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A"t~nd 11/c:r()Jerf
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21)1'

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de receptie

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K:JAY

ItnteniJ !:>e/fd LD~A de recel/le fn f,cJ I1l1z'

Antena de recl'"c(i'e EWE Ir!'ntm ~Of/ -I6tJm w/12 W VL

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fJreaml'lt'fP/caTor
s/melr!'el'('nTru,f}}')te.l1C!de l'e~efJtt'eUS: _ 2."
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Ser-erd?e W28MLtfT

9.

f! Is1IJrte
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1. Ra/'"r1t1/ 1enslv,,//or !"altvkr,.!tJrlrtlns~",at

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2~

------._.-

ANTENE

CAP .!
1.1

...,.

: '-.;
....

~.~

... ,...

. '"

...

LIN/li

1>t; TR;AIYNlrfSdE

1aIntroducere

Clasificarea

antenelor

Alegerea unui criteriu de sistematizare

a materialului informativ privind antenele este o problema
interesantaoCartile
de popularizare referitoare la
antene s-au ocupgt n general de prezentarea
diferitelor tipuri de antene si mai putin de clasificarea
lor.Astfel constatam adoptarea succesiva a unor criterii diferite n aceeasi carteoExemple:
-dupa destinatie:antene
de receptie si emisie
-dupa lungimea de unda:antene de UL,lm1,US,UUS etc.
-dupa lucrul pe armonici:antene
monoband si multiband
-dupa largimea de banda:a~tene de banda ngusta ,de
banda larga si foarte larga
-dupa regimul undelor:a~tene
cu unde stationare (acordate) si antene cu unde progresive (aperiodice)
-dupa simetrie:antene
simetrice si nesimetrice .
-dupa directivitate:antene
directive si nedirective
-dupa pozitie:orizontale,verticale,nclinate
-dupa forma:l~niare,n
V,n V. ntors, n L,n T,triughi
patrat, romb, cerc,fluture,piramida,
dublu con, disc si
con,n cruce,cruce
de Malta,trifoi,spirala,etco
-du~a numarul de elementi activi si pasivi
-dupa dimensiuni:normale,scurtate,alUL~ite
-dupa tipul liniei de alimentare:monofilara,bifil~ra,
coaxiala
-dupa sistemul de adaptare a liniei cu antena:n T,
n Gama,n Delta,cu linie de adaptare,cu trunchi de
linie,cu constante concentrate,cu
transformator, etc.
Dupa parerea noastra,cri teriul.declasificare.....aJ..--antenelor este linia de transmisie din care provin~
~~tenelesempart
n doua clase:bucle si dipolio
Antenele bucla provin din linii de transmisie cu
capatul n scurtcircuitaDipolii
provin din linii de
transmisie cu capatul n gola
Antenele bucla sunt de doua tipuri:bucle
complete
si semibucleoAntenele
dipol sunt de doua tipuri:dipoli
simetrici (completi) si semidipoli (monopoli).
Combinnd antene bucla si dipoli se obtin antene
complexe cu anumiti parametri nbunatatitio
.
Deoarece antenele provin din linii de transmisie,
pentru a ntelege functionarea lor trebuie studiata
functionarea
liniilor de transmisieo

-z1.20

LUlIA DE TRANSMISIE

linie
consta

de transmisie a energiei de rad~ofrecventa

din doua conauctoare paralele,izolate,af~ate

la distanta
mica comparativ
mult
O,OlA (Figol~

:;

cu lungimea

=:::::..-.:..

de unda

A,cel

. ----<:::::::::::::__

_-~

..
-----

FigoL'I\
Curentii n portiunile cu lungimi de ~/2 ale linie~
notati cu sageti, sunt egali si de sens contraroCmpuriIe creeate de ei fiind de sens contrar,se anuleaza
reciproc, astfel ca linia nu radiaza unde electromagneticeoIndepartnd
conductoarele
liniei,copurile
nu se
mai ~luleazaiar
linia
nncepe sa radieze unde electromagnetice,deci
devine o antenao
Antena transforma energia curentului alternativ de
radiofrecventa
n energia undelor electromagneticeo
Liniile de transmisie au lungimi fizice comperabile cu lungimea de ~~daoFunctionarea
lor este &~aloaga,
pna la un punct,cu functionarea
circuitelor
oscilanteo
Un circuit oscilant are inductanta L si capacitatea
C concent+ate
n bobina-respectiv
condensatoroLinia
de
tr&Ylsmisie are "constantele"
L si C distribui te de-a
l~~l
conductoarelor,fiecare
portiune de con~uctor
aTe-:
o inductar:.ta iar ntre conductoare
exista: o capaci tate oLa un circuit oscilant cmpul magnetic- -este
localizat n bobina iar cmpul electric n conden-satoro
Pe linia de tr.ansmisie exista o unda d~ curent si o
unda de tensiune ,care creeaza cmpuri magnetice
si
jurul conductoareloro
electrice
Circuitul oscilant rezoneaza pe o singura frecventa,
511__timp ceJ~ __
Q:__
Iinie .PQ.1~ exista unde de curent si tensiune de orice frecventeo

L~

__

lo2oloParametrii
Impedanta

liniilor

.---4 ..0.r.

de transmisie

caracteristica

In fiecare portiune a liniei de transmisie conductoarele au o mica inductanta L iar ntre ele exista o capacitate mica C (Figj~)

Energia se transmite de la intrarea spre iesirea liniei transformndu-se

succesiv din energie de cmp magnetic,exprimata
prin formulr L.~2
,n energie de cmp
electric,exprimata
prin C.U /2 oTransformarea
are loc

"

-5cu pierderi neglijabile,deci

L]l/2=C.U~/2oDe
aici rezulta:energivlj
U/I= L C sunt
oSe egale:
stie
ca raportul U/I reprezinta impedanta,n curent alternativoDeci
ntre oricare doua puncte vecine ale
liniei exista o impedanta.Ea
se numeste "impedanta
caracteristica"
si are expresia z.=1 tIC .Impedanta caracteristica
a unei linii
c depinde numai de
dista~ta dintre conductoare,diametrul
lor si de constanta dielectrica a izolatiei dintre conductoareo
Impedanta caracteristica
are aceeasi valoare indiferent de lungimea liniei sau frecventa de lucru.
Impedanta caracteristica
a liniei paralele cu aer
se calculeaza cu formula: Z =276-log2D/d
;unde D
este distanta dintre conduc~oare iar d este diametrul lor.In locul formulei se poate folosi diagrama
din Fi~3
.
800

700
oi

'90

//

/ 11//
V/
V

V)IV1/
J

600

//
/1//
//
//.

IvVV
V
V
li.
/1
li/II/1
/JVV//1
:LIli:)
1/
V/
'/;IIIVJV
/J
j)1v
V
/Vv/1
IV
1/
.1
1)

1 /

170

160
-

o '"'o

E.t:

1:)

00

-..

_ v

120

~ . '

.,,\) ~ ~

110

"'~

100

la

~~oO

0
v

150

'30

...
c, -: /=

180

=>

;;:
DO

o o
v a

"v
~ 200

-.. -.
o
E c
." o

c
~

..

100

a.

20 30
Oistan1a

!:O 100
de la

ax

70

'il

200 300

la ax (mm)

.' v

80

60

::J
"O

90

a ~a.

=>

VI

::J
OI

"
E

o
4

O'amrtrul

6 7

10

in!rrior

. 15
al

20

30

tubuh"'.'JlTlm)._.

