Switched Mode Power Conversion: Primitive Converters

Interconnection
of
Switches & Energy Storage Elements
Switched Mode Power Conversion
Primitive Converters
Interconnection
of
T
1
T
2
P
L
C
Interconnection
of
to
Source and Load
T
1
T
2
P
L
C
V
G
I
G
R
Interconnection Rules
Sources may not be Overloaded
Voltage Sources are not to be Shorted
Current Sources are not to be Opened
Conservation of Energy
Inductor Currents are not to be Interrupted
Capacitor Voltages are not to be Shorted
T
1
T
2
P
Voltage sources may not be connected
across PT
1
or PT
2
No Short Circuit of Voltage Sources
Capacitors may not be connected across
PT
1
or PT
2
No Disruption of Energy on the Capacitor
T
1
T
2
P
Current sources may not be connected
in series with T
1
or T
2
No Open Circuit of Current Sources
Inductor may not be connected
in series with T
1
or T
2
No Disruption of Energy on the Inductor
Acceptable Switch-Storage Cells
P
T
1
T
2
L
C
T
1
T
2
P
Two possible switch+storage cells
These are dual of each other
Primitive Voltage to Current Converter
V
G
V
O
Load
I
O
I
G
P
T
1
T
2
L
Input average quanities: V
G
and I
G
Output average quantities: I
O
and V
O
Strategy of Operation & Control
V
G
V
O
Load
I
O
I
G
P
T
1
T
2
L
Constant Switching Period
T
1
P ON Time T
ON
; T
2
P OFF Time T
OFF
T
ON
+ T
OFF
= T
S
Primitive Current to Voltage Converter
Input average quanities: I
G
and V
G
Output average quantities: V
O
and I
O
V
G
V
O
Load
I
O
I
G
P
T
1
T
2
C
V
G
V
O
Load
I
O
I
G
P
T
1
T
2
L
Ideal Performance Measures
V
G
V
O
Load
I
O
I
G
P
T
1
T
2
L
First Performance Measure
Forward Voltage Conversion Ratio
O
G
V
?
V
=
V
G
V
O
Load
I
O
I
G
P
T
1
T
2
L
Performance Measures
Reverse Current Conversion Ratio
G
O
I
?
I
=
V
G
V
O
P
T
1
T
2
L
V
P
V
O
t
V
P
V
G
0 T
S
T
ON
Average voltage across inductor in one cycle is zero
V
G
V
O
P
T
1
T
2
L
V
P
V
O
t
V
P
V
G
0 T
ON
T
S
( ) ( )
G O ON O S ON
V V T V T T 0 =
O ON
G S
V T
D
V T
= =
Reverse Current Transfer Ratio
G
O
I
?
I
=
Reverse Current Conversion Ratio
P
T
1
T
2
L
I
O
i
G
(t)
P
T
1
T
2
L
I
O
i
G
(t)
I
G
t
i
G
(t)
I
O
0 T
S
T
ON
O ON G S
I T I T 0 =
G ON
O S
I T
D
I T
= =
Efficiency of Ideal Converter is Unity
V
G
V
O
Load
I
O
I
G
P
T
1
T
2
L
G
O
I
?
I
=
O
G
V
?
V
=
O G ON
G O S
V I T
D
V I T
= = =
Non-Ideality in the Converter Current I
O
V
G
V
O
Load
I
O
I
G
P
T
1
T
2
L
V
L
Ripple Current in the Inductor
V
G
V
O
P
T
1
T
2
L
V
L
t
I
O
V
G
-V
O
0 T
S
T
ON
V
L
-V
O
( ) ( )
O O
O S ON S
V V
I T T 1 D T
L L
= =
O
I
Normalised Ripple Curent
V
G
V
O
P
T
1
T
2
L
V
L
( )
( )
( )
S
O O
S
O O
1 D T
I V
1 D T
I I L L /R
= =
t
I
O
V
G
-V
O
0 T
S
T
ON
V
L
-V
O
O
I
t
Condition for Ripple Curent to be Low
V
G
V
O
P
T
1
T
2
L
V
L
( )
( )
S
O
O
S
1 D T
I
1
I L /R
L
T
R
Switching Period << Circuit Time Constant

Non-Ideality in the Switches Conduction Drop
V
G
V
O
Load
I
O
I
G
P
T
1
T
2
L
V
L
Switches are Realised by Real Devices
V
G
V
O
P
T
1
T
2
L
V
P
P
T
1
T
2
L
I
O
T
1P
Drop is V
T
; T
2P
Drop is V
D
T
1P
Drop is V
T
; T
2P
Drop is V
D
-V
D
T
S
T
ON
V
O
t
V
P
V
G
-V
T
0
P
T
1
T
2
L
I
O
Inductor ON State Voltage is V
G
-V
T
-V
O
Inductor OFF State Voltage is -V
D
-V
O
Volt-Sec Balance on the Inductor
( ) ( )( )
G T O ON D O S ON
V V V T V V T T 0 + =
-V
D
T
S
T
ON
V
O
t
V
P
V
G
-V
T
0
P
T
1
T
2
L
I
O
Forward Voltage Transfer Ratio
( )
G T ON D OFF O S
V V T V T V T =
P
T
1
T
2
L
I
O
T D
O G
G G
V (1 D)V
V DV 1
V DV

