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A glass of fresh water from the tap - a In nature there is (6) ...... such thing as
luxury? The reality is that for some 1.1 billion either a beneficial or an undesirable wild
people access to safe drinking water is (1) animal. In Georgia, (7) ......, where quail are
...... they can only dream about. Some 2.4 valued as game birds, sportsmen once shot
billion people worldwide similarly do not have marsh hawks (8) ...... the hawks sometimes
access to adequate sanitation. Yet access to killed quail. But the shooting of marsh hawks
safe drinking water and sanitation is not just failed to increase the numbers of quail.
a luxury. It often makes the difference (2) Examination of stomach contents showed
...... life and death. Half of the world's that the marsh hawk feeds mainly upon the
hospital beds are occupied by (3) ...... of cotton rat, which eats the eggs of quail and
waterbome diseases. And an estimated 6,000 other ground-nesting birds. By being a (9)
children die each day from diseases caused ...... greater enemy of cotton rats than of
by poor sanitation and hygiene. Add to this quail, the marsh hawk proves (10) ...... to
the increasing pressure (4) ...... the world's be a friend of the quail. The killing of marsh
freshwater supply over the last 50 years, and hawks has now largely ceased in Georgia,
the continuous degradation of water quality and marsh hawks and quail are growing more
in many regions around the world, and there numerous side by side.
is no doubt that the challenge before us is
(5) ...... .
(11) ...... of our knowledge of dinosaurs No one knows when or where the first circus
comes from North America. From 1870 into act (16) ...... place. It's probable that
the early 1900s, two men dominated the displays of physical skill and animal training
search for dinosaurs in the western United (17) ...... people for many thousands of
States, and their rivalry became a bitter years. Some circus acts are so old that even
conflict. One was Othniel Charles Marsh, of the ancient Romans, who coined the word
Yale University, and (12) ...... was Edward circus, did not know where they originated. It
Drinker Cope. (13) ...... man controlled (14) was not (18) ...... the late 1700s that the
...... scientific journal, and it is reported that modem circus began to take form. It is
their field crews would occasionally shoot at believed that the modern circus originated in
one another and destroy each other's fossils. the exhibitions of horsemanship that became
Still, (15) ...... men made lasting and popular in England. A former cavalryman,
valuable contributions to our knowledge of Philip Astley, was presenting such feats in
dinosaurs, though their conflict caused them London in 1768. Astley put his horses
to work hurriedly and in many instances to through their paces in a large circle, or ring.
forego the customary patience and caution (19) ...... his time, the ring has been the
required in the science of paleontology. central performance area of the circus. Astley
embellished his London show with music,
acrobats, tumblers, ropewalkers and a clown.
In 1783 he built the first real circus in France.
Soon circuses similar to the Astley pattern
(20) ...... across the continent of Europe and
in the United States.
20- A) perform
15- A) all B) every B) have performed
C) some D) both C) were performing
E) either D) have been performing
E) are performing
ALBERT NAMATJIRA DIFFERENT FROM THE REST
Known primarily for his watercolours of Like the land (26) ...... the people of Ladakh
Australian landscapes, Albert Namatjira was are generally quite different from those of the
an aboriginal artist (21) ...... successfully rest of India. The faces and physique of the
combined modern European painting Ladakhis, and the clothes they wear, are
techniques (22) ...... subject matter from his more (27) ...... those of Tibet and Central
native land. A member of the Aranda tribe, Asia (28) ...... those of India. The original
Namatjira was born at a Christian mission in population may have been Dards, an Indo-
Hermannsburg in the Northern Territory (23) Aryan race that moved down from the Indus
...... July 28. 1902. He received his education and Gilgit area. But immigration from Tibet,
at the mission. He later worked at a number perhaps a millennium or so (29) ...... largely
of menial jobs (24) ...... he discovered overwhelmed the culture of the Dards and
painting at a 1934 exhibition of works by Rex changed their racial characteristics. In
Battarbee. Although unschooled in art, eastern and central Ladakh, today's
Namatjira tried his hand at drawing. In 1936 population seems to be mostly of Tibetan
he again met Battarbee, who tutored origin. Further west, in and around Kargil, the
(25) ...... in watercolours. He was soon able people's appearance suggests a mixed origin.
to produce works of merit and sell them. In The exception to this generalization is the
1938 the first exhibit of his works was held in Arghons, a community of Muslims in Leh,
Melbourne. It was so successful that all 41 who originated as a result of marriages (30)
paintings on display were sold. Later ...... local women and Kashmiri or Central
exhibitions followed in Adelaide, Sydney, Asian merchants.
Perth and Alice Springs.
26- A) them B) their
21- A) where B) who C) their own D) itself
C) when D) what E) its own
E) how
5- A) encouraged B) charged
C) recovered D) engaged 10- A) so that B) for whom
E) distracted C) while D) ever since
E) how
MINIATURIZATION CULTURE A CITY BELOW SEA LEVEL
Because of the rapid technological advances A great part of the city of New Orleans is
in Japan, an extensive miniaturization culture located below sea level and lies (16) ...... the
has developed. For example, a foldable Mississippi River and Lake Pontchartrain, so
umbrella (11) ......size is just a quarter of a the city is (17) ...... by levees, that is,
usual umbrella's size has been developed, not barriers constructed to stop the flow of water
to mention miniaturization in cellular into the city. Until the early 20th century,
telephony. (12) ...... call this process, construction was largely limited (18) ......
another example of which is bonsai, the slightly higher ground along old natural
"minimization". It may also be interesting to river levees, since (19) ...... of the rest of
(13) ...... that miniaturization also occurs in the land was swampy and subject to frequent
living spaces, such as hotels for business flooding. In the 1910s engineer and inventor
workers which are often the size of a single A. Baldwin Wood enacted his ambitious plan
cubicle. Such phenomena occur (14) ......due to drain the city, including large pumps of his
to technological advances, but are also own design, which are still used (20) ......
motivated by the strong concern for space in heavy rains hit the city.
(15) ...... populated areas.
16- A) between B) at
11- A) which B) that C) within D) through
C) how D) whose E) across
E) what
The term "TV addiction" is imprecise and "Extreme sports", also known (26) ......
loaded with value judgements, but it captures action sports, is a general term for a
the essence of a very real phenomenon. All collection of newer sports (27) ...... involve
people (21) ...... suffer from substance adrenaline-inducing action. They often
dependence have certain symptoms (22) feature a combination of speed, height,
...... .They spend (23) ...... of time using the danger and spectacular stunts. (28) ......
substance; they use it more often than they levels of danger vary greatly among the
intend to; they often think about reducing different sports, there is always an element -
their use and even make repeated (but an "extreme" factor -that causes adrenaline
generally unsuccessful) efforts to do so; they to flow. Some extreme sports, such as rock-
(24) ...... important social, family or climbing and ice-climbing, have been around
occupational activities (25) ...... using the (29) ...... many decades. Another example is
substance; and they report withdrawal surfing, which was originally invented
symptoms when they actually stop using. centuries (30) ...... by the native inhabitants
Studies have shown that all of these of Hawaii.
characteristics apply also to so-called "TV
addicts".
2- A) will make B) would rather make 7- A) come up with B) try out for
C) are making D) must have made C) think back on D) go along to
E) could make E) live up to
8- A) abolish B) incite
3- A) about B) between C) pursue D) inspire
C) off D) in E) persuade
E) through
For more than a century, people have relied (16) ...... burning fossil fuels, humans pump
on fossil fuels such as oil, coal and gas for billions of tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) and
their energy needs. Now, worldwide, both other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
people and the environment (11) ...... the These gases create a "greenhouse effect",
disastrous consequences of this. Global thickening the natural canopy of gases in the
warming, caused by burning fossil fuels, is atmosphere and causing more heat to
(12) ...... environmental problem we face become trapped on the Earth's surface. (17)
today. People are changing the climate that ......, the global temperature is increasing,
made life on earth possible and the results throwing the world's climate out of its natural
are catastrophic - extreme weather balance into chaos. The main source of these
conditions causing droughts and floods; a human-produced greenhouse gases is the
disruption of water supplies; the melting burning of large amounts of fossil fuels for
polar regions and the consequent rising sea energy production and transport. Changes in
levels; the loss of coral reefs; and many land use and deforestation also release more
more. Scientists and governments worldwide CO2 into the environment. Trees, (18) ......
have agreed on the latest evidence of are natural "carbon sinks", absorbing CO2,
human-induced climate change, its impacts and when they are destroyed, CO2 is
and predictions of (13) ...... is to come. It is released back into the atmosphere. Although
not (14) ...... to slow global warming and many greenhouse gases occur naturally, the
(15) ...... the climatic catastrophe that rate (19) ...... humans are adding them to
scientists predict, and in fact the solutions the atmosphere is far from natural. It is
already exist: renewable energy sources, estimated that concentrations of CO2 are 30
such as wind and solar power, offer abundant percent higher than before the industrial
clean energy that is safe for the environment revolution, when the large-scale burning of
and good for the economy fossil fuels (20) ...... .
"Source: Greenpeace (httpj/www, "Source: Greenpeace (ht tp://www.
greenpeace. org)" greenpeace. org)"
The latest report from the International Panel Wind power is already a significant source of
on Climate Change (IPCC) says that energy in many parts of the world. It can
hundreds of technologies are (21) ...... supply 10 percent of the world's electricity
available, (22) ...... very low cost, that can (26) ...... two decades from now. Over the
reduce climate-damaging emissions, and that past years, solar power (27) ...... globally by
government policies need to remove the 33 percent annually. Greenpeace and
barriers to using these technologies. industrial research show that with some
Implementing these methods will not require government support, the solar power
humans to make sacrifices or otherwise industry could supply electricity to over 2
hinder their quality of life. (23) ...... it will billion people globally in the next 20 years,
enable people to usher in a new era of energy and by 2040, solar panels (28) ...... to a
(24) ...... will bring economic growth, new capacity large enough to supply nearly 25
jobs, technological innovation and, most percent of the global electricity demand. A
importantly, environmental protection. report conducted by global financial analysts
However, for green solutions to global KPMG shows that a solar power plant could
warming to find a foothold in the market, become cost-competitive with traditional
governments and corporations need to lead fossil fuels (29) ...... the production of solar
the shift (25) ...... polluting technologies. At panels was increased to 500 megawatts a
present, fossil fuel industries are provided year. (30) ...... renewable power plant could
with billions of dollars of government support have the same costs and provide the same
so that dirty energy is able to stay cheap. jobs as a coal-fired plant, but with significant
This means that while polluting industries are environmental advantages. "Source:
allowed to pollute for free, clean technologies Greenpeace (http://www.greenpeace.org)"
are left under-funded. "Source: Greenpeace
(http://www.greenpeace.org)"
Of all North American birds, by far the most The only bird of prey that lives and hunts
famed (1) ...... its vocal imitations is the primarily on the ground is the secretary bird.
mockingbird. (2) ...... its own cheerful song, It is best known as a killer of snakes. In its
the common mockingbird's repertoire (3) native home in the dry uplands of Africa, it is
...... to include the songs of 39 other species sometimes kept around farms to catch
of birds, 50 different call notes, the cackling snakes, rodents, reptiles and large insects.
of a hen, and the barking of a dog.The The secretary bird hunts on foot and kills its
mockingbird is the (4) ...... of a robin- about prey (6) ...... kicking, stamping or flailing it
27 centimetres long with a wingspan of about against the ground. The bird is very (7) .......
36 centimetres. It is coloured ashen gray moving around quickly and easily, and with
above, paler below, with conspicuous white its long legs it can deliver blows from a safe
wing patches. The long, rounded tail is edged distance. If its victim does not succumb, the
with white. Mockingbirds feed on insects - bird may snatch the animal, take flight and
primarily grasshoppers and beetles - as well drop the victim from aloft. In most African
as on seeds and berries. They are active, nations, the birds (8) ...... legally.
aggressive and inquisitive. In the vigorous The secretary bird is (9) ...... named because
defense of their young, they will attack dogs, the tuft of stiff feathers that projects from the
cats or (5) ...... humans. back of its head and neck makes it look (10)
...... an old-time secretary with a bunch of
1- A) for B) to quill pens stuck behind an ear.
C) around D) against
E) with 6- A) over B) by
C) about D) towards
E) at
4- A) size B) arrangement 9- A) as B) so
C) fit D) measure C) just D) how
E) enemy E) what
The "man-of-war bird," (11) ...... the frigate A bird (16) ...... tail has brought it fame is
bird is sometimes called, (12) ...... a the lyrebird of Australia. (17) ...... the 16
feathered airplane. Seemingly without effort strange tail feathers of the male, this bird is
it floats high in the air for hours (13) ....... not (18) ...... being similar to other birds in
altering its course by movements so slight as most respects. Both male and female are of
to be almost invisible. There are five species ordinary form, about the size of a hen, and of
in this unusual family. All are tropical. The a sooty brown colour with a few red
largest occurs in (14) ...... hemispheres, markings. The tail feathers are about 2 feet
mainly north of the equator, and has been long. When relaxed, they droop like a
seen on rare occasions as far north as Nova peacock's train. When they are raised,
Scotia. Other species appear in the Central however, they take the shape of a lyre. The
Pacific and Indian Oceans. The frigate bird tail does not fully attain (19) ......
has a long, stout, hooked bill. The tail is characteristic shape (20) ...... the bird is
extremely long and deeply forked. The birds' about 4 years old. It is shed in the fall and
bones are of a structure that makes their renewed in spring.
bodies (15) ...... than that of any other bird
of equal wing size. When spread, the long
narrow wings measure 3 metres from tip to
tip. The bird has very small legs, however,
and so it is almost helpless on land.
