Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
9
88
. .:
, 2012. 200 .
: , , ,
,
ISBN 978-5-91072-048-4
. , ,
. .
. ,
. , - .
,
, , ,
.
.
,
. ,
, :
? ?
?
, , , , .
, .
............................................................................................................................... 7
.....................................................................................................................12
?............................................................15
1. ......................................................... 19
1. , ...............................20
, ...............................................................22
.............................................................................................................26
..........................................................................................................................29
2. ..........................................................................30
3. .......................................................................................34
?...............................................................35
..................................................................................................................38
,
......................................................................................................40
, , ....................................42
.............................................................44
4. .............................................................................46
...............................................................................47
...................................50
.............................................................................................51
................................................................................................................53
................................55
2. ................................................................. 61
5. 03..........................................................................62
...........................................................................................63
..................................................................65
, ?........................................................................................68
03...........................................................................69
................................................71
...................................................................74
............................................................................................77
6. 36.......................................................................... 81
........................................................................81
.....................................................................................................83
...............................................................................................84
?.......................................................................................................................88
..........................................................................................................92
, ...........................................................97
............................................................................................................98
........................................................................................................................101
................................................................................................104
...............................................................................106
...............................................................108
........................................................109
...................................................................................................112
................................................................................................114
.............................................................................115
...................................................................................................118
3. ...................................................................... 119
7. .............................................................................................120
............................................................................................123
.......................................................................................................126
8. ..................................................................................129
, ......................................................132
................................................................137
: ..........................139
.......................................................................................144
..........................................................................................................147
........................150
...............................................................................................152
..........................................................................................154
................................................................155
.......................................................................................156
9. .............................163
69 : ...................163
.........................................................................................164
913 : ................................................168
.........................................................169
.....................................................................170
, ............................................................................172
............................................................................173
..............................................174
: ?........................................176
..................................................................................................................177
1320 :
................................................................................................179
.....................................................................................................180
.............................................................................................183
.....................................................................................185
.........................................................................187
10. .......................................................190
............................................................................................ 195
:
- ,
, , .
- - (),
, ,
.
-
,
, - -
.
- - ,
, ,
, -.
-
, .
.
.
.
, , . , , , ,
, ,
. ,
, , .
7
,
. :
,
.
, , , ,
? ? , ,
? ?
.
, ,
.
. . ,
.
, . , ,
, ,
.
: ,
,
8
? , .
, ,
, ?
- , -
. , , , .
.
, . ,
, . .
,
.
, .
, , , .
,
, .
, 9
, .
:
, .
.
,
. ,
, ,
.
,
. ,
, , .
, , ,
.
, .
, . ,
:
, .
,
, , ,
, 10
, . .
,
, .
!
11
, , .
,
, ,
, . ,
. , , .
(15721631)
, , .
.
. . . ( ) .
. .
.
, ? , .
, , .
12
, : !
,
, ,
, .
, .
, ,
,
, . , ,
,
,
.
, ,
,
.
, .
. , . ,
, 13
. ,
, ,
.
,
, . -
.
, :
.
. ,
. ,
, , , ,
, . ,
. ?
, ,
. , , ,
. , .
.
14
?
, , . , , ,
, ,
, ,
(.. , ) .
,
, .
, ,
, , , .
, ,
, .
( )
. , , ,
. : , , -
15
, , . ,
, ,
. ,
, . , .
,
.
, , , ,
,
.
, ,
, , .
? . , , ? , . ,
, , ,
, . , ,
,
,
, .
16
, , , Financial Times
, ,
, . ,
.
. ,
, , . ,
. ,
, .
.
17
19
1
,
, .
: , ,
, ,
.
20
, - .
, .
, .
, , . ,
.
: .
! ,
, ,
. .
, ,
, . . , .
,
.
, .
.
, , ,
, , . -
. . - ,
60% . .
, .
21
,
. ,
.
?
: . ,
,
? , , ( ).
, ? .
? ? , , , ,
,
.
,
,
. , .
22
,
, . , , , , -
.
, .
, . ,
, , .
?
, , , . ,
,
. ,
.
, 2010
,
, ,
, ,
,
, , ,
, . , 23
, , , .
, . , . Economist
,
, , . , , .
, ( ),
Newsweek: .
, , ,
. ,
, . : 50 000$ ,
25 000$, 100 000$ , 200 000$.
, , ?
24
, . 56%
. , 50 000$ ,
1.
-, : ,
. .
.
.
.
.
, , .
,
. , .
,
.
. , ,
: ,
, ,
1 . Brooks, A. C. (2008). Gross National Happiness. Basic Books: New-York,
121.
25
. ,
.
, . , , .
- : ,
. ,
, , .
, , ,
. , .
,
.
? - , - , ? .
, , . :
, , , 26
,
. ,
,
. , , ,
. ,
, .
?
, , , , -
- . , ,
,
. , .
, , , .
, , ,
.
.
? , ?
