
, , , , , , .
, .
. 25. . 168.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
15.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
15.1. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
15.2. ...

. . . . . . . . . . . 31
15.3.
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
15.4.
. . . . . . 64
15.5.
.


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89
15.6.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
15.7. .
. . . . . . . . . . . 129
15.8.
,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
16. -

-- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

16.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
16.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
16.3 -- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
16.4.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
16.5.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

-.
,
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

II

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

III

.
, . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

IV

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208

" "
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

.  .
() - , , .
-
, . , . V- , , .
,
. V-
.
.
, , .
. 64, 36
144 . , .

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-
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() . -

1010 . , , ,
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10

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11

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- . , .

12

[15]. , ,
. . . . .
- .

. , . , -
--, . ,
 ,
, , , ,
(., , : ..
.- .: , 2002.- 664 .; .. : . . 2-, .
.- .: , 2005.- 848 .; ..
. - .: .
/ . .; . .. .- .:
, 2006.- . 374  479; .., ..,
.., .., .. / . .. . .: , 2008.- 496 .
( - 07  07 - 07005); ..,
.., .. / . ..
.- .: , 2003.- 720 .; .. .:  , 2012.- 108 .). ,
, . , , , , .
- 2007, 2009, 2011, 2012 ., . 2011

13

2008 - 2012 . . .: , 2012.

.
. . , , .
3 16 . , . ,
. .
, , , , , ,
, , , ,

. ... . .
. . . . . .
... . . , ... . . , ... . . , .
. . , , .

. . .
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. , , ,
.
: 125009, , . , 11, . 7,
. .. .
, E-mail: potapov@cplire.ru
: 119361, , . , 46,
""
( - - ).
, E-mail: podosenov@mail.ru
. . , . . , . , . . .
, 2014.

14

15. ...

15

:
1. .
2. . . . ..
.
3. . .
4.
. .
5. .
.
6.
.
7. .
, .
8. , .

15.1. .
.
[1]

(r) + k 2 [1 + b (r, )] (r) = 0, b (r, ) =

(r, )h(r, )i
,
h(r, )i

(1)

15.1. ...

15

r= (x, y, z), a b (r, ) -

. (r)
E

E (r) = (r) exp (it) , k 2 =

2
c2

h (r, )i .
(2)

15.1.1. ,
:
1. (r, ) - , h, , Pi .
, h (r, )i = (r, ) dP.

2. (r, )
(r, ) = f (r, 1 (x, ) , ..., n (x, )) , f (r, u1 , ..., un ) - , i (x, ) -
Rd pi (x, wi ) , 1
in.
3. 1 (x, ) , ..., n (x, ) .
4. h (r, )i x.
5. 2 /c2  1.
, 2, 3 4
. ,
G () hG ( (r, ))i =
G ( (r, )) dP () = dup (x, u) G ( (r, u)) , u = (u1 , ..., un ) ,

p (x, u) =

n
Q

Rn

pi (x, ui ) .

i=1

, (r)
(r) = (x, ) exp (ikx) , = (y, z) ,
(x, ) [1]
, )
= (x, , ) + k 2 b (x, , ) (x, , ) ,
2ik (x,
x
2
2
= y
2 + z 2 .

(3)

(3) x
. (1)
(3) 2 /x2 .
(3)

(0, ) = () .

(4)

16

15. ...

(3) , x ,
(4) .
(3)

, )
= h2 (x, , ) + V (x, , ) (x, , ) , (0, ) = () ,
ih (x,
x
2
2
= y
h = c , V (x, , ) = b (x, , ) .
2 + z 2 , = (y, z) ,
(5)

(5)

(x, , ; h
) =


0 (q (0)) exp hi S [q (v) , q (v) , x, ] D [q (v)] =
q(x)=


0 (0 ) exp hi S [q (v) , q (v) , x, ] D [q (v)] d0 ,

q (x) =
0
q (0) =

S [q (v) , q (v) , x, ] =

 

12
0
0

dq(v)
dv
0

2


V (q (v) , x, ) dv,

q (v) = (q1 (v) , q2 (v)) , 0 = (y , z ) , D [q (v)] = D [q1 (v)] D [q2 (v)] .

(6)

) = | (x, , ; h
)|
(x, , ; h
) = (x, , ; h
) (x, , ; h

(7)
(6),

(x, , ; h
) =
#2
1

0 (q (0)) cos h S [q (v) , q (v) , x, ] D [q (v)] +
q(x)=
"
#2
1

0 (q (0)) sin h S [q (v) , q (v) , x, ] D [q (v)] =
"

q(x)=

1 (x, , ; h
) + 2 (x, , ; h
) ,

(8)

17

15.1. ...

1 (x, , ; h
) =
#2
1

0 (q (0)) cos h S [q (v) , q (v) , x, ] D [q (v)] ,

"

q(x)=

"

q(x)=

2 (x, , ; h
) =
#2

1
0 (q (0)) sin h S [q (v) , q (v) , x, ] D [q (v)] .
(9)

b (x, ; h
) ,
b1 (x, ; h
)

b2 (x, ; h
)

b (x, ; h
) =

[1 (x, , ; h
) + 2 (x, , ; h
)] dydz,

b1 (x, ; h
) =

[1 (x, , ; h
) + 2 (x, , ; h
)] ydydz,

b2 (x, ; h
) =

[1 (x, , ; h
) + 2 (x, , ; h
)] zdydz.

(10)

(9) (10)

0 (q (0)) cos

b1 (x, ; h) =
1

q(x)=

0 (q (0)) sin

S [q (v) , q (v) , x, ]
h

1

q(x)=

S [q (v) , q (v) , x, ]

2
D [q (v)]

ydydz+

2
D [q (v)]

ydydz
(11)

b2 (x, ; h) =

0 (q (0)) cos

q(x)=

0 (q (0)) sin

q(x)=

1
h

1
h

2

S [q (v) , q (v) , x, ] D [q (v)]

S [q (v) , q (v) , x, ]

zdydz+

2
D [q (v)]

zdydz.
(12)

(11) (12), 1.1.1

b1 (x, ; h ) = dn up (x, u) b1 (x, u; h ) =

Rn

2
1


n
d up (x, u)

Rn

dn up (x, u)
Rn

0 (q (0)) cos

q(x)=

0 (q (0)) sin

h
S

1

h
S

(v) , q (v) , x, u]
[q

D [q (v)]

(v) , q (v) , x, u]
[q

ydydz+

2
D [q (v)]

ydydz

q(x)=

(13)

18

15. ...

b2 (x, ; h ) = dn up (x, u) b2 (x, u; h ) =

Rn

dn up (x, u)
Rn

dn up (x, u)
Rn

0 (q (0)) cos

1

q(x)=

0 (q (0)) sin

h
S [q (v) , q (v) , x, u]

1

h
S

(v) , q (v) , x, u]
[q

2
D [q (v)]

zdydz+

2
D [q (v)]

zdydz.

q(x)=

(14)

(
h0)

hb2 (x, ;h)i

hb1 (x, ;h)i
,
b2 (x; h
) =
,
hb(x, ;h)i
hb(x, ;h)i
(b)
b1 (x, ; h
) = b1 (x, ;h) ,
b2 (x, ; h
) = b2 (x, ;h) .

b(x, ;h)

b(x, ;h)
(a)
b1 (x; h
) =

(15)

15.1.1. b1 (x; h
)
b2 (x; h
)
(5).

b1 (x, ; h
)
b2 (x, ; h
) (5).
, x R

hb1 (x, ;h)i

,
hb(x, ;h)i

b
(x,
;
h
)
h 2
i
2 (x) = lim
b2 (x, ; h
) = lim
.
b(x, ;h)i
h
0
h
0 h
1 (x) = lim
b1 (x, ; h
) = lim
h
0

h
0

(16)

, , (16)

lim 1 (x, 1 ; h
) = lim [hb
1 (x, ; h
)i 1 (x) hb
(x, ; h
)i] = 0,

h
0

h
0

h
0

h
0

lim 2 (x, 2 ; h
) = lim [hb
2 (x, ; h
)i 2 (x) hb
(x, ; h
)i] = 0.
(17)

, (16) x R
1 (x) 2 (x) ,

h 0

1 (x, 1 ; h
) = [hb
1 (x, ; h
)i 1 (x) hb
(x, ; h
)i] = o (h ) ,
2 (x, 2 ; h
) = [hb
2 (x, ; h
)i 2 (x) hb
(x, ; h
)i] = o (h ) ,

(18)

15.1. ...

19

0 < . (16) ,
, x R

hb1 (x, ;h)i

,
hb(x, ;h)i
h
0
h
0
hb2 (x, ;h)i
2 (x) = lim sup
b2 (x, ; h
) = lim sup
hb(x, ;h)i
h
0
h
0

1 (x) = lim sup

b1 (x, ; h
) = lim sup

= lim inf hb
1 (x, ; h
)i =
6 0.
h
0

(19)

(20)

hb(x, ;h)i
hb1 (x, ;h)i
1 (x)
=
hb(x, ;h)i
hb(x, ;h)i
1 (x) h
b(x, ;h)i
hb1 (x, ;h)i
lim sup
lim sup
=

b
(x,
;
h
)

b
(x,
;
h)i
h
i
h
h
0
h
0
hb1 (x, ;h)i1 (x) hb(x, ;h)i
.
lim sup
hb(x, ;h)i
h
0
lim sup
h
0

(21)

,
hn 0 n

lim sup
h
0

hb1 (x, ;h)i

hb1 (x, ;hn )i
= lim
.
b(x, ;hn )i
n h
hb(x, ;h)i

(22)

(21) (22)

hb1 (x, ;h)i1 (x) hb(x, ;h)i

=
hb(x, ;h)i
h
0
hb1 (x, ;hn )i1 (x) hb(x, ;hn )i
lim
,
n
hb(x, ;hn )i

lim sup

(23)

20

15. ...

, (20),




lim sup hb1 (x, ;h)i1 (x) hb(x, ;h)i  =
 h 0


b
(x, ;
h)i
h





b
(x,
;
h
)

(x)

b
(x,
;
h
)
h
i
h
i
1
n
1
n
 lim
=
n


b
(x, ;
hn )i
h


 hb1 (x, ;hn )i1 (x) hb(x, ;hn )i 


lim

n 
hb(x, ;hn )i
lim sup|h
b1 (x, ;hn )i1 (x) hb(x, ;hn )i|
n

lim inf h
b(x, ;hn )i
n
lim sup|h
b1 (x, ;h)i1 (x) hb(x, ;h)i|
h
0

b(x, ;hn )i
lim inf h
n
(1/ ) lim sup |hb
1 (x, ; h
)i 1 (x) hb
(x, ; h
)i| .
h
0

(24)

,




lim sup hb2 (x, ;h)i2 (x) hb(x, ;h)i 

 h 0
hb(x, ;h)i

(1/ (x)) lim sup |hb

2 (x, ; h
)i 2 (x) hb
(x, ; h
)i| .
h
0

(25)

, (19)
x R 1 (x) 2 (x) ,

hn , hn 0
n

1 (x, 1 , 2 ; h
n ) = [hb
1 (x, ; h
n )i 1 (x) hb
(x, ; h
n )i] = o (
h
n) ,
2 (x, 1 , 2 ; h
n ) = [hb
2 (x, ; h
n )i 2 (x) hb
(x, ; h
n )i] = o (
h
n) ,
(26)
0 < .

1 (x, 1 ; h
) = hb
1 (x, ; h
)i 1 hb
(x, ; h
)i ,
2 (x, 2 ; h
) = hb
2 (x, ; h
)i 2 hb
(x, ; h
)i .

(27)

(27) (13)-(14)

1 (x, 1 ; h
) = dn up (x, u)
Rn

(y 1 )

(y 1 )

(y 1 )
b1 (, x, u; h ) dydz = dn up (x, u)
Rn

0 (q (0)) cos

 q(x)=

0 (q (0)) sin

1

h
S

1

h
S

(v) , q (v) , x, u]
[q

(v) , q (v) , x, u]
[q

2
D [q (v)]

dydz +

2
D [q (v)]


dydz

q(x)=

(28)

21

15.1. ...

2 (x, 2 ; h
) = dn up (x, u)
Rn

(z 2 )
b2 (, x, ; h ) dydz = dn up (x, u)
Rn

(z 2 )

0 (q (0)) cos

1

h
S [q (v) , q (v) , x, u]

2
D [q (v)]

dydz +

q(x)=

(z 2 )

0 (q (0)) sin

1

h
S [q (v) , q (v) , x, u]

2
D [q (v)]


dydz

q(x)=

(29)

(28) =
+ :

b1 (, x, ; h ) y0 dy0 dz0 = d m up (x, u)

1 (x, 1 ; h
) = dwp (x, w)
Rd

Rm

0 (q (0)) cos

h
S [q (v) , q (v) , x, u]

q(x)= +

0 (q (0)) sin

1

1

h
S [q (v) , q (v) , x, u]

q(x)= +

2
y dy dz +

D [q (v)]

2
D [q (v)]


y dy dz

,
(30)

= (1 , 2 ) , = (y , z ) . (30) : q (v) = u (v) + ,

(30),
1 (x, 1 , 2 ; h
) =

d up (x, u)

Rn

(
R
Rn

d up (x, u)

R
R

R
R

b1 (, x, u; h ) y0 dy0 dz0 =

"

y dy dz

u(x)=

R n
R
R R

d up (x, u)

Rn

R
R R

R
R

#2

"
R

y dy dz

d0

u (x) =
0
u (0) =

A y dy dz +

2
R

u (x) =
0
u (0) =

u(x)=
2

d0

B y dy dz

(31)


1
S [u (v) , u (v) +, x, u] D [u (v)] ,
h



1
S [u (v) , u (v) +, x, u] D [u (v)] .
B = 0 (u (0) +) sin
h

A = 0 (u (0) +) cos

(29) -

22

15. ...

(28),
2 (x, 1 , 2 ; h
) =

R
R

d up (x, u)

Rn

b1 (, x, u; h ) y0 dy0 dz0 =

R
R

#2

"

R
R

#2
R

z dy dz +

A]

u(x)=

"

dn up (x, u)

Rn

z dy dz

u(x)=

R
R n
R R

d up (x, u)

Rn

2
d0

R
u (x) =
0
u (0) =

A z dy dz +

R
R R

d0

R
u (x) =
0
u (0) =

(32)

B z dy dz

,
(26), ) , i = 1, 2 i (x, 1 , 2 ; h
x, 1 , , 2 . , [13],
.

15.1.1. -

(5).

, )
i
h (x,
= h2 (x, ,
, )i,
x
h )2 + V (x,
i , )h (x,
(yy0 )2
2 (zz0 )2
2
(0, , 0 , ) = 2h exp
exp 2h
,
2
h

(33)
x [0, ) ,
h   1. V (x, , ) = (y, z) , . .
P
V (x, , ) =
g (x, ) , = (i1 , i2 ) , kk =
kkn
P2
(34)
r=1 ir , ir = 1, ..., n,

i1 i2
= y z , g (x, ) = gb (x, 1 (x, ) , ..., n (x, )) .

u (, x, , , , 0 ) = (u1 (, x, , , , 0 ) , u2 (, x, , , , 0 ))

15.1. ...

23

d2 uT (,x,,,,0 )
d 2

= Hess [V (, , )] uT (, x, , , , 0 )+
h 0
iT
V (, , ) ,
u (0, x, , , , 0 ) = 0 , u (x, x, , , , 0 ) = ,

(35)

= (1 , 2 ) , uT (, x, , , , 0 ) =
T
(u1 (, x, , , ,0 ) , u2 (, x, , , ,0 )) ,
0
, ) V (, , )
V (, , ) = V (,
,
y
z

(36)

Hess [V (, , )] - V (, , ) : R2 R,
= , . .
P
P2
V (x, , ) =
g (x, ) , = (i1 , i2 ) , kk = r=1 ir , ir = 1, ..., n,
kkn

= y i1 z i2 , g (x, ) = gb (x, 1 (x, ) , ..., n (x, )) .

(37)
S (x, , , 0 , ) ,


x
du(, x, , , , 0 )
0
0
b
, u (, x, , , , ) , , d,
S (x, , , , ) = L
d
0

(38)

b
L

du
d ,

u, , =

m
2

du 2
d

Vb (u,h, , ) ,

i
0
Vb (u, , , ) = uHess [V (, , )] uT + V (, , ) uT .
(39)
0
0
cr = cr (x, , , )

S(x, , , 0 , )
y 0

= 0,

S(x, , , 0 , )
z 0

= 0,
(40)

0 = (y 0 , z 0 ) , . .

S(x, , , 0 , ) 

y 0


= 0,
0 =0cr

S(x, , , 0 , ) 

z 0


= 0.
0 =0cr

b = b (x, 0 , , ) = (b
1 (x, 0 , , ) , b2 (x, 0 , , ))

24

15. ...

-,

cr (x, , b, ) + 0 = 0.

(41)
, x, , 0 ,
b = b (x, 0 , , ) ,
(39). :
(i) (15.a)

 h
i2
1/2
,
lim inf |b
1 (x, 0 , ; h
) 1 | E |b
1 (x, 0 , 1 , 2 , )|
h
0
 h
i2
1/2
.
lim inf |b
2 (x, 0 , ; h
) 2 | E |b
2 (x, 0 , 1 , 2 , )|
h
0

(42)

(ii) (15.b) P - ,

lim inf |b
1 (x, , 0 , ; h
) 1 | |b
1 (x, , 0 , 1 , 2 )| ,
h
0

lim inf |b
2 (x, , 0 , ; h
) 2 | |b
2 (x, , 0 , 1 , 2 )| .
h
0

(43)

, (5)
V (x, , )

V (x, , ) = V (x, , 1 (x, ) , ..., n (x, )) ,

(44)
l (, ) , l = 1, ..., n - , h, , Pi

pl (x, ul , a) '
(

1
2l

n
o
2
l (x)]
exp [ul m
, |ul | a,
2l2
0 , |ul | > a.

(45)

(47),

15.1. ...

25

(44)

lim inf |hb

1 (x, 0 , ; h
)i 1 |
h
0
 h
i2
1/2
E |b
1 (x, 0 , , 1 (x, ) , ..., n (x, ))|
,
lim inf |hb
2 (x, 0 , ; h
)i 2 |
h
0
 h
i2
1/2
E |b
2 (x, 0 , , 1 (x, ) , ..., n (x, ))|
.
(46)

h
i
1/2
E |b
1 (x, 0 , , 1 (x, ) , ..., n (x, ))|
=
n
Q
1/2
du1 ... dun
ul pl (x, ul , a ) |b
1 (x, 0 , , u1 , ..., un )| ,
h l=1
i
1/2
E |b
2 (x, 0 , , 1 (x, ) , ..., n (x, ))|
=
n
Q
1/2
du1 ... dun
ul pl (x, ul , a ) |b
1 (x, 0 , , u1 , ..., un )| .
l=1

(47)

(47) ,

lim inf |hb

1 (x, 0 , ; h
)i 1 | b1 (x, 0 , , m1 (x) , ..., mn (x)) ,
h
0

lim inf |hb

2 (x, 0 , ; h
)i 2 | b2 (x, 0 , , m1 (x) , ..., mn (x)) .
h
0

(48)

bi (x, 0 , ; h
) , i = 1, 2,

b1 (x, 0 , , m1 (x) , ..., mn (x)) = 0,

b2 (x, 0 , , m1 (x) , ..., mn (x)) = 0.

(49)

,
(15.b)

b1 (x, 0 , 1 , 2 , 1 (x, ) , ..., n (x, )) = 0 ,

b2 (x, 0 , 1 , 2 , 1 (x, ) , ..., n (x, )) = 0 .

(50)

26

15. ...

15.1.2. , (48)

lim inf |hb

i (x, 0 , ; h
)i 1 | , i = 1, 2,
h
0

lim |hb
i (x, 0 , ; h
)i 1 | , i = 1, 2.

h
0

(49) .

15.1.3. ,
- l (, ) , l =
1, ..., n, . , (48)
, px (u1 , ..., un ) l (x, ) , l = 1, ..., n
, .
,
(39)
du(, x, , , 0 )
d

= A(, , m1 () , ..., mn ())u (, x, , , 0 ) +

+B (, m1 () , ..., mn ()) ,
u (0, x, , , 0 ) = 0 , u (x, x, , , 0 ) = ,

(51)
A (, m1 () , ..., mn ()) - (2 2)-, B (, m1 () , ..., mn ())
- ,

A (, m1 () , ..., mn ()) =

2 V (, , m1 (),..., mn ())
yz

i
=

B (, m1 () , ..., mn ()) =

V (, , m1 (),..., mn ()) V (, , m1 (),..., mn ())
,
y
z

(52)

.
=

(53)

, , V (x, , ) p (x, u1 , ..., un )

l (x, ) , l = 1, ..., n
x, bi (x, 0 , , m1 , ..., mn ) , i = 1, 2
, .

27

15.1. ...

15.1.4. , (39)
G (t, ; ) [73]-[74]. ,
... (39) , . .
du () = A()u () d + () dW () ,

(54)
A() () - (2 2)-, . (39)
[75]-[77]
x

u (x) = (x, x0 ) u (x0 ) + (x, ) () dW () .

x0

(55)

, ..

V (x, , ) =

g (x, ) , = (i1 , i2 ) , kk =

2
P

ir , ir = 1, ..., n,

r=1

kkn

= y i1 z i2 , g (x, ) = gb (x) + b
g (x, 1 (x, ) , ..., n (x, )) ,

(56)
 1. ... (39) , ,
. , (39) [81][83].
(x, , 0 , ; h
), (6),
. (x, 0 , ; h
) , 1 (x, ; h
) 2 (x, 0 , ; h
)

(x, 0 , ; h
) = (x, , 0 , ; h
) dydz =



0 (q (0)) exp hi S [q (v) , q (v) , x, ] D [q (v)] dydz,

q(x)=

(57)

1 (x, 0 , ; h
) = (x, , 0 , ; h
) ydydz =



0 (q (0)) cos hi S [q (v) , q (v) , x, ] D [q (v)] ydydz

q(x)=

(58)

28

15. ...

2 (x, 0 , ; h
) = (x, , 0 , ; h
) zdydz =

i

0 (q (0)) cos h S [q (v) , q (v) , x, ] D [q (v)] zdydz.

q(x)=

(59)
(x, 0 ; h
) , 1 (x, 0 ; h
) 2 (x, 0 ; h
)
(x, 0 ; h
) = h (x, 0 , ; h
)i =

dn up (x, u)
Rn


n

d up (x, u)
Rn

(x, , 0 , u; h
) dydz =

0 (q (0)) exp

i

h
S

(v) , q (v) , x, u]
[q


D [q (v)] dydz ,

q(x)=

(60)

1 (x, 0 ; h
) =h1 (x, 0 , ; h
)i =

dn up (x, u)
Rn


dn up (x, u)
Rn

(x, , 0 , u; h
) ydydz =

0 (q (0)) cos

i

h
S [q (v) , q (v) , x, u]


D [q (v)] ydydz ,

q(x)=

(61)

2 (x, 0 ; h
) =h2 (x, 0 , ; h
)i =

dn up (x, u)
Rn


dn up (x, u)
Rn

(x, , 0 , u; h
) zdydz =

0 (q (0)) cos

i

h
S [q (v) , q (v) , x, u]


D [q (v)] zdydz .

q(x)=

(62)

1 (x, 0 , ; h
) 2 (x, 0 , ; h
)

1 (x, 0 , ; h
) = 1 (x, 0 ; h
) 1 (x, 0 ; h
) ,
2 (x, 0 , ; h
) = 2 (x, 0 ; h
) 2 (x, 0 ; h
) .

(63)

i (x, 0 , ; h
) = i (x, 0 , 1 , 2 ; h
) , i = 1, 2

h 0 x, 1 , , 2 .
, [13], .

15.1.2. -

29

15.1. ...

(5)
2

, )
= h2 (x, ,
, )i,
i
h (x,
x
h )2 + V (x,
i , )h (x,
(yy0 )2
2 (zz0 )2
2
(0, , 0 , ) = 2h exp
exp 2h
,
2
h

(64)
x [0, ) ,
h   1. V (x, , ) = (y, z) , . .

P (2)
(1)
g1 (x) +
g2 (x) w (x)
k2 k
kk
P2
= (i1 , i2 ) , k1 k = r=1 ir , ir = 1, ..., n1 ,
P2
k2 k = r=1 ir , ir = 1, ..., n2 ,
(x) ,
= y i1 z i2 , w2 (x) = W
2

V (, x, ) =
1, 2

(65)

{W2 (x)} , h, , Pi ,
x.

u (, x, , , , 0 ) = (u1 (, x, , , , 0 ) , u2 (, x, , , , 0 ))

d2 uT (, x, , , , 0 )
d 2

= Hess [V1 (, )] uT (, x, , , , 0 ) +
h 0
iT
Hess [V2 (, , )] uT (, x, , , , 0 ) + V1 (, ) +
h 0
iT
V2 (, , ) ,
u (0, x, , , , 0 ) = 0 , u (x, x, , , , 0 ) = ,
(66)

= (1 , 2 ) ,
0
0 T
uT (, x, , , , 0 ) = (u1 (,
 x, , , , ) , u2 (, x, , , , )) ,
0
(, ) V1 (, )
V1 (, ) = V1y
,
,
z
=


0
, ) V2 (, , )
V2 (, , ) = V2 (,
,
y
z
=

Hess [V1 (, )] V1 (, )
= , . .
h 2
i
1 (, )
Hessij [V1 (, )] = Vyz
.
=

(67)
: R2 R,

(68)

30

15. ...

Hess [V2 (, , )] V2 (, , )
= , . .
h 2
i
2 (, , )
.
Hessij [V2 (, , )] = Vyz

: R2 R,

(69)

S (x, , , , ) ,



0
x
b du(, x, , , , ) , u (, x, , , , 0 ) , , d,
S (x, , , 0 , ) = L
d
0

(70)

e
du
d ,

u, , =

m
2

du 2
d

Vb (u,
, ) , i
h ,
0
Vb (u, , , ) = uHess [V1 (, )] uT + V1 (, , ) uT +
h 0
i
uHess [V2 (, , )] uT + V2 (, , ) uT .
b
L

(71)
0

cr = cr (x, , , )

S(x, , , 0 , )
y 0

= 0,

S(x, , , 0 , )
z 0

= 0,
(72)

. .

S(x, , , 0 , ) 

y 0


= 0,
0 =0cr

S(x, , , 0 , ) 

z 0


= 0,
0 =0cr

0 = (y 0 , z 0 ) .

(73)

b = b (x, 0 , , ) = (b
1 (x, 0 , , ) , b2 (x, 0 , , ))
-,

cr (x, , b, ) + 0 = 0.

(74)
, x, , 0 ,
b = b (x, 0 , , ) ,
(66).
i (x, 0 , ; h
) , i = 1, 2, (63),

lim inf |1 (x, 0 , ; h

) 1 | |E (b
1 (x, 0 , , ))| ,
h
0

lim inf |2 (x, 0 , ; h

) 2 | |E (b
2 (x, 0 , , ))| .
h
0

(75)

15.2. . . ...

