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2010





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090103 ,
210400.62

2010
1


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32.94 73
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090103 , 080801 .
621.39
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.. , 2010

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE

OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF
HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
TAMBOV STATE UNIVERSITY
named after G.R. DERZHAVIN

I.I. Pasechnikov, I.G. Karpov,

I.. Stepanenko

INFOCOMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
IN COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
Permitted by the Editorial-Publishing Board of TSU named after
G.R. Derzhavin as a study guide for students,
training for the specialties 080801
Applied Informatics (in Humanitarian Field),
090103 Organization and Technology of Information Protection,
210400.62 Telecommunication

Tambov 2010
3

Recommended for Publishing by the

Editorial-Publishing Board of
TSU named after G.R. Derzhavin

Reviewers:
Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor .. Arzamastsev;
Candidate of Pedagogy, Associate Professor of General Physics Department
.I. Sterelyukhin

Pasechnikov I.I.
Infocommunication Technology in Communication Systems : Study Guide / I.I. Pasechnikov, I.G. Karpov,
I.. Stepanenko ; Ministry of Education and Science,
SEIHPE TSU named after G. R. Derzhavin. Tambov : The
Publishing House of TSU named after G. R. Derzhavin,
2010. 186 pp.
The study guide includes the essential part of the subject Theories
of Electrical Connection in the area Telecommunication, as well as authors believe that the study guide will be useful at the detailed learning of
the issues of transformation and transmission of information in subjects
Protection of Data Transmission in the specialty 090103 Organization
and Technology of Information Protection and Computing Systems,
Networks and Telecommunication in specialty 080801 Applied Informatics in Humanitarian Fields.
Pasechnikov I.I., Karpov I.G., Stepanenko I.., 2010
SEIHPE Tambov State University
named after G.R. Derzhavin, 2010


.................................................................
..................................................................
....................................................................................
1.
1.1. , , .....................
1.2. ..................................................
1.3. . ................
1.4. , .........................................................
1.5. ...
1.6. ............................
1.7. ............................
2.
2.1. .............
2.2. ..................
2.3. .
2.3.1. ............................................................
2.3.2. ............
2.4. .
- ..............................................
2.4.1. ...........................................
2.4.2. - ..............................................................
2.4.3.
..........................................................
2.4.4.
2.5. ...............
2.6. ........
2.7. ............................................................
2.8. ..................
5

9
10
12
14
17
20
23
30
34
37
46
47
49
49
52
54
54
55
58
61
62
66
69
72

2.9.
.......................................................
3.
3.1.
..................................................................
3.2. ......................................
3.3.
3.4. ...................................
3.5. .........................................
3.6. ..................................
3.7. ( ) .......
3.8. ......................
4.
4.1.
..................................................................
4.2. ..
4.3. ...............................
4.4. .....................................
4.5. ........................................
4.6. ..............
4.7. ..............................................................
4.7.1. .......................................................
4.7.2. ....................................
4.7.3.
4.7.4. ..........................................
...............................................................................
1.
2.
.............
6

74
78
81
83
90
96
99
104
113
117
123
126
140
150
157
162
162
163
166
172
178
179
180

INDEX
List of Symbols ..........................................................................
List of Abbreviations ..................................................................
Introduction ................................................................................
Chapter 1. Overview of communication systems
1.1. Information, communication, signal ...................
1.2. Generalized structure diagram of signal transmission systems ...................................................
1.3. Communication channel. Interference in the
communication channel .......................................
1.4. Mathematical models of messages, signals and
interference ..........................................................
1.5. Key indicators of communication systems quality ...........................................................................
1.6. Classification of communication systems .............
1.7. The main types of communication systems ........
Chapter 2. Information characteristics of communication
systems
2.1. The basic problems of information theory ...........
2.2. Quantitative measure of information ...................
2.3. Entropy of the source of discrete messages .........
2.3.1. Entropy as the average amount of information ..................................................................
2.3.2. Entropy of a binary message ......................
2.4. Information in continuous messages. Epsilonentropy .................................................................
2.4.1. Discretization and quantization of a continuous message .....................................................
2.4.2. Epsilon-entropy of a continuous message ..
2.4.3. Entropy of uniform and Gaussian messages
2.4.4. Performance of the source of messages
2.5. Information at the output communication channel
2.6. Data transmission speed and the bandwidth of a
digital communication channel ............................
2.7. The capacity of a continuous communication
channel .................................................................
7

9
10
12
14
17
20
23
30
34
37
46
47
49
49
52
54
54
55
58
61
62
66
69

2.8. Redundancy of messages and its role .................

2.9. Coding theorems for channels with and without
interference ..........................................................
Chapter 3. Sending and receiving continuous messages
3.1. Transformation of a continuous message into
signal ....................................................................
3.2. Criteria of interference immunity of receiving
continuous messages ............................................
3.3. Optimal reception of continuous messages
3.4. Amplitude modulation .........................................
3.5. Balanced modulation ...........................................
3.6. Single-band modulation .......................................
3.7. Angular (phase and frequency) modulation .........
3.8. Comparative analysis and the application area of
various kinds of modulation .................................
Chapter 4. Sending and receiving discrete messages
4.1. Transformation of a discrete message into signal
4.2. Optimal reception of discrete messages ...............
4.3. Amplitude manipulation ......................................
4.4. Frequency manipulation .......................................
4.5. Phase manipulation ..............................................
4.6. Relative phase manipulation ................................
4.7. Ways of increasing the speed of message transmission .................................................................
4.7.1. The problem of increasing the speed of
message transmission in case of a limited band
of operating frequencies .......................................
4.7.2. Signals with low-band radiation and optimal spectral characteristics ................................
4.7.3. Multiple station digital signals
4.7.4. Interference immunity of multi-position
signals reception ..................................................
Bibliography ..............................................................................
Appendix 1. The main types of modulation and manipulation
Appendix 2. Determination of benefits for the optimal reception of analog modulation signals ...............................................
8

72
74
78
81
83
90
96
99
104
113
117
123
126
140
150
157
162
162
163
166
172
178
179
180


A
B
(t)
(t )

D
Ds
Es
Fs
F
f0
fs

Q
q
q
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h(t)
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rij
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15

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17

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.
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(t)

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(t)
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, .
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(
)
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, 18

 .
,
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(
),

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:
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(t ) = s (t , x ) + n(t ).

(t), ( t ) , (t). (t) x (t ) ,

x(t).
x(t)
(t) . .
, 1.3,
. x (t ) (t ) .
, .

19

1.3. .

,
. , (), (,
A A B B . 1.4).
,
.

(t)

n(t)

(t)

. 1.4.

,
, (), . (),
. -
- ,
, ,
.
( ) . .
20

 , .
1.5.
. x1, x2,..., xn
x, . (t) = s(t,x) + n(t) x, , a1 , a 2 ,..., a n .
,
.
, .
x1(t)

a2(t)

x2(t)

an(t)

xn(t)

x 1(t)

x(t)

(t)

s(t,x)

n(t)

x (t)

a1(t)

a 1(t)

x 2(t)

a 2(t)

x n(t)

a n(t)

. 1.5.

.
, . , 21

 . ,
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, ,
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.
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() ,
.
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(t)
s(t) n(t) , . . (1.2), .
k(t), . .
(t ) = k (t )s(t ) ,
(1.3)
.
( ) , (
) , . , . .
.
22


.
, ,
.
1.4. ,


, .
,
.
,
.
{i } , . ,
i ( t i )
1 , 2 ,K, m .

( ).
i
1 , 2 ,K , m P ( r ) = Pr , r = 1, 2,K, m .
.

23

 . [10].
,
t i .

(t ) . n-
; 1, ,
(1.4)
1, ,
1
1,,
n-
1, ,

; 1, ,

1, ,

; 1, ,

(1.5)

n .
, (1.4) (1.5),
, .
, , . , , , .
, , , . , . :
.
,

. , , . :

24

 [x m x (t )]
exp
2 D x (t )

2D x (t )

p ( x, t ) =

:
1) :

x p( x, t ) dx ;

m x (t ) =

(1.6)

2) :

Dx (t ) = [ x m x (t )]2 p( x, t ) dx =

p( x, t ) dx m x2 (t ) ; (1.7)

3) :

R x (t1 , t 2 ) =

m x (t1 )][ x 2 m x (t 2 )] p 2 ( x1 , x 2 ; t1 , t 2 ) dx1 dx 2 ; (1.8)

[x

4) :

K x (t1 , t 2 ) =

x x

1 2

p1 p 2 ( x1 , x 2 ; t1 , t 2 ) dx1 dx2 .

