Intra-molecular bonds or inter-atomic bonds are

true chemical bonds and occur within molecules.

i.e. covalent, polar covalent, dative covalent,
ionic, and metallic bonds.

On the other hand, intermolecular bonds or forces
occur between molecules and keep the liquid and
solid particles together in these states.

Intermolecular forces are much weaker and act
over greater distances than intra-molecular
bonds.
Intramolecular and intermolecular bonds
1
The forces keeping atoms together in
molecules, ions in ionic bonds and atoms in
metallic bonds have already been described
previously. Called inter-atomic forces or bonds.
The question that now needs to be answered is:

What keeps the molecules or atoms
together in a liquid or a solid and
prevents them from changing
into gases?
Intermolecular forces
2
The attracting forces between molecular units
are called intermolecular forces.
Two groups: 1. forces between ions and
molecules.

2. forces between molecules.

The forces between molecules are called
van der Waals forces, of which there are
3 types:
3
Ion-dipole Ion-induced dipole
Dipole-dipole
Dipole-induced dipole
Momentary dipoles
The last 3 are called van der Waals forces
London or momentary dipoles
4
Types and examples of intermolecular forces:
1. Ion dipole (NaCl in H
2
O).
2. Ion - induced dipole
(NaCl in CCl
4
).
3. Dipole - dipole or Keesom
forces (H
2
S in H
2
O).
4. Dipole - induced dipole or
Debye forces (H
2
S in CCl
4
).
5. Momentary dipoles, or
London, or dispersion forces (I
2
).
Stronger forces
involving ions
Weaker, van
der Waals
forces
5
1. Ion dipole force
Atom or
neutral
molecule
2. Ion -
induced
dipole
force
NaCl in H
2
O
NaCl in CCl
4

Ion dipole forces
6
3. Dipole - dipole
5. Momentary dipoles
4. Dipole induced dipole
H
2
S H
2
O
I
2
I
2
H
2
S - CCl
4
Visualizing van der Waals forces
7
Properties:
- weak forces of attraction between
molecules/particles
- they act through distances that are
greater than intra-molecular distances
(bond length).
- they are exerted in all directions.
8
Van
der
Waals
Weakest
Strongest
Intermolecul
ar forces
9
Special case of dipole-dipole bonding:
Hydrogen bonded covalently to small atoms
(e.g. F, O, N) of high electronegativity, forms
polar bonds with relatively large positive and
negative charges.
Why would these molecules form particularly
strong dipole-dipole bonds?

These are stronger dipoles than the van der
Waals dipoles.
10
There are three good examples of
hydrogen bonding: H
2
O, NH
3
& HF.
The dotted line represents the hydrogen bond.
Hydrogen bonding in water
11
Hydrogen
bond
HF hydrogen bonds
12
Positioning of
water molecules -
each surrounded
by 5 7 molecules
Positioning of ice
molecules
each bonded to
4 molecules
13
Water vapour
molecules much
further apart easy to
compress.
Intermolecular forces summary
14
The different intermolecular forces &
bond lengths determine the different
physical properties of solids & liquids.

If molecules have van der Waals forces
between the particles, the larger the
molecule, the greater the intermolecular
force. This means higher Melting and
Boiling points as well as various other
physical properties.
Intermolecular forces & properties of solids, liquids & gases
15
Depends upon type, strength and length of
the intermolecular forces:
Property Brief description
Vapour pressure Pressure of evaporated particles
Surface tension Energy reqd. to increase surface area
Solubility Ability of solvent to dissolve solute
M.P. & B.P. Temp. solids melt & V.P. = atm. Press.
Capillarity Ability to flow against gravity
Viscosity Ability to pour or flow
Density Mass per unit volume
Thermal
conduction
Ability to conduct heat
Thermal conductivity
Viscosity
Capillary action
16
Forces of cohesion - forces between
molecules of the same kind in a liquid.
Forces of adhesion - intermolecular forces
between the liquid molecules and the other
substance with which it is in contact
usually the container.
Water has
greater adhesive
forces, while Hg
has greater
cohesive forces
Cohesive & adhesive forces
17
Intermolecular forces:
Non-polar liquids (e.g. CCl
4
) - London forces.
Polar liquids (e.g. ethanol) - dipole-dipole
forces.
Hydrogen bonds (H bonded to O, F or N).
Molten ion compounds - ion-ion forces.
Molten metals - metallic bonds.
Salt & sugar dissolving in water
Like dissolves like
18
Comparing intermolecular forces of several
liquids:
H
2
O has hydrogen bonds compared with van
der Waals forces in others
Intermolecular
forces and
boiling points
19
Evaporation & boiling:
Evaporation occurs at the surface of a liquid.
Escaping H
2
O molecules exert
pressure on surface.
This pressure is called vapour pressure.
As temp increases, evaporation rate increases.
When vapour pressure = atmospheric pressure,
evaporation can occur below surface liquid
is boiling.
Vapour pressure and boiling points
20
Molecular solids - weak van der Waals forces
(e.g. iodine and dry ice) or hydrogen bonds
(e.g. ice). Low melting points, soft, often
sublime easily.
Network- or macromolecular solids - atoms
which are covalently bonded (e.g. diamond).
Ionic solids - ions which are bonded in a
crystal lattice by strong coulomb forces (NaCl).
Metals - positive atomic kernels surrounded
by negatively charged sea of electrons (Zn).
Intermolecular forces and solids
21
Solids have the following characteristics:
Crystals: Have regular, flat sides & fixed angles.
Allotropes: Different crystalline forms of same
element.
Polymorphs: Different crystal forms of same
compound.
Crystal lattice: Orderly arrangement of particles.
Unit cell: Smallest unit of crystal form.
Polymorphs
Allotropes of carbon
Growing crystals
22
Graphite & diamonds
Metallic bonding
23
I
2
Diamond NaCl
Copper
Different structures in
crystals
24