MT S PHNG PHP CN BNG PHN NG OXI HA KH

Ch nht, 17 Thng 3 2013 09:53

(Tc gi: V Tun Ngc- T tng chuyn mn Ha- Sinh- Th !c"
#ua ging $y nhi%u n&m t$i t'(ng TH)T H*ng +uang, ti nh-n thy c.n nhi%u t' ng$i
t'/ng 0n 1% ti23 thu 4i2n th5c c6a hc 7inh 0% c8n 9:ng 3hn 5ng 0; 1<c 9i=t >; c8n 9:ng 3hn 5ng
/?i ha 4h@A #ua tham 4h/ 1*ng nghi=3, B gi( th&m >C3 ti 1D 1Ec 'Et 1Fc mGt 7H 4inh nghi=m
0% 3hIng 3h3 c8n 9:ng 3hn 5ng /?i ha 4h@AJin m$nh $n 1Fc t'Knh 9Ly 1 cc 1*ng nghi=3
cMng tham 4h/A
I. PHNG PHP THNG BNG ELECTRON
NONP Q: )HRSNP TTUNH )HVN WNP XY Z[T XH\T ]J^ H]_ V`
Z[T XH\T aHb

V d 1: c-3 3hIng t'Knh h/ hc 7au thd/ 3hIng 3h3 th&ng 9:ng d>dct'/n:
edf]g h X] ed h X]f
Bc 1: Jc 1inh 7H /?i h/ c6a nhjng nguyn tH c 7H /?i h/ thay 1iA
V-n !ng cc +uy tkc ?c 1inh 7H /?i h/ :
ed
hg
f]g h X
hf
] ed
l
h X
hm
]f
Bc 2: Vi2t +u t'Knh /?i h/ 0; +u t'Knh 4h@, c8n 9:ng mni +u t'KnhA
T'Cc 4hi c8n 9:ng mni +u t'Knh 1 thu-n ti=n ch/ cc 3hIng t'Knh ta nn Mng mGt 4o ?/ >;
c8n 9:ng 7H nguyn t@ thuGc f 02 3hIng t'Knh 7au 1 nh8n 7H >Fng cc nguyn t@ 0Ci 7H d>dct'/n
nh(ng h/<c nh-nA
f ed
hg
h f? gd

f ed
l

X
hf
X
hm
h fd
Bc 3: TKm h= 7H thpch hF3 ch/ tng s electron cho cht kh nhng bng tng s electron m
cht oxi ho nhn
Q f ed
hg
h f? gd

f ed
l

g X
hf
X
hm
h fd
Bc 4: q<t h= 7H c6a cc /?i h/ 0; cht 4h@ 0;/ 7I 1* 3hn 5ngA H/;n th;nh 3hIng t'Knh h/
hc
edf]g h gX] f ed h gX]f
V d 2: c-3 3hIng t'Knh h/ hc 7au thd/ 3hIng 3h3 th&ng 9:ng d>dct'/n:
Zn]f h HX> ZnX>f h X>f h Hf]
Bc 1: Jc 1inh 7H /?i h/ c6a nhjng nguyn tH c 7H /?i h/ thay 1iA
V-n !ng cc +uy tkc ?c 1inh 7H /?i h/ :
Zn
hm
]f h HX>
-Q
Zn
hf
X>f h X>
l
f h Hf]
Bc 2: Vi2t +u t'Knh /?i h/ 0; +u t'Knh 4h@, c8n 9:ng mni +u t'KnhA
Zn
hm
h fd

Zn
hf

f X>
-Q
X>f h fd
Bc 3: TKm h= 7H thpch hF3 ch/ tng s electron cho cht kh nhng bng tng s electron m
cht oxi ho nhn
Q Zn
hm
h fd