, , ,
. ,
,
27
. ,
,
.
, ,
. ,
, , , . , ,
, .
,
,
, , , , .
, ,
.
, .
, , ,
.
. ,
. ,
28
,
,
.
,
. . ,
, ,
, . , .
, ,
.
. , , , .
, , ,
. , .
, , . , . : ,
.
29
, .
.
, .
, , . , . , .
, .
: 18:23 .
: .
, ?
, . ?
, .
,
. ,
. ,
,
30
. . : .
, ,
. , ,
,
.
, ,
. . .
, .
,
,
, .
, , , : .
.
, . , ,
,
.
,
, 31
, . , ,
,
. , , .
.
, ,
,
, , .
, -,
:
,
,
. ,
2.
, ( )
2 -, , ,
, ,
17-
. ,
- ,
, ,
.
32
. , ,
, .
. , ?
. , ,
. .
, ,
, ,
.
. ,
: , , , ,
3.
.
3 . : Verny, T., & Kelly J. (1982). The secret life of the unborn child.
New York: Dell.
Chamberlain, D. B. (1988). Babies remember birth. Los Angeles: Tarcher/Putnam.
33
.
,
,
?
, .
,
,
,
-,
, ,
, , ,
. , ,
.
.
? ?
34
? ,
?
?
, , , -
. , ,
,
, . , , ,
. ,
.
,
.
?
(). .
. , . -
: 35
, , , , ,
. ?
, ,
. ,
.
.
,
, .
,
.
, .
.
, 4.
4 Capra, F. (1997). The Web of Life: A New Scientific Understanding of Living
System. New York: Anchor, 299.
.
: , ,
.
.
, ,
, .
36
, , , .
. ,
, .
,
, ? .
- . ,
, .
.
, .
,
.
:
, .
,
. .. .
: ,
. :
-,
.
:
, ,
.
, .. .
37
.
,
,
, .
5
,
, . . ,
.
. , , , ,
.
- , , ,
, .
: ,
. , ,
5 ,
. , . ,
, .
38
, ,
, .
, , , . - , ,
.
, , .
. , , - ,
-.
, , 6.
, 2005 , ,
1998 ,
. ,
, ,
, ,
, 7.
6 Paul, A. M. (2010). Origins: How the nine months before birth shape the rest of
our lives. New York: The Free Press.
7 King, S., & Laplante, D. P. (2005). The effects of prenatal maternal stress on
children's cognitive development: Project Ice Storm. Stress, 8 (1), 35-45.
39
,
, , . ,
, ,
.
,
,
,
. : , .
, , .
. ,
. , , , .
?
,
. -
40
, ,
: ,
, . ,
. ,
, , , ,
.
.
, . ,
.
, ,
. ,
, , . , .
: , .
, , , , . ,
, .
: ,
, .
41
,
,
: .
,
, , , .
, , .
.
, ,
. , , ,
, . , , , .
, ,
, . ,
. ,
. , .
,
, ,
42
, .
, .
- , , :
, , ,
. ,
,
, , 8.
,
, ,
,
. ,
. , ,
. , , ,
8 McCarty, W. A. (2002a). The power of beliefs: What babies are teaching us.
Journal of Prenatal & Perinatal Psychology & Health, 16(4), 341-360; McCarty, W.
A. (2004). The CALL to reawaken and deepen our communication with babies:
what babies are teaching us. International Doula, 12 (2).
43
, ,
, ,
, ,
. , , ,
.
?
, , , ,
.
, , .
,
. ,
, ,
, ,
44
, ,
. .
,
. ,
, . , ,
, , ,
. , :
, ,
. ,
, .
,
, ,
, . .
,
, , , . , .
45
.
.
, !
?
, .
? ?
.
?
!
?
, (
) , . ,
,
.
- , . -
46
, . , .
, . .
(
, ) . . ,
?
. .
. , , , , , , .
, , -
.
, . . .
:
, . .
,
: .
47
, . , , ,
. , ,
. . ,
, . , , ,
9.
, ? ,
, . , ,
. , ,
.
,
, .
, .
9 . Terkel, J & Rosenblat J.S, Maternal behavior induced by maternal blood
plasma injected into virgin rats comp. Physio. Psychol. 1968; 65: 479-82.
48
.
, .
,
.
, , , , , .
,
10.
?
. ,
. , ,
, , , .
,
,
,
10 Righard, L., & Alade, M. O. (1990). Effect of delivery room routines on success
of first breast-feed. Lancet, 336, 1105-1107.
49
,
11.
. , ,
.
, .
, ,
.
, , . ,
. , . ,
, ,
, . 11 :
Hotelling, B., & Humenick, S. (2005). Advancing normal birth: Organizations,
goals, and research. Journal of Perinatal Education, 14, 40-48.
50
, , ,
, .
, . , ,
,
,
.
, ,
.
: ,
, , .
, ,
.
, .
,
. ,
51
.
.
:
,
, , , ,
.
, . . , ,
. , .
