REF : KA CARE

(272+332)

WINTER SUMMER
TOTAL HEAT ENERGY SPENT ON POWER GENERATION = 604 TWh
TOTAL ELECTRICITY (UNITS) PRODUCED = 204 TWh

EFFICIENCY = 34%

OUT OF THIS TOTAL ELECTRICITY PRODCUED,
A) 40% IS USED FOR HEATING IN WINTER 4 MONTHS &
B) 70% IS USED FOR COOLING IN SUMMER 8 MONTHS

Note : 1 KWHr = 860 KCal
WHAT IS BEING DONE NOW ?
1. GENERATING ELECTRICITY FROM HEAT @
34% EFFICIENCY AND USING IT BACK FOR
HEATING IS NOT THE RIGHT WAY.

2. IN COOLING ALSO, ELECTRICITY USAGE IS
VERY POOR.
THERE ARE OTHER MEANS OF COOLING.
(HEAT ITSELF CAN BE USED FOR COOLING).
IS THIS THE RIGHT WAY OF ENERGY
USAGE?



WHAT IS THE RIGHT ENERGY GENERATION &
USAGE COMBINATION FOR SAUDI ARABIA ?
5
0

G
W

1
0

G
W

OFF PEAK PERIOD
PEAK DEMAND IN SUMMER (WORKING DAY) = 120 GW
PEAK DEMAND IN WINTER (HOLIDAY) = 70 GW

WE NEED TO PLAN FOR MEETING THE PEAK DEMAND IN
SUMMER ( WORKING DAY ) i.e 120 GW

HENCE, WE NEED TO ADD A CAPACITY OF 60 GW TO THE
EXISTING CAPACITY OF 60 GW.



2032 : DEMAND PATERN
1. TOTAL INCREASE FROM 2014 = 60 GW
2. INCREASE FROM HVAC ALONE = 40 to 50 GW
3. DIFF BETWEEN DAY & NIGHT
PEAK DEMAND ( SUMMER) = 10 GW
( EXCEPTING THE MORNING OFF PEAK PERIOD )

THIS DAY & NIGHT DIFFERENCE IS LOWER COMPARED TO THE
PRESENT LEVEL OF ABOUT 20 GW DUE TO EXPECTED INCREASE
IN OTHER LOADS DURING NIGHT TIME, IN THE NEXT 20 YEARS.



2032 : DEMAND INCREASE
WHAT SHOULD BE THE PLAN ?

1. HVAC DEMAND IS HIGH IN SUMMER MONTHS
2. HVAC DEMAND IS HIGH IN DAY TIME
( BOTH IN SUMMER AND WINTER )

HENCE, IT IS BETTER TO USE SOLAR ENERGY FOR HVAC.

SOLAR PERFECTLY COINCIDES WITH THE HVAC DEMAND, EXCEPT FOR
ABOUT 8 HOURS IN THE NIGHT.

DO NOT USE OIL / GAS TO PRODUCE ELECTRICITY FOR HVAC PURPOSE.


USE OF SOLAR ENERGY FOR HVAC
THERE ARE TWO WAYS OF USING SOLAR ENERGY FOR
HVAC :

1. USE SOLAR ENERGY TO GENERATE ELECTRICITY THROUGH
PHOTOVOLTOIC (PV) CELLS or
CONCENTRATED SOLAR THERMAL POWER PLANT ( CSP)
AND USE IT IN CONVENTIONAL AC MACHINES.

2. USE THE SOLAR HEAT DIRECTLY IN
VACUUM ABSORPTION CHILLER(VAC) BASED AC MACHINES.


COMPARISON OF CONVENTIONAL AC &
VAC MACHINES

1. INVESTMENTS REQUIRED
CONVENTIONAL AC
MACHINES

a) POWER PLANT
b) TRANSMISSION
c) AC MACHINES

VAC
MACHINES

a) VAC MACHINE ONLY


COMPARISON OF CONVENTIONAL AC &
VAC MACHINES

2. UTILISATION OF INVESTMENT
CONVENTIONAL AC
MACHINES

a) ONLY IN SUMMER
b) MOST WINDOW AC MACHINES
HAVE NO HEATING PROVISION.
HENCE SEPARATE HEATER IS
REQUIRED.
VAC
MACHINES

a) VAC CAN BE USED AS A HEATER
ALSO WITH HOT WATER FLOWING
IN THE SAME COIL.