Fig{4

Figt-3

Liniile paralele cu aer,numite si ~scarita" datorita distantierilor,au

impedante de ordinul sutelor
de ohmio
In apropierea liniilor paralele exista cmpuri magnetice si electrice,care
interactioneaza
cu obiectele
vecine,mai ales cu cele conductoareoPentru
a evita influenta mediului nconjurator,s-a
inventat linia coaxiala,la care unul dintre conductoare are forma de tub
si l nconjoara pe celalalt.Cmpurile
exista numai
ntre conductorul central si tub (care este deobicei
o tresa din conductoare J,care functioneaza ca un ecran.o
Impedanta caracteristica
a liniei coaxiale se determina
cu formula:
Zc=13SologD/d
,n figo4oIn
cazul izolatiei
cu aer9sau
cu ajutoru~
diagramei din
timp ce
liniile paralele sunt simetrice (ambele conductoare
au tensiuni egale si opuse ca semn fata de pamntJ,liniile coaxiale sunt nesimetrice,tresa
fiind la pamnto
Coeficientul
de scurtare
Undele

electromagnetice

se propaga

n spatiu

cu

-4viteza de 3000000 Km/secoO unda electromagnetica cu lungimea de de unda 80r0 este o sinusoida cu lungmea fizica de 80 rnoDarunda de curent care a generat-o nu are
lungimea fizica de 80 rnpe linia de transmisie,ci mai
putinoPe linie are loc o "contractie" a undei de curent
care depinde de natura izolatiei dintre conduct9are.
Pentru a calcula lungimea fizica a liniei trebuie cunoscut coeficientul ei de scurtare KoLinia paralela cu
aer (scarita) are K=0,975 .Linia paralela n plastic,cu
impedanta de 300 Ohmi are K=0,68-0,85
L~ functie de materialul plastic ;deobicei are K=0,83 o Cablele coaxiale
cu dielectric din polietilena masiva au n general coeficientul de scurtare K=0,66,si K=0,85 cnd are dielectric aer si piese din polietilena din loc n loco .
Se fabrica si linii paralele izolate cu polietilena
si ecranate cu 0 tresa ,similara cablelor coaxialeoln tabelul 1 sunt prezentate unele cable coaxiale mai raspn-

dite o

Tabelul IA.

IRO #
161U
171U

81U
81U
11IU
17AIU
158AlU
1581U
159BIU
11001U
12121U
Ill31U
12141U
___ 12151U
18281
19913

IIIMPlldb/lOo'@IOOMHzlldb/lOo'@400
MHz" db/IOO'@1GHz. I@QJlVel FIlINS/KV I!TI

Imi

2.1

II

I[]

6.9

110.27110.7811 0.6

50 '---1-.8--11
4.7
II
6.9
50 I 1.1@50MHz I
1.0@50MHz
52 I
0.81
11--1.-9--11---3.-8-II
20
1001
4.9
Il
11.5
1001
3.1 @
II 50MHz I
3.4
7
11---11-.1--

5
0.6
0.6

10
I[IJ

J0

II

1.9
0.2
2.3

5
5

10
10

II

100

Imi

I[]
I[]

I[]'

1lE]
100'1001
1001

100

I[}I]

--1-.6--11
2.2
2.2
2.2

1001--1.-4

I
I
1/

--11--2.-8

3.6
4.7
4.7
4.6

8.8
8
8

--II

9
9.2
4.5

110.4751

2.9
0.6

ILDF#
IllMP.lldb/100'@150
MHzlldb/100'@450MHzlldb/loo'@824MHZlI00 IIve!FllpWRJKWI!TI
ILDF4-50AI!JQ]
0.845
II
1.51
II
2.10
I@]OOI 3.63 10
SOURCE: Andrew=LDF,Belden=RG

Energia de radiofrecventa furnizata de emitator caIatoreste prin linia de transmisie spre consumatorul (sarcina) conectat la capatul ei ,care este antena,sub forma undelor de tensiune si de curentoDaca impedanta sarci~~i este egala cu impedanta caracteristica a liniei ,
toata energia se consuma n sarcina iar undele de curent
caIatoresc pe linie ntr-un singur sens,progresiv,ca
niste valuri,de la emitator spre antenaoln cazul cnd l~
nia si antena au impedante diferite,o parte din energia
undelor de curent este "refuzata" de antena si se ntoarce napoi tot sub forrr~ de D~de de curent .Unda directa
se nsumeaza algebric cu unda reflectata,formnd pe linie unde stationareo

-51.2.2.

Regimul

de unde

progresive

Regimul de unde progresive asigura transferul maxim

de putere de la emitator la antena,daca impedanta antenei este pur olli~icasi egala cu impedanta caracteristica Zc a liniei.In Fig~5 impedanta antenei este Rs

_~_~
__ '_~,es
~

In regim de unda progresiva,unda

de tensiune este n
faza cu unda de curent si caIatoreste numai de la emitator spre antena (sarcina Rs )oIn orice portiune a liniei curentii din cele doua conductoare sunt egali dar
au
sensurimaxim
opuse.Raportul
tensiuneacaracteristica
m~~ima Um si
curentul
Im este egaldintre
cu impedanta
Zc si este constant de-a lungul liniei.Tensiunea
si curentul fiind n',faza.
n 'orice punct,impedanta
la intrarea liniei este pur rezistiva,fara
reactanta inductiva
sau cap~citiva.ln
orice punct al liniei tensiunea si curentul variaza sinusoidal n timp.
Rezistenta
de sarcina Rs fiind adaptata (egala) cu impedanta caracteristica
a liniei, regimul este de unde
progresiveoDatorita
pierderilor de energie n rezistenta
conductoarelor
si n dielectricul dintre ele,energia undei se atenueaza de-a lungul liniei.Liniile
paralele cu
aer au atenuarea cea mai mica, ntre 0,1-1 D6 pe 100 m,
--------lafrecvente
pna la 200 MHz.
,,'
'
_._.--_._.-----.-----Regimul de unde progresive este independent de frecventa si de lungimea liniei.Linia
cu undda progresiva
este nerezonanta,sau
"neacordata".
Daca impedanta sarcinii nu este pur rezistiva sau nu
este egala cu impedanta caracteristica
a liniei, ea" nu
va absorbi toata energia sosita de la emitatoroO parte
din energie se va ntoarce spre emitator.Energia
reflectata este cu att mai mare cu ct neadaptarea este mai
mare si produce unde stationare pe linie.
1.2030

Regimul

de unde

stationare

Energia "respinsa" (reflectata) de sarcina neadaptata caIatoreste

napoi spre emitator tot sub forma de
unde de curent si tensiune,care interfereaza
cu unda
directaoDin
compunerea undei directe cu unda reflectata rezulta o unda cu maxime si minime stationare,a
caror marime depinde de raportul dintre amplitudinile
lor.
Cnd valoarea Rs este infinita,adica
sarcina nu exista -capetul liniei fiind lasat n gol-unda de energie se
ntoarce n ntregime la emitator,fara
vreun consu~o
~nd valoar~a Rs est~ zero,adic~ la c~pat lini~ e~te
pusa ~n scurtclrcult,unda
de energle se lntoarce ln

-6ntregime la emitator,fara
vreun consum.Deoarece
aceste doua cazuri limita au o mare importanta
si utilitate practica, ele vor fi studiate mai detaliato
Linia

de transmisie

cu capatul

n gol

La capatul unei linii,lasat

n gol, curentul nu poate circula si are valoarea zero,iar tensiunea are valoarea maxima
cum se vede

e~te
L~siFig.~

<~~
1/

'"
A

"

. , ~ l,.
# l.-

defazata

'

cu 9~fata

de curent,

t-

t.:

. /fll

- -~._:
z.