, , , ,
.
. ,
, , ,
. -
, -, , .
52
.
,
. ! !
. ! ! , . !
. .
, : , . . , , .
, .
. .
, ,
, ,
. , , . ,
. , .
,
.
? , ,
.
53
,
( ) .
, .
: .
, . ,
. , .
,
, , , .
(Jeannette Crenshaw), Lamaze International,
The Journal of Perinatal Education
,
. ,
, ,
.
, ,
12.
12 . Jeannette Crenshaw, Care Practice #6: No Separation of Mother and
Baby, with Unlimited Opportunities for Breastfeeding, The Journal of Perinatal
Education. Lamaze International. 2007 Summer; 16(3): 3943.
54
()
()
, , ,
.
13.
, ,
.
: , . , , ,
- ,
, , , .
,
, ,
, . , 13 . World Health Organization, [WHO] 1998. Evidence for the 10 steps
to successful breastfeeding (rev. ed, WHO/CHD/98.9). Geneva, Switzerland.
: UNICEF/WHO. 2004. Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative in the U. S. The
ten steps to successful breastfeeding. Retrieved May 31, 2007.
55
. ,
.
, , , . ,
.
,
.
, : ,
.
:
,
!14
,
. :
,
14
2003 ,
. . World Health
Organization, UNICEF, Global Strategy for Infant and Young Child Feeding .
2003. : http:whqlibdoc. who.int/
publications/2003/9241562218.pdf.
56
, 15. ,
.
,
. ,
. ,
, ,
250 !16
, : , ,
.
, 6-8 . ,
15 , , 1-6
, ,
. . T. Zheng, L. Duan, Y. Liu, et al,
Lactation Reduces Breast Cancer Risk in Shandong Province, China, American
Journal of Epidemiology 152 (2000): 11291135. : T. Zheng, T. R. Holford,
S. T. Mayne, et al, Lactation and Breast Cancer Risk: A Case Control Study in
Connecticut, British Journal of Cancer 84 (2001): 14721476.
16
Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer, Breast
Cancer and Breastfeeding : Collaborative Reanalysis of Individual Data From 47
Epidemiological Studies in 30 Countries, Including 50,302 Women With Breast
Cancer and 96,973 Women Without the Disease, Lancet 360 (2002): 187195.
57
17.
,
: ,
, . , 2002 (Journal of the American
Medical Association), 3253 :
,
18.
,
, , ,
19.
,
,
. , ,
,
17 Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L.J., & Shannon, F.T. (1987). Breast feeding and
subsequent social adjustment in six to eight-year-old children. Journal of Child
Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 28(3), 379-386.
18 . Erik Lykke Mortensen, Kim Fleischer Michaelsen, Stephanie A. Sanders,
and June Machover Reinisch, The Association Between Duration of Breastfeeding
and Adult Intelligence, Journal of the American Medical Association, 287,
(2002): 23652371.
19 A. Lucas, R. Morley, T. J. Cole, G. Lister, and C. Leeson-Payne, Breast Milk
and Subsequent Intelligence Quotient in Children Born Preterm, Lancet 339
(1992): 261264.
58
.
, -
. , 20.
, ,
. ,
:
.
,
, , ,
. ,
, . ,
.
, , .
, 20 Sander, L. W. (1975). Infant and caretaking environment. In E. Anthony (Ed.),
Explorations in child psychiatry (129-166). New York: Plenum Press.
59
21,
,
. ,
, ,
. , .
, . , , .
. .
60
61
5
03
.
, , :
--! --! --! --!
-! -! .
, 11- ,
- , ,
, - . , .
. , ,
. ,
. ,
, . -
, .
62
, , ,
,
, , ,
,
. , ? ?
? ?
? :
?
,
, .
.
( ), , , ,
,
.
, ? ,
,
?
63
, .
. , -,
,
, , , . , ,
, ,
, .
, , (relational psychology), , , ,
, .
, ,
.
. .
, , , .
,
, . .
, . 64
, ,
. : ,
, .
:
;
, , .
,
, ,
.
,
. ,
-
, . .
, 65
, ,
.
, ,
.
, , . ,
. , , , , ,
, , ,
.
, , .
, .
, ,
- ,
. ,
.
,
, , ,
, . , 66
, , ,
.
, .
, , , . ,
,
.
, ?
, ,
, , , . , , , .
,
- .
67
, ?
, ,
, , . ,
. ,
,
. , , ,
,
. , ,
, ,
, .
, ,
, ,
, ,
,
.
, , ,
, , 22.
22 . : Daniel N. Stern, The Interpersonal World of the infant: A
View from Psychoanalysis and Development Psychology, Basic Books, 1985.
68
, , , 23.
03
, ,
, , . ,
- .
, , ,
, , , ,
.
.
24.
. , , ,
.
23 . .
Winnicott, D. W. (1960). The Theory of Parent-Infant Relationship. International
Journal of Psychoanalysis, 41, 585-595.