(1.9)

mx =

x p( x) dx ;

(1.10)

Dx = ( x m x ) 2 p ( x)dx =

Rx ( ) =

(x

p ( x) dx m x2 ;

(1.11)

m x )( x2 m x ) p 2 ( x1 , x2 ; ) dx1dx 2 ; (1.12)

K x ( ) =

x x

1 2

p1 p 2 ( x1 , x 2 ; ) dx1 dx 2 .

(1.13)

(1.10)(1.16) , m x

; D x , t
(. . 25

) ; R x () K x () ,
, t1 t2 , = t2 t1 .
, :

S x ( ) =

R ( ) e
x

d.

(1.14)

(1.14) ,
, S x () Rx () :
R x ( ) =

1
2

x ( ) e

(1.15)

d.

, , . ,
(., ,
(1.10)(1.13)), ,
x (t ) . , :
1
T 2T

x(t )dt ;

m x = lim
D x = lim

1
2T

T
T

[ x(t ) m ] dt ;
x

(1.17)

1
T 2T

R x ( ) = lim

1
T 2T

K x ( ) = lim

( 1.16)

[ x(t ) m ][ x(t ) m ] dt ;
x

(1.18)

x(t ) x(t ) dt .

(1.19)

, , ,

26

0 . -

:
(t ) = A(t ) cos[0t + (t )], A(t ) 0, (t ) ,

(1.20)
A(t) (t) cos0t .

:
1. , . . :
(1.21)
s (t ) = A(t ) cos ( t + (t ) + 0 ) ,
0 .
2. :
(1.22)
s (t , ) = A (t ) cos ( t + (t ) + ) .

:
1
(1.23)
p ( ) =
, < < .
2

3.

:
(1.24)
s (t , a , ) = a A (t ) cos ( t + (t ) + ) .
- [, ], a :
p(a ) =

a2
a
exp 2 , a 0.
2

(1.25)

. Rn()
Sn().

(),
n(t ) .
1. ,
mn = 0 27

 Sn () = N0 2
+ (. 1.6).
Rn ( )

Sn ()
N0 2

Rn ( )

Sn ()
N0 2

Rn ( )

Sn ()
N0 2

)
. 1.6.

28

 (1.18)
Rn ( ) =

1
4

N0
( ) ,
2

exp( j) d =

(1.26)

. . , = 0 .
,
.
. ,
Dn = Rn (0) , , .
n-

1
p n [ x ( t )] = k exp
N 0

( t ) dt

(1.27)

k .
2.
, mn = 0 S n () = N 0 2 0 + 0 (. 1.6). (1.15)
:
1
Rn ( ) =
4

exp( j) d =

N0
sin (0 ) .
2

(1.28)

, Dn = Rn (0) = 0 N 0 2 .
p (n ) =

n2
exp
2 Dn
2 Dn
1

(1.29)

3.
.

29

 mn = 0 , :
2 D
(1.30)
S n ( ) = 2 n 2 .
+

Dn ,
Dn .
1.6.
, .
0 Sn () -.
S n () .
Rn ( ) =

1
2

2 Dn
2 + 2

exp( j) = Dn exp( ) .

(1.31)

1.6, N 0 = 4 Dn .
1.5.

. : , , .
.
.

.
. n n:

30

k =

n
.
n

(1.32)

. ( n)
k . ,
k , . .
. k
.

:

[ (t ) (t )]

2

= 2 (t ) =

(1.33)

(t) ( t ) .
. .
( ),
, . . .
.
, Ps
P ( )
P
q = s
P

(1.34)

2. q, .



31

 = f(q) 2 = f(q),

q.
.
.
, . . ,
. (,
), , ( ) .
, .
R , 1 . ().
. :
,
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V = 1 T ,
(1.35)
T
.


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 ,
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[6]
:
1)
= R C ;
(1.36)
2)
= R f s ;
(1.37)
3)
= R (Ps N 0 ) .
(1.38)
33

 f s ; Ps ;

N 0 .
, - -, .
, ,
, ,
,
,
.
1.6.
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(, , . .) (, , .).
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34

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( ) .

: - (), - () (). (, .).
35

 1.
()

1.1. , , .
1.1

30...300

1...10

300...3000

100...1000

3...30

10...100

30...300

1...10

300...3000

10...100

3...30

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30...300

1...10

300...3000

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10 (100 f 3 ). :
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37

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(1.39)
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h1 h2 .
(1.39) ,
1,52 10 .

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() 1.7. .
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38

f1

f2

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43

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45

 2.

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46



.
. , 1949 . .. 1956 .
2.2.

,
, , ,
.

-
. , .
1 .
2, 2 > 1.
, , :
P
I = log 2 2 .
(2.1)
P1
, P2 = 1
1
I = log 2
= log 2 P1 .
(2.2)
P1

47

 ,
.
, 2 = 1
I = log 2

P2
= log 2 1 = 0 ,
P1

. . .
2
1, . (2.1) , , , ,
,
.
,

log[P ( A) P( B)] = log P( A) + log P( B ) .

.
(2.1) 2. ,
,
: 0 1.
, , . , binary unit, .
1
, 1 = 0,5, 2 = 1. , (2.1),
P
1
I = log 2 2 = log
= log 2 = 1 ,
P1
0,5

48

 ,
. 2
.
2.3.
2.3.1.

, , 1, 2,
..., m P1, P2, , Pm.
, , :
< f( ) > =

i =1

f ( xi ) pi .

,
:
m

H = log pi =

p log p .
i

(2.3)

i =1

(2.3)
. .
en trope, , , .

.
. ,
, ,
32 . , , .
49

 ,
, , . , . ,
,
, , , : = 0,11; e= 0,089;
a = 0,076. .
, , . : = 0,003; p = 0,002; = 0,002. , , 50 . . m . 1, x2, ..., m

.
, 1- , i, , (2.2) :
(2.4)
I i = log pi ,
i i.
: I

m?
(2.4) :
m
(2.5)
I = I = log p = p log p .
i

i =1

, (2.3) (2.5) .
, ,
:
m

H = Ii =

p log p .
i

(2.6)

i =1

, :
50

1.
(2.7)
m
(2.7) (2.6), :
m 1
1
1
1
(2.8)
H max = log = m log = log m ,
m
m
m
i =1 m
. . Hmax .
. ,
, x1, : 1 = 1,
: 2 = 3 = ..,= m = 0.
(2.6), :
pi = p =

H min = p1 log p1 pi log pi = 0 ,

(2.9)

i =2

, 1, .
p1 = 1 : log p1 = 0.
. i = 0, i =2,3,..., m , , . ,
0 log 0 = 0 , , . , : min = 0.
, ,
(2.10)
0 H log m .
(2.6), , , ,
(2.4). , (2.6), , , , .

51

2.3.2.

: 1 2, 0
1. ( ) . , , .
, n = 1,
21 = 2 : 0 1. , n = 2,
, 22 = 4: 00, 01, 10, 11. , n = 3, 23 = 8: 000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110, 111.

2n , m = 2
, , a n .
.
(m = 2), , (2.5), :
m
H = p log p = ( p log p + p log p ) . (2.11)

i =1

, , 1 + 2 = 1, 2 = 1 1.
: 1 = , 2 = 1 .
(2.11) :
() = [plog + (1 p)log(1 p)].
(2.12)
(2.12) , . 2.1.

(2.8) p =

1
= 0.5 , :
2

H max = log 2 = 1 / .

52

(2.13)

. 2.1.

= 0 = 1, (2.9) (2.12)
(1 ).
, . 0, 1 ,
, (1 2) n = 2 n .
, :
1
I max = log n = log 2 n = n log 2 = n . (2.14)
2
(2.14) .

, .
(2.14) n , , 1 /
(2.13).
0,5, , 2.1, ,
, :

I = n H ,

(2.15)

, (2.12).
53

2.4. .
-
2.4.1.

, .
,
.
, , , , . . .

(. 2.2) , ,
t = 1/2Fc, Fc x(t),
x(t) [0,T] :
x(t) = [x(t), x(t2), .... x(tn)],
(2.16)

n = T/t = 2FcT.
(2.17)
, (2.17) .

x(t)
(2.16). x(t) , (. 2.2). ,
m , .
(2.16)
.
= , 54


xmax, xmmin m:
x
x min .
(2.18)
m = max
x

2.2.

[xmax xminn]
(2.18) x1, x2, , xm.

x(ti),

,

( . 2.2 x(ti) xi).

m
m . ,

.
2.4.2.
-

(t)

() (. 2.3).

, 2.3

(1, x2, ..., xm).

)

55

 /2
/2 i , i,

x
x

p i = p xi
< < xi + p ( xi )x . (2.19)
2
2

p(x) (. 2.3) , 1, 2, , m,

(2.19).