Fig~6.
Desenarea 2inuso:O.dei undei de curent (linia ntrerupta) si a sinusoidei undei de tensiUL~e (linia con~.
tinua) se ncepe ntotdeauna de la cap~tul liniei,lasat n gol.Sinusoida
undei d~ tensiune are maxim la
capatul linie~,apoi
valoarea tensiunii scade si la'
distanta A /4 fata de capat are valoarea zero,n permanenta.La
distante mai l.1aritensiunea are valori din
ce n ce mai m~ri,dar polaritatea este inversa fata
1.. / 2 fa~a
de.po.rti.1!n~a..-.i~rII!inal_?-.-9~/
4 oL~.2:.i_s~tanta
de capat tensiunea este maximM,dar defazata cu 180 ,
fata de tensiunea la capatul liniei.
Sinusoida undei de curent are valoarea zero la capatul liniei,valoarea
maxima la distanta ~ /4 fata de
capat, valoarea zero la distanta A /2 de capat ,apoi
curentul creste iar-dar sensul lui este inverso
Deoarece la distanta ~ /2 fata de capat tensiunea
este maxima si curentul zero, raportul lor da o impedanta infinita-ca
si la capatul n gol al linieioDeci
/2 "reproduce" la intrare,sau
o linie cu lungimea /...
transfera la intrare,impedanta
aflata la iesirea sao
Pe conductoarele
liniei s-a marcat cu sageti sensul curentiloroFigura1E.
surprinde undele stationare
de tensiune si de curent n momentul cnd valorile
lor sunt m~~ime.ln momentele urmatoare toate valorile,n toate punctele liniei scad ,sinusoidele
se"turtesc" fara sa.-si schimbe pozitia, si dupa un sfert din
perioada ajung peste tot la valoarea zerooPunctele
A,
E si D de pe curba tensiunii si F,G de pe curba curentului,ca si toate celelalte puncte ale curbelor ajung

'0.0<:-.'--.

-7pe axa orizontalaoln

continuare

valorile

tensiunilor

a
si axei
curentilor
orizontale
ncep(ceeace
sa creasca,
nseamna
dar ca
spretensiunile
partea opusa
au
polaritate inversa iar curentii-sensuri
invQrse) si
dupa un sfert de perioada ating iar valori maxime,dar
de sens contraroln Figurat7. se arata descresterea
n
timp a undei stationare de curent (curbele 1-2-3-4)
si apoi cresterea ei (curbele 5-6-7).Undele
stationare "pulseaza" pe linieo
YentrtJ

Fie-o 1'7
o

__________

Pe figura 1.6.curba tensiunii "u" arata direct valoarea si polaritatea tensiunii dintre doua puncte vecine ale liniei oCurba curentului "i" arata numa.rul sarcinilor electrice (electroni) care se deplaseaza"in
fiecare mica portiune a liniei oDe exemplu n punctele
G si F ale liniei se deplaseaza cei mai multi electroni iar n a,i ,E'nu se deplaseaza niciunuloPe lungimea de .\ /2 dintre doua puncte cu curent zero (noduri) ,de exemplu a-l!. sau .K.-F: , tensiunile dintre pune te-"
le vecine ale liniei v~riaza toate simultan,sau
n faza,si curentii la fel -dar tensiunile sunt defazate fa~
ta de curent cu.9~Pulsatia
undei stationare de curent
din Jrig.1..7.
este asemanatoare
vibratiei unei corzi de_- __
vieara n jurul pozitiei de mijlocoln pozitia de mijloc energia mecanica a corzii are forma energiei cinetice iar energia electrica din linie are forma cmpului magnetic si electrico
Reflectarea energiei de radiofrecventa
de capatul
lasat n gol al liniei este la fel de reala ca si reflectarea luminii ntr-o oglinda o
Unda de tensiune reflectata de capatul n gol are
aceeasi amplitudine si aceeasi faza cu unda directao
Ele se nsumeaza algebric si rezulta de-a lungul
liniei o unda cu amplitudine dubla,dar stationara9care
nu se deplaseaza n lungul linieioUnda stationara de
tensiune are un maxim chiar la capatul n gol al liniei,unde se produce reflexiao
Unda stationara de curent are deasemeni amplitudinea dubla fata de unda sosita de la emitator,dar maximele ei sunt decalate n spatiu (pe linie) cu A /4 iar
n timp su un sfert de perioada,90oo
Deoarece n orice punct al tiniei ntre tensiune si
curent exista un defazaj de 90, formula puterii n curent alternativ arata ca nu exista consum de putere,
puterea fiind total reactiva sau "devlatata" oLinia cu
capQVt u_1.....
ln go_1 nu consumav. energleo

-8In punctele aflate la distanta de A /4, 3A /49

5A /4 etc. fata de capatul unei linii n gol ,tensitL~ea este mereu zero sicurentul este maxim, ceeace este echivalent unei impedante zero ,adica un
scurtcircuit;
In punctele aflate la distanta de ~ /2, 2A /2,
3A /2 etco fata de capatul unei linii n gol,tensiunea este ma~ima (periodic) iar curentul este mereu
zero, ceeace nse&~na o impedanta infinitQ,adica o
lipsa de impedanta (ntre:rupere).
Datorita undei stationare linia cu capatul L~ gol
prezint~. de-a lungul ei impedante de valori variabile periodic ode natura inductiva sau capacitiva,care
la distantele indicate mai sus trec prin valoarea zero sau infinitoDaca linia cu capatul n gol are lungimea variabila,impedanta ei de intrare Zi variaza
conform Figurii1~b,care indica si schemele echivalente acestor lungimi.Intre lungimea O si A /4 linia
se comporta ca o capacitaxe .Linia cu capatul n gol
de lungime ~ 14 se comporta ca un scurtcircuit-dar
mai exact,ca un circuit rezona~t serie.
.n.
4"

2"

-Vi
-2Vf
....Zi

, La lungimi ntre 6 /4 si A /2 linia n gol se comporta ca o inductanta.La lungimea ~ /2 linia cu capatul n gol se comporta.ca o impedanta infinita-dar
mai exact,ca un circuit rezonant derivatieo
In FigoBa se vad undele stationare care se instaleaza pe linia n gol de diferite lungimi si schemele echivalente acestor lungimio
Deoarece linia n ~ /4 cu capatul n go: are proprietati interesante si utile,ea trebuie studiata mai
detaliato

Proprietatile liniei n

/4 cu capatul n gol

In Figt9. se da o linie n A /4 cu capatul n gol

din
cor~spunzatoare
capatului
din
dreapta
al
liniei
Figt6.Energia trimisa de emitator (Tx) n linie se