Zn
hf

Q f X>
-Q
X>f h fd
Bc 4: q<t h= 7H c6a cc /?i h/ 0; cht 4h@ 0;/ 7I 1* 3hn 5ngA H/;n th;nh 3hIng t'Knh h/
hc
Zn]f h m HX> ZnX>f h X>f h fHf]
V d 3 : c-3 3hIng t'Knh h/ hc 7au thd/ 3hIng 3h3 th&ng 9:ng d>dct'/n:
edg ]m h HN]g >/Dng ed(N]g"g h N] h Hf]
Bc 1: Jc 1inh 7H /?i h/ c6a nhjng nguyn tH c 7H /?i h/ thay 1iA
edg
hrsg
]m h HN
ht
]g >/Dng ed
hg
(N]g"g h N
hf
] h Hf]
Bc 2: Vi2t +u t'Knh /?i h/ 0; +u t'Knh 4h@, c8n 9:ng mni +u t'KnhA
qi%n t'Cc ed
hrsg
0; ed
hg
h= 7H g t'Cc 4hi c8n 9:ng mni +u t'KnhA
ged
hrsg
h g?(g- rsg" d

g ed
hg

N
ht
N
hf
h gd
Bc 3: TKm h= 7H thpch hF3 ch/ tng s electron cho cht kh nhng bng tng s electron m
cht oxi ho nhn
g ged
hrsg
h g?(g- rsg" d

g ed
hg

Q N
ht
N
hf
h gd
Bc 4: q<t h= 7H c6a cc /?i h/ 0; cht 4h@ 0;/ 7I 1* 3hn 5ngA H/;n th;nh 3hIng t'Knh h/
hc
gedg ]m h frHN]g >/Dng u ed(N]g"g h N] h Qm Hf]
V d 4 : c-3 3hIng t'Knh h/ hc 7au thd/ 3hIng 3h3 th&ng 9:ng d>dct'/n:
edS]m h afX'f]v h HfS]m edf(S]m"g h afS]m h X'f(S]m"g h Hf]
Bc 1: Jc 1inh 7H /?i h/ c6a nhjng nguyn tH c 7H /?i h/ thay 1iA
ed
hf
S]m h afX'
hw
f]v h HfS]m ed
hg
f(S]m"g h afS]m h X'
hg
f(S]m"g h Hf]
Bc 2: Vi2t +u t'Knh /?i h/ 0; +u t'Knh 4h@, c8n 9:ng mni +u t'KnhA
qi%n t'Cc ed
hf
0; ed
hg
h= 7H fA qi%n t'Cc X'
hw
0; X'
hg
h= 7H f t'Cc 4hi c8n 9:ng mni +u t'KnhA
fed
hf
h f ? Qd

f ed
hg

fX'
hw
fX'
hg
h f?gd
Bc 3: TKm h= 7H thpch hF3 ch/ tng s electron cho cht kh nhng bng tng s electron m
cht oxi ho nhn
g fed
hf


f ed
hg
h f ? Qd
Q f X'
hw
h f?gd fX'
hg

Bc 4: q<t h= 7H c6a cc /?i h/ 0; cht 4h@ 0;/ 7I 1* 3hn 5ngA H/;n th;nh 3hIng t'Knh h/
hc
wedS]m h afX'f]v h v HfS]m gedf(S]m"g h afS]m h X'f(S]m"g h vHf]
V d 5:c-3 3hIng t'Knh h/ hc 7au thd/ 3hIng 3h3 th&ng 9:ng d>dct'/n:
x> h edg]m x>f]g h ed
Bc 1: Jc 1inh 7H /?i h/ c6a nhjng nguyn tH c 7H /?i h/ thay 1iA
x>
l
h edg
hrsg
]m x>f
hg
]g h ed
l
Bc 2: Vi2t +u t'Knh /?i h/ 0; +u t'Knh 4h@, c8n 9:ng mni +u t'KnhA
qi%n t'Cc ed
hrsg
0; ed
l
h= 7H gA qi%n t'Cc x>
l
0; x>
hg
h= 7H f t'Cc 4hi c8n 9:ng mni +u t'KnhA
ged
hrsg
h g ? rsgd