31

, h 0

bi (x, 0 , ; h
) =

i (x, 0 ;
h)
(x, 0 ;
h) ,

i = 1, 2

(76)

|E (b
1 (x, 0 , , ))| = 0,
|E (b
2 (x, 0 , , ))| = 0.

(77)

15.2. . . .

. .

.

b
i
h (t)
t + H (t) (t) = 0,
(0) = 0 (x) W22 (Rn ) , x Rn ,

(78)
- H (t)
: R W22 (Rn ) W22 (Rn ) , H (t) =
h
2
2m
+ V (x, t)

D=

Dt , Dt = D (H (t))

tR+

W22 (Rn ) t R+
b (t) H (t) D, H
n
2
)
H (t) W2 (R ) . G (t, x, y; h
(78). G (t, x, y; h
) [2-8]:
r



 2S 
n/2
G (t, x, y; h
) = (2i
h)
) ,
 xy  exp hi S (t, x, y) + h (t, x, y; h
 


2
t
X t (, x, y)
S (t, x, y) = m
V (X t (, x, y) , ) d,
2

(79)
t < T [V (x, t)] , x, y Rn , (t, y) = k (t, x, y; h
)kL2 (Rn ) < C, X t (, x, y)

32

15. ...

x, y), )
(, x, y)
= V (X (,
,
m d X d
2
X
t
t
X (0, x, y) = y, X (t, x, y) = x.

(80)
, :
(1) t, x, y (80)
Xkt (, x, y) , k = 1, ..., N,
(2) {Xkt (t, x, y) |k = 1, ..., N }
. G (t, x, y; h
) [2-8]:

n/2

(2i
h)

N
P

k=1
t

m
2

G (t, x, y; h
) =
r

i
 2 Sk 
 xy  exp h Sk (t, x, y)

ik
2


+ O (h) ,

Sk (t, x, y) =

2
V (Xkt (, x, y) , ) d,

Xkt (, x, y)

(81)

k - Xkt (, x, y) .

(78), , 1/
h
. . [3-4] Kn (t) [0 (x)] , n (t) - , (78).
,
, V (x, t) [2-8].
,
[17-18] 20
[19-36].

[36]





(t)
b (t) (t) = 0,
i h
t
+ H

( (0)) = (0, (x)) , x Rn ,

(0, 1] (t) : R H H (t)

(82)

33

15.2. . . ...

h
2

+ V (x, t) ,
H (t) = 2m

(83)

[(V (x, t)) ] G (Rn ) . ,

n
(V (x))
 G (R )

( (0, 1])

sup |gradx V (x)| < .

xRn

(84)

(G (t, x, y; h
))
(82) :

(2i ((h ) ))

n/2

h
)) =
r (G (t , x, y;
  h
i
 2 S (t , x, y) 
i
exp
(S
(t
,
x,
y))



+
xy
(
h )

((h ) ) (( (t , x, y; h
)) ) ,
(S
(t
,
x,
y))
=

 
  
2
t
m X ( ; t , x, y)
2
V (X ( ; t , x, y) , ) d ,

(85)




(t ) < (T [V (x, t )]) , x, y Rn , k (t , x, y; h

)kL2 (Rn ) < (C ) R

  


(X , t)

m X
= VX
,

(X (0, t, x, y)) = y, (X (t; t, x, y)) = x.

(86)

(84)


(G (t1 + t2 , x, y; h
)) =


G (t1 , yb, y; h
) G (t2 , x, yb; h
) db
y .

Rn

(87)

, :
(i) (0, 1] , t y (15.2.9) Xk, ( ; t, x, y) , k =
1, ..., N () ,

(ii) t, x, y (0, 1]
{Xk, (t; t, x, y) |k = 1, ..., N ()}

34

15. ...

.
(G (t, x, y; h
)) (82),
(85) (87), :

!
r

 2 Sk, (t, x, y) 
(G (t, x, y; h
)) = (2i (h ) )


xy
k=1

h
ii
i(k, )
exp (hi ) (Sk, (t, x, y))
+
(O
(
h
))
,

2


 
 
2
t
X
(,
t,
x,
y)
m
k
(Sk, (t, x, y)) = 2
V (Xk, (, t, x, y)) d .

"

n/2

NP
()

(88)

k, Xk, ( ; t, x, y) .

(88)



1/
h

. . Kn (t)
[] , (n (t)) -

,
n
(82). (
(t)) , (0, 1] -
G R2n R2n
x, p d
- n (t) .

15.2.1.
(n (t))(0, 1]
, (j, ) ( j, - -) ,
x , (0, 1] p ,
(0, 1] ,

(p, , x, ) ,
= 1 , ...s() ,
= 1 , ..., ns()

(89)
, . .  (pj, , xj, ). 1/
h

. . Kn (t)
[]

I
(C (Rnx ))

(t))) , (0, 1]
, I = (0, 1] .


h
15.2.2. K1/

n (t) []

:
(C
0

(n

(1) (0, 1] - j, , . .
(0, 1] j, p = p (x , t, ) .

35

15.2. . . ...





1/
h
Kj,



1/
h
Kj, [ ] (x)

r


 



[ ] (x) =  d
 exp
dx

"
i
h

(p , dx ) (r )
r0
P
n
r = (x , p (x , t, )) , (p , dx ) = j=1 pj, dxj, .

(90)

b - , . . [(
b r0 j,
(
h ) R
h ) ] R,
n
( ) G (R ) .
(2) - j, p ,

x = x (p , t, ).


 j,

1/
h

Kj, (j, [ ]) (x)




1
F1/
h

1/
h

(j, [ ])

(x)

q


 j, 
 d 
r
i
 exp


(p
,
dx
)

(x
(p
,
t)
,
p
)

(r
)

dx
h

, , px

0
r

r = (x (p , t) , p , ) .

(91)



1
F1/
h , px

[ ]

 


(x) =

1
(2i
h )n/2

d p (p) exp
Rn

i
h

(x, p)




(92)

(3) ,

 (p, , x, ) ,
1/
h
Kj,

(91) (92).

15.2.3. (l ) - (n (t)) .
indM [(l ) ] :
indM [(l ) ] = [(indM (l )) ] .
H

l (p , dx ) = 0 indM [(l ) ] = 0

(l ) , (n (t)) .


15.2.4. (ej, (x)) jN
C (n (t)) , . .

P
j=1

(ej, (x)) = 1, (0, 1] [supp (ej, ) j, ]

r0

(93)
(j0 , ) .

36

15. ...



1/
h
. . Kn (t)
[]



1/
h
Kn (t)

 
[ (r)]
(x) =

cj

1/
h,
Kj,

i M
2 , j,

exp

[ej, ]

! !
(x) , cj, =

.
(94)

- -, -
j0 , j, . (r ) (n (t)) , , p = p (x, ).
- i, j, , (r )

M
j,

(i, j, ) - (p, , x, ) , p
b, , xb,
.
M
ij,







x (r )
(r )
b

= inerdex xp

inerdex
p

(95)
- i, j, , (0, 1] .
- . .
(mod 4) . c 

 :

1/
h
1/
h
b
Kn (t) Kn (t) ,

GL2 (Rn )



 
1/
h
h
b 1/
Kn (t)
K

(x) = (O (h ))
n (t)

(96)

( ) GL2 (n (t)) .

(L (x,
h D)) -



(L (x, p)) G R2n

(0, 1] :
x, p
L (x, p) = 0 n (t). (n (t)) (d )
:




dx ( )
d

dp ( )
d

h

L (x ( ), p)
p

h

L (x, p ( ))
x

p=p ( )


.

x=x ( )

(97)

37

15.2. . . ...



 
1/
h
L (x,
h D) Kn (t)

(x) =


 
(
h )
1/
h
Kn (t)
[(< ) + (O (
h )) ] ,
i
"
(98)

# !
n
P
2 L (x, p)
d
1
,
(< ) =
d 2
xj pj
j=1

n
(0, 1] : C
0 ( (t)) d /d - (97). (< ) = 0
.


1/
h
, (u ) = Kn (t)

(L (x,
h D) u ) = 0,
( ) , . . (< ) = 0.
. . , , (81)
(80).
. . ,
[9]-[12].
f, n (r, f ) . , [9]
n (r, f ) .
, , n (r, f ) ,
. . . , n (r, f )
(n (r, f )) , (0, 1] ,
. . . ,

[(n (r, f )) ]

G R3 [17]-[20]. ,
( (0, 1]) [n (r, f ) 6= 0] ,
1

1
= (k0 a )

|r n (r, f )|
n (r, f )

c
2f

 1, k0 =

c
2f

1

(99)
c- , a - .

([ + k0 n (r, f )] U (r)) = 0, r= {x, y, z} .

38

15. ...

. 1: (D (, ))
(D (, )) , - 0 R0 (. 1), .
R0 ,

[(U ) ]|0 = R01 [(D (, )) ] exp (ikR0 ) , k = k0 n0 .

(100)

[9]
n (r, f )

n (r, f ) =

1f02 (r,)
f [f +2ieff (r,)] .

(101)

 0
 0  0 

  


dp
dr
=
p , d
= 21 r0 n2 , n2 = Ren2 ,
d

  

 
 
0
0
0



1
r 
= a R0 p 
, p 
=
=0

=0

{sin , cos sin , cos cos } ,

=0

(102)

39

15.2. . . ...

 0
  0
 0

 0
r = r (, , ) a , p = p (, , ) ,

o
n 0
n 0 0 0 o 0
0
0
0
r = x , y , z , p = px, , py, , pz, .
(103)




x0 , y0 , z0

(J ) = det (, , )
.

(104)

G R3

b
J



= det

px, , y , z
(, , )



6= 0.

(105)

 0 

1/2

U r
= i
exp i
2
2 Ind ([(l ) ])


 1/2
i 0 
h


0
0
b 
J
exp i Sb + px, x dpx, .


(106)

Sb

 0
 00 
 0 0
  0 
0
0
= S + S
x p x , y , z
, S =

0
0
0

px ,, y , z

00

n2 d ,

0
0

px ,, y ,, z

Imn2 d , ( ) |0 =

((D (, )) ) U0 |cos |

1/2

.
(107)

0
0


px
dp

x

0
d y = 0 = det

0
0
z

px, , y , z
(, , )



d

!
.
(108)

40

15. ...

(105)

0 0
  

1 
y , z
0
b

dpx, ,
J
det
(, )


0 0

 

 0 
1
y , z
b

dpx, ,
d = J
det
(, )

0 0
  
  

1
y , z
0
b

d = J
det
dpx, .
(, )
d =



(109)

(106) px,
0

U r

i 1/2
2

 1/2


b
J 
sign b
J




0
0
0
0
y =y , z =z

0
0

exp i
2 Ind (l )
0



D (, ) |U0 | R0 |cos |

0
0
[N , B ] det y , z (, )
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
z0 , y0 , z0 + px, , y0 , z0 x

b px , y0 ,
exp i S

dz
d

dz
d

2 2
1 n z
2 z0 2 d

(111)

 0
= y




i 1/2
2

 0  

U r


exp i
2 Ind [(l ) ]

(112)

y0 =y00 , z0 =z00

(110)

d
d

[N , B ]

D (, ) |U0 | R0

0
y0

|cos |

|p0y,

 

0
0

0
 1/2



px, , y0
 det px, , y  sign

det

(, ) 
(, )

h
 0
i


0
0
0
exp i Sb px () , y0 , 0 + px, () x d .


(I (, a, b, )) =

(113)


b
g (, t) exp [i (, t)] dt
a

(114)

, a = , b = ,

41

15.2. . . ...

(I
(, , , )) '

N
AN
P
(X )
lk, I
exp [i 0, ()] l1, I AN (X ) +
,
X, k1
k=2

(115)
lk, = lk, (, ) X, k = X, k (, )
- , I AN (X ) - (...), [10], [11], ...
, .
...
.
.
... [10], [11]. ,
g (, t) (, t), , .
[9]

I (, a, b, ) = g (, t) exp [i (, t)] dt

(116)

g (, t) (, t)
NS . (116)
[9]:

( I (, a, b, ) '
N


(l+1)/NS


PS g
l

Spl, j Sp
(i)
exp iSp
0, j
0, j
j=1
l=0

h
i

N
PS
BN
k
Il, jS X (1)
exp iSp

k, j j
k=1


l





io
P
BNS
l
lm
(2)
 (lm)/NS Im,
(i)
lm
Sp
.
j X
0,
j
j
m
m=0
m1
P

Spgl, j

(117)

NS
(, t) g{tj }, M (, t) (, t) g (, t)

Sp
k, j

S
N
{tj }, M

42

15. ...

, t [a, b] , j = tJ+1 tj ,
S
(, t) ' N
{tj }, M (, t) =

NS
g (, t) ' g{t
(, t) =
j }, M

N
PS

l=0
N
PS h
l=0

i
l
Sp
()
(t tj ) , tj t tj+1 ,
l, j

i
l
Spgl, j () (t tj ) , tj t tj+1 ,

j = 1, 2, ..., M 1,
(118)

 k/NS 1k/N


(1)

,
j = sign Sp
NS , j , Xk = Sp
k, j SpNS , j
S k
 k/NS 1k/N NP
NS n
NS kn
S
= SpNS , j 

Sp
,
NS n, j
k
n=0
h

i

PN 1
l
BN
N
k
Im,
.
j (X) = (i) exp i j +
k=1 Xk

(1)

Xk

(119)

(114)

m 1

exp i Sp
0, , j

((I (, a, b, )) =
NS,

P

SpN

S , , j

(i)l

l=0

j=1


(l+1)/NS


Sp
, , j

BN

Il, S

j,

NS,

X(1)

k
exp i Sp
k, , j j

l
 P

k=1

l
m

(120)

m=0

lm
Sp
0, ,
j

(i)lm


(lm )/NS,


BN

Im, S,
X(2)
j,

io





g
Sp

Sp

k, , j
l, , j


 

NS
NS
{t
(,
t,
)

g
(,
t,
)
( (, t))
{tj }, M
j }, M

(g (, t)) , t [a, b] ,



N
( (, t)) ' {tS,
(,
t)
=
},
,
M
j

!
i
NP
S, h
l
Sp
, tj t tj+1 ,
l, , j () (t tj )
l=0



N
(,
t)
=
(g (, t)) ' g{tS,
j }, , M

!
h
i
NP
S.
l
Spgl, , j () (t tj )
, tj t tj+1 ,
l=0

j = 1, 2, ..., M 1,

(121)

43

15.3. ...

(j, ) = sign Sp
N

Sp
k, , j

k/NS 1k/N
S


S , , j





SpN

Im,Nj, (X)


SpN



,j

S , , j
k/NS

(1)
Xk,
NS, k

P 

(1)

Xk,

1k/NS,

NS n
k


NS, kn
Sp
NS n, , j

n=0

d (i)l exp i j, N +

PN 1

k=1

Xk,




k

(122)

, , [9],

(n (r, f )) G R3 .

15.3.
.
.
[13]
, ,
,
xi |(x, t, x0 ;
h)|2 d x

hi, t, x0 ; h
i =

Rn

|(x, t, x0 ;
h)|2 d x

, i = 1, ..., n,

Rn

(123)
(80) .
(78)
V (x, t), [14], [15], [16],

(x, t; h
) =

0 (q (0)) exp

i

q(t)=x
t

S [q ( ) , q ( ) , t] =
0

m
2

h
S

[q ( ) , q ( ) , t]

n
Q

D [qi ( )] ,

i=1


q 2 ( ) V (q ( ) , ) d.
(124)

[13] (124) , V (x)

44

15. ...

. V (x)

(V (x)) G (Rn ) ,
G (Rn ) - [1726]. .
= x11 ...xnn

15.3.1. E (Rn ) = (C (Rn ))I , I = (0, 1] ,

n



n
EM (Rn ) = (u ) E (Rn ) | K K6=
R
( Nn0 ) p (p N)



sup | u (x)| = O(p ) 5A; 8 0 ,
xK

n



N (Rn ) = (u ) | K K6=
M , ( Nn0 ) q (q N )


sup | u (x)| = O(q ) 5A; 8 0


.

xK

G (Rn ) = EM (Rn ) /N(Rn ).

(125)

EM (Rn ) , N (Rn ) . EM (Rn )

. , EM (Rn )
E (Rn ) , N(Rn )
. , G (Rn ) - .
G (Rn ) [(X ) ] cl {(X ) } ,
(X (t)) - .

15.3.2. K = R K = C .
Ec (K) Nc (K) :


Ec (K) = (r ) KI |n (n N) [|r | = O (n ) 5A; 8 0] ,


Nc (K) = (r ) KI |m (m N) [|r | = O (m ) 5A; 8 0] ,
b = Ec (K) /Nc (K) .
K

(126)

45

15.3. ...

b = Ec (R) /Nc (R) R

b = Ec (C) /Nc (C)
, C
[17].
S (Rn ) - , . . Rn , |x| 1
|x| .
V (x) - r 2, V 0 (g) S 0 (Rn ) , V 0 :
S (Rn ) R : V 0 (g) = Rn V (x) g (x) dx. V (x) , (0, 1]
,
0

V 0 (g) = lim V (g) = lim Rn V (x) g (x) dx,

0

V =S 0 (Rn ) (V (x)) .
b - R

 0
0
0
(g)
=R
V (g) : V (g) =R
V

b
b
b
b
R
R

( Rn V (x) g (x) dx) . , V (x) , V =S 0 (Rn ) (V (x)) ,

(78)
G (Rn ) . (0, 1] V (x)
, (124).

15.3.1. [13]. H - h, i .





(t)
b (t) (t) = 0,
+ H
i h
t

( (0)) = (0, (x)) , x Rn ,

(0, 1] (t) : R H H (t)

(127)

h
2

H (t) = 2m
+ V (x, t) .

h O

(128)

, k N 0.

(i) cl {(V (x, )) } G (Rn ) ,

46

15. ...

(ii) (0, 1] t R+ H (t)

T
H D = tR+ Dt, ,
Dt, = D (H (t)),

b (t) H (t)
(iii) (0, 1] H
H,


(iv) cl (0, (x)) G (Rn ) .
(127)
( (x, t; h
)) ,

( (x, t; h
)) =

0, (q (0)) exp

q(t)=x

i
h
S

S [q ( ) , q ( ) , t] =

!
o Q
n
[q ( ) , q ( ) , t]
D [qi ( )] ,
i=1

m
2


q 2 ( ) V (q ( ) , ) d.
(129)

15.3.3. ( (x, t; h
)) (129)

. [34],
= 0 (V (x, t)) ,
( (x, t; h
)) (78).
15.3.1. ,
 
l

(V (x, t)) , , V0 (x, t) = O kxk

, l 3, -

( (x, t; h
))
.

15.3.2.   (127)
p

(0, (x)) =

(x, x0 ) =

(x, x0 )

n/2
n/2

(2)

n/2
h



2
0)
exp (xx
,
h

0<
h   1, h 0 5A; 8 0.

(130)

V (x, t)|=0 = V (x, t) : R R t R+ , V (x, t)

n

47

15.3. ...

x = (x1 , ...xn ) , . .

V (x, t) =

g (t) x , = (i1 , ..., in ) , kk =

kkn

r=1 ir ,

i = 1, ..., n,

x = xi11 xi22 ...xinn .

(131)

u (, t, , x) = (u1 (, t, , x) , ..., un (, t, , x))

d2 uT (, t, , x)
d 2

h 0
iT
= Hess [V (, )] uT (, t, , x) + V (, ) ,

u (0, t, , x, y) = y, u (t, t, , x) = x,
(132)

= (1 , ..., n ) , uT (, t, , x, y) =
T
(u1 (, t, , x, y) , ..., un (, t, , x, y)) ,


0
(x, )
V (x, )
V (, ) = Vx
,
...,
xn
1

(133)

x=

Hess [V (, )] V (, )
x= , . .

Hessij [V (, )] =

2 V (x, )
xi xj

: Rn R, -

.
x=

(134)

S (t, , x, y) ,

b (u (, t, , x, y) , u (, t, , x, y) , ) d,
S (t, , x, y) = L
0

(135)

48

15. ...

b (u (, t, , x, y) , u (, t, , x, y) , ) =
L
2
m u (, t,2, x, y) Vb (u (, t, , x, y) , ) ,
Vb (u (, t, , x, y) , ) =

(136)

u (, t, , x,
Hessi [V (, )] uT (, t, , x, y) +
h y)
0
V (, ) uT (, t, , x, y) .
ycr = ycr (t, , x)

S(t, , x, y)
yi

= 0.

y=ycr

i = 1, ..., n.
(137)

b=u
b (t, x0 , ) x

b) + x0 = 0.
ycr (t, , x

(138)

, t, ,
b = u
b (t, x0 , ) ,
x
(132).
(123)

lim inf |hi, t, x0 ; h

i i | |b
ui (t, x0 , )| , i = 1, ..., n.

h
0, 0

(139)

u
bi (t, x0 , ) = 0,

(140)

15.3.2. , (139)

lim

inf

h
0, 0

|hi, t, x0 ; h
i i |

49

15.3. ...

lim

h
0, 0

|hi, t, x0 ; h
i i | .

(140) . , (78) ( h 0 )
(123) .
,
,

V (x, t) = ax3 +

m 2 2
2 x

bx [A sin (t)] x.
(141)

L (x,
x) =

m 2

2x

m 2 2
2 x

ax3 + bx + [A sin (t)] x.

(142)

, , a, 1 () = 2 /2 + 3a/m 0, b (u (, t, y, x) , u (, t, y, x) , ) , (136),
L

b (u,
L
u) =

m 2

2u

m$12 () 2
u
2

q
p
$1 () = 21 () = 2

+ g (, t) u,
2
2

3a
m

g1 (, t) = m 2 + 3a2 b A sin (t) =
(d1 () A sin (t)) ,
d1 () = m 2 + 3a2 b.

(143)

S (t, , x, y), (135), -

50

15. ...

S (t, , x, y) =
m$1
2 sin $1 t

h


(cos $1 t) y 2 + x2 2xy +

2x
m$1

t0 g1 (, ) sin ($1 ) d +

2y
+ m$
t0 g1 (, ) sin $1 (t ) d
1


m22$2 t0 0 g1 (, ) g1 (, s) sin $1 (t ) sin ($1 s) dsd ,
sin $1 t 6= 0.

(144)

(137)

S(t, , x, y)
yi
m$1
2 sin $1 t

h
2y cos $1 t 2x +

2
m$1

i
t0 g1 (, ) sin $1 (t ) d = 0.
(145)

(145) cos $1 t 6= 0

ycr (t, , x) =

x
cos $1 t

1
m$1 cos $1 t

t0 g1 (, ) sin $1 (t ) d.
(146)

(146) (138),

1
m$1

x
b=u
b (t, x0 , ) =
t0 g1 (, ) sin $1 (t ) d cos $1 t + x0 cos $1 t.

(147)

, (140)

1
m$1

t0 g1 (, ) sin $1 (t ) d cos $1 t + x0 cos $1 t = 0,

(148)
g1 (, ) (143).

51

15.3. ...

d1 ()

cos($1 t)
$1

1
$1

sin($1 t)
+ A $1 sin(t)

$ 2 2
1

( x0 ) m$1 cos ($1 t) = 0.

(149)

, a = 0, (142)

L (x,
x) =

m 2

2x

m 2 2
2 x

+ bx + [A sin (t)] x.
(150)

(143)

d1 () = m 2 b, $ () = .

(151)

(151) (149)

m 2 b

 cos(t)

( x0 ) m cos (t) +

sin(t)
+A sin(t)
=
2 2

m cos (t) m b

cos(t)

m cos (t) +

sin(t)
x0 m cos (t) + A sin(t)
=
2 2

m b

cos(t)

sin(t)
+ x0 m cos (t) + A sin(t)
= 0.
2 2

, a = 0, (149)
,

(t) = x0 +

b
m 2

sin(t)
(1 cos (t)) + A sin(t)
,
m( 2 2 )

(152)
, , , (123),
(x, t, x0 ; h
) - (
h 0 ),
. .
t, ,

52

15. ...

, . . cos (t) 6= 0. , c (a = 0)

m dx
dt = p,
dp
dt

= m 2 x + bx + [A sin (t)] ,
x (0) = y, p (0) = 0,

(153)
(130)
. (153)

m
x + m 2 x + b A sin (t) = 0,
x (0) = 0, x (0) = y.
(154)
(154) , , (153)

x (t) = c1 sin t + c2 cos t + D sin (t) + C,

p (t) = x (t) = c1 cos t c2 sin t + D cos (t) ,
D=

A
( 2 2 ) m ,

C=

b
m 2 .

(155)

(154),

x (0) = c2 + C = y,
c2 = y C

(156)

x (0) = c1 + D = 0,
c1 = D/.

(157)

53

15.3. ...

, c (153)

x (t, y) = (D/) sin t + (y C) cos t + D sin (t) + C,

p (t, y) = D cos t (y C) sin t + D cos (t) ,
y R.
(158)

J (t, y) =

x(t, y)
y

(159)
J (t, y) = cos t t = tk = k + /2, k =
0, 1, 2, ... .
(158) C - 1t
R2x, y . 1t Rx t 6= tk .
x = x (t, y) , y R. t = tk ,

x (tk , y) = (D/) sin tk + D sin (tk ) + C

(160)
y R, . . . t 6= tk ,
x
b R x = x (t, yb) , yb

xCD sin(t)+(D/) sin t

yb = C + b
.
cos t

(161)

(x, t, x0 ; h
)
( a = 0 ) (b
x, t) , . . t 6= tk . S (t, x)
S (t, x, yb) , S (t, x, yb)

54

15. ...

m
2 sin(t)

S
(t, x, yb) =

2x t
(cos t) yb2 + x2 2xb
y + m
0 g ( ) sin ( ) d +
2b
y
m

t0 g ( ) sin (t ) d


m222 t0 0 g ( ) g (s) sin (t ) sin (s) dsd ,
g ( ) = b + A sin (t) , sin $t 6= 0,
yb = C +

xCD sin(t)+(D/) sin t

.
cos t

(162)


x (t, y) - (154). t0 , x0 ,
x0 = x (t0 , y), y R, x (t, y) [3-4],
J (t0 , y) = 0, J (t0 , y)


. J (t0 , y) 6= 0, t0 , x0 x
(t, y) .

t0 R+ , x0 R t0 , x0 = y j R, |j N, x0 = x (t0 , y) , .
. y R,

x0 = x (t0 , y) .

(163)

t0 , x


x (t, y) , t0 , x0 ,
[3-4]. [3-4],

(t, x) t0 , x0 ,
0

t0 , x 0 =



1/2
n





P
x(t0 , x0 ) 

exp hi Sj t0 , x0
y j det
y


j=1

i
2 j

.
(164)

Sj t0 , x - , y j x0 , j - .
.
0

(i) 0 < t < /2. t

x .

55

15.3. ...