The Portuguese call it beija-flor, meaning In some parts of Europe the white stork (26)
"kiss-flower". The Aztecs decorated their ...... to bring (27) ...... good luck ...... people
emperors' ceremonial cloaks with its feathers. fix platforms and baskets to their rooftops in
The dazzling hummingbird (21) ...... order to (28) ...... the birds to nest there.
captures people's fancy. A hummingbird can When a child is born, some people say that
hover in the air (22) ...... special flight the parents have had a "visit from the stork".
muscles that allow it to beat its wings 38 to It is largely because of these myths that
78 times per second, and it is the only bird storks (29) ...... from destruction up to now.
that can fly backward. The smallest Storks are large, long-legged birds that (30)
hummingbirds can attain wing-beat ...... in height from about 0.6 metres to more
frequencies of 200 per second (23) ...... than 1.5 metres. Their pointed bills are long
courtship flights, when the males (24) ...... and heavy, and all or part of their head and
their brilliant feathers. The female builds a neck may be bare of feathers and brightly
cup-shaped nest from moss, seed down and coloured. They fly, alternately flapping and
spider webs. She alone incubates the tiny soaring, with legs trailing and necks
eggs, of which there are usually only two, outstretched.
and raises the young (25) ...... .
People have enjoyed chewing gum-like George Crum was a Native American man
substances, most of (1) ...... are made from employed as a chef at Moon Lake Lodge, an
the thickened resin and latex from certain elegant resort in Saratoga Springs, New York.
kinds of trees, in many times and many Crum prepared French fried potatoes for the
lands. Since very ancient times, the peoples resort's guests in the thick-cut French style
of Mexico have chewed chicle, a gumlike popular at the time. One evening in the
substance (2) ...... from tropical American summer of 1853, a dinner guest found
trees such as the sapodilla. In 1845, after his Crum's French fries too thick for his liking
defeat by the Americans in Texas, the and sent them back; (6) ......, Crum cut and
Mexican general Santa Anna (3) ...... to New fried a thinner batch, but these, (7) .......
York, and like many of his countrymen, he were met with disapproval. Angrily, Crum
chewed chicle. One day, he introduced it to decided to annoy the guest by producing fries
the inventor Thomas Adams, who began too thin and crisp (8) ...... with a fork.
experimenting with it (4) ...... a substitute However, the plan backfired, as the guest
for rubber. Adams tried to make toys, masks loved the browned, paper-thin potatoes, and
and rain boots out of chicle, but every soon other diners began requesting (9) ......
experiment failed. Sitting frustrated in his was to become - under the name of Saratoga
workshop one afternoon, he popped a piece chips - a house specialty. They remained a
of the surplus chicle into his mouth. As he local dish until the 1920s, when travelling
chewed, the idea suddenly hit him to add salesman Herman Lay popularized them by
flavouring to the chicle. Shortly, he opened peddling them to grocery stores from the
the world's first chewing gum factory. By the trunk of his car, building a business and a
early 1900s, with improved methods of name that would become synonymous (10)
manufacturing, packaging and marketing, ...... the thin, salty snack.
modern chewing gum was well on
(5) ......way to the popularity which it still
enjoys.
7- A) either B) so
2- A) obtained B) mixed C) too D) neither
C) pasted D) transmitted E) well
E) spread
9- A) which B) what
4- A) to B) about C) that D) when
C) from D) along E) how
E) as
In the 1870s, a Connecticut baker named The modern story of the yo-yo starts with a
William Russel Frisbee (21) ...... a clever young gentleman from the Philippines named
marketing idea: he put the family name in Pedro Flores, who moved to the USA in the
relief on the bottom of the light tin pans (22) 1920s and began working as a bellhop at a
...... his company's homemade pies were hotel in Santa Monica, California. Carving and
sold. Because the pans were reusable, every playing with wooden objects similar to the
time a housewife started to bake her own pie future yo-yo was a traditional pastime in the
in one, she would see the name Frisbee and, Philippines, but Pedro found that his lunch
it was hoped, would think, "How much (23) break playing drew a/an (26) ...... crowd to
...... it would be just to buy one!" Eventually the hotel. While playing, he would shout out
Mr. Frisbee's pies were sold (24) ...... most "Yo! Yo!" - meaning "Come! Come!" in the
of Connecticut. It was at Yale University in Pilipino language - (27) ...... attract even
this same state that, sometime in the 1940s, more people. He eventually started a
students began throwing the pie tins through company, the Flores Yo-Yo Company, to
the air and catching them. A decade later, make the toys. Donald F. Duncan, an
out in California, a UFO enthusiast named entrepreneur, first encountered the yo-yo
Walter Frederick Morrison designed a saucer- (28) ...... a business trip to California in
like disk for playing catch. It was produced 1928, and returned a year later to buy the
by a company named Wham-O. On a company from Flores, thus acquiring
promotional tour of college campuses, the (29) ...... a unique toy ....... the magic name
president of Wham-O encountered the pie- "yo-yo". In the 1950s, Duncan introduced the
plate-tossing craze at Yale. And so the flying first plastic yoyos and in 1962, (30) ...... yo-
saucer from California was renamed yo boom in history hit the nation thanks to
(25) ...... the pie plate from Connecticut. the innovative use of TV advertising.
1- A) playing B) played
C) being played D) to play 6- A) rejoice B) renovate
E) play C) represent D) remove
E) recover
2- A) not only...but also
B) either...or
C) so much...that 7- A) not only B) such
D) such...that C) barely D) also
E) neither...nor E) just
9- A) that B) what
4- A) in time B) at the time C) why D) how
C) over time D) at times E) when
E) out of time
10- A) had contracted
5- A) them B) his own B) was contracted
C) him D) himself C) was contracting
D) had been contracted
E) has contracted
MUHAMMAD ALI TOMMIE SMITH AND JOHN CARLOS
"Float like a butterfly, sting like a bee." This Few people may remember the names Tommie
is how Muhammad Ali, one of the greatest Smith and John Carlos, yet (16) ...... they did
boxers in history, described his fighting style. during the medal award ceremony for the 200-
Nearly as famous (11) ...... his poetic way meter race in the 1968 Summer Olympics in
with words as his spectacular abilities, Ali was Mexico City will never be forgotten. As the flag
born with the name Cassius Clay in Louisville, rose up the pole and the American national anthem
Kentucky. He first gained the heavyweight began, Smith and Carlos closed their eyes, bowed
championship belt in 1964 with a surprise their heads and raised one black-gloved fist (17)
victory (12) ...... then-champion Sonny ......- a symbol of the Black Power movement.
Liston. Around the same time, he became The two athletes were protesting the failure of
known for other reasons (13) ......: he joined the United States government to do anything to
the Nation of Islam and adopted the name truly eliminate the injustices Black Americans
(14) ...... he is now remembered, and he were facing. Smith later told the media that his
also refused to serve in the American army right, black-gloved fist represented Black power
during the Vietnam War. For this action he in America, while Carlos' left fist represented
was stripped of his championship belt, Black unity: together they formed an arch of
banned from boxing and sentenced to five unity and power. The black scarf around Smith's
years in prison. When he was finally allowed neck stood for Black pride and their black socks
to fight again, he soon managed to regain the (they wore (18) ...... shoes) represented Black
championship belt, and he would go on to win poverty in racist America. For their actions, the
the belt twice more before finally (15) ...... men were rewarded by being stripped of their
in 1981. After his retirement, he continued as medals, forced to leave Mexico and banned from
a hero to millions around the world: in 1985, ever again participating in the Olympics. In the
he was asked to negotiate for the release of end, (19) ......, the event turned out to be
kidnapped Americans in Lebanon, and he also (20) ...... one of the most memorable events in
lit the Olympic flame at the 1996 Summer Olympic history ...... a milestone in America's
Olympics in Atlanta, USA. civil rights movement.
The fact that Tommie Smith, in winning the When we think of basketball legend Michael
200-meter race in 1968, had set a world Jordan, we think of a man soaring through
record is now largely forgotten as a result of the air, his tongue hanging from his mouth in
the medal ceremony protest, but not (21) concentration as he defies gravity to score
...... with the record of another American two (26) ...... points for the Chicago Bulls.
athlete -Bob Beamon; who specialized in the His face is known throughout the world, from
long jump. Beamon had considered taking Baltimore to Bangladesh, and the image of
part in Smith and Carlos's Black Power him leaping upwards, basketball in hand, was
protest, but eventually (22) ...... doing long used as a symbol for the Nike company.
something just (23) ...... memorable. Prior He played college ball at the University of
to Beamon's long jump in Mexico City in North Carolina, (27) ...... in 1982 he won the
1968, the world record in that event (24) championship game with a last-second shot.
...... 13 times since 1901, with an average Professionally, he played for the Bulls for
increase of 0.06 meters and the longest thirteen seasons and won numerous honors,
increase being 0.15 meters. As Beamon not to mention six NBA championships.
prepared, the world record stood at 8.35 Though he was unstoppable on the court, he
meters - and then he jumped 8.90 meters, was not immune to tragedy (28) ...... it: in
shattering the record by 0.55 meters. (25) August 1993, his father, James Jordan, was
...... the defending Olympic champion, Lynn murdered. (29) ...... returning from the
Davies of England, told Beamon, "You have funeral of a friend, he had decided to pull
destroyed this event," and in track and field over onto the side of the road to take a nap.
jargon a new adjective - "Beamonesque" - As he slept, two local criminals pulled up,
came into use to describe spectacular feats. killed him, and stole his car - the car which
Beamon's record wasn't broken until 1991, Michael had recently bought him as a gift.
twenty-three years later, when Mike Powell The men were soon caught, but Michael
jumped 8.95 meters at the Track and Field -understandably traumatized by the incident
World Championships in Tokyo. - retired soon after. However, (30) ...... a
year
he was back on the court, dominating the
21- A) like B) so game as he had always done.
C) what D) such
E) though 26- A) much B) most
C) so D) more
E) same
TEST 7
"SO, WHAT SHALL WE GO SEE TONIGHT?": FILM GENRES
3- A) recommended B) scheduled
C) ordered D) proposed
E) outlined 8- A) them B) they
C) theirs D) their
E) themselves
4- A) out of B) amidst
C) towards D) along
E) about 9- A) Such B) As
C) So D) Such as
E) Like
"GOOD GUYS AND BAD GUYS": ACTION "LET'S GO SOLVE US A CRIME, PAL":
FILMS "BUDDY COP" FILMS
Action movies usually (11) ...... a fairly The so-called "Buddy Cop" genre of films are
straightforward story of good guys versus action films (16) ...... plots involving two
bad guys in which most disputes are resolved men of very different and conflicting
by using physical force. The basic plot of an personalities who are forced to work together
action movie is usually so simple that the (17) ...... a crime and/or defeat criminals.
whole movie (12) ...... in a simple sentence. Many consider the 1982 film 48 Hours,
(e.g., "A scientist brings dinosaurs back to starring Eddie Murphy and Nick Nolte, to
life only to find them trying to dominate the have started the genre. In that film, a white
Earth, again," for the film Jurassic Park.) cop teams up with a black convict to try to
(13) ...... exactly the good guys are differs catch a murderer. Frequently, the two heroes
from film to film, but in Hollywood films they in Buddy Cop films are of different ethnicities
are usually patriotic and rather conservative or cultures. (18) ...... the two men do have a
Americans, (14) ...... the bad guys are similar ethnic background, one of them is
usually either criminals or agents of foreign often "yvilder" than the other: a hot-
powers. In the 1980s and before, the bad tempered rebel paired with a more even-
guys were very often Communists, Since the tempered partner. Another frequent plot
fall of Communism, Communists are no device of this genre is to have one of the men
longer the villains, and so the focus has be removed from his natural element, usually
turned to America's newest scapegoats: drug by being forced to operate in a different
lords and Middle Eastern terrorists. Action country. When this is done, the other man
movies also tend to have a single heroic acts as a guide to the unfamiliar (19) ..... .As
protagonist and often portray institutions evidenced by 48 Hours, a Buddy Cop film
such as the military or police as limited by (20) ...... always involve two policemen.
rules and regulations (15) ...... the Films that do not specifically involve two
protagonist has no regard. cops, but otherwise have many of the
characteristics of a Buddy Cop film, are
sometimes considered to be members of an
even larger genre of "Buddy" films.