g ed
l

f x>
l
fx>
hg
h f?gd
Bc 3: TKm h= 7H thpch hF3 ch/ tng s electron cho cht kh nhng bng tng s electron m
cht oxi ho nhn
g ged
hrsg
h g ? rsgd

g ed
l

m f x>
l
fx>
hg
h f?gd
Bc 4: q<t h= 7H c6a cc /?i h/ 0; cht 4h@ 0;/ 7I 1* 3hn 5ngA H/;n th;nh 3hIng t'Knh h/
hc
8 x> h gedg]m mx>f]g h ued
V d 6:c-3 3hIng t'Knh h/ hc 7au thd/ 3hIng 3h3 th&ng 9:ng d>dct'/n:
ed(]H"f h ]f h Hf] ed(]H"g
Bc 1: Jc 1inh 7H /?i h/ c6a nhjng nguyn tH c 7H /?i h/ thay 1iA
ed
hf
(]H"f h ]
l
f h Hf] ed
hg
(]
-f
H"g
Bc 2: Vi2t +u t'Knh /?i h/ 0; +u t'Knh 4h@, c8n 9:ng mni +u t'KnhA
qi%n t'Cc ]
-f
h= 7H fA t'Cc 4hi c8n 9:ng mni +u t'KnhA

ed
hf


ed
hg
h Qd
]
l
f h f?fd f]
- f

Bc 3: TKm h= 7H thpch hF3 ch/ tng s electron cho cht kh nhng bng tng s electron m
cht oxi ho nhn
m ed
hf


ed
hg
h Qd
Q ]
l
f h f?fd f]
- f

Bc 4: q<t h= 7H c6a cc /?i h/ 0; cht 4h@ 0;/ 7I 1* 3hn 5ngA H/;n th;nh 3hIng t'Knh h/
hc
m ed(]H"f h ]f h f Hf] m ed(]H"g
V d :c-3 3hIng t'Knh h/ hc 7au thd/ 3hIng 3h3 th&ng 9:ng d>dct'/n:
aX>]m h x> aX> h x>f]g
Bc 1: Jc 1inh 7H /?i h/ c6a nhjng nguyn tH c 7H /?i h/ thay 1iA
aX>
hv
]m h x>
l
aX>
-Q
h x>
hg
f]g
Bc 2: Vi2t +u t'Knh /?i h/ 0; +u t'Knh 4h@, c8n 9:ng mni +u t'KnhA
qi%n t'Cc x>
l
0; x>
hg
h= 7H fA t'Cc 4hi c8n 9:ng mni +u t'KnhA
fx>
l


fx>
hg
h f?gd
X>
hv
h rd X>
-

Bc 3: TKm h= 7H thpch hF3 ch/ tng s electron cho cht kh nhng bng tng s electron m
cht oxi ho nhn
m fx>
l


