..................................................................................................................

2
I.........................................................................................................................2
II........................................................................................................................5
III.....................................................................................................................10
IV.....................................................................................................................12
V......................................................................................................................18
VI.....................................................................................................................27
VII....................................................................................................................30
VIII...................................................................................................................36
IX.....................................................................................................................42
X......................................................................................................................50
XI.....................................................................................................................56
XII....................................................................................................................67
XIII...................................................................................................................74
XIV...................................................................................................................81
XV....................................................................................................................89
XVI..................................................................................................................101
..............................................................................................................106
I. n1m.........................................................................................................106
II. Cen1m........................................................................................................114
III. pnopckne xnnenne..............................................................................124
IV. ccnpnum; eapen; xopenne..........................................................................133
V.....................................................................................................................139
VI...................................................................................................................155
VII..................................................................................................................162
B...............................................................................................................168
I.....................................................................................................................168
II. san1ne 6pxnns..................................................................................183
III. Byppns; ero nopxenne; nmneunnn npnn...................................................194
IV. Xen1n pc................................................................................................200
V. n1um.......................................................................................................204
VI. c1okn 6eno pcm......................................................................................216
.........................................................................................................225
I.....................................................................................................................225
II. 3opoc1pnum..............................................................................................228
III. a1ox1onnme rpekn; cen1ckne nocenenum; pnum-annnnm............................237
IV. Cen1ckne rpekn..........................................................................................255
................................................................................................................264
I. [peanne xn1enn aponm................................................................................264
II. Opknum; nnnnpnum; a1pyckn; n6epnum....................................................275
III. nnm........................................................................................................281
IV. a1ox1onnme n1nnckne npopm..................................................................300
V. nppennckne a1pyckn. D1pycckn n............................................................306
VI. 1nnckn n..........................................................................................314
VII. Cen1ckn n...........................................................................................322
LC.............................................................................................................338
I. Cnanne. Dnox anpmuec1a porepncknx npopoa pncko pcm..................338
II. pnum-repnum........................................................................................349
III. epame repnckne pcm.............................................................................357
IV. epnckn n. ono-kenL1ckne n pono-repnckne pnn. epnckne
nnep1opm...............................................................................................................369
V. ocnepnne nepecenennn pnuea-cknpnnaoa................................................386
VI. ocnepnnn anox repno-ponckoro o6uec1a.............................................393
VII. epnknckne 6opnrenm............................................................................402
VIII. aponeckn kononnsunn epnkn.............................................................415
6uee sknkuenne.....................................................................................................420

, ,
, .
I
.
pyuenne unannnsun - cm nopsn1enLnm n opnoapeenno cm nenonn1nm
ns acex nc1opnuecknx qenoenoa. yrn aoo6pxenne, a1 1prepnn 1n1 a ce6e
c1onLko 1nnc1aennoro n rpnpnosnoro, u1o mcnn1enn ne nepec1k1 o6pu1Lcn k
ney, nsyu1L ero n snn1Lcn ero cekpe1o. e1 nnkkoro conennn a 1o, u1o
poxpenne n qopnpoanne npopoa pk1 nk6onm1nyk nnuy pnn psmunenn:
psan1ne nun, nx ycnexn, nx no6epm n poc1nxennn ne ory1 ne nopsn1L
aoo6pxenne; no kk 6m snunm nn ksnncL a1n qk1m, o6Lncnenne nx ne
npepc1anne1 1pyp - nx nonrk1 npoc1m cnepc1ane nn1ennek1ynLnmx
cnoco6noc1e uenoaek; npnsna 1kne cnoco6noc1n, yxe ne npnxopn1cn ypnann1Lcn
nx pesynL11; yxe caon cyuec1aoanne onn o6Lncnnk1 aennkne co6m1nn,
nc1oko ko1opmx onn nannk1cn. kn o6pso, a a1o nnne nn s1pypnenn, nn
conenn ne npepnonre1cn. o korp m anpn, kk nocne onpepenennoro nepnop
cnam n oryuec1a ace nunn sknunak1 ynpko n kpxo - n noa1opnk, ace,
ne o1penLnme ns nnx; korp m anpn ps6pocnnme no ace sene kpcnopeuname a
caoe c1puno oueanpnoc1n o6nokn unannnsun, npepuec1aykunx nue, n ne
1onLko unannnsun nsaec1nmx, no n nornx ppyrnx, nsann ko1opmx m ne sne,
1kxe n 1ex, ko1opme, nokoncL nmne a anpe okeneaunx ckene1oa a rnyun necoa,
nou1n coapeennnkoa senn, kk ampsnncn y6onLp1, ne oc1annn n pxe nek
n nn1L o ce6e; korp m, aosapuncL k coapeennm rocyppc1a, ocosne nx
neaepon1nyk onopoc1L n nonne, u1o onn nonannncL 1onLko auep n u1o
neko1opme ns nnx yxe oppnxnenn, ao1 1orp m y6expecn, ne 6es ponn
qnnocoqckoro yxc, nckonLko cnoa npopokoa o neyc1ounaoc1n aeue o1nocn1cn
ne 1onLko k unannnsunn, no n k npop, ne 1onLko k npop, no n rocyppc1a,
ne 1onLko k rocyppc1a, no n k o1penLnm nnunoc1n, n n npnxopn1cn
konc11npoa1L, u1o nk6n o6unoc1L nkpe, nyc1L pxe sunuennn cmn
coaepuennmn o6uec1aennmn cansnn n o1nouennnn, nunne1 psnr1Lcn c
nepaoro pnn caoero o6psoannn n s acen anpnmn aneen1n xnsnn nece1 a
ce6e npnnunn nens6exno cep1n.
k a ue xe sknkue1cn a1o1 npnnunn? k nn on opnopopen, kk ero pesynL11, n
ace nn unannnsunn ynpk1 o1 opnnkoamx npnunn?
nepam asrnnp nnpunae1cn o1pnu1enLnm o1ae1, nockonLky noxec1ao
nnepn - ccnpnn, rnne1, peunn, n - pyxnynn a pesynL11e c1euennn
nenoxoxnx ppyr n ppyr o6c1on1enLc1a. e ne enee, cnnn koxypy anpnoc1n, m
o6npyxnae a a1o nens6exnoc1n konu, ko1opn neo1ap1no ancn1 np acen
nunnn 6es ncknkuennn, nnnune, xo1n n ckpm1oe, o6ue npnunnm, n ncxopn ns
a1oro oueanpnoro npnnunn ec1ec1aenno cep1n, nesancno o1 cnyuea cep1n
ncnnLc1aenno, m y6expecn, u1o ace unannnsunn uepes kkoe-1o apen
o6npyxnak1 a ce6e rny6nnnme no1pncennn, 1pypno onpepennme, no o1 a1oro ne
enee penLnme, ko1opme ao acex pernonx n ao ace apeen nek1 nnornunm
xpk1ep; nkoneu, seun oueanpnyk psnnuy expy kpyuenne rocyppc1a n
konuo unannnsun, n6nkpn, kk opnn n 1o1 xe kynL1ypnm qk1op 1o ynopno
coxpnne1cn a kko-nn6ypL c1pne, nxopnuecn nop uyxesenm anpmuec1ao,
neco1pn n cme k1c1poqnueckne co6m1nn, 1o, nnpo1na, ncuese1 nnn
1pncqopnpye1cn nepep nnuo nesnun1enLnmx neasrop, m ace 6onLue npnxopn k
mcnn o 1o, u1o npnnunn cep1n, nexun a ocnoae acex nun, npncyu ne 1onLko
n, no n ace oc1nLnm.
Mon nccnepoannn, nsnoxennme specL, nocanuenm pcco1pennk a1oro axnoro
qk1.
, xnayun a pnnyk anoxy, nepam amnno ysn1L, u1o nk6n o6unoc1L nkpe n
cansnnn c ne nn1ennek1ynLnn kynL1yp o6peuenm n rn6enL. npexnne apeen
a1oro ne snnn. n1nunyk anoxy n oc1oke pennrnosnoe cospnne, nsynennoe
spennue aennknx nonn1nuecknx k1c1poq, o1nocnno nx s cue1 ne6ecno uym,
nncnocnnno s rpexn npop; cun1nocL, u1o 1koe nksnne ponxno npnaec1n k
noknnnk ppyrnx rpeunnkoa, eue ne nksnnmx. apen, nnoxo nonnaune cmcn
Bn6nnn nonrnn, u1o nx nnepnn nnkorp ne konun1cn. n, pxe korp on nunnn
knonn1Lcn k ynpky, ne coneancn a caoe aeunoc1n, o ue canpe1enLc1aye1 epe
Lepn a caoe knnre nnnn nop pnckn anpmuec1ao. mneunee nokonenne ne
1onLko yanpeno 6onLue, no nnoro 6onLue nonnno: ne1 conenn a cep1noc1n
uenoaek, no1oy u1o ace nkpn, xnaune po nc, yepnn, 1ouno 1k xe m 1aeppo
sne, u1o cou1enm n pnn npopoa, xo1n nx cyuec1aoanne pnn1cn ponLue, 1k kk
cpepn nc ne1 1ex, k1o upnn korp-1o po nc. oa1oy pnn nponcnennn nuero
aonpoc ne c1on1 npn6er1L k yppoc1n ppeannx, ko1opme ory1 n npepnoxn1L
opno-epnnc1aennoe qynpen1nLnoe seunne, nenno: nnnune 6oxec1aennoro
nepc1, ynpannkuero a1n npo, npnue a1o o6c1on1enLc1ao npnsne1cn ao ace
nonno1e, ko1opyk ey npnnncmae1 k1onnueckn uepkoaL. Beccnopno, u1o nn opn
unannnsunn ne sk1n1cn 6es aeu1enLc1a Bor, n npnenn1L k cep1noc1n acex
6es ncknkuennn unannnsun canuennyk kcnoy, ko1opo ppeanne 6orocnoam
nonLsoanncL c uenLk o6Lncnennn kpynnmx k1c1poq, pcc1pnaemx nn kk
nsonnpoannme qk1m, - a1o snun1 npoaosrncn1L nc1nny amcuero nopnpk,
ko1opn ponxn onpepenn1L nonck senmx nc1nn. pnsn1L, u1o ace nunn rn6ny1,
no1oy u1o onn annoanm, - a1o snun1 npoaec1n npnnenL c noaepenne o1penLnmx
nkpe n anpe1L a rpexe sepn pspyuennn. Cnepyn a1o nornke, pxe no-nLckn
npocaeuennm uenoaek 6ype1 cun11L, u1o kxpm npop xpe1 yuc1L 1ex, k1o ero
coc1anne1, u1o kxpn nunn annoan anno caonx coc1anmx aneen1oa, noa1oy
ncuesne1 1k xe, kk ncuesny1 onn; no noa1opnk: kpoe a1nx payx 6esycnoanmx nc1nn
ppeanne ne oc1annn nnuero, u1o 6m orno n noouL.
nn nnuero ne roaopn1 o 1o, kk 6oxec1aennn aonn npnaopn1 k rn6enn npopoa -
nnpo1na, onn cun1k1, u1o ny1n a1o aonn nencnoaepnm. xauennme
nou1n1enLnm c1pxo npn anpe pynn npounoro, onn nocneuno snannk1, u1o
rocyppc1a ne psannnncL 6m 6es aonn poanpennn. ro1oa noaepn1L, u1o a
neko1opmx o6c1on1enLc1ax orno cnyun1Lcn uypo, no 1, rpe canuennme
canpe1enLc1a ne pk1 1ounoro o1ae1 - a1o kk ps 6onLunnc1ao cnyuea, -
oxno n skonnmx ocnoannnx cun11L nenne ppeannx nenonnm, nepoc11ouno
nopkpennennm n npnsn1L, u1o nockonLky ne6ecnm rnea o6pyunae1cn n nunn
noc1onnno, npnue a cnny kkoro-1o peuennn, npepuec1aykuero nonanennk coro
nepaoro npop, 1ko npnroaop nanne1cn npeponpepenennm, skonoepnm n
coo1ae1c1aye1 nenpenoxnoy kopekcy acenenno, 1kxe oc1nLnm skon,
ko1opme neyknonno ynpannk1 kk xnao npnpopo, 1k n neoprnnueckn npo.
osoxno, y nc ec1L ocnoannn ynpek1L canuennyk qnnocoqnk ppeannx apeen a
1o, u1o, a cnny nepoc11ounoc1n onm1 n orpnnuennoc1n, on o6Lncnne1 1ny
neonpoaepxno 1eonornuecko nc1nno, ko1opn c npepc1anne1 co6o 1ny, n
ne kce1cn qk1oa, nxopnunxcn a o6nc1n psy, no m ne oxe noc1an1L e a
ynpek 1o, u1o on ne nonnn aennunn npo6nem nnn c1n nck1L peuenne n seno
ypoane. yuue cks1L, u1o on orpnnunn cL noc1noako aonpoc, n ne ee ann,
u1o on ne peunn ero, n pxe ne nponcnnn. enno noa1oy 1eonornueckn
qnnocoqnn c1on1 amue acex 1pypoa ukonm nunonnns.
yuune ym qnn n n npnunn k cnepykuey amaopy, ko1opm ne onpoaeprny1 po
cnx nop: rocyppc1a, npopm, unannnsunn rn6ny1 1onLko o1 pockoun, 6espenLn,
nnoxoro ynpanennn, npennn npaoa, qn1ns. a1n qk1opm - nn6o a
coaokynnoc1n, nk6o no o1penLnoc1n - 6mnn o6Lnanenm npnunno kpx 1oro nnn
nnoro o6uec1a, ec1ec1aennm amaopo ns a1oro noc1yn1 nanne1cn cnepykun:
ecnn ne1 a nnnunn nn opnoro ns a1nx aneen1oa, nnkko nno pspyun1enLno
cnnm n 6m1L ne oxe1. pesynL11e npnxopn1cn npnsn1L, u1o acnkoe o6uec1ao
ynpe1 1onLko ncnnLc1aenno cep1Lk, 6ypyun a a1o o1nouennn 6onee cuc1nnao,
ue uenoaek, n u1o ecnn yc1pnn1L ynonny1me amue npnunnm pspyuennn, 1o oxno
npepc1an1L ce6e npop, c1onL xe ponroaeunm, kk c seno up. ccyxpn
1kn o6pso, ppeanne n ne nopospeann o 1o, k uey a1o npnaepe1; onn anpenn a
a1o nnuL cnoco6 y1aeppn1L opnLnyk pok1pnny, u1o, kk nsaec1no, cnyxn1
epnnc1aenno uenLk nx nc1opnuecko cnc1em. onncnnn co6m1n onn nc1onLko
6mnn os6ouenm poks1enLc1ao 6nroc1n po6pope1enn n nry6noc1n nopok n
npec1ynnoc1n, u1o ace, amxopnuee s pkn a1oro npac1aennoro kon1ekc1, nx nou1n
ne nn1epecoano n uue acero ne seunocL nnn nrnopnpoanocL. D1o1 e1op 6mn
noxnm, orpnnuenne n cnnuko uc1o npo1naopeunn nepennn caonx
cosp1ene, 1. k. kneo po6pope1enn nnn nopok c1annocL a sancnoc1n o1
1pe6oann oen1; no po onpepenenno c1enenn a1o oxno o6Lncnn1L 6nrnn
nepennnn, n ecnn renn ny1px n un1 nsanek ns a1o 1eopnn 1onLko ponm
n nckannn, 1o, cek y1aepxp1L, a1n ponm aennkonennm, nckannn 6nropopnm.
Mne xo1enocL 6m nponan1L cnncxopn1enLnoc1L k mcnn1enn aocenpu1oro aek, no
y nnx ec1L caon a1pm, a1o yxe ppyroe peno: nepame 6mnn po qn1ns os6ouenm
noppepxnne counnLnoro nopnpk, a1opmn xe panrn xxp noaoro n
c1penenne k pspyuennk; opnn nm1nncL nsaneuL po6pme nnopm ns caonx ampyok,
ppyrne nsaneknn ns nnx yxcnme nocnepc1ann, yen nxopn1L opyxne npo1na acex
npnnunnoa npanennn, ko1opm no ouepepn nknenann npnmk 1npnnn, qn1ns n
npennn npaoa. 1o6m ne p1L o6uec1ay norn6ny1L, onL1ep npepnrn nokonun1L c
pennrne, skono, npomunennoc1Lk, 1oproane nop 1e npepnoro, u1o pennrnn
ec1L qn1ns, skon - a1o pecno1ns, npomunennoc1L n 1oproann cy1L pockouL n
psap1. Cnepoa1enLno, nnnune c1onLknx nepoc11koa osnue1 pypnoe npanenne.
Mon spu enLue acero coc1on1 a 1o, u1o6m ac1ynn1L a nonenky: n xo1en nnuL
o1e1n1L, nckonLko psnnunme pesynL11m pe1 mcnL, o6un pnn Oyknpnp n
661 ennn - y opnoro on cyry6o koncepa1nan, y a1oporo unnnuno rpeccnan
n a o6onx cnyunx oun6oun. enpap, u1o acerp seunm nenpeenno 1e
npnunnm, ko1opmn o6Lncnnk1 npenne npopoa, n, oxo1no npnsnan, u1o a kko-1o
oen1 ynpnnn npop onn ory1 npncy1c1aoa1L, n o1pnuk, u1o onn poc11ouno
cnnLnm, u1o a nnx poc11ouno pspyun1enLno aneprnn, u1o6m 6es ppyrnx qk1opoa
npnaec1n k c1onL nry6nm k1c1poq.
II
, km, yu u r n k k r
r .
eo6xopno, npexpe acero, o6Lncnn1L, kk n nonnk 1epnn o6uec1ao. D1o ne
kpyr nkpe, 6onee nnn enee unpokn, a ko1opo a 1o nnn nno qope
ocyuec1anne1cn npouecc npanennn. qnnckn pecny6nnk - a1o ne ec1L o6uec1ao,
ne nanne1cn o6uec1ao koponeac1ao Mrpx, nnepnn on1 nnn ernne1ckn
nnq1 anoxn O1nn1oa. ce a1o qpren1m o6uec1a, ko1opme, psyee1cn,
1pncqopnpyk1cn, c6nnxk1cn nnn pspennk1cn nop annnnne ec1ec1aennmx
skonoa, ko1opme n nm1kcL yc1noan1L, no nnnune nnn ncuesnoaenne ko1opmx ne
onpepenne1 xnsnL nnn cep1L o6uec1a. Oopnpoanne 1knx qpren1oa - a1o
uue acero nepexopnm qenoen, on orpnnuennm nnn aoo6ue kocaennm o6pso
pec1aye1 n unannnsunk, a ko1opo npe1 a1o1 npouecc. op o6uec1ao n nonnk
co6pnne, 6onee nnn enee coaepuennoe c nonn1nuecko 1oukn spennn, no
nepoc11ounoe c 1oukn spennn counnLno, nkpe, ko1opme xnay1 nop aospec1ane
cxopnmx npe n o6npk1 noxoxnn nnc1nnk1n. kn o6pso, rnne1, ccnpnn,
peunn, npnn, n1 6mnn, nnn oc1k1cn nonmne, cueno, rpe psnnunme o6uec1a
pennsyk1 caoe npepnsnuenne (ecnn 6c1prnpoa1Lcn o1 nep1yp6un a nx
nonn1nuecko yc1poc1ae). co6npkcL aec1n peuL o coc1anmx aneen1x, 1onLko
korp a1o 6ype1 kc1Lcn uenoro, noa1oy 6ypy yno1pe6nn1L 1epnn nunn nnn
npop a o6ue nnn orpnnuenno cmcne, u1o6m ns6ex1L paycmcnennoc1n.
oa1oy n aosapukcL k npepmpyuey aonpocy n snannk, u1o qn1ns, pockouL,
pypnme npam n 6esaepne ne o6ns1enLno aepy1 k rn6enn npopoa.
ce a1n qk1opm, nnorp no o1penLnoc1n, nnorp opnoapeenno n pxe a npko
ampxenno qope, ac1peunncL y nun, ko1opme o1 a1oro uyac1aoann ce6n eue
nyuue nnn, no kpne epe, ne xyxe.
nepnn u1ekoa pepxn cL rnanm o6pso n qn1nse. ne ory npepc1an1L
ce6e nnuero 6onee qn1nunoro, nexenn counnLnm c1po, onnpkuncn n
pennrnosnyk ocnoay, ko1opyk noc1onnno nn1k1 kpoaLk uenoaeueckne
xep1aonpnnouennn, o ue canpe1enLc1aye1 pecko11 a caoe c1opnn saoeannn
Mekcnkn. epano nonannncL aeckne poks1enLc1a 1oro, u1o
ppeanne npopm aponm nnkorp ne npk1nkoann pennrnosnoe y6nc1ao n ne
npnnocnnn a xep1ay neannnmx, xo1n aoennonnennme nnn no1epneaune
kop6nekpyuenne ne axopnnn a a1y k1eropnk, expy 1e kk pnn ppeannx
ekcnknuea xopoun 6mnn nk6me xep1am. C 6ecnpnepno xec1okoc1Lk, ko1opyk
coapeennme qnsnonorn cun1k1 o6ue uep1o nneen noaoro np, onn y6nann
conneennnkoa n caonx n1pnx, n a1o ne euno n oc1a1Lcn oryuec1aennm,
npouae1kun n 1nn1nnam npopo, ko1opm, oxe1 6m1L, npouae1n 6m 1kn
o6pso eue ponroe apen, ecnn 6m renn Oepnnpo op1ec n xp6poc1L ero
cny1nnkoa ne nonoxnnn koneu c1onL uypoanuno nnepnn. s a1oro cnepye1, u1o
qn1ns ne ec1L npnunn rn6enn rocyppc1a.
ockouL n nsnexennoc1L 1kxe nenLsn cun11L 6onee aecknn npnunnn; nx
nocnepc1ann ouyuk1cn a cpepe amcunx knccoa, n n coneakcL, u1o y rpekoa,
nepcoa, pnnnn nsnexennoc1L n pockouL, nyc1L n a nnmx qopx, 6mnn 6onee
ampxenm, nexenn a ceropnnune Opnunn, epnnn, nrnnn, occnn (occnn
oco6enno) n y nunx cocepe no 1y c1opony -Mnu; expy npoun ne kxe1cn,
u1o a1n pae nocnepnne c1pnm o1nnuk1cn oco6o xnsnec1okoc1Lk cpepn rocyppc1a
nmneune aponm. a cpepnne aek aeneunnum, renyasum, nnsnum konnnn
cokpoanu co acero np, amc1annnn nx a caonx paopux, aosnnn n caonx kop6nnx
no ace opn, n a1o o6c1on1enLc1ao nnuy1L ne ocn6nno nx. oa1oy nsnexennoc1L n
pockouL ne cnyx1 pnn npop npnunnn ocn6nennn n ynpnnn.