11- A) infect B) reduce
C) capture D) involve 16- A) for B) from
E) consume C) into D) with
E) among
TEST 8
PERIODS AND ATTITUDES IN LIFE AND ART
MEDIEVAL LIFE
RENAISSANCE HUMANISM
Two main social systems seem to have
dominated Western Europe during the Middle Humanism (6) ...... the essence of the
Ages: the Catholic Church, and the feudal Renaissance. The word "renaissance" is
system. (1) ...... of these were structured French for "rebirth", and in a sense that is
with an extreme hierarchy and rigidity which exactly what the Renaissance was: a rebirth
eventually ended up commanding many of the ideas and ideals of the ancient Greeks
aspects of the lives of the individuals and Romans after the Middle Ages, (7) ......
associated (2) ...... them. Many historians Renaissance thinkers thought of as a time of
say that the spirit and work of the Catholic ignorance and mere superstition. The name
Church were the great civilizing influences of of the humanist movement derives (8) ......
medieval times, and it could be said that its the Roman statesman Cicero's use of the
promise of paradise for the faithful offered word "humanity" to indicate the cultivation of
hope to millions. Of course, as nine-tenths of the human mind via a kind of broad
the population were serfs (3) ...... a education in a variety of different subjects.
miserable life under the iron boot of the This type of education is still referred to as
feudal system, most of the population needed "the humanities" even today. For the
such hope. The feudal system required the Renaissance humanists, humanism meant
serfs -who were bound to their lord's land - (9) ...... knowledge to open up new
to give about half of their labour and produce possibilities for mankind. A major new
to their lord. Luckily, there were many direction in which they explored was science,
holidays, or holy days, (4) ...... they at least and the investigations of (10) ...... men ......
had a chance to enjoy themselves (5) ...... Galileo, Copernicus and Newton paved the
by listening to minstrels, dancing, and way for an entirely new vision of the
participating in various games and sports. universe.
1- A) Both B) Every
C) Some D) All 6- A) focuses B) constitutes
E) Many C) differs D) undermines
E) convinces
2- A) between B) to
C) with D) along 7- A) what B) whom
E) from C) when D) that
E) which
3- A) lived B) to live
C) to be living D) living 8- A) towards B) about
E) be living C) from D) over
E) for
4- A) when B) why
C) which D) how 9- A) having used B) to be used
E) whom C) being used D) using
E) to be using
5- A) rather B) somewhat
C) little D) quite 10- A) both...and B) so...that
E) very C) too many...like D) any...for
E) such...as E) so many...as
Though the term "the Enlightenment" refers The Romantic movement was in many ways a
specifically to an intellectual movement in reaction (16) ...... the Enlightenment. There
18th-century Europe, the effects of this is no universal agreement on exactly (17)
movement extend far (11) ...... that time ...... Romanticism was, but basic to it was
and place. (12) ...... out of Renaissance certainly a measure of distrust of the
Humanism, the Enlightenment's main goal Enlightenment's worship of reason and
was to understand the natural world and science. Romanticism began during the first
humanity's place in it solely on the basis a stirrings of the Industrial Revolution, and
reason and without turning to religious belief. therefore, its proponents (18) ...... some of
Although the movement was extremely wide- the more harmful effects of science: the
ranging, (13) ..... of its proponents had exploitation of the individual worker and the
several beliefs and values in common. Firstly, destruction of nature in the name of
they believed that religious dogma was "progress". Romantics therefore, in
inferior to logic and rational philosophy, and opposition to this, developed a sort of cult of
(14) ......, that the scientific method was the nature and of the more irrational, creative
best possible way for human beings to aspects of humanity. In the arts, it was
understand (15) ...... the natural world ...... characterized by the use of more popular
humanity itself. They also believed in the aspects of culture - such as folk music and
dignity of the individual, and so claimed that everyday normal speech - . (19) ...... by a
all individuals had certain rights. stronger emphasis (20) ...... upon powerful
Furthermore, they were confident that emotions, the imagination, and rebellions
science was necessarily a positive good for against social conventions.
humanity. Such ideals - which have not
always been lived up to - continue to inform
Western and Western-influenced societies
even today.
Realism and its successor, naturalism, were Exactly (26) ...... the modernist period in art
artistic movements that arose in late 19th- and literature began is not entirely certain:
century Europe as a reaction against most critics claim it first emerged in the late
Romanticism, which in the course of (21) 19th and early 20th centuries, but some have
...... later development had degenerated into stated that eaiiier 19th-century writers such
an obsession (22) ...... fantasy, mythology as French poet Charles Baudelaire and
and nationalism. Realist novels, (23) ...... Russian novelist Fyodor Dostoevsky are
tended to focus on ordinary people and entirely "modern". (27) ...... the
ordinary events. Some of the authors definition of the word "modern" is uncertain,
considered to be reaiists include Balzac, but generally speaking, any art or literature
Flaubert and Tolstoy, who is perhaps (24) known as "modernist" can be said (28) ......
...... realist novelist of them all. Naturalism certain elements (29) ....... First, modernist
developed from realism at the very end of the works deal more freely with things that are
19th century, and - influenced by the theory not beautiful or pleasant, such as ugliness
of evolution - claimed that the novel ought to and violence, or previously taboo subjects,
resemble a kind of fictional case study similar such as sex and drugs. Also, modernist art
to the nonfictional case studies of sociology. and literature are very technically
Naturalist authors tend to depict human sophisticated as artists have discovered new
beings as being at the mercy of social forces expressive techniques; such techniques,
(25) ...... their control. Zola is the most however, often make great demands on the
famous naturalist author, but the movement audience. Hand-in-hand with this, the
was widespread, and even made an meanings of modern art have also become
appearance in Turkey with Ahmet Mithat more complex (30) ...... be able to
Efendi's novel, “Henüz Onyedi Yaşında”. appropriately express the greater
complexities of modern life.
EXPATRIATES BOHEMIANS
An expatriate - which is often (1) ...... to In 19th-century France, the term "bohemian"
"expat" - is someone who is either arose - owing to the mistaken French
temporarily or permanently residing in a perception that gypsies had originated in
country or culture other than (2) ...... of Bohemia, a Czech province - (6) ......
their upbringing and/or legal residence. The describe a group of artists, writers, and
term comes from a combination of the Latin disenchanted people of all sorts who wished
roots ex, (3) ...... "out of", and patria, or to live a nontraditional lifestyle of the sort
"country",and is most commonly used in the that the French associated vaguely with the
context of Westerners living in non-Western gypsies. Thus, bohemians were seen as
countries. An expatriate is different from an outsiders (7) ...... apart from conventional
immigrant in that unlike immigrants, who society and untroubled by its disapproval; as
commit to becoming a part of their country of possibly possessing very obscure knowledge;
residence, expatriates do no such thing, but and as being rather neglectful (8) ......
instead hold (4) ...... detached from the personal hygiene. With (9) ...... these
"natives" (5) ...... they are living, choosing connotations, the term continues to be in use
instead to associate primarily or even today to define a certain variety of artistically
exclusively with fellow expatriates. Thus, inclined intellectual. Bohemians have
they generally remain ignorant of the local traditionally been placed in opposition to the
language, and have a tendency to adopt a bourgeois, though in fact many of the most
rather patronizing attitude towards the local talented European and American artists and
culture. writers over the last 150 years (10) ...... one
foot in "bohemia" and the other in the
bourgeois world.
1- A) justified B) rationalized
C) abbreviated D) extended 6- A) for B) just as
E) inscribed C) in order to D) in addition to
E) so that
Hippies were members of the 1960s The so-called "New Age" movement is very
counterculture movement (11) ...... adopted difficult to define (16) ....... as it
a communal or nomadic lifestyle, renounced encompasses a wide variety of different
capitalist nationalism and the Vietnam War, beliefs and practices. To some extent, it can
embraced Eastern and Native American be said (17) ...... out of one particular aspect
religious culture, and were in general at odds of the hippie subculture; namely, the hippies'
(12) ...... traditional middle-class Western turn towards Eastern and Native American
values. Although the hippie movement religious culture. The movement is broadly
exhibited a great deal of variety, most of its characterized by alternative approaches to
adherents shared several things (13) ......: traditional Western culture, and is particularly
they tended to have long and somewhat concerned (18) ...... differing varieties of
unkempt hair; they wore brightly-coloured spiritual exploration, holistic medicine, and
clothes; they used drugs partly for recreation mysticism. Some practitioners utilize a sort of
and partly in the hope of spiritual "do-it-yourself" approach, adopting from a
enlightenment; they listened to certain grab bag of sources whatever practices they
varieties of music, especially (14) ...... which feel inclined to, whereas (19) ...... groups
might induce trance-like states; and they have actually formulated coherent belief
often (15) ...... society and lived in systems resembling those of traditional
communes of like-minded people. The term religion. They differ from their hippie
"hippie" was first used in 1965 to describe an forebears in generally putting (20) ...... less
already large subculture centered in San emphasis on drug use and in living more
Francisco, but by 1970 the entire hippie often among mainstream society rather than
subculture had largely been swallowed up by apart from it.
the mainstream.
The punk movement, which arose (21) ...... The meaning and implications of the term
in New York and Britain in the mid-1970s, "goth" have evolved (26) ...... the years,
expressed a wholehearted and somewhat though it seems (27) ...... initially to
violent rejection of both the hippie subculture describe 1980s post-punk musical groups
which had preceded it and the capitalist value which, though close to the rebellious spirit of
system which prevailed at the time. British punk, expressed a more despairing and
punk was generally (22) ...... overtly political introverted form of anger. One major
...... its New York counterpart, and was influence (28) ...... the goth subculture - and
responding to the terrible problem of urban the source of its name -was the gothic
blight and rising unemployment in the UK. literature of the 19th century, exemplified by
Musically, punk scorned the pretension and writers such as Edgar Allan Poe, who dealt
commercialism of contemporary rock music with horror, darkness, and the supernatural;
(23) ...... the more concise and simple style 20th-century horror films also exerted some
of early rock and roll, and often adopted a influence. Goths are, according to some,
DIY ("do-it-yourself") approach which defined by black clothes and hair dye, silver
announced that musical ability was basically jewellery, horror, and a fascination with
less important than passion. The DIY death, darkness, and depression. Others,
approach also dictated punk fashion, which however, claim that this list of traits is
consisted of (24) ...... things ...... spiked and stereotypical and patronizing to what is
dyed hair; deliberately cut, torn, or written- actually a subculture full of a great variety
on pants and shirts; safety pins used as face- and richness of expression. For example,
piercing jewellery; and black garbage bags television shows such as Buffy the Vampire
used as clothing. True punk is still alive and Slayer and Angel show that goth, (29) ......
well today, despite mainstream culture's its morbidly serious reputation, is perfectly
attempts to commercialize (25) ....... . capable of poking fun at (30) ....... .
Sometimes it seems (1) ...... criminals are From the state of Kentucky come two
fond (2) ...... being caught. Once, a man in examples of criminals who got a bit too
Belgium was arrested because police frightened for their own good. Late one night,
suspected that he had robbed a jewellery two men tried to pull the front off an ATM
store. The man, however, swore to them that machine (6) ...... a chain from the machine
he did not do it. When the police asked if he to the bumper of their pickup truck, instead
had an alibi, he helpfully explained that on of pulling the panel off the machine,
the night of the jewellery store robbery, he however, they pulled the bumper off the
had been busy breaking into a school. truck. (7) ......, they left the scene of the
Surprised yet content, the police gladly crime. Their bumper, (8) ...... their license
dropped the jewellery store charges, plate, was still attached to the ATM. It didn't
arresting him for breaking into the school (3) take long for the police to find them. Another
....... Similarly, in Chicago one afternoon, a frightened Kentuckian criminal was the one
man carrying a woman's purse was picked up who broke into the basement of a jewellery
on the street by a policeman, as he matched store (9) ...... a street-level window. In the
the description of a purse snatcher that had process, he managed to cut (10) ......
been reported just a few seconds earlier. The severely on the glass. Fearing that, as he was
policeman told the thief that he (4) ...... him wounded, he would neither be able to get the
to the woman for positive identification. money nor climb back, the robber panicked.
When they returned to the scene of the Realizing he was going to bleed to death if he
crime, the criminal said, "Yes, officer, that is did not get help, he located a phone and
definitely the lady (5) ...... I robbed." called 911. The rest, as they say, is history.
5- A) which B) what
C) whom D) whose 10- A) its B) another
E) where C) himself D) it
E) his own
THE THIRSTY THIEF WHAT HE SHOULD HAVE DONE
24-hour convenience stores seem to attract Dennis Newton of Oklahoma City was on trial
their fair share of foolish people. An for the armed robbery of a convenience store
apparently thirsty man in New York City once when he suddenly decided that his lawyer
walked into a 7-11 store with a shotgun late was not doing a (16) ...... job in defending
at night and demanded all the money from him; (17) ......, he fired him in order to
the cash register. After the cashier put the defend himself. The Oklahoma City District
money in the bag as (11) ......, the man Attorney, (18) ...... was prosecuting the
made (12) ...... demand: he also wanted the case, said Newton was doing a decent job
bottle of Scotch whisky (13) ...... he saw until the store manager came onto the
behind the counter. The cashier refused to witness stand and testified (19) ...... Newton
hand over the Scotch because he did not was indeed the robber. At that moment,
believe the man was 21, (14) ...... is the Newton jumped up in court, accused the
legal drinking age in the United States. The woman of lying, and shouted, "I should have
robber swore that he was, but still the shot you when I had the chance!" The
cashier refused to give him the whisky. defendant paused thoughtfully, then added,
Finally, the robber handed over his "If I (20) ...... the one that was there." The
identification card, (15) ...... that he was jury deliberated for twenty minutes before
indeed 21 years old. As soon as he left, the returning a verdict of guilty, and
cashier called and gave the police the name recommended a sentence of thirty years.
of the man who had just robbed the store.
The suspect was arrested two hours later.