. 2.3.

(2.6), . (2.19)
(2.6), :
m

i =1

i =1

H = pi log pi = p( xi )x log p ( xi )x =
m

i =1

i =1

= p ( xi )x log p ( xi ) p ( xi )x log x ,
56

(2.20)

log = log + log , = p ( xi ) , = .

xdx, (2.20)
,
. logx,
,
, .
(2.20) :

H = p ( x )log p ( x ) dx log x p ( x ) dx .

(2.21)

p (x )dx = 1 ,

(2.21) :

H =

p (x )log p (x )dx log ,

(2.22)

= x .
(2.22) , , . (2.22),
lim = .
0

(2.22) - ,
. -
, ,
.
, , log
. log (
57

 = 1)

H = p ( x )log p ( x ) dx ,

(2.23)

. ()
. , () , .
(2.23) , .
[0, ]
, , , ,
(2.24)
I = n H = 2 Fc T H ,
n (2.17).
(2.24) (2.15) n .
2.4.3.

,
.
,
(x).
. (. 2.4)
:
(2.25)
p ( x ) = 1 (b a ), a x b .

58

. 2.4.

(2.25) (2.23),
b
1
1
1
1 b
H =
log
dx =
log
dx =
ba
ba
baa
aba
ba
1
1
(2.26)
= log
= log (b a ) .
=
log
ba
ba
ba
(2.26) ,
. , , , , ,
(b ) .

p ( x ) =

( x m )2 .
1
exp

2
2 2

(2.27)

(2.27), ,

(x m)2 log e .
1
(2.28)

log p ( x ) = log
2
2 2

59

 (2.28) (2.23), :

H =

(x )log p (x ) dx =

= log 2

log e
2 2

(x m)2 log e p (x ) dx =
log 2 +

2 2

(x )dx +

= log 2 +

log e
2

(x m )

p (x ) dx =

2 = log 2 + log e = log 2e . (2.29)

(2.29) ,
. , ,
, . . 2. , ,
.
cp (2.27) 2
m2:
= 2 + m2.
(2.30)
, , (. 2.4).

x2 ,
1
(2.31)
exp
p ( x ) =
2
2
2
(2.29) .
, ,
(2.31), , , , . , (2.31)
. 60

 , .
H= , , (2.26), (2.29), :
log(b a ) = log 2 e 2

(b a ) =

(b a )

2 e

= 2e .
12, :
(b a )2 = 2 e2 .
(2.32)
12
12
, (2.32)
D ,
D 2, :
(2.33)
D 1.45D .

(2.33) ,
1,45
, . , , . .
.
2.4.4.

, , . . .
. R
H
R=
,
(2.34)
c
61

 c ; , ,
.
(2.34) ,
.
, c
.
R = R = F H / ,
(2.35)
F = 1/c .
, (2.35), .
(2.34), , c = t
, t = 1/2Fc . :
R = R = 2 Fc H / ,
(2.36)
Fc .
2.5.

.
m 1, x2, ..., xm, (x1),
(2), ..., (xm).
, ,
(2.3), :
1
,
(2.37)
H = log p( x ) = log

p ( xi )

. . ,
.
(. 2.5).
(x1, x2, ..., m) (y1, y2, ..., ym)
62

 . , (1) = (x1),
p(y2) = p(2), ..., (ym) = (m)
1
(2.38)
H = log
= log p( yi ) = H
p ( yi )
.

. 2.5. (a) ()

(2.38) , , , , , , .
(. 2.5).
j
xj ,
i . , ,
- ,
, ,
.
, j,
i, :
63

I i = log

p y j xi

( )

p yj

(2.39)

p(yj) j
. (j) = p(xj),
(yj) 1
(2.1). (j|1)
, i
2.5

m

p(y x ) = 1.
j

j =1

(yj|xi)
2 (2.1), ,
P2 1 , . . j ,
.
(2.39)
, . . i j , ,
:
p y j xi
= log p y j xi log p y j =
I i = log
p yj

( )

( )

= log p y j log p y j xi

( )

= H H ,

(2.40)

H = log p (y j )

; H = log p(y j xi ) , .
H

0 H H .

(2.41)

, j i ,
(. 2.5),

64

p y j xi = 1, j = i; p y j xi = 0, j i .
, (2.9), H = 0 .
, j i, :
p y j xi = p ( y ), H = log p y j xi = log p y j = H .

( )

, , ,
:
(2.42)
Ii = H H = H = H .
,
i, j,
j i
, j, :
(2.43)
Ii = H H = H H = 0 .

,
H < H .
, (2.40):
Ii = H H .
(2.44)
, ,
,
I i = H = H . - H .
, (2.40), (2.41), (2.43), (2.44)
. , j i (2.44), .

65

2.6.

,
.
, ,
, x1 2 1 0. ,
, 221, x2x1x2, x2x1x1, 001, 010, 011, 1,
2, 3 .

R (2.35). Rk
:
(2.45)
Rk = F I i = F H H ,

I i ,
(2.44); F .

, :
C = [Rk ]max = F I i max = F H max H . (2.46)

.
, F
H , .
H max
, H max = H max ,

(2.47)
C = F logm H .

66

,

,
.
.
2.6. , -

1(1)
1(1)
(

(1 e) , e

.
e
1(1) ()
2(0).

x2.

2.6.

,
(2.47
7), :
(2.48)
C = F 1 H ,

logm
m = log2 = 1.
,
(2.48)

(2.8), ,

, , 1 2 , ,
1, 2 ::
p( x1 ) = p( y1 ) = 0.5; p( x2 ) = p( y2 ) = 0.5 .

H , (2.440):
H = log p y j xi .

log p( y j xi )

i, j. ,

< >
67

 . < >
,
i, j:

= p xi , y j log p y j xi ,
i =1 j =1

(2.49)

(i, j) i j.
i j , ,
,
(2.50)
p xi , y j = p ( xi ) p y j xi .

(2.50) (2.49), :

= p( xi ) y j xi log p y j xi ,
i =1 j =1

(2.51)

, j, a
, i. , (1,) = (2) = 0,5,
(11 ) = (22) = 1 e , p(y1x2) = p(y2x1) = Pe.
(2.51), :
(2.52)
H = [Pe log Pe + (1 Pe ) log(1 Pe )].
(2.52) (2.48),
:
(2.53)
C = F [1 + Pe log Pe + (1 Pe ) log (1 Pe )] .
F e. e, 2.7.
, [1 + Pe log Pe + (1 Pe ) log (1 Pe )]
, e< 1, (1 e) < 1 ,
, : log < 0,
log (1 ) < 0. , e = 0,5, = 0.
. e = 0,5 1, 2
68

2.7.

x1, 2. ,

. , e > 0,5, ,
.

,
1
y2, 0
y1,

.
2.7
7.

,
.

, ,

,
:
I
,
(2.54)
C = i max = 2 F I
i maax

t

;
F
,

; I i max
m

,

.
69

 , F ,
I i max .
s(t)
n(t) N0:
(2.55)
(t ) = s (t ) + n(t ) ,

, s2 ,

S s+ ( f ) F.
,
.
, 1 F 0 .
(2.56)
(t ) = s(t ) + n (t ) ,
s2 :

2 = s2 + n2 .

(2.57)

(2.57) , s(t)
n(t) .

, n(t) :
(2.58)
n2 = n2 = N 0 F .

, I i max (2.54) , s2 = const . , , (2.31).
n2 ,
n(t) .
(2.44) (2.51),
(2.57) :

70

I i max = H H = H H n =
2 1 2
1
= log 2e 2 log 2e n2 = log n2 = log1 + s2 . (2.59)
2
n 2 n

(2.59) (2.554) (2.588), :

2

2 .
(2.60)
C = F log1 + s2 = F log1 + s
N
F

0
n

(2.60)

2
F,
s

N0

.
(2.60))

.

,

F s2 = const N0 = const
(. 2.8).

2.8


F = 0 F = .

s2 /N0F >> 1, (22.60)
:
F log

s2 .
N0F

2.8.

71

(2.61)

 F = 0 (2.61)
0 . ,
, C = 0. F = (2.60) 0 . ,
, :
1 2s
2
C=
1.443 s .
(2.62)
ln 2 N 0
N0
2.8 , F ( )
F
. F ( ) F ,
(2.62), F.
, F
2

s ,
N0, . .
(2.62).
2.8.

- .
.

H max H .
H max ,
. m (2.8)
(2.63)
H max = logm .
H , ,
72

,
.
(2.64)
H log m .