fx>
hg
h f?gd
g X>
hv
h rd X>
-

Bc 4: q<t h= 7H c6a cc /?i h/ 0; cht 4h@ 0;/ 7I 1* 3hn 5ngA H/;n th;nh 3hIng t'Knh h/
hc
g aX>
hv
]m h r x>
l
g aX>
-Q
h m x>
hg
f]g
Nh 0-y c8n 9:ng 7H nguyn t@ 9:ng 7H i/n h/<c 7H i/n 9:ng 7H i/n t'Cc 4hi c8n 9:ng cc +u
t'Knh /?i h/ 0; +u t'Knh 4h@ giE3 ng(i >;m thu-n ti=n hIn 't nhi%u >Ln, ch/ 42t +u nhanh hIn
0; 1y 3h5c t$3 hInA
NONP f: )HRSNP TTUNH )HVN WNP Tz ]J^ H]_ V` Tz aHb
V d 1:c-3 3hIng t'Knh h/ hc 7au thd/ 3hIng 3h3 th&ng 9:ng d>dct'/n:
X>f h Na]H NaX> h NaX>] h Hf]
Bc 1: Jc 1inh 7H /?i h/ c6a nhjng nguyn tH c 7H /?i h/ thay 1iA
X>
l
f h Na]H NaX>
-Q
h NaX>
hQ
] h Hf]
Bc 2: Vi2t +u t'Knh /?i h/ 0; +u t'Knh 4h@, c8n 9:ng mni +u t'KnhA
qi%n t'Cc X>
-
0; X>
h
c6a cc +u t'Knh h= 7H f t'Cc 4hi c8n 9:ngA
X>
l
f h f?Qd fX>
-
X>
l
f fX>
h
h f? Qd
Bc 3: TKm h= 7H thpch hF3 ch/ tng s electron cho cht kh nhng bng tng s electron m
cht oxi ho nhn
Q X>
l
f h f?Qd fX>
-
Q X>
l
f fX>
h
h f? Qd
Bc 4: q<t h= 7H c6a cc /?i h/ 0; cht 4h@ 0;/ 7I 1* 3hn 5ngA H/;n th;nh 3hIng t'Knh h/
hc
f X>f h m Na]H f NaX> h f NaX>] h f Hf]
Rt gn cc h s thu c phng trnh vi h s ti gin
X>f h f Na]H NaX> h NaX>] h Hf]
V d 2:c-3 3hIng t'Knh h/ hc 7au thd/ 3hIng 3h3 th&ng 9:ng d>dct'/n:
X>f h Na]H NaX> h NaX>]g h Hf]
Bc 1: Jc 1inh 7H /?i h/ c6a nhjng nguyn tH c 7H /?i h/ thay 1iA
X>
l
f h Na]H NaX>
-Q
h NaX>
ht
]g h Hf]
Bc 2: Vi2t +u t'Knh /?i h/ 0; +u t'Knh 4h@, c8n 9:ng mni +u t'KnhA
qi%n t'Cc X>
-
0; X>
ht
c6a cc +u t'Knh h= 7H f t'Cc 4hi c8n 9:ngA
X>
l
f h f?Qd fX>
-
X>
l
f fX>
ht
h f? td
Bc 3: TKm h= 7H thpch hF3 ch/ tng s electron cho cht kh nhng bng tng s electron m
cht oxi ho nhn
t X>
l
f h f?Qd fX>
-
Q X>
l
f fX>
ht
h f? td
Bc 4: q<t h= 7H c6a cc /?i h/ 0; cht 4h@ 0;/ 7I 1* 3hn 5ngA H/;n th;nh 3hIng t'Knh h/
hc
6 X>f h Qf Na]H Ql NaX> h fNaX>]g h w Hf]
Rt gn cc h s thu c phng trnh vi h s ti gin
g X>f h w Na]H t NaX> h NaX>] h gHf]
NONP g : )HRSNP TTUNH )HVN WNP XY Z[T XH\T ]J^ H]_ V`
Hx^ XH\T aHb
V d 1:c-3 3hIng t'Knh h/ hc 7au thd/ 3hIng 3h3 th&ng 9:ng d>dct'/n:
edSf h ]f edf]g h S]f
Bc 1: Jc 1inh 7H /?i h/ c6a nhjng nguyn tH c 7H /?i h/ thay 1iA
ed
hf
S
-Q
f h ]
l
f ed
hg
f]
-f
g h S
hm
]
-f
f
Bc 2: Vi2t +u t'Knh /?i h/ 0; +u t'Knh 4h@, c8n 9:ng mni +u t'KnhA
T'Cc tin ta 0i2t cc +u t'Knh /?i h/, tng hF3 cc +u t'Knh /?i h/ 7a/ ch/ >; 7H nguyn >Ln
cht 4h@A Thm h= 7H f 0;/ t'Cc ed
hf
0; ed
hg
, thm h= 7H m 0;/ t'Cc S
-f
0; S
hm
1 1Fc 7H nguyn
>Ln edSf
#u t'Knh /?i h/:
fed
hf
f ed
hg
h f?Qd
mS
-Q
m S
hm
h m? td
f edSf f ed
hg
h m S
hm
h ffd
Sau 1 c8n 9:ng +u t'Knh 4h@:
qi%n h= 7H f 0;/ t'Cc ]
-f
:
]
l
f h f? fd f ]
-f