EMINEM EVANESCENCE
Marshall Mathers - better known as Eminem The Eminem Show and the soundtrack to 8
-emerged in 1999 as one of the most Mile - are somewhat less satirical as a whole
controversial (and popular) rappers ever to than his first two masterpieces, but his talent
grace the genre, using his biting wit and is as clear on (5) ...... as it ever was. The
incredible skills to rap about everything from goth-inspired rock band Evanescence -
his troubled childhood to his contempt for the (6) ...... name means "gradual
mainstream media and to offend (1) ...... of disappearance" - easily made it to the top of
people along the way. He is (2) ...... an the charts in 2003 with their second full-
excellent rapper ....... a gifted producer, and length album, Fallen. Singer Amy Lee and
sometimes the furious controversy over his guitarist Ben Moody formed the band after
lyrics has threatened to overshadow how (7) ...... at a youth camp at the end of the
talented he really is and how much his music 1990s, when (8) ...... were in (9) ...... early
has changed the face of hip-hop. For one teens. A few years and one self-produced
thing, he was the first big name to bring the album (10) ......, the band was discovered
world of white lower-class Americans into by producer Pete Matthews, who helped them
rap, a fact which accounts for (3) ...... of his get onto soundtrack of the 2003 film
popularity. Perhaps even more important, Daredevil, which featured two of their songs,
however, he was one of the first rappers to "Bring Me Into Life" and "My Immortal". The
introduce satire and parody into hip-hop, (4) soundtrack catapulted the group to stardom,
...... demonstrated especially on his first two and their album Fallen eventually went on to
albums, The Slim Shady LP and The Marshall sell more than two million copies.
Mathers LP. His most recent albums – Evanescence's signature musical style is
ballad-like piano accompanied by crunching
1- A) some B) enough guitars, eery orchestral strings, and the now
C) lot D) many 20-year-old Amy Lee's soaring vocals.
E) plenty
6- A) what B) whose
C) which D) whom
E) that
4- A) if B) so 9- A) his B) themselves
C) as D) like C) herself D) her
E) such E) their
(11) ...... any other single artist, Britney Rock-and-roll wild child Avril Lavigne hit big
Spears was the driving force (12) ...... the in summer 2002 with her fun debut song,
return of teen pop in the late 1990s. Her "Complicated", moving pop music (16) ......
1999 debut album, ...... Baby One More a different direction. Lavigne - only 17 years
Time, established her trademark image as old (17) ...... - didn't seem as concerned
the teen girl who wanted to be naughtier with the glamour of the pop world as other
than she was allowed to be. She became an pop stars, like Britney Spears, and such
international sex symbol, yet the people who confidence allowed her star power (18) .......
managed her - not to mention Britney herself A large part of Lavigne's appeal is that she's
- claimed in interviews that she was really a brat, acting even younger and more
just a normal, everyday girl. Her second childish than she actually is. This attitude
album continued in (13) ...... style ...... her came through on her first album, Lef It Go,
first, but with 2001's Britney, she began and (19) ...... much of her success: she sang
trying to craft her image as a more mature in a flat, undistinguished voice that only drew
young adult. Not surprisingly, perhaps, the attention to her silly, shallow lyrics. But the
album failed to be as successful as the first music was catchy. On her newest album, the
two had been: after all, when superstars try recently released Under My Skin, she tries to
to change their image and style, the fans be a bit less silly and a bit more serious, and
often respond (14) ...... away. (15) ....... though the results are at times awkward and
with her newest album, In the Zone, Spears unsure, only time will tell if (20) ...... her old
continues to stress the fact that she has fans will desert her because of the change.
matured out of her teens - and even though
her idea of maturity is really rather
immature, she should at least be respected
for trying to change.
In recent years, the boy band Blue - who Anastacia is a little lady with a big, big voice.
originally come from London - have become Raised in New York City, she comes from
one of (21) ...... chart successes of all. Their (26) ...... entertainment-oriented family: her
music combines smooth, soulish vocals with father was a singer and her mother an
R&B and dance music. The group formed actress in musical theater. At the age of 13,
when singers Duncan James and Anthony she was diagnosed with a chronic intestinal
Costa teamed up with their housemates, Lee illness, Crohn's disease, (27) ...... she
Ryan and Simon Webbe, and a deal with the managed to overcome as she developed a
Virgin music company's Innocent label soon career as a dancer, appearing on Club MTV as
followed. (22) ...... of their songs have been well as in several music videos. Record labels
hits: in fact, the first three singles of their grew interested in her after she appeared as
career - "All Rise", "Too Close", and "If You a 1999 finalist on the MTV talent contest The
Come Back" - all made it onto the UK charts. Cut, and her debut album, Not That Kind,
Recently, the group released their third was released in 2000 to massive international
album, Guilty, (23) ...... some of the music success. (28) ...... this album ...... her
industry's biggest producers made a second - 2002's Freak of Nature -consist
contribution. Even more than that, however, primarily of soulish, danceable pop music,
the group's cover version of Stevie Wonder's with some ballads and rock influence also
classic song "Signed, Sealed, Delivered (I'm seen. Her newest album, Anastacia, is (29)
Yours)" features Stevie Wonder (24) ...... as ...... more rock-oriented, perhaps leaving
a guest star. Of course, he performs a number of her old fans scratching their
(25) ...... better than the four lads, but he's heads in confusion, but overall, it is a solid
been doing this for forty years. collection of songs, with Anastacia sounding
(30) ...... a white Tina Turner on the up-
tempo songs and a young Madonna on the
21- A) so big B) too big ballads.
C) big enough D) such big
E) the biggest 26- A) an B) the
C) such D) those
E) what
29- A) as much B) so
24- A) him B) their C) much D) as if
C) they D) his own E) such a
E) himself
30- A) as if B) rather
25- A) most B) enough C) such a D) so much
C) a lot D) more E) like
E) the much
TEST 12
THE TINIEST COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD
Sandwiched (1) ...... Switzerland and The second smallest republic in the world,
Austria, 160-square-kilometre Liechtenstein San Marino - (6) ...... wonderful official name
is a country with tax rates (2) ...... low - the is The Most Serene Republic of San Marino -
maximum rate is 18 percent-...... thousands is completely surrounded by Italy and has an
of foreign companies have established their area of only 61 square kilometres and a
headquarters there. The fees paid by these population of less than 30,000. It claims to
companies to work from the country provide be the world's oldest republic still in
30 percent of Liechtenstein's income. The existence, as it was founded in 301 AD by a
mountainous country is also a skiers' blacksmith known as Saint Marinus. The
paradise, and a large part of the rest of the country is situated in the Apennine
country's money comes from tourism, while Mountains, which run the length of the Italian
another significant percentage is derived peninsula. Tourism is the major source of San
from the sale of postage stamps. Though Marino's revenue, but postage stamps (7)
Liechtenstein (3) ...... a sovereign state (4) ...... by stamp collectors also contribute
...... 1719, the area has been ruled by the greatly to the country's wealth. (8) ...... it is
Liechtenstein family since the Middle Ages. technically an independent nation, San
About half of the country's land area is Marino is heavily dependent on Italy: for
devoted to crops and pasture -producing instance, Italy provides the San Marinans
corn, grapes, and potatoes - yet since the with most of their food. An interesting fact
end of World War II, Liechtenstein has about the country is that, (9) ...... 1648 al!
developed into a highly industrialized, the way...... 1996, San Marino was at war
prosperous nation. (5) ......, its citizens have with Sweden. (10) ...... fighting was actually
one of the highest standards of living in the done, though, because San Marino doesn't
world. have an army.
8- A) Accordingly B) Despite
3- A) didn't become B) hasn't become C) In order that D) Since
C) wasn't becoming D) doesn't become E) Even though
E) wouldn't have become
9- A) from...until B) since...to
4- A) while B) when C) in...at D) around...up
C) about D) by E) about...towards
E) until
"Tuva-who?" you may be tempted to say. Like Tuvalu, Nauru is an island nation in the
Well, there really is a country called Tuvalu: South Pacific Ocean. With only 10,000 people
it is an island nation 4000 kilometres and 21 square kilometres of land, it is the
northeast of Australia and (11) ...... of nine world's smallest republic. The country
small islands with a total area of only 26 consists of only one island, which has vast
square kilometres. Moreover, only about deposits of phosphate, a mineral used in
10,000 people live in Tuvalu, (12) ...... it one fertilizers, which is Nauru's only export. (16)
of the two independent nations with the (13) ...... the revenue from such an export, the
...... inhabitants apart from Vatican City. inhabitants of Nauru once had one of the
Tuvalu's main forms of income are technically highest per capita incomes on earth, although
tourism and fishing, yet since hardly any now all that is changing: the phosphate is
tourists come and most of the fish are eaten (17) ....... (18) ...... phosphate mining,
locally, in practical terms foreign aid is (19) ...... has 90 percent of the country been
actually (14) ...... most of the money comes turned into a wasteland, but the country's
from. The islands have almost no drinkable only real source of income has also been
water and no soil suitable for agriculture, so nearly exhausted. (20) ....... the huge
almost all of their food - except for fish - and earnings from the phosphate mining were
water are imported. The country, which had squandered by a corrupt government, and
been a British protectorate since 1892, the island went broke. With essentially no
became independent in 1978. In 2001, money left, and no conceivable way to
Tuvalu's government announced that the acquire any more money, Nauru faces a very
islands - whose highest point is 5 metres uncertain future, as evidenced on 1 October
above sea level - may need to be evacuated 2004, when the president of the country
(15) ...... that rising sea levels will engulf the declared a state of emergency and dissolved
entire country. parliament.
A tax-free nation and a gamblers' paradise, The only independent nation contained
Monaco - located (21) ...... the entirely (26) ...... the boundaries of a single
Mediterranean coast of France, near the city – Rome - Vatican City is the world's
Italian border - is the world's second smallest smallest country, (27) ...... in terms of area
independent nation at only 1.9 square (44 hectares) ...... in terms of population
kilometres and with only about 30,000 (only 890 people live therE). Vatican City is
people. It is, (22) ....... very old: it was home to the Pope and headquarters of the
founded in 1215 as a colony of Genoa, and Roman Catholic Church, and (28) ...... nearly
has been ruled by the royal House of Grimaldi all of its residents are church officials: high
since 1297. The current prince is Rainier III, dignitaries, priests, and nuns, not to mention
(23) ...... acceded to the throne in 1949. the Pope (29) ...... .Also dwelling in Vatican
Monaco's population may seem small, but City is the famous Swiss Guard, a voluntary
(24) ...... the extremely limited area of the military force which essentially serves as the
country, it is also one of the most densely Pope's formal bodyguard. (30) ...... its small
populated nations in the world. Monaco is size, however, Vatican City is quite rich in
home to the world-famous Monte Carlo artistic significance and history, with
casino, and a large portion of the country's buildings such as St. Peter's Basilica and the
income comes from the tourist trade. Most of Sistine Chapel housing works by such
the country's residents are French or Italian, important artists as Botticelli, Bernini, and
and indeed Monaco is practically unique in Michelangelo.
the world in that its native inhabitants -
called Monagesques - are actually a minority
in (25) ...... country.
DRAGONS GRIFFINS
In European mythology, a dragon is a snake- The griffin is a legendary creature with the
like legendary creature which is winged but is body of a lion, the head of an eagle, and the
most often to be found deep (1) ...... of its ears of a horse or donkey. The female also
cave or underground lair, thus identifying it has the wings of an eagle, (6) ...... the male
as an ancient creature of the earth. In the - which is less frequently depicted - has
modern period, the dragon is typically projecting spikes (7) ...... wings. Some
depicted as a huge, scaly, horned, dinosaur- writers have described the griffin as having a
like creature with leathery wings and the tail which is actually a snake. The griffin was
ability to breathe fire. The lair (2) ...... he said to build a nest like (8) ...... of an eagle,
dragon lives is most often filled with gold and but rather than eggs, it laid agates, a kind of
treasure that the dragon protects. Many precious stone similar to chalcedony.
stories with dragons involve a great hero (3) Additionally, the animal was supposed to
...... to kill the dragon, (4) ...... in watch (9) ...... gold mines and hidden
some stories the dragon is an extremely treasures. This aspect of the myth probably
ancient, wise, and helpful creature with comes from the Scythian culture: the
magical powers and the ability to speak, and Scythian steppes -stretching from the
(5) ...... the hero can go for advice. modern Ukraine to central Asia - were rich in
gold and precious stones, and it was said that
when strangers approached (10) ...... the
treasures, the guardian griffins would leap on
and tear them to pieces. The griffin was
1- A) within B) alongside frequently depicted on Scythian coins.
C) among D) inside
E) under
6- A) as well as B) in spite of
C) therefore D) because
E) whereas
9- A) out B) about
4- A) so B) moreover C) over D) to
C) besides D) although E) among
E) nonetheless
24- A) yet
B) so that 29- A) through B) with
C) furthermore C) from D) for
D) due to the fact that E) about
E) as well as
A cockfight is a contest held in a pit (1) ...... (6) ...... is referred (7) ...... as the
two roosters ("cock" is an alternate term for "Mesoamerican ballgame" was a sport with
a rooster) trained to severely injure and/or ritual associations played for over 3000 years
kill one another. Usually wagers are made on by the peoples of Central America in Pre-
the outcome of the match, with the surviving Columbian times. As might be expected with
bird being declared the winner. Roosters a game (8) ...... over such a long time-span
intended to participate in cockfights are often in several different cultures, details of the
specially bred and trained for attacking and games varied greatly over time and place, so
killing. In some regional variations of the Mesoamerican ballgame might be more
cockfighting, the birds are equipped with accurately seen as a family of related games.
artificial steel spurs known as gaffs, which Some versions were played between two
allow the birds to kill much (2) ...... . individuals, others between two teams of
However, in (3) ...... variations, the bird's players. (9) ...... the games, however,
feet are wrapped to lengthen the bouts. shared the characteristics of being played
Cockfighting has a very ancient history, and with a hard rubber ball in a sunken or walled
is considered to be a traditional sporting court. (10) ...... the game was played
event by some, but a barbarous case of casually for simple recreation, it also had
animal cruelty by others. In many places important ritual aspects, and major formal
around the world, cockfighting - (4) ...... any ballgames would be considered ritual events.
other kind of animal fighting – has been In some of the ritual games, the leader of the
outlawed, either on the grounds of the losing team would be decapitated as a human
gambling that usually occurs at such events, sacrifice. His skull would then be used as the
or (5) ...... opposition ...... animal cruelty, or core around which a new rubber ball would
both. be made.
