CHNG 2

H THNG CAD K THUT

2.1. Mt s khi nim v nh ngha
CAD c nh ngha l S dng h thng my tnh
cng vi phn mm thch hp tr gip vic thit
lp, sa i, phn tch hoc ti u ho mt n thit
k".
CAD (Computer aided drawing /design): Thit k (v)
vi s tr gip ca my tnh.
Lch s pht trin:
S pht trin ca CAD gn lin vi s ra i ca
my tnh vo nm 1950. Lc u CAD ch c mt
chc nng tnh ton, v sau n mi thc hin ho.
Trc vic chn phng n thit k ch hon
ton da vo kinh nghim ch quan ca ngi thit
k, khi lng tnh ton ln nn khng tnh ht
c cc phng n khc nhau khi thc hin bng
tay.
Khi thit k thc hin trn CAD l mt thit k tng
th c h thng k thut, vic thit k da trn
nguyn tc phn chia bi ton thnh nhiu lp bi
ton nh hn sau kt qu phi qua mt bc
tng hp li.
T nhng nm 1980 Cad thc hin hon chnh
vic thit k k c vic tnh ton la chn phng
n, ly d liu t cc c s d liu m phng tnh
v ng ca i tng, ti u ho thit k
Hin nay qu trnh thit k c lin h trc tip
vi qu trnh gia cng (cng ngh CAD- CAM) hnh
thnh mt ng dy gia cng t ng hon chnh
khp kn c tnh linh hot cao, y l thnh tu cao
nht hin nay.
V tr ca Cad trong dy chuyn sn xut tch hp
c m t nh sau:
H thng CAD ni ti y bao gm bn thn h
thng v con ngi s dng h thng , t c
hiu qu ti a cn p ng c mt s yu cu sau
y vi tng i tng ni ti trn.
Yu cu ca h thng CAD
Yu cu vi ngi s dng:
Nm c phng php m t qu trnh thit k bng
cng c ton hc, c th l cc kin thc v ton,
c hc, sc bn, nguyn l chi tit my, y l yu cu
cc k quan trng v nu khng bi ton thc t khng
th m t c trn my tnh, y i tng thit k
c m t thng qua m hnh ton hc ca n
tin kho st, m phng, ti u
Phi bit xy dng thut ton thit k, bit s
dng cc phng php tnh gn ng, phng
php lp, phng php khai trin
Phi nm c cc nguyn l hot ng, cu
hnh c bn ca h thng my tnh, phi nm
c h thng cc chng trnh phn mm
ng dng trong lnh vc hot ng ca mnh
(dos, window, autocad) y l yu cu c
bn khng th khng c v cng c chnh ca
ngi thit k l my tnh v cc phn mm tr
gip.
cn phi d hiu v d s dng, do i tng s
dng CAD l nhng nh k thut khng chuyn v lp
trnh cng nh cc th thut lp trnh m mt loi
ngn ng bc cao no thng phi mt kh nhiu
thi gian tm hiu mi mi c th s dng thnh tho,
yu cu ny c t ra vi c phn cng v phn
mm.
Cc h thng phn cng phn mm ni ti trn phi
c tnh vn nng, c kh nng gii c nhiu loi bi
ton khc nhau, hay phi hon chnh c cc cng
on khc nhau ca mt loi bi ton.
Yu cu vi h thng CAD
H thng phi c cp nht vi tin b v
cng ngh my tnh m bo vn hnh c
trong khong thi gian nht nh khng b lc
hu.
Phi cnh tranh c vi qu trnh thit k
bng tay c v tc thc hin v cht lng
ca bn thit k.
M hnh ho bng my tnh, v s dng cc
my tnh tng t nghin cu cc h thng c
hc, bin i cc phn t c hc thnh cc
phn t in tng ng.
Tnh ton t ng ho v thit k t ng ho
ch mc tnh ton thit k yu cu s liu
u vo, my tnh x l v cho s liu u ra.
Mc t ng ho ca qa trnh thit k:
Th bng my tnh th m phng trn my tnh
cc yu cu lm vic, dng my tnh thc hin
cc yu cu v th nghim bn v ng lc
hc.
T ng ho thit k kt cu my hoc h
thng, thit k theo kiu hi thoi gia ngi v
my tnh, tng bc c ngi thit k a
d liu vo my tnh x l a ra s liu lm
u vo cho bc sau.
Ti u ho qu trnh thit k: t cc thng s
ca bi ton chn ra b thng s ti u.
T ng ho qa trnh thit k, tng phn trong
thit k tng th c t ng.
Qu trnh thit k t ng: trong ngi thit
k khng phi tham gia vo qu trnh tnh ton
v hnh thnh s liu, t ng ho hon ton.
m bo v k thut nh h thng my mc
thit b phn cng , my tnh mn hnh, chut,
my in..
m bo v ngn ng my tnh v ngn ng t
nhin. m bo ny gip cho con ngi v
my tnh c th giao din c vi nhau.
m bo v cc hm ton hc, phi c sn
mt s hm ton hc c nh ngha sn
trong .
Cc m bo ca h thng CAD:
m bo v chng trnh my tnh, phi c
sn cc chng trnh my tnh c lp sn
thc hin cc tnh ton thit k.
m bo v thng tin
m bo v qun l vn hnh v bo mt cc
phng thc thit k.
i tng thit k phi c kh nng m hnh
ho chuyn m hnh thc sang h thng m
hnh ton hc
C kh nng tng hp c thng s kt qu
gn lin vi nng lc ca h thng my tnh, x
l d liu ca bi ton.
Tm kim x l thng tin a kt qu tnh ton
c ra iu khin my cng tc.
Cc yu cu vi i tng thit k:
i tng thit k phi tun th cc tiu chun
ca nghnh hoc ca nh nc
Cc b phn phn cng dng cho mt h CAD rt
a dng v kch thc, cu hnh v v mc hin
i, tu theo nhim v ca tng n v m chn h
CAD cho ph hp.Ta bit rng nn tng ca mt h
CAD hin i l ho my tnh tng tc (ICG) cho
php ngi thit k c ngay nhng ng x ca h
thng v d liu u vo c c nhng tc ng
thch hp v gia ngi thit k v h thng c mt
mi lin lc trc tip theo cch ngi s dng vo
lnh cho h thng v p ng li nhng cu hi m
h thng a ra.
2.2.1. Gii thiu chung
2.2. Phn cng ca CAD
Ngy nay cc phn cng trong cng ngh
thng tin rt phong ph v a dng c s
dng trong h CAD.
2.2.2. Cu hnh ca mt h thng CAD in hnh
Mt hoc mt s trm thit k vi mt u cui
ho v cc thit b vo ca ngi thit k.
Mt hoc mt s my v v cc thit b ra khc.
Mt my tnh.
Cc b lu tr ngoi (b nh ngoi).
2.2.3. Cu hnh ca mt h thng CAD in hnh
Chc nng ca mt trm thit k ho :
Trm thit k hay cn gi l trm cng tc ca
h CAD l mt h thng giao din vi th gii
bn ngoi. y l mt yu t quan trng to
nn tnh hiu qu v s thun tin i vi
ngi thit k khi lm vic vi mt h CAD.