[xe ynpok npaoa, cm c1punm 6nu uenoaeuec1a, ne o6ns1enLno nece1 a
ce6e pspyun1enLnyk qynkunk. pnn 1oro, u1o6m 1ko ynpok 6mn pspyun1enLnm,
neo6xopno, u1o6m npouae1nne nunn, ee oryuec1ao n a1opn1e1 6mnn nnpnyk
cansnm c unc1o1o ee o6muea, opnko a1o aoace ne 1k. c1o ccmnk1cn n
c1pnnme qn1snn, conpoaoxpaune po6pope1enn nepamx pnnnn (c., nnpnep,
ncLo repuornne Mon1osLe BnLsk). e1 nnuero aosamuennoro a 1o, u1o
popoan1me n1pnunn o6punncL co caonn xenn, kk c p6mnnn, c pe1Ln, kk c
poune cko1nno, noppnnmx 1pe1npoann, kk pnknx saepe; n ecnn 6m ceropnn
oc1nncL sun1nnkn 1koro o6ps pec1an, noxenaune nopccyxp1L o psno
opnLno ypoane a psnme anoxn, ps6n1L nx pryen1m ne coc1anno 6m 1pyp.
oace apeen snoyno1pe6nenne cnno amsmano opnnkoaoe aosyuenne; xo1n
nnkoro ns upc1aykunx oco6 ne npornnn nocne ncnnnn np ykpeune, n nnkoro ne
o1pnn nop cyp nocne nokyuennn nnnn, no, no kpne epe, 6onee rny6okne
npnunnm a1nx payx aennknx peaonkun, ko1opme 6mnn cansnm c 1knn npepnorn,
a poc11ouno epe canpe1enLc1ayk1 o6 o1nouennn k o6uec1aenno opnn a 1o
apen. e1, ne po6pope1enL, pxe co amcoko npo6m, nanne1cn npnunno cnnm
npopoa; c nun nc1opnuecko anoxn m ne sne nn opno o6unoc1n nkpe, kk
6m n on nn 6mn, a ko1opo o1cy1c1aoann 6m scnyxnakune nopnunnn
npnepm, opnko xe, crn6ncL nop 1kn npespennm 6peene, rocyppc1a ne
c1noannncL cn6ee, suc1yk, no6opo1, uepnnn caoe aennune nenno a a1o.
Cnp1num scnyxnnn aocxnuenne 6nroppn 6npn1ckn skon. psae
qnnnknum norn6nn ns-s psapuennoc1n, ko1opn nx noxnpn n ko1opyk onn
cennn noackpy? [ ne1 xe: nenno psapuennoc1L 6mn rnanm nnc1pyen1o nx
oryuec1a n cnam; c 1oro coro pnn, korp onn nonannncL n peuecknx oc1poax
[ccn, XV] - neropnn n snopen, co6nsnnkune xenunn, u1o6m npeap1n1L nx
a 1oap, rp6nune 6pm n nyckkune nrp6nennoe a npopxy, - ynonnnne o
nnx amsmano 1pene1, no o1 a1oro onn ne y1p1nnn aennunn n coxpnnnn a nnnx
nc1opnn noue1noe ec1o, ko1oporo ne orn nokone61L nn nx xpnoc1L, nn pypnoe
noaepenne.
ne cknonen nck1L a onopmx o6uec1ax npac1aennoe npeaocxopc1ao, no
coneakcL, u1o c1pekune, 1. e. npn6nnxkunecn k caoey kpxy nunn
npepc1annk1 asopy c1pororo kpn1nk 6onee 6nroc1nyk kp1nny. pam cnruk1cn,
nkpn nxopn1 o6un nsmk, asnnme o1nouennn c1noan1cn onpepenennmn n
o6uenpnnn1mn, 1eopnn o cnpaepnnaoc1n n necnpaepnnaoc1n noc1enenno
o11unak1cn. pypno poks1L, u1o ao apeen, korp rpekn cokpyunnn nnepnk
[pnn, a anoxy, korp ro1m sxa1nnn n, a qnnx, a annone n a aennko
nnepcko ropope 6mno enLue uec1nmx nkpe, ue a cnanme pnn popnn, np
ennkoro n e6nnkonm.
npoue, s npnepn pneko xopn1L ne o6ns1enLno. pnn ns ec1 n sene, rpe
m anpn cm 6onLuo nporpecc n cm npkn kon1pc1 c nnanm aeko,
nanne1cn pnx; opnko norne pennrnosnme pen1enn n yuenme yxn npnsnk1, u1o
nn a opno ppyro ec1e nnkorp ne 6mno c1onLko po6pope1ene, n6oxnoc1n,
nrkoc1n, y1onuennoc1n, kk a a1o ceropnnune aennko ropope. pen po6p specL
1kxe amcok, kkn on or 6m1L a pyux cmx nou1ennmx nepconxe cenpu1oro
c1one1nn, n 1e ne enee a ne noro ropeun, xec1okoc1n n pnkoc1n, pxe -
ocenkcL cks1L - nepn1ns; 1kn o6pso, nenno 1, rpe coapeennm psy
nuen npnc1nnue, m anpn nopsn1enLnme kon1pc1m, kknx ne snnn npounme
aek.
poe 1oro, n ne nxoxy, u1o a nepnopm psapuennoc1n n ynpk nepoc1ano
aennknx nkpe - n nek a anpy nkpe, o1nnuaunxcn cnnLnm xpk1epo n
nc1onunn po6pope1ennn. cnn nokon1Lcn a nc1opnn pncknx nnep1opoa, 1o
okxe1cn, u1o 6onLunnc1ao c1onnn amue caonx noppnnmx kk no sannk, 1k n no
scnyr, nnpnep, pnn, n1onn Bnrouec1nam, Cen1nn Ceaep n ppyrne; nnxe
1pon, nou1n a co ryue nne6c n aocxnukcL aennknn apun n aennknn
yuennkn, noc1onn onopo Uepkan, ne cun1n po6ponpanmx nsmunnkoa.
[o6ank, u1o k1nanmx, 1aeppmx, po6nec1nmx nnunoc1e 6mno 1koe noxec1ao, u1o
ne1 conenn a 1o, u1o ao apeen Unnunnn1 a ne ne 6mno nepoc11k a
cnanmx nkpnx acex o6nc1nx uenoaeuecko pen1enLnoc1n. 1o6m y6epn1Lcn a a1o,
poc11ouno o6p1n1Lcn k qk1.
kpn po6pope1enLnme, aneprnunme, 1nn1nname, konx ne 6mno nepoc11k a
nepnopm ynpk n ppnxnennn o6uec1a, ac1peunncL, 6m1L oxe1, a eue 6onLue
konnuec1ae, ue a onopmx rocyppc1ax; kpoe 1oro, o6un npac1aennm ypoaenL
a 1e nepnopm 6mn amue. Cnepoa1enLno, nenLsn y1aepxp1L, u1o a ppnxnekunx
rocyppc1ax npenne npaoa 6onee ampxeno, ue a rocyppc1ax, poxpkunxcn n
cae1, u1o a1o npenne aepe1 k ynnu1oxennk npopoa, nockonLky neko1opme c1pnm,
nnpo1na, xnnn s cue1 1knx npaoa; no oxno no1n pnLue n noks1L, u1o
npac1aennm ynpok ne o6ns1enLno nanne1cn cep1enLnm, 1. k. ns acex 6onesne,
nopxkunx o6uec1ao, on o6npe1 cnoco6noc1Lk k 6mc1poy nsneuennk.
co pene, 1e nnn nnme npam npop uc1o ennk1cn a sancnoc1n o1 nepnopoa,
nepexnaemx a1n npopo. 6p1ncn k nun qpnuys n yanpn, u1o rno-
pnnnne V-VI aa., xo1n n 6mnn no6expennmn, c1onnn ropspo amue, ue nx
po6nec1nme no6epn1enn, ao acex o1nouennnx npac1aennoc1n n opnn, ecnn 6p1L
nx no o1penLnoc1n, onn ne acerp yc1ynnn n no xp6poc1n n aonncko po6nec1n.
osoxno, a 6onee nospnne apeen, korp o6e pcm nunn ceuna1Lcn, cn1yunn
yxypunncL, k aocLoy n pean1oy c1one1nn 1eppn1opnn c1pnm ne nannn co6o
npepe1 6onLuo roppoc1n. o a XI-XIII aa. kp1nn coaepuenno nsennncL, n no
epe 1oro, kk o6uec1ao ann1mano a ce6n cme psnorncnme aneen1m, coc1onnne
npaoa scnyxnano ace 6onLuero yaxennn. e1mpnpu1m n nn1npu1m aek
c1nn nepnopo nsapuennoc1n n konqnnk1oa, pcuaen ps6o, cnoao, a1o 6mn
anox ynpk a co unpoko n c1poro snuennn a1oro cnoa; oxno 6mno 6m
cks1L 1k: a pesynL11e psap1, ksne, 1npnnn, nonno y1p1m 6nropopc1a
cpepn sn1n, ko1opn rp6nn caonx kpenoc1nmx, cpepn 6ypxy, ko1opme npopann
popnny nrnnn, cpepn psrynLnmx uepkoannkoa, kopoue ao acex cnonx couny, a1o
o6uec1ao no1epneno kpx n nop caonn psannnn norpe6no n ckpmno c1onLko
noc1mpnoro. e ne enee, o6uec1ao npoponxno xn1L, ono npnnoxnno ycnnnn n
amuno ns kpnsnc. Lec1npu1m aek, neco1pn n kpoaame 6esyc1a -
nocnepc1ann npepmpyue anoxn, - o1nnuncn 6onLun 6nropopc1ao no cpanennk
co caon npepuec1aennnko, n pnn uenoaeuec1a nouL Can1oro-pqonoen kxe1cn
ne 1kn nosopnm co6m1ne, kk pesnn pnLnkoa. koneu, ns a1o
nepexopno anoxn qpnuysckoe o6uec1ao amuno k cae1y n unc1o1e anoxn Oenenon,
Boccka n Mon1osLe. kn o6pso, anno1L po kpoank XIV nu nc1opnn
npepc1anne1 co6o 6mc1poe uepepoanne nepexopoa o1 po6p k sny, n
xnsnecnoco6noc1L, caoc1aennn nunn, ne nee1 o1nouennn k coc1onnnk ee
npac1aennoc1n. kp1ko nsnoxnn cme nanme psnnunn, noxec1ao 6onee
konkpe1nmx oc1nncL s npepeno knnrn, 1. k. pnn a1oro no1pe6oanocL 6m noro
ec1, no psae ne anpenn m co6c1aennmn rnsn, kk pesko ennncn ypoaenL
opnn s kxpme pecn1L ne1 nue nc1opnn, nunnn c 1787 r.? 1k, n npnxoxy k
okonu1enLnoy amaopy: npenne npaoa ec1L npexopnun qk1op, nopaepxennm
kone6nnn, n ero nenLsn pcc1pna1L kk neo6xopnyk n peukuyk
npepnocmnky pspyuennn rocyppc1a.
6p1n annnne n opnn pryen1, cansnnm c ceropnnunn pne n uyxpm
npen XVIII a.; no nc1onLko yec1nm npn nnnse npennn npaoa, u1o o ne
nenLsn ynonny1L ackonLsL. Mnorne nonrk1, u1o koneu nk6oro o6uec1a
nens6exen, ecnn pennrnosnme npen nunnk1 perppnpoa1L n ncues1L. po aopn1cn
npnnenL expy qnnn n no, nenno, a1o kce1cn ny6nnuno peonc1punn
pok1pnn 3enon n Dnnkyp, o1ks o1 nunonnLnmx kynL1oa n kpx o6enx
pecny6nnk. npoue, c1pk1cn ne seu1L, u1o kpoe a1oro npn ep 6onLue neue
npo nnnkc1pnpoa1L nopo6nm cnnxponns, u1o nepcnpckn nnepnn a oen1 caoero
npennn 6mn npnaepxen kynL1y pennrnosnmx roa, u1o np, pqren, ypen,
.u1ekckn n nepynckn onpxnn norn6nn, ycnnenno onncL caon 6or, n u1o,
cnepoa1enLno, neaosoxno y1aepxp1L, u1o ace npopm a nepnopm caoe rn6enn
o1ksm anncL o1 kynL1 npepkoa. o n a1o eue ne ace: a payx un1npoannmx amue
cnyunx 6onLue aneunero cxopc1a, nexenn rny6nnm, n n coaepuenno ne corncen c
1e, u1o a ne., kk n a qnnx, n1nunm kynL1 6mn s6m1 eue po 1oro, kk n ero
ec1o sc1ynnno okonu1enLno aoc1opxec1aoaauee xpnc1nnc1ao; nnmn cnoan, n
cun1k, u1o a o6nc1n pennrnosno aepm nn y opnoro npop n sene ne
n6nkpnocL nenpepmanoc1n, u1o, korp nsennncL qop nnn nn1nnn cyunoc1L
aepm, rnnm yxa1nnncL n s pnckoro Knn1ep n s Knn1ep xpnc1nnckoro 1ouno
1k xe, kk ep1am xa1e1 xnaoro, npnue 6es npecnoay1oro nepexopnoro nepnop
6esaepnn; nockonLky ne 6mno a nc1opnn nunn, ko1opyk oxno c nonnm npao
nsa1L 6es6oxno, nenLsn y1aepxp1L, u1o rocyppc1a norn6k1 o1 nepoc11k
aepm.
nonnk, n ue snxpe1cn 1kn 1ouk spennn. esponro po epnkn a qnnx n y
pnnnn a anoxy Cunnnonoa cpepn amcunx knccoa pcnpoc1pnnncn o6mu cnun
pccyxp1L o pennrnosnmx penx, s1e nopaepr1L nx conennk, no1o aoo6ue
o1c1ynn1Lcn o1 nnx n roppn1Lcn 1enso. oc1enenno a1o1 o6mu saoeaman ace
6onLue c1oponnnkoa, n ckopo nou1n ne oc1nocL nc1nnno aepykunx.
a1o pryen1e ec1L ponn nc1nnm, no noro a ne n noxnoro. syee1cn, qk1m
roaopn1 o 1o, u1o cnsnn a saepuenne aeuepnnx 1pnes n ennn a kpyry 6nnsknx
ppyse nonyunn ypoaonLc1ane o1 nonpnnn canuennmx npann caonx c1pn, no 1e
ne enee a a1n nepnopm, kc11n, cme 6nnc11enLnme a nc1opnn peunn n n,
6mno oncno acnyx nponoaepoa1L nopo6nme npen. eoc1opoxnoc1L nk6oannum
poporo o6ouncL coy epnkny: c1on1 acnonn1L cnesm, nponnaaunecn n nepep
cypo, ko1opme 1e ne enee ne cornn onpap1L npekpcnyk 1enc1ky. cnonn
nou1n oqnunnLnm nsmk noa1oa 1oro apeenn, korp pnc1oqn n Coqokn nocne
Dcxnn npoc1no ononunnncL npo1na ockaepnn1ene 6oroa. [eno a 1o, u1o acn nunn
aepnn a caonx 6oroa, cun1n Cokp1 annoannko acex nepeen n xenn cyp np
nkcropo. u1o no1o? Cornn nn qnnocoqckne n 6es6oxnme 1eopnn oanpe1L
unpoknn ccn? snannk: nnkorp, nn a kkyk anoxy n a1oro ne ypanocL.