24 Brownell, C., & Brown, E. (1985). Age differences, in object conflicts and
possession negotiations during the second year. Paper presented at the biennial
meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Toronto, Ontario,
Canada.
69
.
, .
- ,
25.
-, ?
: , ? , :
, . ? .
, . , , ,
. ,
, , , .
, ,
, . : .
1799 ,
, -, .
25
Wolf, D. (1982). Understanding others: A longitudinal case study of the
concept of independent agency. In G. Forman (Ed.), Action and thought: From
Sensorimotor Schemes to Symbolic Operations (297-328). New York: Academic
Press.
70
, , .
.
, , :
-
.
, -,
,
. ,
, .
,
.
. , .
, .
, .
?
. ,
. , 71
, , , .
,
, , 26.
, , , ,
, .
,
.
, ,
. , , , .
,
. ,
. 26 ,
,
. ,
, .
,
. ,
, ,
. . , , : ,
, , 1998.
72
,
: ,
.
, , , , , , . , .
- , , , , , , : ,
,
.
:
, ,
, .
, ,
, .
. ,
,
27.
.
27 Ayers, J. (2005). Sensory Integration and the Child. Los Angeles: Western
Psychological Services.
73
, , , , . ,
, , . , , .
. , , ,
; ,
,
, , . , , , , , .
:
(Terrible Twos). , .
, , . , .
: ?
74
, .
. , , ,
. , , .
, ,
.
. . ,
, ,
.
?
?
, , , .
, , : , , ,
.
.
,
-
, 75
28. , ,
. .
, , : , , , ,
, . ,
.
, ,
. .
29.
,
, , . ,
,
. ,
.
-
:
28 Schaffer, H. R., & Crook, C.K. (1980). Child compliance and maternal control
techniques. Developmental Psychology, 16, 54-61.
29 Feldman, R., Greenbaum, C.W., & Yirmiya, N. (1999). Mother-infant affect
synchrony as an antecedent to the emergence of self-control. Developmental
Psychology, 35, 223-231.
76
, ,
, . ,
,
, ,
, ,
. , , ,
, ,
, ,
30.
,
: ,
.
. , , ,
, ,
.
?
30 Brooks, R., & Goldstein, S. (2007). Raising a self-disciplined child: Help your
child become more responsible, confident, and resilient. New York: McGraw-Hill.
77
. .
, .
, ,
, .
,
, - , .
,
.
,
.
: , , , .
,
, .
.
?
, .
?
78
. , . . , . , ,
, . , , ,
, ,
. , .
, ,
, , , .
.
- - ?
.
. (, , -) ,
( ), :
.
. , , .
, ,
, .
79
. , , .
- ?
. , . ,
, , , , 31.
,
.
, ( ). , ,
. ,
, .
80
6
36
(!) .
.
, .
?
?
.
,
, , .
, , ,
. 81
,
, . , .
, : .
, -,
, . , 32.
( . ).
,
,
.
.
36 .
,
. , ,
.
, .
.
32 DeHart, G., Cooper, R., & Sroufe, L.A. (2004). Child Development: Its nature
and course (5th edition). New-York: McGraw Hill.
82
: , ? ?
? ? ? , . ,
, ,
.
, , , .
.
, .
,
? ,
47 !
,
? : . :
, - .
, , .
, , , . ,
.
83
! ,
, .
, , .
. , :
.
: , , , ,
. ,
, ,
.
, ?
, ,
.
,
, 84
,
.
, , . ,
.
, , . ,
, - ,
.
. . , , , ,
.
,
, ,
, . ,
. , . - , ,
, , , ,
. ,
85
33. , ,
, - ?
. , , : ,
, , , .
.
: , ,
,
, , ,
.
33 (),
1445 . ,
20%
. .
,
.
.
. ,
, ,
. . Sally N. Merry and Susan H. Spence,
Attempting to prevent depression in youth: a systematic review of the evidence,
Early Intervention in Psychiatry 2007; 1: 128137.
86
, , .
, ,
:
, ,
- , ,
.
, ,
.
, ,
,
. ,
, .
. .
?
, , , .
87
?
, . ,
.
,
. . .
,
, ,
. ,
, ,
.
?
, , . . ,
. . ,
,
.
,
, , , , ,
, , . ,
, .
. 88
,
.
,
, 34. ?
?
1. ,
: , . , . ,
. , , , . .
2. ,
, .
, , ?
3.
-
, . , , ,
.
.
,
34 Orlick, T. (2006). Cooperative games and sports: Joyful activities for everyone
(2nd Ed.). Champaign IL: Human Kinetics.
89
.
, : ,
. ,
, ,
, .
, .
, , . ,
, .
,
. , ,
, , , ,
, ,
, , 35.
,
: ,
35 .
90
.
, 110 . :
, , .
,
,
, . , ,
36.
? ,
:
, . :
,
. ,
, . ,
: , ,
,
.