,
. , (164)



1/2
(t, x) = (cos t)
exp hi S (t, x)


sin t
0 C + xCD sin(t)+(D/)
+ O (h) .
cos t
(165)
0 (x) , (123)
sin(t)
(1 cos (t)) + A sin(t)
+ O (h) ,
m( 2 2 )
(166)
(152).

h1, t, x0 ; h
i = x0 +

b
m 2

(ii) /2 < t < 3/2. t

x ,
t = /2.
J = cos t 1, 1.
, (163)



1/2
(t, x) = (cos t)
exp hi S (t, x) i
2


sin t
0 C + xCD sin(t)+(D/)
+ O (
h) .
cos t
(167)
0 (x) , (123) , (166).
(iii) /2 + k < t < /2 + (k + 1) .
= k + 1. , (163)

(t, x) = (cos t)

0 C +

1/2

exp

i
h
S (t,

x)

xCD sin(t)+(D/) sin t

cos t

i(k+1)
2

+ O (h) .
(168)

0 (x) (123), , (166).

56

15. ...

. 2: . 15.3.1

15.3.1. . : m = 1, = 0, = 9, a = 3, b =
10, A = 0.
V (x) = ax3 +

m 2 2
x bx
2

(t) = sgn ( [ (t)])

15.3.2. . : m = 1, = 3, = 9, a = 3, b =
10, A = 1.
(t) = sgn ( [ (t)])

15.3.3. . : m = 1, = 3, = 15, a = 3, b =
10, A = 1.
(t) = sgn ( [ (t)])

15.3. ...

. 3: (t). 15.3.1

. 4: (t). 15.3.1

57

58

15. ...

. 5: (t). 15.3.2

. 6: (t). 15.3.3

15.3. ...

59

. 7: (t). 15.3.4

15.3.4. . : m = 1, = 3, = 10, a = 3, b =
10, A = 3.
15.3.5. . : m = 1, = 12, = 9, a = 1, b =
15, A = 2.
15.3.6. . : m = 10, = 12, = 9, a = 1, b =
15, A = 5.

V (x) =

m 2 2
2 x

ax4 + bx3 [A sin (t)] x.

(169)

L (x,
x) =

m 2

2x

m 2 2
2 x

bx3 + ax4 + [A sin (t)] x.

(170)

60

15. ...

. 8: (t). 15.3.5

. 9: (t). 15.3.5

15.3. ...

. 10: (t) 15.3.5

. 11: (t). 15.3.6

61

62

15. ...

. 12: (t). 15.3.6

. 13: (t). 15.3.6

63

15.3. ...

, , a, 2
6a2
2 () = 2 + 3b
m m 0. b (u (, t, y, x) , u (, t, y, x) , ) , (136),
L

b (u,
L
u) =
$2 () =

m 2

2u

22 () =

$22 2
2 u

+ g2 (, t) u,

2
2

3b
m

6a2
m

g2 (, t) = m 2 + 3b2 4a3 A sin (t) =
(d2 () A sin (t)) ,
d2 () = m 2 + 3b2 4a3 .

(171)

S (t, , x, y), (135),

S (t, , x, y) =
m$2
2 sin $t

(cos $2 t) y 2 + x2 2xy +
2y
m$

2
m2 $22

2x
m$2

t0 g2 (, ) sin ($2 ) d +

t0 g2 (, ) sin $2 (t ) d

i
t0 0 g2 (, ) g2 (, s) sin $2 (t ) sin ($2 s) dsd ,
sin $t 6= 0.
(172)

(137)

m$
2 sin $t


2y cos $t 2x +

S(t, , x, y)
=
yi
t
2

g
(,
)
m$ 0 2


sin $ (t ) d = 0.
(173)

(173) cos $t 6= 0

ycr (t, , x) =

x
cos $2 t

1
m$2 cos $2 t

t0 g2 (, ) sin $2 (t ) d.
(174)

64

15. ...

(174) (138)

1
m$

x
b=u
b (t, x0 , ) =
t0 g2 (, ) sin $2 (t ) d cos $2 t + x0 cos $2 t.

(175)

, (140)

1
m$2

t0 g2 (, ) sin $2 (t ) d cos $2 t + x0 cos $2 t = 0.

(176)

d2 ()

cos($2 t)
$2

1
$2

sin($2 t)
+ A $2 sin(t)

$ 2 2
2

( x0 ) m$2 cos ($2 t) = 0.

(177)

15.3.7. . : m = 100, = 3, = 10, a =

3, b = 100, A = 3.
V (x) =

m 2 2
x ax4 + bx3
2

15.3.8. . : m = 10, = 3, = 10, a = 10, b =

100, A = 3.
15.3.9. . : m = 1, = 3, = 10, a = 0.1, b =
100, A = 3.
V (x) =

m 2 2
x ax4 + bx3
2

15.4. .

.
,

15.4. ...

. 14: . 15.3.7

. 15: (t). 15.3.7

65

66

15. ...

. 16: (t). 15.3.8

. 17: . 15.3.9

15.4. ...

67

. 18: (t). 15.3.9

, [56-58].

15.4.2. [54-56] ,
,
,
[59] X (t) Y (t) :

[X (t) , Y (s)] , s t.
(178)

[60-62]. ,

, A (t) A+ (t)

F = <(n) , <(n) = L2 Rn+ n=0

68

15. ...

[A (t) , A (t0 )] = 0, [A (t) , A+ (t0 )] = min {t, t0 }

(179)
A (t) A (t) a (t) a+ (t)
+

A (t) = a ( ) d, A+ (t0 ) = a+ ( ) d.
(180)

b = L2 (, , P) ,
H
(, , P), - : R+ R W (t) ,

F = <(n) . n=0
. .

() =

n=0

... f (n) (t1 , ..., tn ) dW (t1 , ) ...dW (tn , ) ,

(181)

b
H,


f = f (0) , f (1) , ..., f (n) , ... F,
. .

kf kF =

n=0


2
...  f (n) (t1 , ..., tn ) dt1 ...dtn < .

(182)

kf kF = kkH
b . b
W (t, ) H A (t) + A+ (t)
(t) = w (t) .
, , a (t) + a+ (t) = W
-
t

A+ (t, D) = dA+ ( ) D ( ) , A (t, D ) = dA+ ( ) D ( ) .

(183)

[62] A (t, D)
- - D (t)
:
+

69

15.4. ...

F F A+ (t, D)
:

: F F,

[A+ (t, D) f ] ( ) =

[D (s) f ] ( \s) ,

s[ t ]

(184)

= {t1 < ... < tn } R+ , s = t1 ... tn ,

 
f ( ) = f (n) (t1 , ..., tn ) , t = [0, t] .
D (t) : F F ,
f (n) [(f ( ) = g ( t ) f ( \ [ t ])) [D (t) f ] ( ) = h ( t ) f ( \ [ t ])] ,
(185)
h ( t ) = [D (t) g] ([ t ]) .


d (t) + K + hi H (t) dt = (L dA+ (t) + L dA (t)) (t)

(186)
b
b0.
- K, H, L, L
: H0 H
b
K 0 - - H0 ,
- , b 0 , L, L - H
b 0 ,
H
L = L+ Hint

Hint =

(L a+ (t) + L a (t)) .
(187)

d (t) + K + hi H (t) dt = 0, (0) = 0 .

(188)

exp (t=) , = = K + (i/h) H (188), U (t) - (186). - U (t)

U (t) =
t

exp (t=) + exp [ (t s) =] (L dA+ (t) + L dA (t)) U (s) ,

0

(189)

70

15. ...

(183) b0 F :
H

D (s) = exp [ (t s) =] (L I) U (s) , D (s) =

exp [ (t s) =] (L I) U (s) .

(190)

, U (t) , [60]

L = L+ , K = 12 L+ L, H + = H.

(191)

15.4.3. [62] , L .
15.4.4. , L+ = L (186)
(A+ (t) A (t)) /i, , . .
hL.





b dA+ (t) + L
b dA (t) (t) ,
b (t) dt = L
b + iH
d (t) + K
h

(0) = 0 ,
(192)
b H,
b L
b -
K,
h - ,
H, K, L
T m1 , m2 , m1 , m2 N
[5], (t) L2 (Rn ) L (Ft Ft ) , Ft = (L2 [0, t]) - L2 [0, t], , , L2 (t ) t = C[0, t] . dA (t) dA+ (t) . [5], R (x, p) C (Rn Rn ) T m1 , m2 ,
, (x, p) Rnx Rnp

 || ||



m
m
 x p R (x, p) C, (1 + |x|) 1 (1 + |p|) 2 .

(193)

71

15.4. ...

15.4.1.


R (x, p) C Rnx Rnp \ ,


= (xi , pj ) Rnx Rnp |1 i k, 1 j l , Tm1 , m2 () , ,
(x, p)
/
 || ||

P


(m1 +||)
(m2 +||)
|p pj |
.
 x p R (x, p) C, |x xi |
i, j

15.4.2.


R (x, p) C Rnx Rnp \ ,


= (xi , pj ) Rnx Rnp |1 i k, 1 j l , 2
Tkm1 ,1k, m
() , ,
2
(x, p)
/


 || || R (x, p)
 x p


C, max


P

|x xi |(m1 +||) |p pj |(m2 +||) , (1 + |x|)m1 (1 + |p|)m2

i, j

15.4.3. R (t, x, p) C (Rn Rn ) TLm1 , m2 , :

(i) , (x, p) Rnx Rnp


 || ||


m
m
 x p R (t, x, p) C, (t) (1 + |x|) 1 (1 + |p|) 2 ,

(194)

(ii)

{t > t0 } c
V (t, x, p) , c1 > 0

Rnx

VR =

Rnp

V (t, x, p) ?@8 R

inf
(x, p, t)UR {t>t0 }

(195)

d0 V
dt

c1 V.

(196)

72

15. ...



UR = (x, p) Rnx Rnp |x2 + p2 < R2 - Rnx Rnp ,
UR = Rnx Rnp \UR , d0 V /dt - ,
x =

R
p ,

p = R
x ,

V
x

(197)

. .
d0 V
dt

dV
dt




R V
R
.
p
(198)

15.4.5.
(. [63] .1,
2.2), (195) (196) , (197) t t0
, . . t t0
.
15.4.6. , , L T m =

b
T
[40], L
, U (t), (192) (.
15.4.2).
m, m

15.4.7. , ,
(. 15.4.2),
(x, p) x, (193) (194).
(192)

(0, x) = 0 (x) = (x) exp

i

h
S0

(x) vac,

(199)
vac - (L2 (R+ )) , S0
.

15.4.8. [40] . .
(192)
(194). [40] ,
(. [40], 1,
.1 2), T m , (192).

15.4. ...

73

, [40], TLm1 , m2 6= T m1 , m2 .

15.4.1. [40] T -
:
(i)
H
p ,

x =

p = H
x , x (0) = y, p (0) =

S0 (y)
y ,

(200)
H (t, x, p) TLm1 , m2 ( y (y Rn ) (200) t t0 , . .
t t0 . 15.4.4)

x (t, y) , p (t, y) C ([0, T ] Rn ) .

(201)
(ii) y x(t, y) t [0, T ] , x Rn
y Rn , x = x(t, y).

(t, x, ) =
b (t, x, [0, t]) (t, x) exp

i

h
S

(t, x)

(202)
(192)
(202), . . (192)
F (t, x, [0, t]) = O (
h).
S(t, x) 
S
t

+ H x,

S
x

= 0, S(0, x) = S0 (x)


t
S(t, x) = d p (, y)
0

x(, y)


H (x, p (, y)) + S0 (y) ,

(t, x)

H
x p

x,

S
x

(203)

+ tr

2H 2S
p2 x

(204)

=0
(205)

74

15. ...

(t, x) = 0 (x)


 2

1/2

t
H(x, p(t, y))
y)
1

exp

d
tr
(t, x) = (y) det x(t,
.
y
2
xp
0

(206)

b (t, x, [0, t])

db
+

H
p

x,

x,

S
x

S
x

bdA + L x,

i

S
b dt
x


S
bdA+
x

b
x + K x,

(207)

b|t=0 = vac


exp

b (t, x, ) =

(x (, y) , p (, y)) dA ( ) + L (x (, y) , p (, y)) dA+ ( )


exp


K (x (, y) , p (, y)) +

1
2

L (x (, y) , p (, y)) L (x (, y) , p (, y))


d

vac.
(208)

< (t, x) : r >

1, > 0 Cr, , , 1
:
r

|Dx < (t, x, ,

h)| r, , h
r|| (1 + |x|)

.
(209)

15.4.2. [40] (i) 1.

1/
h
Kn (t) - , n (t) -
n
n0 = x = y, p =

S0 (y)
y ,

y Rn

(210)
(200) r0 (t)
n (t) - r0 n0 . (192) (202),
, (209),

75

15.4. ...

1/
h
b (t, x, [0, t]) = Kn (t) [b
(t, x, [0, t]) (t, x)] exp {i (t, x)} ,
(211)
(t, x)
b (t, x, [0, t]) (206) (208) , d (200), r n (t)


(t, x) =

1
h

S0 (y) + d p (, y)

x(, y)

H (x, p (, y))

2 ind () .

(212)

(212) (200), r0 r0 (t), ind ind () . , rj n (t),

b (t, x, [0, t])

n
P

b (t, x, [0, t]) =

j=1

bj (t, x, [0, t]) j (t, x) exp

i

h
Sj

(t, x)

i
2 ind (j )

,
(213)

bj , j Sj (208), (206), (204)
j , a ind (j ) - .
, 1 2 b H,
b L
b h - [39] , K,
,
H, K, L T m1, m2 , H, K, L Tm1, m2 ()
k1 , k2
Tm
() ,
1, m2
(192).

(d (t)) +


b
L



b
K

i
(
h )

b
H

 

b
K

b
, H

( (t) dt) =

 

b dA (t) ( (t)) ,
dA+ (t) + L

(0) = (0, ) ,


b
, L

(214)

- (
h ) - -

,
(H ) , (K ) , (L ) ,


[(H ) ] , [(K ) ] , [(L ) ] G Rnx Rnp .

76

15. ...

(214)

o

n
vac.
( (0, x)) = (0, (x)) = (( (x)) ) exp hi S0, (x)

(215)

15.4.4. ( (t, x; h
))
(214) ( ) (192).
( (t, x; h
)) (214)
(215).

15.4.3. T -
:
(i)

(x ) =

H
p

, (p)
=

x (0) = y, (p (0)) =

H
x

S0, (y)
y

(216)


(H (t, x, p)) G Rnx Rnp ( y (y Rn ) (216) t t0 ,
. . t t0 , . 15.4.4)
(0, 1]

x (t, y) , p (t, y) C ([0, T ] Rn ) .

(217)

(ii) (0, 1] y x (t, y) t [0, T ]

, x Rn y Rn , x = x (t, y).

( (t, x, [0, t])) = n

o
((b
(t, x, [0, t])) ) (( (t, x)) ) exp hi S (t, x)

(218)
(214)
(215), . . (214)
F (t, x, [0, t]) = O (
h).
(S (t, x))  -

77

15.4. ...

S
t

+ H x,

S
x

= 0, (S (0, x)) = (S0, (x))



t
d p (, y)
0

(S (t, x)) =
x (, y)

H (x, p (, y))



(219)

+ (S0, (y)) ,

(220)
( (t, x))

H
x p

x,

S
x



  2

2
+ tr pH2 xS
=0

(221)
( (t, x)) = (0, (x))

( (t, x)) = (( (y)) )



(t, y)
det xy

 1/2

 
 2
 
t
H (x, p (t, y))
1
exp 2 d tr
.
xp
0

(222)

(b
(t, x, [0, t]))

(db
) +

h

L
x,

H
p
S
x

x,

S
x



  
b +
x

((b
) ) dA +

K x,

L x,

S
x

S
x

i
(b
) dt =

((b
) ) dA+

(223)

78

15. ...

(b
) |t=0 = vac


(b
(t, x, )) = exp



t
(x
(,
y)
,
p
(,
y))
dA
(
)
+
L

 
t
+
L (x (, y) , p (, y)) dA ( )

 

t
exp (K (x (, y) , p (, y))) d
0

12

[L

 
vac.

(x (, y) , p (, y)) L (x (, y) , p (, y))] d

(224)

(< (t, x)) :

r > 1, > 0, (0, 1] (C, r, , ) ,
1 :

h)) |
|(Dx < (t, x, ,

hr||
, r, ,

(1 + |x|)

(225)


 15.4.4. (i) 3.
1/
h
Kn (t)
[] - ,

(n (t)) -

n


o
S0, (y)
n
n0, = x = y, (p ) =
,
y

R
y

(226)
(216)


(r0, (t)) (n (t)) - (r0, ) n0, .
(214)
(215), , (226),


1/
h


b (t, x, [0, t]) =

Kn (t)
[((b
(t, x, [0, t])) ) (( (t, x)) )] exp {i ( (t, x)) } ,

(227)
( (t, x))
b (t, x, [0, t]) (206) (208)
, d

79

15.4. ...

(216), (r )
(n (t))

( (t, x)) =



t
(S0, (y)) + d p (, y)
0



1
h

x (, y)

 

H (x, p (, y))

 

(ind ( )) .

(228)

(228) (216), (r0, )

(r0, (t)) ,

(ind ( )) - . , (rj, ) (n (t)) ,



b
(t, x, [0, t])

n
P
j=1

b (t, x, [0, t])

bj, (t, x, [0, t])

(j, (t, x))

exp

i
(
h )

(Sj, (t, x))

i
2

(ind (j, ))

(229)

bj , j , Sj (224),
(222), (220) (j, ) , a (ind (j, )) -
.
(214) [58]
[40]:

d ( ) +

i
(
h )



b (x, t) + R2 (x) (( ) ) dt =
H

R (x) (( ) ) dW (t) ,

(230)


b (x, t) = ((h ) ) /2 + (V (x, t)) - -
H

, W (t) - , - , .
-

80

15. ...

d ( ) +

i
(
h )

b (x, t, )
H


R2 (x) ( ) dt =

(R (x)) ( ) dW (t) ,

(231)

b
H (x, t, ) = ((
h ) ) /2 + (V (x, t, ))

(V (x, t, )) = (t, x) (V (x, t)) , (t, x)

- .
, c

d ( ) +

i
(
h )

b (x, t, )
H


R2 (x) ( ) dt =

(R (x)) ( ) d (W (t)) ,

(232)
(V (x, t, )) = ( (t, x)) (V (x, t)) , ( (t, x)) - . (214).
A (t) A+
(t) , (0, 1] ,

lim A (t) = A (t) , lim A+

(t) = A (t) .

(233)

(A (t))
(t))

a (t) a+
(t)

(A+

(A (t)) =





t
t
0
+
a ( ) d , (A+
(t
))
=

a
(
)
d
.

(234)

W (t, ) - .

81

15.4. ...

() =

P 
n=0

(n)

... f

(t1 , ..., tn ) dW (t1 , ) ...dW (tn , )

(235)
[( ) ] G1 GH
,
b
b
H
1
G - GH
b,
b
H





(f ) =
f(0) , f(1) , ..., f (n) , ... ,

[(f ) ] G1F , G1F - GF

k(f ) kG1 =

n=0


2


 (n)
...  f (t1 , ..., tn ) dt1 ...dtn < .

(236)

, k(f ) kG1 =
F

k( ) kG1 . [(W (t, )) ] G1 b

H
H
b
+
+

[(A
(t)
+
A
(t))
]

(a

(t) + a (t)) =



(t) = (w (t)) . W

-


t
dA+
(
)
D
(
)
,

0

t

(A (t, D )) = dA+
,
( ) D ( )
(A+
(t, D)) =


(W (t, D)) =


t

D ( ) dW ( ) = (A+
(t, D)) + (A (t, D )) .
0

(237)

(d (t)) +


b
L



b
K

i
(
h )

b
H

 

( (t) dt) =

 

b dA (t) ( (t)) ,
dA+
(t) + L

( (0)) = (0, ) .

(238)

82

15. ...

(, F, P) - .

15.4.5. [28-34]. E (Rn , ) (u (, x)) , , x Rn , I,

(.) (u (, ))
E (Rn ) , x Rn (u (, x)) F - .

EM (Rn , ) =
{(u ) E (Rn , ) | (for a.e. ) (K Rn ) ( N
0 )


(p N) sup | u (, x)| = O (p )
,
xK

N (Rn , ) =
{(u ) E (Rn , ) | (for a.e. ) (K Rn ) ( N
0 )


(q N) sup | u (, x)| = O (q )
,
xK

G (Rn , ) = EM (Rn , ) /N (Rn , ) .

(239)

EM (R , )
, N(Rn , )
.
n

EM (Rn , )

.
, EM (Rn , ) E (Rn , ) ,
N (Rn , ) . , G (Rn , ) - .

15.4.6. [28-34].

EM (Rn , Lp ()) = (C (Rn , , Lp ())) .

15.4. ...

83

EM (Rn , Lp ()) =
{(u ) E (Rn , Lp ()) | (K Rn ) ( N
0 )
o

(p N) k u (, x)k?p = O (p ) ,
N (Rn , Lp ()) =
{(u ) E (Rn , Lp ()) | (K Rn ) ( N
0 )


(q N) sup | u (, x)| = O (q )
,
xK

G (Rn , Lp ()) = EM (Rn , Lp ()) /N (Rn , Lp ()) .

(240)

15.4.7. [35]. (, F, P) - .
F - X :


D0 Rd
.


,
D Rd


D Rd , hX () , i, , .

D0 , Rd .
15.4.8.
CX () , D Rd

CX () = exp [i hX () , i] dP () .

(241)

(x) R
W
. = S 0 Rd , F - -

, S 0 Rd .
(, F ) ,
d

84

15. ...

S 0 Rd

:


2
exp [i hX () , i] d () = exp 12 kkL2 (Rd ) .
(242)

15.4.9. W () :


D0 Rd ,

D
E
() , = h, i ,
W
(243)

D Rd .

() , W
i
h
() = 0
E W
h
i
h
i
() = E W
2 () = kk2 d .
D W
L2 (R )
(244)

()
W
h
i
() W
() = (x) (x) dx.
E W
?d

(245)

15.4.10. [35]. x R -
d

(x, y) =

d
Q

sign (xj ) (x, y) ,

j=1

(246)
(x, y) - - d - .

15.4.11. B (x) Rd -

L2 () -

E
D
, (x, y) (y) ,
B (x) = lim W
0




(y) = 1d y , D Rd .

(247)

15.4. ...

85

(x, ) B (x, ) Rd ,

(x, ) = x ...x B (x, )

W
1
d


D0 Rd .

(248)

15.4.12.
(t, ) R+
W
D
E
(t, ) = W
(t, ) , (s t) ,
W
(t, ) - , - .
W

(249)

15.4.13. [35]. (, , P) . E (n, [0, )) (X (t)) , (0, 1], X (t) - .. . , X X : (0, 1] [0, ) Rn , : (t, ) X (t, )
(0, 1] , t X (t, ) ..
C ([0, )) (0, 1] .
15.4.14.
(, , P) . E
M (n, [0, )) (X (t)) E (n, [0, )) , ,
, T > 0 N0 N, C > 0
0 (0, 1] , ,
"
( 0 )

sup k X (t, )k C

t[0, T ]

(250)
N (n, [0, )) (X (t)) E (n, [0, )) , , ,
T > 0 , N0 , R+ C > 0, 0 (0, 1]
,

"
( 0 )

#
sup k X (t, )k C .
t[0, T ]

(251)
(X (t))

E
M

(n, [0, )) -

86

15. ...

(X (t)) N (n, [0, ))

.
G
n

G
n = Gn (n, [0, )) = EM (n, [0, )) /N (n, [0, )) .

(252)

G
n ,
. G
n [(X ) ] cl {(X ) } , (X (t)) .

15.4.9. , , ,

.
15.4.15.
(, , P) . E
M, C k (n, [0, )) , , T > 0
N0 N, C > 0 0 (0, 1] , ,
"

#
sup k m X (t, )k CN .

( 0 ) m (0 m k)

t[0, T ]

(253)

(n, [0, )) (X (t)) E (n, [0, )) , , ,
T > 0 , N0 , R+ C > 0, 0 (0, 1]
,

N
Ck

"
( 0 ) m (0 m k)

#
sup k m X (t, )k C .
t[0, T ]

(254)

G
Ck

(n, [0, ))

G
n, C k = Gn, C k (n, [0, )) = EM, C k (n, [0, )) /NC k (n, [0, )) .
(255)

15.4. ...

87

15.4.5.


p
(x, x0 ) ,
(0, (x)) =

(x, x0 ) =

n/2
n/2

(2)

n/2
h



2
0)
exp (xx
,
h

0<
h   1, h 0 5A; 8 0.

(256)

V (x, t, )|=0 = V (x, t, ) : R R t R+ V (x, t, ) x = (x1 , ...xn ) , . .

n

V (x, t, ) =

g (t, ) x ,

kk?n
P

= (i1 , ..., in ) , kk =

r=1 ir ,

i = 1, ..., n,

x = xi11 xi22 ...xinn .

(257)

u (, t, , x, ) = (u1 (, t, , x, ) , ..., un (, t, , x, ))

d2 uT (, t, , x, )
d 2

h 0
iT
= Hess [V (, , )] uT (, t, , x, ) + V (, , ) ,

u (0, t, , x, y, ) = y, u (t, t, , x, ) = x,
(258)

uT (, t, , x, y, ) = (u1 (, t, , x, y, ) , ..., un (, t, , x, y, )) ,


0
, )
, )
V (, , ) = V (x,
, ..., V (x,
,
x1
xn
x=

= (1 , ..., n )

(259)

88

15. ...

Hess [V (, , )] V (, , )
x= , . .

Hessij [V (, , )] =

2 V (x, , )
xi xj

: Rn R,

.
x=

(260)

S (t, , x, y, ) ,

S (t, , x, y, ) =
t

b (u (, t, , x, y, ) , u (, t, , x, y, ) , , ) d,
L
0

(261)

b (u (, t, , x, y, ) , u (, t, , x, y, ) , , ) =
L
2

m u

(, t, , x, y, )
2

Vb (u (, t, , x, y, ) , , ) ,

Vb (u (, t, , x, y, ) , ) =
u (, t, , x, y, ) Hess [V (, , )] uT (, t, , x, y, ) +
h 0
i
V (, , ) uT (, t, , x, y, ) .
(262)
ycr = ycr (t, , x, )

S(t, , x, y, )
yi

= 0,

i = 1, ..., n.
(263)

b=u
b (t, x0 , , ) x

b, ) + x0 = 0.
ycr (t, , x

(264)

, t, ,
b=u
b (t, x0 , , ) ,
x

89

15.5. ...

(258).


2

xi |(x, t, x0 , ;
h )| d x
n

R
(hi, t, x0 , ; h
i) = 

 , i = 1, ..., n,
2

|(x, t, x0 , ;
h )| d x
Rn

(232) (256)

lim inf |hi, t, x0 , ; h

i i | sup |b
ui (t, x0 , , )| , i = 1, ..., n.

h
0, 0

(265)

u
bi (t, x0 , , ) = 0,
i = 1, ..., n.
(266)

15.4.10. , (15.4.89) -

lim

inf

h
0, 0

|hi, t, x0 ; h
, i i |

lim

h
0, 0

|hi, t, x0 ; h
i i | .

(266) .

15.5.
.
,

.
[37-39],
[41-43].

90

15. ...

15.5.1. [72-73]. (i) f (t) L1 ([a, b]) , 0 < <

+. -

a It f

(t) =

1
()

(t )

f ( ) d,

(267)

t (a, +) .