Cken1nuns oc1ncn npnamuko amcuero o6uec1a n ne amxopnn s ero npepenm. Mne
ory1 aospsn1L, u1o ne1 cmcn roaopn1L o 1o, kk pynn npoc1me ropoxne,
cenLckne xn1enn, p6m, ne neaune annnnnn n rocyppc1ao n nonn1nky. o peno a
1o, u1o 1koe annnnne y nnx 6mno, n po coro nocnepnero aspox nsmuec1a onn
coxpnnnn caon xpm n caon n1pn, copepxnn caonx nepoqn1oa, n cme
nsaec1nme, npocaeuennme n cme 1aeppme a o1pnunnn pennrnn nkpn ne 1onLko
amc1annnn nnoks caoe 6nrouec1ne a opexpe, no expy u1enne ykpeunn
ncnonnnnn cme nenpnn1nme kynL1oame o6pnpm n ne 1onLko po6pocoaec1no
noceunn uepeonnn, no a pepkne ucm pocyr, o1nnn apen y nsnypn1enLnmx
nonn1nuecknx nrp, nncnn opnLnme 1pk11m.
nek a anpy aennkoro Knnn [au, Hka cknk, yHn ckmaau
ca yxn, kra r aan cnnucaa. v ckaan a
nxax ca k: cnaan H Kn n Hack
n acx k anH, n ack ccHmx ra: a
Ma, Hn kmx cna Hau, nmn kyca Man, a Kn
ncxn m. akH aH, a am ka cu cancu a,
caHmx Hrycamx n, anvcacu ra, kmx
a acny ca anacu (a, Kn, 5)]. Mno 1oro: ace
nnep1opm nocne Uespn nannnncL aepxoanmn canuennnkn; eue onc1n1nn,
xo1n n o6npn psyo, 6onee npocaeuennm, ue ace ero npepuec1aennnkn, u1o6m
o1ks1Lcn o1 c1onL nenpnrnnpno o6nsnnoc1n, no npnnnuec1aykue ero sannk
xpnc1nnckoro knnsn, nop annnnne o6uec1aennoro nennn, oueanpno poc11ouno
annn1enLnoro pxe a 1y anoxy, ponxen 6mn cun11Lcn c nunonnLno n1nuno
pennrne. kn o6pso, peuL npe1 ne o aepe npoc1mx ropoxn, cenLcknx xn1ene n
p6oa, o nennn nkpe npocaeuennmx. nnpcno a1o nenne nopo aocc1ano,
o1 nenn psy n sppaoro cmcn, npo1na 6cyppnoc1n nsmuec1a - npopnme
ccm ne xo1enn: n ne ornn o1ks1Lcn o1 opno aepm, nok n ne npepnoxnnn
ppyryk aec1e c poks1enLc1an ee nc1nnnoc1n n uenecoo6psnoc1n a npcknx
penx; panenne a1oro o6uero uyac1a 6mno nc1onL ko cnnLnm, u1o a 1pe1Le aeke
a cpepe amaunx knccoa nonanncL pennrnosnn pekunn, npnue cepLesnn pekunn,
ko1opn npoponxncL anno1L po okonu1enLnoro nepexop npop a nono Uepkan,
upc1ao qnnocoqnn poc1nrno noren npn n1onnnx n nuno xnpe1L ackope nocne nx
cep1n. o specL ne ec1o o6cyxp1L a1o1 aonpoc, xo1n on npepc1anne1 nn1epec pnn
nc1opnn uenoaeuecko mcnn; poc11ouno se1n1L, u1o o6noanenne sxa1mano ace
6onee unpokne cnon npop.
e 6onLue c1pnncn pnckn np, 1e amue c1noanncn a1opn1e1 pnn. ce, o1
nnep1op, kk npanno, ns6npeoro ns rappnn, po coro nocnepnero oqnuep
ero can1m, po coro enkoro o6nc1noro ynpan1enn, nunnnn nop noso
uen1ypnon. . e. ace amxopnnn ns a1nx npopnmx cc, uLk neocnopnyk
n6oxnoc1L m yxe o1eunn, asopn n 6onee amcokyk c1ynenL, ac1peunncL - n
a1 ac1peu nx uoknpoan n pnnn c n1nunm 6necko sn1nmx ropoxn,
ropopcknx cen1opoa, ko1opme co1penn n nnx kk n amckouek n c ppoc1Lk
noc1annn 6m nx n ec1o, ecnn 6m ne c1px. Cyuec1aoan apxp expy
nc1onunn xosnean rocyppc1a n ppeannn popoamn ceec1an.
oenunLnnkn 6mnn aepykunn n qn1nunmn, npnepn cnyx1 Mkcnnn,
nep n co1nn ppyrnx, expy 1e kk cen1opm n pekypnonm nxopnnn ypoaonLc1ane
a cken1nuecko nn1ep1ype, no nockonLky ace aenn npnpaopnyk xnsnL, 1. e. xnsnL
cpepn aoennmx, n npnunocL ycaon1L nsmk n y6expennn noaoro apeenn. oc1enenno
ace xn1enn nnepnn c1nn n6oxnmn, n nenno uepes n6oxnoc1L cn qnnocoqm
ao rnae c Daxeepo npnpynn cnc1em, c 1e u1o6m npnnpn1L
punonnnc1nueckne 1eopnn c kynL1o rocyppc1a, kc11n, a a1o oco6enno npeycnen
nnep1op Knnn. e c1on1 cnnuko aocxann1L a1o aospoxpenne nsmueckoro
6nrouec1nn, no1oy u1o ns nero amuno 6onLunnc1ao npecnepoa1ene nunx
yuennkoa. pop, ockop6nennm 1enc1nuecknn cek1n a caoe aepe, 1epnen, nok
np nn poanenn npanune knccm, no epa nnepckn peokp1nn nnsaen a1n
knccm n cyk ynnsn1enLnyk c1ynenL, npoc1onkpnnm aosxennn ec1n n no
oun6ke nepe6nnn nornx xpnc1nn, ko1opmx onn nsmann neuec1namn n ny1nn c
qnnocoqn. o1 kpcnopeunaoe psnnune expy anoxn! UpL rpnnn, nsmunnk
co cken1nueckn yo, ns nk6onm1c1a sxo1en amcnyu1L can1oro an [Qnn
ncna, XXVI, 24,28, 31]. n ero amcnyun, ac1ynnn c nn a pnckyccnk, npnnnn
ero s cycuepuero, no 1e ne enee ne nksn s 1o, u1o 1o1 pye1 ne 1k, kk
on. nn aosLe nc1opnk un1, ko1opm npesnpn npnaepxenuea noao pennrnn,
no ocyxpn epon s xec1okoe k nn o1nouenne - n rpnnn n un1 6mnn
neaepykunn. [nonek1nn 6onLue cnyun caonx noppnnmx, [eun n apenn 6mnn
qn1nkn, kk n nx npop.
ckonLko 1nro1 npnunocL nepenec1n, nok pnckne anc1n okonu1enLno ne npnnnnn
xpnc1nnc1ao n ne npnaenn ncenenne a nono noao aepm! peunn 6mno ouenL
cnnLnoe conpo1nanenne - kk cpepn yuenmx yxe, 1k n a ropopx n cenx;
ennckonm npnnoxnnn 6onLune ycnnnn, u1o6m opone1L ec1nmx 6oxkoa, n no6ep a
koneuno cue1e 6mn poc1nrny1 ne c1onLko s cue1 o6puennn n y6expennn, ckonLko
6nroppn noakoc1n, 1epnennk n apeenn. enn noc1onoa a coue1nnn co
aceaosoxnmn ynoakn cyen senn1L 6oxec1a necoa, nyroa, pek can1mn,
yuennkn n peac1aennnun. pouno noro apeenn, 6mno cpenno neno
onnounoc1e, npexpe ue 6mn npen aepnm ny1L. [ u1o roaopn1L o apeenx
o1pnennmx! sae a co Opnunn ne1 npnxop, rpe 6m canuennnkoa po cnx nop ne
s6o1nnn cyeaepnn, c1onL xe yc1ouname, ckonL nenenme? k1onnuecko Bpe1nn a
npouno c1one1nn opnn ennckon ponro cpxncn c kynL1o kennoro npon. n
npnksman 6poc1L 1nxenyk rnm6y a aopy, n acnkn ps ynpnme noknonnnkn
poc1ann ee, n no1pe6oanocL aeu1enLc1ao nexo1m, u1o6m ps6n1L npon n
kyckn. o1 a nrnnpnm npnep ponroxn1enLc1a nsmuec1a. 1k, n penk amaop:
ne1 ocnoann y1aepxp1L, u1o n n qnnm xo1L n opnn penL 6mnn nnuenm
pennrnosnmx uyac1a.
Cnepoa1enLno, nockonLky nn a pneko npouno, nn ao apeen nmneunne nn opn
nunn ne o1aeprn caoero kynL1, nok e ne pann ppyro, nenLsn cks1L, u1o
kpx npopoa ec1L cnepc1ane nx 6esaepnn.
1ksmancL npnnn1L pspyun1enLnyk cnny qn1ns, pockoun, npennn npaoa n
6esaepnn, n nepexoxy k aonpocy o pypno npanennn, a1o1 npepe1 scnyxnae1
o1penLnoro psroaop.
III
K n mn k r .
nonnk, nckonLko 1pypn a1 1e. [xe c nonm1k sroaopn1L o6 a1o
nokxe1cn norn un11enn ue-1o apope nppokc. kpn y6expenm - n nek1 n
1o poc11ouno ocnoann, - u1o xopoune skonm, xopoun pnnnc1punn
oksmak1 nenocpepc1aennoe n cnnLnoe aospec1ane n spopoaLe nunn, no npn a1o
sxopn1 1k pneko, u1o npnnncmak1 skon n pnnnc1punn peukuyk ponL a
npoponxn1enLnoc1n cyuec1aoannn counnLno coaokynnoc1n nkpe, a ue n
sknkue1cn pcnpoc1pnennoe s6nyxpenne.
syee1cn, peno o6c1onno 6m nenno 1k, ecnn 6m npopm ornn xn1L 1onLko a
coc1onnnn 6nrononyunn, no m sne, u1o onn cyuec1ayk1 ponroe apen, kk,
anpoue, n o1penLnme nkpn, a nepnopm pesoprnnsunn n ps6pop, o1opme uc1o
o1pxk1cn n n cocepnx. cnn 6m nunn acerp ynpnn o1 caonx 6onesne, kk
ornn 6m onn amxn1L a nepame ropm caoero qopnpoannn? epL nenno 1orp onn
nek1 cyk pypnyk pnnnc1punk n nnxypune skonm, k 1oy xe nnoxo
ncnonnneme. k ps a a1o coc1on1 nx o1nnune o1 uenoaeueckoro oprnns: ecnn
oprnns, oco6enno a pe1c1ae, once1cn 6onesne, nepep ko1opmn on nano ne
amc1on1, 1o o6uec1ao 1knx 6ep ne sne1; nc1opnn pe1 n aennkoe noxec1ao
npnepoa 1oro, u1o o6uec1ao 6es konu yckonLse1 o1 cmx oncnmx, ponrnx n
onyc1oukunx nonn1nuecknx nepyroa, kpnnn nponanennnn konx nannk1cn
nnoxne skonm n cnnuko cypoaoe nnn 6espsnnunoe npanenne [acu, acH
nc, v vu nnvckH cycaaa kakr- a
anac, x nr caa, nravc ana.].
pexpe acero nonm1ecn y1ounn1L, u1o snun1 pypnoe npanenne.
Cyuec1aye1 noxec1ao psnoanpnoc1e a1oro sn, nx, noxny, pxe neaosoxno
nepeuncnn1L, 1e 6onee u1o nx uncno ynoxe1cn, ecnn yun1ma1L any1pennkk
konc1n1yunk npopoa, reorpqnueckoe nonoxenne n anoxy. e ne enee nx oxno
crpynnnpoa1L a ue1mpe ocnoanme k1eropnn.
panenne cun1e1cn pypnm, korp ono nansno nsane. qnnx 1kn cn1yunn
nen ec1o npn 1pnpu1n 1npnx, s1e xn1enn y6annncL o1 nnx n nunonnLnm
pyx aoace ne pspyunncn o1 yrne1ennn, 1onLko ykpennncn.
panenne - pypnoe, ecnn ono ocnoano n saoeannn. ue1mpnpu1o aeke
Opnunn, nou1n uennko, nxopnncL nop nro nrnnn. amun ns-nop nero 6onee
cnnLno n npouae1kue. n1 naopnnnn n sxa1nnn onronLckne oppm, no
npnuno apen, n kn1um npornnn nx co caoe senn, npap, saoea1enn cmrpnn
ponL psppxn1enn. ocne a1oro c1pn nonn nop ppyroe nro; xo1n nuxypm
npan1 6onee 100 ne1, nx xpe1 1 xe yuc1L, u1o n onronoa.
co6enno pypnoe npanenne cnyue1cn, ecnn ero npnnunn c1noan1cn nopounm,
acnepc1ane uero nponcxopn1 pspyuenne co cnc1em npanennn. koa 6mn
cypL6 ncnncko onpxnn. cnoannn n aonncko pyxe n o6uec1aenno cao6ope,
on nun k konuy upc1aoannn Onnnnn II s6ma1L caon ocnoam. eaosoxno
npepc1an1L ce6e c1pny, rpe po6ponpanme kcnm nnn 6m nc1onLko nnsko, rpe
anc1L 6mn 6m 6onee cn6o n npesnpeo, rpe c pennrnosnn cnc1e pan
6m 6onLue noaopoa pnn kpn1nkn. CenLckoe xosnc1ao n npomunennoc1L,
nopaepxennme 1e xe nepyr, u1o n acn nnepnn, annn a ps. o norn6n nn
cnnnn? e1. D1 c1pn pn apone cnanm npnep conpo1nanennn qpnuysckn
aock, n a1o, naepnoe, epnnc1aennoe ns coapeennmx rocyppc1a, rpe
nunonnLnm pyx neo6muno cnnen n kpenok.
ue npanenne 6mae1 pypnm, korp a cnny npnpopm caonx nnc1n1y1oa ono
npoknpmae1 ny1L k n1ronnsy - nn6o expy amcue anc1Lk n ccn, nn6o
expy psnnunmn knccn. pnepo 1oy cnyx1 cpepneaekoame koponn nrnnn n
Opnunn, apxpoaaune co caonn sn1nmn accnn, ko1opme, a caok ouepepL,
aoeann co caonn kpec1Lnnn; nnn epnnn, rpe nepame npo6neckn cao6opm
mcnn npnaenn k rpxpnckn aon rycn1oa, n6n1nc1oa n npounx cek1n1oa.
6onee pnnne apeen 1nnn nc1onLko cnnLno c1ppn o1 pspen anc1n,
ko1opyk pann n uc1n nnep1op, nn, pnc1okp1m n o6unnm, u1o npop ne snn,
koy nopunnn1Lcn, n uc1o aoo6ue nnkoro ne npnsnan. o norn6no nn o1 a1oro
n1nLnnckoe o6uec1ao? e1. 1nLnnckn unannnsunn nnkorp ne 6mn c1onL
6nnc11enLno, nnpyc1pnn 6onee nponsaopn1enLno, annnnne a npe 6onee
neocnopnm.
cknonen py1L, u1o nnorp, a cm psrp 1knx no1pncenn, n neko1opoe
apen, nopo6no conneunoy nyuy, nonanne1cn yppn n yc1ounan anc1L n
qynkunonnpye1 n 6nro npopoa; no a1o pnn1cn neponro, n 1k xe, kk
npo1naononoxnn cn1yunn ne npnaopn1 k cep1n nunn, 1k n cae1noe ncknkuenne
ne o6ecneunae1 xnsnec1okoc1n. [nn a1oro neo6xopno, u1o6m anoxn npouae1nnn
cnyunncL uue n npoponxnncL ponLue. ecnn cnpaepnname cnc1em npanennn
pepkn ceropnn, 1o onn nonannnncL ne uue n npexpe. 6m po6ann, u1o pxe cme
6nrononyunme ns nnx opuenm npo1naopeunamn nennnn n cnopn. sae ace
nc1opnkn ouennak1 npanenne nnLrenL pnckoro kk anoxy npouae1nnn pnn
nrnnn? sae ace aocxnuk1cn kpoanko IV ennkn, 6es acnknx oroaopok?
npo1na. xynn1ennx nepoc11k ne1, n onn ne ao ace nenpam, opnko a1o 6mno
coe ynopnpouennoe, coe nnopo1aopnoe apen a npouno Opnunn n ee cocepe.
peen xopouero npanennn nc1onLko pepkn, nckonLko npo1naopeunam, korp onn
ace xe cnyuk1cn. onn1nueckn nyk, cn amcokn n 1epnnc1n ns acex nyk,
nc1onLko cy6Lek1nan, u1o nenLsn, nonox pyky n ceppue, o6Lncnn1L rn6enL
npopoa nnoxn npanenne. Bnroppn ne6y, onn nspan npnamknn k a1oy sny,
ko1opoe pxe a caonx akc1penLnmx nponanennnx ace xe ropspo npepnou1n1enLnee,
ue npxnn. D1o qk1 poksnnm, n 1u1enLnoe nsyuenne nc1opnn noksmae1, u1o
suc1yk nnoxoe npanenne, psapukuee npop, oksmae1cn nyuue, ue
npepuec1aykuee.
!"
O , kk ux; m ak
, kk qyn n .
cnn un11enL npannLno nonnn ace amuecksnnoe, on ne cpene1 amaop, u1o a1op
ne npnpe1 nnkkoro snuennn 6onesnn counnLnoro oprnns n u1o nnoxoe
npanenne, qn1ns, 6esaepne npepc1annk1 a ero rnsx nnuero ne snuune
qk1opm. oneuno xe, y onx mcne coace ppyroe nnpanenne. , kk n ace,
npnsnk, u1o ne1 nnuero xopouero, korp o6uec1ao c1ppe1 o1 a1nx nepyroa, n u1o
ace s6o1m, ace 1pypm n ycnnnn, npepnpnnneme pnn 1oro, u1o6m ns6an1Lcn o1
nnx, ne nponpk1 ppo; n npoc1o y1aepxpk, u1o ecnn a1n pesoprnnsykune
aneen1m ne amsanm 6onee cnnLnm pspyun1enLnm npnnunno, ecnn onn ne
nannk1cn cnepc1ane ckpm1oro n 6onee c1punoro sn, oxno 6m1L yaepennm, u1o
nx yppm ne 6ypy1 cep1enLnm, u1o nocne 6onee nnn enee npoponxn1enLnoro
nepnop c1ppnn o6uec1ao ampe1 ns nero, aosoxno, o6noanennm n 6onee
cnnLnm.
pnaepennme npnepm ne kxy1cn poc11ounmn, xo1n nx uncno oxno
npnynox1L po 6eckoneunoc1n; nenno no a1o npnunne sppam cmcn
nnc1nnk1nano uyac1aoan nc1nny. n nonnn, u1o no 6onLuoy cue1y ne c1on1
npnpa1L nesnun1enLnm nanennn nepaoc1enennoro snuennn, u1o cnepye1 a
ppyro ec1e n 6onee 1u1enLno nck1L npnunnm xnsnn n cep1n, ynpannkune
cypL6o npopoa. oa1oy, nesancno o1 o6c1on1enLc1a 6nrononyunn nnn nepyr,
yuenme nunn pcc1pna1L konc1n1yunk o6uec1a cy no ce6e n cknonnm
ponyc1n1L, u1o nnkkn aneunnn npnunn ne nanne1cn cep1onocno po 1ex nop, nok
pspyun1enLnm npnnunn, poxpennm a neppx o6uec1a, neo1pennm o1 o6uec1a,
ne npno6pe1e1 poc11ounmx cu16oa; n, nnpo1na, kk 1onLko a1o1
pspyun1enLnm qk1op nponanne1cn a nonno epe, rn6enL npop npeppeuen,
pxe ecnn y nero coe nyuuee npanenne n sene. D1o nnonne1 nc1ouennyk
noupL, npkuyk n poano popore.
pnnna 1kyk 1ouky spennn, m pene ur anepep n amxopn n nouay, 6onee
qnnocoqckyk, ue pnLue. [ec1an1enLno, Bnu ne npenncn o1kpm1L 6onLuyk
1ny o6ueuenoaeueckoro cyuec1aoannn; nsyun aneunne o6c1on1enLc1a, on nckn
o1ae1m a co cy1n uenoaek. onLko 1kn ny1e oxno cpen1L o1kpm1ne.
coxnennk, a1 sppan mcnL 6mn pesynL11o p6o1m nnc1nnk1 n ne
npopannyncL a caoe nornuecko psan1nn, noa1oy no1epnen nopxenne npn
nepamx xe 1pypnoc1nx. ccnepoa1enn ackpnunn: [, a co pene, npnunn
pcnp counnLnoro oprnns nxopn1cn a ne co, no a ue sknkue1cn a1
npnunn? o1ae1 onn ycnmunn: mpoxpenne. unn ynpk1, ecnn onn coc1on1
ns ampoxpkunxcn aneen1oa. 1ae1 6mn 1ounm - n a1nonornueckn, n ao acex
o1nouennnx; npo 6mno nnuL onpepenn1L, kk nonn1L 1epnn ampopnauncn
nunn. ao1 specL nexn1 kenL npe1knoaennn: ampopnauncn npopo nsann
npop, ko1opm y1p1nn ncxopnme po6pope1enn o1uoa-ocnoa1ene a pesynL11e
pypnoro npanennn, snoyno1pe6nennn caonn 6or1c1an, qn1ns nnn 1ens.
k xe ace a1o snkoo po ckykn! onyue1cn, u1o nunn rn6ne1 nop yppn
counnLnmx 6onesne, no1oy u1o on ampopnncL, n on ampopnncL, no1oy u1o
norn6e1. D1o1 kpyroao pryen1 poksmae1 nnuL, u1o nu nyk counnLno
n1onn nxopn1cn a pe1cko aospc1e. cknonen py1L, u1o npopm rn6ny1
no1oy, u1o onn ampopnnncL, ne no nno npnunne; onn penk1cn okonu1enLno
necnoco6nmn nepexn1L aneunne yppm, yppm snocuc1no cypL6m, ne ory1
nopnn1Lcn n norn n kopu1cn a ronnn. cnn onn ynpk1, 1o nnuL no1oy, u1o ne
o6npk1 nepep nnuo oncnoc1n 1o cnno, ko1opn o1nnun nx npepkoa, opnn
cnoao, onn ampopnnncL okonu1enLno. oa1opnk, a1o ouenL ypunoe ampxenne, no
ono yxpe1cn a noncnennn n ocmcnennn. k n nouey 1epnk1cn xnsnennn cnn?
o1 aonpoc, ko1opm cnepye1 sp1L. k nponcxopn1 ampoxpenne? o1 u1o npo
o6Lncnn1L. [o cnx nop orpnnunanncL 1epnnonorne, ne annkn a cmcn. nnxe n
nonm1kcL cpen1L cnepykun ur.