36 David W. Johnson, Roger T. Johnson, An Educational Psychology Success
Story: Social Interdependence Theory and Cooperative Learning, Educational
Researcher 2009; 38; 365.
91
, .
, . :
, , ,
.
, .
,
, .
,
.
,
, .
, 36 .
.
( ), , . .
. , . , , , .
:
92
-!?
, . , ,
.
. . ,
, .
, . .
.
. ,
, , : ,
. , , , ,
.
?
, , .
, . .
.
93
, : , , ,
. , , , ,
,
.
, , :
. ,
, ,
, ,
, , ,
37.
. , , .
,
: .
, , : , , ,
. . ,
, , .
, ,
37 . : Baumrind, D. (1996). Effects of Authoritative Parental Control
on Child Behavior. Child Development, 37, 887-907, : Ginott, H.G. (1965).
Between Parent and Child. New York: Macmillan.
94
, . , .
, .
, , .
. - ,
,
. - ,
.
- , , :
. , , .
. , , . ,
, , .
, , , , ,
. , .
, ,
, .
95
. .
.
, : ,
, ,
. : ,
. , -, , , , ,
, .
, .
,
, .
, .
,
. , , ,
-
,
. , , - ,
.
96
,
, , .
, ,
. , ,
. , . .
- ,
,
, , 38. : ,
, , - . ,
: ,
. .
,
.
, .
38 Maccoby, E. E. (1990). Gender and relationships: A developmental account.
American Psychologist, 45, 513-520.
97
-
39, - .
, ,
. , .
, .
- , ,
, 40.
,
,
,
( , ) , 41.
?
, .
39 McGraw, P. (2004). Family First: your step by step plan for creating a
phenomenal family. New York: Free Press.
40 .
41 Fagot, B. I., & Patterson, G. (1969). An vivo analysis of reinforcing contingencies
for sex role behavior in the preschool child. Development Psychology, 1, 563-568.
98
? , ? , , ?
, , .
-, , , , , ,
, - . , ,
, .
, , . , , ,
,
. .
. , , .
?
,
, . , ,
. ?
- , ,
. , ,
. , 99
,
, . : -, . . ,
. , , ,
, .
?
, , . ,
, .
, ,
.
,
, .
, ,
, , ,
,
: ,
. :
, .
100
36 , . ,
.
?
, .
, :
.
.
, , .
, , . , , .
? , .
,
, , .
.
101
, , . ,
, .
- ?
: . ,
, .
, . ,
: , , ,
, .
.
, , .
- ?
, , , .
:
.
, . , ,
102
: ,
? , , ,
.
,
, , .
,
. , , , , , ,
.
: ,
.
,
. , , , ,
. ,
, ,
.
-,
103
: , ,
.
, , .
, , ,
:
, , .
, . ,
, . , ,
, - .
, ,
, . ?
,
. ,
.
, .
, , . ,
104
,
.
, .
.
, , ,
. .
? ,
. , , , .
,
.
, ?
. ,
. , , - , , ,
.
.
, ,
. ,
105
.
. . ,
. . - -
,
, , , ,
.
.
?
, , -
?
, ,
. ,
: ,
.
, . ,
: . 106
: , .
, ,
, , , . , ,
,
42. : , .
, . , , ,
? , , ?
, ,
, , .
, . .
, ,
, , , , .
, . ,
42 Rifkin, J. (2010). The empathic civilization: The race to global consciousness
in a world in crisis. New York: Tarcher.
107
, . , ,
.
.
.
, .
, , , :
, . ,
, , ,
.
, , ,
, ,
. . , .
,
: , , 108
. , ,
, , , .
, .
. ? .
,
,
. :
, . ,
, .
,
, .
,
,
.
, : .
.
109
, , ,
.
,
, . , , ,
.
.
, , 43.
?
: , , .
, 44.
,
110
,
. , . , , , ,
. , ,
, . , , :
,
45.
. , .
.
.
, , .
. , (
) ,
. .
, , , . . 45 Maccoby, E. E. (1990). Gender and relationships: A developmental account.
American Psychologist, 45, 513-520.
111
-,
.
, ,
, , .
,
, .
:
, .
?
: . , , ,
.
,
, ,
.
:
?, ?, ?,
?,
112
? .
,
.
? : , . : ,
, .
?
46 47,
,
. , , .
:
, . , ,
.
46 . , (The Psychology of the Child),
(The Moral Judgment of the Child).
47 . Kohlberg, Lawrence (1981). Essays on Moral Development, Vol. I:
The Philosophy of Moral Development. San Francisco, CA: Harper & Row.
: Kohlberg, Lawrence; Charles Levine, Alexandra Hewer (1983). Moral
stages: a current formulation and a response to critics. Basel, NY: Karger. :
Kohlberg, Lawrence; T. Lickona, ed. (1976). Moral stages and moralization: The
cognitive-developmental approach. Moral Development and Behavior: Theory,
Research and Social Issues. Holt, NY: Rinehart and Winston.
113
,
.