-9reflecta total de capatul lasat n gol.Linia nu consuma energie si nu radiaza.Undele

stationare care
apar pe linie datorita reflexiei fac ca la intrarea
n linie (spre Tx) impedanta sa fie zero, deoarece
tensiunea este zero: Zi =u/ i: =0/ i =0 o

rx
iL,

.
L

Deci linia n ~ 14 cu capatul n gol prezinta la

intrare un scurtcircuit
pe lungimea de unda J..oScurtcircuitul este ct se poate de real din punct de vedere al curentului alternativo
Linia n ~ /4 cu capatul n gol este din PUL~ct de
vedere electric, n curent alternativ ,echi valent.1c.uun
circuit oscilant tip serieoEa chiar se comporta ca un
circuit oscilant serie cu factor de calitate foarte
mare, ntre looo-6ooooImpedanta
ntre, punctele vecine
ale liniei variaza treptat ntre zero (la intrare) si
o valoare mare (la cap~t),ceeace permite folosirea ei
pentru adaptari de impedante diferiteo
Linia cu lungimea A /4 se foloseste ca dispozitiv
de transformare
(transformator)
a impedantei de o valoare n alta valoareoDaca
la iesirea acestei linii
se conecteaza o impeda...'1.ta
pur ohmica Zs 'si linia are
impedanta caracteristica
Zc ,impedanta la
-------------II!IE~i
-devine -datorita undei stationareDaca trebuie adaptate doua impedante

intrarea
_
Zi =Z~
Zs o

cu valori cunoscute, ntre ele se conecteaza o linie

a carei impedanta caracte- ,
n A /4 de transformare,
ristica se calculeaza cu formula derivata:Zc=VZi
oZs
De exemplu, daca antena are 112,5 Ohmi iar linia
coaxiala de alimentare are 50 Ohmi,pentru adaptarea
celor doua impedante se foloseste o lini~ n ~ 14 din
coaxial ,cu impedanta caracteristica
Zc=V50 112,5 =
=75 Ohmi.
In unele cazuri dista~ta dintre impedantele
care
trebuie adaptate este fizic mai mare dect ~ /4oIn
locul unei linii lungi de A /4 se poate folosi atunci
o linie cu lungimea 3~ 14 sau 5A /4 ,care are aceleasi
proprietati
de trilllsfoT~areo
O linie n /4 (electric-deci
aplicnd un coeficient de scurtare) din cox{ial se poate conecta la iesirea unui emitator de unde scurte sau ultrascurte
pentru a scurtcircuita
armonica aceea care interfereaza
un canal de televiziune cu lungimea de w1da Ao

.-

-------._--_.

-Linia de transmisie cu capatul pus n scurtcircuit

La capatul pus n scurtcircuit al unei linii,unda de tensiune nu
poate avea dect valoarea zero,iar unda de curent-valoarea maxima.Capatul pus n scurtcircuit inpune un defazaj de 90 grade ntre tensiune si curent, puterea este total reactiva si energia este
integral reflectata napoi la sursa (Figil Q)

:- ...
<--"-----

.-,-------~--

-<~~~~~=j

Desenarea sinusoidelor u si 1 se ncepe de la capatul pus n

scurtcircuit si continua spre Tx (spre stnga).La distanta de un
sfert de unda de capatul pus n scurt, curentul i este mereu zero
iar tensiunea u este maxima (periodic ).La distanta de o semiunda de capatul pus n scurt tensiunea u este mereu zero iar

11

curentul i este maxim (periodic ).Sensul curentului n diferite

portiuni ale liniei se indica cu sageti.Figura 10 surprinde momentul cnd u si i au valori maxime.n decursul unei perioade aceste valori cresc si apoi scad sinusoidal,inversndu-si sensul de
doua ori si trecnd prin doua maxime.Totusi pozitia nodurilor
(valori zero) si a ventrelor (maxime) pe linie nu se schimba, unda
fiind stationara.Undele reflectate de tensiune si curent se suprapun exact peste undele directe (sunt n faza cu ele) ,se nsumeaza si rezulta unde stationare cu amplitudini de doua ori mai mare.n punctele aflate la distante de 1, 3, 5, etc. sferturi de unda de
capatul pus n scurt,curentul este mereu zero,tensiunea trece
periodic prin maxime (pozitive si negative ),iar impedanta ntre
conductoarele liniei este mare (teoretic' infinita).
n punctele aflate la distante de 1, 2, 3, etc. jumatati de unda
fata de capatul pus n scurt,tensiunea este permanent zero iar curentul trece periodic prin maxime (pozitive si negative ),ca si la
capatul pus n sclirt,ceeace nseamna impedanta zero n aceste
puncte.Scurtcircuitul de la capatul liniei nu consuma energie ci o
reflecta spre emitator,ca putere reactiva.
- Proprietatile liniei n sfert de und~ cu capatul n scurtcircuit
--_Linia din Fig.1.l1.are lungimea de un sfert de unda si are capatul n scurtcircuit.
.

Fig.!.!l

12

Scurtcircuitul reflecta toata energia napoi,defaznd cu 90

grade tensiunea fata de curent.Linia nu consuma si nu radiaza
energie.Impedanta la intrarea liniei este infinita teoretic,deoarece aici curentul este zero.Impedanta ntre doua puncte ale
acestei linii (numita si stub) scade treptat spre capatul n scurt
pna la z:ero,ceeace permite folosirea ei pentru adaptari de impedante.Linia n sfert de unda cu capatul n scurt functioneaza
din punct de vedere electric ca un "c,trc.uitoscilant derivatie" cu
factor de calitate foarte mare (1.000-6.000),deci are banda de
trecere foarte ngusta. Astfel de linii se folosesc n locul circuite-.
lor oscilante L-C la frecvente. ntre 200-800 MHz .
Aceleasi pro.prietati ca ale liniei n sfert de unda n scurt au
Si liniile cu lungimi de 3, 5, 7, etc sferturi de unda.
-Proprietatile liniei n jumatate de lungime de unda
In Figt.l2 se"vede distributia undelor de tensiuneu si curent
i precum si sensul curentului pe o linie de o jurnatatede .lungime
de unda cu capatul lasat n gol (A) sau pus n scurtcircuit (B). "
j.

. ____
<

",.

:rx=
~

-- --

Fig112

Pe linia A de aceasta lungime se asterne o jumatate din sinusoida curentului ,care se deseneaza ncepnd cu valoarea zero la

13
capatul lasat n gol,deoarece acolo nu curge curent.Tot de acolo
se ncepe desenarea sinusoidei de tensiune ,dar ncepnd cu maximul-deoarece la capatul lasat n gol tensiunea e maxima.Curba
tensiunii trece prin zero la mijloculliniei,apoi creste (dar si inverseaza polaritatea) si are iar valoarea maxima,la intrarea liniei.
La capatul n gol al liniei impedanta (Z=u1i )este foarte mare
iar la intrarea liniei impedanta este deasemeni foarte mare.Imj3edanta de la iesire se "vede" ,adica se transfera la intrare.Linia n
jumatate de lungime de unda nu transforma impedanta de la capatul ei ,ci o transfera la intrare ,dar faza tensiunii se inverseaza.
Orice impedanta ar fi conectata la capatul ei ,va fi transferata
la intrare,indiferent de .impedeinta caracteristica a liniei.
"
Linia n jumatate de unda lasata n gol se comporta ca un circuit oscilant derivatie,n jurul frecventei de rezonanta.
Aceleasi proprietati are linia cu lungimea 2, 3, 4, 5, etc.jumatati de lungime de unda.
"
n Fig.12B avem o linie n jumatate de unda cu capatul pus n
scurtcircuit.Ca ntotdeauna, la capatul liniei se hotaraste distributia sinusoidelor de curent si tensiune si se ncepe desenarea lor.
Aici curentul este maxim iar tensiunea-zero (datorita scurtcircuitului),deci impedanta (Z=uli) este zero.La intrarea liniei curentul este iar maxim,tensiunea este zero,impedanta este zero.Im.. pedantaJi~ Ja iesire se "vede", adica se transfera la intrare,dar faza (sensul) curentului se inverseaza (vezi sagetile).Linia njumatate de unda cu capatul n scurt se comporta ca un circuit oscilant serie n jurul frecventei de rezonanta.Aceleasi proprietati au
liniile cu lungimi de 2, 3, 4, 5, etc. jumatati de lungime de unda.
Liniile n jumatate de lungime de unda se folosesc la sinfazarea antenelor,tinndu-se cont ca ele nu modifica valoarea impedantei,dar inverseaza faza.