Bao gm mt trm thit k ca PC, thit bi u
cui ha (mn hnh CRT), thit b vo(bn
phm, chut).
Giao din vi my tnh.
To ra cc bn v n nh cho ngi thit k.
Cung cp cc bn m t di dng s ca cc
bn v trn.
Chuyn cc lnh my tnh thnh cc chc nng
vn hnh.
To thun li cho vic truyn thng gia ngi
thit k v h thng
Gii thiu m u.
T trc n nay c nhiu cch tip cn k
thut khc nhau c p dng nghin cu
ci tin cc thit b u cui ho, v trong
tng lai cng ngh vn khng ngng pht
trin v cc nh sn xut cc h thng CAD
lun lun c gng nng cao cht lng v h
gi thnh sn phm ca h.
2.2.4. Thit b u cui ho
To hnh nh trong ho my tnh.
Cu to v nguyn l lm vic ca CRT
Cun t
Catt
Li iu khin
Ant
B phn hi t
B phn li tia
Qut dng (hay qut mnh)
Qut vct
Hin th mn hnh
Mn hnh ho trong CAD
Mn hnh qut vct
Mn hnh qut dng
Mn hnh lu nh trc tip
Cc loi mn hnh c bit khac
S khi ca video card in hnh.
Mt s bn mch ghp ni ho.
Card mn hnh ho en-trng.
Card mn hnh ho mu.
Card mn hnh ho c gn vi x l ring.
Cc bn mch ghp ni ho hin i.
2.2.5. Bn mch ghp ni ho
Bng tr chi
Cn iu khin
Cu vch
Chut
Cc phm di chuyn con tr trn bn phm
Cc thit b iu khin contr
2.2.6. Cc thit b nhp (INPUT)
My qut (Scanner)
Bn phm
Bng v nt in t
Mn hnh ho
Bt quang
Mn hnh
My v
My copy mn hnh
Cc thit b vi phim
My in
2.2.7. Cc thit b xut (OUPUT)
Phn mn ho
y l mt b chng trnh c vit ra nhm to
iu kin cho ngi s dng vn hnh h thng
ho my tnh (h ICG). B chng trnh ny thng
c sn xut trn gi nn cn c tn gi gi phn
mm ho, bao gm nhng chng trnh to ra
hnh nh trn mn hnh CRT, iu khin cc hnh
nh v thc hin cc kiu tng tc khc nhau
gia ICG. AutoCAD l v d in hnh v mt b
chng trnh nh vy. Cn h ICG l mt h thng
ho tng tc, ngoi phn mm cn c phn cng.
2.3.1. Gii thiu
2.3. Phn mn v c s d liu CAD
Phn mn ng dng
Bao gm nhng phn mm phn tch thit k
(chng hn nh phn tch phn t hu hn, m
phng ng hc c cu...) v nhng phn mm
lp k hoch sn xut - ch to (chng hn
nh lp k hoch gia cng t ng, lp trnh
vt lm iu khin s...). Nhng phn mm loa
th hai ny s c cp ti cc chng
sau, khi nghin c v CAM.
Phn mm ho dng cho mt h thng ho my
tnh c th c tnh c th rt mnh i vi phn cng
ca h thng - c ngha l n c vit ra ch yu
l chy trn phn cng ca h thng. V th,
phn mm phi c vit sao cho ph hp vi kiu
mn hinh CRT v kiu thit b vo c dng trong h
thng. Nhng chi tit ca phn mm chy trn
CRT qut vect s phi c nhng im khc so vi
khi vit cho CRT qut dng v cu to v nguyn tc
hot ng ca hai loi mn hinh ny khng hon ton
ging nhau. Du rng nhng s khc nhau nh th
trong phn mm nhiu khi ngi s dng khng nhn
ra, nhng chng li rt quan trng i vi ngi xy
dng mt h thng ho my tnh tng tc.
Cc nguyn tc c bn cho vic thit k phn
mm ho nh sau :
1. Tnh n gin : Phn mm ho phi d s dng.
2. Tnh nht qun : Go phn mm phi em n cho
ngi s dng mt phng php vn hnh nht qun
v c th d on c cc thao tc tip theo
3. Tnh ng b : Khng b st mt chc nng no
ng k trong b chc nng ho ca phn mm.
4. Tnh bn vng : Chu ng c nhng sai phm
nh trong vn hnh ca ngis dng.
5. Tnh hiu qu : Vi nhng hn ch ca phn cng,
phn mm cn khai thc cn mc ti a kh
nng ca n.
6. Tnh kinh t : Phn mm khng qu ln hoc qu t
tin n mc khch hng khng chp nhn c.
2.3.2. Cu hnh ca mt phn mn ho
Chng trnh ng dng
y l mdun trung tm ca h ho. N l ci m
t m hinh vt l m ngi s dng mun thit k ra
nn cn c tn l m hnh ng dng. N iu khin s
lu tr d liu vo c s d liu ng dng v gi d
liu ra t c s d liu ng dng. N c ngi s
dng xy dng nn thng qua gi phn mm ho.
Chng trnh ng dng c ngi s dng to ra
xy dng m hnh ca thc th vt l m hnh nh
ca n s thy c trn mn hnh ho.
Mi thc th vt l c m t bi mt chng trnh
ng dng v bao gi cng thuc v nhng min bi
ton c th. Nhng min bi ton trong thit k k
thut bao gm kin trc, xy dng, c kh, in, cng
nghp ho cht... Nhng min bi ton khng thuc
v thit k th c th l cc b trnh m phng bay, l
hin th d liu di dng ho, l phn tch ton
hc v thm ch l m ngh. Trong mi trng hp,
chng trnh ng dng c xy dng nn x l
hnh nh v cc quy c tng ng vi lnh vc .
y l cng c tr gip gia ngi s dng v thit b
u cui ha. N c nhim v qun l s tng tc
ho gia ngi s dng v h thng. ng thi n
cng hot ng vi t cch l giao din gia ngi
s dng vi chng trnh ng dng. Gi phn mm
ha bao gm:
Gi phn mn ho
Cc chng trinh con (thng trinh) Output.
Cc chng trinh con (thng trinh) Input nhn lnh
v d liu do ngi s dng a vo ri tip tc a
chng ti chng trnh ng dng. Cc chng trinh
Output iu khin mn hinh (hoc thit b ra khc) v
chuyn i cc m hinh ng dng thnh nhng hinh
nh hai chiu hoc ba chiu.
y l mdun th ba trong cu hnh ca h
phn mm ho, trong cha nhng nh
ngha v ton hc, v s v v logic ca cc
m hnh ng dng nh cc mch in, cc chi
tit my, cc b phn t v.v.. N cn cha
nhng thng tin di dng k t nh bng lit
k vt liu, thuc tinh hnh hc, khi lng...
Ni dung ca c s d liu c th sn sng
hin th ln mn hnh CRT hoc v ra trn giy.
C s d liu ng dng
Bao gm cc m hnh, chng trnh ng dng,
cc bn thit k, cc bn v, cc bn lp cng
cc thng tin thuc dng k t nh lit k vt
liu v cc vn bn. Ngoi ra n cn cha
nhiu thng tin ca gi phn mm ho nh
cc lnh h thng, cc Menu chc nng v cc
chng trnh Ouput ca my v. C s d liu
nm trn RAM v ti b nh ngoi.