, , ,
.
. ?
, .
, , , , , , , (
,
), , , , ,
, .
, , ,
, . ,
.
. . ,
114
, .
?
. , , .
,
.
?
,
. , , , :
, , , , ,
. , , ,
;
, ,
. ,
,
.
,
. , - , , , ? ,
115
, , ,
.
, ,
, .
.
,
, . , , ,
.
, , , . , ,
.
,
.
?
, ?
, .
.
116
, , , .
?
, - , ,
,
. ? ? ,
. ,
.
,
,
.
, -
, . , :
, . : , ,
. ?
, ,
, .
, .
,
, . ,
. , 117
.
,
. ,
, .
?
, , , 3 .
: , , ,
. ,
.
, , . , ,
. ,
, .
: , ,
.
118
119
, , ,
.
, :
, ?
, .
, .
. ,
? ,
.
? . .
, .
, , , .
, . ?..
120
, :
, .
.
,
.
, , .
, , .
,
, , , !
. ,
,
.
, .
: , ,
2060-2065 ! :
,
,
. ?
, ,
. , , , , .
121
,
. , .
, , : . ,
, , ,
, .
,
. ,
, , , . ,
,
.
,
, . .
, . , ,
, , . ,
, ,
, .
122
.
, ,
,
.
. , ,
, .
.
, ,
:
,
, .
: , , , .
,
. ,
, . ,
: ? ? , ,
, :
?
123
:
. , , , , . , .
,
, ,
.
, .
, .
?
, .
, , , .
, ,
.
,
:
, . ,
? , ,
, , ? , ?
124
, ? ,
, ? ,
, , , ,
.
- ,
, -,
, , XIX .
, ,
,
, ,
, , ,
, . , ,
.
: , ,
, .
, , . ,
, . ,
125
, .
, . ,
. : , . . : ,
, ,
, ,
.
,
.
, , , , . ,
:
, ?
, , ,
, , , .
126
,
. ( ),
,
.
: , ,
, . ,
. -
,
,
, .
, ,
, , .
- , ,
-, - :
, , . ,
127
. ,
, ,
.
, , . ,
, ,
, .
, , .
,
: , ,
, . ,
.
,
, ,
.
128
, . ,
,
.
, ,
.
,
. , ,
: , , , , ,
, , ,
,
.
,
, -
129
. , , ,
, , .
, - ,
30-60 , , .
, , ,
, , -
.
,
. ,
. , , , , , . ?
, ,
. ,
.
, .
, ,
. ,
. , . , ,
, .
130
, : , , , , ,
,
.
.
,
,
. , , . : ,
, , , , ,
. ,
, . , - .
, , :
, , , . , , ,
, .
,
, , .
131
,
, ,
. , .
. : , , , , .
, , .
?
, , .
, . ,
.
.
,
.
. , . , , ,
. .
-
.
132
, .
.
, .
?
, . ,
,
,
. , 50% 48.
. . ,
, ,
,
49.
, ,
. ,
, . 48 . . (1990), :
, , ,
.
49 . (2002), , -,
, . 23-24.
133
-, ,
.
,
. , ,
.
. , ,
. , ,
, , , , .
?
.
. , ,
, . , , ,
,
. , , ,
. .
134
,
. : , ,
, . .
, ,
,
. -, -
, ,
, .
, , .
? ?
,
, , , . , -, .
, 12-13
, , ,
. ,
135
50. : , .
.
, .
,
, .
12-13 , ,
. .
50
Vail, K. (2002). Same-sex schools may still get a chance. Education
Digest, 68(4), 32-38; Mael, F.A. (1998). Single-sex and coeducational schooling:
Relationships to socioemotional and academic development. Review of Educational
Research, 68, 101-129; Warrington, M. & Younger, M. (2001). Single-sex Classes
and Equal Opportunities for Girls and Boys: Perspectives through time from a
mixed comprehensive school in England, Oxford Review of Education, 27(3), 339356.; Sax, L. (2000). Single-sex Education. The World and I. 257-269, Washington:
August, .
136
,
,
.
,
. ? , ? ?..
.
: , ,
, .
,
, , .
, .
,
,
. , , , ,
.
137
?
.
, ,
. , ,
.
, , , , , .
. ,
,
. , ,
. ,
, ,
. .
, ,
,
, . ,
.
138
,
, , , ,
. ,
, .
, ,
.
:
, . : , ,
, , , ,
.
, .
,
. ,
, ,
, ,
139
51.
,
, ,
.
, , ,
.
, ?
. , , ,
.
, .
, , , : , 52. ,
,
, ,
.
51
Kohn, A. (1993). Is Competition Ever Appropriate in a Cooperative
Classroom? Cooperative Learning, 13(3).
52 Ip, Y. K. (2003). Facilitating Students Learning: Cooperation or Competition.
Ideas on Teaching. vol. 1.
140
, ,
,
, ,
.
,
?
, ! ,
53.
, , ,
54.
