Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
BY:
HAKIM YUSUF
July 2009
Harar, Ethiopia
ASSESSMENT OF ACCESSIBILITY, AVAILABLITY
AND CONSUPTION OF DRINKING WATER IN
HARAMAYA TOWN, EAST HARARGHE ZONE OF
OROMIA NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE, EAST
ETHIOPIA
BY:
HAKIM YUSUF
July 2009
Harar, Ethiopia
Abstract
I would like to thanks Haramaya University in the first place, I would also thanks my
adviser Ato Biniyam Negussie for his best comment and constructive ideas. I would also
express my deepest gratitude to Haramaya town health office, Haramaya town
municipality and Haramaya health center staffs for supporting me in stationery,
transportation, typing the draft and delivering the town’s information. I will also never
forget my friends and my collegeus who put their efforts and contribute on fruitful ideas
& information for the success of this research proposal.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Abstract----------------------------------------------------------------------I
Acknowledgement---------------------------------------------------------II
Table of contents-----------------------------------------------------------III
List of tables----------------------------------------------------------------IV
Acronyms--------------------------------------------------------------------V
1. Introduction---------------------------------------------------------------1
1.1Back ground----- --------------------------------------------------------1
1.2 Statement of problem --------------------------------------------------3
1.3 Significance of the study ----------------------------------------------4
2. Literature review----------------------------------------------------------5
3. Objectives------------------------------------------------------------------8
4. Methodology---------------------------------------------------------------9
4.1Study area and population-----------------------------------------------9
4.1.1. Study area--------------------------------------------------------------9
4.1.2. Source population-----------------------------------------------------9
4.1.3. Study population------------------------------------------------------ 9
4.2 Study design and period------------------------------------------------- 9
4.3 Sampling techniques and sample size --------------------------------10
4.4 Data collection method--------------------------------------------------11
4.5. Data processing and analysis-------------------------------------------12
4.6. Data quality management-----------------------------------------------12
4.7. Study variables-----------------------------------------------------------13
4.8. Operational definition---------------------------------------------------14
4.9. Ethical consideration----------------------------------------------------15
5. Plan of utilization of the study--------------------------------------------15
6. Work plan--------------------------------------------------------------------16
7. Budget------------------------------------------------------------------------17
8. Reference--------------------------------------------------------------------19
9. Annexes (Questionnaire) --------------------------------------------------21
(Dummy table)--------------------------------------------------29
LIST OF TABLES
Table 3. Distribution of the accessibility and adequacy of water over the study
subject. July 2009, Haramaya. -----------------------------------------------------------31
Table 4. Distribution of the house hold and personal consumption of water over
the study subject. July 2009, Haramaya. -----------------------------------------------31
Table 5. Distribution of the study subject in terms of their temporary storage and
collecting equipments. July 2009, Haramaya. -----------------------------------------32
Table 6. Distribution of the cost of water over the study subject. July 2009,
Haramaya. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------32
Table 7. Association of income and family size with having pipe line or well in the
study subject. July 2009, Haramaya. ----------------------------------------------------33
Table 8. Association of type of water source of house hold with level of protection
in the study subject. July 2009, Haramaya. --------------------------------------------33
Table 9. Association of type of water source of house hold with level of protection
in the study subject. July 2009, Haramaya----------------------------------------------34
Acronyms
Disease occurred due to shortage and impurities of water are one of the primary public
health problems in our country and are responsible for increment of gross morbidity and
mortality rate .It also affects economic activity of the community. Women and older
children were spent much of their time in collecting water from distant sources when
shortage occurred. Due to water related illness most of the families in developing
countries spend their saving and capital asset for treating their member. Assessing supply,
consumption, access and method of storing of the community is crucial for the prevention
and control of water related diseases and relief burden of women & children. The studies
conducted at national level indicated that the supply of water varies from place to place
based on residence and consumption was low compared with other countries. However
there was no previous study done in Haramaya town with this regard. This study helps in
designing and modifying the town’s water supply program based on evidence and
contributes to the improvement in prevention & control of water born diseases.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
A study conducted in 2002 showed that, around 1.1 billion people have no access to safe
drinking water. According to the united nation report every day more than 6500 children
die from diarrhea illness. Many researches were also showed that, storing water in the
House hold leads to deterioration in quality because of increased recontamination in the
home. Due to poor handling and utilization of drinking water stored water become more
contaminated than the source one. (8)
A study conducted in San Julian, El Salvador South America showed that, most of the
population (96%) has access to the municipal water system; every HH connection is