1k, n cun1k, u1o cnoao ampoxpenne npnenn1enLno k npopy ponxno osnu1L n
osnue1, u1o a1o1 npop yxe ne nee1 1ex kuec1a, ko1opme nen npexpe, 1. k. a ero
xnnx 1eue1 ppyrn kpoaL. Ckxe no-ppyroy: coxpnna npexnee nn, on ne
coxpnnn pcy, k ko1opo npnnpnexnn ero ocnoa1enn; nkoneu, uenoaek ynpk,
nsmaem ampopnauncn uenoaeko, ec1L npopyk1, o1nnukuncn c a1nnuecko
1oukn spennn o1 repoea aennknx anox. opouo, ecnn 6m on oc1ann ce6e xo1L uc1L
caoe cyunoc1n, opnko ue 6onLue on ampoxpe1cn, 1e 6mc1pee a1 cyunoc1L
ncuese1. ne yxe npeo6npk1 re1eporennme aneen1m, onn-1o n coc1annk1
coaepuenno noayk nunonnLnoc1L, npnue noayk a xypue cmcne; on yxe ne
npnnpnexn1 k 1e, koro ace eue cun1e1 npepkn - psae u1o o1pnenno
nnonne1 nx. n ampe1 okonu1enLno, aec1e c nn n ero unannnsunn. D1o
nponsope1, korp nepaopopnm a1nnueckn aneen1 okxe1cn nc1onLko
ps6anennm npnecLk uyxnx pc, u1o anp1ynLnoc1L a1oro aneen1 yxe ne nee1
cyuec1aennoro snuennn. syee1cn, nunn ne ncuesne1 a qnsnuecko nnn
6conk1no cmcne, no npk1nueckn ocn6ne1 po 1ko c1enenn, u1o ampoxpenne
oxno cun11L saepuennm co acen ero npnsnkn.
cnn ne ypc1cn poks1L a1y 1eopey, snun1, n ackpmn cy1L ampoxpennn n
o6Lncnnn cmcn a1oro cnoa. oksman noc1enennoe nsenenne cyunoc1n nunn, n a
kko-1o epe psmak o1ae1c1aennoc1L s ynpok: on yxe nexn1 ne n cmnoaLnx,
n nnennnnkx, s1e n kysenx, s1e n 6onee pnLnnx popc1aennnkx, n korp
okxe1cn, u1o a oen1 caoe rn6enn 1o1 nnn nno npop nece1 a caonx xnnx ouenL
nyk uc1L kpoan o1uoa-ocnoa1ene, 6ype1 poc11ouno nonn1no, nouey rn6ny1
unannnsunn, nepexopn ns pyk a pykn. pnoapeenno n s1prnak eue 6onee
pepskn npepe1, nexenn 1o1, u1o pcc1pnancn a npepmpyunx rnax, nenno:
cyuec1ayk1 nn expy uenoaeuecknn pcn pec1an1enLno cepLesnme psnnunn
apoxpennoro xpk1ep n oxno nn nx onpepenn1L kuec1aenno?
1o6m ne 1epn1L apeenn, nuny c pccyxpenn, kckunxcn nepaoro nynk1,
a1opo nponcnn1cn no epe nx nsnoxennn.
Mon mcnL c1ne1 6onee nonn1no, ecnn n cpank nunk, nk6yk nunk, c
uenoaeueckn oprnnso. Onsnonorn cun1k1, u1o on noc1onnno o6noanne1cn ao
acex caonx coc1anmx uc1nx, u1o a ne nponcxopn1 neckonuen 1pncqopunn n
u1o no npouec1ann onpepenennoro apeenn on copepxn1 a ce6e nyk 1onnky 1oro,
u1o ncxopno coc1annno ero ocnoay: a c1pnke nou1n nnuero ne oc1e1cn o1 uenoaek
cpepnnx ne1, a nocnepne no oc1e1cn o1 noppoc1k, a noppoc1ke - o1 pe6enk;
1kn o6pso, 1epnnLnn nnpnanpynLnoc1L noppepxnae1cn 1onLko
any1pennnn n aneunnn qopn, ko1opme anponsennk1cn, yc1ynn ec1o ppyrn,
no noxoxn n npexnne. pnnc1aennn psnnu expy uenoaeueckn oprnnso n
nune, n o asrnnp, sknkue1cn a 1o, u1o a nocnepne qopm ynnu1oxk1 ppyr
ppyr n ncuesk1 c neaepon1no 6mc1po1o. osLe npop, nnn, nyuue cks1L,
nnen, a 1o1 oen1, korp ono, noppauncL nnc1nnk1y xnsnec1okoc1n, npnpymae1
ce6e skonm n nunne1 nrp1L kkyk-1o ponL a a1o npe. pn a1o no epe poc1
ero no1pe6noc1e n ero cnn ono ac1yne1 a nens6exnm kon1k1 c ppyrnn
ceec1an, n ey ype1cn npncoepnnn1L nx k ce6e cnno nnn npnmn cpepc1an.
e ace o6unn poaopn1cn nopnn1Lcn po 1koro ypoann, nepepn ko1opm nnen a
opnn npekpcnm penL c1noan1cn nune. cnn neko1opme pcm, pxe ne ouenL
amcoko c1onune n nec1nnue unannnsunn, 1e ne enee nepeurnynn a1o1 nopor,
nenLsn cun11L a1o o6un npanno; nnpo1na, ne kxe1cn, uenoaeuecko o6unne
1pypno aosamcn1Lcn np ypoane uc1nuno oprnnsunn, n nnuL oco6o oppennm
rpynn ype1cn nepexop a 6onee cnoxnoe coc1onnne. poks1enLc1ao nnonk
nmneunee coc1onnne nornx 1knx rpynn, ps6pocnnmx no acey npy. pynnme
nneen, oco6enno nerpm-nencrn onnnesnn, coepm n ppyrne pepc1an1enn
ceaepnoro nonyupnn, 1kxe 6onLun uc1L qpnkncknx nerpoa 1k n ne cornn
am1n ns coc1onnnn 6eccnnnn n xnay1 kk 6m nnoxennme ppyr n ppyr n nonnoc1Lk
nesancnme o1 oc1nLnoro np. Cme cnnLnme nc1pe6nnk1 cn6mx, 1e c1pk1cn
kk oxno pnLue o1opanny1Lcn o1 cnnLnmx - a1n orpnnunae1cn acn nonn1nk
1knx a6pnonoa o6uec1a, ko1opme c oen1 nonanennn uenoaek n sene
npe6mak1 a c1onL yppyukue coc1onnnn, 1k n ne npn nnuero nyuuero s caok
ponryk nc1opnk. Mne ory1 aospsn1L, u1o a1n necuc1nme coc1annk1 enLuyk
uc1L ncenennn senn; a1o npap, no ne c1on1 s6ma1L ppyrnx, n nopo6nmx,
ko1opme korp-1o cyuec1aoann n ncuesnn. ncno nx nensepno n naepnnk
coc1anne1 nopannkuee 6onLunnc1ao unc1mx pc cpepn xen1mx n uepnmx npopoa.
cnn xe ponyc1n1L, u1o pnn ouenL 6onLuoro uncn nkpe oksncn neaosoxen
nepam ur k unannnsunn, ecnn yuec1L, u1o 1kne npopnoc1n pccennm no ace
sene, ao acex reorpqnuecknx n knn1nuecknx sonx - n sennx, nokpm1mx nLpo
n cnero, a yepennmx n xpknx ponx, n 6epery ope, osep n pek, a rnyun
necoa, n senenmx pannnx nnn a nyc1mnnx, - npnpe1cn cpen1L amaop, u1o kkn-
1o uc1L uenoaeuec1a nsnunLno nnuen cnoco6noc1n k counannnsunn pxe a
co no epe, nockonLky necnoco6n nopan1L a ce6e ec1ec1aennoe o1apuenne,
ko1opoe uenoaek, 1ouno 1k xe, kk n xnao1nme, ncnm1mae1 k ckpeunannk.
pnko oc1an a nokoe a1n necoun6enLnme nneen n npoponxn nopnn1Lcn no
nec1nnue nc1opnn c 1en, ko1opme nonnk1, u1o ecnn onn xo1n1 yaennun1L caok
xnsnennyk cnny n 6nrococ1onnne, 1orp 6conk1no neo6xopno nn6o aoennmn,
nn6o npnmn cpepc1an, aoaneuL cocepe a caok cqepy o6n1nnn. oneuno, cm
npoc1o cnoco6 - aon. 1k, nunne1cn aon, no korp on skonun1cn, korp
pspyun1enLnme c1pc1n y1nxny1, oc1ny1cn nnennnkn, onn c1noan1cn p6n, p6m
p6o1k1, n ao1 nonannk1cn knccm, psanae1cn npomunennoc1L, n nnen
nepexopn1 a k1eropnk npopnoc1n. D1o yxe 6onee amcokn ypoaenL, no ne ace
o6unoc1n, poc1nrune ero, nopnnk1cn amue - norne orpnnunak1cn a1n n
skocneak1 n a1o c1ynenn.
pnko ppyrne, 6onee npepnpnnuname n aneprnunme, co1pn1 pnLue n npy1 pnLue
npoc1oro popepc1a: onn sxa1mak1 6onLuyk 1eppn1opnk n penk1 caoe
co6c1aennoc1Lk ne 1onLko xn1ene, no n nx senn. C a1oro oen1 qopnpye1cn
nc1onun nunn. c1o a 1euenne kkoro-1o apeenn o6e pcm - no6epn1enn n
no6expennme - npoponxk1 xn1L 6ok o 6ok, ne ceunancL, opnko no epe 1oro,
kk onn c1noan1cn ace 6onee nyxnm ppyr ppyry, kk yc1nannae1cn o6unoc1L
1pypoa n nn1epecoa, kk o6npm s6mak1cn, no6expennme ec1ec1aennm o6pso
nunnk1 nopnn1Lcn k ypoank no6epn1ene, nocnepnne nxopn1 noxec1ao npnunn
cnncxopn1enLno o1nocn1Lcn k a1o 1enpenunn n pxe nooupn1L ee: ao1 1orp n
nponcxopn1 ceuenne kpoan, n npepc1an1enn payx pc yxe nepec1k1 npnnpnex1L
k psnnunm nneen, ace 6onLue coepnnnncL a opno uenoe.
pn ace a1o nnc1nnk1 nsonnunn nc1onLko ykopenen a uenoaeke, u1o pxe n a1o
a1ne ckpeunannn nee1 ec1o conpo1nanenne pnLneuey npoueccy. c1L npopm,
uLe ceunnoe nponcxoxpenne poc1oaepno nsaec1no n ko1opme, 1e ne enee,
coxpnnk1 knnoam pyx. npnep, p6m, ko1opme ne 1onLko amunn ns ae1ae
cen1cko rpynnm - onn opnoapeenno npnnpnex1 k pay ceec1a - Cn n
, - ne roaopn yxe o 6ecuncnennmx popc1aennmx nepenne1ennnx ec1noro
cu16. eco1pn n psnnunme nc1okn, nx npnaepxennoc1L k nneenno nsonnunn
nanne1cn opno ns cmx nopsn1enLnmx oco6ennoc1e nx nunonnLnoro xpk1ep
n nonn1nuecko nc1opnn; nx nsrnnne ns cnnnn oxno o6Lncnn1L ne 1onLko nx
reorpqnuecko psppo6nennoc1Lk n a1o nonyoc1poae, no n 6onee rny6oko
psppo6nennoc1Lk - conepnnuec1ao ceec1a any1pn nenLknx onpxn
nencnn, onepo, oppoam n penpm [ak cHn aackx a k
svck nn ra nnanncn acuHa camH aH;
nymcak acckamaa, v a Qx, r aam vu cam,
yka, kan Hx crnacucn a ac, v yr, a r, y
vyacaaau cn n, cn cvacn akmH akH c ykH
n anH, kmH a mv acn c vyacaH nn]. D1o
seunne oxno o1nec1n k 6onLunnc1ay npopoa, npn6ana, u1o 1, rpe c1epnncL
nneennme psnnunn, nx ec1o snne1 nnc1nnk1 consonnunn no nunonnLnoy
npnsnky, ko1opm nc1onLko cnnen, u1o nopan1L ero ne a cnnx pxe pennrnosnn
o6unoc1L. D1o nee1 ec1o y p6oa n 1ypkoa, y nepcoa n eapeea, y npnaepxenuea
npcns n nnpycoa, y cnpncknx nec1opnnuea n kyppoa; a1o1 nnc1nnk1 nponanne1cn
n y eaponecknx 1ypkoa, cnepm ero oxno ac1pe1n1L a enrpnn, y pLnp, ckcoa,
anxoa, xopa1oa, n n y1aepxpk, u1o a neko1opmx ponx Opnunn, c1pne, rpe
pcm nepeeunm 6onee, ue rpe 6m 1o nn 6mno, cyuec1ayk1 pepeann, xn1enn
ko1opmx n ceropnn ne xo1n1 popnn1Lcn c cocepnnn cenennnn.
cun1k ce6n anpae sknkun1L, ncxopn ns a1nx npnepoa, oxa1makunx ace
c1pnm n anoxn, pxe nuy c1pny n nue apen, u1o uenoaeuec1ao ao acex caonx
o1ae1anennnx ncnm1mae1 1nyk nenpnnsnL k ceuennk, u1o y neko1opmx npopoa
a1o uyac1ao nenckopenno, y ppyrnx no ampxeno; u1o pxe 1e, k1o okonu1enLno
ocao6opnnncL o1 a1oro nnc1nnk1, coxpnnk1 a ce6e ero cnepm - n ao1 a1n nocnepnne
npopnoc1n ory1 c1ynn1L n 1pony unannnsunn.
kn o6pso, pop uenoaeueckn nopunnne1cn pay skon - o11opxennk n
npn1nxennk, - ko1opme a psno epe aospec1ayk1 n ace pcm, npnue nepam
skon co6nkpk1 1onLko 1e pcm, ko1opm nnkorp ne pno nopnn1Lcn amue
aneen1pnoro o6Lepnnennn n ypoane nneenn, expy 1e kk a1opo pec1aye1 c
1ko cnno, u1o co6nkpkune ero a1nnueckne rpynnm 6onee cnoco6nm k nporpeccy.
o specL neo6xopno cpen1L y1ounenne. npnaen npnep npop a a6pnonnLno
nnn ceec1aenno coc1onnnn, n pn ey cnoco6noc1n, u1o6m on or nepe1n a
coc1onnne nunn, n ao1 on cpenncn nune; nc1opnn ckpmae1 ao 1Le npounoro
coc1anme aneen1m ncxopno rpynnm, n ne nsaec1no 1onLko 1o, u1o a1n aneen1m
o6ecneunnn ero 1pncqopunk, o ko1opo n pccksn; 1enepL nepep nn pae
aosoxnoc1n, pae cypL6m, n o6e onn npeponpepenenm - on 6ype1 nn6o no6epn1ene,
nn6o no6expennm.
cpenn ero no6epn1ene, npennn ero 6nec1nue cypL6o: on anc1aye1 np
cocepnn n opnoapeenno unannnsye1 nx; on ne cee1 cep1L n pspyuenne 1, rpe
npoxopn1; on yaxe1 uyxne nn1nnkn, nnc1n1y1m, npam, o6mun; nsenne1 on
nnuL 1o, u1o ey kxe1cn nonesnm nsenn1L, u1o oxno senn1L ue-1o 6onee
coaepuennm; a ero pykx cn6oc1L npeapue1cn a cnny, n pec1aye1 on 1k, kk
cksno a ncnnn: aosamcn1cn on np nkpLn.
e snk, npnxopnn nn un11enk 1kn mcnL, no a npncoanno nok kp1nne,
ko1opn oxe1 o1nocn1Lcn k nnpyc, ernn1nn, nepc, keponu, ne kxy1cn
rnanmn pa oen1. epam: nekn nunn, ne o6npkun nn cnno, nn
oryuec1ao, neoxnpnno nonpe1 nop nn1y saoea1enn n oksmae1cn nepep
nnuo noao nyuue cypL6m - 1k cnyunnocL c ckcn [akcm rynna
rHackx nnH, acnnamx a ca Ha, k acky
a k anay xr vn 3num. 1ncu a III-IV aa. a
nnH c. c V a. vacu cakca nnaanacu a Ba
aaana cknuk knaca. akcm, caamcn a Ha,
acnnarancu a raax c 4akckH rcyacaH ncn nnu
um mn nkm anH nkH (772-804). cn acnaa
anrck Hn a nx, acnmx cakcaH, aaancu
akcck rrca.] a nrnnn, korp nx saoeann nopnnm [3. Ham,
Ham ( cka. northman cam vnak) H, nnm
a an n m k.ckaaackH aaH (avaaH, maaH,
axaH), camaamH c cm VIII .a. nack ar a
nxu anm nnHaamH anu k m a rnyu Haka.
kaaa Haa amaan akraH (aaH), a Ba
mn acm kak am, a a yc nnyvn aHaa aanr.
ynua ara axaan avnuy vacu Ba na,
can nck knaca (ann) rrca Hack
(4an), acnn caa a a nak, caan ncnn a
a Hk cmran avnuy nu a Haa ycck
rcyacac. skcnac ckaaaa amn a c kak
snxa akra.]. 1opo: nekn ns6pnnm n cnnLnm npop, npenennm
nano npeppcnonoxennoc1Lk k ceuennk c ppyro kpoaLk, ac1yne1 a 6nnskne
o1nouennn c pco, o1c1noc1L ko1opo nop1aepxpe1cn ne 1onLko ee nopxenne, no
n o1cy1c1ane kuec1a, nekunxcn y no6epn1ene. ao1 c 1oro apeenn, korp
coaepunnocL saoeanne n nunocL cnnnnne, cnepye1 p1npoa1L nuno nsenenn
a coc1ae kpoan no6epn1ene. cnn o6noanenne n a1o n skonun1cn, 1o no
npouec1ann onpepenennoro nepnop, npoponxn1enLnoc1L ko1oporo sancn1 o1
nepaonunLno uncnennoc1n ac1ynnaunx a conpnkocnoaenne npopoa, cqopnpye1cn
noan pc, koneuno, ne 1kn oryuec1aennn, kk nyuun ns ee npepkoa, opnko
ace eue cnnLnn n o6npkun oco6mn kuec1an, o6ycnoanennmn ceuenne n
nensaec1nmn o6en ncxopnm rpynn. o o6muno o6Lepnnenne ne orpnnunae1cn
yuc1ne 1onLko payx pc.
npepc1ann ce6e oryuec1aennyk nnepnk, oksmakuyk annnnne n cocepe.
npepnonrk, u1o on npepnpne1 noame saoeannn, cnepoa1enLno, acnkn ps k
o6uey kpoao1oky 6ype1 po6ann1Lcn noan kpoaL.
1nmne, no epe yaennuennn nunn - s cue1 opyxnn nnn poroaopoa, - ace 6onLue
nsenne1cn ee a1nnueckn xpk1ep. n c1noan1cn 6or1o, npepnpnnunao,
unannnsoanno; no1pe6noc1n n npnamukn ppyrnx npopoa nxopn1 nonnoe
ypoane1aopenne a ee c1onnux, 6onLunx ropopx n nop1x, n k ne c1ekk1cn 1mcnun
n 1mcnun uyxeseuea. poxopn1 nenoro apeenn, n n ceny nepaonunLnoy
psnnunk no nunonnLnoy npnsnky npnxopn1 kc1oame psnnunn.
syee1cn, a coo1ae1c1ann c on nnno, npop, o ko1opo npe1 peuL, ampxe1
caon npen nsonnunn oqnunnLnmn pennrnosnmn yc1noanennnn, n npyun1ene
xpe1 cypoaoe nksnne. 1k, a1o1 npop unannnsoannm, y nero nrkne n
cnncxopn1enLnme npam pxe a o1nouennn aepm, ero opkynm kpcnopeunam n
y6epn1enLnm, no ace pano nonannk1cn anekc1oame oco6n, noa1oy kxpm penL
neo6xopno cospa1L noame psnnunn, npnpyma1L noame knccnqnkunn, noxn1L
counnLnme k1eropnn 1k, u1o neaosoxno yxe pso6p1Lcn a nrpooxpennn acex
noppspenenn, apLnpykunxcn po 6eckoneunoc1n o1 npoannunn k npoannunn, o1
kn1on k kn1ony, o1 pepeann k pepeane. enno 1k nponcxopnno a c1pnx npnn.