COMPARISON OF CONVENTIONAL AC &
VAC MACHINES

3. ENERGY STORAGE
CONVENTIONAL AC
MACHINES

a) PV BASED SOLAR NOT POSSIBLE
b) CSP BASED SOLAR - ADDITIONAL
INVESTMENT REQUIRED
(MOLTEN SALT)

VAC
MACHINES

a) VAC CAN BE USED WITH LOCAL
STORAGE OPTION
( SIMPLE HOT / COLD WATER STORAGE)

COMPARISON OF CONVENTIONAL AC &
VAC MACHINES
4. ENERGY EFFICIENCY
CONVENTIONAL AC
MACHINES
a) ABOUT 1470 Kcal OF HEAT
ENERGY IS USED FOR EVERY 1000
Kcal COOLING
( COP = 2 &
ELECTRICITY GENERATION EFF = 34%)

b) 2940 Kcal HEAT ENERGY IS USED
FOR EVERY 1000 Kcal OF HEATING

c) THERE IS 12% TRANSMISSION LOSS
VAC
MACHINES
a) 1450 Kcal HEAT IS USED FOR EVERY
1000 Kcal COOLING
( COP= 0.7 )



b) 1000 Kcal HEAT ENERGY IS USED FOR
EVERY 1000 Kcal OF HEATING
VACUUM ABSORPTION CHILLERS ARE
BETTER FOR HVAC !
1. SO, IT IS BETTER TO GO FOR VAPOUR ABSORPTION CHILLER(VAC) BASED AC MACHINES.

PRODUCING ELECTRICITY WITH PV or CSP SOLAR POWER PLANTS AND THEN USING IT IN
CONVENTIONAL AC MACHINES IS NOT A RIGHT CHOICE.

2. VAC MACHINES CAN BE INSTALLED IN ALL BUILDINGS WHERE TOTAL AC LOAD IS MORE
THAN 50 Tons. TERRACE AND CAR PARK AREAS CAN BE USED FOR INSTALLING SOLAR
REFLECTORS.

3. OUT OF ABOUT 40 GW OF ADDITIONAL LOAD FROM HVAC IN 2032, WE CAN INSTALL
VAC FOR ABOUT 15 GW.

OLD BUILDINGS : 5 GW, NEW BUILDINGS : 10 GW.

4. THE BALANCE 25 GW CAN BE MET BY SOLAR CSP / PV & NUCLEAR.





SOLAR CSP or PV ?
1. SOLAR CSP WITH MOLTEN SALT STORAGE SHALL BE PREFERED OVER
SOLAR PV.

THIS IS BECAUSE, THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DAY AND NIGHT LOADS IS
GETTING NARROWED TO 10 GW ONLY, AND WE NEED TO STORE THE
SOLAR ENERGY FOR NIGHT USAGE, IF WE HAVE TO EFFECTIVLEY USE
SOLAR ENERGY.

2. FOR STORING LARGE QUANTITIES OF ENERGY, MOLTEN SALT IS THE
SECOND BEST OPTION AFTER PUMPED STORAGE HYDEL POWER PLANTS.

3. HENCE, OUT OF 25 GW OF SOLAR PV / CSP & NUCLEAR, 10 GW SHALL BE
FROM CSP, 5 GW FROM PV. BALANCE SHALL BE FROM NUCLEAR, ALONG
WITH OTHER BASE LOAD REQUIREMENTS.


WHAT ABOUT DESALINATION ?
PRESENT DESALINATION REQUIREMENT = 3 Mn M^3/ Day
PROJECTED DEMAND BY 2032 = 9 Mn M^3/ Day
ADDITIONAL DEMAND BY 2032 = 6 Mn M^3/ Day
ENERGY REQUIREMENT IN RO DESALINAITON = 4 KWh/ M^3
TOTAL ENERGY REQUIRED / Day = 24 Mn KWh

DESALINATION CAN BE PLANNED DURING 6 HOURS OF OFF PEAK
DEMAND PERIOD ( 04.00 to 10.00 AM )

WITH THIS, THE ELECTRICITY LOAD(GW)
FOR DESALINATION = 4 GW

THIS IS NOT MUCH. THIS CAN BE MANAGED FROM BASE LOAD POWER
PLANTS ( NUCLEAR) AND SOLAR CSP DURING OFF PEAK PERIODS.
2032 : MEETING THE DEMAND
NUCLEAR : 30 GW
SOLAR BASED VAC : 15 GW
SOLAR PV : 5 GW
SOLAR CSP : 10 GW

TOTAL : 60 GW


MEETING THE DEMAND
SOLAR PV
SOLAR CSP
SOLAR VAC
NUCLEAR
NEW COMMITTED
EXISTING DIESEL
EXISTING HFO
EXISTING CRUDE /
GAS
2032 : OPTIONS TO EXPLORE
1. NUCLEAR SHARE CAN BE INCREASED BEYOND 30 GW, IF PART OF THE COMMITTED
( OIL / GAS BASED ) POWER PLANTS CAN BE REVERSED.