Ni dung c s d liu
2.3.3. C s d liu
Ni chung mt m hnh/chng trnh ng dng c
cu trc nn t nhng thnh phn sau y:
T chc ca c s d liu
1. Cc yu t ho nh im, on thng.
2. Hinh dng hinh hc ca cc b phn hp thnh ca
m hinh v s b tr ca chng trong khng gian.
3. Topology hay cu trc lin kt ca m hnh.
4. D liu ring ca m hnh nh cc thuc tnh vt liu.
5. Cc chng trnh phn tch k thut ring ca m
hnh.
Theo truyn thng, cng tc thit k k thut
c tin hnh trn bn v trong bn thit
k c thit lp di dng cc bn v k
thut. Tu theo tng lnh vc m bn thit k c
nhng yu cu ring, chng hn bn v thit k
c kh, ngoi bn v tng th, cc bn v chi
tit v cc bn v cm, cn km theo bn v
dng c ct gt v bn v g ch to ra
sn phm.
Qu trnh thit k theo cng ngh truyn thng
2.4. Qu trnh thit k
Thit k in gm cc s mch, c tnh k
thut ca cc linh kin in t, v.vBn v
thit k ca cc lnh vc khc nh Xy dng,
Ho cht, Ch to my bay, t, My & Thit k
thi trang, ngoi c im chung c bn,
cng c nhng c th ring trong tng lnh
vc chuyn mn, phng php tip cn truyn
thng l tng hp mt bn thit k s b theo
cch th cng ri mi qua phn tch di mt
dng no .
Cc mhim v lin quan n thit k m mt h
CAD hin i thc hin c th chia ra lm bn
lnh vc sau:
Qu trnh thit k c s h tr ca my tnh
M hnh hnh hc.
Phn tch k thut.
R sot v nh gi thit k.
V t ng.
Khi nim v m hnh
2.5.1. M hnh hnh hc
2.5. Cc m hnh trong CAD
Theo ngha chung nht m hnh c hiu l mt
th hin bng thc th hay bng khi nim mt s
thuc tnh v quan h c trng ca mt i tng
no (gi l nguyn hnh) nhm mc ch nhn
thc sau:
Lm i tng quan st thay cho nguyn hnh
Lm i tng nghin cu (thc nghim hay suy din)
v nguyn hnh.
Nhim v v yu cu ca l thuyt m hnh:
M hnh phi tho mn cc iu kin cho trc
ca bi ton v nguyn hnh (t cch i din
hay tnh hp thc ca m hnh).
Cc php bin i kt qu t m hnh thnh kt
qu tng ng v nguyn hnh
M hnh hc trong CAD
Trong CAD, m hnh hnh hc tng ng vi
giai on tng hp. N i hi m t hnh dng
hnh hc ca mt i tng di dng ton
hc theo cch my tnh c th x l c. M
hnh ton hc cho php hnh nh ca i tng
c th hin th v thao tc trn mn hnh my
tnh thng qua tn hiu ly t CPU ca h CAD.
Phn mm ha phi c thit k sao cho
thun tin v c hiu qu vi my tnh v vi
c ngi s dng.
Trong lnh vc m hnh hnh hc, ngi thit k
xy dng nhng hnh nh ca i tng trn
mn hnh my tnh bng cch a vo ba loi
lnh:
Loi lnh th nht to nn nhng yu t hnh
hc c bn nh im, ng thng, vng trn