, noxny, 1onLko 6pxnm nponannnn c1okoc1L a nsonnunonnc1cknx npenx,
cn npopm, kc11n, unannnsoannme 6nroppn 6pxn, ne npnnnnn nnn, no
kpne epe, pano o1aeprun ckoamakune npepnncnnn. o acex rocyppc1ax,
nekunx psan1yk nn1ennek1ynLnyk kynL1ypy, nou1n ne o6punn annnnn n 1e
o1unnnme nonm1kn, ko1opme 6mnn npepnpnnn1m skonop1ennn pLnap1m ns
xennnn npnnpn1L npepnncnnn skon Mny c ynpno nornko penLnoc1n. c1m,
ko1opme cyuec1aoann, ncuesnn a 1o1 oen1, korp ace nkpn, 6es psnnunn a
nponcxoxpennn, ycaonnn nyky npo6na1Lcn naepx n nonyu1L nsaec1noc1L
6nroppn nonesnm o1kpm1nn nnn 1nn1. o opnoapeenno c a1oro pnn nunn,
6maun korp-1o no6epn1enLnnue n k1nano unannnsykue cnno, c1n ncues1L:
ee kpoaL ceuncL co acen c1ekkunncn k ne pyuekn.
poe 1oro, uc1o cnyue1cn, u1o uncnennoc1L ponnnpykuero npop nunne1
yenLu1Lcn no cpanennk c no6expennmn, , c ppyro c1oponm, neko1opme pcm,
cnyxune qynpen1o pnn ncenennn o6unpnmx 1eppn1opn, 6mc1po psnoxk1cn
- nnpnep kenL1m n cnanne. o1 eue opn npnunn, nouey 6mc1po ncuesk1
rocnopc1aykune pcm. [pyrn sknkue1cn a 1o, u1o nx amcokn k1nanoc1L n
6onLun ponL a rocyppc1aennmx penx uue penk1 nx npepc1an1ene xep1an
aon n n1exe. kn o6pso, ecnn, c opno c1oponm, onn o6Lepnnnk1 aokpyr ce6n,
6nroppn caoe unannns1opcko qynkunn, ppyrne aneen1m, u1o6m norno1n1L nx, 1o
onn c1noan1cn xep1an caoe nouncnennoc1n n eue 1mcnu npounx
pspyun1enLnmx o6c1on1enLc1a.
ueanpno, u1o ncuesnoaenne pcm-no6epn1enLnnum a psnmx pernonx nponcxopn1
psnmn 1enn. e ne enee, a1o1 npouecc ackpy npe1 po konu, n aespe on
saepue1cn sponro po 1oro, kk ncuese1 unannnsunn, poxpennn a1o pco;
nnmn cnoan, npop oxe1 xn1L, cyuec1aoa1L, qynkunonnpoa1L, pxe
c1noan1Lcn cnnLnee yxe nocne 1oro, kk ncuesn panxyun cnn ero xnsnn n cnam.
osoxno, specL ec1L npo1naopeune c 1e, u1o cksno amue? nckonLko, no1oy u1o
ecnn annnnne unannnsykue kpoan ocn6nne1cn, 1o oc1e1cn aneprnn, korp-1o
anoxennn a nokopennme nnn npncoepnnennme npopm: 1k, nnc1n1y1m, ko1opme
cospn nokonm unannns1op, skonm, ko1opme on cqopynnpoan, openL npaoa,
ko1opme on oc1ann, xnay1 n nocne ero cep1n. oneuno, npam, skonm, nnc1n1y1m
anponsennk1cn, nckxk1cn, 1epnk1 caok cnny n k1ynLnoc1L, no nok xo1L u1o-1o
o1 nnx oc1e1cn, spnne c1on1, a 1ene xnae1 pyu, 1pyn eue panre1cn. orp
nepaonunLnm nnynLc pene1 nocnepnn aspox, ace sknunae1cn, nnuero ne
oc1e1cn, unannnsunn ynpe1.
enepL, kk ne kxe1cn, n nek ace neo6xopnoe, u1o6m peun1L aonpoc xnsnn n
cep1n nun, n snannk, u1o nn opnn npop nnkorp 6m ne yep, ecnn 6m coc1onn ns
opnnx n 1ex xe nunonnLnmx aneen1oa. cnn 6m nnepnn [pnn orn amc1an1L a
6n1ae npn p6enne nepcoa, nc1nnnmx pnea, ecnn 6m pnnnne nxne nepnn
nenn cen1 n nnnunk, coc1anennme ns a1nnuecknx aneen1oa, noxoxnx n 1e, u1o
cyuec1aoann ao apeen O6nea, nx anpmuec1ao ne skonunnocL 6m, n coxpnn
nepcm n pnnnne uenoc1noc1L kpoan, onn 6m xnnn n upnnn eue ponro. Mne ory1
aospsn1L, u1o a konue konuoa n k nn 6m npnunn 6onee cnnLnme saoea1enn nnn
onn ace pano 6m pyxnynn nop psnmn yppn, a pesynL11e npoponxn1enLnoro
panennn nnn npoc1o o1 cnyuno nponrpnno 6n1am. [ec1an1enLno, rocyppc1a
ory1 ncues1L 1kn ny1e, no 1onLko ne unannnsunn, ne counnLnm oprnns.
uec1ann n nopxennn - a1o acero nnuL pocpnme, no apeennme s1pypnennn.
pnepoa 1oy npepoc11ouno.
coapeennyk anoxy kn1uea saoeamann paxpm, n onn acerp amnyxpnn
saoea1ene ccnnnnpoa1Lcn c nnn, onn anyunn n yaxenne k caon npa,
onn noroe n pnn n nou1n nnuero o1 nnx ne asnnn. epamx sxa1unkoa onn
npornnn, n npnpe1 apen - 1k xe noc1ynn1 co a1opmn.
nrnnune - xosnea npnn, opnko nx npac1aennoe annnnne n noppnnmx pano
nou1n nynk. snnunmn ny1nn onn cn nopaepxenm annnnnk ec1no
unannnsunn n ne ory1 aneppn1L caon npen a ym cc, ko1opme 6on1cn nx n
nokopnk1cn n 1onLko qnsnueckn, coxpnnn cao o6ps xnsnn ao ace uenoc1noc1n.
[eno a 1o, u1o nnpycckn pc oc1ncL uyxo 1o pce, ko1opn 1 ceropnn
anc1aye1, n ee unannnsunn ne noppe1cn skony cnnm. neunne qopm,
koponeac1a, nnepnn ory1 nsenn1Lcn, no ocnoa, n ko1opo c1on1 1kne
coopyxennn, oxe1 enn1Lcn 1onLko aec1e c nnn, n nyc1L pp6p, xop n
[enn nepec1ny1 6m1L c1onnun - nnpycckoe o6uec1ao a1oro pxe ne se1n1.
pnpe1 penL, korp, 1e nnn nnm o6pso, npnn nune1 xn1L cnoa no caon
skon, kk on pene1 a1o n ceuc, 1onLko ckpm1no, n 6nroppn nmneune pce
nnn e1nc aocc1noan1 caok nonn1nueckyk cyunoc1L.
Cnyunme saoeannn ne peuk1 cypL6y npop n ero xnsnL. Coe 6onLuee - onn
ory1 npnaec1n k 1oy, u1o n kkoe-1o apen npop nepec1e1 nponann1L ce6n n
1epne1 aneunne 1pn6y1m. ok kpoaL npop n ero nnc1n1y1m eue coxpnnk1 a
poc11ouno c1enenn cnepm nsnunLno pcm, a1o1 npop ne ype1; nyc1L on, kk
kn1um, nee1 peno c saoea1ennn, ko1opme npeaocxopn1 ero 1onLko a
1epnnLno nnne, nnn, kk nnpycm, aepe1 onunnayk n 1epnennayk 6opL6y
npo1na nunn, npeaocxopnue ero ao acex o1nouennnx (nrnnune), ero 6ypyuee
cnyxn1 ey y1euenne - korp-nn6ypL on 6ype1 cao6open. , nnpo1na, 1o1 npop,
ko1opm, kk rpekn nnn pnnnne nxne nepnn, coaepuenno ncuepnn cao
a1nnueckn npnnunn, ype1 a nepam penL caoero nopxennn: on ncnonLsoan apen,
pnnoe ey camue, 1. k. nonnoc1Lk nsennn caok pcy, caok npnpopy n,
cnepoa1enLno, ampopnncn.
cxopn ns a1nx pccyxpenn, cnepye1 cun11L peuennm aonpoc o 1o, u1o 6mno 6m,
ecnn 6m kpqrennne ne no1epnenn nopxenne o1 ypunnaoro n, c1nn 6m
xosnean 1nnn. ockonLky onn npnnpnex1 k qnnnkncko pce, yc1ynkue a
nonn1nuecknx kuec1ax nernonep Cunnnon, nno ncxop 6n1am npn 3e nnkk ne
o1psnncn 6m n nx cypL6e. nn ornn aoc1opxec1aoa1L n opnn penL, n
cnepykun ace pano nponrpnn 6m; nnn ppyro apnn1: a pesynL11e caoe no6epm
onn ornn 6m ann1Lcn a n1nLnnckn aneen1 (a1noc), kk a1o n cnyunnocL nocne nx
nopxennn, no okonu1enLnm pesynL11 6mn 6m 1e xe cm. CypL6 unannnsun
ne nee1 nnuero o6uero co cnyunoc1Lk n ne sancn1 o1 pcknp kp1; eu y6nae1
1onLko nkpe, n cme aonnc1aennme, cme oncnme n ypunname nunn, korp y
nnx a ceppue, a ronoae n a pykx ne1 nnuero, kpoe 6papm, c1p1ernueckoro
nckycc1a n aoennoro aesennn, ne1 nnoro amcuero nnc1nnk1, a nyuue cnyue
sknunak1 1e, u1o yu1cn y no6expennmx, npnue yu1cn nnoxo, kk npo xn1L a
npno o6c1noake. nnnx kenL1oa, koueamx opp ns snn, ec1L noro nn1epecnoro
n noyun1enLnoro n ce cue1.
Mm onpepennnn cmcn cnoa ampoxpenne n c ero noouLk pcco1penn aonpoc
xnsnec1okoc1n npopoa, 1enepL npo poks1L 1o, u1o pnn ncnoc1n o6cyxpennn n
ponxen 6mn snan1L npnopn: ec1L cyuec1aennme psnnunn expy uenoaeuecknn
pcn. ocnepc1ann a1oro poks1enLc1a 6ypy1 ne1L orponoe snuenne. o
npexpe ue m npnc1ynn k a1oy, cnepye1 amc1pon1L ack coaokynnoc1L qk1oa n
pccyxpenn, cnoco6nmx ampepx1L c1onL 6onLuoe spnne. euenne nepaoro
aonpoc 6mno nnuL npeppaepne xp.
V
Bk y u y.
MmcnL o apoxpenno, ncxopno n ps n nacerp yc1noanenno nepaenc1ae expy
psnmn pcn nanne1cn opno ns cmx pcnpoc1pnennmx c nesnn1nmx apeen.
a1o ne ypnan1enLno npn anpe npnn1nano consonnunn nneen n npopnoc1e n
o1c1pnennn n yxop a ce6n - a a1o coc1onnnn ace onn npe6mann a npouno n
6onLunnc1ao po cnx nop ne oxe1 am1n ns nero. e cun1n 1oro, u1o nponsouno a
nmneunkk anoxy, a1o nonn1ne cnyxnno ocnoao nou1n acex 1eopn npanennn. e1
npop, 6onLuoro nnn noro, ko1opm ne penn 6m ns a1o npepnocmnkn nepayk
kcny rocyppc1aennoro yc1poc1a. Cnc1em kc1, sn1n, pnc1okp1nn,
ocnoannme n npepor1nax poxpennn, ne nek1 nnoro nc1ounnk; 1o xe coe
oxno cks1L n o npae c1punnc1a no aospc1y, npepnonrkue npnopnoe
npenyuec1ao cmn-nepaenu n ero no1okoa. s a1o pok1pnnm am1ekk1 nenpnn1ne
uyxk n npeaocxopc1ao, ko1opoe kxpn nunn kynL1nanpye1 no o1nouennk k
cocepn. onLko no epe 1oro, kk rpynnm nkpe nepeeunak1cn n cnnak1cn,
yaennunak1cn a uncnennoc1n, unannnsyk1cn n nunnk1 6onee 6nrocknonno
asnp1L ppyr n ppyr a cnny asnno nonesnoc1n, a1 6conk1nn kcno o
nepaenc1ae n npexpe acero apxpe6noc1n expy pcn pe1 1peunny n c1an1cn
nop conenne. 31e, korp 6onLunnc1ao rpxpn rocyppc1a nouyac1aye1, u1o y nnx
a xnnx 1eue1 ceunnn kpoaL, a1o 6onLunnc1ao npeapue1 a ynnaepcnLnyk n
6conk1nyk nc1nny npek o 1o, u1o ace nkpn panm. nonne nonn1noe o1apuenne k
yrne1ennk, ec1ec1aennm c1px nepep snoyno1pe6nennnn cnnm 6pock1 1enL n
nn1L o korp-1o ponnnpoaaunx pcx, ko1opme, nockonLky 1koa a1o1 np, acerp
scnyxnak1 ynpek. 1 snanenn npo1na 1npnnn nkpn nepexopn1 k o1pnunnk
ec1ec1aennmx npnunn npeaocxopc1a; onn o6Lnannk1 npnnunn npeaocxopc1a
nsapuenne n ysypnune npa, s6man o 1o, u1o neko1opme cnoco6noc1n, kk a1o
nn npnckop6no, oxno o6Lncnn1L 1onLko ncnepc1aennoc1Lk. koneu, ue 6onLue
re1eporennmx aneen1oa annae1cn a npop, 1e uue on snanne1, u1o ace, 6es
ncknkuennn, uc1num pop uenoaeueckoro o6npk1 nnn ory1 o6np1L cmn
psnoo6psnmn, 1. e. no cy1n opnnkoamn pnn acex kuec1an. D1y 1eopnk, 6onee
nnn enee oqopnennyk, npocaeuennme e1ncm npnennk1 k coaokynnoc1n
nokonenn, ko1opme 6mnn, ec1L n eue 6ypy1 n sene, n a opnn npekpcnm penL
npnxopn1 k amaopy, ko1opm, kk Donoa pq, 1n1 a ce6e c1onLko 6ypL: ce nkpn
- 6p1Ln! (pnepo cnyx1 nsaec1nme c1pokn ns c1nxo1aopennn Lennn oponea
Ma6).
D1o, 1k cks1L, nonn1nueckn kcno. ao1 kcno nyunn: ce nkpn, -
y1aepxpk1 sun1nnkn uenoaeueckoro paenc1a, - npenenm panmn
nn1ennek1ynLnmn nnc1pyen1n opno npnpopm n opnnkoao snunoc1n.
Moxe1 6m1L, un11 ne coace 1ounn, s1o cmcn ncen. mxopn1, u1o osxeuok
rypon copepxn1 a ce6e spopmu pyx, kon o1nnue1cn nrnnunnn nnn qpnuys!
ouey xe 1orp a 1euenne nornx aekoa on ne o1kpmn nn neu1noro c1nk, nn
npoao unnm? anpae cnpocn1L y a1oro rypon, ecnn on 1ko xe, kk nun
coo1euec1aennnkn, nouey aonnm ero nneenn ne pnn npy Uespn nnn pn
ennkoro, n no kko pocpno cnyunoc1n ero neaum n nekpn ne cpennncL nn
oepn, nn nnnokp1n? ec1o o1ae1 n a1o1 kaepsnm aonpoc o6mknoaenno
npepnrk1 1eopnk o reorpqnuecko nnn knn1nuecko qk1ope. Corncno e,
kko-nn6ypL oc1poa nnkorp ne yanpn1 1oro nporpecc, kko o6muen pnn
kon1nnen1; n ceaepe ne 6ype1 1oro, u1o ec1L n kre; a necx neaosoxnm
poc1nxennn, ko1opm cnoco6c1aye1 o1kpm1n ec1noc1L n 1k pnee. nxnn
6ono1nc1n noua npnaepe1 k pcuae1y unannnsunn, ko1opn nenpeenno suxne1 a
xpko Cxpe. k 6m nn 6mnn nsoupennm 1kne rnno1esm, qk1m ynpno
onpoaeprk1 nx. eco1pn n ae1ep, poxpL, xonop, xpy, ckypnyk nnn, no6opo1,
cnnuko 6ynyk pc1n1enLnoc1L n ace sene, n 1o xe co nouae cyuec1ayk1
6ok o 6ok n apapc1ao n unannnsunn. 36n1m qennx xpn1cn nop 1e xe
connue, u1o n oryuec1aennm xpeu ns Meqnc; yuenm npoqeccop ns Bepnnn
xnae1 nop 1e xe cypoam ne6o, ko1opoe asnpe1 caepxy n nnue1y nonypnkoro
qnnn.
Coe ypnan1enLnoe a 1o, u1o arnn1pns, nponoaepyem cco yoa, ns
ko1opmx on nponnk a nun nnc1n1y1m n npam, ne nuen a ce6e cnn pnn 1oro, u1o6m
c6pocn1L c 1pon oueanpnme qk1m, n u1o nkpn, nn6onee y6expennme a ero npao1e,
exepneano pk1 aonk npo1naononoxnm uyac1a. nk1o ne o1pnue1 6onLunx
psnnun expy nunnn, o6mpennm nsmk pxe npoaosrnue1 nx c nnano
nocnepoa1enLnoc1Lk. D1o ec1L noa1openne 1oro, u1o roaopnnocL ao apeen, ne
c1onL ynpnme, kk nun, o6 6conk1no paenc1ae pc.
Y kxpo nunn npnpy c poro o 6p1c1ae acerp 6mnn oco6me ann1e1m n
xpk1epnc1nkn, nopuepknakune necxopc1ao. nnnnnn ns 1nnn nsman
rpeueckoro pnnnnnn rpekynyc n npnnncman ey xac1nnaoc1L n 1pycoc1L. n
ncexncn np kpqrenckn konono n y1aepxpn, u1o ysne1 ero ns 1mcnun no ero
1yropynk n neuec1noc1n. Xn1ene nekcnppnn cun1nn ckpm1nmn, nxnLnmn n
6yn1pnn. cpepnne aek nrno-nopnnckne onpxn o6annnnn caonx noppnnmx
- rnnoa a nerkomcnnn n nenoc1onnc1ae. k1o ceropnn ne cnmun o6npnmx
ann1e1oa no ppecy euea, ncnnuea, nrnnun, pyccknx? e ne cypn1L o
cnpaepnnaoc1n 1knx cyxpenn - n xouy nnuL o1e1n1L, u1o onn cyuec1ayk1 a
cosnnnn nkpe. oa1oy, ecnn, c opno c1oponm, roaopn1, u1o ace pcm panm, c
ppyro, opnn nerkomcnennm, ppyrne cpepxnnm, opnn cknonnm k nkonnennk,
ppyrne k pc1oun1enLnoc1n, opnn npan1cn aoea1L, ppyrne 6epery1 caok xnsnL,
snun1, a1n c1onL o1nnukunecn ppyr o1 ppyr nunn ponxnm ne1L n psnnunme
cypL6m. Cme cnnLnme 6ypy1 nrp1L a 1prepnn a1oro np ponn upe n
anc1n1ene. Cn6me y1eu1cn enLun.
ne pyk, u1o a nue apen nponsouno c6nnxenne expy o6uenpnnn1mn npenn
o cyuec1aoannn oco6oro xpk1ep a kxpo npope n ne enee pcnpoc1pnennm
y6expenne a 1o, u1o ace npopm panm. pnko o1 a1oro npo1naopeunn ne
o1xny1Lcn - ono 1e 6onee 6poce1cn a rns, u1o c1oponnnkn peokp1nn ne
nocnepnnn aocxannk1 npeaocxopc1ao ckcoa Ceaepno epnkn np oc1nLnmn
nunnn a1oro kon1nnen1. nn o6Lncnnk1, npap, amcokne kuec1a caonx kynpoa
oco6ennoc1nn npanennn. e ne enee, nckonLko ne nsaec1no, onn ne o1pnuk1
oco6ennm apoxpennm 1nn1 coo1euec1aennnkoa enn n unnr1on, ko1opm
coc1on1 a 1o, u1o onn cyenn cosp1L a caoe c1pne nn6epnLnme nnc1n1y1m n 1e
6onee coxpnn1L nx. k psae, n ac cnpunak, 1koe ynopc1ao ne ec1L
npepor1na a1o ae1an uenoaeueckoro pop, npnue npepor1na 1e 6onee uennn,
u1o 6onLunnc1ao o6unoc1e, ko1opme korp-1o ncennnn nnn ncennk1 ceropnn
acenennyk, nnuenm ero?