14

-Linia de transmisie cu capatul conectat la o impedanta

diferita de impedanta sa caracteristica
Daca linia are conectata la capat o rezistenta Rs diferita de
impedanta sa caracteristica Zc,o parte din energia undei directe
Se va disipa'pe Rs iar o parte se va reflecta.Cu ct Rs difera m:ai.
mult da Zc ,energia reflectata este mai mare.
Din interferenta undei directe cu unda reflectata,pe linie apar
Unde stationare ,dar n acest caz maximele nu ating valori duble.
rar minimele nu sunt zero.
Daca Rs este mai mic dect Zc ,distributia undelor stationare
d~ tensiune si curent seamffila cu distributia pe linia cu capatul
n scurtcircuit.Daca Rs este mai mare ca Zc,distributia seamana
cu cea de la linia cu capatul n gol.
Coeficientul de unda stationara (J permite determinarea
precisa a regimului, prin raportul dintre valoarea tensiunii sau
curentului ntr-un maxim si valoarea tensiunii-sau curentului
ntr-un minim: cr=Umax / Umin =Imax / Imin .
n practica se foloseste si "raportul de unde stationare" RUS
Sau SWR,care se det~rmina cu formula:
.
RUS=(Udir+Uref)/(Udir-Uref)
unde Udir este amplitudinea
Undei directe iar Uref-amplitudinea undei R~flectate.
Daca RUS= 1,5 puterea reflectata este 4% -din puterea directa.
Daca RUS=2 . puterea reflectata este 11% din cea directa.
Daca RUS=3 puterea reflectata este 25% din cea directa.
Daca impedanta conectata la capatul liniei nu este pur
Ohmica,ci are o componenta inductiva sau capacitiva,defazajul
dintre tensiune si curent se modifica iar factorul de unda
stationara creste.Daca sarcina conectata la capatul liniei este pur
inductiva sau capacitiva,pe linie vom avea un regim de unde pur
stationare,deoarece sarcina reactiva nu consuma energie ci o reflecta napoi spre emitatorjn acest caz pozitiile maximelor si
nodurilor depind de valoarea si natura sarcinii .

...

15
n comparatie cu unda progresiva,unda stationara produce
pierderi mai mari de putere n maximele de tensiune,datorita
dielectricului si n maximele de curent,prin ncalzirea conductoarelor liniei.De aceea puterea maxima care se poate transmite
pe linie este mai mica n regim deunde stationare ,mai ales pe
cabluri coaxiale,datorita pericolului strapungerii izolatiei.
Pierderile produse de undele stationare pe liniile cu aer sunt
foarte mici.De aceea ele se folosesc deseori n regim de unde
stationare intentionat, ca linii "acordate",care permit adaptarea
impedantelor sau folosirea antenei pe mai multe benzi.Energia
se transmite prin linii la fel de bine prin unde stationare ca si
prin unde progresive.
Distributia undelor de tensiune si de curent pe linie este hotarta de impedanta antenei (si reactanta ei),iar desenarea lor se
ncepe ntotdeauna de la antena spr~ emitator.
; n regim de unde stationare,impedanta la intrarea liniei are
diverse valori corri"plexe,nfunctie de :impedanta antenei,factorul de unda stationara si de lungimea liniei.Impedanta la intrarea
liniei este pur rezisti va numai daca impedanta antenei este pur
rezistiva iar linia are lungimea /4 sau multiplu ntreg de /4.
Daca linia are o lungime oarecare,desennd sinusoidele tensiunii si curentului de la antena spre intrarea liniei,ele nU vor
avea maxime_~a~)Tli.p.i.mela intrare ci niste valori oarecare,defazate.Deoarece defazarea ntre curent si tensiune este produsa de
o reactanta,impedanta la intrarea liniei va avea o reactanta,desi
antena nu are.Aceasta deoarece n fiecare punct al liniei sinusoidele de tensiune si curent au alt defazaj.
Numai n punctele aflate la distante multiplu ntreg de /4
~ a.fazarea ntre u si i este 90 si impedanta liniei este pur Ohmica,
fara reactanta

16
1.3 Parametrii antenelor
Antenele transforma energia curentilor altemativi de .
radiofrecventa n energia undelor electromagnetice.De aceea
antenele au unii parametri n~miti "primari",legati de curenti,
si parametri numiti "de radiatie" ,legati de undele electromagnetice.
1.3.1 Parametrii primari
Impedanta de intrare
Antena po~te fi alimentata cu energie n diverse pun~te.n
general unda stationa.ra care apare pe antena nu poate fi modificata, si ea hotaraste regimul undelor pe fider.Din punctul de alimentare al antenei, unda stationara de tensiune si unda stationara
de curent de ,pe antena se continua napoi,pe fider,spre' emitator.
Antena si fiderul (linia de alimentare) constituie un tot.
Distantnd conductoarele de la capatul liniei, ele ncep sa
radieze si se obtine o antena.Unda stationara care se forma initialIa capatul liniei, se formeaza acum ncepnd de la capetele .
antenei,si se deseneaza napoi, spre emitator.Cum am aratat si n
introducere, ante1!-eleprovin din linii de transmisie.
Antenele dipol provin din linia de transmisie cu capatul- n ---gol, la care s-au ndepartat conductoarele de la capatul liniei, pe
diferite lungimi.Antenele bucla provin din linia de transmisie cu
capatul n scurtcircuit, la care s-au ndepartat conductoarele de
la capatulliniei,pe o anumita lungime.
Raportul dintre tensiune si curent n punctul de alimentare al
antenei se numeste impedanta antenei.n general exista un
defazaj ntre unda de tensiune si cea de curent la bornele de
alimentare ale antenei.

17
De aceea impedanta antenei are n general o parte activa
(rezistiva) si o parte reactiva,de natrura inductiva sau capacitiva,
dupa cum curentul este defazat n urma sau naintea tensiunii.
Numai cnd antena are o lungime '"de rezonanta" si numai n
anumite puncte ale antenei, impedanta este pur ohmica.
Frecventa, de rezonanta,
Pentru a defini acest parametru sa luam cazul unui dipol'liniar n 'A/2alimentat la centru.Masurnd impedanta de intr,are la'
diferite frecvente putem desen~ asa-numita "curba de rezonanta
a antenei" sau "caracteristica de frecventa a antenei" Figf13.
~~

=\
/Xl

r,

Frecventa de rezonanta a anteneI eSl:eaceea (Fo) la care lmpedanta de intrare este pur rezistiva ( Zifo) si minima-n cazut
dipolului n 'A/2,sau maxima-la dipolul n 'A.
. - -_._--

- - -----

Banda de-trecere
Caracteristica de frecventa din Figl13 este asemanatoare cu
curba de rezonanta a circuitului oscilant tip serie.Banda de
trecere a antenei, ca si banda de trecere a circuitului oscilant,
este intervalul dintre frecventele F 1 si F 2 la care impedanta
este mai mare de 1,41 ori (3 dB) dect impedanta la frecventa
de rezonanta a antenei.

{.~.

2.

Pa ra metri, ele raclt'atle a/ cinl~ne/

Rez:./sknfCl
.

de r~d/at/'e.
.

Ora rl.e d,'n 'tJf2Nd P ;},t>/,(oc'}/-a- CJ"/l'nei es"krClcl,'a/(i(lPn;~Umqta~ stJb

vnd.elor eJ.ectr~h?a?n~fl(-e ,'ar a/feTfJarle s-efJ'~rJe I'nca"'!z/,.,cI
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p:: .1 (Rr t ie;:-).
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.