Loi lnh th hai thc hin cc php bin i
nh thu phng, quay, dch chuyn
Loi lnh th ba lm cho cc yu t hnh hc
lin kt li thanh mt hnh dng mong mun.
Trong qu trnh m hnh hnh hc ny, my tnh
chuyn i cc lnh thanh nhng m hnh ton
hc tng ng ri lu tr m hnh ton vo
cc tp d liu ca my tnh v hin th n
thnh mt hnh nh trn mn hnh CRT. M
hnh ton ni trn cui cng c th gi ra t cc
tp d liu xem xt li, phn tch hoc sa
i.
Hn na khi CAD v CAM c giao din th
m hnh hnh hc c s dng nh l u
vo to ra cc chng trnh NC ch to
cc chi tit trn cc my cng c iu khin s
hay l to ra cc bn v, quy trnh cng
ngh nh r nhng bc cn thit sn xut
sn phm. .
biu din i tng thnh m hnh hnh hc
trong cc h CAD/CAM c my phng php
khc nhau sau y:
A. M hnh ng cong
Cng ngh to hnh cc b mt v ng cong phc
hp l mt trong nhng nhim v quan trng ca cc
h thng t ng ho thit k (CAD). Trong mc ny
chng ta trnh by cc gii php ch yu to dng
cc loi ng cong thng gp trong thc t.
C hai ni dung c bn trong phn ny, th nht ta
xem xt cc ng cong c to dng sn di
dng cc m un chng trnh nh ng trn, ellip,
hoc t hp ca chng vi nhau...
Cc loi ng cong khng c xy dng di
dng cc m un chng trnh nh ng thn khai,
ng parabol, hypebol, ng acsimet...
Cng trong phn ny chng ta s xem xt cch xy
dng mt ng cong bc nm, i qua cc im cho
trc sao cho trn u...song phi p ng c yu
cu l ly c cc thng s nh to ca bn thn
ng cong ra iu khin my cng c gia
cng ra n. (cc ng cong xy dng di dng cc
m un chng trnh c bn trong autoCad nh
sketch, spline, polyline, ... khng lm c iu ny).
1. Phn loi cc ng cong:
ng cong c xem nh mt tp hp im
tho mn mt hay mt s iu kin rng buc
no , biu din ng cong c th s
dng mt s dng phng trnh ton hc nh:
Phng trnh n l phng trnh c dng:
f(x, y) = 0
Phng trnh tng minh l phng trnh c
dng: y = f(x)
Phng trnh tham s l phng trnh c dng:
x = x(t); y = y(t); z = z(t).
2. ng cong a thc tham s chun tc:
c tnh ca phng trnh ny l d xc nh
v cho php to ng cong trn lng qua bn
im ch vi ng bc ba (ti thiu l bc ba).
ng cong khi biu din di dng a thc
tham s chun tc d dng x l v cng
linh hot biu din hu ht cc loi ng
cong thng gp.
ng cong a thc chun tc c dng nh sau:
r(u) = a + bu + cu
2
+ du
3
vi 0 u 1.
Nu cho trc to ca 4 im bt k thuc ng
cong ln lt l:
P
0
(x
0
, y
0
); P
1
(x
1
, y
1
); P
2
(x
2
, y
2
); P
3
(x
3
, y
3
)
Vic cn li l xc nh ng cong ta cn phi
xc nh cc h s a, b, c, d, trong phng trnh tng
qut ca a thc chun tc. hy xem m hnh hnh
hc minh ho nh di y:
Gi d
i
l chiu di ct tuyn gia im P
i
v P
i+1