Y enn ne1 nepennn 6espoks1enLno 6panpoa1L a1n necoo1ae1c1ane.
syee1cn, specL npnaepxenum paenc1a o1e1n1 ponL nnc1n1y1oa n npaoa: onn
eue ps ckxy1, nckonLko cyunoc1L npanennn a cnny caoe po6pope1enn,
nckonLko nnnune pecno1ns nnn cao6opm annnk1 n kuec1a n psan1ne nunn,
no n ne npenny ocnopn1L 1ko pryen1.
onn1nueckne nnc1n1y1m nek1 1onLko pa nc1ounnk: nn6o onn nponcxopn1 nsny1pn
nunn, ko1opn ponxn co6nkp1L nx, nn6o onn npnpymak1cn ppyrn
oryuec1aennm npopo, ko1opm npnnocn1 nx n 1eppn1opnk, oksauykcn nop
ero annnnne.
o1nouennn nepao rnno1esm ace ncno. ueanpno, u1o npop cospe1 pnn ce6n
nnc1n1y1m, ncxopn ns caonx nnc1nnk1oa n no1pe6noc1e; on, psyee1cn, ne c1n 6m
ampyma1L 1o, u1o oxe1 npo1naopeun1L 1e nnn ppyrn, ecnn no nepoco1py nnn
neyennk on cpenn a1o, 1orp cpsy nponannkunecn counnLnme nepyrn sc1an1
ero ncnpan1L skonm n npnaec1n nx a coo1ae1c1ane c uennn. nk6o nesancno
c1pne skon acerp ncxopn1 o1 npop; peno aoace ne a 1o, u1o npop oxe1
npoaosrncn1L ero nenocpepc1aenno, no nockonLky xopoun skon ponxen o1aeu1L
ero y6expennn n asrnnp, nonyue1cn, u1o on n ec1L a1op skonoa. cnn n
nepam asrnnp epnnc1aennm 1aopuo skon kxe1cn kko-nn6ypL yppm
skonop1enL, 1o no spenoy psmunennk c1noan1cn ncno, u1o a cnny caoe
yppoc1n poc1ou1nm a1p ponxen nsnr1L caon nonoxennn nop pnk1oaky nunn.
cnn on 1k xe ypp, kk nkypr, on ne npnpye1 nnuero, u1o 6ype1 ne no akycy
cnp1nu, 1ko 1eope1nk, kk [pkon, co1aopn1 skon, ko1opm 6ype1 1y1 xe
ncnpanen nnn o1aeprny1 qnnn, n6o qnnnne, kk ace pe1n p, ne ornn 6m
ponro 1epne1L skonoa, uyxpmx nx nc1nnnm n ec1ec1aennm yc1penennn.
eu1enLc1ao camue a a1o1 aennkn npouecc skono1aopuec1a - a1o acerp
nponanenne npocaeuenno aonn npop, ecnn peuL npe1 o nnopx psmunenn
opnoro uenoaek, 1o nn opnn npop ne coxe1 xn1L no 1kn skon.
Cnepoa1enLno, ne1 ocnoann cun11L, u1o nnc1n1y1m, npnpynnme n yupexpennme
kko-1o pco, onpepennk1 xpk1ep n caoc1a D1o pcm. Mm nee specL
cnepc1ane, ne npnunny. oneuno, ne c1on1 o1pnu1L nx snunoc1L: onn coxpnnk1
nunonnLnm renn, npoknpmak1 ey popory, onpepennk1 uenn n pxe po
neko1opo c1enenn nopnn1mak1 ero nnc1nnk1m n pk1 a pykn opypnn pec1ann; no
onn ne ory1 cospa1L caoero 1aopu, noorn psana1L ero apoxpennme
kuec1a, uc1o 1epnn1 kpx, korp amxopn1 s pkn caoe cqepm nnn nm1k1cn
nsenn1L ee. pnn cnoao, onn ne ory1 cpen1L neaosoxnoe.
Cnpaepnnaoc1n ppn o1e1n, u1o noxnme nnc1n1y1m n nx nocnepc1ann nrpnn
snun1enLnyk ponL a nc1opnn npopoa. orp pn I, cnepyn koapnoy coae1y rpq
C1pqqoppckoro, sxo1en cknonn1L nrnnun k 6conk1noy onpxnueckoy
npanennk, koponL n ero nnnc1p c1ynnnn n sm6kyk n kpoaayk nouay
1eope1nsnpoannn. orp knLannnc1m eu1nn o npanennn, opnoapeenno
pnc1okp1nuecko n pecny6nnkncko, n nm1nncL yc1noan1L ero cnno opyxnn,
onn 1kxe npec1ynnnn uep1y, o1pennkuyk nc1nnnoe o1 noxnoro.
orp peren1 cpenn anp, 6yp1o xoue1 npo1nny1L pyky npnpaopnm, no6expennm n
a 1652 r., n snnncn nn1pnrn, nopcksnnmn ey kopLk1opo n ero ppysLnn
[a -c a cax ca cnaana aHn, v nan,
ckyman kaanH mnu, Hna vr r c
anaH, c acmH ackavckH cHcaaH.
MHac, -Ma Maak xn nnc rcyaca nuk a
cax kmcmx ca. nkr kaana anac an a
cn ayck a.], a1n urn nnkoy ne nonpannncL n ockop6nnn
panm o6pso sn1L, pyxoaenc1ao n 1pe1Le cocnoane. o korp Oeppnnnp 1onnk
nun npo1na ncnncknx apoa xec1okne, no neo6xopnme penpeccnn, korp
noneon aocc1noann ao Opnunn pennrnk, nopnnn aonnckn pyx, oprnnsoan
anc1L, npepoc1ana e unpokne npa n a 1o xe apen orpnnuna ee pkn, a a1nx
payx cnyunx o6 onpx xopouo nonnnn renn caonx noppnnmx n c1ponnn
spnne n 1aeppo nouae. opoue roaopn, noxnme nnc1n1y1m, ko1opme uc1o kpcnao
amrnnpn1 n 6yre, ne yun1mak1 nunonnLnme caoc1a n npnamukn n ne ropn1cn
pnn pnnoro rocyppc1a, xo1n, aosoxno, nopounn 6m pnn cocepnero npop. nn
poxpk1 nnuL 6ecnopnpok n npxnk, pxe ecnn npopnk1oanm cmn 6nrnn
nepennnn. [pyrne xe nnc1n1y1m nnn skonm, nopo scnyxenno nnn
nescnyxenno 6pnnme 1eope1nkn n opnnc1n, ory1 6m1L xopounn no
npo1naononoxnm npnunn. Cnp1num 6mnn neaennkn uncno n aennkn ceppue,
uec1onk6nam n aonnc1aenno cypoam, n u1o xe? oxnme skonm npeap1nnn 6m nx a
o1Lnanennmx ouennnkoa, nkypr nx cpenn reponn-ps6onnkn.
1k, nop nonn1L cnepykuee: ps nunn nonanncL pnLue skon, skon 1aopn1
on c, on nece1 n ce6e ee neu1L, n 1onLko no1o skon nunne1 annn1L n
nunk. [oks1enLc1ao cnyx1 nsenennn nnc1n1y1oa, ko1opme anocn1 apen.
mue 6mno cksno, u1o no epe 1oro, kk npopm unannnsyk1cn, yaennunak1 caok
uncnennoc1L n oryuec1ao, nx kpoaL nepeeunae1cn, nnc1nnk1m npe1epneak1
noc1enennme nsenennn. 1o xe kce1cn cnoco6noc1e, onn ne ory1 npncnoco6n1Lcn
k skon npepuec1aennnkoa. [nn noamx nokonenn 1kxe neaosoxno
npncnoco6n1Lcn k c1pm npa n 1enpenunn, noa1oy cnyc1n kkoe-1o apen
nponcxopn1 yxe 6onee rny6okne nepeenm. pnue a1n nepeenm c1noan1cn 6onee
uc1mn n rny6oknn no epe nsenennn pcm, expy 1e kk onn cnyunncL pepko n
6mnn noc1enennmn, nok coc1a ncenennn enLue o1nnuncn o1 cmx nepamx
ocnoa1ene rocyppc1a. nrnnn, rpe ceuenne kpoan nponcxopnno epnennee,
ue a oc1nLno apone, po cnx nop coxpnnnncL nnc1n1y1m ue1mpnpu1oro n
nn1npu1oro aekoa a co ocnoae counnLnoro spnnn. nou1n a nepaospnno
anpe oxno ac1pe1n1L o6unnnyk oprnnsunk nn1rene1oa n kpopoa, c1pme
1ppnunn yuc1nn sn1n a npanennn n qopnpoannn a1o sn1n, yaxenne k
ppeanoc1n popoa n npexnee o1nouenne k amckouk. pnko co apeen koa I n
oco6enno Ynnn koponeam nnm nrnnckn kpoaL nun ceuna1Lcn c kpoaLk
uo1nnpuea n npnnpuea, n c1enenL unc1o1m no1oc1a noannnnn n ppyrne nunn, a
pesynL11e ceropnn 1 ace 6onLue noaoaaepenn, npap, oc1kunxcn aepnmn
nsnunLnoy pyxy konc1n1yunn.
o Opnunn a1nnueckne 6pkn acerp 6mnn 6onee uc1mn n psnoo6psnmn.
anoxn no1pncenn cnyunocL, u1o anc1L nepexopnn o1 opno pcm k ppyro.
counnLno xnsnn nponcxopnnn ckopee kpy1me nepeenm, ue nesnun1enLnme
nsenennn, n a1n nepeenm 6mnn 1e kpyue, ue 6onLue o1nnunncL ppyr o1 ppyr
rpynnm, cennaunecn y pynn anc1n. ok ceaepnn uc1L Opnunn oc1ancL a
pycne rnano nonn1nkn c1pnm, qeopnm, nnn, nyuue cks1L, nx 6ecqopennme
oc11kn, conpo1nannnncL noaoaaepennn npn noppepxke ynnunnnLnmx nnc1n1y1oa.
ocne nsrnnnn nrnnun a XV a. a uen1pnLnmx npoannunnx, enee nopaepxennmx
repnckoy annnnnk, ue senn n ppyro 6epery ypm, rpe 1onLko u1o 6mn
aocc1noanen nunonnLnn nesancnoc1L nop anc1Lk pn VII, rnno-ponckn
kpoaL npeo6npn a coae1x n a cenLcko ec1noc1n, upnn aonnc1aennm pyx, pyx
saoeann, npncyun kenL1cko pce, n nk6oaL k anc1n, npnanecennn a
ponckyk kpoaL. 1euenne XVI a. 6mn a ocnoano nopro1oanen noua, n ko1opo
kan1nckne c1oponnnkn enpnx IV, a enLue c1enenn kenL1m n a 6onLue
ponum, a 1599 r. snoxnnn kpeyronLnm kenL 6conk1ns. 31e, korp pnx
nkoneu npno6pen anc1L a pesynL11e konuen1punn, ko1opo cnoco6c1aoan kxnm
renn, pnx, uLe ncenenne npepc1anne1 co6o co6pnne cmx psnmx a1nnuecknx
aneen1oa, nepec1n nonn1L n yax1L nk6me 1ppnunn; a1 aennkn c1onnu, a1
annonckn 6unn, nopaa c npounm Onnppnn, y1y, nrepok, aoanekn ack
Opnunk a neanpnnme po1one akcnepnen1m, ocnoannme n pok1pnnx,
coaepuenno uyxpmx ee npounm o6mun.
oa1oy nenLsn cun11L, u1o nnc1n1y1m qopnpyk1 npop, - oueanpno, u1o ace
o6c1on1 kk ps no6opo1. o kk 6m1L co a1opo rnno1eso - korp nunn nonyue1
skonm ns pyk uyxeseuea, o6npkunx poc11ouno cnno?
o1n 1kne nonm1kn a nc1opnn cnyunncL, onn ne s1prnann ocnoa kpynnmx c1pn.
nnnne 6mnn poc11ouno yppm n npepyco1pn1enLnm, u1o6m ne aansma1Lcn a
c1onL oncnme npepnpnn1nn. knx nonm1ok ne penn po nnx n nekcnpp;
ncnepnnkn aryc1, yaepennme, 6nroppn nnc1nnk1y nnn yy, a 6ecnnopnoc1n
nopo6nmx nnnoa, npepnoun1nn, 1k xe kk n no6epn1enL [pnn, upc1aoa1L np
psnouae1Le npopoa, ko1opme coxpnnnn caon o6mun, npnamukn, npam, skonm n
caon e1opm pnnnc1p1nanoro npanennn n ko1opme a caoe 6onLunnc1ae ornn
cnpn1Lcn psae u1o c skonn, kckunncn nnoroa n aoenno cnyx6m.
pn a1o ne cnepye1 s6ma1L opno axnoe o6c1on1enLc1ao. o6pse xnsnn
neko1opmx npopoa, nokopennmx pnnnnn, 6mnn 1kne o6mun, c ko1opmn
no6epn1enn nnkk ne ornn npnnpn1Lcn - ckxe, uenoaeueckne
xep1aonpnnouennn y ppynpoa - n ko1opme onn npecnepoann cmn cypoamn
cpepc1an. ace xe pnnnne co ace caoe ouLk 1k n ne cornn po konu
nckopenn1L apapckne pn1ynm. p6onne a1o ne npepc1anno oco6oro 1pyp:
rnnLckoe ncenenne nou1n uennko 6mno am1ecneno pncknn kononnn
(nocenenun), a uen1pnLnmx o6nc1nx, rpe oc1anncL ec1nme nneen,
conpo1nanenne npoponxnocL ponro; 1k xe o6c1onno peno n 6pe1oncko
nonyoc1poae, kyp a IV a. npnuenLum ns nrnnn npnnecnn c co6o c1pme npam
aec1e co c1po kpoaLk; onn npoponxnn - ns uyac1a n1pno1ns n
npnansnnoc1n k caon 1ppnunn - pes1L nkpe n caonx n1pnx. Cme cypoame
epm ne ornn ampa1L ns nx pyk canuennm nox n qken. ce n1exn nunnnncL c
aocc1noanennn a1oro yxcnoro nunonnLnoro kynL1, y popnknuea
no6epnauee xpnc1nnc1ao, ace eue aosyuennoe 6esnpac1aennm nonn1enso,
c1onknynocL c eue 6onee o11nknakunn cyeaepnnn. y ypnocL cnpan1Lcn c
nnn nnuL nocne ponrnx ycnnn, n pxe a XVII a. y6nc1ao no1epneaunx
kop6nekpyuenne ' npoponxno cyuec1aoa1L ao acex npn6pexnmx npnxopx, rpe
knepnckn kpoaL oc1ancL unc1o. [eno a 1o, u1o a1n apapckne o6mun
o1aeunn nnc1nnk1 n uyac1a, npncyun pce, ko1opn ne npe1epnen
cyuec1aennoro ceuennn n eue ne nen poc11ounmx ocnoann, u1o6m nsenn1L
caon npnamukn.
D1o o6c1on1enLc1ao scnyxnae1 annnnn, no a nmneunne apeen m nee peno a
ocnoano c skonn nansnnmn, ne ycaoennmn. pno ns oco6ennoc1e
eaponecko unannnsunn nanne1cn ee ne1epnnoc1L - cnepc1ane ocosnnnn caoe
ncknkun1enLnoc1n n cnnm. n cocepc1aye1 nn6o c ynpnmn apapn, nn6o c
ppyrnn unannnsunnn. k 1e, n k ppyrn on o1nocn1cn c nou1n opnnkoam
npene6pexenne; on anpn1 ao ace, u1o o1nnue1cn o1 nee, npenn1c1ane pnn caonx
saoeann, noa1oy 1pe6ye1 o1 saoeannmx npopoa nonno 1pncqopunn. e
ne enee, ncnnum, nrnnune n ronnnpum, 1kxe nnorp n m, oc1epernncL
cnnuko poaepn1Lcn noa1opckn nopma, c1nknancL c norouncnennmn
ccn; 1kn o6pso, onn 6pnn npnep c saoea1ene ppeanoc1n, o6npaunx
amnyxpenno cpepxnnoc1Lk. c1opnn oc1ok n qpnkn - n Kxno n oc1ouno -
canpe1enLc1aye1 o 1o, u1o cme npocaeuennme nunn ne a cnnx anyun1L
nokopennm npop skonm, npo1nanme nx n1ype. yxe ynonnn, u1o
6pn1nckn npnn npoponxe1 xn1L caoe noroaekoao xnsnLk no skon,
npnpynnm npepkn. anuea, xo1n onn n nopaeprk1cn cnnLnoy rne1y, ne
npnnyxpk1 nopunnn1Lcn nnc1n1y1, ckonnpoannm c skonoa npepnnpoa. nn
no-npexney uyac1ayk1 ce6n cao6opnmn o1 caonx rocnop, n, nunnn c XVI a., korp
nuncL eaponeckn akcnncnn n aoc1ok, ne1 npnsnkoa 1oro, u1o apon xo1L a
neue c1enenn noannnn n npam pxe cmx unannnsoannmx nneen.
o nokopennme npopm nepoc11ouno norouncnennm, u1o6m eaponeckne
saoea1enn cnpnnncL c a1o cn1yune. neko1opmx ponx onn ncnonLsoann
ack cnny opyxnn a noouL cpepc1a y6expennn. nn nm1nncL nsenn1L ec1nm
o6ps xnsnn n aneppn1L nnc1n1y1m, ko1opme m cun1e xopounn n nonesnmn. o
nckonLko a1o n ypnocL?
a1o cmcne epnk pe1 n oco6enno noro npnepoa. kre acn ouL
cnnnn 6mn 6pouen n nopanenne, n k uey a1o npnaeno? pspyuennk
ec1nmx nnepn, no 1onLko ne k npocaeuennk npopoa; n rnanoe - ne nonannocL
nkpe, noxoxnx n npnuenLuea.
ceaepe ncnonLsoann ppyrne e1opm, no pesynL11m oksnncL c1onL xe
ney6epn1enLnm; p u1o n roaopk - onn 6mnn panm nynk, u1o kce1cn
6nro1aopnoro aospec1ann, n k1c1poqnuecknn c 1oukn spennn uenoaeunoc1n,
no1oy u1o ceropnn nnpeum, no kpne epe, ncnnckne, ycnnenno psnoxk1cn;
onn pxe 1pncqopnpoann kpoaL caonx no6epn1ene, ko1opme 1e cm
onyc1nnncL po nx ypoann, expy 1e kk kpcnokoxne Coepnnennmx L11oa ne
ampepxnn nrnockconckoro n1nck n nou1n amepnn. c1aunecn ynpk1
kxpm penL n yxopn1 ns xnsnn 1knn xe neunannnsoannmn n ne
npncnoco6nennmn k unannnsunn, kk n nx o1um.
kennn cn1yunn 1kn xe: ackpy nponcxopn1 yenLuenne uncnennoc1n
6opnrenoa. norp ype1cn ampa1L y nnx ns pyk opyxne, noeu1L n apepn1L
nporpeccy, no onn ne ennk1cn. ckpy, rpe xosnnnuk1 eaponeum, ec1nme
nneen ne noepk1 ppyr ppyr; nx cnx noxnpe1 aopk - epnnc1aennoe, u1o onn
aocnpnnnnn o1 unannns1opoa. koneu, n sene ec1L pae cnc1em npanennn,
cospnnme uyxpmn n pcn no nun o6psu: opn qynkunonnpye1 n
Cnpanueamx oc1poax, ppyrn - a Cn-[onnro. 3nkoc1ao c a1nn payn
rocyppc1an okonu1enLno nop1aepxpe1 6ecnnopnoc1L nk6mx nonm1ok anyun1L
nk6oy npopy nnc1n1y1m, ko1opme ne nopcksmae1 ey ero co6c1aennm renn.
Cnpanueamx oc1poax cospn 6nec1nun npepc1an1enLckn cnc1e. ec1L
aepxnnn n nnxnnn nn1m, ec1L nnnc1epc1ao, ko1opoe ynpanne1 c1pno, ec1L
koponL, ko1opm upc1aye1 - cnoao, 1 ec1L ace. o ace a1o - ne 6onee ue
pekopunn. pnaopnmn konecn a1o unnm nanne1cn kopnyc nccnonepoa-
npo1ec1n1oa. Bes nnx koponL, napm n peny11m ne cornn 6m npoxn1L n pnn. onLko
nccnonepm ampanrk1 npen n aonnouk1 nx nn6o 6nroppn poaepnk y neoqn1oa,
nn6o, ecnn a1o neo6xopno, yrposn. pnko n nopospeak, u1o ecnn 6m y
nccnonepoa ne 6mno ppyrnx ncnonnn1ene nx aonn, kpoe koponn n o6enx nn1, n
6m npnunocL, a cnny necnoco6noc1n caonx yuennkoa, npnnn1L 6onee k1nanoe n
nenocpepc1aennoe, cnepoa1enLno, nanoe yuc1ne a penx rocyppc1a. 1o6m
ns6ex1L a1oro, onn npnpynn nnnc1epc1ao, coc1anennoe ns eaponeuea. kn
o6pso penk1cn pen n peuk1cn aonpocm expy npo1ec1n1cko nccne n ee
ren1n, ace xe oc1nLnoe - 1onLko pekopunn.