- NUCLEAR IS CLEAN, SAFE AND CHEAPER.

- SPENT FUEL REPROCESSING AND WASTE MANAGEMENT ARE SIMPLE TECHNOLOGIES ALREADY
AVAILABLE IN MANY COUNTRIES.

- SPENT FUEL REPROCESSING AND RECOVERY OF PLUTONIUM FOR RECYCLE BACK INTO THE REACTORS
PROVIDES LONG TERM ENERGY SECURITY.


2. NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS CAN BE EASILY BUILT IN UNDER DEVELOPED COASTAL REGIONS.
PROXIMITY OF FUEL AVAILABILITY IS NOT APPLICABLE FOR NUCLEAR, LIKE IN OIL / GAS.

- INLAND NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS MAY BE AVOIDED IN KSA DUE TO LIMITED COOLING WATER AVAILABILITY.

3. ALL NEW DESALINATION PLANTS CAN BE MADE PART OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS FOR,
- EFFECTIVE UTILISATION OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS DURING OFF PEAK PERIODS
- EFFECTIVE UTILISATION OF SEA WATER INTAKE / DISCHANRGE INFRASTRUCTURE CREATED FOR COOLING WATER
- UTILIZING PART OF THE HOT WATER DISCHARGED FROM POWER PLANT FOR DESALINATION



WHAT ABOUT WIND MILLS ?
1. IT IS INFIRM ( UNPREDICTABLE )
2. SAUDI WIND SITES HAVE JUST ABOUT 4 M/Sec to 6 M/Sec
WIND VELOCITY AS AGAINST THE RATED WIND SPEEDS OF
14 TO 15 M/Sec FOR THE WIND MILLS.
3. THE RESULT : PLANT LOAD FACTOR IS HARDLY 10-20%
( COMPARE IT WITH 80 TO 90% FOR NUCLEAR POWER !)
4. O&M MANPOWER REQUIREMENT IS HIGH.

HENCE, IT IS NOT ADVISABLE TO GO FOR WIND MILLS IN
SAUDI ARABIA.


REGION WISE DEMAND FORECAST
REGIONWSIE PLAN
1. EASTERN OPERATING AREA ( EOA) & CENTRAL OEPARATING AREA ( COA)
ACCOUNT FOR 50% LOAD INCREASE.
- SHARE OF HVAC LOAD IS LESSER. SOLAR IRRADIATION IS ALSO LOWER.
- HENCE, NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS CAN BE BUILT IN THE EASTERN REGION ALONG THE GULF
COAST.

2. SOUTHERN OPERATING AREA ( SOA) CAN HAVE NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
WITH DESALINATION ALONG RED SEA COAST, AS PART OF AREA DEVELOPEMNT
PLAN.

3. WESTERN OPERATING AREA ( WOA) CAN HAVE HIGHER PROPORTION OF
SOLAR SINCE,
- IT HAS GOOD SOLAR IRRADIANCE.
- HVAC LOAD IS ALSO HIGHER.
WHAT ABOUT IK PROCUREMENT &
EMPLOYMENT ?
1. VACUUM ABSORPTION CHILLERS :
These can be completely manufactured in Saudi Arabia, excepting a few
special pumps. Existing Market leaders will be more than willing to set up
In-Kingdom facilities if KSA announces a firm policy on VAC.

The Saudi Facilities will become a manufacturing hub for other Middle
East Countries.

Installation and servicing will be done by the Manufacturers / Service
providers.


2. PV SOLAR :
The Solar Cells can be imported and all other structural steel fabrication
and installation can be done by IK Vendors.


WHAT ABOUT IK PROCUREMENT &
EMPLOYMENT ?
3. CONCENTRATED SOLAR THERMAL POWER PLANTS :
These can be completely manufactured in Saudi Arabia, except the Turbines &
Generators. Existing Market leaders will be more than willing to set up In-Kingdom
facilities if KSA announces a firm policy on CSP.

The Saudi Facilities will also become a manufacturing hub for other Middle East
Countries.

Installation and servicing will be done by the Manufacturers / Service providers.

4. NUCLEAR POWER :
All major equipment need to be imported.

However, Civil and Piping activities can be done by IK Vendors.

O&M can be done by IK Engineers with proper training.


THANK YOU