ta c : d
i
= l P
i+1
- P
i
l vi i = 1, 2, 3...
d
0

P
3

d
2

P
2

P
1

P
0

d
1

T gi tr tham s u
i
ti cc im P
i
c
xc nh:
V ng cong i qua bn im P
1
, P
2
, P
3
, P
4
nn to
ca bn im ny phi tho mn dng ng cong
tng qut, thay cc to x
0
, x
1
, x
2
, x
3
vo phng
trinh tng qut ng vi cc u
i
xc nh nh trn, cc
gi tr u
0
v u
3
r rng cn u
1
v u
2
c tnh theo
chiu di ct tuyn nh sau:
Nh vy cc gi tr u
i
c biu din hon ton
qua cc gi tr x
i
l cc i lng bit, cc
phng trnh thnh lp c ch cn c cc h
s a, b, c, d, l n s, kt hp tt c cc
phng trnh li ta c h 4 phng trnh 4 n
gii c cc h s, t m hnh ton hc
ca ng cong hon ton xc nh.
Nu l ng cong phng n y ta mi xy dng
xong mt na m hinh, nu ng cong nm trong
mt phng xOy th cn phi xy dng phng trnh
ni suy theo trc Oy na mi , nu ng cong
nm trong khng gian th phi xy dng phng trnh
ton theo c ba trc ca h trc to . Tuy nhin
cch thc tin hnh khng c g khc so vi nhng g
va trnh by trn nn khng nhc li.
V d: Hy xy dng phng trnh ng cong
a thc tham s chun tc i qua bn im c
to cho trc nh sau:
P
0
(1, 0); P
1
(3, 3); P
2
(7, -2); P
3
(10, 2)
Kt qu:
x(u) = 1 + 8.87991u + 0.0962u
2
+ 0.02389u
3

vi 0 u 1
y(u) = -168.6097u + 416.1707u
2
245.561u
3

vi 0 u 1
ng cong tham s chun tc nh trnh by
trn m tho mn thm mt s iu kin bin
(ti hai im u v cui ca n ) c gi l
ng cong FERGUSON. Tc l v c bn
dng phng trnh ca n ging vi dng
phng trnh ca ng cong tham s chun
tc:
r(u) = a + bu + cu
2
+ du
3
(0 u 1)
Song xy dng ra n cn phi cn c vo to
hai im u v cui ca ng cong, cng nh tip
tuyn ti hai im (c trng bi h s gc).
3. ng cong FERGUSON:
Hy xem mt ng cong nh hnh v, n c
im bt u l P
0
im kt thc l P
1
c tip
tuyn ti P
0
l t
0
v tip tuyn ti P
1
l t
1
.
P
0

r(u)
t
1

t
0

P
1

ng cong tho mn iu kin bin chng
phi m bo i qua hai im P
0
, P
1
v tip
tuyn vi t
0
v t
1
ti hai im u v cui phi
c iu kin h s gc ca tip tuyn (cho
trc) phi bng h s gc ca ng cong ti
im (h s gc ca ng cong ti im
l gi tr ca o hm bc nht phng trnh
ca n, ti im ) ta thnh lp c h nh
sau:

t
t
p
p
d c b
b
d c b a
a
1
0
1
0
3 2
H phng trnh trn c th vit di dng ma
trn nh sau:
t
t
p
p
d
c
b
a
1
0
1
0
.
3 2 1 0
0 0 1 0
1 1 1 1
0 0 0 1

tm cc h s a, b, c, d nh yu cu t ra
ta nhn c hai v vi ma trn nghch o ca
ma trn u tin (ma trn h s phng trnh )
v nhn c:
t
t
p
p
d
c
b
a
1
0
1
0
.
1 1 2 2
1 2 3 3
0 1 0 0
0 0 0 1