1o kce1cn koponn ee III, on npepc1anne1cn ne npnnue kpoan. C on
o1ksncn pen1L 11ynpoaky n caoe nnue, n, xo1n eue ne y6epnn caonx
npnpaopnmx noc1ynn1L 1k xe, on ncnm1mae1 skonnoe ypoane1aopenne o1 1oro, u1o
n nx n6x n uekx 1enepL nuep1nm ne ouenL npkne pncynkn. cnoann uc1L
npop, a 1o uncne cenLckn aepxyuk, ynopno npoponxe1 uennn1Lcn s c1pme
1ppnunn. e ne enee no norn npnunn n Cnpanueam oc1poa kxpm penL
npn6mae1 ace 6onLue eaponeuea. Cocepc1ao c nnqopnne pene1 rackoe
koponeac1ao npn1nr1enLnm ec1o pnn aespecyue aneprnn nunx nun. Bmaune
kn1o6on n 1pocm aoennoro qno1 6onLue ne nannk1cn epnnc1aennmn
npepc1an1ennn 6eno pcm: ckp c1ekk1cn 1oproaum, cnekynnn1m, an1kpnc1m
acex c1e, c1pon1 po n o6ocnoamak1cn npouno. opennn pc nonenory
ceunae1cn c npnuenLun n ncuese1. osoxno, n ceny npepc1an1enLnoy n
nesancnoy npan1enLc1ay ckopo npnpe1 npoc1n pnnnc1punn, npepc1annkun
kkyk-nn6ypL kpynnyk nnoc1pnnyk pepxay, no a ue n ne coneakcL, 1k a1o a
1o, u1o uyxne nnc1n1y1m okonu1enLno y1aeppn1cn a a1o c1pne, n no skon
cnnxponns a1o1 penL osnenye1 nonnm kpx ec1no pcm.
Cn-[onnro - 6conk1no nesancnn c1pn. 3pecL ne1 nccnonepoa,
ocyuec1annkunx ckpm1yk n 6conk1nyk anc1L, ne1 nnoc1pnnoro nnnc1epc1a,
nponn1nnoro eaponeckn pyxo, - ace nxopn1cn a pykx ec1noro ncenennn.
cnnonsmunn uc1L a1oro ncenennn coc1on1 ns yn1oa, n n ne 6ypy aec1n o nnx
peuL. D1n nkpn, no-anpnoy, xypo-6epno konnpyk1 cme noaepxnoc1nme npnsnkn
nue unannnsunn: kk ace e1ncm, onn c1pen1cn ann1Lcn a 1y ae1aL caoe
renenornn, ko1opn npepc1anne1cn n nn6onee noue1no; noa1oy onn po
neko1opo c1enenn cnoco6nm nepenn1L n npk1nkoa1L nun o6mun. k u1o
nepepe cpsy k o6n11enn rop, ko1opme o1pennk1 ponnnknckyk pecny6nnky o1
rocyppc1a n1n.
3pecL m ac1pe1ncn c o6uec1ao, uLn nnc1n1y1m ne 1onLko noxoxn n nun, no n
ocnoanm n cmx nocnepnnx poc1nxennnx nue nonn1nuecko yppoc1n. ce, u1o
a 1euenne uec1npecn1n ne1 cm nsmcknnm nn6epnns npoaosrnun a
cc6nenx aponm, ace, u1o cornn nnnc1L cme npme npnaepxenum
nesancnoc1n n poc1onnc1a uenoaek - ace peknpunn npa n npnnunnoa, -
nuno o1knnk n 6eperx p1n6onn1. skonx ne oc1nocL nnuero qpnknckoro,
ns yoa oqnunnLno c1epnncL aocnonnnnn o xn1cko popnne, a oqnunnLno
nsmke ne oc1nocL o1 nee nnkknx cnepoa; n noa1opnk, u1o ec1nme nnc1n1y1m -;
coaepuenno eaponeckne no qope. enepL noco1pn, kk onn npncnoco6nnncL k
ec1nm npa.
kko xe kon1pc1 m anpn! 1o s npam! nn nc1onLko xe nsapuennm,
xec1okn n 6py1nLnm, kk a [roee nnn a ppyrnx pnknx sennx. xe cn
apapckn c1pc1L k ykpuennn coue1e1cn c 1e xe 6espsnnune k snuennk
qopm; npekpcnoe npeo6npe1 a uae1e, n ecnn kkn-1o opexp nee1 npko-
kpcnm uae1 c qnLunao nosono1o, 1o nnkoro ne aonnye1 kuec1ao 1knn, u1o
kce1cn unc1o1m, ee nnk1o ne co6nkpe1. ao1 u1o 1koe ec1nm unnoannk
amcokoro pnr. pepc1aL1e ce6e kpynnoro nerp, nexuero n pepeannno ckLe,
c ronoao, o6o1nno ue-1o apope rpnsnoro nsoppnnoro nocoaoro nn1k n
nokpm1o unnno, o6nnLno ykpuenno sono1mn rnynn. C nonc a1o
xnaonncno rnm6m cance1 orponn c6nn, opexp nec1pn1 amun1mn ysopn,
xnne1 o1cy1c1aye1, n norx y a1oro renepn pounne unennum. onpo6y1e
noroaopn1L c nn n nponnkny1L a ero osr, u1o6m ysn1L, kkne mcnn 1 o6n1k1, n
am o6npyxn1e cm npnn1nanm y n cyk nepao6m1nyk roppmnk a npnpuy, c
ko1opo oxe1 cpann1Lcn psae u1o 1kn xe rny6okn n nenckopennn
6esn6epnoc1L. cnn a1o1 uenoaek o1kpoe1 po1, n ac o6pyu1cn ace cme
6nnLnme qpsm, konn rse1m nspnpno y1onnn nc s a1n nonc1one1nn. pap
sne1 nx nnsyc1L; y nero ppyrne nn1epecm n coace ppyrne nnc1nnk1m; y nero ne1
nnkknx ppyrnx nonn1n. n roaopn1, kk 6pon onL6x, pccyxpe1, kk rocnopnn
pn, a cyunoc1n y nero ne1 nnmx s6o1, kpoe kk xea1L 16k, nn1L cnnp1noe,
acnpma1L xnao1m apr n y6nx1L konpynoa. ce oc1nLnoe apen on cnn1.
ocyppc1ao penn1cn n pae uc1n, nnn qpkunn, o1nnukunecn ne necoaec1nmn
pok1pnnn, uae1o koxn: c opno c1oponm, yn1m, c ppyro - nerpm.
econenno, y yn1oa 6onLue y, onn 6onee pcnonoxenm k konuenunn. yxe
o1eun y ponnnknuea 1kyk oco6ennoc1L: eaponeckn kpoaL nsennn
qpnknckyk npnpopy, n a1n nkpn, annauncL a 6enyk ccy n nen nepep rnsn
xopoune npnepm, ornn 6m cpen1Lcn nonesnmn rpxpnn. necuc1Lk, a
nc1onuee apen uncnennoe npeaocxopc1ao n cnn n c1opone nerpoa. onn, xo1n n
s6mnn qpnky, o1kyp popo nx npepkn, ace eue nxopn1cn nop ee nonnm
annnnne; amcuee pnn nnx ypoaonLc1ane - nenL; nx amcun psy sknkue1cn a
xxpe y6nc1a. Mexpy o6enn uc1nn, n ko1opme nopenen oc1poa, nnkorp ne
npekpuncL cn nk1n nenanc1L. c1opnn n1n, peokp1nn n1n - a1o nnuL
pnnnnn uepep y6nc1a: yn1oa y6nann nerpm, korp 6mnn cnnLnee, nerpoa
y6nann yn1m, korp y nnx a pykx 6mn anc1L. nc1n1y1m, cun1kunecn
qnnn1ponnuecknn, nnuero ne ory1 cpen1L: onn 6ecnonesnm n 6eccnnLnm, 1. k.
xnay1 1onLko n 6yre, upc1aye1 xe nc1nnnm pyx ec1noro ncenennn. Corncno
ec1ec1aennoy skony, o1euennoy amue, uepnn psnoanpnoc1L, npnnpnexun k
nneen, ko1opme ne cnoco6nm k unannnsunn, nn1e1 rny6okoe o1apuenne n yxc;
ko ace oc1nLnm pc, noa1oy rn1nnckne nerpm aneprnuno o1aeprk1 6enmx n ne
ponyckk1 nx n caok 1eppn1opnk, onn xo1enn 6m ns6an1Lcn n o1 yn1oa n eu1k1
ynnu1oxn1L nx. enanc1L ko acey uyxoy - rnann npyxnn ec1no nonn1nkn.
o npnunne oprnnuecko nennaoc1n a1oro pop cenLckoe xosnc1ao ncuesno, o
npomunennoc1n ne1 n peun, 1oproann npnxopn1 a ynpok, nnue1 a cmx kpnnx
nponanennnx ne pe1 ncenennk aosoxnoc1L aocnponsaopn1Lcn, expy 1e kk
noc1onnnme aonm, n1exn, aoennme nepeaopo1m cnoco6c1ayk1 ero yenLuennk.
ens6exnm n ne c1onL o1pnennm pesynL11o 1koro nonoxennn 6ype1
npeapuenne a1o c1pnm a nyc1mnk - c1pnm, uLe nnopopopne n npnpopnme
pecypcm korp-1o pennn 6or1mn ne opno nokonenne nnn11opoa, n ckopo n
nnopopopnmx pannnx, a xnaonncnmx ponnnx n n seenLnmx xonx koponeam
n1nnLcknx oc1poaoa [Q sHacna knn a-QHr mna H
Hrx Hc a Hn, r raca yvcu aaa ammaan
ac acx. , v cnan aaay ramH H,
aymn a-QHr, . k. caxm am aan aH nnk.]
6ypy1 rynn1L nnuL pnkne kosm.
u1o ecnn 6m ncenenne a1o necuc1no c1pnm c1no xn1L a coo1ae1c1ann c pyxo
caonx npepkoa 6es nens6exnoro npo1ek1op1 n aospec1ann uyxesenmx pok1pnn n
cqopnpoano caoe o6uec1ao coo6psno caon nnc1nnk1? orp pno nnn nospno,
no nnkorp 6es ncnnnn, nponsouno 6m pspenenne nkpe no uae1y koxn.
Myn1m xnnn 6m n opcko no6epexLe, u1o6m ne1L kon1k1m c eaponeun, k
ko1opm onn acerp 1nro1enn. Bnroppn a1oy nonannncL 6m 1oproaum, paok1m,
apun, n a1 uc1L ncenennn ace 6onLue n 6onLue ceunancL 6m c npnuenLun,
noc1enenno y1punan caon qpnknckne kopnn.
erpm yunn 6m arny6L n cospnn 6m 1 nenLkne o6unnm no 1nny 1ex, u1o 6mnn
korp-1o y kopnuneamx p6oa a Cn-[onnro, n Mp1nnnke, ke n oco6enno n
y6e, rpe 6onLun 1eppn1opnn n rnyxne nec cnyx1 npexnm y6exnue. ,
cpepn psnoo6psnmx nnopoa 6or1o pc1n1enLnoc1n n1nnLcknx oc1poaoa uepnme
epnknum, nen poc11ouno cpepc1a k cyuec1aoannk 6nroppn 6or1c1a
npnpopm, 6ecnpenn1c1aenno aepnynncL 6m k pecno1nuecko n1pnpxnLno
oprnnsunn, ec1ec1aenno pnn 1ex nx co6p1Lea, ko1opmx eue ne nopunnnnn
ycynLnckne saoea1enn qpnkn. C1penenne k consonnunn 6mno 6m
opnoapeenno n npnunno n cnepc1ane 1ko cn1yunn. 6psoaaunecn 1kn
o6pso nneen uepes neko1opoe apen c1nn 6m apxpoa1L ppyr c ppyro.
pnnc1aennm nonn1nueckn co6m1ne a psnmx kn1onx 6mnn 6m ec1nme aonm, n
oc1poa, pnkn, c pepkn ncenenne n c pypno aospenmaeo, sene, coxpnnn 6m
nneennyk psppo6nennoc1L, xn1enn 6mnn 6m o6peuenm n ncuesnoaenne a
pesynL11e nry6noro annnnnn skonoa n ppyrnx nnc1n1y1oa, ne o1aeukunx ypoank
nn1ennek1 nerpoa, nx nn1epec n no1pe6noc1n.
D1n npnepm Cn-[onnro n Cnpanueamx oc1poaoa poc11ouno kpcnopeunam. e
ne enee, n ne ory ypepx1Lcn o1 1oro, u1o6m ne kocny1Lcn ppyroro nnornunoro
qenoen, ko1opm eue 6onLue nop1aepxpe1 ok 1ouky spennn. canpe1enn n
npnsmak rocyppc1ao, uLn nnc1n1y1m, nansnnme npo1ec1n1cknn nccnonepn,
npepc1annk1 co6o p6ckn cnenok c 6pn1ncko cnc1em. 31e peuL nope1 o
npan1enLc1ae, 1epnnLno n qnsnueckn nesancno, no nn1ennek1ynLno
cansnno c eaponecknn 1eopnnn, ko1opoe pennsoano nocnepnne n npk1nke,
u1o npnaeno k rn6enn necuc1noro rn1nnckoro ncenennn. 1k, npepnrk
un11enn npnep coaepuenno ppyroro pop, nenno nonm1kn o1uoa-nesyn1oa
unannnsoa1L 6opnrenoa pran, o ko1opmx noppo6no nncnn pnupp, p6nnLn n
y6onLp1.
D1n nccnonepm a cnny caonx yc1aennmx kuec1a n 6ecnpnepnoro yxec1a
cnncknn aceo6uee aocxnuenne, n cme npme npo1nannkn nx nonn1nkn ne ory1
o1ks1L n a nckpenne yaxennn. co pene, ecnn kkne-1o nnc1n1y1m
uyxesenoro nponcxoxpennn korp-nn6ypL nenn xo1L cn6me uncm n ycnex, 1o
peuL npe1 nenno o6 a1nx, ocnoannmx n oun pennrnosnoro uyac1a n
onnpkunxcn n renn n6nkp1enn n coo1ae1c1aykune npen. 1um-nesyn1m
y6epnnn ce6n a 1o - kc11n, ouenL pcnpoc1pnennoe y6expenne, - u1o apapc1ao
nanne1cn pnn nc1opnn npopoa 1e xe, u1o pe1c1ao pnn xnsnn uenoaek, n u1o ue
6onLue pnkoc1n n neunannnsoannoc1n a nunn, 1e on onoxe.
1o6m amaec1n caonx neoqn1oa a noppoc1koam aospc1, onn o1nocnnncL k nn, kk k
pe1n, n nansnn n npanenne, nc1onLko xe 1aeppoe no nepennn n cy1n,
nckonLko nrkoe n npnanek1enLnoe no qope. oo6ue epnknckne npopnoc1n
o1nnuk1cn pecny6nnkncknn 1enpenunnn, onpxnn nnn pnc1okp1nn ouenL
pepkn n a1o kon1nnen1e.
k u1o npnpopnme nknonnoc1n rypnn, k ko1opm npnunn nesyn1m, a a1o cmcne
ne o1nnunncL o1 xpk1ep ppyrnx 6opnrenoa. e ne enee, no cuc1nnaoy
c1euennk o6c1on1enLc1a a1n npopm oksnncL o1nocn1enLno amcokopsan1mn a
yc1aenno o1nouennn n nponannnn, oxe1 6m1L, enLue xec1koc1n, ue neko1opme
nx cocepn, 1kxe nenn koe-kkne cknonnoc1n k aocnpnn1nk noaoro. pnepno c1o
papu1L 1mcnu pyu 6mnn co6pnm a pepeann, onekeme o1un-nccnonepn.
xop nouno ace, u1o nenn nesyn1m a caoe pcnopnxennn - onm1, exepneanme
n6nkpennn, nnoceppne; npnnrnncL 6ecuncnennme ycnnnn, u1o6m yckopn1L ycnex
n ne noapepn1L peny. eco1pn n 1kne epm, ckopo nonannocL ouyuenne, u1o
6conk1nn anc1L 6mn 6m, kc11n, pnn 1oro, u1o6m nc1an1L neoqn1oa n
nc1nnnm ny1L, n aosnnknn conennn o1nocn1enLno npounoc1n c1ponuerocn spnnn.
orp nonn1nk rpq pnpm npnaen k 1oy, u1o n6oxnme unannns1opm
noknnynn pra, pesynL11 npeasouen cme xypune oxnpnnn. ypnn,
oc1anennme pyxoanmn nc1annkn, o1ksnn a poaepnn cae1ckn npan1enn,
npncnnnm ns cnnnn, n nnckonLko ne yaxnn noame nnc1n1y1m. x cnoa o6ynn
akyc k pnko xnsnn, n ceropnn, s ncknkuenne 1pnpu1n cen ne6onLunx cenenn,
ko1opme eue coxpnnnncL n 6eperx pnm a prae n Ypyrae n rpe oc1nocL
ceunnoe ncenenne, ace oc1nLnme nneen aosap1nnncL a pxynrnn n c1nn xn1L
1 a 1ko xe pnko coc1onnnn, a kko npe6mak1 n snpe nneen 1o xe
rpynnm - rypnn n cnpnonm. ne ckxy, u1o 6erneum aepnynncL ko ace caon
npexnn o6mun, ao ace nx unc1o1e, no 1e ne enee onn cnoa onyc1nnncL a nono
pnkoc1n: peno a 1o, u1o nn opno uenoaeuecko pce ne pno nn o1ks1Lcn o1 caonx
nnc1nnk1oa, nn s6m1L 1y 1pony, n ko1opyk nx npnaen ocnopL. Moxno cks1L, u1o
ecnn 6m nesyn1m npoponxnn pepx1L caon nccnn a prae, nx ycnnnn co
apeene pnn 6m nyuune pesynL11m. a1o ponyckk, opnko npn opno ycnoann,
u1o a c1pny npnunn 6m eaponeckne nocenenum, yc1noannn specL pnk11ypy,
ceunncL c 6opnrenn, cnun ps6annn nx kpoaL, s1e nonnoc1Lk nsennnn
ee; a a1o cnyue a a1nx ec1x nonannocL 6m rocyppc1ao, nyc1L nop 1ysenm
nene, nyc1L roppnaueecn caon nponcxoxpenne o1 a1ox1onnmx npepkoa, no no
cy1n caoe 1koe xe eaponeckoe, kk nnc1n1y1m, ynpannkune n.
o1 u1o n xo1en cks1L o6 o1nouennnx expy nnc1n1y1n n pcn.
VI
Cnn r r n rrqkr ,
r xy.
enLsn ne npnsn1L ponL knn1, nouam n 1onorpqnuecknx oco6ennoc1e n nx
annnnne n psan1ne npopoa; n yxe s1prnan a1o1 aonpoc n ceuc xouy
pcco1pe1L ero noppo6nee.