9- A) Some B) Much
4- A) owing to B) as well as C) That D) Those
C) furthermore D) nevertheless E) All
E) although
Buzkashi is a traditional Afghan sport played Iaido, also sometimes called iaijutsu, is the
on horseback. The name translates literally art of drawing the katana - the actual word
as "goat-grabbing", implying that the game for a "samurai sword" - cutting (16) ...... the
developed from the ancient Mongolian opponent, flipping blood from the blade, and
practice of stealing a goat while riding at full then putting the katana back in its case,
gallop. The goal of a buzkashi player is (17)
(11) ...... the dead body of a calf, and then ...... in one smooth movement. The main
either (12) ...... it ....... from the other emphasis is on drawing the sword and
players or pitch it across a goal line. attacking as quickly as possible. Starting
Competition is typically fierce, as other positions can be from either typical
players may use any force short of tripping combative postures, or from everyday sitting
the horse in order to thwart scoring attempts or standing positions. Practitioners,
(the use of knives or guns, however, is not traditionally, were trained to suspect a
looked (13) ...... kindly). Riders usually wear surprise attack (18) ......, and the ability to
heavy clothing and head protection to protect react quickly from an everyday starting
themselves from players' whips and boots, position was (19) ...... considered essential.
and games can last for several days. Serious It is this traditional, specifically combat-
buzkashi players train intensively for years, oriented form that is known as iaijutsu, while
and many of the game's masters are over 40 the term iaido is more often reserved
years old. Playing well also requires specially (20) ...... the modern self-improvement-
trained oriented form, which focusses on a
horses that know to gallop forcefully (14) practitioner's ability to concentrate and to
...... their rider gets hold of the calf. These integrate his or her mind, body, and soul.
horses can sell for (15) ...... $2500, which is
just under the average five-year salary of a
typical Afghan.
Oil wrestling, sometimes known as grease The modern sport of skateboarding has its
wrestling, is the Turkish national sport, and is origins in surfing, and (26) ...... was
(21) ...... called because the wrestlers douse originally called "sidewalk surfing". Moreover,
themselves with olive oil. The wrestlers are just as surfing originally influenced
known as pehlivan and wear a type of hand- skateboarding methods, now the reverse is
stitched lederhosen called kispet, which were also true: surfers are performing moves
traditionally made of water buffalo hide, but created and perfected by skateboarders, and
can now also be made of calf leather. The the result has been evolution in both sports.
sport in its modern form comes originally Skateboarding began to develop from a
from India, (22) ...... it is known as playful pastime into a serious sport (27) ......
pehalwani. From India it travelled to the great skill in the 1970s, when eager
neighbouring Persians, who called it skateboarders began using drainage ditches
pahlavani, and from them it (23) ...... and empty swimming pools to perform tricks
into the Ottoman Empire. In the Ottoman in. Eventually, what is known as the halfpipe
Empire, wrestlers learned the sport in special was invented: this was basically two ramps
schools called tekke, which were (24) ...... stuck (28) ...... at the bottom, allowing
athletic centres ....... spiritual centres. In skaters to skate continually up and down
modern times, the most important oil (29) ...... sides of the halfpipe. In the
wrestling tournament, the Kırkpınar Games in beginning, skating tricks were fairly simple,
Edirne, is (25) ...... for three days every but that all changed in 1978 with the creation
summer, with around 1000 wrestlers of the "ollie", which involves flying off of the
competing. These games have been held ground into the air, but without holding (30)
there annually since 1362. ....... the skateboard with your hands at all.
TEA COFFEE
It is not known whether the tea plant is Coffee probably originated in the Ethiopian
indigenous to China or India, or (1) ....... but province of Kaffa, though Yemen has also
the use of tea as a beverage drunk for been (6) ...... as a possible area of origin.
pleasure on social occasions is certainly The substance first became popular in Arabia
Chinese in origin, dating back to the Tang around the 13th century, its popularity
Dynasty (618-907) or earlier. The first probably enhanced by Islam's prohibition (7)
Europeans to encounter tea were Portuguese ...... alcoholic drinks. Before 1600, coffee
explorers (2) ...... Japan in 1560. Soon, production was a jealously guarded secret
imported tea was introduced to Europe, (3) and fertile beans were not found outside
...... it quickly became popular among the Arabia, but sometime after that year, coffee
wealthy in France and the Netherlands. trees (8) ...... in India, possibly (9) ...... the
English use of tea began a bit later, around smuggling of fertile beans. Around 1650,
1650, but became so popular in (4) ...... coffee importation to England began and
short time that it created a huge trade deficit coffeehouses sprang up in Oxford and
with China. The British set up tea plantations London. Coffee planting began in the English
in colonial India to provide their own supply, colonies, but a disease (10) ...... the
as well as trying to balance the trade deficit plantations, leading them to be replanted
by selling opium to the Chinese, which led to with tea instead. By the 18th century, the
the First Opium War of 1838-1842. In the beverage had become popular throughout
American colonies, just before the Europe, and European colonists had
Revolutionary War, the Americans stopped introduced the coffee plant to tropical
drinking tea as an act of protest against high countries worldwide as a plantation crop in
British taxes on the product, and (5) ...... order to supply domestic demand.
then coffee has been far more popular than
tea in the United States.
The English word "yoghurt" comes from the The ancient world was generally ignorant of
Turkish "yoğurt", which (11) ...... may be soap as we know it today; the ancient Greeks
derived from the verb "yogurtmak", meaning used olive oil to clean themselves, while the
"to blend" - a reference to how yoghurt is Romans, although they did make a variety of
made. Yoghurt-making involves the soap from animal fat and wood ashes, used it
introduction of specific kinds of bacteria into for medicinal (16) ...... cleaning purposes.
pasteurized milk under very carefully The ancient Gauls used soap as well - as a
controlled temperature and environmental pomade to keep their hair shiny. Beginning in
(12) ....... Yoghurt is traditionally believed the Middle Ages, soap began (17) ...... in the
(13) ...... by the Bulgar people of central home by mixing animal fats with lye for use
Asia, although there is evidence of cultured in cleaning laundry. This was a very
milk products in other cultures as far back as dangerous procedure, (18) ...... handling lye
2000 BC. The earliest yoghurts were probably can result in serious chemical burns and even
spontaneously fermented, perhaps by wild blindness. Bar soap, such as that often still
bacteria residing inside goatskin bags used used today for washing hands, was a luxury
for transportation. In Europe, yoghurt product that didn't come into common use
remained primarily a food of the central and (19) ...... the late 19th century. Soon after,
eastern parts of the continent until the advertising campaigns in Europe and the
1900s, when a Russian biologist theorized United States began to insist on the
(14) ...... heavy yoghurt consumption was relationship between cleanliness and health,
responsible (15) ...... the unusually long and by the 1950s, soap (20) ...... public
lifespans of the Bulgar people. Soon after, acceptance as a means of personal hygiene.
yoghurt began to be promoted as a healthy
snack, and in 1919 the widespread industrial
production of yoghurt in Europe began in
Barcelona.
More than 200 different plant species produce Centuries before the first synthetic plastics
a milky, viscous sap called latex, (21) ...... is were made, several naturally occurring
the source for natural rubber. In its native substances were used as plastic material,
Central and South America, rubber (22) ...... including shellac - a substance made from
for thousands of years. The ancient the secretions of a tiny insect - as well as
Mesoamerican civilizations played (23) ...... from the horns of animals, which had to be
of different ballgames using rubber balls, and "plasticized", or softened, by (26) ...... in
a few Pre-Columbian rubber balls have been water first. The first synthetic plastic was
found, with the earliest dating to about 1600 made from the plant material cellulose by
BC. The Spanish conquistadors who invaded John Wesley Hyatt in 1869. Hyatt found that
modern-day Mexico in the 16th century were one form of cellulose could be used as an
so (24) ...... by the vigorous bouncing of the inexpensive substitute (27) ...... the natural
Aztecs' rubber balls that they wondered if the material ivory, (28) ...... it had been
balls were enchanted by evil spirits. The chemically plasticized. The new material,
earlier Mayan civilization had made a sort of called celluloid, came into use for eyeglass
temporary rubber shoe by dipping their feet frames, combs, buttons, dentures, and
into a latex mixture, and they had a great photographic film. Later, in 1909, Leo H.
many other uses for the substance as well. Baekeland developed the first plastic made
Soon after samples of rubber first arrived in entirely from synthetic materials, naming it
England in the late 18th century, the chemist Bakelite, (29) ...... honour ...... himself.
Joseph Priestley noticed that dried latex was Bakelite and similar compounds are still used
capable of rubbing out pencil marks - and today in wiring devices, power brakes on
(25) ...... the word "rubber", and eventually automobiles, telephone relay systems, and
the modern rubber industry, was born. electrical switch gear. Since then, a great
variety of new plastics (30) ....... .
The curious mammals called sloths (11) ...... When a platypus skin was sent back to
their name from the fact that they usually England from Australia in the late 1700s, the
appear lazy and sluggish, though at times scientists who analyzed it thought it was a/an
they can be (12) ...... fast. The animals have (16) ....... because they believed no animal
rounded heads, tiny ears, and flattened could really be so odd-looking as that. Its
faces. Measuring up to 70cm long, their body is quite flat and squat, its feet are
forelimbs are longer than their hindlimbs and webbed, and for a mouth it has a bill similar
have long, curved claws. Sloths are nocturnal to a duck's, and yet it is a mammal and has
and usually silent and (13) ....... spending fur. Unlike other mammals, however, it lays
most of their lives alone and clinging to tree eggs. The adult male platypus produces a
trunks or hanging upside down from kind of venom during the breeding season,
branches, moving extremely slowly through which is (17) ...... into enemies by a strike
the trees. They have made extraordinary from one of the animal's hindlegs. The
(14) ...... to their browsing lifestyle. Eating poison is not (18) ...... to humans, but
mostly leaves, which provide very little produces a torturous pain which can last for
energy, they have extremely low metabolic days or even months. The platypus is
rates and body temperatures, and two-thirds nocturnal and partially aquatic, living usually
of the weight of a well-fed sloth consists of in small streams and rivers and spending
the contents of its stomach, with the most of its time in the water. When
digestive (15) ...... taking a month or more swimming, it keeps its eyes closed and relies
to complete. Their moist fur is host to a on its other senses for (19) ......, including
variety of blue-green algae which provide its ability to (20) ...... electrical sources from
camouflage, thus protecting them from a great distance. This latter ability allows the
predators. platypus to locate its prey - usually worms,
insect eggs, and small shrimp - by sensing
their body electricity
11- A) compel B) derive
C) hinder D) pertain 16- A) concept B) guide
E) accomplish C) garment D) theft
E) fake
The anglerfish is a unique (21) ...... of deep- The octopus is a sea animal best (26) ......
sea fish named for its (22) ...... method of by its eight arms - which usually have
catching prey: the word "angler" means poisonous sucker cups on them - and entirely
"fisherman", and indeed this is a fish which soft body. This latter feature enables the
essentially fishes for other fish. The animal to squeeze into the smallest, tightest
anglerfish has a gigantic mouth with quite crevices between rocks when fleeing from
sharp teeth, and (23) ...... from its forehead other predatory sea creatures. Three
is a curious growth which is quite long and defensive mechanisms are typical of
thin. This growth can be shaken so as to octopuses. First, they can (27) ...... a thick,
resemble prey, and is also able to light up - a blackish ink in a large cloud out into the
phenomenon known as bioluminescence, water, aiding them in escaping predators.
which is very useful in the pitch black of the Also, they have specialized colour-changing
deep sea. The anglerfish itself is either dull skin cells which they can use to blend into
gray, dark brown, or black, and so cannot be the environment or to warn off enemies.
seen when it shines its light. Other predators Finally, octopuses can (28) ...... their arms,
are (24) ...... to the anglerfish's wiggling, which continue to move about though no
glowing growth, and (25) ...... close enough longer connected to the body; this can serve
for the anglerfish to devour them whole, as a/an (29) ...... to predators, enabling the
which it can do by disconnecting its jaw, octopus to escape. Octopuses can regenerate
much as snakes do, and swallowing prey up their arms, so this ability poses no real
to twice as large as its entire body. problems for them. Octopuses are highly
intelligent creatures, and have been shown
able to easily distinguish between and
remember colours and shapes in laboratory
experiments. They can also express a great
(30) ...... of emotions, from basic fear and
21- A) region B) abundance joy through to embarrassment, trust, and
C) variety D) amount curiosity.