V d: Cho s ng cong nh hinh v, hy

xy dng phng trnh ca n theo cc yu t
cho trc nh sau:
P
0
(2, 3); P
1
(7, 5); t
0
c t
ox
=1 (qua P
0
); t
oy
= 2
(qua P
1
). t
1
(x) =2 v t
1
(y) = -2

Kt qu

x(u) = 2 + u +11u
2
7u
3
vi 0 u 1
y(u) = 3 + 2u + 4u
2
4u
3
vi 0 u 1
ng cong BEZIER c th c xy dng
thng qua ng cong FERGUSON v cc iu
kin bin ca ng cong ny c th c
biu din nh iu kin bin ca ng cong
kia.
4. ng cong BEZIER:
r(u)
V
3

V
2

V
1

V
0

Nh iu kin bin ca ng cong kia. xy
dng ng cong BEZIER ngi ta a ra cc
iu kin bin nh sau:Ging nh ng cong
FERGUSON ngi ta cho hai im bt u ca
ng cong l V
0
v V
3
song khng cho hai
tip tuyn nh trc m, cho thm hai im
iu khin V
1
v V
2
bn nh iu khin ny s
quyt nh hnh dng ng cong, v tr ca V
0

v V
3
u v cui ng cong nh bit,
V
1
nm v tr 1/3 chiu di vc t tip tuyn
u, V
2
nm v tr 2/3 chiu di vc t tip
tuyn cui (tnh so vi tip im V
0
v V
3
).
iu kin bin Feguson biu din theo nh
iu khin Bezier:
Nhng nu xem li cch xy dng ng cong
Feguson ta thy, nu by gi nhn c hai v
ca phng trnh ny vi ma trn h s
Feguson th v tri ca n chnh l ma trn cc
h s ca ng cong l ci m ta ang cn
tm.
V
V
V
V
t
t
P
P
3
2
1
0
1
0
1
0
.
3 3 0 0
0 0 3 3
1 0 0 0
0 0 0 1

V
V
V
V
t
t
P
P
3
2
1
0
1
0
1
0
.
3 3 0 0
0 0 3 3
1 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
1 1 2 2
1 2 3 3
0 1 0 0
0 0 0 1
.
1 1 2 2
1 2 3 3
0 1 0 0
0 0 0 1
.

V
V
V
V
d
c
b
a
3
2
1
0
.
1 3 3 1
0 3 6 3
0 0 3 3
0 0 0 1

5. ng cong B Spline u:
ng cong B Spline c xy dng nh
sau, hy xem m hnh hnh hc minh ho
hiu r
Cho 4 im iu khin V
0
V
3
V cc im M
0
,
M
1
, P
0
, P
1
vi tnh cht nh Sau:
r(u)
t
1

t
0

P
1

P
0

M
0

M
1

V
3

V
2

V
1

V
0

M
0
l trung im ca on thng V
0
V
2
M
1
l trung im ca on thng V
1
V
3
P
0
l mt phn ba on thng V
1
M
0
P
1
l mt phn ba on thng V
2
M
1
Nhim v ca ta phi thit lp mt ng cong
bc ba tho nhm cc iu kin:
a/ ng cong bt u ti im P
0
v kt thc ti P
1

b/ Vc t tip tuyn ti P
0
l t
0
c gi tr (M
0
V
0
), song
song vi V
0
V
2
.
c/ Vc t tip tuyn ti P
1
l t
1
c gi tr (M
1
V
1
), song
song vi V
1
V
3
.
Quay li trng hp ca ng cong Feguson
ta thy n cng khng ch bng hai im u
qu o v hai tip tuyn hai u, b iu kin
v h s gc v im i qua cng p dng
ng cho trng hp ny, trn quan im ta
chuyn thnh h phng trnh nh sau:
Nhng nu xem li cch xy dng ng
cong Feguson ta thy, nu by gi nhn c hai
v ca phng trnh ny vi ma trn h s
Feguson th v tri ca n chnh l ma trn cc
h s ca ng cong l ci m ta ang cn
tm.
V
V
V
V
t
t
p
p
3
2
1
0
1
0
1
0
.
3 0 3 0
0 3 0 3
1 4 1 0
0 1 4 1
6
1