K ,
H max H
H .
(2.65)
=1
K =
H max
log m
m = 30, H max = log 32 = log 2 = 5 / .
. H 0,5H max . 5

K = 0,5 . , H , , ,
.
.

, .
.

. ,
(m = 2, n = 1), 1 0.
H max = log m = log = 1 /.
- ,
,
e = 0,1. ,
.
(m = 2,
n = 3), 111 000. 1 : H = 1/3 /. 73

, H < log m , , , ,
. , 111,
000, - 001,
010, 011, 100, 101, 110. , , , ,
, .
. ,
.
P , ,
n = 3, P = Pe = 0,1, m > 2.

P =

Cnm p m (1 p )

n m

m = 2

= C32 p 2 (1 p ) + C33 p 3 =

= 3Pe2 (1 Pe ) + Pe3 = 3 0,12 0,9 + 0,13 = 0,028 .

,
-
= 0,1 0,1/0,028
3,5
.
2.9.

. (2.35):
(2.66)
R = Fc H /,
F ;
H .
74

 , ,
(2.46), :
(2.67)
C = F H max = F log m, /,
m ; F .
, F F,
, R .
. , . .
C > R, F H max > Fc H , F log m > Fc H , (2.68)
, R
. (2.68) , .
,
, (2.46),

C = F I1 max = F H max H = F log m H . (2.69)

. , , ,
, . .
C > R, F log m H / > Fc H .
(2.70)

(2.70) , , , .
.
75

, .
.
: -,
,
. .
. -, , . . .
2

1. , .
2. .
3.
?
4. ?
?
5.
?
6.
.
7. ,
.
8. -.
9. .
10. .
11. .
12. .
?
76

13.
. ?
14. .
15. ?
16.
. ?
17.
. ?

77

 3.

3.1.

, (. . 1.1) . , ,
,
, . .

.
, .
.
, ,
, . . .
,
, , .
.

340 /. , , , . ,
1620000 . ,
808000 .
,
, . 3.1
.

.
. 3.2
, 78

 1 (
). .
80 8 .
. ,
500 .
400 600 ,
.
,
300 3400 .
,
300 , 3400 ,
,
: 8 3,4 . 3.2

, . .
. , , (0 ). , , 2530 ,
7095 .
. 120125 .
(t)

. 3.1.

.
3.1.

79

S(f),
40
30
1
20
2

10
0
100

200

500

1000

3000

f,

.:
3.2.
:
. 3.2.
1
;
1
; 2
2

,
, , - (). ,
,
(t)
() s(t,), .
(t) , (t ) .
.

, - .

3.3.

() .

80

: (), (), ();

: - (),
- (), (); : - (), - () - ().

()

(t)

s(t,)

(t)

(t)

t
)

. 3.3. :
. 3.3. :
;
;

3.2.

( ) (t) (t). - , .
(t ) .
81

 , . 1.4, 2, (1.36).

2,
. .

:
(t) = (t ) (t),

(3.1)

(t ) = (t) + (t).

(3.2)
(3.2) , (t) , , <2(t)>
:
= <2(t)>.
(3.3)

(t)
= < 2(t)>,
(3.4)

:
P
(3.5)
= .
P
,
, .
, .
,
:
P
(3.6)
= s ,

Pn

s s(t,) ,
n n(t) .
82

P
Ps .
(3.7)
q = =
P Pn

q > 1 . q < 1. ,
, .

:
F
(3.8)
Q=q ,
Fs
F ( );
Fs .
, (3.8), (3.7), :
P
Ps
(3.9)
Q=
.
P F Pn Fs
P/F ; Pn/Fs .
,
.
, ,
, , .
3.3.

.
,
,
83

 ,
. , () . , , .
. , , , .
,
( N0), . .
(t) s(t,) n(t):
(3.10)
(t) = s(t,) + n(t).
, (t)
() (t ) ,
, , (t). (t )
() ,
.
, ( ) (t)
(t). ,
(t) (t) (3.10) p(/), :
(/) = () (/) / p().
(3.11)
(3.11)
(t)
84

 t. , , , :

(t) = p ( ) d .

(3.12)

(/). . :
(/) = k ()exp[ z()],
(3.13)
k ; ()
; z() ,
2 T
(3.14)
z ( ) =
(t ) s(t , )dt .
N0 0
, 1 () (3.13) z(), . . (t) () s(t,).
s(t,) .
. , , , , . . (t)
.

s (t , ) z () :
z () =

2
(t ) s(t , )dt .
N 0 0

(3.15)

p()
p() = const.

85

 z ()
(. 3.4).

, (t )
,

s (t , ) . s (t , ) (t )
, . ()
.
(t) = s(t,) + n(t)

( F)

(t )

s(t, )

. 3.4.

. 3.4.

, ,
, . . () 86

 , F

1
(3.16)
.
T=
2 F

, , s (t , )
. .
, . , (t).
, .
,
s(t,) = s(t) (t),
(3.17)
s(t) ( ),
(. 3.5).

(t) = s(t)(t) + n(t)

( F)

(t)

s(t)

. 3.5.

. 3.5.

87


. . ( )

. (
).
(3.9) :
P P F .
(3.18)
Q=
Ps Pn Fs

:
1T
(3.19)
Ps = s 2 (t , )dt ,
T 0

1T 2
(3.20)
(t )dt ,
T 0
() (
) .
, Sn(f)
s(t,) N0,

P =

f2

Pn = S n ( f )df = N 0 Fs ,

(3.21)

f1

f1 f 2 , Fs = f2 f1
s(t,).
P S(f). 88

 s(t,),
(t).

, (t)
s(t,), , (t) :
t

S (t , ) = S (t , (t ) dt ) = S (t , ),

(3.22)

= (t ) dt .

S(f) :
:
S ( f ) =

N0
2

1 T s (t , )
dt

T 0

(3.23)

:
N0
S ( f ) = T
(2f ) 2 .
(3.24)
1 s (t , ) 2
] dt
[
T 0
F c (3.23), (3.24),
:
F

P = S ( f )df .

(3.25)

, (3.19)(3.25),

, . .
.
.
89

 (),
(), ()
( ).
3.4.
. , .
0 , 0
0:
(3.26)
s (t ) = A0 cos( 0 t + 0 ) .
(3.26)
( ) (t).

(t) .
(3.27)
|| = 1 , ,
1 (t) 1.
(3.28)
:
s(t,) = A0[1 + m(t)] cos(0t+0),
(3.29)
m (
). , m = 0, . m = 1,

, , . m > 1, , .
. 3.6 . (t)
,
F F . ,
3003400 , 3.2.
90

(t)
max

S(f)

F
F

t
-max

SS(f)

s(t)

Ao
f0

SAM(f)

sAM(t)

f0-F f0 f0+F

FS=2F
f0-F

f0+F

. 3.6. :

. 3.6.

a
;
;

: ; ;

91


(. 3.6).

f 0 = 0 2 , () ()
(. 3.6),
.
:
Fs = 2F = 2F.
(3.30)
F ( 0
F).
. 3.7,
s(t). , ()
(t ) .


.
(t ) ,
.
. 2 ,
Fs=2F, :
P
Ps
2m2 ,
(3.31)
q =
=
P Pn 1 + m2
F
m2 .
(3.32)
=
Fs 1 + m2
,
m = 1 :
q = 1, Q = 0,5.
(3.33)
Q = q

92

s(t)

s(t,)

(t)

. 3.7.

. 3.7.

.
(. . 3.3)
,
3.8. , - s(t) ( )
. , .
(t) (3.10) s(t) = ks(t),
k . , (t)
.
() F

(3.34)
(t ) = (t ) + (t ) ,
(t). (t) .
( ) ,
(. 3.9). ,
93

f=F
(t)

s(t)

. 3.8.

f
, f0 0 , .
,
().
() ().
(t) s(t). , .
, ,

(. . )
, . 3.10. ,
- ( f = 2F , f0), ()
f = F.
94

f=F
(t)

(t)

f f0

s(t)

3.9.

. .
3.9.

f=2F
(t)

f=F

(t(t)
)

.3.10.

.
3.10.

()
() .
, ( < 5) .

95

3.5.

() ,
( )
0 c P0 = A02/2. (), ( ). , .
(t) (3.28) s(t) (3.26)
:
s(t,) = (t) A0cos(0t + 0).
(3.35)
. 3.11
S (f) S(f) . ,

f0. ,
:
Fs = 2F.
(3.36)
SM(f)

S(f)

F
F

f0 F f0 f0 + F

FS=2F
f0 F

f0+F

. 3.11.

96

 .
3.12, .
.
3.13, .
,
. 1, 2 s(t) 1.