(ii) -

t Ia f

(t) =

1
()

( t)

f ( ) d,

(268)

t (, b) .

15.5.1. C a It f (t)

t Ia f (t) [73]. ,
Re < 0, a It f (t)|t=a t Ia f (t)|t=a , . , 1
1
, f1 (t) = (t a)
, f2 (t) = (a t)
Re < 0, Re > 0
[73]

+1

+1

a It f1

(t) =

()
(+)

(t a)

t Ia f2

(t) =

()
(+)

(a t)

(269)

, ,
.

15.5.2. (i) f (t) L1 ([a, b]) , < < .

() -- (, 1) (270)

b
C
a It, f


(t) =

1
()

(t + i )
a


f ( ) d

(270)

91

15.5. ...

(271)

b
R
a It, f

(t)

1
() Re



t
1
(t + i )
f ( ) d
a

(271)

b
, t [a, +) lim0 = 0, [( ) ] R.
(ii) () - (, )
(272)

b
C
t Ia, f

(t)

1
()

( t + i )


f ( ) d

(272)

(273)

b
R
t Ia, f

(t)

1
() Re

( t + i )


f ( ) d

(273)

b
, t (, a] lim0 = 0, [( ) ] R.

15.5.2. ,


b
C
a It, f

(t)


 
 

b
b
b
, R
, C
, R
t Ia, f (t)
t Ia, f (t)
a It, f (t)

b
t 6= , R.
1
1
, f1 (t) = (t a)
, f2 (t) = (a t)

Re < 0, Re > 0




b
C
a It, f1


(t) =

b
C
t Ia, f2

(t)

(+i )
(++i )

(+i )
(++i )

(t a + i )

+1

(a t + i )

+1

, t = a
h
 i h
 i
bI
b I f (t)
C
C
f
(t)
=
=
1
2
a t=a,
t=a a,

( + i [( ) ])  +1
 b
i
C.

( + + i [( ) ])

92

15. ...

15.5.3. [72-73]. a Dt f (t) t Db f (t)

- (274)
(275)

a Dt f

t Db f

(t) =

(t) =

t f ( ) d
d n
(t )+1n ,
dt
a

1
(n)

(274)

b f ( ) d
d n
(t )+1n ,
dt
t

1
(n)

(275)

n 1 < n.

15.5.3. , < 0, f ( ) C ([a, b]) a Dt f (t) t Db f (t) t 6= . , > 0,

a Dt f (t) t Da f (t)
t = a. , , f (t) = (t a) L1 ([a, b]) , 0 < <
(1)

1. , [73], a Dt f (t) = (1) t , 0 < <

r

a Dt=a f (t) = . , f (t) C ([a, b]), (276).

15.5.1. [73]. > 0 f ( ) C []+1 ([a, b]) . -

n = [] + 1,

a Dt f



n1
P f (k) (a) (ta)k+1{}
d n
dt

(k+2)

k=0

(t) =
+

1
(n+1{})

f (n) ( ) d
(t
)n+{}
t


,
(276)

t 6= a.

15.5.4. (i)

(t) () - - ,
n 1 < n (277)


b
C
a Dt, f

(t)

1
(n)

a Dt, f

d n
dt

f ( ) d
(t +i )+1n

(277)

(278)

b
R
a Dt, f


(t) =

1
(n) Re

d n
dt

f ( ) d
(t +i )+1n

 

(278)

93

15.5. ...

b
, t [a, +) lim0 = 0, [( ) ] R,



(ii) t Db,
()
f (t)

- - , n 1 < n
(279)

b
C
t Db, f


(t) =

1
(n)

d n
dt

b
t

f ( ) d
(t +i )+1n

(279)

(280)

b
R
t Db, f

(t)

1
(n) Re

d n
dt

f ( ) d
(t +i )+1n

 

(280)

b
, t (, b] lim0 = 0, [( ) ] R.

15.5.2. > 0 f ( ) C []+1 ([a, b]) .

n = [] + 1,

b
C
a Dt f

n1 (k)
P f (a) (ta+i( ) )k+1{}
+
(k+2+i( ) )
k=0

b
f (n) ( ) d
1
.
(n+1{}) (t +i( ) )n+{}

t

(t) =

d n
dt

15.5.5. [72].
(t)
(282)
C
a Dt f

C
a Dt f

(t) =

1
(n)

n1

(t )
a

d n
d

C
t Db f

(t) =

1
(n)

(282)

n1

(t )
t

, n 1 < n.

(t) -

f ( ) d

(283)

C
t Db f

(281)

d n
d

f ( ) d
(283)

94

15. ...

0 < < 1,

a Dt f

(t) =

C
a Dt f

(t) +

f (a)
1
(1) (ta) ,

t Da f

(t) =

C
t Da f

(t) +

f (a)
1
(1) (at) ,

(284)

t (a, b) .

15.5.6. (i) Cab CDt f (t) Ctb CDb f (t)

- (285)

b
C

a CDt f

1
(n)

(t) =

n1

(t + i )
a

d n
d


f ( ) d

(285)

(286)

b
C

t CDb f

(t) =

1
(n)


b
n1
(t + i )
t

d n
d


f ( ) d

(286)

, n 1 < n.

b
b

(ii) R
a CDt f (t) t CDb f (t) - (287)

b
R

a CDt f

(t) =

1
(n) Re

(t + i )

n1

d n
d


f ( ) d

(287)

(593)

b
R

t CDb f

(t) =

1
(n) Re

n1

(t + i )
t

d n
d


f ( ) d

(288)

95

15.5. ...

0 < < 1,

b
C
a Dt f

(t) =

b
C

a CDt f


(t) +

f (a)
1
(1) ((ta+i ) ) ,

b
C
t Da f

(t) =

C
t CDa f


(t) +

f (a)
1
(1) ((at+i ) ) ,

b
R
a Dt f

(t) =

R
a CDt f


(t) +

1
(1) Re

f (a)
((ta+i ) )

b
R
t Da f

(t) =

R
t CDa f


(t) +

1
(1) Re

f (a)
((at+i ) )

.
(289)

15.5.4. , , ,
G (Rn ) , . . [(f ) ] G (Rn ).
h

b
C
a Dt f

(t)

 i
 i h
b
, R
a Dt f (t)

 i
 i h
b
b
R
C
-,
t Db f (t)
t Db f (t)

h

- , (290)

b
C
a Dt f

b
R
a Dt f


(t) =


(t) =

d n
dt

1
(n)

1
(n) Re

d n
dt

f ( ) d
(t +i )+1n


t


,

f ( ) d
(t +i )+1n

 

(290)

(291)

b
C
t Db f

b
R
t Db f


(t) =


(t) =

1
(n)

1
(n) Re

d n
dt


d n
dt

f ( ) d
(t +i )+1n


b

f ( ) d
(t +i )+1n

.
h
 i h
 i
b
b
C

, R
a CDt f (t)
a CDt f (t)

 

(291)

96

15. ...

h

b
C

t CDb f

 i h
 i
b

(t)
, R
-t CDb f (t)

, (292)

b
C
a Dt f

b
R
a Dt f


(t) =


(t) =

1
(n)


t
n1
(t + i )
a

1
(n) Re



d n
d


f ( ) d

(t + i )

n1

d n
d

 
f ( ) d

(292)

(293)

b
C
t Db f

b
R
t Db f


(t) =


(t) =

1
(n)


b
n1
(t + i )

1
(n) Re



d n
d


,

f ( ) d

(t + i )

n1

d n
d

 
f ( ) d

(293)



L t, qi ,a Dt qi ,t Db qi ,

(294)




C
L t, qi ,C
a Dt qi ,t Db qi .
(295)
- (294)
[37-39], [41-43]:
L
qi

+ t Db

L
L
=0
+ a Dt D
(a Dt qi )
(t b qi )
i = 1, ..., n.

(296)
, , (295)
L
qi

+ t Db

L
+ a Dt CL
= 0.
(Ca Dt qi )
(t Db qi )
i = 1, ..., n.

(297)

97

15.5. ...



L t, qi ,a Dt qi ,t Db qi

a Dt qi

(t) pi =

t Db qi

(t) pi =

L
,
(a Dt qi )
L
.
(t Db qi )

(298)

L t, qi ,C
a Dt qi ,t Db qi

a Dt qi

(t) pi =

t Db qi

(t) pi =

L
,

(C
a Dt qi )
L
.

(C
t Db qi )

(299)

(294)



H t, qi , pi , pi = (a Dt qi )

L
(a Dt qi )

pi (a Dt qi ) + pi

t D b qi

t Db qi

L
(t Db qi )

L=

L,

(300)
(295)



H t, qi , pi , pi =

C
a Dt qi

pi

C
a Dt qi

C D q
a
t i

+ pi

C
t Db qi

C
t D b qi

(C
t Db qi )

L=

L.
(301)

(294) [41-43]:
H
t

= L
t ,
H
qi

H
pi

= (a Dt qi ) ,


i
a Dt p

H
pi

= (a Dt qi ) ,

i
t Db p

(302)
(295)

98

15. ...

H
t

= L
t ,
H
qi

H
pi

=


C
a Dt qi


i
p
D
a t +

H
pi

C
a Dt qi

i
t Db p

.
(303)

- [41-43]:

H =

S
t .

(304)



b
b
C
L t, qi ,C
,
a Dt qi, ,t Db qi,

(305)
 i
h 
G (Rn ) ,
t R+ , L t, qi , pi , pi



b CD q ,C
b CD q
L t, qi ,C
,
i,

i,

a
t
t
b

(306)
h 
 i
i
i
n
t R+ , L t, qi , p , p
G (R ) .

- (305)

L
qi,

b  L  = 0
b  L  + C
+ C
t Db
a Dt

C D q
b
C
a Dt qi,
b
t
b i,

(307)
, , (306)

L
qi,

b  L  +
+ C
t Db
C CD q
b
a
t i,

b
C
a Dt

 L  = 0.
C CD q
b
i,
t
b

(308)

99

15.5. ...

 

b
b
C
L t, qi ,C
a Dt qi, ,t Db qi,


b
C
a Dt qi, (t)

b
C
t Da qi,


(t)

pi,

=  L  ,
C D q
b
a
t i,



pi, =  L  .
C D q

b
a i,
t

(309)

 

b
b
C

L t, qi ,C
a CDt qi, ,t CDb qi,


b
C
a Dt qi, (t)

b
C
t Da qi,


(t)

pi,

=  L  ,
C CD q
b
a
t i,



pi, =  L  .
C CD q

b
a i,
t

(310)

(305)



H t, pi, , pi, , pi,
=

b
C
a Dt

b t
 L  (L )
(qi, )  L  + C
a Db (qi, )

C D q
C D q
b
b
a
t i,
t
b i,

(L ) =


 
 



b D (q ) + pi
b Dt (q ) .
C
pi, C
i,
i,
a t
a b
,

(311)

100

15. ...

(306)



=
H t, qi, , pi, , pi,

(qi, )  L  +
C CD q
b
a
t i,




b
C
 L  (L )
b CDt (qi, )

C CD q
b
i,
t
b
C

a CDt

(312)

(L ) =


 

 


b CD (q ) + pi
b CD (q ) .
C
C
pi,
i,
i,
t
a
t
,
b

(305)
H
t

L
t

H
pi,

H
qi,

b
C
a Dt

H
i
p,
b
C
t Db

pi,



b D (q ) ,
= C
i,

a t
(qi, ) ,

 

(313)



b D pi
.
+ C
t
,
b

(306)
H
t

H
pi,

H
qi,



b CD (q ) ,
= C
i,


 t

b
C
= t CDb (qi, ) ,

L
t

b
C
a Dt

H
pi,


  

b D pi
.
pi,
+ C
t
,
b

(314)

(H ) =

S
t

(315)

101

15.5. ...



L t, qi ,a Dt qi ,t Db qi
, ., [38].
K (xb tb |xa ta )

qi (tb ) = xb
qi (ta ) = xa

n
Q
i=1

K (xb tb |xa ta ) =


 
tb
D [qi (t)] exp hi L t, qi ,a Dt qi ,t Db qi dt .
ta

(316)
(K (xb tb |xa ta ))
 

b
b
C
L t, qi ,C
a Dt qi, ,t Db qi,

(K (xb tb |xa ta )) = hxb tb |xa ta i

n
Q

qi, (tb ) = xb
qi, (ta ) = xa


D [qi, (t) , ] exp

i
h

i=1

tb

ta

 

b
C

t, qi, ,b
dt
a Dt qi, ,t Da qi,

(317)




b CD q ,C
b CD q
C
LC
t,
q
,
i a

t i, t
b i,

KC (xb tb |xa ta )

= hxb tb |xa ta iC

qi, (tb ) = xb
qi, (ta ) = xa

n
Q


D [qi, (t) , ] exp

i=1

i
h

tb

LC

ta

 

b
C
dt
t, qi, ,b
a CDt qi, ,t CDa qi,

qi, (tb ) = xb
qi, (ta ) = xa

Q
i=1

D [qi, (t) , ] exp

i
h



SC [q (t) , ta , tb ]

(318)

102

15. ...



tb


b
b
C

SC [q (t) , ta , tb ] = LC
t, qi, ,C

a CDt qi, ,t CDa qi, dt.

ta

(K (xb tb |xa ta ))



b D q
b D q ,C
=
L t, qi, ,C
tb i,
t i, t
ta

m1
2
m2
2

m1
2

n 
P


n
P
i=1

n
P



i=1

b
C
t Dtb qi,

b
C
ta Dt qi,

2 

2 

(V (t, q1, ...qn, )) =

pi,

2

i=1

m2
2



pi,

 2

(V (t, q1, ...qn, ))

(319)
, ,




b
b

C
LC
t, qi, ,C
=

ta CDt qi ,t CDtb qi,

m1
2
m2
2

m1
2

n 
P
i=1

n
P



i=1

pi,

n
P



i=1

b
C

ta CDt qi,

b
C
t CDtb qi,

2 

2 

(V (t, q1, ...qn )) =

2

m2
2



pi,

 2

(V (t, q1, ...qn, )) .

(320)

, (317)-(328) (319)-(320)
m2 = 0. (319) (320) ,
m1, 2 6= 0, .
(q (t)) = (q1, (t) , ..., qn, (t)) ,
: (q (t)) (q (t)) + (q (t)) ,

103

15.5. ...

(x (tb )) = (x (ta )) = 0.



D [q (t) , ] exp hi SC [q (t) + q (t) , ta , tb ] =

q (t ) = x
b
b
q (ta ) = xa



D [q (t) , ] exp hi SC [q (t) , ta , tb ] .

q (t ) = x

b
b
q (ta ) = xa

D [q (t) , ] =

n
Q

(321)

D [qi, (t) , ] . -

i=1

(321)

D [q (t) , ] exp
q (tb ) = xb
q (ta ) = xa

i
h

SC [q (t) + q (t) , ta , tb ]

D [q (t) , ] exp

q (tb ) = xb
q (ta ) = xa

D [q (t) , ]

q (tb ) = xb
q (ta ) = xa

i
h

i

SC [q (t) , ta , tb ]

SC [q (t) , ta , tb ]

exp

i
h

SC [q (t) , ta , tb ]

= 0.

(322)

SC [q (t)] = SC [q (t) + q (t)] SC [q (t)] =
n
P

tb

dt (qi, (t))

i=1 ta

LC

b 
C
 +
t Dtb
C D q
b
t
t i,
a

h

LC

qi,

b
C
ta Dt

LC


 ,
C D q
b
i,
t
t
b

(323)

104

15. ...

(322)



D [q (t) , ] exp hi SC [q (t) , ta , tb ]

q (t ) = x
b
b
q (ta ) = xa

i
h

SC [q (t) , ta , tb ] =



D [q (t) , ] exp hi SC [q (t) , ta , tb ]

q (t ) = x

b
b
q (ta ) = xa

i
h

n
P

dt (qi, (t))

h LC 
qi,

i=1 ta

tb

LC

LC

b 
b 
C
 + C
 = 0.
t Dtb
ta Dt
C D q
C D q
b
b
i,
t
t i,
t
t
a

(324)

(q (t)) ,

D [q (t) , ] exp
q (tb ) = xb
q (ta ) = xa

i
h

SC [q (t) , ta , tb ]

i
h

h

LC

qi,

LC

LC

C 
C
b
 + b

 = 0.
ta Dt
t Dtb
C D q
C D q
b
b
t
t i,
t
t i,
a

i = 1, ..., n.
(325)


b : (q (t))
(t)) +




 (q
b (t) , q
b (ta ) = 0 q
b j, (tb ) 6= 0, q
b i, (tb ) = 0
q

105

15.5. ...

i 6= j.

D
EC 


C
b
xb + q (tb ) , tb |xa , ta
hxb , tb |xa , ta i
=

xj, a

hxb , tb |xa , ta i

(326)




b j, (tb ) .
q

xb + b
q (tb ) , tb |xa , ta

C 

hxb , tb |xa , ta iC

D [q (t) , ] exp

i
h

q (tb ) = xb + b
q (tb )
q (ta ) = xa

SC [q (t) , ta , tb ]

D [q (t) , ] exp
q (tb ) = xb
q (ta ) = xa

i
h

SC [q (t) , ta , tb )]

D [q (t) , ] exp
q (tb ) = xb
q (ta ) = xa

i

SC q (t) + b
q (t) , ta , tb



D [q (t) , ] exp
q (tb ) = xb
q (ta ) = xa

i
h

SC [q (t) , ta , tb )]

i
h

D [q (t) , ]

q (tb ) = xb
q (ta ) = xa

b
SC [q (t) , ta , tb ]

exp

i
h

SC [q (t) , ta , tb ]

xb + b
q (tb ) , tb |xa , ta

C 

hxb , tb |xa , ta iC

(327)

i
h

D [q (t) , ]
q (tb ) = xb
q (ta ) = xa

SC [q (t) , ta , tb ]

exp

i
h

SC [q (t) , ta , tb ]

(328)

15.5.5. , (0, 1]
(326) c t {t| |t tb | } , 0

106

15. ...

0. ,
D


EC 
C
b (t) , t|xa , ta
=
hxb , t|xa , ta i
xb + q

xj, a

hxb , t|xa , ta i



(329)


b j, (tb ) + O (( ) )
q

xb + b
q (t) , t|xa , ta

C 

hxb , t|xa , ta iC

i
h

D [q (t) , ]

q (t) = xb
q (ta ) = xa



SC [q (t) , ta , tb ]



exp

i 
h

 

SC [q (t) , ta , tb ]

+O ( ) .
(330)

0 < < 1, 0 < < 1,

SC [q (t) , ta , tb )]

b :


b (t) [43], [71]:
q

(q (t)) (q (t)) +

SC [q (t) , ta , tb )] =


h
i


b (t) , ta , tb
SC q (t) + q
SC [q (t) , ta , tb ] =

 tb


b D1 
b

C

qi, (t)
tb
t
C CD q
b

ta
t i,

LC

ta

 tb



tb

b D1 
b
b i, (t)
C


qi, (t) + dt q
ta t
C CD q

ta
b

t
tb i,

LC



LC

qi,

b
C
t Dtb

b 1
C
ta Dt

b 1
C
t Dtb

LC

(ta CDt qi, )

ta

 


+

b
C
ta Dt

 

LC

t CDt qi,
b

(331)
- 1 1

107

15.5. ...



b (ta ) = 0,
(331) q

SC [q (t) , ta , tb )] =


h
i


b (t) , ta , tb
SC q (t) + q
SC [q (t) , ta , tb ] =




b D1 
b i, (t)

C

q
tb
t

C CD q
b

ta
t i,

LC

t=tb



b D1  LC
b

C

qi, (t)
+
ta t
C CD q
b

t
tb i,


h C  t=tb
tb
L
b
dt qi, (t) qi, +

ta

LC

LC

b 
b 
C
 + C
 .
t Dtb
ta Dt
C CD q
b
C CD q
b

i,

i,

t
t
t
t
a

(332)

15.5.6. , (0, 1]
c t {t| |t tb | } O (( ) ) , (0, 1]
(0 <  1) .
, t {t| |t tb | }

SC [q (t) , ta , t)] =


h
i


b (t) , ta , t
SC q (t) + q
SC [q (t) , ta , t] =

LC

b 1 
b i, (tb )
C
 q
t Dtb
C CD q
b
t
t i,
a



h C 
tb
L
b 1  LC
b i, (tb ) + dt q
b i, (t)
C
 q
+
ta Dt
qi,

b
C

t
t CDt qi,
a
b

LC

LC

b 
b 
C
 + C
 +
t Dtb
ta Dt
b
C

C CD q
t CDt qi,
b
i,
t
t
a

+O (( ) ) .
(333) (330),

(333)

108

15. ...

xb + b
q (t) , t|xa , ta

C 

hxb , t|xa , ta iC

i
h

SC [q (t) , ta , t]

D [q (t) , ]
q (t) = xb
q (ta ) = xa

exp

i
h

SC [q (t) , ta , t]

+O ( )

+
*
LC
C 1 
i

b
 b
qi, (tb )
t Dtb
h

b
C

CD qi,
t
t
a

+
*
C
L
1
C
i

b

 b
qi, (tb ) +
ta Dt
h

C CD q
b
t i,
t
b


i
h

tb

dt b
qi, (t)

ta

h

LC

qi,

C
LC

C 
C

b
 + b
 L

t Dtb
ta Dt
C CD q
b
C CD q
b

t i,
t
t i,
t
a

+O ( ) .

(325), (334)

D

(334)


SC [q (t) , ta , t] =

h
i E


b (t) , ta , t
SC q (t) + q
SC [q (t) , ta , t] =

*
i
h

LC

b 1 
C

t Dtb
C CD q
b
t
t i,
a

*
i
h

b 1
C
ta Dt

LC

(335)



b
C CD q
i,
t
t
b

b i, (tb )
q

b i, (tb ) + O (( ) ) .,
q

i = 1, ..., n.
, (329), -

109

15.5. ...

xj, b

hxb , t|xa , ta i

 

b j, (tb )
q

D [q (t) , ] exp hi (S [q (t) , ta , tb )])

q (t) = x

b
q (ta ) = xi

i
h



b 1 j
C
t Dtb p,



 

b 1 pj (t)
b j, (tb ) + O (( ) ) .
(t) C
q
ta Dt

b j, (tb )
q

(336)

6= 0,

xj, b

hxb , t|xa , ta i

D [q (t) , ] exp hi (S [q (t) , ta , tb )])

q (t) = x

b
q (ta ) = xi

i
h



b 1 j
C
t Dtb p,



 
b D1 pj (t)
(t) C
+ O (( ) ) .
ta t
,

(337)

(320) m2 = 0, m1 6= 0.
(337)

xj, b

hxb , t|xa , ta iC

D [q (t) , ] exp
q (tb ) = xb
q (ta ) = xi

i
h

(S [q (t) , ta , tb )])

i
h


b
C 1 j
D
p
t

tb

(t)

+O ( ) .
(338)

, m1 = 0, m2 6= 0, (337)

110

15. ...

xj, b

hxb , t|xa , ta i

D [q (t) , ] exp hi (S [q (t) , ta , tb )])

q (t ) = x

b
b
q (ta ) = xi



b 1 pj (t) + O (( ) ) .
hi C

ta Dt
,

(339)

h
i
C
(0, 1] (t) = hxb , t|xa , ta i L1 ([ta , tb ]) .

(339) b 1 1 ,
C

ta Dt


b D1 C
b D1 (t) = (t) + O (( ) )
C
ta

ta

b 1
C
ta D t
xj, b

hxb , t|xa , ta i

D [q (t) , ] exp hi (S [q (t) , ta , tb )])

q (t ) = x
b
b
q (ta ) = xi



hi pj, (t) + O (( ) ) + O (( ) ) .

(340)

111

15.5. ...

(340) t = tb ,

b 1
C
ta Dtb
xj, b

hxb , tb |xa , ta i

D [q (t) , ] exp hi (S [q (t) , ta , tb )])

q (t ) = x

b
b
q (ta ) = xi



hi pj, (tb ) + O (( ) ) + O (( ) ) .

(341)

(338)

b 1
C
tb Dtb
xj, b

hxb , tb |xa , ta i

D [q (t) , ] exp hi (S [q (t) , ta , tb )])

q (t ) = x

b
b
q (ta ) = xi

i
h

pj, (tb )

+ O (( ) ) + O (( ) ) .

(342)

(341) 
(342) pbj,

pbj,

LC



C CD q
b
i,
t
t
a

pbj,

(343)

pbj,

LC


= hi 
C CD q
b
i,
t
t
b

(344)

112

15. ...

. - (314),

tb

hxb , tb |xa , ta i

D [q (t) , ] exp
q (tb ) = xb
q (ta ) = xa

i
h

(S [q (t) , ta , tb )])

H t, pi, , pi, , pi,

(345)

m2 = 0, m1 6= 0.




H t, qi, ,C
=
ta CDt qi ,t Db qi,

m1
2

n 
P

pi,

2

i=1

+ (V (t, q1, ...qn ))

(346)
(344)

i
h
1
2m1

b h
C
t Dt i xi

2

hx, t|xa , ta i

(hx, t|xa , ta i ) + (V (x) hx, t|xa , ta i ) .

(347)

m1 = 0, m2 6= 0.




b
b

C
H t, qi, ,C
=
ta CDt qi ,t CDtb , qi,

m2
2

n 
P
i=1

pi,

 2

+ (V (t, q1, ...qn ))

(348)
(343),

i
h
1
2m1

b h
C
ta Dt i xi

2

hx, t|xa , ta i

(hx, t|xa , ta i ) + (V (x) hx, t|xa , ta i ) .

(349)

113

15.5. ...

15.5.7.
b
C
ta Dt, f

(t) =

1
(n)

(t + i )

n1

ta

d n
d

f ( ) d,
(350)

E (Rn ) = (C (Rn R+ )) , I = (0, 1] ,

n
E
M
n
 (R R+ ) =
n
n
(u ) E (R R+ ) | K K6= R R+ ( Nn0 ) p (p N)


b D u (x, t) | = O(p ) 5A; 8 0 ,
sup |C

ta t,

xK

n



N (Rn R+ ) = (u ) | K K6=
M , ( Nn0 ) q (q N )



b D u (x)| = O(q ) 5A; 8 0 .
sup |C

ta t,

xK

n
n
G (Rn R+ ) = E
M (R R+ ) /N (R R+ ).

(351)

n
E
M (R R+ )
, N (Rn R+ ) n
. E
M (R R+ )
. n
n
, E
M (R R+ ) E (R R+ ) ,
N (R+ Rn ) .
, G (Rn R+ ) - . G (Rn )
[(u ) ] cl {(u ) } , (u (x, t))
.

15.5.3. H - h, i . (349).
.





(t)
b , (t)
i h
t
+ H
= 0,
(t)

( (0)) = (0, (x)) , x Rn ,

(352)
(0, 1] (t) : R H H, (t)

114

15. ...

h
2

H, (t) = 2m

h O

n 
P
b
C

ta D, t xi

i=1

2

+ V (x, t) .
(353)

, k N, 0.