=

i
G
(t)
I
G
t
i
G
(t)
I
O
0 T
S
T
ON
O ON G S
I T I T 0 =
G ON
O S
I T
D
I T
= =
P
T
1
T
2
L
I
O
Switch Non-ideality is Series Non-ideality
i
G
(t)
I
G
t
i
G
(t)
I
O
0 T
S
T
ON
G ON
O S
I T
D
I T
= =
P
T
1
T
2
L
I
O
Switch Non-idealities have no Effect
on Current Ratio
Efficiency
i
G
(t)
G ON
O S
I T
D
I T
= =
P
T
1
T
2
L
I
O
O T D
G G G
V V (1 D)V
D 1
V V DV

=

O O T D
G G G G
V I V (1 D)V
1
V I V DV

= =

Non-Ideality in the Source & Inductor
V
G
V
O
Load
I
O
I
G
P
T
1
T
2
L
V
L
Source & Inductor Have Internal Resistances
V
G
V
O
P
T
1
T
2
L
V
P
Source Resistance is R
S
Inductor Resistance is R
l
V
G
V
O
P
T
1
T
2
L
V
P
R
l
R
S
Volt-Sec Balance on the Inductor
V
G
V
O
P
T
1
T
2
L
V
P
R
l
R
S
-I
O
R
l
T
S
T
ON
V
O
t
V
P
V
G
-I
O
(R
S
+R
l
)
0
( )
( )
( )( )
G O S l O ON O l O S ON
V I R R V T I R V T T 0 + + =
Forward Voltage Transfer Ratio
V
G
V
O
P
T
1
T
2
L
V
P
R
l
R
S
( )
( )
( )( )
G O S l O ON O l O S ON
V I R R V T I R V T T 0 + + =
O
G S l
V R
D
V R DR R

=

+ +

O
S l
G
V 1
D
DR R
V
1
R R

=

+ +

I
G
t
i
G
(t)
I
O
0 T
S
T
ON
O ON G S
I T I T 0 =
G ON
O S
I T
D
I T
= =
i
G
(t)
P
T
1
T
2
L
V
P
R
l
R
S
Efficiency
i
G
(t)
G ON
O S
I T
D
I T
= =
P
T
1
T
2
L
I
O
O O
S l
G G
V I 1
DR R
V I
1
R R

= =

+ +

O
G S l
V R
D
V R DR R

=

+ +

Efficiency with Switch/Source/Inductor Drops
T D
O O G G
S l
G G
V (1 D)V
1
V I V DV
DR R
V I
1
R R

= =

+ +

Guidelines for Good Efficiency
T D
O O G G
S l
G G
V (1 D)V
1
V I V DV
DR R
V I
1
R R

= =

+ +

T G D O
S l
V V ; V V
R R ; R R

Non-ideality Related to Output Voltage
Output Voltage Ripple is a Function of the Load
P
T
1
T
2
L
V
G
V
O
Load
I
O
I
G
Evaluation of the Output Voltage Ripple
Capacitor Supported Load is Common
P
T
1
T
2
L
V
G
V
O
I
O
I
G
R
Inductor Current & Output Voltage Ripple
Output Voltage Ripple is V
O
P
T
1
T
2
L
V
G
V
O
I
O
+I
O
I
G
R
O O
V V +
C
I
O
0 T
S
T
ON
t
I
O
0 T
S
T
ON
t
V
O
Charge causing voltage ripple
( )
O
O S
V
I 1 D T
L
=
I
O
0 T
S
T
ON
t
I
O
0 T
S
T
ON
t
Charge causing voltage ripple
( )
O
O S
V
I 1 D T
L
=
O S
O
I T 1 1
V
2 2 2 C
=
( )
O
O S
V
I 1 D T
L
=
2
O S S O S
O
V (1 D)T T V (1 D)T 1 1
V
2L 2 2 C 8LC

= =
2
O S
O
V (1 D)T
V 8LC

=
Guidelines for Low Output Ripple
2
O S
O
V (1 D)T
V 8LC

=
Switching Period << Natural Frequency
S
1
T
LC

Summary of Steady State Performance
Voltage Gain V
O
/V
G
Current Gain I
O
/I
G
Current Ripple I
O
/I
O
Voltage Ripple V
O
/V
O
Switch Non-ideality
Source Non-ideality
Storage Non-ideality
Efficiency
Summary of Steady State Performance
Inductor Volt-sec Balance: V
O
/V
G
Current Averaging: I
O
/I
G
Inductor Volt-sec in Sub-period: I
O
/I
O
Capacitor Charge in Sub-period: V
O
/V
O
Inductor Volt-sec Balance with Non-ideality:
Transistor Amplifiers
Transistor Amplifier Variants
B
E
C
I
B
I
B
B
E
C
I
B
I
B
E C
B
I
B
I
B
Buck, Boost & Buck-Boost Variants
Buck, Boost & Buck-Boost Variants

Switched Mode Power Conversion: Primitive Converters

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Interconnection

Switching Period << Circuit Time Constant

Switched Mode Power Conversion

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