Tng hF3 f +u t'Knh /?i h/ 0; +u t'Knh 4h@:
f edSf f ed
hg
h m S
hm
h ffd
]
l
f h f? fd f ]
-f

Bc 3: TKm h= 7H thpch hF3 ch/ tng s electron cho cht kh nhng bng tng s electron m
cht oxi ho nhn
f f edSf f ed
hg
h m S
hm
h ffd
QQ ]
l
f h f? fd f ]
-f

Bc 4: q<t h= 7H c6a cc /?i h/ 0; cht 4h@ 0;/ 7I 1* 3hn 5ngA H/;n th;nh 3hIng t'Knh h/
hc
m edSf h QQ ]f fedf]g h r S]f
V d 2:c-3 3hIng t'Knh h/ hc 7au thd/ 3hIng 3h3 th&ng 9:ng d>dct'/n:
ed Sf h HN]g ed(N]g"g h HfS]m h N]f h Hf]
Bc 1: Jc 1inh 7H /?i h/ c6a nhjng nguyn tH c 7H /?i h/ thay 1iA
ed
hf
S
-Q
f h HN
ht
]g ed
hg
(N]g"g h HfS
hw
]m h N
hm
]f h Hf]
Bc 2: Vi2t +u t'Knh /?i h/ 0; +u t'Knh 4h@, c8n 9:ng mni +u t'KnhA
T'Cc tin ta 0i2t cc +u t'Knh /?i h/, tng hF3 cc +u t'Knh /?i h/ 7a/ ch/ >; 7H nguyn >Ln
cht 4h@A Thm h= 7H f 0;/ t'Cc S
-Q
0; S
hw
,1 1Fc 7H nguyn >Ln edSf
#u t'Knh /?i h/:
ed
hf
ed
hg
h Qd
fS
-Q
f S
hw
h f? vd
edSf ed
hg
h f S
hm
h Qtd
Sau 1 c8n 9:ng +u t'Knh 4h@:
N
ht
h Qd N
hm

Tng hF3 f +u t'Knh /?i h/ 0; +u t'Knh 4h@:
edSf ed
hg
h f S
hm
h Qtd
N
ht
h Qd N
hm

Bc 3: TKm h= 7H thpch hF3 ch/ tng s electron cho cht kh nhng bng tng s electron m
cht oxi ho nhn
Q edSf ed
hg
h f S
hm
h Qtd
Qt N
ht
h Qd N
hm

Bc 4: q<t h= 7H c6a cc /?i h/ 0; cht 4h@ 0;/ 7I 1* 3hn 5ngA H/;n th;nh 3hIng t'Knh h/
hc
ed Sf h Qr HN]g ed(N]g"g h f HfS]m h Qt N]f h v Hf]
NONP m : )HRSNP TTUNH )HVN WNP XY Hx^ XH\T ]J^ H]_ V`
Z[T XH\T aHb
V d 1: c-3 3hIng t'Knh h/ hc 7au thd/ 3hIng 3h3 th&ng 9:ng d>dct'/n:
ed h HN]g ed(N]g"g h N] h N]f h Hf] ( t{ >= N]:N]f|Q:f"
Bc 1: Jc 1inh 7H /?i h/ c6a nhjng nguyn tH c 7H /?i h/ thay 1iA
ed
l
h HN
ht
]g ed
hg
(N]g"g h N
hf
] h N
hm
]f h Hf]
Bc 2: Vi2t +u t'Knh /?i h/ 0; +u t'Knh 4h@, c8n 9:ng mni +u t'KnhA
T'Cc tin ta 0i2t cc +u t'Knh 4h@, tng hF3 cc +u t'Knh 4h@ 7a/ ch/ 1Eng t{ >= 0Ci yu cLu 1%
9;iA Thm h= 7H f 0;/ t'Cc N
hm
#u t'Knh ah@:
N
ht