, .
,
.
53 Tinzmann, M.B., Jones, B.F., Fennimore, T.F., Bakker, J., Fine, C., & Pierce, J.
(1990). What Is the Collaborative Classroom? NCREL, Oak Brook, Illinois.
54 David W. Johnson, Roger T. Johnson, An Educational Psychology Success
Story: Social Interdependence Theory and Cooperative Learning, Educational
Researcher 2009; 38; 365.
141
, . , ,
. ?
, ,
, .
: .
:
, , .
, , , . , , .
, , .
,
, , , ,
.
.
, .
, .
142
, , .
, , .
?
, , .
?
: , -
, , . ,
, ,
, . , ,
55.
: .
,
,
, .
:
: 55 .
, , (2005),
.
143
, , , ,
.
.
, :
, , .
?
.
, . ,
.
:
;
;
, , , , ;
, , ;
144
, , .
, , , .
,
,
, .
,
?
, ,
.
,
, , ,
. , ,
.
,
, ,
. , ,
145
, .
, ,
, , -
, , ,
.
, .
,
. ,
. . ,
,
.
,
.
, , , , .
,
.
146
, , , ,
.
, , .
,
.
, . , ,
: ?,
?.
6-
, . , ,
, , , , .
,
: ? ? ,
?
. 147
, .
, , , , ,
.
, ,
, , , .
, ,
, , , . ,
, .
, ,
. , , ,
.
, . ,
,
, .
148
. ,
,
, , ,
.
, , .
. ,
.
: ,
.
,
,
,
. , ,
,
,
, ,
.
149
,
.
. , , , .
, - , ,
, , .
:
? ? ?
? , , , : , .
, , , , - , .
, , .
, ,
150
. , ,
, , .
, ,
.
. , , , ,
.
: ,
, .
, , , .
, :
.
. , :
?, , .
, .
,
,
. ,
151
: , , , , ,
, .
, .
, ,
.
,
, ,
, ,
, , .
.
, , ,
,
.
.
, .
152
,
.
, , , , ,
. ,
, .
: , ,
. ,
.
, ? , , , . .
,
, .
, , . ,
,
.
, ,
,
. ,
153
, . , ,
, , .
?
,
, . , , ,
, . ,
,
. , , ,
, , .
, ,
, .
, ,
, .
154
, ,
. , , ,
.
, , ,
, .
,
. ,
.
, .
-, , : 69 , 912
() 913 (), 1213
. ,
, , , ,
.
155
,
, . .
,
.
-,
, ,
.
, ,
, , . ,
, . ,
, .
, , , ,
.
,
20-30- . , .
,
, .
156
, ,
. .
, . ,
.
,
. ,
, ,
,
.
, ,
, . ,
,
, , , ,
: , .
, , ,
, , ,
, .
, , .
. .
157
,
. ,
. ,
,
, , 56.
,
, .
.
6- 14- .
, .
, 9-10 , .
, , , , .
. , .
, , ,
, .
56 .: . .
, . . (1998), : ,
, , . 514. . : Gaustad, J. (1993). Peer and
cross-age tutoring. ERIC Digest, (79).
158
9- ,
6-, . ,
, , , .
, .
,
.
, ,
.
: , ,
.
. ,
.
?
, .
, , , , ,
. . ,
159
,
.
, , ,
.
, , , .
. ,
. ,
,
.
:
.
, , :
, , ;
;
;
;
;
- ,
, ;
160
57.
- ?
?
.
, , .
. , .
.
,
, ,
, , . , , .
, ,
, ,
, .
57
Schneider, R. B., & Barone, D. (1997). Cross-age tutoring. Childhood
Education, 73, 136-143.
161
: ?
.
.
162
, ,
, ,
,
.
69 :
,
, , .
, 6 9
. , , .
, ,
163
. ,
,
.
: , , . , ,
.
,
, .
,
, , , , , .
,
: , , .
.
, .
,
.
164
, 6- .
, .
, : . , ,
, ,
. , , , , .
58.
?
.
, : , ,
, . ,
. ? ? , ? ,
58 . : P. Fonagy, M. Target, M. Steele, H. Steele, The Development
of Violence and Crime as It Relates to Security of Attachment, inside: Joy. D.
Osofsky, Children in a Violent Society, New York, Guilford, 1997.
165
? ?
. , ,
, .
,
. , , , .
,
, , .
, , :
, ,
. ,
.
: , , , . ?
- ,
. , , .
, ,
. ,
,
.
, 166
. , , , .
, .
, ,
,
, . ,
. , ,
, ,
,
.
. ? ,
, , ,
.
?
, , ,
, .
?
,
.
167
?
. ,
. , :
, .
, , . ,
,
.
, , , ?
, , , .
913 :
. :
, , - 59. ,
59 . . , . . (1998), :
, , , .554.
168
, , 60.
, 13
, . - .
: ,
(, ),
.
, . , .
? /
?
/ , ? , ,
.