E) extension
26- A) glorified B) distinguished
C) criticized D) accorded
E) realized
The Chinese peasantry were in a paradoxical The Chinese were an extremely inventive
position, partly (1) ...... yet, at the same people, displaying a greatly sophisticated (6)
time, partly respected. Though their feudal ...... which took little or nothing from outside
overlords worked them mercilessly at times, (7) ....... .One Chinese invention was the
the peasants were nonetheless (2) ...... as crossbow, a deadly weapon not yet
one of the two essential pillars of Chinese completely out of date today. Another was
society. The other was the ethical philosophy paper, an essential item for a highly literate
of Confucius (551-479 BC). Though the society which left minutely detailed records.
peasants received state aid, including Printing, also a Chinese invention, was the
technical aid, to produce food, peasant first mechanized industry in the world. The
rebellions (3) ...... quite often throughout Chinese learned early on how to make silk,
Chinese history. Peasant life was hard and and had highly developed smelting and
could be gruelling. Poverty, despite state metal-working industries as well. They used
help, was common, and it was said that a paper money, (8) ...... a system of weights
Chinese peasant could work all year round and measures, (9) ...... a calendar and
and still not (4) ...... enough to feed himself discovered the secret of making gunpowder,
and his family. Quite apart from farming, the the oldest known explosive. A further
peasants were (5) ...... by law to work on invention was a "weathercock", an early
public building projects and do military warning system which could (10) ......
service as well. earthquakes.
The Chinese did not discover that there were Uncharacteristically for Chinese rulers, the
other civilizations on Earth until about 126 emperors of the Tang dynasty (AD 618-907)
BC; when they did so, their (11) ...... was were very (16) ...... to foreign ideas and
not one of interest, but rather of mistrust. imports, and so opened their doors to trade.
They soon developed a strong dislike of (17) ...... .Arabian, Persian, Korean and
foreigners – or "foreign devils" - together Japanese merchants brought spices - which
with a (12) ...... insistence on self- soon found their way into Chinese food - and,
sufficiency, which even today makes the as a special delicacy, Persian cakes and
Chinese (13) ......outside aid in times of sweetmeats. Before long, tales of the gold,
trouble.' Despite their many wars, the jewels and other luxuries in China (18) ......
Chinese were suspicious of regular standing the interest of European merchants, for
armies, and had contempt for merchants. In whom the imported spices - (19) ...... for the
fact, a young man aiming for high office in preservation of meat in the days before
China's highly developed civil service system refrigeration - were of as much interest as
would (14) ...... avoid working in a trade in the luxuries. This trade -carried out along the
case it ruined his (15) ....... .As Chinese famous Silk Road -became a rich one,
society developed in these inward-looking although Islamic powers blocked the route at
ways, it became both feudal and hierarchical, times. After the Europeans entered the
with great importance laid on the family and Indian Ocean in the sixteenth century, sea
on respect for age. (20) ...... from Europe to China developed.
The nomadic Mongols first came to Chinese In 1839-42, the British went to war with
(21) ...... as hit-and-run raiders swooping China over Chinese reluctance to open its
down to create mayhem, then (22) ...... just ports to the valuable trade in Indian opium,
as suddenly. There was, however, a great which the British (26) ...... to use as
deal more to the Mongols, who began as currency for imports such as Chinese
nomads wandering the grassy plains of porcelain, silk and tea. China, hopelessly
Mongolia with their sheep, camels, goats and outclassed by modern weapons, had to
cattle. In time, the Mongols developed into (27) ...... .Hong Kong to the British and open
fierce and skilful warriors, fighting on five "treaty" ports. Another Opium War, in
horseback with a speed and agility that 1860, (28) ...... even more concessions from
(23) ...... their enemies. The Mongols proved the Chinese emperor, who now had to allow
so (24) ...... that they created the largest the British, French and other foreigners to
land based empire ever known, conquering create their own districts on Chinese
lands that (25) ...... from eastern Europe to (29)......, where they were immune from
the Pacific Ocean. After 1211, when the Chinese law. Later, wiping out this
Mongols broke through the Great Wall, China humiliation became a strong (30) ...... for
became part of this empire and the legendary the communist Mao Zedong (1903-76), who
Kublai Khan (1216-1294) became the first became ruler of China in 1949 and made it
Yuan emperor of China. into a world power once again.
An eight-month pregnant Russian woman and An elderly Chinese pensioner (6) ...... a
parachuting enthusiast, Marija Usova was hospital after she had (7) ...... a painting of
warned by friends not (1) ...... parachuting. a tiger for the real thing. The woman, who is
Nevertheless, she arranged to do the jump in her seventies, spotted the "tiger" in a dark
anyway, saying that she wanted her baby to alleyway while returning from a shopping trip
have the wonderful feeling of falling freely to a nearby supermarket. According to the
through air before it was born. While in mid- Shanghai Evening Post, the woman
air, halfway through the jump, she went into screamed, turned around, and ran because
labor. As she describes the experience: "I she saw the "tiger" coming towards her. But
was in the air when I suddenly felt a massive while running, she slipped (8) ...... some ice
pain, and I realized that it (2) ....... I cried and fell heavily, injuring her hip. Passersby
out, 'Oh God! help me!' and kept my legs rushed to her aid and found her nervously
held tightly together, but (3) ...... that there stammering, "Tiger, tiger, there's a tiger" and
really wasn't much more I could do. Every pointing into the alleyway. The "tiger",
second of that descent felt (4) ...... an though, was actually a painting (9) ...... in
eternity." She also said that, as she fell, she the window of a calligraphy and painting
nearly passed out (5) ...... times from the supplies shop. (10) ...... raw business to his
pain. Upon landing, she immediately began to shop, the owner had put a light behind the
give birth, and doctors who were on hand picture, so as to create a lifelike impression.
immediately arrived to help her. It was a It seems that, from at least one elderly
baby girl, and Ms. Usova has decided to woman's point of view, he succeeded.
name it Larisa, because she says: "It means
'seagull' in ancient Greek."
4- A) as though B) as 9- A) hanging
C) so D) like B) to have been hanged
E) more C) hang
D) having hung
E) hanged
5- A) plenty B) several
C) a number D) lots 10- A) Much as B) So that
E) much C) Consequently D) For fear of
E) In order to
BEHOLD THE TERRIBLE BUTTERFLY LUCKY'S LUCK RUNS OUT
Hollywood actress Nicole Kidman, it seems, is A chicken named Lucky, which helped its
afraid (11) ...... butterflies. She apparently owner pick (16) ...... winning lottery
developed the phobia when she was a child in numbers, has been eaten by a fox. The
Australia and, despite endless attempts to owner, Billy Gibbons, originally
(12) ...... the problem, she still absolutely (17) ...... .Lucky close to death when he was
cannot stand the insects. "Sometimes," she out walking through the fields in 2003. Mr.
says, "when I would come home from school, Gibbons rescued the chicken, brought it to his
the biggest butterfly or moth you could home, and nursed it back to health. While
(13) ...... see in your life would be sitting the bird was (18) ...... it for some reason
there on our front gate. I would climb over tapped five numbers into a calculator
the fence, or maybe crawl around to the side (19) ...... its beak. Mr. Gibbons decided to
of the house -anything to avoid having to go play those numbers in the lottery, and he
through the front gate. I've tried to get over won £1300 for doing (20) ......."I named him
my fear," she continues. "For instance, I Lucky, and he was obviously a very special
walked into the big butterfly cage at the chicken," Mr. Gibbons says. "I rescued him
American Museum of Natural History from certain death. I think he knew that, and
(14) ...... the butterflies could land on my so he followed me everywhere." Lucky,
body, but that just didn't work. It's a bit however, ended up not so lucky after all: last
strange: I can jump out of airplanes with no week he got snatched and eaten by a fox. Mr.
problem; I can be covered in cockroaches Gibbons is now trying to train his remaining
without worrying myself much; I can do (15) hens to peck numbers out on a calculator,
...... sorts of things. However, I just cannot but he admits that it's just not the same, and
deal with the feel of butterflies' bodies." that he dearly misses Lucky.
19- A) from B) on
C) through D) with
14- A) so that B) because of E) towards
C) nonetheless D) in order to
E) however
HIBERNO-ENGLISH SCOUSE
Hiberno-English is the form of the English Scouse is the accent or dialect of English
language used in Ireland; it is (1) ...... called found in the northern English city of Liverpool
Anglo-Irish or Irish English.The basis for the and (6) ...... urban areas of Lancashire and
type of English spoken in Ireland is said to be the Wirral region of Cheshire. The Liverpool
a mixture of the language of Shakespeare accent is highly distinctive, and (7) ......
and the Irish of the Gaelic earls, as modern different from the accents used in
Irish-English does bear the marks of two neighbouring regions of Lancashire and
major historical events. First, we have the Cheshire.The word Scouse was originally a
various types of English and Scots that variation of "lobscouse" (probably from the
(2) ...... to Ireland during the English and north German sailor's dish Labscaus), the
Scottish colonization in the sixteenth and name of a traditional dish of mutton stew
seventeenth centuries. Secondly, there is an mixed with hardtack and eaten by sailors.
early hybrid jargon (3) ...... arose as a result Lancashire has one of (8) ...... diverse
of the contact between the Irish and English selections of spoken accents of any English
languages. The linguistic interference of the county or region. This is thought (9) ......
Irish language on the English spoken in due to the large amount of immigration into
Ireland is most clearly seen in those areas the Liverpool area from Ireland, Wales, the
where Irish is still spoken as a mother tongue Isle of Man, Scotland, other parts of northern
or where it (4) ...... until recently. However, England, and the Caribbean in the 18th and
this merging is minimal (but still absolute in 19th centuries. The influence of these speech
evidencE) in Dublin, where cultural influences patterns was strong in Liverpool,
(news media, music, television) from the US distinguishing the accent of its people from
and the UK have been more readily (10) ...... of surrounding Lancashire and
assimilated, (5) ...... exposure, in the Cheshire.
modern age.
Brummie (sometimes spelt Brummy) refers to Highland English is the variety of Gaelic-
things (11) ...... with the city of Birmingham in influenced Scottish English (16) ...... in the
England, particularly its people - known as highlands of Scotland. Island English is the
Brummies - and their accent and dialect of the variety spoken (17) ...... a second language
English language. The word is derived from by native Gaelic speakers in the Outer
Brummagem (commonly shortened to Brum), Hebrides. This variety of English shows the
(12) ...... is a local name for the city. Brummie influence of Gaelic most clearly in
is a prominent example of a UK regional accent. pronunciation, but also in grammar. For
It is perceived as a perfectly legitimate version example, medial and final consonants
of the spoken English language in the Midlands. (18) ...... to be de-voiced (as is standard in
The accent is regarded as "lifting and Gaelic), so that "whatever" becomes
melodious" by overseas visitors, though it pronounced as "whateffer". Similarly, the
sometimes comes (13) ...... attack from the "parasitic vowel" that is used in some
British press due to many popular consonant combinations in Gaelic is used,
misconceptions and the obvious inability of (19) ...... "film" is pronounced as "fillum".
many non-brummie actors to grasp the unusual The grammatical effect is most apparent with
tones of the accent, which (14) ...... have verbs, as Gaelic uses the verb "to be" with
described as (15) ...... the Scandinavian the active participle of the verb to indicate a
languages in sound. Brummie should not be continuous action as in English, but also uses
regarded as the only accent of the Midlands or this construction for iterative meanings;
West Midlands, although the term is often used therefore, "I go to Stomoway on Mondays,"
by outsiders to refer to all accents of the becomes "I am going to Stornoway on
region. For example, speakers from the Black Mondays." The past tense in Highland English
County (the conurbation to the north-west of may use the verb "to be" (20) ...... by
Birmingham) have an accent which is very "after" and the participle, as in "I am after
different from Brummie in many respects. buying a newspaper," to mean "I have [just]
bought a newspaper."
The didgeridoo is a unique wind instrument of The so-called "thumb piano" is an instrument
the Aborigines of northern Australia. There played in East Africa, particularly (6) ......
aren't (1) ...... reliable sources stating the the Shona people of Zimbabwe; in the Shona
didgeridoo's exact age, but it is commonly tongue it is called mbira. It consists of a
accepted as being the world's oldest wind small wooden board (usually about 8cm x
instrument. The word "didgeridoo" is not an 10cm) to which between 20 and 24 metal
Aboriginal one, but comes from the Irish keys (7) ......; the instrument is then placed
word dudaire, meaning "trumpeter" or inside of a hollowed-out gourd, which
"hummer". The instrument is quite simple, amplifies its sound when it is played.
consisting (2) ...... a long (usually between (8) ......, shells or bottletops are affixed to
1m and 1.5m) wooden tube that comes from both the board and the gourd in order to
the trunk of a native eucalyptus tree that has create a constant buzzing sound, which adds
been hollowed out by termites. The trunk is depth and context to the clear tone; of the
cut to size, and often a rim made of beeswax mbira keys. To the Western ear, the music
is applied to the mouthpiece end of the produced by the mbira seems to be
instrument. The didgeridoo is played by extremely repetitive, and it is certainly
blowing into it with continuously vibrating cyclical, but upon close listening, minute
lips, which produces a low droning sound, variations (9) ...... of Western minimalist
and requires a technique called circular music can be heard.It has come to be known
breathing. This (3) ...... breathing in through in the West as a "thumb piano" because the
the nose (4) ...... simultaneously expelling metal keys are plucked with the thumbs, but
air from the mouth, (5) ...... allowing ; its full name in Shona is mbira dzavadzimu,
didgeridoo player to blow for up to an hour which means "mbira of the ancestor spirits".
without stopping. The didgeridoo is an This name indicates how important the
integral part of the ceremonial life of the instrument is to the Shona people, (10) ......