h gd N
hf
fN
ht


h f? Qd f N
hm

gN
ht


h td N
hf
h f N
hm

Sau 1 c8n 9:ng +u t'Knh /?i h/ :
ed
l
ed
hg
h gd
Tng hF3 f +u t'Knh /?i h/ 0; +u t'Knh 4h@:
gN
ht


h td N
hf
h f N
hm

ed
l
ed
hg
h gd
Bc 3: TKm h= 7H thpch hF3 ch/ tng s electron cho cht kh nhng bng tng s electron m
cht oxi ho nhn
g gN
ht


h td N
hf
h f N
hm

t ed
l
ed
hg
h gd

Bc 4: q<t h= 7H c6a cc /?i h/ 0; cht 4h@ 0;/ 7I 1* 3hn 5ngA H/;n th;nh 3hIng t'Knh h/
hc
ted h fm HN]g ted(N]g"g hgN] h wN]f h QfHf] ( t{ >= N]:N]f|Q:f"
II.L!P PHNG TR"NH HO H#C C$% PH&N 'NG O(I HO )H*
THEO PHNG PHP TNG GI&+ ,- O(I HO
ai2n th5c cI 9n c6a 3hIng 3h3 n;y Ba t'n nguyn tkc:
- T'/ng mGt 3hn 5ng /?i h/ 4h@, tng 7H cc 7H /?i h/ t&ng 9:ng tng 7H /?i h/ gimA
- Xht c 7H /?i t&ng >; cht 4h@, cht c 7H /?i h/ gim >; cht /?i h/A
V d 1: c-3 3hIng t'Knh h/ hc c6a 3hn 5ng 7au:
edSf h ]f edf]g h S]f
- Jc 1inh 7H /?i h/ c6a cc nguyn tH thay 1iA
ed
hf
S
-Q
f h ]
l
f ed
hg
f]
-f
g h S
hm
]
-f
f
- TKm tng 7H /?i h/ t&ng 0; tng 7H /?i h/ gimA
T'/ng 3h8n t@ edSf: h SH /?i h/ c6a nguyn tH ed t&ng >;: hQ
h SH /?i h/ c6a nguyn tH S t&ng >;: ht?f | hQl
- TKm h= 7H tIng 5ng ch/ cc chtA
V-y tng 7H /?i h/ t&ng >;: hQQ ? m
T'/ng 3h8n t@ ]f 7H /?i h/ c6a ] gim : -f?f | -m ? QQ
V-y 3hIng t'Knh h/ hc c6a 3hn 5ng 1Fc 0i2t >;:
m edSf h QQ ]f f edf]g h r S]f
V d 2: c-3 3hIng t'Knh h/ hc c6a 3hn 5ng 7au:
ed Sf h HN]g ed(N]g"g h HfS]m h N]f h Hf]
- Jc 1inh 7H /?i h/ c6a cc nguyn tH thay 1iA
ed
hf
S
-Q
f h HN
ht
]g ed
hg
(N]g"g h HfS
hw
]m h N
hm
]f h Hf]
- TKm tng 7H /?i h/ t&ng 0; tng 7H /?i h/ gimA
T'/ng 3h8n t@ edSf: h SH /?i h/ c6a nguyn tH ed t&ng >;: hQ
h SH /?i h/ c6a nguyn tH S t&ng >;: hv?f | hQm
- TKm h= 7H tIng 5ng ch/ cc chtA