(t).
VD1, VD2 ,
.
,
3

. (t),
( ),
3 .
,
( ).
(t)

s(t)

. 3.12.

97

s(t,)

VD1
T1

T3

C1

s(t,)

(t)
C2

VD2

T2
s(t)
. 3.13.

. 2 ,
Fs = 2F,

F
q = 2; Q = q = 1.
(3.37)
Fs
, .

f0. ,


. ,

, . . (
) .
, , (. . 3.6).
.
98

3.6.
. -
, () , :
s(t,) = (t)A0cos(0t + 0) + H[(t)]A0sin(0t + 0) +
+ B0cos(0t + 0),
(3.38)
0 ( ); []
.
(3.38)
,
. , (t) = cost. H[(t)] = H[cost] = sint.
, /2.
. (. 3.14). 3J ( ), : SSB ( .
sinqle side band) (
). ,
3
fo Fs=F

3J (SSB)

3H

fo

fo

3B

fo

. 3.14. : ;
; ;
( )

99

 . ,

Fs = F.
(3.39)
. : .
(3.38) 3.15,
1 (t)
/2, 2 /2.
, .
, ()
/2.
, 1 .

(t)

s(t,)

A0cos(0t+0)

B1
/2

B2
/2
A0sin(0t+0)

. 3.15.

100

 . 3.16. , .
(t)

s(t,)

s(t)

. 3.16.

. , . .
q = Q = 1.
(3.40)
, 2, (3.39).
. , , .

. . - ,

.
101

 3.17
.
.
f = f f0,
(3.41)
. . f
f0, 10 . .
400 .
f . ( , )
, .
f 100 .
, , ,

f+f f.
(3.42)
f = F
(t)

(t )

. 3.17.

102

 ,
. ,
(3.42)
f+f+f f.
(3.43)
, -. 3.18
-.

-, -
, , , . ,
, .

.
f = F

(t)

(t )

. 3.18. -

103


,
(, ).
3.7. ( )
.
, (3.26)
0, 0 0.
(t) s(t),
s(t) = A0 cos0(t),
(3.44)
0(t) = 0t + 0 .

( )
(3.44). ,
(t) ,
. ,
.

.

s(t) = A0cos[(0t + (t)] = A0cos (t),
(3.45)
(t) = 0t + (t).
:
(t) = 0 + (t);
(3.46)
s(t,) = A0cos[0t + (t) + 0],
(3.47)
.
|| = 1, (3.47).

104

(t) = 0 + (t),
(3.48)
0, .
, (t)
, (t):
t

(t )dt = 0t + (t ) dt .

(3.49)

, (3.48) :
t

(t ) = 0t + (t )dt + 0

(3.50)

s (t , ) = A0 cos[0t + (t )dt + 0 ].

(3.51)

.

.

:
,
;
f0;

;

( , ).
, , ,
,
105

Fs 2 F,
(3.52)
F (
).
,
(3.52) ( >> 1).
(3.52) :
Fs 2 F;
(3.53)
Fs 2 F = 2f,
(3.54)
= f F .
(3.53), (3.54) ,

f. F , ,
. .
, , , .

. 2, ,
:

Fs ,
F
2 Fs .
= 3
F

2
q =

(3.55)

(3.56)

(3.8)
:
2 ,
(3.57)
Q =
2
.
Q = 3

(3.58)
106

 ,
.
, .

, . .
.
. 3.19
.
() (t) ,
, .
, . - f
f f0, . . .
f .

(t)

. 3.19.

107

s(t,)
f0 = f+ f

 .
,
, (. . 3.3).
.
,
( ) , (. 3.20). Fs, .
,
2F .

3.21. , (),
2F ( ).
2F

2F

2F

f0

f
f

FS

. 3.20.

108

f=ff
(t)
f

f=F

f = 2F

()

s(t, )

. 3.21

. 3.21.

,
. , . , ,
.

,
.
,
,
, F.
, . ,
,
(t ) .
, . . .
,
(t) (t ) . ,
109


. ,
,
.

. ,
, . , 3.22
3.21 ,
, (3.54).
, .

.
f = 2f
(t)

()

f = F

( t )

. 3.22.

. (3.56) (3.58)
,
.

,
(. 3.23).
S(f)
. 110

 , S(f) (3.24).
, S ( f ) ,
, . ( ) .
(. 3.23) ,
0F. , ,
. ,

f
F, . . :
=

f .
F

(3.59)

. ,
, , , .
,
(3.58) , . .
.
S ( f )

. 3.23.

111

>>1

= 1

. 3.24.

,
, . ,
3.24. ( 1) , (1 < 2). ,
, . , . . .
, , .
, .
( )
, . . , :
Fs 2F.
(3.60)
112

 (
) ,
:
Fs 2 F = 2f.
(3.61)

, . .
.
3.8.

( ( = 1, 2, 4, 8),
3.25,
),
. ,
, . . .

:
1. . , , (, f = 3...30 ), (,
f = 30...300 ) (, f = 300...3000 ) .
. m < 1, q < 1
113

 Q < 0,5, . . .
,
, . ,
,
. ,
,
- .
2. . (3.37) (3.42) ,
, , .
3. . .

.
,
50

= 8

4
1

40
30

20
10
0

20

40

. 3.25. ,

114



.
,
()
.
,
,
. (),
.
.
,
,
, ,
.
, . ,
. , , .
4. . , . : , , . .
3

1. ? .
2. ?
115

3. ,
.
4.
?
5. .
6.
?
7. ,

?
8. . .
9. .
10. ,
.
11. .
12. .

116

 4.

4.1.

.

. (. . 1.1) , . , . ,
, ,
. ,
, . ( )
, 4.1 . ( ) .
, , .
(4.1)
N = ... + a 2 m 2 + a1m1 + a0 m 0 ,
m ; a0, a1, an , 0 m 1.
, 29 :
m = 10 ( ) 29 = 2101 + 9100;
m = 5 ( ) 29 = 152 + 051 + 450;
m = 2 ( )
29 = 124 + 123 +122 + 021 + 120.
4.1 , . 32
117

 ( )
, .

. .
,
.
, ,
.
4.1

4.1.

(
)

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

0
1
2
3
4
10
11
12
13
14
20
21
22
23
24
30

00000
00001
00010
00011
00100
00101
00110
00111
01000
01001
01010
01011
01100
01101
01110
01111

(
)

16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31

31
32
33
34
40
41
42
43
44
100
101
102
103
104
110
111

10000
10001
10010
10011
10100
10101
10110
10111
11000
11001
11010
11011
11100
11101
11110
11111

, ,
0 1. , (0 1), , . .
118


( 4.1) 4.1.

01100

01110

10001

01010

00010

00000

. 4.1.
,

.
4.1.
,

, ,
, 0 1. 0 1
.
. ()
.
, : -2 ( ), -7, -8 ( ) .

. , (), .

.
1
( ) . 4.2

, : a(t) ; (t) ; s(t,) ; n(t) (); (t) 1
, . . .

119

; (t ) ; a(t )
() .
, . , -
, .
(t)
a(t)

(t)=s(t,)+n(t)

s(t,)

(t)

a (t)

n(t)

. 4.2.

. 4.2.

() .
(), () (). 4.3
,
(t). 1
(), 0 ().
f1 1, f2 0.
180 1
0 0 1.
(t) ( , ). , .
120

 (t)

s(t,)

1
t

. 4.3.

.4.3.

. , 1
( , 0
1).
,
(4.2)
V = 1 / T , .
, = 50 ,
V = 20 .
, . 4.4 ,
(4.3)
FM = 1 / 2T = V / 2, .
121

(t)
= 1/F

2T

3T

4T

5T

. 4.4.

. 4.4.

(. . 4.2). (t) 1. -

(t ) , . . (0 1).

(, ,
. .), . .
,
, () , .
.
()
,
(0 1) .
,
, ().
1
. .

122

 , ,
. , (, 1) , (0).

. , ,
,
( ) .
.
, ,
(t). , .
,
. ( ). , .
4.2.

,
(t ) , (t ) . (t )

(t )
.
(t ) .
, ,
.
.
, 123

 ,
. . .

[1, 2, 4, 7].

.
(t). (. 4.3) : 0 1.
, (t),
, n(t) s(t,).
, (. . 4.2)
s(t,) n(t),

, N0 s(t,).

, . 1.3.
(t) ( )
(4.4)
(t ) = s(t , ) + n(t ) .

t
(4.5)
s(t , ) = [1 (t )]s1 (t ) + (t ) s 2 (t ) .
(4.5) , (t) = 0 s1(t),
(t) = 1 s2(t), :
s(t , ) = s1 (t ) = 0,

s(t , ) = s2 (t ) = 1, 0 t T ,

(4.6)
,
.
,
t1, t2,, , 124

 (t) ( ).