Aborigines of northern Australia, as it spiritual values and aspirations the mbira
accompanies singers and dancers in religious represents.
rituals.
3- A) expects B) involves
C) consists D) resides 8- A) Accordingly B) As soon as
E) deters C) Therefore D) Despite
E) Furthermore
4- A) however B) as
C) since D) no matter 9- A) suggestingly B) suggested
E) while C) suggestion D) suggesting
E) suggestive
An aeolian harp is a musical instrument that Get your finger wet, then rub it (16) ...... the
is set outside and "played" by the wind, free rim of a wineglass: a haunting sound is
of the touch of human hands. It originated in produced. Now get 50 wineglasses, all of
Greece around the year 0, and is named for different sizes, and do the same thing: you
Aeolus, the ancient Greek god of the wind. have a musical instrument. This is basically
The traditional aeolian harp is essentially a what American jack-of-all-trades Benjamin
wooden box with strings stretched lengthwise Franklin did in 1761 when he invented the
from top to bottom inside the box. It is glass armonica, (17) ...... that he used glass
placed either outside or in an opened window bowls (18) ...... wineglasses. He turned the
(11) ...... the wind can blow across the bowls on their sides and through their centers
strings to produce sounds. The strings are ran a metal pole attached to a foot pedal
sometimes tuned all to the same note, and which would continuously spin them. The
sometimes to different notes. The sound player then wets his fingers, touches the
produced is random and dependent bowls, and voila! music results. The glass
(12) ...... the strength of the wind, armonica enjoyed a great vogue in America
(13) ...... from a barely audible hum to a and Europe in the late 18th and early 19th
loud scream. It was a very popular centuries, and both Mozart and Beethoven
instrument during the era of Romanticism, wrote music for (19) ...... .However,
and Romantic poets were fond of comparing for some reason, playing or listening to the
(14) ...... to aeolian harps (15) ...... they instrument was claimed by doctors to lead to
identified with how nature was in control of melancholy, depression, and (20) ......
the instrument. Also, Romantic composer insanity, and it was banned in some places,
Frederic Chopin's etude in A-flat minor was resulting in its virtual disappearance from the
nicknamed the "Aeolian Harp Etude" for its world. Recently, however, it has begun to
resemblance to the sounds produced by this enjoy a revival (now that those doctors'
lovely instrument. claims have been proven to be nothing but
nonsense).
The theremin is one of the world's earliest A prepared piano is a piano - usually a grand
fully electronic musical instruments. Invented piano - that has had its sound altered by
in 1919 by Russian Lev Sergeivitch Termen, placing objects known as "preparations"
the theremin was an accidental discovery between or atop its strings. The first
made (21) ...... Soviet government- composer to use it extensively was John
sponsored research. Consisting of a box with Cage, who is often credited (26) ......
two radio antennas, the theremin was unique inventing the instrument. Cage himself said
in that it required (22) ...... physical contact he was greatly inspired by the earlier
to produce music. Instead, a performer could experiments of Henry Cowell, who would
control both the pitch and volume of the pluck and scrape the strings directly rather
sound simply by moving their hands in the than pressing the keys. In Cage's use, the
air. It is not, however, an easy instrument to preparations are typically nuts, bolts, and
play, requiring the performer to remain pieces of rubber stuck between and entwined
absolutely still (23) ...... their body around the strings. When the keys of the
movements alter the theremin's pitch. Here's piano are (27) ...... played, some will make
how it works: the theremin's two radio duller, more percussive sounds than usual,
antennas create two different, very high (28) ...... others will produce sonorous bell-
frequency radio signals, which can then be like tones. The innovation of the prepared
altered by the close presence of a human piano later led to the creation of the prepared
body - (24) ...... a person moving about a guitar, which is a guitar with different items
room can affect television or radio reception. wedged between the guitar's strings and its
One of the antennas controls pitch, (25) ...... neck. Perhaps the most well-known name to
controls volume, and the hands are moved use the prepared guitar is the avant-garde
carefully through the air to manipulate both. rock group Sonic Youth, whose guitarists
If you have ever seen any old 1950s science delight (29) ...... preparing their instruments
fiction movies, you have probably heard the with (30) ...... hings ...... sticks and
theremin's distinct "woo-WOO-woo" sound, screwdrivers.
also used to good effect on the Beach Boys'
1966 "pocket symphony", "Good Vibrations".
The largest of the cats is the tiger. (1) ...... The second largest of the big cats and the
strong and fierce as it is big, the tiger is proverbial "king of beasts", the lion has been,
rivalled only by the lion in strength and (6) ...... earliest times, one of (7) ......
ferocity. The tiger's coat is often a bright known of wild animals. It is now found mainly
golden colour. It has black stripes on the in parts of Africa south of the Sahara. A few
head, body, limbs, and tail. Stripes like these hundred lions, constituting an Asiatic race,
are sometimes found on the domestic cat (2) live under strict protection in the Gir Forest
...... which is a distant relative of the tiger. National Park in Gujarat, India. The preferred
The tiger is thought to have originated in habitats of lions are grassy plains and open
northern Eurasia and to have moved savanna. Lions are unique among cats in that
southward; its present range extends from they live in a group, or pride. A pride consists
the Russian Far East through parts of China, of several generations of lionesses - (8) ......
India, and Southeast Asia. There were once are related - their cubs, and one or two adult
about seven or eight generally accepted races male lions which defend the pride's territory
of tiger. Of (3) ...... the Javan tiger, Bali and mate with the females. Lions proclaim
tiger, and Caspian tiger are now believed to their territory by roaring and by scent
be extinct; the Chinese tiger is near marking. The lion's well-known roar is
extinction; and the Sumatran, Siberian, and generally uttered in the evening before a
Indian subspecies are listed in the Red Data night's hunting and again before getting up at
Book as definitely endangered. The tiger dawn. Lions prey on a large number of
hunts by night and preys on a variety of animals ranging in size from gazelles and
animals. Healthy, large mammals are baboons upward to buffalo and
generally avoided, (4) ...... there have been hippopotamuses, but they prefer to hunt
recorded instances of tigers (5) ...... (9) ...... medium- (10) ...... large-sized
elephants and buffalo. hoofed animals as wildebeest, zebra, and
impala and other antelopes.
1- A) So B) As 6- A) for B) in
C) Much D) More C) after D) since
E) Too E) until
9- A) more B) many
4- A) so that B) instead of C) such D) most
C) although D) since E) as
E) as though
10- A) to B) over
5- A) being attacked B) attacked C) for D) in
C) having attacked D) to attack E) with
E) to be attacked
THE LEOPARD THE JAGUAR
The name "leopard" was originally given to The jaguar is grouped - (16) ...... lions and
the cat now called cheetah, which was once tigers - as one of the big, or roaring, cats,
thought (11) ...... a cross between the lion and is the only (17) ...... cat in the Western
and the pard. The term "pard" was eventually Hemisphere. Its preferred habitats are
replaced by the name leopard. The leopard is usually swamps and wooded regions, but
found over nearly (12) ...... of Africa south jaguars also live in scrublands and deserts.
of the Sahara, in northeast Africa, and from The jaguar is virtually extinct in the northern
Asia Minor through Central Asia and India to part of its original range and survives in
China and Manchuria. It varies greatly in size reduced numbers only in remote areas of
and markings. The leopard is a solitary Central and South America; the largest
animal of the bush and forest and is mainly known population exists in the Amazon
nocturnal in habit, although it sometimes rainforest. A solitary predator, the jaguar is a
basks in the sun. It is an agile climber and stalk-and-ambush hunter; its name comes
frequently stores the remains of its kills in from the Tupi-Guramî word jaguara, meaning
the branches of a tree. It feeds upon "he who kills with one leap." Jaguars are swift
(13) ...... animal it can (14) ...... , from and agile and are very good climbers.
small rodents to waterbuck, but generally Although active during the day, jaguars hunt
preys on the small-and medium-sized mainly at night and on the ground. Capybara
antelopes and deer; it appears to have a and peccary are their preferred prey.
special liking for dogs as food and, in Africa, Occasionally, livestock (18) ...... in areas
for baboons. It sometimes takes livestock, (19) ...... ranches have replaced natural
and may attack human beings. A black form habitat. The cat is a savage fighter when
of the leopard is widely known as the black (20) ...... but does not normally attack
panther, which is (15) ...... in the Far East humans.
than in other parts of the range of the
leopard.
17- A) as B) so
12- A) some B) a little C) like D) such
C) several D) the whole E) more
E) the most
The cheetah lives on the open plains of The puma is exceeded in size only by the
southern, central, and eastern Africa and in jaguar among cats of the New World. The
the Middle East, where it is all (21) ...... name (26) ...... is derived from usage by the
extinct. The African race of the cheetah is Inca Indians. The puma ranges widely from
relatively uncommon; the Asiatic race is British Columbia to Patagonia, in habitats
listed as critically endangered in the Red Data (27) ...... mountains, deserts, and jungles.
Book and is extinct in (22) ...... its former In many regions, however, local races have
range. The cheetah is (23) ...... land animal been eliminated by humans, and pumas are
in the world over short distances, capable of now generally restricted to wilderness areas.
attaining speeds (24) ...... 100 km per hour. The voice of the puma is like that of a
As its long legs and strong hindquarters domestic cat but louder. Breeding occurs at
suggest, it is built for running. The cheetah any time of year, the female usually
hunts alone or in small groups. It usually (28) ...... young every other year. The puma
hunts in the morning or late afternoon, eats a considerable range of foods; in North
cautiously stalking its prey (usually a small America it demonstrates a preference for
antelopE) and then (25) ...... it ...... in a deer when they are available. Occasionally it
final rapid sprint. The cheetah has long been kills livestock, but (29) ...... other predators
trapped and tamed in Asia, where it has been it is valuable in maintaining the balance of
used for coursing game, but it has seldom nature by preventing overpopulation of prey
bred in captivity. animals. Though attacks on people are still
rare, the growth of residential construction in
wilderness areas (30) ...... to an increase in
puma attacks in recent years.
21- A) still B) but
C) just D) though 26- A) itself B) of which
E) yet C) where D) that of
E) its own
1- A) myself B) me
C) them D) themselves 6- A) even though B) not only
E) my own C) whether D) however
E) no matter
2- A) themselves B) their
C) mine D) myself
E) them 7- A) once B) despite
C) already D) still
E) first
4- A) won't be shunned
B) hadn't shunned 9- A) safer than B) as safely as
C) wasn't being shunned C) so safely that D) too safely
D) won't have shunned E) safe enough
E) wouldn't be shunning
1- A) fix...up B) pull...away
C) show...off D) see...off
E) break...down 6- A) being dismissed
B) to be dismissed
C) having dismissed
D) to dismiss
2- A) at present B) out of sight E) dismissing
C) in contrast D) all of a sudden
E) for the time being 7- A) not only B) both
C) every D) several
E) all
3- A) everywhere B) elsewhere
C) someone D) nowhere 8- A) nothing B) little
E) whoever C) none D) every
E) many
4- A) no matter B) whenever
C) whereas D) as if 9- A) if B) that
E) even though C) what D) in case
E) even if
20- A) As a consequence
15- A) however B) just B) By all means
C) still D) already C) In view of
E) yet D) Over and over
E) As for
25- A) his B) himself
C) he D) him
E) his own
BE CAREFUL ABOUT WHERE YOU SLEEP "WE AINT GOT NO USE FOR NO
NUMBERS WHAT AINT REAL"
On the night of 9-10 June 1999, a German
tourist couple spent the night in Room 112 of On 12 August 1999, the legislature of the
the Burgundy Motor Inn in Atlantic City, New state of Mississippi passed a bill legally
Jersey. During the night, they noticed a very (26) ...... fractions and decimal points from
strange and strong smell, which made them the mathematics curriculum of (27) ......
quite uncomfortable. But they were not public secondary schools in the state. The bill
(21) ...... terribly uncomfortable......they directs public secondary schools in Mississippi
were unable to sleep, and so they (22) ...... to emphasize whole number arithmetic in
their complaint to the manager (23) ...... the mathematics courses, and orders the removal
next morning. A similar thing happened at (28) ...... standardized state math tests of
the Capri Motel, just east of downtown questions involving non-whole numbers.
Kansas City, in July 2003: a man who had (29) ...... from the outcry at the continued
checked in found a foul odor in his room, but dumbing- down of American education, it was
this man immediately complained to the claimed by many that this removal was
manager. Unfortunately, he was told that motivated by religious belief, a claim denied
(24) ...... could be done about the problem, by Judith Sutpen, chairperson of the
and he spent three nights in the room before Mississippi Senate Education Committee.
checking out because he could no longer "This has nothing to do with religion," she
stand the smell. Well, when the Capri Motel's said, claiming instead that the bill was passed
cleaning staff came to make up the room to de-emphasize elements that schoolchildren
once he had gone, they lifted the mattress find confusing and adding, "It makes no
and underneath found a man's body in an sense to train our students how to think
advanced stage of decomposition. And what logically, and then present them with
about the Burgundy Motor Inn incident? Well, nonsensical concepts like irrational and
that was 64-year-old Saul Hernandez, also imaginary numbers." One member of the
dead under the bed and quite rotted Senate, though, seems to confirm the role of
(25) ...... . religion in the bill: "(30) ...... whole numbers
are good enough for the Catholic Church,
then they ought to be good enough for the
children of the great state of Mississippi."