V-y tng 7H /?i h/ t&ng >;: hQt ? Q
7H /?i h/ c6a nguyn tH N gim : -Q ? Qt
V-y 3hIng t'Knh h/ hc c6a 3hn 5ng 1Fc 0i2t >;:
ed Sf h Qr HN]g ed(N]g"g h f HfS]m h Qt N]f h v Hf]
V d 3: >-3 3hIng t'Knh h/ hc c6a 3hn 5ng 7au:
ed h HN]g ed(N]g"g h N] h N]f h Hf] ( t{ >= N]:N]f|Q:f"
- Jc 1inh 7H /?i h/ c6a cc nguyn tH thay 1iA
ed
l
h HN
ht
]g ed
hg
(N]g"g h N
hf
] h N
hm
]f h Hf]
- TKm tng 7H /?i h/ t&ng 0; tng 7H /?i h/ gim 0; h= 7H tIng 5ng ch/ cc cht >;:
h SH /?i h/ c6a nguyn tH N gim >;: -gh(-Q?f" | -t ? g
h SH /?i h/ c6a nguyn tH ed t&ng >;: hg ? t
V-y 3hIng t'Knh h/ hc c6a 3hn 5ng 1Fc 0i2t >;:
ted h fm HN]g ted(N]g"ghgN] h wN]f h QfHf] ( t{ >= N]:N]f|Q:f"
III. C.N BNG PH&N 'NG O(I HO )H* THEO PHNG PHP
GN ,- O(I HO.
- NhFc 1im c6a 3hIng 3h3 n;y c 3h$m 0i 3 !ng h}3 0; 4hng m t 1Fc 1Eng 9n cht c6a
3hn 5ngA
- u 1im c6a 3hIng 3h3 >; tKm 'a h= 7H c8n 9:ng 3hn 5ng nhanh, 0K 0-y ch{ nn 3 !ng m5c
1G nht 1inhA
Nguyn tkc: t'/ng mGt 3hn 5ng c f tc nh8n 4h@ 4hc nhau cMng t'/ng mGt hF3 cht thK c/i mGt
tc nh8n 4h@ c 7H /?i h/ 4hng 1i 1 9i2n f tc nh8n 4h@ th;nh Q tc nh8n 4h@ 0; 4hi 1 ta 1D
+uy 0% $ng 9;i c mGt cht 4h@ 0; mGt cht /?i h/A
V d : X8n 9:ng 3hn 5ng /?i h/ 4h@ 7au:
edSf h ]f edf]g h S]f
~Knh th(ng ta 3hi ?c 1inh chpnh ?c 7H /?i h/ thay 1i nh 7au:
ed
hf
S
-Q
f h ]
l
f ed
hg
f]
-f
g h S
hm
]
-f
f
Nh 0-y ta thy t'/ng 3hn 5ng c f cht 4h@ 0; mGt cht /?i h/A q 3 !ng 3hIng 3h3 n;y thK
mGt t'/ng hai cht 4h@ c 7H /?i h/ 4hng 1iA
T'(ng hF3 Q: c/i 7H /?i h/ c6a nguyn tH S 4hng 1i ( ngha >; t'Cc 0; 7au 3hn 5ng 1%u c
m5c /?i h/ >; hm" thK cc nguyn tH c.n >$i t'/ng 3hn 5ng 1 1Fc ?c 1inh >$i nh 7au:
ed
-r
S
hm
f h ]
l
f ed
hg
f]
-f
g h S
hm
]
-f
f
Nh 0-y ni 0% 9n cht thBc c6a 3hn 5ng >; 4hng 1Eng ( thBc t2 nguyn tH ed 4hng c
m5c /?i h/ >; -r nhng t'/ng t'(ng hF3 n;y t$m th(i nh-n m5c /?i h/ -r" 0; n2u nh 0-y ta 1D
+uy 0% 3hn 5ng c mGt cht /?i h/ 0; mGt cht 4h@A