.
(t) , ( = 0
= 1).
. ( ).
(t)
n(t) s1(t), s2(t),, sm(t),
m .
, .

,
.
.
. , , , ,
.

[7]:
T

=1

(t )s (t )dt (t )s (t )dt <>

2

= 0

E2 E1
,
2

(4.7)

E1 = s12 (t )dt , E2 = s22 (t )dt

(4.8)

s1(t) s2(t), .
(4.7)
:
0 (t) 125

 s1(t) s2(t)
( ), ; , :
E E1 .
(4.9)
h= 2
2
h,
, 1 ( = 1) , , , -

= 0) .
0 (
(4.7),
.
4.3.

: ( 1).
. -

(4.10)
s(t, ) = (t ) A0 cos(0t + 0 ) ,
0, 0 0 ,
, .
, ,
:
s1(t) = 0 = 0 ,
s2 (t ) = A0 cos(0t + 0 ) = 1, 0 t T . (4.11)
s(t,) = 0 = 0,
.
126

 . -
4.5.
(t)

1
t

T
s(t,)

f0+5F

f0+4F

f0+3F

f0+2F

f0

f0+F

f0-F

f0-2F

f0-3F

f0-4F

f0-5F

Fs = 6F

.
4.5.

() -
. 4.5.

() -
()
()

127

 , F (4.3).
- :
(4.12)
Fs = 2 nFM = nV ,
n , V = 1/T .

3- 5- . , , 6F 10F.
. , 0 ()
1.
. 4.6 , f0, ( ) .
(t)
1.
.

f0

(t)
. 4.6.
C

. 4.6.

128

s(t,)

 ( ). ,
, .
.
(4.11) (4.7) s(t) = s2(t) = 2, :
T

=1

= 0

>

(t )s(t )dt < h ,

(4.13)

h = E/2 , (t)
(4.4).
(4.13) ,
, ,
(t)
s(t), t = T h. ,
= 1 . ,

= 0 .
, . .
,
, 4.7.
(4.13) , , ,
(t) s(t). , (. 4.7)
.
.
.

129

u(t)
(t)

t=T

(t)

s(t)

h = E/2

4.7.

..
4.7.

, . ,
, ,
, ,
. ,
. , , . , .
, ,
.
, (. 4.7)
,
, , , . ,
, , .
,
,
. , 130

 ,
. ,
.

. (4.13)
(), . ,
(t)
(t),
T

u (T ) = (t )(T t )dt .

(4.14)

. (4.14) (4.13) , u(T) (4.13) t = T,

(T t) = s(t),
, ,
(4.15)
(t ) = s(T t ) .
(4.15)
, . (4.15)
, .
4.8 s(t) (
) (t)
.
,
. 4.9, :
, .
(t)
(4.4).
131

 t = T, . . , , .
h;

(t ) , 1 0. -

(t)
, , . . t = kT
(k = 1,2,).
s(t)

s(t)

(t)
s(t + T)

s(t)

(t)

t
)

a)

. 4.8.
: ;

(t)

u(t)

(t) = s(T t)

(t)

t=T
h = E/2

. 4.9. ,

132

 ,
.
, , , s(t),
4.8,
4.10. ( ) , 0,
, .
(), .
,
(0, ). , (t).
,
,
. ,

. ,
,
-, ,
. 4.11 ( ) (. 4.7) (. 4.9), ,
(
= 1). , .

t = T, . . u(T) = u(T). .
.
,

,
. .
133

. 4.10.
. 4.10.

s(t)
=1

u(t)

u(t)

2T
T

. 4.11. :
. 4.11.
:
= 1; ;

= 1; ;

134

 ,
. , ()
, .
. (. . 1.4)
(0 1) .
:
= (0) (1/0) + (1) (0/1),
(4.16)
(0), (1) 0 1
; (1/0)
1 0; (0/1)
0 1.
0 1
(0) = (1) = 0,5,
= 0,5[ P(1 / 0) + P(0 / 1)] .
(4.17)
(. 4.7, 4.9)

N0 , :
= 1 E ,
(4.18)
2N
0

z
( z) = 1
e
2

x2
2 dx

(4.19)

.

:

135

2E .
(4.20)
N0
(4.18) :
= 1 (q / 2) .
(4.21)
, (4.21)
, . . ()
.
.
,
,
.
(. 4.7) .
, . , .
(. 4.9)
,

.
. , ,
, (. 4.11)
(. 4.11). , t , . ,
,

( ).
.
,
q=

136

, 02.
.

(. 4.12).
(. 4.13).
, ( ) ,
.
(t)

u(t)

u(t)

(t)

t=T
h

. 4.12.

. 4.12.

u(t)

u(t)

2T

2T

. 4.13. :

. 4.13.
:
;
;

137

 .
,
,
. (q > 3) h E / 2 .

[5]:
2

(4.22)
P 0,5{e q 8 + [1 (q 2)]} .
(4.21) (4.22) , , 103 106

1530% . ,

. .
.
( , )
.
.
,
4.14.
, f, . u(t)
(,
)
h. u > h
1, 0.

138

(t)

u(t)

(t)

. 4.14.

,
. 4.14.

(. 4.14) 4.12, ,
.
,
. ,
,
f = 1,37/,
(4.23)
,
1,22 (0,8 ) , . , (),
,
. ,

. .
,
f 3 / T .
(4.24)
, , ,
,
. . 139

 , .
.
, .

, , , . .

,
.

.

. ,
. ,

.
.
, ; . ,
.
4.4.

-
. 0
f1 , 1 f2 (. 4.3).
140

 .
:
s(t , ) = [1 (t )]A0 cos(1t + 1 ) + (t ) A0 cos(2t + 2 ), (4.25)

1 2 .
, :
s1 (t ) = A0 cos(1t + 1 ) = 0,

s2 (t ) = A0 cos(2t + 2 ) = 1, 0 t T .

(4.26)

0 = ( 1 + 2 ) / 2

(4.27)
f 0 = ( f1 + f 2 ) / 2 .
:
f = |f2 f1|,
(4.28)
, . .
, :
f = |f2 f1|/2.
(4.29)
4.15.
(4.3):
(4.30)
= f F
.
f
f

f1

f0

f2

.
4.15.

. 4.15.

141

 .
.
, . .
, ,
- , (. 4.16).

f1
3F

f0

f2

f
3F

. -
4.16. -

. 4.16.

,
Fs = f + 2n F

Fs = 2f + n V,
(4.31)
, f = 2f F = V / 2 (V ),
n , .
, .
(4.30).

, , [3]:
(4.32)
Fs = 2 F (1 + + ).
142

 . .
.
(. 4.17)
f1 f2 ,
(t).
. ,
.

, . . .
,
.
(. 4.18).
(t) LC1
C2, . ,
.
(
). (4.7).
s1(t) s2(t) 0 1
(1 = 2), (4.7) :
T

=1

(t )s (t )dt (t )s (t )dt <>

2

0.

(4.33)

= 0

4.19 , (4.33).
, ,
4.7.
143

f1

s(t,)

2
(t)

f2

. 4.17. C
. 4.17.

C1

C2

s(t,)

(t)
4.18.
C

. 4.18..

, . s1(t) s2(t), . (t ) = s (t , ) + n(t ) ,

, ( 0 T). , ()
144

 ,
. 1 = 2, (4.9) (h = 0) .

(. 4.20). 1 2 , , , s1(t)
s2(t) (. . 4.3).
1

s1(t)

(t)

(t)

t=T

h=0

s2(t)
2

..
4.19.

4.19.

(t)

(t)

t=T

2
h=0

. 4.20.

,
.
4.20.

145

 . [8]
= 1 E (1 r ) ,
(4.34)
N

= 1= 2 s1(t) s2(t); N0
(); r ,
1T
r = s1 (t ) s 2 (t ) dt .
(4.35)
E0

, . .
s1(t) s2(t), .
. , r = 0, .
r = 0
(4.34)
= 1 E .
(4.36)
N
0

(4.20)

q
.
2

= 1

(3.37)

(4.36), (4.37) .
(4.21) (4.37) , P q,
. ,
, .
. ,
146

 , .
.
, 4.19, 4.20,
. 4.3.
.

4.21. , 4.12, .
1
(t)

u1(t)

(t )

2
2

u2(t)

.4.21
-

. 4.21.

= 0,5 e q 4 .
(4.38)
,

1530% , . . .
,
4.22, 1 2
, f1 f2. .
() ().
, .
147

 .
.
4.23.
1
(t)

(t)

h=0

. 4.22.