(i) cl {(V (x, t)) } G (Rn R+ ) ,

(ii) (0, 1] t R+ H, (t)
T

=
H D
D

t, ,
tR+
=
D
(H
(t))
,
D
,
t,

b , (t) H, (t)
(iii) (0, 1] H
H,


(iv) cl (0, (x)) G (Rn ) .
(352)
(
)) ,
(x, t; h

(
)) =
(x, t; h

0, (q (0)) exp

q (t)=x

i
h

h
b
C
CD

t, q ( )

, q ( ) , t

io Q
n


D [qi, ( )]

i=1

h
b
C
D
0

t, q

( ) , q ( ) , t =

h 
b
C
m
CD
0

, q

2

( )

V (q ( ) , )

d.

(354)

15.5.8. ( (x, t; h
))
[35].
( h 0, 0 )

xi |
h )|2 d x
(x, t, x0 ;

hi, t, x0 ; h
, i =

Rn

| (x, t, x0 ;
h )|2 d x

Rn

i = 1, ..., n.
(355)

15.5.4. 0 < < 1.

115

15.5. ...

(352) (0, (x)) =

(x, x0 ) =

n/2
n/2

(2)n/2 h

p

(x, x0 ) ,



2
0)
exp (xx
,
h

0<
h   1,
h 0 5A; 8 0.

(356)

V (x, t)|=0 = V (x, t) : R R+ R t R+ V (x, t)

x = (x1 , ...xn ) , . .
n

V (x, t) =

g (t) x , = (i1 , ..., in ) , kk =

kkn

r=1 ir ,

i = 1, ..., n,

x = xi11 xi22 ...xinn .

(357)

u (, t, , x, ) = (u1, (, t, , x, ) , ..., un, (, t, , x, ))

T
=
CD
u
(,
t,
,
x,
)
,

0
h 0
iT
Hess [V (, )] uT
,
(, t, , x, ) + V (, )
b
C
Dt,

b
C

(358)

u (0, t, , x, y, ) = y, u (t, t, , x, ) = x,

= (1 , ..., n ) , uT
(, t, , x, y, ) =
T
(u1, (, t, , x, y, ) , ..., un, (, t, , x, y, )) ,

h 0
i 
V (x, )
(x, )
,
...,
V (, ) = Vx
xn
1

(359)

x=

Hess [V (, )] V (, )
x= , ..

Hessij [V (, )] =

2 V (x, )
xi xj

: Rn R, -

.
x=

116

15. ...

S (t, , x, y) ,

b
L



S, (t, , x, y) =


b
C

CD,
u (, t, , x, y, ) , u (, t, , x, y, ) , d,
0
(360)



b CD u (, t, , x, y, ) , u (, t, , x, y, ) , =
b C
L

,
0
2


b
C
CD
m

, u (, t, , x, y,)

Vb (u (, t, , x, y, ) , ) ,

Vb (u (, t, , x, y, ) , ) =
u (, t, , x, y, ) Hess [V (, )] uT
(, t, , x, y, ) +
h 0
i
V (, ) uT
(, t, , x, y, ) .
(361)

= ycr, (t, , x, )

ycr,

S, (t, , x, y)
yi

i
y=y
cr,

= 0.

i = 1, ..., n.
(362)

b, = u
b (t, x0 , , )
x

b) + x0 = 0.
ycr,
(t, , x

(363)

, t, ,
b, = u
b (t, x0 , , ) x
, (358).
(355)

lim inf |hi, t, x0 ; h

, i i | |b
ui, (t, x0 , , )| , i = 1, ..., n.

h
0, 0

(364)

15.6. ...

117

u
bi, (t, x0 , , ) = 0.

(365)

15.5.7. , (15.5.100) lim inf h 0, 0 |hi, t, x0 ; h

, i i | limh 0, 0 |hi, t, x0 ; h
i i | . (365) .
15.5.8. (15.5.82) . (358)

(, t, , x, ) =
h 0
iT
Hess [V (, )] uT
.
(, t, , x, ) + V (, )
b
C
0 D,

b
C

T
CDt, u

(366)

15.5.9. (319) , . . m1, 2 6= 0 (355)

(328). (358)

b
C
Dt,
b
C
0 D,

T
CD
u
(,
t,
,
x,
)
+
,
0

b
C
CD uT (, t, , x, ) =
b
C

t,

h 0
iT
Hess [V (, )] uT
(,
t,
,
x,
)
+
V
(,

)
.

(367)

15.6.
.

,
.

(K (xb tb |xa ta ; ))

118

15. ...



b
b
C
L t, qi, ,C
=
ta Dt qi, ,t Dtb qi, ,

m1
2


n
P
i=1

b
C
ta Dt qi,

2 

(V (t,
m1
2

n 
P

pi,

i=1

2

m2
2

m2
2

n
P



i=1

q1, ...qn, , ))



pi,

 2

b
C
t Dtb qi,

2 

(V (t, q1, ...qn, , ))

(368)
,



b CD q ,C
b CD q ,
C
LC
t,
q
,
=
i,

i
i,

tb

ta
t
t

m1
2


n
P
i=1

b
C

ta CDt qi,

2 

(V (t,
m1
2

n 
P

pi,

i=1

2

m2
2

m2
2

n
P



i=1

q1, , ...qn, , , ))



pi,

 2

b
C
t CDtb qi,

2 

(V (t, q1, ...qn, , )) .

(369)

(K (xb tb |xa ta ))
 

b
b
C
L t, qi ,C
a Dt qi, ,t Db qi, ,

(K (xb tb |xa ta , )) = hxb tb |xa ta , i

"

qi, (tb ) = xb
qi, (ta ) = xa

i=1

D [qi, (t) , ] exp

i
h

Rtb

b
C

C
t, qi, ,b
a Dt qi, ,t Da qi, ,

ta





b
b

C
LC
t, qi ,C

a CDt qi, ,t CDb qi, ,

dt

(370)

119

15.6. ...

KC (xb tb |xa ta , )

"

D [qi, (t) , ] exp

tb

i
h

qi, (tb ) = xb i=1

qi, (ta ) = xa

= hxb tb |xa ta , iC

b
C

LC
t, qi, ,b

a CDt qi, ,t CDa qi, , dt

ta

n
Q

R
qi, (tb ) = xb
qi, (ta ) = xa

D [qi, (t) , ] exp

i
h



SC [q (t) , ta , tb , ]

i=1





b
b

C
LC
t, qi ,C

a CDt qi, ,t CDb qi, ,

(371)

KC (xb tb |xa ta , )

"

D [qi, (t) , ] exp

qi, (tb ) = xbi=1

qi, (ta ) = xa

= hxb tb |xa ta , iC

tb

i
h

b
C

LC
t, qi, ,b

a CDt qi, ,t CDa qi, ,

ta

qi, (tb ) = xb
qi, (ta ) = xa

n
Q

D [qi, (t) , ] exp

i=1

[q (t) , ta , tb , ]

i
h

SC [q (t) , ta , tb , ]



SC

dt =

Ztb

(372)



b CD q ,C
b CD q , dt.
C
LC
t,
q
,
i,

i,

i,

a
t
t
a

ta

, (370) (372) (368) (369), m1 = 0 m2 = 0 .

(368) (369) , m1, 2 6= 0 , ,
.

15.6.1. ,

120

15. ...

cl [( (t)) ] G
n (0, ]
, . ,
, [35].

15.6.1.
[35]. cl [( (t)) ] Gn (0, ] . C

0 Dt (t) ( (t)) cl [( (t)) ]

C
0 D t

(t)

1
(m)

(m)

(m) ( ) d
(t )+1m


(t) =

dm
dtm

, m 1 < < m,

(t) , = m N.
(373)

(0, ] . 15.6.1. [35]. (i) cl [( (t)) ]

T > 0 > 0 :
(C > 0) , N (N > 0) , 0 (0 (0, 1]) , 0

G
n


.
sup C
0 Dt (t, ) C
t[0, T ]

(374)
(ii) (1, (t)) cl [( (t)) ] (2, (t)) cl [( (t)) ] ,
cl [( (t)) ] G
n (0, ] . T > 0,
q N > 0 : (C > 0) , 0 (0 (0, 1])
, 0

sup

C
0 Dt 1, (t, )

C
0 Dt 2,


(t, ) Cq .

t[0, T ]

(375)

15.6.2. ,
15.6.1

C
0 Dt (t) cl [( (t)) ] G
(0, ] (. . 15.4, 15.4.15), . .


 n, C 0

cl C
D

(t)

G
t
0
n, C 0 (0, ] .

15.6.2. [35].

 cl [( (t)) ] Gn (0, ] . C

cl 0 Dt (t) > 0 cl [( (t)) ] G

n, C 0 (0, ] , (373).

121

15.6. ...

15.6.2. [35]. (i)

 cl [( (t)) ] Gn (0, ] . -

m 1 < < m cl
(m)

(0) =

(m+1)

(0) =

C
0 Dt (t)
(m+2)

(0) = ... = 0.

G
n (0, ] , m N,

(ii) (0) = 0 m N, cl

Gn (0, ] > 0.
(m)

C
0 Dt

(t)



15.6.3.
15.6.2 


cl C
0 Dt (t)
cl [( (t)) ] ,
, cl [( (t)) ] .
15.6.3. [35].  cl[( (t)) ] Gn . -

C b
0 D t

(t)

> 0 -

( (t))
cl [( (t)) ]

C b
0 Dt

(t)

C
0 Dt

(m)

(t) (t)


(t) =

, m 1 < < m,

dm
dtm

(t) , = m N,
(376)

C
0 Dt

(t) (t) =

ds
0

C
0 Dt

(s) (t s)

( (t)) = (t) .


,

(377)

15.6.3. [35]. (i) cl [( (t)) ] Gn .

> 0 k = 0, 1, 2, ..., ,
T > 0 : (C > 0) , N (N > 0) , 0 (0 (0, 1]) ,
0
 k

d

C b
sup  dt
D

(t)
 CN .
k
t
0

t[0, T ]

(378)
(ii) (1, (t)) cl [( (t)) ] (2, (t)) cl [( (t)) ] .
> 0 k = 0, 1, 2, ...
q N, T > 0 : (C > 0) , 0 (0 (0, 1]) ,

122

15. ...

sup
t[0, T ]

 k
d
 dtk

C
0 Dt 1,

(t, )

dk
dtk

C
0 Dt 2,


(t, )  Cq .
(379)

15.6.4.

[35]. ( ) cl [( (t)) ] G
n (C > 0) , N (N > 0) , 0 (0 (0, 1])

.
, > 0
0 N T > 0 0


sup 

C +0

0 Dt


(t)  CN .

t[0, T ]

(380)
(ii) (1, (t)) cl [( (t)) ] (2, (t)) cl [( (t)) ] .
(C > 0) , 0 (0 (0, 1]) ,
q N, > 0 0 N
T > 0 0

sup

C +0
1,
0 Dt

(t, )

C +0
2,
0 Dt


(t, )  Cq .

t[0, T ]

(381)

15.6.4. cl [( (t))
 ] Gn - -

. cl C
0 Dt (t) cl [( (t)) ] ,
(380).

15.6.5. cl [( (t)) ] Gn -

. > 0



cl C
0 Dt 2, (t)
.

15.6.5. cl [( (t))
 ] Gn -

. cl C
0 Dt (t) cl [( (t)) ]
,

C


C
D

(t)

cl
D

(t)
,

t
t
0
0

0 T > 0 : (C > 0) , N (N > 0) , 0 (0 (0, 1]) ,

0

sup C
0 Dt

t[0, T ]

C
0 Dt


(t)  CN .

(382)

123

15.6. ...

15.6.6. cl [( (t)) ] Gn -

> 0.
/ N, C
0 Dt (t) ,
(j)
(t) = 0, j = 1, 2, ... .

15.6.7. cl [( (t)) ] Gn - (j)

, (t) = 0,
j = 1, 2, ... (1, (t)) cl [( (t)) ]
(2, (t)) cl [( (t)) ] . , > 0
: (C > 0) ,
0 (0 (0, 1]) , q N,
T > 0 0

sup
t[0, T ]



Dt

C
0 Dt 1,

(t, )

C
0 Dt 2,


(t, )  Cq .
(383)

- 15.6.6. cl [( (t)) ]
. ,



cl C
0 Dt (t)

G
n

cl [( (t)) ]
cl [( (t)) ], (382).

15.6.8. cl [( (t)) ] Gn - -

/ N,


 > 0.

cl C
0 Dt (t)
(j)

cl [( (t)) ] , (0) ,
j = 1, 2, ... .
(t) = cl [( (t)) ] G
n -
> 0.

i (
h )
1
2m1


b
C
D
ta

t,

(
h )
i
xi

2

hx, t|xa , ta , i

hx, t|xa , ta , i

+ V (x, t, (t)) hx, t|xa , ta , i

hx, ta |xa , ta , i = ( (x xa )) ,

b
C
ta Dt, f

(t, )

1
(n)

n1

(t + i )
ta

(384)

d n
d


f (, ) d

(385)

124

15. ...

. cl [( (t)) ] 3 ( (t)) - (t) . (384) (349).

15.6.7.
(384) , ( (t)) .
15.6.8.
I

E (Rn R+ ) = (C (Rn R+ )) , I = (0, 1] ,

E,
(Rn R+ ) =
M

(u ) E (Rn R+ ) | b
( ) K (K?Rn R+ ) ( Nn
0 ) p (p N)



t, x

C
sup |b
D
xK

ta

u (x, t, ) | = O(

) 5A; 8 0

N, (Rn R+ ) =

(u ) | b
( ) K (K?M ) , ( Nn
0 ) q (q N )


C

q
sup |b
ta Dt, x u (x, t, )| = O( ) 5A; 8 0

xK

,
n
G
(Rn R+ ) /N , (Rn R+ ),
(R R+ ) = EM

(386)

b
( ) - :
.

15.6.1. H - h, i . (386).
.




(t, )
b , (t, ) (t, ) = 0,
i h
t
+ H

( (0)) = (0, (x x0 )) , x Rn ,
(0, 1] (t)

: R+ H

h
2

H, (t, ) = 2m

n 
P
b
C
i=1

ta D, t xi

2

H, (t, )

(387)

+ V (x, t, (t)) ,

(388)



h O k , k N, 0. :

125

15.6. ...

n
(i) cl {(V (x, t, )) } G
(R R+ ) ,

(ii) b
( ) , ( (0, 1]) t R+ H, (t, ) H

D
, =

D
t, , ,

tR+

D
t, , = D (H, (t, )) .

b , (t) H, (t)
(iii) (0, 1] H
H,


(iv) cl (0, (x)) G (Rn ) .
(387)
)) , (
(x, t, ; h

(
)) =
(x, t, ; h

0, (q (0)) exp

i
h

h
b
C
S
D
0

t, q

( )

, q ( ) , ( ) , t

io Q
n
i=1

q (t) = x
q (0) = x0

D [qi, ( )],

h
i
C
S b
0 Dt, q ( ) , q ( ) , ( ) , t =
i
2
Rt h m b
C
V (q ( ) , , ( )) d.
D
q ( )
2

(389)

(
h 0, 0 )

xi |
h )|2 d x
(x, t, , x0 ;

hi, t, , x0 ; h
, i =

Rn

|
h )|2 d x
(x, t, , x0 ;

Rn

i = 1, ..., n.
(390)

15.6.2. 0 < < 1.

126

15. ...

(387) (0, (x)) =

(x, x0 ) =

n/2
n/2

(2)n/2 h

p

(x, x0 ) ,



2
0)
exp (xx
,
h

0<
h   1,
h 0 5A; 8 0.

(391)

V (x, t, )|=0 = V (x, t, )

: R R+ R
t R+ V (x, t, ) x =
(x1 , ...xn ) , . .
n

V (x, t, ) =

g (t, ) x , = (i1 , ..., in ) , kk =

kkn
P

r=1 ir ,

i = 1, ..., n,

x = xi11 xi22 ...xinn .

(392)

u (, t, , x, ) = (u1, (, t, , x, ) , ..., un, (, t, , x, ))

c

b
C
Dt,

b
C
0

T
CD,
u (, t, , x, , ) =

h 0
iT
Hess [V (, , ( ))] uT
(,
t,
,
x,
,
)
+
V
(,
,

(
))
,

u (0, t, , x, y, , ) = y, u (t, t, , x, , ) = x,

(393)

= (1 , ..., n ) ,
uT
(,
t, , x, y, , ) =

T
(u1, (, t, , x, y, , ) , ..., un, (, t, , x, y, , ))

h 0
i 
V (x, , ( ))
, ( ))
,
...,
V (, , ( )) = V (x,x
xn
1

x=

(394)

127

15.6. ...

Hess [V (, , )] V (, , )
R+ R, x= , . .

Hessij [V (, , )] =

2 V (x, , )
xi xj

: Rn

.
x=

(395)

S, (t, , x, y, ) ,
S, (t, , x, y, ) =




C
b b
D, u (, t, , x, y, , ) , u (, t, , x, y, , ) , , ( ) d,
L
0
t

(396)



b D u (, t, , x, y, , ) , u (, t, , x, y, , ) , , ( ) =
b C
L

,
0

b
C
D
m

, u (, t, , x, y,, )

2
Vb (u (, t, , x, y, , ) , , ( )) ,

Vb (u (, t, , x, y, , ) , , ( )) =
u (, t, , x, y, , ) Hess [V (, , ( ))] uT
(, t, , x, y, , ) +
h 0
i
V (, , ( )) uT
(, t, , x, y, , ) .
(397)

ycr,
= ycr, (t, , x, , )

S, (t, , x, y, )
yi

= 0.

i = 1, ..., n.
(398)

b, = u
b (t, x0 , , , ) x

b, ) + x0 = 0.
ycr,
(t, , x

(399)

, t, ,
b, = u
b (t, x0 , , , ) x
, c

128

15. ...

(393). (390)

lim inf |hi, t, , x0 ; h

, i i | lim sup |b
ui, (t, , x0 , , )| ,

h
0, 0

i = 1, ..., n.
(400)
,

(b
ui, (t, x0 , , , )) = 0,
i = 1, ..., n.
(401)

15.6.4. , (400)

lim

inf

h
0, 0

|hi, t, x0 ; h
, i i |

lim

h
0, 0

|hi, t, x0 ; h
i i | .

(401) .

15.6.5.

i (
h )
1
2m1

hx, t|xa , ta , i

b (h )
C
t Dt
i xi

2

(hx, t|xa , ta , i ) +

(402)

(V (x, t, , (t)) hx, t|xa , ta , i ) .

. (393)

b
C
0 D,

b T
C
Dt, u


(, t, , x, , ) =

h 0
iT
Hess [V (, , (t))] uT
(,
t,
,
x,
,
)
+
V
(,
,

(t))
.

(403)

129

15.7. ...

15.6.6.




b D q ,
b D q ,C
=
L t, (t) , qi, ,C
i,

i,

tb
t
t
ta

m1
2



n
P
i=1

b
C
ta Dt qi,

2 

m2
2


n
P
i=1

b
C
t Dtb qi,

2 

(V (t, (t) , q1, ...qn, )) ,

(404)
m1, 2 6= 0, (390)
hxb tb |xa ta , i

"

R
qi, (tb ) = xb
qi, (ta ) = xa

D [qi, (t) , ] exp

i
h

i=1

Rtb

b
C

t, (t) , qi, ,b
a Dt qi, ,t Da qi,

ta

dt

(405)

(393)

b
C
Dt,

T
D
u
(,
t,
,
x,
,
)
+
,

b
C
0 D,

b
C

b T
C
Dt, u


(, t, , x, , ) =

h 0
iT
Hess [V (, , (t))] uT
.
(, t, , x, ) + V (, , (t))

15.7. .
,
.
15.3.2 , H (p, x) R2n
x, p =
Rnx Rnp 2n .

130

15. ...

[46]

K (xb , tb |xa , ta ) =
x(tb )=xb

D3 [x (t)] D3 [p (t)] exp

x(ta )=xa

i
h


[p (t) x (t) H (p (t) , x (t))] dt .

tb

ta

(406)

[49],
(406) ,

b x, p
b ) = 0,
i
h
t + H (b
(0, x) = 0 (x) .

(407)
H (p, x) ,

(0, 1] , H (p, x)|=0 = H (p, x) [(H (p, x)) ] G R2n
x, p .

i
h



b (b
b)
H
x, p

 

( ) = 0,

( (0, x)) = (0, (x)) .

(408)

15.7.1. [26]  (408)

[( (t, x)) ] G (Rn ) (0, (x)) = 0 (x) . [( (t, x)) ] ( )
(407).

15.7.2.
 (408)

[( (t, x)) ] G R2 (0, (x)) = (xx0 ) . [( (t, x)) ] ( ) (407).




b
Gc (Rn ) , R

[50].

15.7.3. Rn , n 1, Rn - -

. , R = (R1 , ..., Rn ) , 0 < Rj +,

15.7. ...

131

(j = 1, ..., n)

a (x, ) =

a (x) 2 ,

||=0

(409)

(i) x Rn , a (x, ) -

SR = {||j | < Rj (j = 1, ..., n)}

(ii)

sup
||N, xRn

|a (x)| < . ( = (1 , ..., n ) -

-, 1 0, ..., n 0, || = 1 + ... +n , 2 = 121 ...n2n .

j, Rj = , a (x, ) -
1 , ..., n . : Rn C, . . (x) -,
Rn , ,
.

15.7.4. H (Rn , SR ) (x) L2 (Rn ) ,

:
(i)
b () (x)
SR , . .
b () = 0
/ SR ,

(ii) a (x, ) (409)

||||2 = sup a (x, ) |

b ()| < .

(410)

xRn SR

, H (Rn , SR ) .

a (x, ) =

a (x) 2 , SR ,

||=0

a (x, ) = +,
/ SR ,

(411)

132

15. ...

H (Rn , SR ) =



2
b ()| < ,
(x) L2 (Rn ) x Rn : ||||2 = sup SR a (x, ) |
xRn
(412)
a (x, ) - , (411).
, ||||2
b () =
0
/ SR , , S R .


Rj = + (j = 1, ..., n), . (i) H (Rn , SR ) = H (Rn , Rn ) , (x)

H (Rn , SR )
b () L2, a (Rn ) .

H (Rn , SR ) [51]
2
sin rx exp(irx)1 sin (rx/2)
,
,
x ,
x
x

r > 0.
(413)

 sin rx 

1/2, x (r, r)
0, x
/ (r, r)

exp(irx)1
x

sin2 (rx/2)
x


=
(

i, x (0, r)
0, x
/ (0, r)

i, x (0, r)
i, x (r, 0)
0, x
/ (r, r) .
n

,
b () L2 (Rn ) supp
b () (r, r) ,
F 1 [
b ()] H (SR ) .

15.7.1. (x) (x)

H (Rn , SR ) , rj < Rj (j = 1, ..., n) , supp
b () Sr .

15.7.1 -
.

15.7.2. (x) L2 (Rn ) -

H (Rn , SR ) ,

15.7. ...

133

(z) , z = x + iy Cn ,

| (z)| C exp
rj < Rj , j = 1, ..., n

P

n
j=1 rj yj

C .

(414)

15.7.1. , , L2 (Rn ) , -
F [H (Rn , Rn )] H (Rn , Rn ) L2 (Rn ) ,
( ) H (Rn , Rn )
L2 (Rn ) .
SR 6= Rn , H (Rn , SR ) L2 (Rn ) , , (x) L2 (Rn ) , (z) Cn ,

| (z)| C 0 exp

P

n
j=1


Rj yj ,

15.7.5. n (x) (x) (n )

2
H (Rn , SR ) , kn (x) (x)ka 0
a (x, ) (409).
a (x, ) . ,
.

15.7.3. n (x) (x) (n )

H (Rn , SR ) , rj < Rj , j = 1, ..., n ,
supp
bn () Sr = {| |j | < rj , j = 1, ..., n},

bn ()
b () L2 (SR ) .

15.7.4. ( H (Rn , SR )
.)
D = (D1 , ..., Dn ) , Dj =

1
i xj ,

A (x, D) =

j = 1, ..., n
a (x) D

||=0

(415)

134

15. ...

A (x, ) =

a (x)

||=0

(416)
, SR , ,
a (x) H (Rn , SR ) .
(x) H (Rn , SR ) , A (x, D) (x)
H (Rn , SR ) A (x, D) : H (Rn , SR ) H (Rn , SR )
.

15.7.6. H (Rn , SR ) ( . ) H (Rn , SR ), .

. , H (Rn , SR ) .
15.7.5. H (Rn , SR ) -

(415) 15.7.4.
, h (x) H (Rn , SR )

hA (x, D) h (x) , (x)i = hh (x) , A (x, D) (x)i ,

(417)
(417)
15.7.4 .

15.7.7. H (Rn , SR ) -

D
E
b
h () ,
b () = 2 n hh (x) , (x)i ,

(418)
(x) H (Rn , SR ) - ,
b () .

15.7.6. h (x) H (Rn , SR )

h (x) =

a D2 h0 (x) ,

||=0

(419)
a - SR , h0 (x) L2 (Rn ) , b
h0 () = 0 SR .

15.7.7. (408). H (x, )

135

15.7. ...

b (b
b ) H (x, ) - H
x, p

15.7.4. (0, (x)) =
[( (xx0 )) ] , ( (xx0 )) - - ,
(xx0 ) H (Rn , SR ) , (0, 1] .
( ) (K (xb , tb |xa , ta ))
(407),

(K (xb , tb |xa , ta )) =
x(tb )=xb

D3 [x (t) , ] D3 [p (t) , ] ( (x (0) xa ))

x(ta )=xa


exp

i
h


.
[p (t) x (t) H (p (t) , x (t))] dt

tb

ta

(420)

15.7.8. E (Rn , SR ) = (H (Rn , SR ))I , I =

(0, 1] ,

n
E
M (R , SR ) =

n
(u ) E (Rn , SR ) | K K6=
R

( Nn
0 ) p (p N)


sup | u (x)| = O(p ) 5A; 8 0

xK

N (Rn , SR ) =

(u ) E (Rn , SR ) | K K6=
M , ( Nn
0 ) q (q N )


sup | u (x)| = O(q ) 5A; 8 0

xK
n
n
G (Rn , SR ) = E
M (R , SR ) /N (R , SR ).

15.7.8. D = (D1 , ..., Dn ) , Dj =

(A (x, D)) =

M
P
||=0

1
i xj ,

(421)

j = 1, ..., n

(a, (x) D )

(422)
, G (Rn , SR ) .
u (x) G (Rn , SR ) , [(A (x, D) u (x)) ] G (Rn , SR ) .

15.7.9. E (Rn , SR ) = (H (Rn , SR ))I , I =

136

15. ...

(0, 1] ,

n
E
EXP M (R , SR ) =

n
(u ) E (Rn , SR ) | K K6=
R

sup | u (x)| = O(exp

( Nn
0 ) p (p N)


) 5A; 8 0

xK

N (Rn , SR ) =

(u ) E (Rn , SR ) | K K6=
M , ( Nn
0 ) q (q N )



sup | u (x)| = O( ) 5A; 8 0

xK
n

n
n
G
EXP (R , SR ) = EEXP M (R , SR ) /N (R , SR ).