metered and service is provided 24 hours per day. Similar study conducted in two rural of
Nicaragua showed that, water supply coverage in the area is 35%. Another case study
conducted in Marinilla, North west Colombia indicated that water supply coverage were
reaching 99% of the population with all metered connection & provided service of 24
hours a day. (9)
A study conducted in Honduras, Latin America since 2004 indicated that, 79% of the
people have access to drinking water. According to this study rural population of the
country has supplied with different source points including; piped connection 63.2%,
public tap 6.5%, public well with hand pipe 4%, public well with out hand pipe 4.4%,
purchased from tank 0.6%, and use unprotected source 21.3%. (10)
Studies done in Colombia showed that, potable water coverage were about 76% and
supply has increased significantly over a decades. According to this study around 10
million people (24%) still lack access to water service and only 5% of the population has
access to waste water treatment. It is also estimated that only 60% of water distributed in
urban area meets the standard defined by Colombian ministry of health. Comparing urban
and rural areas there is a difference in water supply coverage; in urban average water
coverage were 90%, while in rural areas average coverage were remains 44% with poor
quality of service. (11)
According to WHO, 1993 census in Saudi Arabia 97% of urban area had covered with
water supply, with an average consumption of 200-280 liter per capita per day, similar
like that of USA and cost of water supply were provided almost for free. In rural area
only 63% of the population had access to improved source of water supply. According to
a 2004 study of Elie Elhdj from school of oriental and Africa studies, one half of Saudi
Arabia house holders still have no municipal water connection. Discontinuity of the
service was also among the serious problem. (12)
A study conducted in developing community of South Africa to examine the relation ship
between quality of water and health out comes in 300 HH showed that more than one
third of the population used communal tap water and significant contamination occurred
during handling and storage of water compared to the point of source. (13)
A study done in Ethiopia showed that, national water supply coverage in 2004 was
estimated at 36.7% with urban water supply coverage estimated at 82.5% and rural water
supply were at 24.2% which indicates that among the lowest in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Access close to home is also low in urban with only 4% of the urban population having
access to in-house supplies and another 23% having access to water in their own yard,
while the rest depend on communal supplies. Recent studies showed that, water
consumption in urban area is also low with averaging 15 Lt/c/day, due to the price for
collecting it both in terms of the time & money spent. The survey also showed that, the
larger the town, the higher the number of HHs with access to safe supplies of water. (14)
According to the studies conducted in rural part of Ethiopia in 2004 indicated that, an
average per capita water consumption were about 10 Lt/c/day and average distance to the
nearest water point were also 3 km with an average travel time of 3 hrs for women and
children. The study also showed that 33% of the rural water services are established to be
non-functional due to lack of funds for repairing and maintenance. (15)
A study conducted in different region of Ethiopia revealed that rural water supply
coverage is lowest in the smaller, lower capacity and drier low-lying region of Somalia
(7%), Gambella(14%), Benishangul (18%), and Harari (19%) and higher in the large &
higher capacity high land region of Amhara (23%), SNNPR (24%), Oromia (25%) &
Tigrai (25%). The study also showed that, 8 million nomadic people who live in arid &
semi-arid low lands of Afar and Somali region, Borena zone of Oromia region, and
Debub Omo zone of SNNPR were among the worst affected areas. (16)
A community based cross-sectional study conducted in Nekemte, Western Ethiopia from
October 15 – November 26, 2007 to asses the relation ship between hygienic behavior of
maternal care giving and the occurrence of diarrhea in children. According to these study
from 477 selected HH, majority of them 88.3% used covered container during
transportation of drinking water from the sources & only a small proportion 11.7% did
not cover their drinking water container during transportation to their home. Further
more, 94.1% of them has separate storage container and 94.3% cover their storage
container in the home. Regard drawing method 80.5% draw water by pouring and 19.5%
draw water from the storage container by drawing. (17)
Many studies were conducted in different part of Ethiopia on water handling practice and
sanitation behavior, a study conducted in 2003 at Agaro town of Jimma zone showed
that, 83% of the respondents use cover material during transportation & 83.7% of them
store water at home. Also 75.6% of the HH practice dipping method to draw water from
container. Another study conducted in Jimma town since 1997 showed that, only 58% of
the respondents cover the collection container during transportation to their house, 85%
rinse/wash the container before collection and 52.5% used dipping cup with handle &
42.5% with out handle to draw water from the container. (18)
3. OBJECTIVES
Independent Variables
Age
Sex
Knowledge
Income
Cost of water
Type of water source (eg. Pipe, well, bono, etc)
Water storing equipment
Water drawing equipment
Family size
Water handling practice
4.9 Operational definition
Water: - is a clear colorless liquid, odorless and taste less when pure, that occurs as rain,
snow, and ice. It forms rivers, lakes, and seas and is essential for life. Naturally occurring
water picks up color and taste from substances in its environment.
Source of water: - is defined as the process of water delivery system to an area through
different mechanisms including; reservoirs, pipe, purified plants and etc.
Consumption of water:-is the amount of water used in daily bases per individual for
different purpose.
Adequacy: - is sufficient amount in quality or quantity to meet the need of human life.
Accessibility: - easily available, able to be obtained, used or experienced with out
difficulties.