,
. 4.22.

VD1

f1

L1

C1

C3

R1

L2

C2

C4

R2

u1
u
u2

VD2
f2

u(f)

u1(f)

f1

f0

f2

f
u2(f)

. 4.23. :

. 4.23.
: ;
- ; -

148

 1 2
L1C1 L2C2, VD1 VD2,
R1,C3, R2,C4.
,
,
.
.
. (4.36) (4.18) , ,
,
.
(
) () , 4.194.21.

, , . ,
( )
.
, , , .

.
, s1(t) s2(t)
0 1.
V ( , ). (4.2) . ,
, .
149

 (4.31) , , nV<< f, . , :
Fs = (22,5) f.
(4.39)


. ,
.
4.5.

()

. 1 0,
, 180 (. 4.3)
.
(4.40)
s (t , ) = A0 cos( 0 t + (t ) + 0 ).

, (4.40) :
s1(t) = A0cos(0t + 0) = 0,
s2(t) = A0cos(0t++0) = A0cos(0t+0)
= 1, 0 t T.
(4.41)
.
, ,
(4.12) .
,
, ,
150

 .
. , , , . 4.24 .

f0 ,
.
, 0 1.
.

s(t,)

(t)

. 4.24.

.
(4.7),
T

= 0

=1

>

(t )s(t )dt < 0 ,

(4.42)

, s1(t) = s(t), s2(t) = s(t).

4.25. 151


, .
4.25 4.7
( ).
, .
U(t)
(t)

t=T

(t)

s(t)

h=0

. 4.25.

. 4.25.

,
(. 4.26).
, , .

, s1(t). s1(t) ,
s2(t) .
.
(4.34). :
1T
1T
r = s1 (t ) s2 (t )dt = s 2 (t )dt = 1, (4.43)
E0
E0
152

(t)

t=T

(t)

s(t)

h=0

.4.26. ,
. 4.26. ,

:
= 1 2E
N
0

(4.44)

= 1 (q).
(4.45)
, r = 1, .

, . ( )
,
, :
= 1 E ,
(4.46)
2N
0

= 1 E ,
(4.47)
N
0

= 1 2 E .

(4.48)
N
0

, 153

. , . ,
( )
4 , 2 .

(4.34). , , , . .
r = 1. .
.
, , .

.
(. . 4.25, 4.26)
.
,
(. . 4.11). , . , () .

180.
0,
(),
.
180 .
. .
154


, .. .. .
.. (. 4.27)
, ( 20)
. , (4.41), . :
s1(t) = A0cos(20t + 20) = 0,
s2(t) = A0cos(20t+2+20) = A0cos(20t+20) = 1. (4.49)
(t)

(t)

t=T

h=0

. 4.27. ..

.
0, .
, 0, 180. 180, (0 1, 1 0). .

155

 .. .
.
.. (. 4.28) , . .
, . .
- 180,
, .
(t)

(t)

t=T

h=0

. 4.28. ..

,
180 .
.
156

4.6.

() ,
.
,
(t)
, : = 1
180, = 0 (. 4.29).

. , ,
. 4.30
, :
.
k
k. k k
0 1.
( )
: 0 0 = 0,
0 1 = 1, 1 0 = 1, 1 1 = 0.
.
k k1
k. :
k = k1 k,
(4.50)
k, k 1 .
k , , , 4.24. .

157

 (t)

1
t

s(t,)

t
. 4.29..4.29.

k -1

k-1

. 4.30.

. 4.30.

158

, T,
. , , . 0
: 0 1.
(. 4.27, 4.28),
. :
k= k1 k.
(4.51)

, , , T.
.
(. . 4.31).
, . -
. (
) ( ) .

.
(. 4.32), .
,
.
,
. :
P 2 P ,
(4.52)
P .

159


k = -1 k

0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1
0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1

k-

( )
k-

( )

0

k = k-1 k

0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1

1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1

k-

( )
k-

( )

k-

( )

k-

( )

.4.31.

. 4.31.

160

0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1

k-

0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1

k-

0 0 1 1 01 0 1 0 0 1

k-

0 1 0 01 10 1 1 0 1

k-
k-

0 0 1 01 01 10 1 0 0 1
0 1 10 0 1 10 1 0 1

k-

. 4.32.

. 4.32.

.

.
() ,
, . .
.
.
, , () ,
.
, .

161

4.7.
4.7.1.

( ), , . (/) :
n

n
1
log2 mi = V i log2 mi .
i =1 Ti
i =1

V =

(4.53)

n ,
(i=1, 2, 3, , n); V i = 1 Ti i- ; Ti mi
( , , 0 1)
( ) i- .
, (, , )
(0 1), n = 1 m = 2. (4.53) ,
V = 1 T = V ,
. . 1 / = 1 .
. (4.53) ,
: -,
Ti ; -,
mi .
,
.

162

 Ti , ,
, ,
. , , .
mi ( ) ,
, (0
1), . mi
,
.
, , ,
mi > 2 .
,
.
4.7.2.

,
.
, (, ,
) , , .
.
, , (
163

) ( )
(), .
, :
s1(t) = A cos[1 t + (0)] = 0,
s2(t) = A cos[2 t + (0)] = 1, 0 t T,

(4.54)

(0) = (t = 0) ,
.
4.33 , ,

1 = 2 1 2 , 2 = + 2 1 2 . (3.55)

. 4.33.

.4.33 -

(. 4.1.2)

= (2 1 )T 2 .

(4.56)

(4.56) (4.54) :

1 = T , 2 = + T ,
(4.53) :

(4.57)

s(t ) = A cos t + (0) t T = A cos t + (t ) . (4.58)

164

 (t) = (0) t/T

; = 1,
= 0.
(t) 4.34.
= 0,5
,
s1(t) s2(t).
(t)
1

2T

3T

4T

5T

(t)
3/2

/2
/2
0
. 4.34. (t)

.4.34. (t)

-
.
= 0,715. f 2, f 4.
165


. (. . 4.34),
1/f 8.
().
-
. , GSM . ,
.

.. , .. [9].
4.7.3.
,
() m > 2 .
. , .

: . :

rij =

1 T
si (t )s j (t )dt = 0 ,
Ei E j 0

(4.59)
T

i j- T; Ei( j ) = s i ( j ) (t )dt
0

i(j)- .
166


= 0,5.
: . m = 4 . ,
(-4) - (-4).
-4 ,

- .

s1(t) = Ao cos(ot + /4) ,

s2(t) = Ao cos(ot + 3/4) ,
s3(t) = Ao cos(ot - 3/4) ,
s4(t) = Ao cos(ot - /4) .

-4 -
4.35.
-4

s1(t) = Ao cosot ,
s2(t) = Ao cos(ot + 2/3) ,
s3(t) = Ao cos(ot + 4/3) ,
s4(t) = 0 .
- 4.36.
() . :
si (t ) = Aic (t ) cos t Ais (t )sin t ,
0
0
Aic Ais .

167

S2(t)

S1(t)

+
S3(t)

S4(t)

. 4.35. .4.35.

-4
-4
-
-

S2(t)

S4(t)

S3(t)

S1(t)

.4.36.

A-4
. 4.36.

-4
-

si (t ) = U i (t )cos (0 t + i ),

U i (t ) = A + A i = arctg ( Ais Aic ).

. m1 m2
,
2
ic

2
is

m=m1m2 . m1 = 2n m2 = 2 ,
-
log m1m2 , i

R log m1m2 , R = log 2 k , k

.
m = 8 m = 16
4.37.
168


. n-
m = n + 1 . ,
, 4.38.
si (t ), i = 1, 2, ..., m , , m > 2 , :
T
Ej
Ei T
(t ) si (t ) dt 2 > (t ) s j (t ) dt 2 , i j.
0
0

m=8

m=16

.4.37.

. 4.37.

S2(t)

+
S1(t)

S3(t)

.4.38.

(-3)
.
4.38.

(-3)

169

 4.39.
4.40.
s1 (t )

(t )

u1

s2 (t )

sm (t )

um

u2

.4.39 m
.
4.39. m

(t )

.4.40.

mm

. 4.40.

170

.4.41.

,
. 4.41.

.4.42.

,
. 4.42.

() , i- , si (t ) .
, .
(. 4.41) () k = log 2 m .
171

 ai bi
.
, (. 4.42), ,
() () .
. m 8
, m- .
4.7.4.

, , () . ,

( ) ,
. , (4.35) ,
, .
.
i-
P (si ) =

du i

ui

ui

... p m (u1 , u1 , ..., u m si ) du1du 2 ... du m .

(4.60)

pm (u1 , u1 , ..., u m si ) m- -

u1, u2, um , si t .
i- :
(4.61)
Pe (si ) = 1 P (si ).