(423)

15.7.9. (408).
(H (x, p))
b (b
b )) ,
- (H
x, p

G (Rn , SR ) .



n
(0, (x)) G (R , SR ) .
( ) ( (xb , tb |xa , ta )) (408),

( (x, t)) =
dn y

x(t)=x

D3 [x (t) , ] D3 [p (t) , ] (0, (x (t0 )))

x(t0 )=y


exp

i
h


[p (t) x (t) H (p (t) , x (t))] dt
.

tb

ta

(424)

15.7.10.
 (408)
(0, (x)) = [( (xx0 )) ] , ( (xx0 )) - , (xx0 ) H (Rn , SR ) ,
(0, 1] .
H (x, p, t)|=0 = H (x, p, t) : R2n
x, p R t R+ H (x, p, t)
x = (x1 , ...xn ) , p= (p1 , ..., p2 ), . .
H (x, p, t) =

g (t) x1 p2 , = (i1 , ..., in ) , kk =

Pl
r=1

ir , i = 1, ..., l,

k1 k n,
k2 k m
i

il

il

x1 = x11 x22 ...xn 1 , p2 = p11 p22 ...pn 2 .

(425)

137

15.7. ...

{u (, t, , x, y) , p (, t, , p0 )} ,
u (, t, , x, y) = (u1 (, t, , x, y) , ..., un (, t, , x, y))

p (, t, , p0 ) = (p1 (, t, , p0 ) , ..., pn (, t, , p0 ))
- :
dp(, t, , p0 )
d

b p, )
= H(u,
,
x

p (0, t, , p0 ) = p0 ,
du(, t, , x, y)
d

b p, )
H(u,
,
p

u (0, t, , x, y) = y, u (t, t, , x) = x,
(426)

= (1 , ..., n ) , uT (, t, , x, y) =
T

(u1 (, t, , x, y) , ..., un (, t, , x, y)) ,

b (u, p, ) = (u p) Hess [H (, , )] uT pT +
H
h 0
i
h 0
i
Hx (, , ) uT + Hp (, , ) pT ,
0

Hx (, , ) =
0

Hp (, , ) =




H(x, p, )
p, )
, ..., H(x,
x1
xn

H(x, p, )
p, )
, ..., H(x,
p1
pn

,
x=, p=

,
x=, p=

(427)
: R2n

R,
x, p

Hess [V (, , )] - H (, )
x= , p = , . .

Hessij [V (, )] =

2 H(x, p, )
i j

,
x=, p=

= x p.
(428)

138

15. ...

S (t, , x, y, p0 ) ,

b (u (, t, , x, y) , p (, t, , p0 ) , ) d,
S (t, , x, y, p0 ) = L
0

(429)

b (u (, t, , x, y) , p (, t, , p0 ) , ) =
L
p (, t, , p0 ) u (, t, , x, y)

(430)

b (u (, t, , x, y) , p (, t, , p0 ) , ) .
H
{ycr , p0cr } = {ycr (t, , x) , p0cr (t, , x)}

S(t, , x, y, p0 )
yi

S(t, , x, y, p0 )
p0i

= 0,

y=ycr

= 0,

(431)

p0 =p0cr

i = 1, ..., n.
b=u
b (t, x0 , ) x

b) + x0 = 0.
ycr (t, , x

(432)

, t, ,
{b
x, p0cr } = {b
u (t, x0 , ) , p0cr (t, , x)}
, (426). (123)

lim inf |hi, t, x0 ; h

i i | |b
ui (t, x0 , )| , i = 1, ..., n.

h
0, 0

(433)

u
bi (t, x0 , ) = 0.

(434)

139

15.7. ...

15.7.2. , (433)

lim

inf

h
0, 0

|hi, t, x0 ; h
i i |

lim

h
0, 0

|hi, t, x0 ; h
i i | .

(433) . , (407) (
h 0 ) (123)
.
15.3
, .
, . .
[43]:

K (xb , tb |xa , ta ) =
 t
h
i
x b , tb
b
2
(t)
V (x (t)) ,
D3 [x (t)] D3 [p (t)] exp hi dt p (t) x (t) p2m
ta

x a , ta

(435)

(436)

V (x) = er , r = kxk .

15.7.2 15.7.10
(435).
,
, (406) , , 15.7.10.

i
h
t =
2

2m

1
r 2 r

r2
r +

r2

1
2
sin2 2

r2

sin

sin

i

e2
r .

(437)

140

15. ...

(437) r2 sin2 ,

i
hr2 sin2
t =
h

h
2
sin2 r
r2
2m
r +

2
2

+ sin
sin

h
2 2
h
2
2
2r sin2
2m
r + r sin r 2 +

2
2

i

+ e2 r sin2 =

i
2 2
+ sin cos
+ sin 2 +

+e2 r sin2 .
(438)
(438) t = t0 r2 sin , (435) t0 , r, ,



0
0
K rb , tb |xa , ta =
0

r b , b , b , tb

D [r (t0 )] D [ (t0 )] D [ (t0 )] D [p (t0 )] D [p (t0 )] D [p (t0 )]

 t
h
b
exp hi dt pr (t0 ) r (t0 ) +p (t0 ) (t0 ) + p (t0 ) (t0 )

ra , a , a , t0a

ta

H (r (t0 ) , (t0 ) , (t0 ) , pr (t0 ) , p (t0 )) , p (t0 )]} ,

(439)

. , , ,
[44-45], (435)
H (p (t) , x (t)) , (p (t) , x (t)) .
[44-45]

s (t) =
0

d
r( )

(440)

141

15.7. ...

(435)

K (xb , tb |xa , ta ) =
(
)
h
i
sb =s(tb )
2
0
r(s)
p
(s)
D3 [x (t)] D3 [p (t)] exp hi

ds p (s) x (s) 2m
+e .
sa =s(ta )

(441)

(441) 15.7.10.
, r (s) = x2 (s)
(441)

sb

i
h

d (x4 )b D [x (t)] D [p (t)] exp

ds p (s) x (s)

x2 (s) p2 (s)

2m

i

+ Ex (s)

sa

(442)

[44] (441)
.
. , (440)
- . ,

K (xb , tb |xa , ta ) =

dsb

sb

tb ta dsr (s)

exp [ie (sb sa )]

sa

sa


rb D3 [x (s)] D3 [p (s)] exp

i
h

sb =s(tb )

ds p (s) x (s)

r(s) p2 (s)
2m

i

sa =s(ta )

dE
2

exp [iE (tb ta )]

dsb exp [ie (sb sa )] rb

sa


3

D [x (t)] D [p (t)] exp

i
h

sb =s(tb )

ds p (s) x (s)

r(s) p2 (s)

2m

i

+ Er (s)

sa =s(ta )

(443)

142

15. ...

d (x4 )b

(
i
h

D [x4 (t)] D [p4 (t)] exp

1
dp4 2

(x4 )b , sb

(x4 )a , sa

)
h
i
0
r(s) p24 (s)
ds p4 (s) x4 (s) 2m
=


d (x4 )b exp {ip4 [(x4 )b (x4 )a ]} exp

p4
2m


r (s) ds = 1.

sb

sa

(444)

(444)
p
r (s) , , r (s) = (x2 (s)),
(444)

d (x4 )b D4 [x (s)] D4 [p (s)] exp

i
h

sb

ds p (s) x (s)

r(s) p2 (s)
2m

+ Er

i

sa

(445)

[44], (x, px )
(u, pu ) , r = u2 . , [44]:

xa =

P4

b=1

Aab (u) ub , (a = 1, 2, 3) ,

dx4 = 2
pa =

1
2r

P4

b=1

P4

b=1

(446)

A4b (u) dub ,

Aab (u) (pu )b , (a = 1, 2, 3, 4) ,

3
u2
A (u) =

u1
u4

u4
u1
u2
u3

u1
u4
u3
u2

u2
u3
u4
u1

(447)

(445) -

15.7. ...

143

{xb , (x4 )b }, sb

D4 [u (s)] D4 [pu (s)]

{xa , (x4 )a }, sa
 s
i
h
b
0
p2 (s)
exp hi ds pu (s) u (s) u2 12 u2 (s) ,
1
16rb2

d (x4 )b

sa

= 4m, 2 = E/2m.
(448)

sin 2 cos +
2

sin 2 sin +
,
2
, u = r

cos cos
2
2
cos 2 sin
2

sin cos
sin sin
cos

x=r

(449)

(448)
1
16rb

d (x4 )b


exp

sb

i
h

{xb , (x4 )b }, sb
D4 [u (s)] D4 [pu (s)]

{xa , (x4 )a }, sa

ds pu (s) u (s)

p2
u (s)
2

2
1
2 u

i

(s)

sa
1
16rb

1
16

db
0

1
16

d (x4 )b K (ub (xb , b ) , sa |ua (xa , a ) , sa ) =

Pn=+
n=

K (ub (xb , b + 4n) , sa |ua (xa , a ) , sa ) =

db [K (ub (xb , b ) , sa |ua (xa , a ) , sa ) + K (ub (xb , b ) , sa |ua (xa , a ) , sa )] ,

0

(450)

K (ub (xb , b ) , sa |ua (xa , a ) , sa ) - 4 - . ,

,
K (ub , sa |ua , sa ) [4]

K (ub , sa |ua , sa ) = F (sb sa ) =

=

2i
h sin[(sb sa )] .

(451)

144

15. ...

(451)
(450) b ,
[44]:

(ra , rb , sb sa ) =

4
4rb F

(sb sa ) I0

2F 2 (sb sa )

ra rb + xa xb



exp F 2 (sb sa ) (ra + rb ) cos [ (sb sa )] ,
F (sb sa ) =

2i
h sin[(sb sa )] ,

sb sa <

(452)

15.7.3. , (451),
,
T = sb sa , 0 < sb sa < / [4], (452) (409)
K (xb , tb |xa , ta )
, [43]. (452) (409), [44],
K (xb , tb |xa , ta ) (
h=1)

K (xb , tb |xa , ta ) =

dE
2

exp [iE (tb ta )] K (xb , tb |E) ,




1
2

0
K (xb , tb |E) = i mp

d
I
2p
r
r
+
x
x

2
0
0
a
b
a
b

1
(1)
0

n
o
1+
(ra + rb ) ,
exp p0 1
(453)
= me /2E
4

1/2

1/2

, p0 = (2mE)

15.7.4. 15.7.3 (453) ,

K (xb , tb |xa , ta ) 0.

145

15.7. ...

K (xb , tb |xa , ta ) = lim K (xb , tb |xa , ta ) =

0

lim

dE
2

exp [iE (tb ta )]

)

dsb exp [ie (sb sa )] rb (ra , rb , sb sa )

sa

dE
2

exp [iE (tb ta )]

lim

dE
2

dsb exp [ie (sb sa )] rb (ra , rb , sb sa )

sa

exp [iE (tb ta )] dsb exp [ie (sb sa )] rb (ra , rb , sb sa ) ,

sa

(454)
, , (453).
, [47]:

V (x) = V1 exp [2 (r r0 )] + V2 exp [ (r r0 )] ,

(455)
V1 , V2 - . (406)

x b , tb

x a , ta

K (xb , t
b |xa , ta ) =
h
i
tb
p2x
i
D [x (t)] D [px (t)] exp h dt px x 2m + V (x) .
ta

(456)

(456) ,
H (p, q) . [47], (456)

exp (x (t)) = u2 (t) , px (t) = u(t)

2 pu (t) .

(457)

146

15. ...

(456) [47]:
K (xb , tb |xa , ta ) =

ub
2

xb , tb

tb

dt pu u 2

i
h

D [x (t)] D [px (t)] exp

xa , t a

2
p2
uu
8m

V1 u4 + V2 u2

i

ta

(458)

dt/ds = u ,
(458)
2

K (xb , T |xa , 0) =

exp

i
h

dE
2

exp (iET ) ds exp (iV2 S)

0

1
ub

DuDpu




2 2
2
2
pu u pu /2M M u /2 E/u
,
s

T = tb ta , M =

4m
2 ,

V1
M.

(459)
Dpu ,

K (xb , T |xa , 0) =

K (ub , S|ua , 0) =

1
ub

dE
2

exp (iET ) dS exp (iV2 S) K (ub , S|ua , 0) ,

0


Du exp

i
h

ds
0

M u 2 (s)
2

M 2 u2 (s)
2

E
u2 (s)

i

(460)

1
ub

1
ua

1
ub ua

1
ub ua


S
exp i
0

u(s)

2u(s) ds


S
exp i
0

,


u(s)

2u(s) ds

(461)

K (ub , S|ua , 0) = K1 (ub , S|ua , 0) = u1b ua DuDpu


i
sh
p2u
E1/4
ipu
exp hi pu u 2M
21 M 2 u2 2M2M
+
u2
2M u
0

(462)

147

15.7. ...

K (ub , S|ua , 0) = K2 (ub , S|ua , 0) =


exp

i
h

h
pu u
0

p2u
2M

1
2 2
2M u

1
ub ua

2M E1/4
2M u2

DuDpu

ipu
2M u

i

.
(463)

(462)-(463),

K (ub , S|ua , 0) =

p
K1 (ub , S|ua , 0) K2 (ub , S|ua , 0)

K (ub , S|ua , 0) =

exp

i
h

Sh

pu u (s)
0

p2u (s)
2M

1
ub ua

DuDpu

1
2 2
2M u

(s)

2M E1/4
2M u2 (s)

i

.
(464)

Dpu ,

K (ub , S|ua , 0) =
1
ub ua


D [u (s)] exp

i
h

Sh

u 2 (s) 12 M 2 u2 (s)
0

2M E1/4
2M u2 (s)

i

(465)

(464) [47]
(
h=1)

u(sb )=ub

u(sa )=ua

sb

Du (s) exp i ds
sa

1
2
2 mu

(s)

2 1/4
u2 (s)

1
2 2
2 m u

(s)

i






i ub ua m csc ( (sb sa )) exp 12 m u2b + u2a cot ( (sb sa )) ,

Re > 1,
[53] (. [53] (56)).

(466)

(466) [53]

148

15. ...

Kl (r2 , r1 |S) =
i (r1 r2 )1/2 m csc (S) exp

i

2 M

r12 + r22

cot (S) Il+1/2 [imr1 r2 csc (S)] ,

(467)

. [53].

15.7.5. , (467),
, 0 < S < / [4]. S
. . [4].
Kl (r2 , r1 |S) [4]

1/2

Kl (r2 , r1 |S) = i (r1 r2 ) i m csc (S)

i
Il+1/2 [imr1 r2 csc (S)] ,
exp 2 M r12 + r22 cot (S) i(k+1)
2
(468)
/2 + k < S < /2 + (k + 1) . (467),
K (ub , S|ua , 0), 0 < S < / :
h

K (ub , S|ua , 0) =





ua ub M csc (S) exp 2i M u2a + u2b cot (S)

(469)

I2M E [M ua ub csc (S)] .

, -

t exp(/2)
1t

P
n=0

h
exp 12 (x + y)
h

1
tn n! exp 2 (x+y)
(n++1)

1+t
1t

2 xyt
1t

i
(xy)

/2

()

()

Ln (x) Ln (y) ,
(470)

t = exp (2iS) , x = M ua , y = M ub , (469)

15.7. ...

149

K (ub , S|ua , 0) =

P
n=0

exp (in S) n (ub ) n (ua ) ,




n = 2n + 1 + 2M E ,
S < /,
(471)

n (u) =
q

2M n!(n+2s+1/2)
un!

s=

1
4

M u2
+

1
2

s+ 1
2

2s+ 1
exp M u2 Ln 2 M u2 ,

2M E > 0, n = 0, 1, 2, ...

(472)



M u2 - . (471)

G (ub , ua ; T ) :
1
2s+
Ln 2

G (ub , ua ; T )

ua ub

dE
2

exp (iET )

dS exp [S (iV2 n )] n (ub ) n (ua ) .

n=0 0

(473)

0 (473) G (ub , ua ; T ) :

G (ub , ua ; T ) '

ua ub

P
n=0

dE
2

exp (iET )

dS exp [S (iV2 n )] n (ub ) n (ua ) =

n=0 0




exp iT V2 1

2
V2

n+

1
2

2



n (ub ) n (ua ) ,
(474)

150

15. ...

n (u) =

2(s1/4) M n!
(n+2s+1/2)

M u2

s+ 1

2s+ 1
exp M u2 Ln 2 M u2 ,

n = 0, 1, 2, ... .
(475)

15.8.
,
.




F (x, t) + x
(K (x, t)) ,
K (x, t) = x
(K (x, x0 , 0)) = (x x0 ) .

(476)

2




2
x (tf ) =
xf (K (x0 , t0 |xf , tf )) dxf .



x2 (tf )





2
x2 (tf ) =
=
xf K (x0 , t0 |xf , tf )dxf



 i
x(tf )=xf 2

(t) , x (t)] D [x (t) , ] ,

dxf x(t0 )=x0 xf exp S [x


S [x (t) , x (t)] =

1
4

tf

[x (t) F (x (t) , t)] dt.

0

(477)

(K, N (x0 , t0 |xf , tf ))

(K, N (xf , tf | x0 , t0 )) =

n
o

iS
(x ,..., xN )
... exp , N 0
| {z }
N 1

dx1 dxN 1
(4 t)N/2

(478)

151

15.8. ...

S, N (x0 , ..., xN ) =

PN 1
n=0

t
4

xn+1 xn
t

i2
F (xn , tn ) ,

xN = xf .

(479)



2

2



 =
 x
 x (tN )  =
(t)
lim
, N

t0



2
 =
lim 
x, N K, N (x0 , t0 |xN , t)dxN

t0

n
o


iS
(x ,..., xN )
lim  ... x2N exp , N 0
t0 | {z }

 N





dx1 dxN 1 dxN 
 .
N/2
(4 t)




#
#
#
x#
= x, 0 , x, 1 , ..., x, n , ..., x, N

(480)

S, N (x0 , ..., xN ). ,
x#
, N

S, N (x#
)
x#
, n

= 0,

(481)

n = 1, ..., N, n = 0, n = N

x#
, 0 = x0 .

(482)

152

15. ...

(408)-(409) 0

x2, N (t)

x N K, N (x0 , t0 |xN , t)dxN

n
o

iS
(x ,..., xN )
... x2N exp , N 0
| {z }

dx1 dxN 1 dxN

(4 t)N/2

x#2
, N Z, N x





exp i S x#
+ (o ()) =

#

x#2
, N

Z, N x#

Z, N x#





exp i S x# + (o ()) ,

(483)

Z, N (x#
) =

n
PN

1
... exp 2
n, m=1 yn
|
{z
}

2 S, N (x#
)
#
x#
, n x, m

ym

dy1 dyN 1 dyN

(4 t)N/2

(484)

, (484)



  12


2 S, N (x#
)
,
Z, N (x ) = 2 t det 2 t x# x#
#

, n

, m

n = 1, ..., N, m = 1, ..., N.
(485)
(485)



 1/2


#
Z, N (x#
)
=
4

Q
.

, N

(486)

Q#
, N -

15.8. ...

153

[48]
#
Q#
2 Q#
, n Q, n1
, n+1
t2

Q#
, n

=2

x#
x#
, n
, n+1
t

#
#
0
#
0
Q#
n F (x, n , tn )Q, n1 F (x, n1 , tn1 )

F (x#
, n , tn )

00

F (x#
, n , tn )+

#
#
2
2
#
Q#
, n F (x, n , tn ) Q, n1 F (x, n1 , tn1 ) ,

Q#
, 1 = t,

Q
, 2 Q, 1
t

F 0 (x, t) =

= 1 + o (t)) ,

F (x, t)
,
x

F 00 (x, t) =

2 F (x, t)
.
x2

(487)
(481)-(482) M = M (N, ) .
(486) N
0 :


2
 x

, N






2

(tN )  = 
x, N K, N (x0 , t0 |xN , t)dxN =





#


)
iS, N (x
2
#
, k



PM (x, N, k ) exp


p
[1 + o ())]
#
 k=1
.
4Q, N, k





(488)

x#
, N, k

N
x (t), (0, 1],

lim S, N = S [x (t), x (t), t0 , tf ] =

1
4

tf0 [x 2 (t) F (x (t), t)]2 dt.

(489)

(481)-(482) :
(i) k = 1



 

#
#
x #
(t,
x
)
=
F
(x
(t,
x
)
,
t)
,
x
(0)
= x0 .
0

0
1,
1,
1,

(490)

154

15. ...

(ii) 1 < k M


x
#
(t,
x
;
t
,
x
)
= F (x#
0
f
k,
f
k,
k, (t, x0 ; tf , xk, f ), t)+

F (x#
k, (t,

x0 ; tf , xk, f ), t) F 0 (x#
k, (t, x0 ; tf , xk, f ), t),

#
x#
k, (0, x0 ; tf , xk, f ) = x0 , xk, (tf , x0 ; tf , xk, f ) = xk, f ,

dS[x #
(t, x0 ; tf , xk, f ), x#
(t, x0 ; tf , xk, f )] 
k,
k,

dxk, f


= 0.
t=tf

(491)

(487) :
(i) k = 1
1
2


# (t, x0 )
Q
1,

d
dt


0
#
[Q#
,
1, (t) F (x1, (t, x0 ), t)]




Q #
= 1, Q#
= 0.
1, (t0 , x0 )
1, (t0 , x0 )

(492)

(ii) 1 < k M
1
2

# (t)
Q
k,


d
dt


0
#
[Q#
(t)
F
(x
(t,
x
;
t
,
x
),
t)]
+
0
f
k,
f
k,
k,

 
00
#
[Q#

k, (t) F (xk, (t, x0 ; tf , xk, f ), t)]

h



 i
#
x #
(t,
x
;
t
,
x
)
(t,
x
;
t
,
x
)
,
t)
,

F
(x
0
f
k,
f

0
f
k,
f
1,

k,




#
Q #
(t
)
=
1,
Q
(t
)
= 0.
k, 0
k, 0

(493)

(492),
1
2

h
i
#
Q #
1, (t) Q1, (t0 ) =

(494)

#
0 #
0 #
Q#
1, (t) F (x1, (t, x0 ), t) Q0 (t0 ) F (x1, (t, x0 ), t).

, , -

155

15.8. ...

#
0 #
Q #
1, (t) = 2Q1, (t) F (x1, (t, x0 ), t) + 1.

(489)
(490),

x#
1, (t,

(495)

x0 ), -


#
S [x #
(t,
x
),
x
(t,
x
),
t]
= 0.
0
0
1,
1,

(496)

, (488) N





2 

2

 x (t)  = 
x K (x0 , t0 |x, t)dx =

(x#
1, (t, x0 ))
p
Q#
1,

 


#


iSk, (x
t, x0 ; t, xk, f ))
2
#
k, (



PM (xk, (t, x0 ; t, xk, f )) exp




 +
p #
=  k=2

Qk,





+ (O ()) .

(497)

(477) F (x, t) ,

F (x, t) |=0 =

dxV (x)
+ A sin(t) = ax3 + bx + A sin(t).
dx

(497a)

(490)

x(t)

= ax3 (t) + bx(t) + A sin(t), x(0) = x0 .

(497b)

(140)

(x0 (t)) exp[(3a2 (t) b)t]

Z t
3
(a (t) b(t))
exp[(3a2 (t) b)(t )]d +
0

156

15. ...

sin( ) exp[(3a2 (t) b)(t )]d = 0.

(497c)

(497c)
Z t
(x0 (t)) exp[()t] ()
exp[()(t )]d +
0

sin( ) exp[()(t )]d = 0.

A
0

() = (3a2 ( ) b), () = a3 (t) b(t).

(497d)

(497d)

Z
(x0 (t)) exp[()t] ()

exp[()(t )]d +
0

sin( ) exp[()(t )]d = 0.

(497e)

(x0 (t))
A

()
{exp[()t] 1}+
()

exp[()t]

[() sin(t) cos(t)] + A 2

= 0.
2 + 2 ()
+ 2 ()

(497f )

Ep (t) =

p
| < x2 (t) > |,

(497g)

| < x (t) > | (497). (497b), ,

x (t).
2

15.8.1. : a = 0.5, b = 1.
15.8.2. : a = 0.3, b = 1.
15.8.3. : a = 1, b = 1.
,
,
. . .

15.8. ...

157

. 19: V (x). : a = 0.5, b = 1.

15.8.1

. 20: ( x (t)),
( (t)) ( Ep (t)), . : a = 0.5, b = 1, A = 1.
15.8.1

158

15. ...

. 21: V (x). : a = 0.3, b = 1.

15.8.2

. 22: ( x (t)),
( (t)) ( Ep (t)), . : a = 0.3, b = 1, A = 1.
15.8.2

15.8. ...

159

. 23: V (x). : a = 1, b = 1.
15.8.3

. 24: ( x (t)),
( (t)) ( Ep (t)), . : a = 1, b = 1, A = 0.3.
15.8.3

160

16. -...

16

-


--
, - , ,
40 . . [8790], . --,
- .
:
1. .
2. .
3. --.
4.
.
5. .

16.1.

10 [150]
[137], , ,
[115-120], [133-134]. , . [104],
() -, D = dH , , . [117-119]

161

16.1.

[120] dH . [134-136] - ,
. - .

, [99-102]. ,

.
, .

, [106-107].

[108-114]. [112]. -

[133], [117]


- F
(x) [133] c
F Rd ,

dF
(x)


 d1
r
dr
,
rd(1)
+
(0, 1] ,

(498)



Supp F
(x) F, d - , (, 1] .
, (0, 1] [117-119].


, (0, 1] dF
(x) dH c F dH (F ) = d .
(,
0] . (0)


F
(x) x = 0 d || :
log F
(B(x, r))
log r
0


(0) = lim lim
r0

= d || .
(499)

16.1.1.
= F B (0, r) - ""r
r
r. F
(BF ) BF (498)
F
r
D
(BF ) r , D = d || .
BFr

162

16. -...

16.1.1. - ( (x)) (x) x



(B(x, r))
(x) = lim sup lim sup log log
r
r0

(500)

(x) x


(x) = lim inf lim inf
r0

log (B(x, r))

log r

( ) () =

.
(501)

( ) ()

( )

()







log (B(x,r))

x Supp (( ) ) lim sup lim sup
=  ,
log r
r0
0



n

( ) () = x Supp (( ) ) lim inf lim inf
r0

log (B(x, r))

log r

o

=  .

(502)

16.1.2. , ( ) () = ( ) () = ( ) () .
16.1.2. ( ) ()
, ( )


. ( ) () .
16.1.3. ,
( ) , ,
(x) < 0.
16.1.3. ( )
, , , = < 0 ,
( ) ( ) 6= .
,



( ) () = ( ) (+ ) , ( ) ( ) ,
< 0 + > 0.

163

16.2.

. . [121-123].
[149].

16.1.4.



( ) () = = ( ) (+ ) , ( ) ( ) ,


, . . ( ) (+ ) = .

16.1.4.
,

( ) () , x -
M4 , n

o
b
( ) () p - -

M4 [104].

16.1.5. ( (t, x)) , x - M4 , ,

( (p)) , supp ((
n
o
n (p)) ) o
b
b ( ) ()
( ) ()

[133].

16.2.
, , , ,
, [85]. , ,
m,  m,
hV i (
h == 1 )

hV i =

1
2(2)3

4k 2 k 2 + m2
0

1/2

dk '

4
16 2 .