,c6JrMCJ

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RI' este re Z IS'k nld ee-Iu'Yi1/~nf.-lI','-Prd-ert'/cr. f('ez/~7enta aJl! ;'i}d,'at'~
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ele
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cu

18

CAP. 2, ANTENE

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_m 01 2t2JY) I ~1m...111 111m fI 2,~'f1m u) 'IlJm. ~adfa/ele sunt d/n c~Y}cllI~/~r t? Zmm .s/ dO Jun?-

m/le:

f: 2 - 3, 5".,.2,6 m.

ItJ1-Y;...

i.

In cl/",art'a radt'ale/()r /o "DD ~/'cf,,'ar reclocereti /,,1' la Ire/ (H8~t),D)mar-e!f&, /'I?1l:!d(jl?,ta

a "re-ne)

ca/~,J!eazi c()fl,rmularea
rat!ll81-e/~/l".te
t:l/a/~/'t'

cea

5"~.JJ..:

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L(,Jn~i'm-'a r1nf-l!n~/ s>e
11;'1Fe/Vlllz.].
se i'na/~a cal-

C{) Gf)a.xla/u!

mcl/ mull ,bt!nTro d ev/fa

A-nt~na este

Id

tCh?].-

<Ji,s6/("IJ(i'a

.t!nt>r1/~ n sol

PJt:!nd!JJ,ancl. feTJtrv t"tPMII~ ante"a

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rt:<J/IZ<1~- ;;, . 195"fek W6 CV'W.

.
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()al'ecar~,,;'YItlv~ta.~ rec0:vei, ~ic1n,te.n~/e (JPIn )./+ se t~T/t>'1.d tl?cierlv-atu?

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rea I'~d_ d/r] ~ v('~Y' 4"e ('0;1);,'0/ #rt!J~1 C'~~
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135

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secla- I'n Fi? 3,1., 23, ,,(ele 3 ler; c/i'n, aluml,., ((/
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fi'~3t~ i'n y;irtu/l'.l'IoY)u/u/J d1Sra."t;:; d/'nlrt -efe FtI'nd m/nlm 30 mm.
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, Ac~a.~IaIJnf~n,f
,

5/'111

d, 1Y1e/ln~fe,

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ele It,!,m~" 3,1:)1 rn' la r d't's1'aYI ti} a,'" Ire
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1'". tabelul,
.

scvrtar~

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0.9(,2
494
fO
40 170
49f3141-f6
30
60
4'5'6
495" I-I()o
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al vnde,.~tat/on(lre te c/rt'l//Tul (D$e//;;n1;

dac F'tlctorC/1 oI~ seClr7are al c~x/a/u/v/ este k= ~6'. Pent1"(/alt k I
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T'Mf,l tl" t()M!!!! I 1517

14!'1l1z, IZ?n -IRMl/zJOln ZIHIIE I 1~?n2+MIIEs/9tn28'Mflz.

('s/Bc/late,;} /rtPjJr/~ a te ni' ant~ei Se l"alcod/eazJ cu /i"mvla ..

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C F =
I

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re se ls~~fe C{/
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se o/eterm/~a

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~at.m d~ de;t1,/"t. Pe7::u dJvstdrt'~

C"vdl/roX'J'nillll'

A nlt''!d se ~~n reaz;

yentel d~t-tnel I la yar/vl e,

Se I"frodvt"e

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() tl'8Yrl {'v d,'&metrtJ

ma,' mIC, 1e/escop/('8.

IIJrr/unt'il d~ (ltf)aXla! la ('are Trf's:; Iv{'rt'i1~C1"("4 raq,'tJ/

s-erea!~eazil un Sf?t:" R,c C"/)/'Sl' d,'" ~()a)(la/? cI/sftl".81?d~./:('/b
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AnTena E-/i

A,,;~na
/;reYetaf.i ele T:Itart este u" d'R.d ha,.'It? ScvrltlT
fO
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d,'?'} d~ / (! ,1, '",cir/ m e ta II 'e/ aI/'m e" -1a.li ~rt'.., c/rc ur'f L - c
eled~f'tJztlre (17'tj.J.fllf) LVt??/m-ea a,.,t~1?~/~s'k 1,~-1% ;"""2.

luni/mi'a
ele vnd a .
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d-l! 2IJm
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19~ lI?P]x2 ~e lin 7V 1;

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Intrare

Coaxial50n

:. . Reteaua de atac
preferata pentru o
antena EH.

l1

L2

el/'n

,
Ll.

t/~sh'eo "

25"m?;1

22?~' C2r 291pF

1J,9~~
12: 1'~f!1I,Pe ft/b, d~ $0 S ?11JO S
se f9,cla: cll"ndro/A- /
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. bO/JI'n d J. 2.~

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b/~e/e sun; real/Zi/Ii!.

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L 21 - ~i/,e J~lJln ~/e /'"lr-e ele/1? e7)t~/~ d,~~/u/v". Se re,pl-earJdJ's.fa/1(
il dIntre 5'p/rt.'/-e LJt)1J,,_
nellJ;{/ C2~eJ1l,.u /eVSm/",m. L.1I()~W' t~n~/U.nea~t:"nfre
c/I(ndrti' dnten-e/ t!$1e 3.200 v: EXlstli {) /'Jd,:a/i~ d ~il)("a/tl/(//"

. C'I.FCtI:
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206

A"tene f'racta/e
I

In mat~maf,'ca rvnc(ii'le ffcJl"tak 0'0 lO>t .sttJdt'ak d ('ilnf,u(iJ'fZh

PeiJn~(1i'9o),1It'16ert, !Iv. Kt1Jt:'h/ S"i:!rf,'n~l<i" 6. ;;v;,~ -1-~.jJLJr1!.,."tI
d~ /a 3ces7~d B.Hc9nderJ,rt7t(l9J'3)d cret!i1t1t!ometrl'a rracta/d,
Ira cf.alele .sunT fDrm -e ~~()mefrt'~e care se re~et;i .r;$e1~l1ed cu
ele i'n s3"'.si la cI/fer;le >car/ (;::;'1.3- /3.12)

Fi'9.113. (t..
/>vl'ei ICJ'()

s-a ct::m57aTi/f CCJmat.R~aft'l"d

-1/1etDmetrr'a

GilctaltF are

il~/,'cab"f,"fati'Jra~r,~~l'ndt'Yerse d~lYJ~nti"'l'.r/1?frl'~aY'e

~"O>lJkl')t'/~.

'Antenele 51'frale s/ ItOJ'-~ertDcli'C'e svntde

fJ;T /br/Ylt! H3t:'ta/-e.
In
8. /3. (3 $e o/iP" ?tDn ?co/v/ SI'.erl'/'I? SI</': k"1 rt'ztPYJ e3oz;r

ri~.

I'e 4"()MII~, I,r5"-.J51- r,1J1~/

1'4J9 Gllz:. ~Yd"'nd f'mj'edantd ale
in;r~ ~ 6-tJ.f2.. (~rctJr,.le de//'mi11'ar3 tr/(I"1ht'(lrl'le eare

de1erw7I'ni cele ~;;'e("vente de

reZan sn/a-' /T!
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frate d-e 15)<.I(i~m.