nhn hai ma trn v tri vi nhau xc nh

cc h s ta c kt qu sau:
Sau khi xc nh c h s ca a thc ta c
phng trnh ng cong c vit di dng
phng trnh ma trn nh sau:
V d: Hy xy dng ng cong B Spline
u i qua 4 nh iu khin c to cho
trc nh sau: V
0
(1, 1); V
1
(2, 3); V
2
(4, 1);
V
3
(6, 4).
Mc cao hn ca s tinh xo trong m
hnh hnh hc l m hnh b mt. N khc
phc c tnh khng xc nh ca m hnh
ng cong. Quy trnh thit k m hnh b
mt tng t s dn b mt mng vt liu
trn ng cong. Bi v m hnh hnh hc b
mt xc nh mt cch chnh xc hnh hc chi
tit nh cc b mt, cc ng vin cu trc,
chng c th h tr gia cng nhng lnh
NC t ng.
B. M hnh dng mt
M hnh b mt c th c thit k s
dng mt cch rng ri cc tnh cht b mt
thng xuyn c cung cp bi nhiu h
CAD/CAM. Mt phng l tnh cht c bn
nht biu din phn t b mt. Cc bin
dng phc hp hn c th c xc nh
bng cc mt tr, cc b mt k (rule) pht
trin, cc b mt tri (sweep) hay cc b mt
ln.
Biu din b mt chung nht v phc hp
nht l nhng b mt iu khc m chng ta
thng bit nh b mt li ng cong
(curve- merh surfaces), B - surface. B mt
iu khc c th c coi nh b mt to ra
bi t hp hai h ng cong ct nhau trn
criss- cross manner, to mng mnh ni
nhau.
Mc cao nht trong m hnh hnh hc l m
hnh 3D, M hnh vt th rn. N cng ging
nh m hnh khung dy hay m hnh b mt l
cc ng khut c xo. Tuy nhin s
khc nhau ch: M hnh khung dy v m
hnh dng mt ch dng li ch m t vt th
nh l mt m hnh ton hc m khng th
hin c c tnh khi lng ca chng.
C. M hnh dng khi
M hnh solid khc phc c thiu st ny.
Tnh cht khi lng ca m hnh chi tit rt
quan trng d on cc tnh cht tng t
nh trng lng, s n nh, m men qun
tnh, th tch... ca sn phm cui cng cha
chi tit.
Mt im mnh na l ta c th d dng ct
qua m hnh vt rn ti nhng chi tit bn
trong. M hnh vt rn thng c ghi li
trong my di dng ton hc nh cc th tch
vin bi b mt hn l stick - figure structures.
Kt qu l nh chng c th tnh ton c
nhng tnh cht khi lng ca chi tit thng
xuyn c s dng cho cc cng vic phn
tch k thut nh phn tch trng thi vt l
bng phng php phn t hu hn v nghin
cu ng hc kim tra giao thoa.
V d i vi hnh tr:
M hnh khung dy ca hnh tr trong my tnh c nh
ngha nh l 2 ng trn ni vi nhau bng 2 ng
thng. Trong m hnh c (solid model) ca hnh tr
c biu din nh l mt i tng 3D cha th tch
Vic ng solid model c th to ra cc hnh khi v lin
kt chng thnh mt vt th phc tp nhanh chng hn
nhiu so vi Wireframe v surface. Tuy nhin solid model
cn tn nhiu b nh, chng i hi qu trnh thao tc
rng i vi cu trc d liu v lin kt ton hc phc tp
v ch thch hp cho nhng b mt khng qu phc tp.
M hnh 3D (solid model) l cch th hin tt
nht mt vt th ba chiu, y ngi ta s
dng nhng hnh dng hnh hc c, gi l cc
nguyn th dng nn i tng 3D.
ho mu l kh nng th v m ngay nay h
CAD no cng c. Nh c mu m hnh nh
c hin th ln mn hnh mang nhiu ni
dung thng tin hn. N gip cho cc chi tit
trong mt bn v lp tr nn d phn bit, lm
ni bt nhng kch thc quan trng hoc
nhng b phn ch cht v nhiu li ch khc
na.
Khi trin khai mt n thit k k thut
thng cn n mt s phn tch nao tu
theo mt cng trnh. V d trong cc n cng
nghip, s phn tch thng lin quan ti cc
bi ton v ng sut - bin dng, tnh ton
truyn nhit hoc vn dng cc phng trnh vi
phn m t s ng x ng lc hc ca h
thng c thit k ra. My tnh c th gip
thc hin cc nhim v ny mt cch nhanh
chng v c hiu qu.
Phn tch k thut
i vi nhng bi ton thit k c th, nhm
phn tch k thut c th t vit ly phn mm
chuyn bit s dng trong ni b, cn i
vi cc bi ton c tnh cht ph dng th
thng c gii quyt bi cc gi phn mm
mua th trng. Cc h CAD/ CAM kiu cha
kha trao tay c bn th trng thng bao
gm cc phn mm phn tch k thut hoc t
ra cng c th giao din vi cc phn mm
ny. Chng ta s xem xt hai v d quan trng
v cc phn mm phn tch k thut.
Phn tch thuc tnh khi lng: y l mt c
im ca mt h CAD c ng dng rng ri
nht. N cung cp cho ta cc thuc tnh ca
mt i tng m ta cn phn tch nh: Din
tch b mt, trng lng, th tch, trng tm,
m men qun tnh ,v.v... i vi mt mt phng
(hoc tit din ngang ca mt vt th) th n
cn cho ta bit c chu vi, din tch v cc thuc
tnh qun tnh na.
Phn tch phn t hu hn: l mt trong nhng kh
nng mnh nht ca h CAD. Vi k thut ny, vt th
c chia thnh nhiu phn t vi s lng tu
(nhng khng phi nhiu v hn). Mi phn t l mt
ch nht hay tam gic, tt c to nn mt mng li
gm cc nt. Bng cch s dng my tnh c kh
nng tnh ton mnh, thng qua tnh ton trng thi
ca tt c cc nt m ton b vt th c phn tch
v ng sut - bin dng, truyn nhit hoc cc c
tnh khc tu theo tng bi ton c th. Nhiu h CAD
c kh nng t ng phn chia cc nt v xc nh
cu trc mng li ca ton vt th, ngi s dng
ch cn a ra mt s thng s cn thit cho m hnh
phn t hu hn ri h CAD s lm cc cng vic tnh
ton tip theo
u ra (Output) ca bi ton phn tch phn t
hu hn thng c th hin di dng ho
ln mn hnh CRT ngi s dng d quan st.
Chng hn khi phn tch ng sut - bin dng ca
mt vt th, u ra (Output) c th hin thnh
mt hnh b bin dng ( nt t hnh bn).
a ra (Output) di dng th mu cng c th
dng lm ni bt i snh hnh dng trc v
sau bin dng ca vt th. Sau khi xem xt, nu
thy trng thi ca vt th khng t yu cu th
ngi thit k s sa i mt vi c tnh ca n
nh hnh dng hnh hc hay vt liu chng hn ri
thc hin li bi ton phn tch phn t hu hn,
c nh vy cho n khi va th thi.
2.6. Xy dng m hnh hnh hc trong CAD
Trong CAD s dng rt a dng cc h to .
Cc h to ny lun lun c chung im gc
(origines system ). Cc h to l:
H to cc
H to tr (dist<angle,Z)
H to cu: (dist<angle<angle)
Trong mt phng 2D ngui ta cn s dng to
cc (Dist<Angle).