()

172

 i-
T

ui = (t ) si (t ) dt = si2 (t ) dt + n(t ) si (t ) dt
{ui } = Es Du = E s N 0 2.
i

Du = Es N0 2, j i
j

. u1 , u2 , ... , um (4.35) , , . , m-
pm u1, u1, ..., um si = p u1 si p u2 si ... p um si , (4.62)

) (

p(ui si ) =

(u E ) 2 ,
1
exp i

EN 0
2 EN 0 2

u j 2
1
p u j si =
exp
,
2 EN 0 2
EN 0

j i.

(4.63)
(4.64)

(4.62) (4.60) (4.63) (4.64) , [10], i- :

2
1

2
1 +
E
m -1
. (4.65)
P (si ) =
exp 2 x N (x ) dx
2
0

si (t ), i = 1, 2, ..., m , , m > 2
, :
T

(t ) si (t ) dt

Ej
Ei T
> (t ) s j (t ) dt , i j.
2 0
2
173

(4.66)

 m , . . P(s1 ) = P(s2 ) = ... = P(sm ) = 1 m , :

Pe = 1 P (s1 ) P(s1 ) + ... + 1 P (s m ) P(s m ) =
(4.67)
m

= (1 m ) m P (si ) = 1 P (si ).
i =1

,
, m- log2 m , . 4.43 m = 2, 4, 32 256. , . E B = E s log 2 m ,
.

Pe
m=2

10-6

m=4
-6

10

10-6 m=32
10-6
m=256
-6

10

12

EB /N0,

.4.43.
EB /N
N 0
.
4.43.




E
B 0
m

174

 . , m
ri j = 1 (m 1), i j . ,

) [ (

d si , s j = 2 s 1 ri j

)]

1
2,

,
d si , s j = 2s m (m - 1) ,

d si , s j = 2 s . m (m - 1) ,
. ,

2
1
1 +
2 E m
(4.68)

P (si ) =
exp x
m-1 ( x ) dx.

2
N 0 m -1
2

, . m,
m >> 1
.
.
m 2
,
. ( ). :

P (s i ) =

du i

ui

ui

...

ui

ui

pm

(u 1 , u 1 , ..., u m 2 s i ) du 1 du 2 ... du m 2 .

, ,
:

175

2
1
2 E
x
dx . (4.69)
[2(x ) 1]

2
N

, , m >> 2 .
,
m = 128 .
:
(4.70)
P < [(m - 1) 2 ] ( 2 N 0 ) .

1
Pe (si ) = 1
2

m
1
exp
2

, ,
, .
4

1. . ,
, .
2. (). () 1 2, : 10100001111.
.
3.
(,, ), : 1011001.
4. .
, :
10100001111. .

176

5. ,
.. .. .
. .
6.
.
7. .
, : 1010010.
8. .


?
9. ,
?
10. ,

?
11. (
), , ?
12. . , , ?
.

177

1. / . .. . .: . .. , 1986.
2. ., .., ..
. .: . .. , 1985.
3. .., .., ..
. .: , 2001.
4. .., .. . .: , 1982.
5. .. . .:
, 1991.
6. /
. .. . .: - . .. ,
2004.
7. .. . .: , 1982.
8. .., .. : .
: . . .:
, 1990.
9. .., .. : .
. / . .. , .. . .: ,
1980.
10. / .. , .. , .. [ .]; . .. ,
.. . .: -, 2005.

178

0
1
2
3
3
3
3J
F1
F2
F3
F6 (2F1)
F9
P3D
P3E
P3F
P3G

,













-
-

-

179

 2



.
s(t,)=A0[1+m(t)]cos(0t+0) .
(2.24)
S((f):
s(t , )
= A0 m cos(0t + 0 ) ;
(t )
2

s (t , )
1 2 2
2
2
2
(t ) = A0 m cos (0 t + 0 ) = 2 A0 m cos 2(0 t + 0 );

1 T s (t , )
1 2 2 1 2 2T
dt
=
A0 m + A0 m cos 2(0t + 0 )dt.

2 0 (t )
2
2T
0
, , :
2

1 T s (t , )
1
dt = A02 m 2 .

2 0 (t )
2

, , :
2N
S ( f ) = 2 02 .
A0 m
(2.26)
:
F
F
2N
2N F
P = S ( f )df = 2 02 = 2 0 2 .
A0 m
0
0 A0 m
:

P P A02 m 2
=
.
P
2 N 0 F
180


,
= 1.

( A0 m) 2
.
2 N 0 F

(2.7) .

1T
1T
Ps = S 2 (t , )dt = A02 [1 + m (t )]2 cos 2 (0 t + 0 )dt =
T0
T0
T
1
A02 [1 + m (t )]2 [1 + cos 2(0 t + 0 )]dt =
2T 0
A02 m 2 T 2
A02 A02 m T
1 T 2
2
[
1
+

(
)]
=
+

(
)
+
(t )dt .
t
dt
A
m
t
dt
0
2T 0
2
2T 0
T 0
(20) .

1T
(t )dt = 0 .
T 0
( (t), 1 1, )

1T 2
(t )dt = P = 1,
T0

Ps =

P 1 A02 (1 + m 2 ) 1 A02 (1 + m 2 )
1 2
A0 (1 + m 2 ); = s =
=
,
2
Pn 2 N 0 Fs
2 N 0 2 F

Fs=2F .
, (2.8)

2m 2
q =
=
.
1 + m 2
.
181

s(t,) = (t)A0cos(0t + 0)
:

s (t , )
= A0 cos(0 t + 0 );
(t )
2

A02
1 T s (t , )
=
;
dt

2
T 0 (t )

2N0
;
A02
2 N 0 F
P =
;
A02
P
A02 .
= =
P 2 N 0 F
S ( f ) =

Ps =

A02
,
2

Ps 1 A02
=
,
Pn 2 N 0 2 F

, , ,
Fs = 2F.
,

q =

= 2.

.
s(t,) = (t)A0cos(0t + 0) + H[(t)]A0sin(0t + 0)
:
2

1 T s (t , ) 2
dt = A02 ;

T 0 (t )
182

N0
;
02
F
N F
P = N ( f )df = 0 2 ;
A0
0
2
P
A
= = 0 .
P N 0 F
S ( f ) =

Ps =

A02 T 2
A02 T
1T 2
s
(
t
,

)
dt
=

(
t
)
dt
+
{H [(t )]}2 dt.

T0
2T 0
2T 0

1T
1T
{H [ (t )]}2 dt = 2 (t ) = 1,

T0
T0

Ps = A02;

Ps
A2
A2
= 0 = 0 ,
Pn N 0 Fs N 0 F

Fs = F .
,

q =

= 1.

. (2.48) ( , 0 = 0):
s(t,) = A0cos[0t+ (t)].
s(t,)
s(t , )
= A0 sin[0t + (t )];
(t )
2

2
A02
A02
s(t , )
(t ) = 2 2 cos 2[0t + (t )].

183

1 T s(t , )
1
2
dt = A02
.

2 0 (t )
2

:
2N
S ( f ) = 2 20 ;
0
F

2N0

2 N 0 F
.
2
A02
0
0
,
,
2 2
P A0
.
=
=
P 2 N 0 F
,
P = S ( f )df =

A
2
0

df =

A02
1T 2
Ps = s (t , )dt = ;
T0
2
2
P
A0
.
= s =
Pn 2 N 0 Fs

q =

Fs
2
=
.

. (2.52):
t

s (t , ) = A0 cos[0 t + (t )dt ] =A0 cos[0 t + 2F (t )] ,

0

0 = 0; =

= ; (t ) = (t )dt .
f 2F
0
t

(2.25)
:
184

s(t , )
= A0 2F sin[0t + 2F (t )];
(t )
2

s(t , ) 1
2
(t ) = 2 ( A0 2F ) {1 cos 2[0t + 2F (t )]};

1 T s (t , )
1
dt = ( A0 2F ) 2 ;

T 0 (t )
2
2N0 f 2
.
S ( f ) =
( 0 F ) 2

F
F
2N0
2N0
F3 2 N 0 F
2
.
P = S ( f )df =
f
df
=
=

2
( A0 F ) 2 0
( A0 F ) 2 3 3 A02
0
,

2
P 3 A02
.
=
P 2 N 0 F

A02
Ps =
,
2

Ps
A02
= =
.
Pn 2 N 0 Fs

q =

2 Fs
= 3
.

185

..
..
27.09.2010 . 6084/16. .
. . . . 10,81. .-. . 10,18.
50 . 3142.
. .
392008, . , . , 190

186