f f ed
-r
f ed
hg
h f? QQd
QQ ]f h f? fd f]
-f
)hIng t'Knh h/ hc >;:
m edSf h QQ]f f edf]g h r S]f
T'(ng hF3 f: c/i 7H /?i h/ c6a nguyn tH ed 4hng 1iA ( ngha >; t'Cc 3hn 5ng 0; 7au 3hn
5ng >; hg" thK cc nguyn tH c.n >$i 1Fc ?c 1inh nh 7au:
ed
hg
S
-gsf
f h ]
l
f ed
hg
f]
-f
g h S
hm
]
-f
f
Nh 0-y ni 0% 9n cht thBc c6a 3hn 5ng >; 4hng 1Eng ( thBc t2 nguyn tH S 4hng c m5c /?i
h/ >; -gsf nhng t'/ng t'(ng hF3 n;y t$m th(i nh-n m5c /?i h/ -gsf" 0; n2u nh 0-y ta 1D +uy
0% 3hn 5ng c mGt cht /?i h/ 0; mGt cht 4h@A
m f S
-gsf
f S
hm
h f( mhgsf"d
QQ ]f h f?fd f ]
-f
)hIng t'Knh h/ hc >;:
m edSf h QQ]f f edf]g h r S]f
Nh 0-y t'/ng c f t'(ng hF3 1%u ch/ 42t +u nh nhauA )hIng 3h3 n;y c8n 9:ng nhanh
nhng 0% 9n cht c6a 3hn 5ng thK 4hng 1EngA
IV.C.N BNG PH&N 'NG O(I HO )H* THEO PHNG PHP
/0I ,-.
Ru 1im: 3hIng 3h3 n;y 3 !ng ch/ cc 3hn 5ng /?i h/ 4h@ 3h5c t$3 t'/ng 1 c nhi%u cht
/?i h/ 0; c nhi%u cht 4h@A
NhFc 1im: )hIng 3h3 n;y 3hi gii h= 3hIng t'Knh 0Ci nhi%u n 7HA V% 9n cht 4hng m t
1Fc 9n cht c6a 3hn 5ngA
V d: X 3hIng t'Knh 3hn 5ng /?i h/ 4h@ 7au:
edXufSf h ]f edf]g h Xu] h S]f
q 3 !ng 3hIng 3h3 1$i 7H ta 1<t h= 7H c6a edXufSf >; a, ]f >; 9, edf]g >; c, Xu] >; , S]f >; dA
Ta c cc 3hIng t'Knh 1$i 7H 7au:
a edXufSf h 9 ]f c edf]g h Xu] h d S]f
Tpnh thd/ ed: ta c 3hIng t'Knh
a | fc (Q"
Tpnh thd/ Xu: ta c 3hIng t'Knh
fa | (f"
Tpnh thd/ S: ta c 3hIng t'Knh

fa | d (g"
Tpnh thd/ ] : ta c 3hIng t'Knh
f 9 | gc h h fd (m"
Pii h= 3hIng t'Knh : ta cA a | fc, 9 |Qtsf c, | mc, d | mc A
q<t c |Q , a |f, 9 |Qtsf, |m, d |m
q<t c|f , a |m, 9|Qt, |r, d |r ( nh-n 0K >; cc 7H nguyn tHi gin"
)hIng t'Knh h/ hc >;:
m edXufSf h Qt]f fedf]g h rXu] h rS]fA

T'n 18y >; mGt 7H 3hIng 3h3 c8n 9:ng 3hn 5ng /?i ha 4h@ m; ti 1D 1Ec 'Et 1Fc, /
1i%u 4i=n th(i gian nghin c5u ngkn nn cha tha mDn h2t cc yu cLu m; cc 1*ng nghi=3 cLn
1Fc 13 5ngA
Jin t'8n t'ng ti23 thu cc 4i2n g3 A