(x)

1 x-1
.
( ,
: 14 15)



p:
(p) = p-1
x y

:
(xy)=(x) (y)
: (35)=(5) (7)=4*6=24


a n :
a (n) =1 mod n

 ()
a p p
:
a p-1 =1 mod p

;
n;
;
.



:
(
.
)
(
.
)



:
:
ax=a*a*a* * a mod n
x



, :

a16=a8*a8;
a8=a4*a4;
a4=a2*a2;
a2=a*a .. 16 4.


x=x0+2x1++2k-1xk-1
k 1

y a mod n a
x

i 0

2i xi

k 1

mod n a
i 0

~ 2*log x

.

xi


logay=x mod n;
.. :
y=ax mod n
:

log37mod 17;

~e

ln(ln(ln(n )))

n p p p

s1 s2
sL
1
2
L

pi , si >0, .

.


( gcd)
(x,y)=?
x y

.

,


()
y>x, y x
a1 b1:
y =a1*x +b1
x =a2*b1 +b2
b1 =a3*b2 +b3
...
bk-2=ak*bk-1+bk


bk=0,
bk-1
bk-1 = 1

.


.
a, a-1:
a* a-1 = 1 mod n

:
a=2
n =5
a-1 = 3

2*0=0 mod 5
2*1=2 mod 5

2*2=4 mod 5
2*3=1 mod 5
2*4=3 mod 5


4/2=4*2-1=4*3=2 mod 5
3/2=3*2-1=3*3=4 mod 5



,
(a,n)=1, .. n ,
.
,
.
2*?=1mod6,

2*1=2mod6
2*2=4mod6
2*3=0mod6
2*4=2mod6
2*5=4mod6



.
, .
, n
~ n/log(n) ( n), .. .
( n-q n ~q/ln(n) )
n=10127 q=104 ~ 34.
,

.



,
,
() , ..
.


()

*.

,

.


.
bin-1=1 mod n (n (n; bi)=1)
.., n , bi
.


1. k
2. b1 b2 bk ; bi <n
3. (bi ; n)=1 i,
n
.
4. bin-1=1 mod n i,
n
.


,
.

()k. k-
k=20 p~10-6

( ).

.


:
ai
n

bi -

a b
i 1

i i

,

RSA ( , )
- ( )
- (
)
( )
ECC (
)

RSA
1.

2.
E=MKmod N
3.
M=Ekmod N