TEST 25
Critic Theophile Gautier once announced that (1) ...... could create (2) ...... "all the monsters of
fantasy" than the French artist Gustave Dore, known especially for his highly imaginative book
illustrations. Paul-Gustave Dore was born on 6 January 1832, in Strasbourg, France. (3) ...... his
early teens, he had (4) ...... had some of his artwork (5) ...... .In 1847, he went to Paris, and
from 1848 to 1851 drew cartoons for the weekly magazine Journal pour Rire. He also published
books of his ink drawings. Although a good painter and sculptor as well, Dore's main success came
from his illustrations in famous books, (6) ....... he used a wood-engraving process. He produced
over 90 illustrated books. Some of the best of (7) ...... were Works of Rabe/a/s(1854), the Droll
Stories of Balzac (1855), Dante's Inferno (1861), Cervantes' Don Quixote (1863), and a Bible
(1865). His 1862 drawings (8) ...... the fairy tales of Charles Perrault were in publication for many
decades. Many of Dore's drawings were of fascinating imaginary scenes from myth and legend. He
often used religious or historical themes for his paintings, but he did not seem to bring these
subjects (9) ...... life (10) ...... he did the creatures of imagination.
7- A) these B) which
2- A) better B) so good C) what D) themselves
C) too good D) so well that E) that
E) well enough
8- A) to be accompanied
3- A) When B) At B) accompanying
C) As D) By C) accompanied
E) While D) being accompanied
E) accompany
9- A) for B) in
4- A) thus B) since C) to D) with
C) but D) already E) during
E) than
Holidays these days seem to fall into two 14 February: Horned Lizard Day
basic categories. There are those that are
over-commercialized; and there are those For anyone (6) ...... finds Valentine's Day a
that are basically ignored, Christmas is an sickeningly pointless holiday based entirely
example of the former, (1) ...... Groundhog (7) ...... superficial expressions of fraudulent
Day is an example of the (2) ...... Many of love, I lurned Lizard Day provides an
these "special days" have (3) ...... lost their opportunity to disorient our friends and loved
meaning, or had it overshadowed by ones with cheerful comments about
commercial promotion. But holidays are interesting reptiles. Are you tired of
supposed to be festive, enjoyable times, so it Valentine's Day's hopelessly tooth-rotting
seems (4) ...... a shame to just abandon the sentimentality? Are you sick of supporting the
idea. In the hopes of carrying on the spirit of flower and candy industries with hollow
celebration, I observe a wide range of bizarre gestures of false affection? Does the colour
little days. Some have their own odd little pink send you into fits of psychotic rage?
origins, but most are derived from an old Then celebrate (8) ...... worth celebrating -
Mature Company calendar. It features a plant celebrate Horned Lizard Day! I send Horned
or animal on (5) ...... page, and some of Lizard Day cards to my friends on this
them are certainly interesting enough to important occasion, both to spread happiness
deserve a special day of celebration. and to let them know (9) ...... interesting
animals horned lizards are. I feel that there's
1- A) so B) because no better way to celebrate 14 February than
C) while D) despite with an animal that squirts blood from a sinus
E) accordingly behind its eyes (10) ...... threatened.
6- A) who B) which
C) what D) how
2- A) some B) another E) when
C) many D) latter
E) other's 7- A) at B) to
C) of D) up
E)on
3- A) both B) either
C) neither D) not only
E) or 8- A) no one B) someone
C) everything D) anytime
E) something
4- A) too B) like
C) as D) with
E) for 9- A) that B) how
C) where D) what
E) why
5- A) all B) many
C) each D) much
E) some 10- A) like B) when
C) how D) as
E) which
Other February Holidays
May Holidays
Not only do duck-billed platypuses -
(11) ...... day is February 2 - look incredibly (16) ...... 19 November is the official day for
odd, they're also the world's only venomous sloth (that is, "laziness") according to a
mammal. What could be better? So, stick a calendar of (17) ...... I've been told by a
duck-bill on your face, attach some poisonous friend that 9 May has also been established
spines to your ankles, and go crazy. (Of as International Sloth Day. I've got nothing
course, if you did the first two, number three against celebrating sloth twice a year, or you
is probably already covered.) About three can choose (18) ...... date you desire. Just
weeks later, on 22 February, celebrate don't celebrate too actively, or you'll defeat
Parsley Day. Acknowledge the world's the whole purpose of Sloth Day in the first
greatest garnish by (12) ...... it ...... to total place. Later in the month of May comes an
strangers in the street! Wander into fast food actual date in history, which warrants note
restaurants, walk up to the patrons, and offer (19) ...... you care about the actual event or
to spice up the appearance of their boring not. On 23 May 1618, in Prague, a few royal
meals with a sprig of festive green. Visit your officials were thrown out of a window of
friends and bestow upon them the gift of Hradcany Castle by some noblemen, but
garnish. (13) ...... no one accepts your survived the fall by landing in a cart full of
offerings, you can always just (14) ...... a manure: this was the Defenestration of
table of (15) ...... with an elegant vase of Prague. More importantly, "defenestration" is
nice fresh parsley, brightening the room and easily one of the most totally underused
letting everyone know what a good words in the English language. For (20) ......
understanding of culinary decor you have. who are unaware, it means "the act of
throwing something or someone out of a
window".
13- A) If B) Also
C) So D) That 18- A) however B) whenever
E) For C) wherever D) whichever
E) whomever
December Holidays
25 June: Zoog Day
Certainly one of the most important days of
Many years ago, it was determined that there the year, Pangolin Day (8 December)
were several holidays distributed (21) ...... celebrates everyone's favourite walking
the year that revolved around candy and pinecone. For those of you unfamiliar with
greetings cards, but that all of the popular pangolins, they are ant-eating mammals
gift-giving holidays (22) ...... in winter. To (26) ......with overlapping armour scales.
create a balance, Zoog Day was established They have long prehensile tails, and they curl
on 25 June, six months away from the into an armoured ball if threatened by
popular Christmas holiday. On this day, predators. There are a lot of really fascinating
decorations tend to be in purple and orange, animals out there, (27) ...... pangolins are
and celebrants are encouraged to obtain and probably my own personal favourite.
decorate a Zoog tree. Zoog trees are spiny, (28) ...... fascinating creature is celebrated
purple, and perfectly cylindrical. Zoog the All- on 23 December; that is, Loggerhead Shrike
Nifty (23) ...... to fly around that night on Day. Displaying some of the most bizarre
the back of his magical griffin, teleporting animal behaviour I've ever heard of, this bird
presents into people's kitchens. It is only a apparently impales uneaten prey on either
coincidence that Zoog's name is shared by a thorns or barbed wire. To celebrate this, I
race of beings from the works of horror writer recommend sticking any leftovers from your
HP. Lovecraft, but (24) ....... fans of the meals onto (29) ...... sharp objects. Pens,
author are encouraged to celebrate this day pencils, coat racks, and other (30) ......
by releasing swarms of zoogs into the waking items should be ideally suited for this
world, and watching with delight as people purpose.
discover that these cute, fuzzy creatures are
carnivorous, and perfectly willing (25) ......
people.
6- A) while B) during
C) as though D) wherever
2- A) despite B) like E) until
C) such as D) owing to
E) much
7- A) between B) among
C) along D) upon
3- A) to have arrived B) arriving E) through
C) having arrived D) to be arriving
E) arrived
6- A) If only B) Neither
C) Not only D) Not until
2- A) broke into B) dropped off E) As though
C) took after D) gave back
E) called for 7- A) Despite B) Accordingly
C) Whereas D) The moment
E) Likewise
3- A) along with B) so as to
C) as for D) up until 8- A) too many B) more than
E) far from C) so much D) just a few
E) as little as
4- A) distance B) approach
C) closure D) proximity 9- A) is having B) has
E) amount C) has had D) will be having
E) will have had
The "father of the American public school", One of the most notable American
Horace Mann (1796-1859) worked to win philosophers of the 20th century, John Dewey
reforms and public support for schools in the (1859-1952) was also a pioneer in
United States. It was his opinion that, in days educational theory and method. (16) ......
to come, (11) ...... universal, nonsectarian, his ideas developed the progressive
and free. Through his influence, the first education movement that was very influential
teacher-training school in the United States in schools until about 1950. Learning by
was established in 1839. In 1843, Mann doing was the heart of his method. The
spent five months in Europe (12) ...... its children were given freedom to learn
schools. (13) ...... his return, his report to (17) ...... their needs and experiences.
the board antagonized the Boston Dewey regarded the school as a community -
schoolmasters, who considered his praise of a part of society. He looked upon education
Prussian teaching methods as criticism of as a process of living, not as preparation
(14) ...... . The report, however, made him a (18) ...... later living. In philosophy, Dewey's
national figure. Declaring his enthusiasm for pragmatic theories insisted that the way to
education as the basis of democracy, Mann test ideas was to check them against their
said, "The common school is (15) ...... consequences (19)........to claim their
discovery ever made by man". Antioch agreement with supposedly self-evident
College in Yellow Springs, Ohio, made Mann truth. (20)........faced with a problem, said
its president in 1853. There he sought to Dewey, a person must logically examine the
make higher education available to all on a options open to him or her to find the best
coeducational and nonsectarian basis. solution supported by the facts.
3- A) For B) After
C) By the time D) Ever since 8- A) towards B) at
E) When C) to D) among
E) from
4- A) Along B) Upon
C) Within D) Of 9- A) lay off B) work for
E) To C) carry on D) set down
E) put up
5- A) which B) whose
C) where D) how 10- A) most B) some
E) whom C) however D) all
E) what
STOP WHEN YOU SEE RED "HERE'S YOUR PETROL, SIR." - "THANK
YOU, OFFICER."
The Manchester United and Arsenal football
squads have ruled over the English In Russia, official statistics show that of the
Premiership for the last decade - but this 24,000 traffic accidents that occurred over
(11) ...... may have a scientific explanation. the past year, 38% involved drivers hitting
A report in the journal Nature by Durham pedestrians. That figure rose to 54% for the
University academics suggests that 3,700 road accidents recorded in the first
competitors who wear red - (12) ...... four months of this year. In an effort to
Manchester United and Arsenal - have an encourage people to stop driving aggressively
advantage. The researchers claim that this and to have more (16) ...... for pedestrians,
advantage may be a result of a deep-seated Moscow traffic police have launched a new
evolutionary response. Dr. Robert Barton road and safety awareness campaign called
says, "Whether red suppresses the Safe Crossing. One part of this program is
testosterone of the opponent or boosts the quite revolutionary, and -who knows? - could
testosterone of the individual wearing red, we very well end up being a very strong
don't know at the moment. We're going to encouragement for safer driving. (17) ......
look into that. My sense is that there is a bit giving fines to bad drivers, the police
of both going on." The researchers studied are instead handing out free petrol vouchers
four sports (13) ...... the 2004 Olympics - to good (18) ...... which enables those good
boxing, tae kwon do, Greco-Roman wrestling, drivers to get petrol (19) ...... having to pay
and freestyle wrestling -where contestants for it. According to representatives of the
were randomly assigned either red or blue Safe Crossing campaign, (20) ...... careful
colours. They found that, in all the events drivers can be given vouchers that are worth
studied, the contestants (14) ...... red won up to £1,500 of petrol. Perhaps now the
significantly (15) ...... contests. Looking at pedestrians of Russia will be able to sleep
results from the Euro 2004 football sounder at night.
tournament also showed that five squads had
better results when playing in red.
It seems that Walter Mueller, of Schleswig- 9-year-old Wang Peng, from Wuhan city in
Holstein in Germany, is not too fond central China, was a very (26) ...... boy,
(21) ...... insects. One evening, Mr. Mueller - saving his money and using it to buy 20
who was having a problem with mosquitoes - eggs. He was planning to use his family's hen
closed all of the windows in his apartment to hatch the eggs - and then disaster struck:
and emptied several cans of extra strength the hen was attacked by a neighbour's dog
insect spray into the air before sitting down and died. What could be done now? Well,
at his computer to surf the Internet. Poor Mr. Wang was also a very clever and resourceful
Mueller- he couldn't have chosen a (22) ...... boy, it seems: he put the eggs in a box and
time to take advantage of the wonders of put the box between his legs for warmth
modern technology. (23) ...... he turned on (27) ...... day, lying under a pile of quilts as
his computer, a spark of electricity ignited well. " (28) ...... time was when I was
the powerful fumes of the insect spray that asleep," Wang said. "I had to sleep under
were hanging in the air, causing an explosion really thick quilts, and dared not turn over
that demolished his apartment and blew out (29) ...... crushing the eggs." (30) ...... he
all the windows. Amazingly, Mr. Mueller had to leave the house to go to school, he
(24) ...... was not badly hurt, and was wrapped the box of eggs in the quilts to try
released from hospital after treatment for and keep them warm during his absence.
minor injuries. None of the other residents in After 20 days, one night Wang was awakened
the building were injured, (25) ...... but by some faint sounds - one of the chicks had
several apartments were damaged - to the hatched! Over the next few days, another 12
tune of £100,000 - and debris flew up to 100 of the little creatures came out of their shells
metres away. The street outside the building to greet the world. "I am very happy," says
had to be closed for several hours as a result. Wang, "since I finished the job for the hen."