(503)

, ,
-
. ,
1/2
' (8G) ,

164

16. -...

[86]

hV i = 210 4 G2 = 2 1071 M4 .

(504)

hV i , . [85], . [85], |hV i + (/8G)| ( -

) ,
1047 4 , hV i /8G, , , , 118
. ,
hV i 106 4 , /8G 41
. .
-, . . , [87].
hV i
, ,
/8G,
hV i ,
, .
.
hV i ' G6 [87]. = 1 , hV i ' 1038 4 ,
,
9 , |hV i + (/8G)| .

16.3. --
,

R 21 g R g = 8GT

(505)
> 0 ,
,
/8G.

16.3. --

165

1960 . . [92-96]

V =

8G .

(506)

: (i) (506) ,
V

(ii) (506)
, :

pV = V .

(507)

. . , (i)-(ii) > 0. .. ,

1. , . .
, , . , , (506)-(507), .
2. (507) "". , .
.
3. , (507),
, . , ,
. " "
:
eff = V + 3pV

(508)

, (507)
(508) :

eff = V + 3pV = 2V < 0.

(509)

166

16. -...

. . , 40
, . (506)
(507) - (-) [91].
.. "
"[88] (507), .
. . , . . .
V V

V =

1 4
2 (2
h)3

p2

p2 + 2 dp = K p2

p2 + 2 dp = KI () ,

= m0 c

(510)

K
3

p 2dp
0

p +2

= KF () .
(511)

[88]

V = 4KI () ,

= 4KF () .
(512)

V =

ci I (i ) ,

ci F (i ) ,

(513)
ci .
- [158] (513) [88]:

reg
V = f () I () d,

reg
V

= f () F () d,

(514)
f () ,

ren
< ,
V

ren
V

< .
(515)

167

16.3. --

[88],

p0

I (, p0 ) = p2

p2 + 2 dp = p2

p0

p2 + 2 dp + p2

p2

p2 + 2 dp =

q
p0
p
p2 + 2 dp + p3 1 +
p

2
p2 dp

(516)

1
3

F (, p0 ) =

p0

p 2dp

p +2

1
3

p 2dp

p +2

p 2dp

1
3

1
3

p0

1+ 2

qp

1
3

p +2

dp
2

p0

p 2dp

p +2

2 /p2 m2eff /p2  1.

1+

2
p2

=1+

2
1
2 p2

4
1
8 p4

6
1
16 p6

+ ...,
(518)

2 /p2 m2eff /p2  1, (516),

I (, p0 ) = C1 4 + 14 p40 + 14 2 p20 18 4 ln

p0

(517)

6
1
32 p20

+ O p3
.
0
(519)

=1

1+ 2

2
1
2 p2

4
3
8 p4

6
5
16 p6

+ ...,

2 /p m2eff /p2  1, (517),

F (, p0 ) = C2 4 +

1 4
12 p0

1 2 2
12 p0

+ 18 4 ln

p0

6
5
32 p20

(520)

+ O p3
.
0
(521)

168

16. -...

(519) (521) (514),

meff

meff

= 14 p40 f () d + 14 p20 f () 2 d+
ren
V
1
8

C1

ln p0

meff

f () 4 d+
0

meff

+ 18 f () 4 ( ln ) d
0

1
p20

1
32

meff

f () 6 d + O p3
,
0
0

(522)

ren
V

1 4
12 p0

meff

f () d
0

C2 +

1
8

ln p0

1 2
12 p0

meff

f () 2 d+
0

meff

f () 4 d
0

meff

18 f () 4 ( ln ) d +

5
p20

1
32

meff

f () 6 d + O p3
.
0
0

(523)

(522)-(523) ,
(515) ,
meff

meff

meff

f () d = f () 2 d = f () 4 d 0.
(524)

ren
=
V
ren
V

1
8

meff

f () 4 ( ln ) d,
0

meff

= 18 f () 4 ( ln ) d,
0

[88]

pren
= ren
V
V .

(525)

(526)

16.3.1. , - (524) -

16.3. --

169

, .
[158]. ,
,

meff

meff

meff

f () d = f () 2 d = f () 4 d =
meff

f () 4 ( ln ) d 0
0

(527)
(524), . .
.
,
V , . .
(525), . [88] . .
(525) c

= mp

mp c
3
h

1017 /3 ,

= 1010

(528)
mp - . (528) , : 1057 A <2 .

16.3.2. , , (527)
(524), (535), .
16.3.3. , , . .
[88] "... . . , , , , [125].
, L p0 = h
/L.
.
G L 0 :
G=

c 3 L2
h

h
c3
.
p20

(IX)
,
: L 0 . ,

170

16. -...

L 0 . (IX.6) (IX.4),

m6 c 5
,
p20 h
3

m6 c 7
.
p20 h
3

(IX.7)
( 0 )
(VIII.10), (VIII.11). , : , ( )
, ,
; p0 , *); ; , p2
0 . (,
0 ,
, 0 VIII *).


".

16.3.4. . . , - , , 45
, [88]. -
, , , . [159-165] [166-167].
16.3.5. -, .. [88], :
(1) -
(2)

p0 =

p20, 1 + p20, 2 + p20, 3

L DL+ [166-167].

p =
p
p21 + p22 + p23 l .

171

16.3. --

[167]
2

kpk =

p20 p21 p22 p23

.
(1+l p0 )2

(529)

16.3.6. DL+ -

[167]

S () = d4 x

( ) ( )
2 )2
(1+l
0

m2 2
2

.
(529a)

(529a) .

S () .
P
2
2i

i=0 l i (x) l , 0 (x, ) .

16.3.1. E6= R4 -

R, 0 <  1. = {i }iN E iN i |i | .
inf iiN |i | ,
- E.

16.3.2. Fd ( )
P
d
- Fd ( ) = iN |i | . d
GH
- Md (E, ) E
MdGH (E, ) = inf Fd ( ) ,
{ }

(530)
- E.

16.3.3. dG = dG (E, ) ,

(i) d d > dG




MdGH (E, ) = O () ,




(ii) d d < dG MdGH (E, ) = o 1 .
dG (E, ) - E.

16.3.4. - ( ) 


( ) () = ( ) (+ ) , ( ) ( ) , (i)


, . . ( ) (+ ) =

172

16. -...

(ii) > 0 , ( ) ( )

dG ( ) ( ) , 4.
:
(i) , , , ""-, . . H
. , . . ( ) , M4 ,
(x, p ) () (x, p ) (), (
)
(x, p ) () (x, p ) (), x M4 .

(x, p ; D ) , (x, p ; D ) , (x, p ; D ) , (x, p ; D )

. .
(ii) p ( )
.
(iii)
. ,
H H= H+ H ,
H+ - , H - [158]. + -
, + H+ -
H . + [158] , : h+ , + i = 1, h , i =
1.
(iv) ,
R [131].
(v)
V

V = O p2
.

p .
,

(x, p ) = (x, p ) +

(x, p ) = (x, p ) +

n
n bn

n cn n

x, p , 2n ,


x, p , 2n ,

(531)

16.3. --

173





m x, p , 2m , n x0 , p , 2n = in x x0 , p , 2n mn ,
h



i


m x, p , 2m , n x0 , p , 2n = in S x x0 , p , 2n mn .
(532)
(x, p ) (x, p )





P
(x, p ) , (x0 , p ) = i n n b2n x x0 , p , 2n ,




P
(x, p ) , (x0 , p ) = i n nn cn S x x0 , p , 2n .

(533)
, bn , n , cn , n
- [158]

P
n b2n = 0, n n b2n 2n = 0,
P
P
2
n nn cn = 0,
n nn cn n = 0, ...
P

(534)
V = O p2
,
(527).
(vi) - - ( )
, :


dG ( ) ( ) , l 4.
(vii) , . .

f () = fs.m () + fd.m () ,
fs.m () = fd.m () .

(535)

(vii ) (s.m)
(d.m) , . .

f () = fs.m () + fd.m () ' 0.

(536)

16.3.5.
--,

174

16. -...

V = pV = /8G.

(537)

16.3.7. , [96]

ds2 = dt2 a (t)

dr 2
1r 2

+ r2 sin2 d2 + d2

i

(538)
- . a (t)

d2 a
dt2

4Gb
eff
= 4G
a,
3 (m + 3pm + V + 3pV ) a =
3

beff = m + 3pm + V + 3pV ,

1 da 2
a dt

8G
3

(m + V )

a2 ,

(539)
m - , pm - , beff -
.
, (539) [96]: (i) beff < 0, (ii)
V > 0. V < 0
, [88].

16.3.6. --, eff = V +3pV

, . .

eff = V + 3pV < 0.

(540)

eff (524) (V.15)

175

16.4. ...

(V.27) (. V)

eff = V + 3pV =
6K
8

meff

f (m) m4 ( ln m) dm
0

6K 5
32 p2

meff

f (m) m6 dm
0

6K

N
P
r=1

(r)

| 92|D |
 (r) 
meff
D 4 (2|D |9)
|

4 D

(r)

2D

 (r)  ! .
3D 
2

(541)
p (541)

eff '

6K
8

meff

f (m) m4 ( ln m) dm.
0

(542)

,
(537).
, (528) .

16.4.

{X, H } , X Rn H D -
X. f (x) H - X
, f (x) = f (|x|) = f (r).
X [104]

JD (f ) = f (x) dH (x) =
X

D
D 2
f
(1+ D
2 ) 0

(r) rD1 dr
(543)

(543) D 0. JD (f ), D,
D = DC+ , C+ . f (r) JD (f ),

176

16. -...

D = DC , C
.

JDC (f ) =

DC

D 2

f
DC
1+ 2
0

(r) rDC 1 dr,

(16.4.2.a)
, .

(JDC , (f )) =

DC
D 2

D
1+ 2C

f (r) r iImDC
dr
r ReDC +1 +


.

(16.4.2.b)
f (0) < f (r) 0 r . |DC |
0
[103]

DC

2  P
bn
DC
n=0
1+ 2

JDC (f ) = 

(f )

n
DC
n! ,

b0 (f ) = f (r) dr, bn (f ) = f (r) ( ln r) dr.

0

(544)

(544) [103].
D R+ [103].
X Rn D+ = dH R+
[103-104]:

VD+ =

D+
2

,
D
1+ 2+

SD =

D+
D 2

.
D
1+ 2+

(545)

DC C (544)
(545) C. -

177

16.4. ...

, DC C

VDC =

DC
2

,
D
1+ 2C

SDC =

DC
DC 2

DC .
1+ 2

(546)

(546) (544)

VDC = 1 +

1
2

( + ln ) DC +
SDC = DC +

1
2

1
48

i
2
2
6 ( + ln ) 2 DC
+ ...

2
+ ... .
( + ln ) DC

(547)

, , , ,
,
D = DC , [100-101], [103].

[103]

00 (r)

D+ 1 0
(r)
r
D + R+

= E (r) ,

(0) < , (1) = 0.

(548)
(548)

h
 
 i
(r) = r1D+ /2 AJ1D+ /2 r E + BJ1+D+ /2 r E ,
(549)
J (x) - .

 
J1+D+ /2 r E = 0.
(550)
En (D)
D = DC [98]. , D

178

16. -...

(, +) En (D) -
En (D) .

L=

1
2

() + g2K .
(551)

DC , FK (DC ).
K = 1 0 < D+ < 2 [103]:

F1 (D) =

1
D

g
2

D

D
2

.
(552)

(552)
,

F1 (DC ) =

1
DC

g
2

 DC
2

DC
2

, , DC = D , < D < 0

F1 (D ) = |D1 |

2
g

i |D |
2


1+

|D |
2

(553)

.
(554)

, K = 1, < D < 0
.

K
AK (DC ) = 2Kg (K, DC ) F
g ,

(K, DC ) = 1

DC
2KDC (K1) .

(555)

(555)

1
g F
g =

1
2

g
2

 DC
2

DC
2

.
(556)

16.4. ...

179

A1 (DC ) =

1
2

 DC
2

DC
2

.
(557)

A1 (DC )

A1 (DC ) = 1
2
DC
48

DC
2

[ ln (2) ] +

(558)



6 ln 2 (2) 12 ln (2) + 2 + 2 .

, (558) 2 [103].

L=

1
2

() + g2K + m2 .
(559)

(559) F

= FK (DC , m) -





exp F K VDC = [D] exp dDC xL .

(560)

(560)



exp F K (DC ) VDC = [D] exp V dDC xL0
[D] exp[ V dDC xL]
[D] exp[ V dDC xL0 ]

L0 =

1
2

() + m2 .

(561)
(562)

(561) F K (DC ) = F1K (DC )+F2K (DC ) ,




F1K (DC ) = VD1 ln [D] exp V dDC xL0
C

(563)

180

16. -...

F2K

(DC ) = VD ln

[D] exp[ V dDC xL]


.

[D] exp[ V dDC xL0 ]

(564)
(554) g = m2 /2, F1K (DC )

F1K

(DC ) =

1
DC

m2
4

i DC
2

DC
2

.
(565)

, F1K (DC )

F1K (DC ) = mDC

1
DC

1
2

o
[ ln (4)] + O (|DC |) .
(566)

, [103],
F2K (DC )

dx exp(x2K )

F2K

DC

(DC ) = m

ln

= mDC ln

hq

dx exp(x2 /2)

1+

1
K

i

(567)

|DC | 0. (566)-(567)

F K (DC ) =
mDC

1
DC

1
2

[ ln (4)] ln

hq

1+

1
K

io



2
+ O |DC | .
(568)

, DC = D , < D < 0,

F K (D ) =
1
m|D |

n
|D1 | +

1
2

[ ln (4)] ln



2
O |D | '

hq

1
,
|D | m|D |

1+

1
K

io

(569)

16.5. ...

181

|D | 0.

16.4.1. (569)
(559)
F K (D ) '

1
|D | m|D |



2
+ O |D | ,

|D | 0.

(570)

16.5.
.
. .
[125]. . . , ,
4 , , . , ,
.

[124-125]:
1. (M, g) .
2.
(M, g) , g
, ,
.
3.

m = (t, x; m)
m (M, g) .
4.


d4 x g c0 + c1 R(g) + c2 (R2 (g)) .

(571)

182

16. -...

(571)

n
d4 x g

R(g)
16 G

o
+ K (R2 ) + Lmatter .
(572)

, , ,
, -, .

Sg = 12 ln det(g + m2 + R) = 12 Tr ln (g + m2 + R).

(573)

, , [124-128]:

Sg = Sg0 +
1
2 Tr

ds
s



exp(s[g + m2 + R]) exp(s[g0 + m2 + R0 ]) .
(574)

Sg = Sg0 +
1
2 Tr

ds
s



exp(s[g + m2 + R]) exp(s[g0 + m2 + R0 ]) ,

(575)


[s] = 2 . s 0

exp(s[g + m2 + R]) =

g
(4 s)2


a0 (g) + a1 (g)s + a2 (g)s2 + .
(576)

(576) (575),

Sg = Sg0 +

1
32 2 Tr

n
[a0 (g) a0 (g0 )]

+[a2 (g) a2 (g0 )] ln

2
m2

o

4
2

+ [a1 (g) a1 (g0 )] 2

+ #$ :>= 5G = K5 G; 5 = K,
(577)

183

16.5. ...

[131]

a0 (g) = 1,

(578)

a1 (g) = k1 R(g) m2 ,

(579)

a2 (g) =
k2 Cabcd C abcd + k3 Rab Rab + k4 R2 + k5 2 R m2 k1 R(g) + 12 m4 .
(580)

Sg = Sg0 +

1
32 2 str

4
2

m2 2 +

m4
2

ln

2
m2

i

d4 x [ g g0 ]

h
 2 i

+str k1 2 k1 m2 ln m
d4 x [ g R(g) g0 R(g0 )]
2
h 0
 2 i



d4 x g C 2 (g) g0 C 2 (g0 )
+str k2 ln m
2
h 0
 2 i



d4 x g R2 (g) g0 R2 (g0 )
+str k4 ln m
2
(581)
+ .
[124],

n
d4 x g

R(g)
16 G

o
+ K2 Cabcd C abcd + K4 R2 + Lmatter .
(582)

0 , G1 , K20 :

= 0

1
32 2

str

4
2

m2 2 +

m4
2

ln

+ .

2
m2

i

(583)

184

16. -...

1
G

1
G0

1
2

h
 2 i

str k1 2 k1 m2 ln m
2

(584)

+ .

K2 = K20 +

1
32 2

(585)

h 0
 2 i

str k2 ln m
2

+ .

K4 = K40 +

(586)

h 0
 2 i

str k4 ln m
2

1
32 2

+ .
, [124], [132]:

2 2 + m2 dk =
0

4
4

m2 2
4

m4
8

ln

2
m2

(587)

+ .

4
m4
m2 2 +
ln
2
2

2
m2

(587) (583),
(587) |0 |i m [131]:

hvac i =

1
1
2 (2)D1

1
1
2
D1 ( D1 )
2
0
(4) 2

2 + m2 d D1 =

R1

+ m2 D2 d =

mD ( D
2 )
D ,
D+1
2
2

D = 4 vac = .

(588)

185

16.5. ...

. . :

1.
(M, g) .
2.
(M, g) , g
, ,
.
3.
(t, x; m, D) , D (, 4] , :
(i) (t, x; m, D) g ;
(ii) ""

m = (t, x; m, D)
m (M, g) :
(a) D = D+ 0, Supp (
bm )

bm m (4)
Hm dH = D+ ,
(b) D = D < 0, Supp (
bm )

bm m (4)
Hm -
dCH = D ;
(iii) (t, x; m, D)
gik
.
(588) D+ (0, 4]


 

2 + m2 D+ 2 d = c1 (D ) mD+ D2+ D+21 ,

(589)
c1 (D ) > 0. , (583)

= 0 +

1
32 2 c1


 

(D ) mD+ D2+ D+21 .
(590)

(590) D+ 6= 0, 2, 4. (588)

186

16. -...

D :

2 + m2 |D |2 d = c2 (D ) m|D |

|D |
2



|D2|+1 ,

(591)
c2 (D ) > 0. , (583)

' 0 +

1
32 2 c (D )

m|D |

|D |
2



|D2|+1 .
(592)

(592) |D | =
6 2n+1.

. D = D < 0.
G (x, x0 ; D )
x x0 . y
x x0 . y = 0 g [131]

g = + 13 R y y 16 R; y y y + ...

(593)

< (x, x ; D )
0

< (x, x0 ; D ) = [g (x)] 2 G (x, x0 ; D )

(594)

b (k; D )
- <
4

< (x, x0 ; D ) = (2)

b (k; D ) ,
d4 k exp (iky) <

(595)
ky = k y . G (x, x0 ; D )
1


[t
u x + m2 + R (x) G (x, x0 ; D ) = [g (x)] 2 4, D (x x0 ; D ) ,
(596)



4, D (x x0 ; D ) = (t t0 ) 3, D x, x

- -

(. . II). (596)
(III.17) . . III. , (596), k ,

187

16.5. ...

(593)

b (k; D ) |k||D | k 2 m2 + i
<
1
6
i
2

1
6

1
6

2
|D |
R |k|
k 2 m2 + i
+

2
|D |
R; |k|
k 2 m2 + i

2
k 2 m2 + i
+
i

2

3
|D |
R2 + 23 a |k|
k 2 m2 + i
,
1
3 a

1

|k|

|D |

(597)

= /k . (597) (595)

< (x, x0 ; D )
h

d4 k
eiky
(2)4 |k||D |

1 + a1 (x, x0 ) m
+ a2 (x, x0 )
2

2

m2

k 2 m2 + i

1

.
(598)

k 2 m2 + i

1




= i ds exp is k 2 m2 + i
0

(598) d4 k ,

(599)

< (x, x0 ; D ) =



(x, x0 )
2
2+|D |
i (4) ids (is)
F (x, x0 ; s) ,
exp im2 s + 2is
0

(600)
(x, x0 ) = 21 y y , F (x, x0 ; is)
[131]
2

F (x, x0 ; is) 1 + a1 (x, x0 ) (is) + a2 (x, x0 ) (is) + ... =

aj (x, x0 ) (is) .

j=0

(601)

188

16. -...

G (x, x0 ; D ) (600)

G (x, x0 ; D ) =



1
(x,x0 )
2+|D |
2
exp im2 s + 2is
F (x, x0 ; s) ,
i (4) 2 (x, x0 ) ids (is)
0

(602)
(x, x0 ) - -. (601)
(602),

2+|D |

G (x, x0 ; D ) i (4i)

2 (x, x0 )

P
j=0

2m
(x, x0 )+i

 |D |
4

aj (x, x0 ) m
2

j

2m2 ( (x, x0 ) + i) .

(2)
H |D |
2

(603)
D = D < 0, ,
W (D )

W (D ) =

i
2

1
x [g (x)] 2

lim dm G (x, x ; D ) .

xx0 m2

(604)

,
x x0 ,

W (D ) =

i
2

dm2 d4 x [g (x)] 2 G (x, x; D ) .

m2

(605)

W (D ) =

i
2

D
Leff

(x) -

dm2 d4 x [g (x)] 2 Leff (x) .

m2

(606)

189

16.5. ...

(604) (606)
D

Leff (x) =

i
lim
2 xx0 2
m

dm2 G (x, x0 ; D ) .
(607)
D

Leff (x)

D

Leff
1

2 (x, x0 ) P
lim0
aj
D
xx
2(4) 2 j=0

(x, x ) ids (is)

j3+|D |

 

(x, x0 )
2
exp m s 2s
,

(608)
(x, x0 ) - x x0 .
(608)
D = |D | x x0 ,

Leff

(4)

(4)

|D |
2
2

|D |
2
2

P
j=0

P
j=0

aj (x) ids (is)

j3+|D |




exp m2 s =

aj (x) m2

|D | j
2

|D |
2


+j ,

(609)
aj (x) = aj (x, x) . aj (x, x) ,
, ., [128-131].

190

I
.
.
s (x) RN s (x) = s (r) , r =

qP
N

j=1

x2j .

0 < D N, W D s (x) s (x) [104]:

W D s (x) = s (r) rD1 dr.

0

(I.1)

(I.1) ,
., [104], [116-119], [133]. , < D 0,
W D s (x) [140] [133]:

WD s (x)

s(r)
dr
r D+1 +


.

(I.2)

I.1. X - , X - - Ei X.
MX - X .
I

E (MX ) = (MX ) , I = (0, 1] ,

EM (MX ) = {( ) E (MX ) | Ei (Ei X ) p (p N)



sup (Ei ) = O(p ) 5A; 8 0 ,
Ei X

N (MX ) = {( ) E (MX ) | Ei (Ei X ) q (q N )



q
sup (Ei ) = O( ) 5A; 8 0 .
Ei X

G (MX ) = EM (MX ) /N (MX ).

(I.3)

 -...

191

EM (MX ) .
G (MX ) .
G (MX ) [( ) ] , ( ()) - .

I.2. [( ) ] G (MX ) -

, -


WD s (x) , (I.2), , dH
d .

X - , X - - Ei X.
FX : F X
R+ {+} , . .

Ei (Ei ) ri (ri Ei ) [0 (Ei , ri ) ] .

(I.4)

I.3. E (X ) = (FX )I , I = (0, 1] ,

EM (X ) = {( ) E (X ) | Ei (Ei ) ri (ri Ei ) p (p N)


sup
(Ei , ri ) = O(p ) 5A; 8 0 ,
Ei , ri Ei

N (X ) = {( ) | Ei (Ei ) ri (ri Ei ) q (q N )


q
|
sup
(Ei , ri ) = O( ) 5A; 8 0 .
Ei , ri Ei

G (X ) = EM (X ) /N (X ).

(I.5)

I.4. - ()
(Ei )

X , 0 < , , 

192


()
(E) =


P

inf

Ei , ri Ei

(Ei , ri ) : E Ei , diam (Ei )

(I.6)

I.1. , (0, 1]

( )

( )

1 (E) 2 (E) ,

(I.7)

0 < 1 < 2 .

I.5. -


( (E)) =

lim

0+

()


(E)



()
= sup (E) .
>0

(I.8)

.
X

dim X = D Y6=
i=1 Ei , Y6= X. , ,

( (Ei , ri ; D0 , dY )) =

(D 0 ) [diam(Ei )]D
d
ri Y

(I.9)
ri Ei . 0 < D0 D, a (D0 ) - ,
{Ei }i=1 ,
dY - , Y6= X. ,
{Ei }i=1 ,

(D ) =
Y
:

6= X

D0
2
0 .
2D0 (1+ D2 )

(I.10)

= R Y
4

193

-...



(i) Y - , . . Y = Y = ( ) ( )
(ii) Y .
x, y Y

d (x, y) =

qP
4

i=1

(xi yi ) .

(I.11)

E6=
Y d (E) = diam (E) ,
. .
d (E) = sup {d (x, y) |x, y E} .

(I.12)

I.6. -
(CH (E; D0 , dY , ))

( (D0 , dY )) E6=
Y

(CH (E; D0 , dY , )) =




S
P
0

lim inf
(Ei , ri ; D , dY ) Y Ei ,

0 {Ei }

(I.13)

(Ei , ri ; D0 , dY ) ..

I.7. - (CH (E; D0 , dY , ))

Y f (x) (dCH (x; D0 , dY , )) =

!
lim

d(Ei )0 i Ei =X

f (xi )

inf

{Eij } ,j Eij Ei ?rij j

(Eij , rij ; D , dY )

(I.14)
{Ei } - Y . d (Ei ) 0,
j Eij Ei 3 xi (I.14)



Y f (x) dCH x; D0 , dY ,
=

lim

d(Ei )0 Ei ?ri

f (xi ) Ei , ri ; D0 , dY

,
(I.15)

194

ri = d (0, xi ) . Y (r, ) ,
= (, 1 , 2 , ..., D1 , D2 )
, r = d (0, x) . {Eri , i } - (. . 25),


Ei , ri , i ; D0 , dY
(I.9), d (Eri , i ) 0



dCH r; ; D0 , dY ,
=

lim
d(Er, )0

Er, , r; ; D , dY

d(Er, )0



lim

0 1 D 0 1

dY

D 0 1 D 0 1


= d

dY

dr ,

(I.16)

1 < D0 D, dY [1, ) .

D0 = D 2 ( = (, 1 , 2 , ..., D0 1 , D0 2 ))
SD0 =

R R

d (sin 1 ) d1 (sin 2 )2 d2 ...

dD

(sin D1 )D
D0
2 2
D0

0 1

0 1

dD0 1

sin D0 2

D0 2

dD0 2 =

.
(I.17)

1 < D0 D, dY [1, ) CH - E




D 0 1 D 0 1
 d r dr =
= d
dCH r; ; D0 , dY ,
Y

[J(, D)]

D 0 1 D 0 1

drdd1
d2 ...dD1 dD2

dY

(I.18)

D -
2

J (, D) = (sin 1 ) (sin 1 ) ... (sin D0 1 )

D1

(sin D0 2 )

D2

.
(I.19)

 -...

. 25:

195

D =2

I.8.