Income: - is the revenue or benefit that an individual or house hold earns over a period of
time to change their life.
Cost: - is the amount of money to be paid to get some thing or the amount of money
spent in producing some thing.
Temporary storage of water: - is equipment used for storing water temporarily after
collecting from distribution site and before using for different purpose.
Domestic utilized purpose: - is the demand of water used in everyday life with in house
holds. It includes; drinking, cooking, bathing, washing hands and house hold sanitary
purposes. (For the purpose of this study only).
Water drawing equipment: - is equipment used for drawing water from storage
equipment for drinking and other HH purpose. (For the purpose of this study only).
Family size: - is the total number of people who live in the same (one) house hold
regardless of their age and sex.
Water handling practice: - is the way of keeping, using and managing of the daily bases
of house hold water. (for the purpose of this study only).
4.10 Ethical Considerations
Ethical clearance will obtain from ethical clearance committee of Haramaya University
faculty of hearth science; permission letter will obtain from Haramaya town municipality
and Hearth office. Verbal consent will also obtained from each respondent before
conducting interview and explanation of the purpose of the study will held. The
information obtained from each respondent will be kept confidentially.
The study result will be used to improve health programs of the study area, there fore it
will be utilized by Haramaya town health office, Haramaya health center, Haramaya town
water office, East Hararghae zonal health office and regional health bureau & water
bureau to understand availability, consumption and access of water in the locality.
Haramaya university faculty of health science may also use this study as a literature and a
base line for further similar studies. Non governmental organization & other concerned
governmental line department will also use this study for planning and implementing
there programs.
The study involves Haramaya town health office, local community and other stake
holders for better applicability and utilization of the research result in the future. The
final result will be presented and distributed to any concerned bodies accordingly.
6. Work plan
I/ Personnel Cost
Category Activities No. of No. of Daily Total Remark
person days allowance cost
(Birr) (Birr)
Data collectors to collect data 6 10 50 3000
Supervisor to supervise over all activities 2 10 100 2000
of data collection
Trainer(tutor) to conduct training 2 3 200 1200
Driver To facilitate transportation 1 10 70 700
Secretary typing(writing) drafts 1 6 70 420
Other costs 300
(entertainment)
Sub total I 7620
REFERENCES
107. Ethnicity
1. Oromo
2. Amhara
3. Other (specify)
108. Religion
1. Muslim
2. Christian
77. Other (specify)
308. Amount used for your hand & face washing including for praying (salat)
1. Two Lt.
2. Three Lt.
3. Four Lt.
77. Other (specify)
309. More water consumed sex group
1. Male
2. Female
3. Both equal
98. Don’t know
310. More water consumed age group
1. Children
2. School age group
3. Adult
4. Old age
98. Don’t know
311. Do you get adequate water
1. Yes
2. No
Socio-demographic characteristics
Age category No. %
< 1 years
1-4 years
5-14 years
15-49 years
>50 years
Total
Sex
Male
Female
Total
Occupation
Farmers
Merchants
Gov’t employee
Other
Total
Educational status
No read and write
1 -4 grade
5-8 grade
9-12 grade
12 +
Total
Income
< 300 Birr/month
300-800 Birr/month
801-1200 Birr/month
> 1200 Birr/month
Total
Religious group
Muslims
Christians
Total
Ethnic group: Oromo
Amahara
Other
Total
Table 2. Distribution of the study subject by their number of supply, frequency of
water supply and other factors. July 2009, Haramaya
Variables Number %
Supply:
Private pipe water supply
Public (Bono) water supply
Well water supply
Other supply
Total
Frequency of pipe water supply:
Those who get every day
Those who get twice or more a week
Those who get once a week
Those who did not get even once a week
Total
Cause for not having pipe line:
High cost
Complaining procedure
Other supply option
Other reasons
Total
Table 3. Distribution of the accessibility and adequacy of water over the study
subject. July 2009, Haramaya.
Variables Number %
Access:
Those who have source in their compound
Those who get water with in 200meter off their
compound
Those who search water beyond 200meter
Total
Adequacy:
Those who get adequate water
Those who did not get adequate water
Total
Table 6. Distribution of the cost of water over the study subject. July 2009,
Haramaya.
Average cost of water Cents/Birr
20 Lt. of water from private pipe
20 Lt. of water from public stand (Bono)
20 Lt. of water from wells
20 Lt. of water from other source
Table 7. Association of income and family size with having pipe line or well
in the study subject. July 2009, Haramaya.
Variables Had pipe or No pipe or Total
well well
Income:
High income
Middle income
Low income
Total
Family size:
Large family size
Small family size
Total
Table 9. Association of level of consumption with age, sex and family size
over the study subject. July 2009, Haramaya.
Variables High Low Total
consumption consumption
Age group:
Children
Adolescent
Adult
Old age
Total
Sex group:
Male
Female
Total
Family size:
Large family
Small family
Total