, , , .
60 Brittain, C. V. (1963). Adolescent choices and parent-peer cross-pressure.
American Sociological Review, 28, 385-391.
169
? ?
- .
. , ,
,
, .
?
, , ,
.
, , , ,
, , .
, ,
, : ,
.
,
. , , 170
, ,
.
,
, , . , .
,
. ,
.
. .
, . , ,
, .
, , , , .
, ,
.
: , ,
, . , .
171
,
913
. , ,
. , -
, .
.
.
, ,
, . - . , , ,
,
.
:
. ,
, . , .
172
:
-, .
, , .
,
, .
,
.
, , , -
.
.
,
.
, ,
. , , 30-40- ,
173
,
. ,
, :
,
,
, , .
,
.
. ,
, .
, .
, . , , , .
174
,
, ,
. .
?
:
, . , ,
. ,
, , ,
.
.
, , .
,
, , . ,
.
175
:
?
, .
, , ; .
, . -
. ,
.
, . , : ,
, . ,
. ,
- ,
, .
,
,
, ,
. ,
.
176
.
, , ,
. .
, ,
, , : ,
, .
,
, ,
.
, ,
. ,
, ,
. , , , , ,
.
177
, ,
, .
: ,
, ,
. , ,
, ,
, .
, , , , .
, . , , ,
, , , , .
, , ,
, , 178
.
,
. , , ,
,
61.
1320 :
: ,
, , , ,
. . ,
, : ,
? ?
, .
.
12-13 , 20
.
61
. (2007), :
, ,
.
179
,
, .
, , , , , .
, .
, , ,
, , .
,
.
, ,
,
.
: ?
? ? ?
, , , ,
180
-, , , ,
, , .
,
, .
?
, ,
, , .
,
.
, , , .
,
. ,
, ,
. , , ,
.
13
,
,
, .
181
. , , ,
.
: , ,
, , , .
,
. , .
,
.
:
. , ,
, .
, ,
, .
:
, , ,
,
.
, , 182
,
.
,
,
: . , , .
. , ,
.
, 11-12
. , ,
,
,
.
. ,
, , , , , .
, , , . ,
183
, .
:
, , , .
, ,
.
, ?
, ,
, , .
, .
.
,
, .
,
: ,
. , , - .
, .
184
, ,
, - .
,
.
. ,
.
, , .
- , - , ,
, . :
.
,
. , ,
.
, . ,
,
.
185
,
, , ,
, , .
, ,
: ,
. , , , ,
- .
, , - ,
.
, .
, .
,
. ,
,
, , .
, ,
,
.
186
, . , .
, .
,
. , , , ,
.
. ,
,
.
. .
. .
:
62.
. ,
62 Robert D. Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American
Community, New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000.
187
,
: , , - , , ,
, . , ,
, .
-, , , , , ,
. ,
,
,
. , , .
, ( , ) ,
.
:
, , , ,
, , .
, . , .
, , ,
188
, .
,
. ,
, .
,
. ,
,
. .
, ,
, , , .
, - .
. , ,
, . ,
,
,
.
,
,
.
189
10
,
? .
1. .
. -, , .
, , ,
, , .
2. . ,
, ,
, , .
3. . , , ,
.
190
. .
, :
, . , - , .
4. . . , .
, ,
.
.
5. .
, .
. -
.
6. . 30-40 . 10-15 .
, , .
191
7. . , ,
.
8. .
. , , , .
9. .
, , ,
, ,
, , ,
, , , , . , ,
, .
.
10. . , . ,
.
192
11. .
,
. . ,
, , ,
.
12. . ,
. , .
13. . ,
, .
, , .
14.
. 11 , ,
, .
15. .
, :
193
, . , ,
: , , ,
, , , . ,
, --.
:
,
, , , .
,
, .
195
, ,
, . , , ,
. , ,
, .
, . ,
, , , .
, ,
.
,
, ,
.
, ,
, , .
, , , . ,
, . .
, .
, , .
, .
, , , ,
196
, . .
0 20
. ,
, .
0 20 20 .
, .
, , ,
. ,
.
, , .
! , ,
.
12-18 ,
. , . ,
. , ?
. , .
,
. . -
197
. , ,
, .
? ?
? ?
, .
http://woodyfitch.com/
, , . ,
, , ,
, , .
,
,
.
- ivbooks.ru
.
.
:
www.ivbooks.ru
8-800 100-21-45 ,
+7 (495) 649-62-10
198
RI
http://www.vospitanie.tv/
Ari Institute (ARI) ,
. ,
,
.
, .
,
.
, . ,
, , ,
.
. Ari
Institute (ARI)
.
,
. ,
, .
ARI ,
, , , , .
199
: .
: .
: . , .
: .
ISBN 978-5-91072-048-4
07.07.2012.
6090/16. . . . 25. 2000 .
1277.
-,
,
152901, . , . , 8.
mail: printing@yaroslavl.ru www.printing.yaroslavl.ru