D 0 1 D 0 1
 d r dr ,
dCH r; ; D0 , dY ,
= d
Y

D0 > 1, dY [1, )

(I.20)

I.2. (I.19)



0
D 0 dY 1

dCH r; ; D0 , dY ,
= dD 1 r
dr.

(I.21)

s (x) x0 Y , . . s (x) = const x , d (x0 , x) = r.

:
z = x x0 ,
, Y Z

196

Y s (x) dCH x; D , dY ,



D0
2 2
s (r)
0
( D2 ) 0

D 0 dY 1

dr,

(I.22)
(I.22)
[133], . .

Y s (x) dCH x; D , dY ,



D0
0
r D 1 dr
2 2

s(r)
0
dY
( D2 ) 0

r
+

(I.23)

{Eri , i } -
.

 0

Ei , ri ; D0 , dY
=

(D 0 ) [diam(Ei )]D
[J(, D)]

dY

dY

 ,

J (, D) = (sin 1 ) (sin 1 ) ... (sin D1 )

D1

(sin D2 )

D2

d (Eri , i ) 0

,
(I.24)



0
dCH r; ; D0 , dY ,
=


0

lim
d(Er, )0


lim
d(Er, )0

Er, , r; ; D0 , dY



0 1 D 0 1

dY
[J(, D)]

dY
r

=

dD

0 1 D 0 1

[J(, D)]

dY

dr

dY

 ,

(I.25)
0
D0 > 1, dY [1, ) , (Ei , ri ; D0 , dY ) (I.24). 1 < D0 D, dY [1, )

197

-...
0

CH - E



D 0 1 D 0 1
 d r dr =
= d
dCH r; ; D0 , dY ,
Y

[J(, D)]

D 0 1 D 0 1

drdd1 d2 ...d
D1 dD2
dY

[J(, D)]

dY

(I.26)
D - X .

I.9.




0
dCH r; ; D0 , dY ,
=

dD

0 1 D 0 1

dY

[J(, D)]

dr

dY

 .

(I.27)

I.3. (I.27)





0
D 0 dY 1 D 0 dY 1

dCH r; ; D0 , dY ,
r
dr.
= d

(I.28)

s (x) x0 Y , . . s (x) = const x , d (x0 , x) = r.

, Y Z
:
z = x x0 ,

 0 

Y s (x) dCH x; D0 , dY ,
=

D 0 dY

2
2

D 0 dY

(I.29)

 s (r) r

D 0 dY 1

dr,

(I.26) [140], . .

 0 


Y s (x) dCH x; D0 , dY ,
= 

s(r) r D

0 1

drdD

dY

[J(, D)]

0 1

dY

 .

(I.30)

198

X Rn . , ,
{Ei1 ,..., in } Rn Ei1 ,..., in

Ei1 ,..., in =
{(x1 , ..., xn ) X |xj = (ij 1) xj + j , 0 j xj , j = 1, ..., n} .
(I.31)
{Ei1 ,..., in } -
xi1 ,..., in Ei1 ,..., in .

 

Ei1 ,..., in , xi1 ,..., in ; D0 , dY ,

 

D0
[diam(Ei1 ,..., in )]
dY
.
Ei1 ,..., in , xi1 ,..., in ; D0 , dY ,
= (D0 ) 
xi ,..., i  +

n
1
(I.32)
n
-
E X
o
0
Ei1 ,..., in {Ei1 ,..., in }
=



0
CH E; D0 , dY ,
=

lim

(
inf 0
{Ei1 ,..., in }

E=

S
i1 ,..., in




Ei1 ,..., in , xi1 ,..., in ; D0 , dY , 

i1 ,..., in
P

)!

Ei1 ,..., in ; diam Ei1 ,..., in

(I.33)

 -...

199

(I.32)



0
dCH x; D0 , dY ,
=

lim
diam(Ei1 ,..., in )0

Ei1 ,..., in , xi1 ,..., in ; D , dY ,

diam(Ei1 ,..., in )0 j=1

j=1

1 ,..., in


xi

D0
[dxj ] n
dY

n
Q


xi

1 ,..., in

Y =

D0
[xj ] n
dY

n
Q

lim

n
Q

(I.34)

Yi dim Y = n.

i=1

 0 

0
f (x) dCH x; d , dY ,
=

n 
Q

... f (x1 , ..., xn )

i=1
0

d =

Pn

i=1 di , dY =



0
0
di, CH xi ; di , dYi, ,
,

(I.35)

Pn

i=1 dYi,

di dYi,

r =

di, CH xi ; di , dYi, ,

qP
D

2
i=1 xi .



 0 2
= 2
d d

Yi,

0
d 1
i
dxi
dY
i,

|xi |

|xi |

(I.36)
, . . -

200

, f (r) = f (r) ,
n 
Q

... f (r)

i=1



0
0
dCH xi ; Di , dYi, ,
=

c d1 , ..., d1 ; dY1, , ..., dYn, ,



c d1 , ..., d1 ; dY1, , ..., dYn, ,



f (r)

|r|d

dY

|r|

dr


,

(I.37)

- . -

, (I.37)
3
Q
(I.29). , , n = 3 Y =
Yi 6= R3 ,
i=1

f (r) d1,CH x1 ; d1 , dY1, , d2,CH x2 ; d2 , dY2, , d3,CH x3 ; d3 , dY3, , =

d
2


dY

dY


R


f (r)

0
|r|d 1 dr
dY

|r|
+


,

(I.38)

d = d1 + d2 + d3 dY = dY1, + dY2, + dY3, .

I.4. (I.38) -

/2

sin1 (z) cos1 (z) =

0

, C, ,
/ Z .

() ()
(+) ,

(I.39)

201

...

II

.
II.1. ( ) -
X, F -
(Ui, ) , . . Supp ( ) = i Ui , Ui, Uj, = ,
(0, 1]. (0, 1] q, R
( (q, ))
!
( (q, )) =

lim sup

r0 (U )? i
i

[ (Ui , rUi )] (diamUi )

supiN (diamUi ) r, rUi = d (0, xi ) , xi Ui .

(II.1)

II.1. ( (q, )) (II.1).

(i) (0, 1] q R
(, q) ,

5A; 8 < ( (, q))
( (q, )) =
0 5A; 8 ( (, q)) < ;
(II.2)
(ii) q R

log

( (, q)) =
lim
r0

sup
(Ui )?


P
q

U
,
r
[ ( i Ui )]
i
,
log r

supiN (diamUi ) r, rUi = d (0, xi ) , xi Ui .

(II.3)

(iii) (a)
b - (f ()) ,
( ) R

(f ()) = (dH ( ())) .

(II.4)

202

II

(b) ( (, q))
( (, q))

( (, q)) =


inf [q + (, q)] .
q

(II.5)

(f ()) ( ) ( (, q)) :

( (, q)) 5A; 8 0 ( (, q))
(f ()) =
0 5A; 8 ( (, q)) < 0.
(II.6)

II.2. , II.1 [152].

203

...

III

.
,
.

m (t, x; D )

m (t, x; D ) ,
, [133]

m (t, x; D ) =


1
(2)3/2

R3, D

3, D

2(p)

a (p) exp [i ( (p) t p x)] + a (p) exp [i ( (p) t px)] ,
m (t, x; D ) =

1
(2)3/2

R3, D

q
d3, D p (p)
2

a (p) exp [i ( (p) t p x)] a (p) exp [i ( (p) t p x)] ,
(III.1)
p
(p) = p+m2 , a (p) a (p)


 0 i h
 0 i
a (p) , a p
= a (p) , a p
= 0,
h
 0 i


0
a (p) , a p
= pp .
(III.2)

m (x; D ) -

204

III

m (x; D )

m (x; D ) =
1
(2)3/2

3, D

R3, D

p
2(p)

a (p) exp [i (p x)] + a (p) exp [i (px)] ,
m (x; D ) =

1
(2)3/2

R3,D

q


a (p) exp [i (p x)] a (p) exp [i (p x)] .
d3, D p (p)
2
(III.3)

(III.1) - (III.2)


i


0
0
m (t, x; D ) , m t0 , x ; D = iD0 t t0 , r r ; D ,
(III.4)



0
D0 t t0 , r r ; D =
h 
i
0
1
3, D
p exp ip r r
(2)
3 d

sin[(p) (tt0 )]
.
(p)

(III.5)

(III.4) - (III.5) t = t
0


i


0
0
m (t, x; D ) , m t, x ; D = iD0 0, r r ; D = 0,
h

i
0
m (t, x; D ) , m t, x ; D =
2
tt0 D0

t D0


0

t t0 , r r ; D 

t=t0

= 0,


i
0
m (t, x; D ) , m t, x ; D =


0

t t0 , r r ; D 

t=t0



0
= i 3, D r r ,

3, D (r) =

1
(2)3

d3, D p exp (ipr) .

(III.6)
(III.7)

 ...

205

b m (p0 , p; D )
-
m (t, x; D )

1
(2)3/2

m (t, x; D ) =
b m (p0 , p; D ) exp [i (p, x)] ,
dp0 d3, D p

(III.8)

RR3, D

b m (p0 , p; D ) (p, x) = p0 x0 p x.
-


b m (p0 , p; D ) = 0.
p20 p2 m2

(III.9)

b m (p0 , p; D )
(III.9)



b m (p0 , p; D ) Hm .
Hm , . . Supp
6=
,
m (t, x; D ) =
dp0 d3, D p

1
(2)3/2

2

a (p) (p0 ) p20 p2 m

exp [i (p, x)] + a (p) exp [i (p, x)]

3,D
RR

(III.10)

(III.1) (III.10) . , ,

iG (x, x0 ; D_) = h0 |[m (x; D_) , m (x0 ; D_)]| 0i ,

G(1) (x, x0 ; D_) = h0 |{m (x; D_) , m (x0 ; D_)}| 0i ,

(III.11)

x = (t, x). - -

iG (x, x0 ; D ) = G+ (x, x0 ; D ) G (x, x0 ; D ) ,

(1)

(III.12)

(x, x ; D ) = G (x, x ; D ) + G (x, x ; D ) ,

G+ (x, x0 ; D_) = h0 |m (x; D_) m (x0 ; D_)| 0i ,

G (x, x0 ; D_) = h0 |m (x0 ; D_) m (x; D_)| 0i .

(III.13)

GF (x, x0 ; D )

GF (x, x0 ; D_) = h0 |T (m (x; D_) m (x0 ; D_))| 0i =

(t t0 ) G+ (x, x0 ; D_) + (t0 t) G (x, x0 ; D_) .

(III.14)

206

III

GR (x, x0 ; D )

GA (x, x0 ; D )

GR (x, x0 ; D ) = (t t0 ) G (x, x0 ; D ) ,
0

(III.15)

GA (x, x ; D ) = (t t) G (x, x ; D ) .

GF (x, x0 ; D ) = G (x, x0 ; D ) 12 G(1) (x, x0 ; D ) ,

G (x, x0 ; D ) =

1
2

(III.16)

[GR (x, x0 ; D ) + GA (x, x0 ; D )] .

G, G(1) , G -

u
tx + m2 G(1), (x, x0 ; D ) = 0.

(III.17)

(III.6)





0
u
tx + m2 GF (x, x0 ; D ) = (t t0 ) 3, D x, x ,

(III.18)





0
u
tx + m2 GR, A (x, x0 ; D ) = (t t0 ) 3, D x, x .
1/2



 
(x0 ; D_)  0 ,
SF (x, x0 ; D_) =
0 T (x; D_)


(III.19)
(x0 ; D_)  0 ,
S (1) (x, x0 ; D_) = 0  (x; D_) ,
, ,



0
(i a a m) SF (x, x0 ; D ) = (t t0 ) 3, D x, x ,
(i a a m) S (1) (x, x0 ; D ) = 0,
SF (x, x0 ; D ) = (i a a m) GF (x, x0 ; D ) ,
S (1) (x, x0 ; D ) = (i a a m) G(1) (x, x0 ; D ) .

(III.20)

 ...

207

iDF (x, x0 ; D_) = h0 |[A (x; D_) , A (x0 ; D_)]| 0i .

(III.21)





0
u
tx 1 1 x x DF (x,
 x ; D ) =
0
(t t0 ) 3, D x, x .

(III.22)

208

IV

IV


IV.1. (i) ,
L , . .
p
hG/c3 . L ' lP =
t ' tP = 1040 .
(ii) ,
L  lP . tP  tP .
,
:
(i) n
oN
- r
r=1


(.. dCH r < 0, r = 1, ..., N ) (M, g) .
(ii)



dCH r , r = 1, ..., N
.
. . [88],
, gik (x) . , ,
, ,
, 4
, , Supp (gik (x)) =
= R , -
R4 . , a (t)
- [88]. -
D < 0 [133].
-

B (, ) =

() ()
(+)

= dzz 1 (1 + z)
0

(IV.1)

209

...

1

J () = dzz 1 1 + z 2

(IV.2)

(IV.2) (IV.1).
(IV.2) z 2 = y, 2dz = dy

J () =

1
2

1
2

1
dyy 2

(1 + y)

1
2

1
dyy 2

(1 + y)

1
2 +

1 1
2 2

(IV.3)

(IV.1) (IV.3)

J+ () =

1
2

1
dyy 2

dyy
0 
1
2

1
2

(1 + y)

1 1
2 +2

1
2

1
2 +

2 ( 2 )

1
2

(1 + y)

( 2 )

1
2 2

41

1
2

1
2

( 2 )

1
2

(IV.4)
=

( 2 )
2

J () =

1
2

1
2

1
dyy 2

1
2 +

(1 + y)

1 1
2 2

1
dyy 2

1
2

(1 + y)

1
2

+2
2


=

1
2

(IV.5)
 

2
2

1
2 +

 =
+2

1
2

1
2

1
2

 

 
1
2

 

1
2

2
2


.

2
2


=

210

IV

B
V (D , m) dCH = 3 |D | < 0 ( ) (511) (IV.3)

B
V (D , m) = K

k2 + m2 d3, D k.

(IV.7)

R3

(k, , ) , k =

B
V (D , m) = K

k2

k2 + m2 d3, D k=

R3

K d (sin )
0

1|D |

(IV.7)

k 2 + m2 k 2|D | dk.

(D ) = (sin )

1|D |

d =

2|D |
2

 3|D |  ,

(IV.8)

B
V (D , m) = K

k2 + m2 d3, D k=

R3

2|D |
2

(IV.9)

2K 3  3|D | 

k 2 + m2 k 2|D | dk

k = my ,
(IV.9),

k 2 + m2 k 2|D | dk = m4|D | 1 + y 2 y 2|D | dy.
0

(IV.10)

211

...

C (IV.10), (IV.3) (IV.4)

B
V (D , m) = 2

2|D |
2

3 m4|D |  3|D | 

 

K
2

2|D |
2

2|D |
2

 

3|D |
2


=

 

3|D |
2

3|D |
2


m4|D | .

(IV.11)
V (D )
dCH = 3|D | < 0 ( )
(514) (IV.11)

K
B
V (D ) = 2

2|D |
2

 

3|D |
2

3|D |
2

f (m) m4|D | dm.

(IV.12)
, 4 |D | 2, f (m) : (i)

(IV.13)

meff

f (m) m4|D | dm = 0
0

(ii) f (m) = 1 m meff . (i)-(ii)

K
B
V (D ) = 2

5|D |

meff
|D |5

2|D |
2

 

3|D |
2

3|D |
2

(IV.14)

O B
V

B
V

N
P
r=1

(r)
D

K
2

N
P
r=1

(r)
5|D
|
 (r) 
D 5

(r)

2D
2

meff

(r)

3D

 (r)  !
3D 

(IV.15)

212

IV

, F
V

F
V

N
P

r=1

(r)
D

= 2K

5 D

N
P

meff

(r)

 (r) 
D 5

r=1

(r)

2D

(r)

3D

 (r)  !
3D 
2

(IV.16)
, V

F
V = B
V + V =

N
P
r=1

3K
2

N
P
r=1

(r)
5 D
meff
(r)
D 5



(r)
V D =

(r)

2D

(r)

3D

(IV.17)

 (r)  !
D 3
2

B
V (D , m) dCH = 3 |D | < 0 ( )

3, D

B
k, u= k2k+m2 , ux kx =
V (D , m) = K ux kx d
R3

1
3

(uk) .
(IV.18)

(IV.18)

V (D , m) =

K
3

2 3, D
k
d
k
k2 +m2

R3

(IV.19)

= K 0 F (D , m) ,

K 0 = K/3. (k, , ) , k =

2|D |
2

F (D , m) = 2K 0 3  3|D |  k 4|D | k 2 + m2

1
2

k2

dk.

(IV.20)

213

...

k = my ,
(IV.20),

k 4|D | k 2 + m2

1
2

dk = m4|D | y 4|D | 1 + y 2

1

dy.

(IV.21)

(IV.5),

k 4|D |
0

 


2+|D |
3|D |

1


2
2

k 2 + m2 2 dk = 12 m4|D |
.

(IV.22)

C (IV.20) (IV.22)

2|D |
2

 

1 0
B
3 m4|D |  3|D | 
V (D , m) = 2 K

0 4|D |

2K m

3|D |
2

 

|D |2
2


=

2|D |
2

|D |2
2

.
(IV.23)

f (m)
f (m) = 1 < 0 ( ) (514)
(IV.23)
B
pB
V (D ) = pV (D , m) =

0
2K

2|D |
2

|D |2
2

i

(IV.24)

4|D |

f (m) m

dm.

(IV.24) f (m) m4|D | dm,

,

pB
V (D ) =



5|D |
2|D |

0 meff
2 K |D |5
2

|D |2
2

(IV.25)

pB
V dCH = 3|D | < 0 ( )

214

IV

(IV.25)

pB
V =

(r)
  (r)     (r)  
5|D
D 2
|
2D 
 (r) 

.
2
2
D 5

N
P

0
2K

meff

r=1

(IV.26)

, pF
V

pF
V

= 2K

N
P
r=1

(r)
  (r)     (r)  
5|D
D 2
|
2D 
 (r) 

.
2
2
D 5

meff

(IV.27)

, pV

pV =

pB
V

pF
V

23 K 0

N
P
r=1

(r)

|  2D(r)    D(r) 2 

 (r) 

.
2
2
D 5
(IV.28)
5 D

meff

(IV.17) (IV.28) K 0 = K/3 eff

3K
2

eff = V + 3pV =
 (r)  !
 (r)  !
D 3
2D 
2

(r)
2
2
5|D
|
N
P
meff
 (r) 
!



(r)


3D 
r=1 D 5

3K
2

N
P
r=1

(r)
  (r)     (r)  
5|D
D 2
|
2D 
 (r) 

=
2
2
D 5

meff

3K
2

N
P
r=1

 (r) 
D 5

5 D

meff

(r)

(r)

2D
2

(r)

2D

 (r)  !
D 3
2

 (r)  !
3D 
2

  (r)  
D 2
2

(IV.29)

 ...

215

eff < 0.

216

.
B
V (D , m) - dCH = 3 |D | < 0,
(
) (IV.3)
B
B
B
V (D , m) = V (m, p ) + V (D , m, p ) =

k2

m2 d3 k

+K

k2

(V.1)

m2 d3, D k.

kkkp

kkk<p

B
V (m, p ) 3,

B
V (D , m, p ) = K

k2 + m2 d3, D k.

(V.2)

kkk p

(k, , ) , k =

k2 ,

B
V (D , m, p ) =

k2 + m2 d3, D k=

kkk p
2

K d (sin )
0

1|D |

k 2 + m2 k 2|D | dk =

K (|D |)

k 2 + m2 k 2|D | dk,



2|D |

2
(|D |) = 2 3  3|D |  .

(V.3)

217

...

k = mp ,
(V.3),

4|D |
B

V (D , m, p ) = K (|D |) m

p2 + 1p2|D | dp =

mp

K (|D |) m4|D |

p
p2 + 1p2|D | dp.

mp

(V.4)

(V.4)
q
(V.5)
1 1
1 + p12 = 1 + 12 p12 18 p14 + 16
p6 + ...
,

4|D |

B
V (D , m, p ) = K (|D |) m

q
1+

mp

K (|D |) m4|D |

p3|D | dp +

mp
4|D |

|)
82|D |
K (|D
p
|D |4 m

1
2

1 3|D |
dp
p2 p


p1|D | dp + ... =

mp



2|D |
+ O p
.
(V.6)

V (D , meff , p ) dCH = 3 |D | < 0 (

) (V.6)

B
V (D , meff , p ) =
|) 4|D |
K (|D
|D |4 p

82|D |

f (m) m

dm + O

(V.7)


2|D |
p

, 4 |D | 2, f (m) : (i)
meff

f (m) m82|D | dm = 0

(V.8)

(ii) f (m) = 1 m meff . (i)-(ii),

218

B
V (D , meff , p ) =
4|D |

|)
K (|D
|D |4 p

(V.9)



2|D |
f (m) m82|D | dm + O p
=

meff
4|D |

(|D |)
K (|D |4)
(2|D |9) p

92|D |

meff



2|D |
+ O p
.

bB
V (D , meff , p )
- dCH =
3|D | < 0, , ( ) (V.3)

B
B
B
V (D , meff , p ) = V (meff , p ) + V (D , meff , p ) =
meff

B
B
V (m, p ) f (m) dm + V (D , meff , p ) =
0

92|D |

2|D |
2

(V.10)

meff
|

 p4|D
.
B

V (meff , p ) + 2K (|D |4) (2|D |9)

3|D |

B
V (meff , p ) =
K
8

meff

f (m) m4 ( ln m) dm
0

K 1
32 p2

meff

f (m) m6 dm + O p3
.

(V.11)

V.1. (522),
p0 = p .

219

...

B
V

B
V =

K
8

meff

f (m) m4 ( ln m) dm
0

K 1
32 p2

meff

f (m) m6 dm+
0

+2K

N
P
r=1

(r)
4|D
92|D |
|
p (r) 
meff
D 4 (2|D |9)

(r)

2D

2


 (r)  ! + O p3
.



3 D
2

(V.12)
, F
V
meff

4K
F
f (m) m4 ( ln m) dm +
V = 8
0

8K

r=1

(r)

| 92|D |
 (r) 
meff
D 4 (2|D |9)
4 D

N
P

4K 1
32 p2

meff

f (m) m6 dm
0

 (r)  !
2D 
2


 (r)  ! + O p3
.

3D 
2

(V.13)
C (V.12)-(V.13)
V
F
V = B
V + V =
meff

3K
f (m) m4 ( ln m) dm +
8
0

6K

N
P
r=1

(r)
4 D

| 92|D |
 (r) 
meff
D 4 (2|D |9)
p

3K 1
32 p2

meff

f (m) m6 dm
0

 (r)  !
2D 
2

 (r)  

3D 
 (r)  ! + O p
.
3D 
2

(V.14)

(D , m, p ) - dCH = 3 |D | < 0, , ( -

B
V

220

)
B
B
B
V (D , m, p ) = V (m, p ) + V (D , m, p ) =

ux kx d3, D k+K

kkkp

ux kx d3, D k,

kkk>p

(V.15)

u = k2k+m2 5A; 8 kkk  p ,


k
1+
u =m

m
Ep

, m = m0 5A; 8 kkk p ,

ux kx =

1
3

(uk) .

V.2. kkk p , , u k
3  , . [167].
, u k,
.
(V.15)

pB
V (D , m, p ) =

K
3

kkkp

2 3, D
k
d
k
k2 +m2

K
3

2
k
d3, D k
k2 +m2

kkk>p

pB
B
V (m, p ) + p
V (D , m, , p ) .

(V.16)

B
pB
V (m, p ) = pV (m, meff , p )
16.3,

!
pB
V

(D , m, p ) =

K
3

kkk>p

2
k
d3, D k
k2 +m2

(k, , ) , k =

pB
V (D , m, p ) =

K
3

d (sin )
0

1|D |

k2

d
p

K
3 (|D |)

(V.17)

k4|D |

dk
k2 +m2

k4|D |

dk.
k2 +m2

(V.18)

221

...

k = mp ,
(V.18),

pB
V (D , m, p ) =
Km4|D |
(|D |)
3

mp

K
3 (|D |)

4|D |
dpp
2
p +1

k4|D |

dk
k2 +m2

Km4|D |
(|D |)
3

mp

3|D |
dpp
p 1 .
1+ 2
p

(V.19)

1
1+

1
p2

=1

1 1
2 p2

3 1
8 p4

5 1
16 p6

(V.20)

+ ...,

(V.19),

pB
V (D , m, p ) =
Km4|D |
(|D |)
3

Km4|D |
(|D |)
3

dpp

3|D |

mp

+ dpp

mp

3|D |
dpp
p 1
1+ 2
p

1|D |


+ ... =

mp

Km82|D |
3(|D |4) (|D |)

4|D |



2|D |
+ O p
.
(V.21)

,
(D , meff , p )
- dCH = 3
|D | < 0, , (
) (V.12)

pbB
V

B
B
pbB
V (D , meff , p ) = pV (meff , p ) + pV (D , meff , p ) =
meff

B
pB
V (m, p ) f (m) dm + f (m) pV (D , m, p ) dm =

pB
V (meff , p ) +

2|D |

2
4|D |
K 2 3


p
f

3 (|D |4)
3|D |
0

pB
V (meff , p ) +

(m) m82|D | dm =

2|D |

2
|
K
2 3 m92|D |

 p4|D
.

3 (|D |4) (2|D |9)

3|D |

(V.22)

222

pB
V (meff , p ) =
meff

4
K
8 f (m) m ( ln m) dm +
0

K 5
32 p2

meff

f (m) m6 dm + O p3
.

(V.23)

V.3. (522),
p0 = p . , pB
V

pbB
V (D , meff , p ) =
meff

4
K
8 f (m) m ( ln m) dm +
0

K 5
32 p2

meff

f (m) m6 dm+
0

(V.24)

2|D |

2
K
2 3 m92|D |
 p4|D | .

3 (|D |4) (2|D |9)
3|D |

pbF
V (D , meff , p )
- dCH = 3
|D | < 0, , (
)

pbF
V (D , meff , p ) =
4K
8

meff

f (m) m4 ( ln m) dm
0

4K 5
32 p2

meff

f (m) m6 dm
0

(V.25)

2|D |

2
4|D |
8 3 m92|D |
K
3 (|D |4) (2|D |9)  3|D |  p
.

C (V.24)-(V.25) pV -

223

...

bF
pV = pbB
V (D , meff , p ) + p
V (D , meff , p ) =
3K
8

meff

f (m) m4 ( ln m) dm
0

3K 5
32 p2

meff

f (m) m6 dm
0

(V.26)

2|D |

2
4|D |
6 3 m92|D |
K
3 (|D |4) (2|D |9)  3|D |  p
.

(V.26) (V.14) , 16.3 f (m) ,

(V.27)
(V.15) ,

(V.27)

pV = 13 V .

eff

eff = V + 3pV = 2V =


(r)
4 D

| 92|D |
 (r) 
meff
D 4 (2|D |9)

N
P

6K 3

r=1

(r)

!.


(r)

2D

3D

(V.28)

eff < 0, . .

0<

N
P
r=1

(r)

| 92|D |
 (r) 
meff
D 4 (2|D |9)
4 D

(r)

2D

 (r)  ! .
3D 
2

(V.29)

224


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