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208

/Vl.isvrdred
1etJl'emit

d,,!eellJ("

10/ Rdtl/~~h- (ars"" t'.el"ml')~.sa.....>e

dre are' a("e7eil~/~l"o,.JJrt'eI;i"r/ /.g rec--e;>V'.e t:'a

recr'l!.l'oc/liJ"jli".g

t
t

~nsl::lere c,;;-ant~nd
~/l*1~lIral'ea
la em/sle (/m/,eda~t~
eIJ'a9'l"em, ele d/rt!"~t"V''/llte ere).
/ntens/lili/
e;;l'mlt/iul /'""d/'61 ale o ant"J'JJ ~,'~m,narC1-

ellf>t)/

rcJreil /u/ Cv c.iml,vl rilolJ'dl

I'n
-It

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hee.

ele

CC/ un

A/2

o dJ')fe"~

mi7$C/l'dtvr

ele renr!'??ti (d-eolJ/~f!'/ &In

d-. C61""'m/' (;:;;.~
la, 16 )

1.

3,}.-kH

300J2.

1;9-, J. 11.fS

{'imI' ti/

Se ms(Jl1r~

la el/stanta

?- '()A d~ CJ1'Jtehti,~"t>/(orciJ// /,;;

ank,,-e/. In ljf./S dt~du/ md~f./r;f.:;"dlu/ de t:'3'm,l',lh<atJ''!.

ya/-f'ul vne/ stie," Irt'm//e 5t>mnalv/ c81',Iot Ici /1Jstrl/ menlvl ele #1aSf./rcJ
fJ,/ntr,.v n l'tlZ/u IJ/fl/ar &amlJ;'~i}/ 'hy. i. f3.f,il, #nf~J13 de ye,./flt:
?nt1i'r/mt!d

CJt -t5t~ rt)f,'Ie[. c~ eaTe ((Jo, l'n Ii'm~ :.e., em/k '?.I1v(ere c~'"sta,,!;;:.~/
c cllalrama clrclI/arrJ se no?-e3Zil IndlC'atll~ /nsTrl/hJenlvlv,.
/V/aSf./r.ue3
111 cam,t q5C'IJlS e~1e Mai
cCJrectci) de~t7r-e(',,! c/~d/r;le ~/ O~/ecte/e meta'l/~e elat/ reFI-e)oi'.

te

11}vnde .scuI'fe sei~ate

tE?k5("~/l-e

T /vn#./

f'olto,S/ S'che~a dJ'n

fi'9. 3. (l fff 1>.

7i;;..eI-e

de ~('a -In, ~i'~(od sem1'Jill,,7 vnv/ c/rt:'"lr tJ5c/~

" ('are aC0'pe,.; ldO'Jd 3-3()MII~, Penlrv /'rerye,,-

lant " mV//"beJnd

te lYI al joase .re conecle az l"oJ')Clen sattJrv/

S'v,I>/i 177enTa

re.

~ta-

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de dti:0IYJ A/2 , se ma $D8ra
~.amlf./I 'prCJdvs ele (/n d,/'c/ ,,!oJ?tat J~

Iti)

I~clli antenei dI'rec"/i're/j.1 o ~nom/ld-~f./7e,.eI s/

du S' de ant"na d/rec-71V'a" /.1 d c-eed~i I'vtere (ln
/-ec-yen!.3

cI~ reZ<Jna1?(a

o:

iJntene"

Se

cam~ul ,P~c-Cl-"'I' d~.sc/)J's).

dfJtD/

7ase~ie ctJPectBrull?de_

ro/ ( '''~~''I'ea de.1Janda krya ci unvl' tranSIY1!"r" fJr!.'n /nle,medl'eJ(

vn~1 re../"'1el"1t)/netrl/, ..se ",emite o 'pflrle:~C1re continuu et:I',t.lt~~e
~~ca
1;;J'1?6ti1ncl ffecrenttJ /n .lt/lu/ celei es7/m at~ of/' (II' marJ"Q mart mt'a
{)f)d~i l"eFle~f6t.e S'l/ Jet/S, L.:J /J-e~y.e"ta ele 1't.'J'on an!a d anteneI:

esti? )11,'n Im,

Im~-(!da"1a t1nten-ei $t! mdSear ~u i1jJt'deJ",,tmetrl/ 'sl.et:/ali'z:dt ~1lJJ?e~tat la antend l'C/ li" h'oler CC/ IlIn1lm~a e/e~trt'(''; A/ZI 2>'/2" 3 >'/z 'etc,
1<.U S

2()9

210

].(4. Antene de receptie

/)e$i or/c antena c:Jrea ce lea s/p 1"(J/rt'etiJ-t/

emt'sle !I' la rere;:,r/e I /!ract/c eXIsta c///{-ren!e.
'
IInt~na ale rectl?t/'e este ec)u'yalen~- UI tin 1en.er;;/d7r aesemna/
Cdl'~ ;"Y'red~i o lR~slune .I<F f/ dl'e O t'm~edi1"ta de/e..s/re ~ala'" C'lI

/m/}ediln{j

a"te~e/ la

em/.fle.

'la dl'stiJ"(ii_m.re de d~t~n,) ek ~m/~/e vnda ektr()ma1ne/;'('Cles~

//!ct/~.jOlal')a
S;I"'~VCe. i'~ :()no!tlc/lJrv/ chJk,J'Jel ~re.cejD/i_p .o ~r(:i e/ecrMn1t)t~(Jre
dlf;frl bv,la ci!'~dIvn~v/ /(.11 tfrof>t1,flemald Ctl IT)/.ens1iz1ed (?aml:vlu/ fl Cii c~s/nvsul uJ'}?/,/u'lv/~.;,fre r4!c1aru/
to/~ r/zdrli' vY)CI~/ $1' d"tena..... CUrenTul I'I~ /n~//s I'n anlena d~

/,e(~t/ieI.r~clt/c-e

~ WJIC3'" rad/alll? de v.e."', C3,re .sei;'>umr!'ilza-Ci.J

1;"'{lale l,n(~VdJ~6-ntl
f) 21JS~rlJtIe
IJd-elOrm~1'e .;}~a~U/V/

vnd41e

"1'J/tldl

f/

,1n1e"e/e "lJvcl,i" ~/ I'n sret:"I'a/ C'~)e J?') cadr(//Y~e/'.1i'o,,~az,j 1'Wd/

slu"l't3rdzl't~..
e/e(:lr/c~ cu
ele:;}!
d(~1I7. ~art1ct~r/s/'ica
In?'pedc!lnjd J~~ne~~cler~-,
c~l'(ie
fr~~v/~ ada/fald
Im~l!'4a"ta
CJ.t;Q/l!!/'C/lu,
s/ t:"u /J'YII.~aJ'}td dle ,'" Irdr~ d

re~el'iorvlv/l'~nlY'tI

Un 7rt1ns-.rer

maxim .al enerl'lv" cd~/dte. .

.
L:J ;:;"el'ye"t~ ItfJase ant~na de recej'Jlll? ,tJdJa/eh'un c~nduchJr
ca-; mai Ivnli SI de1dJat,l ti n .:cadru
cc/ ma/1"vl,4 Sft're /n
OI

iJer sau CtI ~ d,!

de

/erltti I

sau () al?t~na Cu u..nde'p~yresl're

(B
/"I'shbone
et~J. f/Inla unde
.s~'1/-1e ?I u/lrascrlr/Q.
tenaeYeelerate
enf,SIt!
Se /bl" ~.>esd
recel'ft'e.