Cc h to s dng trong CAD
Thng thng ngi ta s dng to cc
v quy c chiu ca cc trc to c xc
nh theo quy tc bn tay phi, trc X lun
c mc nh nm ngang v c chiu t tri
qua phi, trc Y theo chiu thng ng chiu
dng hng t di ln trn.
Mi phep bin hnh trong ho in ton v
m hnh ho hnh hc u da trn 3 hnh
thc bin i to c bn l dch chuyn
tnh tin, ly t l v quay.
A. Php bin i to 2D.
Gi s im P(x,y) l v tr ca im P(x,y) sau
php bin i to . To (x,y) ca im P
tng ng vi vect dch chuyn t (t
x
,t
y
) (Hnh
a); h s t l s (s
x
,s
y
) (Hnh b); gc xoay
ngc chiu quay kim ng h (Hnh c) c
xc nh nh sau:
Phng php bin i to
Ma trn bin i to M tng ng vi php
dch chuyn (T), php ly t l (S) v php quay
(R) c gi tr nh sau:
B. Php bin i to 3D.
Php bin i to 3D l m rng ca php bin i
to 2D. To (x,y,z) ca im P(x,y,z) sau php
bin i to , tng ng vi vect dch chuyn t (t
x
,
t
y
, t
x
); h s t l s (s
x
, s
y
, s
z
) c xc nh nh sau:
Bi v rt kh xc nh php quay quanh trc bt k
trong khng gian 3D, php quay quanh trc bt k
thng c qui v cc php quay c bn quanh cc
trc h to , v c bn l php quya 2D. c xc
nh qua bng sau:
Trong CAD ngui ta xc nh ta ca mt
im bng nhiu phung thc khc nhau. Vi
nhng h CAD ngay nay ngui ta c th:
- Nhp trc tip ta im thng qua ban phm
- Click chut trc tip trong vng ha
- S dng cc chc nng d hnh, lc im, truy bt
i tung
Phng php xc nh to ca mt im
Cc i tng hnh hc c to ra trong CAD
thng thng phi qua cc php bin i, sa
cha hnh hc t c kt qu nh mong
mun. Hu ht cc h cc u c cc chc nng
Edit hnh hc 2D, 3D. Ta c th xem xt mt vi
chc nng c bn nh:
Sao chp i tng (Copy).
Di chuyn i tng (Move).
Thay i t l (Scale).
Quay cc i tng (Rotate).
Kt ni cc i tng (Attecht, polyline)
Ct xn, ko di, trt, dui cc i tng.
Phng php sa cha hnh hc
2.7. X l, lu tr d liu trong CAD