,

(. Papaver somniferum)
26











.

 - 1840-1842 (
) -- (18561860) ( ).


1803
.
1853
(Charles Gabriel Pravaz) (Alexander Wood)
.
1898
( ) .
"Bayer"
. ,
.

98% (765 )

12 (
)
516
(2012 . 470 )


1940 . .
.
,
( 2009 . ).

( )

( )

, .
, .

110.6
89
76.4
48.5
28
25.5
18.1
14.4
14
11.5
10.3

23%
19%
16%
10%
6%
5%

90%
(, )

(75.4 ,
47%, 2012 .).
(55.9 , 35%) (20 ,
12%).

 ( 2012 .)
GlaxoSmithKline Australia Pty Ltd. ()
Tasmanian Alkaloids Pty Ltd. ()
Dalton Chemicals Laboratories Inc. ()
Toronto Research Chemicals Inc. ()
Francopia ()
Alkaloida Chemical Company Ltd. ()
Government Opium and Alkaloid Works Ghazipur ()
Government Opium and Alkaloid Works Neemuch ()
Daiichi Sankyo Propharma Co. Ltd. ()
Shionogi & Co. Ltd. ()
Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. ()
Alcaliber, S.A. ()


12
, ,
JAMA Internal Medicine.
2008
, ,
,
.

45
500
.
7,3 . .
:
.