,rJ'J-

eledrtb/ dc.f,on;aza l'ncleose""'pr,'"

cP"'~~/')t'nta eli?cJh.:
l' ti l'eiml'cI/O/ I I'n 1-en-er~1I'/,Iart'z~!d- v;rn~al..A~ d('ee~ ,su,,1 de
I'.rehrJt
J71t,nek
IWt:"lil ..tI dti},CJItI ar/~t:Jntalt sonetrlC"/, cu t;'der
(."oaxl':1/ Sr10 1J1'h'/ar r.isvt:"/I. Curentli' i"tI'u 1/ I~ cele dov.z- COrJf>arazl!li'

oJtlctlJill'e _/'elsvc/le) de l'.t3rdzl1i;>ont e1CJ;'~ de acelO'!/ Se" 5 ~/fe

"
,f)"V./~ '3 za j1n ~()C/na d-e cu~/V Cii I'et't''pkn/I/ ca'e no se l~a1.ila/d-

md~f
~r77~niJ fI' ,L;'du-(// lrebvl-e lnde/Jt!,..t~ de re(~ilvd e/-e.cfrl'ca~
ct1ik d~ /elefi,~, telev/zlunel -ttc. In zeJnelt! /nd{/sfr/;zRI'Cl'CJZI/li'
a/o n~ la i'nir/f/m~J de 3tf)-~tJW7 de s~/. PariJzl/ii' /,d"lrvn!/ /'Y)

re(ej)tor d/n rettava

3, 14.16 ).

I3IJJI'"e/e JlI

,__ _ _ _ _ _
I ~
1.

1/ U~II
1/f1HDf,,'

I ~~
L

I
1

mvll~
o/'Ire I'n ?d/~(I'" 5t1v ~iI"f reallzdte
I'.e 1>3 re .5,t10 7~rClri d~;:;r/Ia~
:1.

,Pdrc},Z:If!~' Se f1YJl!d'}3 I!r/n ~rl::t! cpndilt!'/iJ"'/~ jeYI I arh'!. "~,.t'tie. /t"-Rr IJeIJn. El

I ,;--;;=jg5)t I

220V, I

~/e~tt',.~;i
se CDmbt1t cu h'llre dereteiJ [h1.

1r~j,vlela'lct)"'barup
('u /i'/f/'e ;:joBre$et'"fe
l;JjJrl"/l?lI!
..rand
Sur.se ': ToiJur/1e
o

ft' /t!i~m,//e

lj3ZI(I;
I'eleele

ClI

~ajJ"r~~e "!,-ercur

?~nert'ilz.i

ca ~/ IJUjllle/ InlrY!rujJaT;;iire)el

H3.$, (It. 16
ntelJ iJ cddru (c~/'c sau I'.ll"al) cc/ 8t!r / d~
)n /c/ d/me~.>iulJ/ /O/t;slif; (/ne()r/ la re("el'/t~
Jre rer.lsl't'l'Jt~ d~ I!"frare f;arte ",/~; ~~c~"Ye;,a""/; / e,,/Sle.
tf~ef./td

5~nstil

qI/~

~.sle maxima /'n p/~J1vl cad;(}/u/. ~elY"u a d~lerJ#?IAa

care YI'7J ilJ?e:le/t' t~nslu"'t*d ;"vri1leid~ t'iulJ'lI se "sumt>il-

ra c(/ c-ea I/rrali ele tJ a"ieni. ~slhl

10 rm d d~ ("iJrtii 'to/da.
211

cI/a1,a ma

de ~H~~'y/lah 2 re

1/ n1ena

d/I'e~f;'yti

de rec~tle

Aeeasli a"len,i ~sle ~ ~(/cla

I'n /JlaJ7

ver/i't:3!

Cu

~en'melrv!

l'", <ft!Jm. ~ d"~ tin S'IV,,'/k dak ~;t:J r~z 1$ _'

tentd~ n1!!Jndc/(~t'Y'a de 3'IJ - 5"(~..fZ,dlea~3 i'n IUnc(l't? de nafurCJ S(}O, f~i")..

/'1'}

4' ~m 1/ td, 3).

,"L

pen/rCJ 16()f/JJtJ", /( 9A.Y

Iv/vI',
31l' 11emr!'t.rJh~I
nt3 c:;/"er.1-() rece~t/l' ~vna- f/dI'ret!r,'y';
71?eelee/6Jva 1J~~zi
~/Ion(/I,
i''n_Irde ct:"~ti'm nUeSfeh?lIrt7t./I?ilxIMV/h'c~t/.e" f:ste ?n/,/a~(/latl'J'Jt';~
l'n ~'rr!'q-I':a tr;;71sn,rma/,,/"v/v/ rele
si/al/are cv~(}a)odlt//. SeMn~/t!!k Yl!"J'J/:T'e din dt'r~ctl'dreZlsh77te/;e
svnt a/en Vilt~ cu 2~-'t(}0113. /nr-ers,aI'Jd/:,t:J;z/f,i'1e Ira)? s/iJ'Plilforu/v
~/ /'e.z~st(!~tei Cu dJv!.orll/ un~r re/ee (I'l'ff. J. 14. It. iJ) el/rect, 'a re-

(et.t/~J.se
~nyt'rsei1za
dt)va dJ?7ene;:er/;end,
t>~
ace
la ~I ;/I/))1
se;:,ot a.M~"I,?~d
ct)/t!!rf I'r/I') comel/are
fi,a~ directIi 'cl.tlar~
d~t!Jd-

k,

re ,fel.(!~/e~
('e diarl'amd
trdnsh"'ma/drlJ/
i"!?;o/aJ'J ~r"z.I1"tal
SI re ZIS~YJtd
este Se
Idr?a"rh~.J.14,fif')
arid l,,'fr-o blfJKiJ /.;,
hdZ~ dT)t~ne/. Redr-t'$t1rv/ .$~a/'Ii:1-l'7J";$8 $/ /eJ')slvn/k Se In'm/"/ la
l~h(! c/u'ar~';'Y) C'i/Jlul CtO~)(ldl (h~.3.1".Irc si el). {'omutaliJrv/
t:.erm/le a/eg.e-r-e.:J tin -.ela eI/n Ir-e ~el-{! '4 dI're c11i'. 11: ('ozlt, 'd AI hI se
1r/m/le jens,unealkrniJt,'y,f de 12 Y s/ ~drt!Si/r~d
Se F:l~e d~ c~fre
cIt'd;d-el-e a//a1i2 /a"'~)(Ji re/ee, CJmle/-eh;?)d'i1tr~SI!!. TriJTJ$,0;.",~llJrvl
CJr-e 1" sll'r-e trlh'lilr~f>e lInN;r d.e .li!rf'fj <v d,'aM ee/rol ('('il ./e;,mm

10 TOl>

Support

Su;lport

Rap. Support

o) Hen,
b) ?o.1

Tied to:

Tr

e) Croun4 Stoice

a
C1

0.1 "F

SW

NW

OI. 02 - '1'14001
K1. "2 - '2 v ce. OoOT

S Ted

?~csing

Fitj.3.I" ..(7

II'!
.~

2fZ

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tfi
120VAC~

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120V

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(II
n.e. - No Connection

d
---

_. _. - - P~or

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----Good

90

........

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Poor

90
o
EJe-votion Plot
Azimuth

Angl.

0.0

0e9-

e
210

Oda

-26 ..oa,s;

Fr.q - U!25 WHz

,
,,
I
*

&

213

lea

Azim:.ith

[:nction

Plot

Anql

30.0 0"9-

Ant-ene1

tJ elia

L(!)t:Jpo/e
rece)(Jve ,"',-;tR MilE
~

/n liff.i.14. '(8 Se tede aceasta-antena rea;'~3t.i de W2v1/FtJ~/i4/l.

,ci,!.3.f4.18

A n(~~,) este Stl5/,"nuTd- de u ,lJ1'I~Y) )IJ~1n~/t!Jhc. Ea are l"e~~,Ptl

~

ln !~rerransfbrPJiJ1or(j1
T? ~are . Rdj'tJrlv/
dre r~~rft//;fZ:-f
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Rezlsfenra
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