6muno cun1e1cn, u1o ecnn nunn o6psoancL nop connue ne cnnuko xpkn,
u1o6m cxeuL koxy n cpen1L nkpe nepanmn, n ne cnnuko xonopnm, u1o6m
cpen1L nouay 6ecnnopno, ecnn on cqopnpoancL n 6epery 6onLuo pekn,
cnyxue ypo6nm ny1e coo6uennn, n pannne nnn a ponnne c nnopopopno
nouao, y nopnoxnn rop, ckpmakunx a ce6e orponme nnepnLnme 6or1c1a, 1o
a1 nunn, 6nrocnoaennn npnpopo, 6mc1po ampe1 ns coc1onnnn apapc1a n
npnpe1 k unannnsunn. C ppyro c1oponm, ecnn ncxopn1L ns a1oro pryen1,
npnpe1cn npnsn1L, u1o nneen, cxnreme connue nnn yppyueme aeunmn
cnern n nLpn, xnayune n 6ecnnopnmx cknx, nek1 6onLue uncoa oc11Lcn a
apapc1ae. orp nonyue1cn, u1o uenoaeuec1ao npe1 k coaepuenc1ay 1onLko
6nroppn 1epnnLno npnpope n u1o ace ero poc1onnc1a cyuec1ayk1 kk 6m ane
ero. kn 6m npnanek1enLnm ne ksnocL n nepam asrnnp a1o nenne, ono
6conk1no npo1naopeun1 norouncnennm qk1 n npnep.
oneuno xe, nnkkyk c1pny nenLsn cun11L 6onee nnopopopno, nn opnn knn1
6onee 6nronpnn1nm, ue npoc1opm epnkn. 3pecL noro 6onLunx pek, snnaoa,
6yx1, rane - rny6oknx, xnaonncnmx, aec1n1enLnmx; uennme e1nnm snerk1
nou1n n co noaepxnoc1n senn; pc1n1enLnoc1L pe1 cme psnoo6psnme
cpepc1a k cyuec1aoannk, qyn nso6nnye1 cLepo6nmn n1nun n xnao1nmn.
pnko 6onLun uc1L a1nx o6ncknnmx 6oro ec1 noro aekoa cnyxn1 cpepo
o6n1nnn npop, ko1opm pxe ne npnxopn1 a ronoay ncnonLsoa1L xo1L nyk
1onnky a1nx 6or1c1a.
eko1opme ns nnx nm1nncL u1o-1o npepnpnnn1L, koe-rpe m anpn npnsnkn
kynL1ypm n cnepm npnn1nano o6p6o1kn pypm. y1euec1aennnkn aocxnuk1cn
nspennnn peecnennnkoa, amnonnennmx c neconennm nckycc1ao. o ace a1o
nnuL psposnennme npnepm, ne coc1annkune uenoro - npo6neckn unannnsunn.
syee1cn, a pnekne apeen n o6unpnmx sennx expy osepo Dpn n
Mekcnknckn snnao, o1 Mnccypn po Cknnc1mx rop cyuec1aoan nunn,
oc1anaun seu1enLnme cnepm caoero npncy1c1ann. c11kn coopyxenn,
ncknLnme pncynkn n npnncn, ornnLnme kyprnm [vu xaakan
kcykn sx kyraa, cyHm ncya, am a x,
nanka num aHa cnanca. x n amckaxy H
c sx nka c vk n ana, a nka ravycu
akH aHvaH: nun au nvm aac sx axk.
ca, cknm sx kyraa accmnacn a nax n kak c
ayxH, xn nvam ycnan nun aaau narnnmH,
Hxy H kak na yHmx ckx kHnxa, kmH H
1900 n, nkac cxancu. sHy Hx yaxau, v
kak can Hxy sH axkaH a Hk nnHaH n-
nanc yrH. nuyncu cnyvaH, xvy Hu numy ay
aHkackx yvmx, aHaxcn yvH nmnr car
mr ka. nkyamcu c vH xynkcu
skcryHaamx caka, nyHan anaau a ynm, nvH c
cn cxcu, yHm ccaa, km, aaan,
nxan kc anxn.], ynn canpe1enLc1ayk1 o psan1o
kynL1ype. o ne1 nnkkoro nop1aepxpennn, u1o expy a1o 1nnc1aenno nune n
npopn, kouykunn ceropnn n ee ornnx, cyuec1aye1 6nnskoe popc1ao. nk6o
cnyue, ecnn a pesynL11e kknx-1o ec1ec1aennmx canse nnn o1nouenn
nopunnennoc1n nmneunne 1yseum yncnepoann o1 npexnnx xosnea c1pnm nepame
nonn1nn o6 nckycc1ax n peecnx, ko1opme onn npk1nkyk1 n co aneen1pno
ypoane, oxno nnuL ypnann1Lcn 1oy, u1o onn oksnncL necnoco6nm
ycoaepuenc1aoa1L 1o, uey nyunnncL, n n anxy a a1o eue opnn pryen1 a nonLsy
1oro, u1o nepame nneen, nxopncL a cmx 6nronpnn1nmx reorpqnuecknx
ycnoannx, ne 6mnn npepnsnuenm pnn unannnsunn. / nnpo1na, expy knn1o
n qk1o unannnsunn ne1 nnkko sancnoc1n. npnn acerp nyxpncL a
kynL1naunn seenL, 1k xe kk n rnne1 [amH ncnaH n acm a
nmncu cycau num am n accaan
nnn nvam. x caH Hx ckaau rn: anH,
rrackx ya naana nan 4ayHa.]. a1o pa
nsaec1neunx uen1p kynL1ypm n pen pyk uenoaeuecknx. n1e, npnpy c
nnopopopnmn sennn, ec1L ec1, rpe senepenne conpnxeno c 6onLunn
1pypnoc1nn.
c1opnn nuncL specL c ykpouennn caoenpanmx pek, nepame 6nropennnn
ppeannx nnep1opoa sknkunncL a pm1Le knnoa n ocyuennn 6ono1.
Mecono1nn, a ponnne aqp1 n nrp, rpe npouae1nn nepame ccnpnckne
rocyppc1a, rpe senn nso6nnye1 canuennmn pennkannn, rpe nuennu, kk
roaopn1, pc1e1 c no ce6e, noua 1e ne enee no nnopopopnn, n u1o6m
o6ecneun1L nponn1nne, npnxopnnocL snn1Lcn nppnrune. Ceropnn, korp knnm
pspyuenm, sanenm o6nokn, anoaL aoupnnocL 6ecnnopne. oa1oy n cknonen
py1L, u1o npnpop 6mn ne c1onL 6nrocknonn k a1n pon, kk o6muno
pyk1. ace-1kn n ne co6npkcL pccyxp1L n a1y 1ey n npnsnk, u1o n1,
rnne1, npnn n ccnpnn kk nenLsn nyuue nopxopnnn pnn qopnpoannn 6onLunx
nnepn n psan1nn ounmx unannnsun; n ponyckk, u1o a a1nx ec1x
cocpepo1ouenm ace ycnoann pnn npouae1nnn. o pnn 1oro, u1o6m aocnonLsoa1Lcn
nn, npo 6mno npepapn1enLno poc1nrny1L amcokoro ypoann counnLno
oprnnsunn. k, pnn 1oro, u1o6m 1oproann orn aocnonLsoa1Lcn aopnmn
p1epnnn, npo 6mno, u1o6m yxe cyuec1aoan npomunennoc1L nnn, no kpne
epe, rpnkynL1yp, annnnne n cocepnne npopm 6mno nemcnnm 6es nnnunn
ropopoa n pmnkoa. 1k, npnannernn, oksnnme n1k, npnn n ccnpnn,
npepnonrk1 a npopx, ko1opme aocnonLsoanncL 1koamn, nc1onuee
nn1ennek1ynLnoe npnsanne n pxe neko1opyk unannnsoannoc1L po 1oro, kk orn
nu1Lcn akcnny1unn a1nx npenyuec1a. pnko oc1an oco6o o1euennme
npnpopo ponm n o6p1ncn k ppyrn.
orp a npouecce caoe nrpunn qnnnknum npnunn ns nnoc nnn ns ppyrnx ec1
n kro-aoc1oke, u1o onn yanpenn a Cnpnn, rpe o6ocnoanncL? 3cyunnaoe cknnc1oe
no6epexLe, c1ncny1oe expy ope n ropnmn uennn, ko1opoy, ksnocL, cyxpeno
naeuno oc11Lcn 6ecnnopnm. kn yppyukun 1eppn1opnn orpnnunan
pcnpoc1pnenne nunn, no1oy u1o nxopnncL cpepn rop. e ne enee a1o ec1o,
noxoxee n 1kpLy, npeap1nnocL, 6nroppn rennk npop, ko1opm scennn ero, a
c1pny xpoa n paopuoa. Onnnknum, o6peuennme n yuc1L nx1noqroa nnn, a
nyuue cnyue, nnp1oa, cpennncL n anpapy nnp1n, no a 1o xe apen
o1axnmn n noaknn 1oproaun n ypunnamn cnekynnn1n. y n u1o, aospsn1
ne onnonen1, nyxp ec1L 1epL npepnpnnunaoc1n: ecnn 6m ocnoa1enn np n
Cnpon o6n1nn a ponnnx [ck, poaonLc1ayncL nnopn cenLckoro xosnc1a,
onn nnkorp 6m ne c1nn snenn1m npopo. nue1 nx yrne1n, nnue1
npo6ypnn nx renn.
nouey on ne npo6yxpe1 renn nornx qpnkncknx, epnkncknx, oc1poanmx
nneen kennn, nxopnunxcn a nnornunmx ycnoannx? ouey kn6nnm Mpokko -
ppeannn pc, y ko1opo 6mno poc11ouno apeenn pnn psmunenn, kpoe 1oro,
poc11ouno xopounx npnepoa pnn noppxnnn, - nouey onn nn psy ne npnunn k
6onee yno mcnn pnn o6neruennn caoe 1nxeno ponn, nexenn npoc1o opcko
ps6o? ouey n a1o pxnnenre, ko1opm 6yp1o cneunnLno cospn pnn
koepunn, n a1nx okencknx oc1poax, ko1opme 1k nerko coo6uk1cn expy
co6o, nou1n ace nnopo1aopnme o1nouennn nxopn1cn a pykx uyxeseuea -
kn1uea, nuea n p6oa? ouey cnnxe1cn k1nanoc1L 1, rpe npeo6npk1
nony1ysenme npopm n e1ncm? [eno ao1 a ue: pnn 1oro, u1o6m npepnpnnunan
nunn corn o6ocnoa1Lcn n no6epexLe nnn n nk6o oc1poae, 1pe6ye1cn neu1o
6onLuee, ue o1kpm1oe ope, ue 6or1n noua n pxe onm1, npnanecennm nsane,
- neo6xopn kkn-1o oco6n cnoco6noc1L xn1ene a1oro no6epexLn nnn oc1poa,
n6o 1onLko on nosaonn1 n aocnonLsoa1Lcn opypnnn 1pyp, nxopnunncn a nx
pcnopnxennn.
o n ne orpnnuycL poks1enLc1ao 1oro, u1o reorpqnueckoe nonoxenne -
6nronpnn1noe no npnunne nnopopopnoc1n nouam nnn, no6opo1, ee nennopopopnoc1n
- ne onpepenne1 counnLnyk snunoc1L npopoa; n xouy o6Lncnn1L, u1o a1
snunoc1L coaepuenno ne sancn1 o1 okpyxkunx 1epnnLnmx o6c1on1enLc1a.
pnaepy npnep pnn, snep1mx a caonx ropx, a 1ex xe cmx ropx, rpe ns
nokonennn a nokonenne xnay1 n ynpk1 a coc1onnnn apapc1a norne ppyrne
npopm: c nesnn1nmx apeen onn cqopnpoann poc11ouno psan1yk
unannnsunk. 1oy xe nx senn ne o1nnue1cn nnopopopne, c1pn, okpyxennn
ropn, ne nee1 amxop k opk.
nnornuno nonoxennn nxopnnncL eapen, okpyxennme nneenn 6nnsko n
nsmkoao rpynnm, npnue norne 6mnn 6nnskn eapen n no kpoan; onn 1kxe
onepepnnn a psan1nn acex cocepe. nn 6mnn aonnn, senepenLun, 1oproaun
n nenn cnoxnyk c1pyk1ypy npanennn, a ko1opo onpxnn, 1eokp1nn,
n1pnpxnLnn anc1L popoamx aoxpe n peokp1nueckn anc1L npop a anpe
co6pnn n npopokoa coue1nncL ppyr c ppyro cm npnuypnnam o6pso; onn
nepexnnn aek npouae1nnn n cnam n, 6nroppn npopynno cnc1ee nrpunn,
npeoponenn 1pypnoc1n, cansnnme c orpnnuennoc1Lk nx 1eppn1opnn. u1o
npepc1annn co6o a1 1eppn1opnn? mneunne ny1euec1aennnkn xopouo snk1,
ueno kknx ycnnn nspnnLckne rponom noppepxnak1 nnopopopne nouam. C 1ex
nop, kk a1 ns6pnnn pc noknnyn caon ropm n ponnnm, konopeu, ns ko1oporo
nnnn c1p koa, snecno necko, annorppnnko ao1 sanpen nyc1mnn, n
ec1e paopu xa pc1e1 copnnk. uero po6nncn a a1o xnko yronke senn
eapeckn npop? noa1opnk: npop, 1nn1nnam ao ace, s u1o on 6pncn,
cao6opnm, cnnLnm, yppm npop, ko1opm po 1oro, kk c opyxne a pykx y1p1nn
sanne nesancnoro, pn npy c1onLko xe apue, ckonLko n 1oproauea.
[xe rpekn, cnanme rpekn, ne ornn noxac11Lcn 6nronpnn1nm reorpqnueckn
nonoxenne. BonLue uc1Lk nx npopm o6n1nn n nou1n 6ecnnopnmx sennx.
pkpnn 6mn o6nk6oan nc1yxn, Beo1nk o6nk6oann Cepee n pnn1one,
opnko a annnncko nc1opnn a1n ec1noc1n nrpk1 nese1nyk ponL. [xe 6or1m
opnnq, ns6pnnm ropop ny1on n enepm Mennncko, c1on1 rpe-1o n a1opo
ec1e. k k1o xe coc1ann cnay peunn? qnnm, uLn cepn nmnL nokpman uxnme
onnakoame poun a okpec1noc1nx ropop; qnnm, ko1opme, 6ypyun 1oproam uen1po,
npopann c11yn n knnrn, 1kxe Cnp1, s1epnnnn a ysko ponnne, rpe ee nun
cna.
1enepL o6p1ncn k ny, 1. e. k 1oy 6epnoy kn1ony uny, n ko1opm nn
am6op ero cosp1ene, n 6epery nenLko peukn no nenn n6p, anpkue a ope
a nyc1mnno ec1e, kyp pepko sxopnnn qnnnknckne nnn rpeueckne kop6nn. sae
6nroppn caoey reorpqnueckoy nonoxennk on c1n anpmko np? eue: kk
1onLko np nokopnncn pnckoy yc1ay, anc1n1enn peunnn, u1o pnn c1onnum
am6pno neypunoe ec1o, n aeunm ropop nponro oksncn a onne. epame
nnep1opm, o6puaune asopm k peunn, nou1n noc1onnno xnnn 1. 1nnn
n6epn o6ocnoancn n npn, a uen1pe caoe nnepnn. ro npeennkn nepe6pnncL
a n1noxnk. eko1opme, os6ouennme rnnLcknn npo6nen, po6pnncL po pea.
koneu, nnep1opckn pekpe1o y n aoo6ue o1o6pnn 1n1yn c1onnum n
nepepnn ero Mnnny. ecnn pnnnne sc1annn c yaxenne n c1pxo roaopn1L o
ce6e, 1k a1o aonpekn ec1ononoxennk 1oro yronk, ns ko1oporo amxopnnn nepame
nernonm, ne 6nroppn ey.
o apeen, 6onee 6nnskne, m n6nkpe eue 6onLue kpcnopeunamx qk1oa. Mm
anpn, kk npouae1nne noknpe1 cpepnsenoopckoe no6epexLe, a1o nnunee
poks1enLc1ao 1oro, u1o ono ne 6mno npncyue ero xn1enn. pynnme 1oproame
uen1pm cpepneaekoaLn nonannk1cn 1, rpe nn opnoy nonn1nky npexnnx anox ne
npnuno 6m a ronoay c1pon1L nx. oaropop pcuae1e1 a scnexenno xonopno
c1pne, Bpeen - n 1ko xe cypoao no6epexLe. nseckne ropop a uen1pnLno
epnnn cospk1cn nocpepn c1pnm, ko1opn 1onLko-1onLko npocmne1cn; eneunn
nopnne1cn ns rny6nn opckoro snna. onn1nueckn k1nanoc1L nepeeue1cn a
ec1, o ko1opmx pnLue n ne cnmunn. o Opnunn anc1L konuen1pnpye1cn
ceaepnee ypm n Cenm. non, ynys, p6on, MpcenL, Boppo cxopn1 c amcue
c1ynenn, kyp nx aosnecnn pnnnne. nanm ropopo c1noan1cn pnx, 6mauee
rnyxoe cenenne, ypnennoe o1 opn, 1. e. ne6nronpnn1noe pnn 1oproann, no anonne
poc1ynnoe pnn nopnpcknx kop6ne. 1nnn su11nme korp-1o ropopkn
c1noan1cn pesnpenune pncknx nn; aenn noc1poen n 6ono1x, nLqn
cpenncn oryuec1aennm eue pnLue. 1euy nony1no, u1o cnyunoc1L ne nee1
nnkkoro o1nouennn k a1n nep1yp6unn, u1o ace o6Lncnne1cn npe6manne a
pnno ec1e oryuec1aenno pcm. xouy cks1L, u1o ec1ononoxenne ne
onpepennno, ne onpepenne1 n nnkorp ne 6ype1 onpepenn1L snunoc1L nunn:
nnpo1na, nunn 6mn, ec1L n 6ype1 peukun qk1opo akononueckoro,
npac1aennoro n nonn1nueckoro psan1nn 1eppn1opnn.
1o6m noncnn1L a1y mcnL, po6ank, u1o n nnckonLko ne ynnk snuennn
reorpqnueckoro nonoxennn pnn neko1opmx ropopoa, nnpnep, opcknx nop1oa,
c1onnu n uen1poa 1oproamx ny1e. nk1o ne 6ype1 ocnpna1L a1o1 qk1 a o1nouennn
onc1n1nnononn n nekcnppnn. seno upe ec1L 1oukn, ko1opme oxno nsa1L
knkueamn: ckxe, ropopy, ko1opm 6ype1 noc1poen n ncko nepeueke n
6epery 6ypyuero knn, cyxpeno 6ype1 nrp1L 6onLuyk ponL a npoamx penx. o
ponL xnayue 1 nunn 6ype1 sance1L o1 ee cnoco6noc1e. cunpL1e
cyuec1aykuyk a 1o ec1e kpenoc1L, amkon1e knn y ee c1en, s1e scenn1e ee
nkpLn, n 1orp o1 auero am6op nocenenuea 6ype1 sance1L 6ypyuee noaoro
ropop. cnn onn okxy1cn necnoco6nmn a nonnyk epy ncnonLsoa1L 1koe
cuc1nnaoe npenyuec1ao, kk ec1o o6Lepnnennn payx aennknx okenoa, snun1,
ncenenne noknne1 ropop n 6ype1 nck1L cuc1Ln a ppyro ec1e.
o1, kc11n, u1o nnue1 npnepno n a1y 1ey DanLp a caoe c1opnn npop
spnnn, xo1n caoe nenne on, aosoxno, ampxe1 cnnuko pesko: [oaonLno
norouncnennme nc1opnkn pnn ce6n y6epn1L a 1o, u1o c1pn qopnpye1 npop, u1o
6apu nnn ckc co npnpopo nx senn 6mno cyxpeno c11L 1e, ue onn
c1nn, u1o npo1ec1n1ckoe xpnc1nnc1ao nnkk ne nopxopnno kxnm npop, u1o
k1onnuns uyxp npop ceaepnm, n 1. n. kpn, ko1opme 1onkyk1 nc1opnk, ncxopn
nx caonx kyumx snnn nnn pykoaopc1ayncL caon kpoxo1nm ceppue n 6nnsopykn
yo, xo1enn 6m 1kxe yskonn1L 1ko qk1: nunn, o ko1opo npe1 peuL (eapen),
o6npe1 onpepenennmn kuec1an, nyc1L pxe ne coace ouenennmn,
nosaonnkunn n xn1L a nec1nne, ne a npnn nnn, ckxe, a peunn. o ecnn
6m a1n yuenme yxn, ko1opme ory1 poks1L ace, u1o yropno, nopynn np 1e, u1o
a1 canuennn senn nopopnn n orpnnuenno npoc1pnc1ae pennrnn n npen cmx
psnmx npopoa n u1o expy a1nn npopn n nx nmneunnn ncnepnnkn
cyuec1ayk1 kppnnnLnme psnnunn, xo1n 1eppn1opnn oc1ncL npexne, 1orp onn
6m nonnnn, kk no 1eppn1opnn annne1 n xpk1ep n unannnsunk npop.
VII
X n k .
s acex pryen1oa no noaopy nnc1n1y1oa n knn1nuecko-reorpqnueckoro
nonoxennn ampenk opnn, ko1opm, no npape roaopn, ne cnepoano noc1an1L
anepepn acex oc1nLnmx, no ne no1oy, u1o n cun1k ero cm cnnLnm, ns
yaxennn k qk1opy, n ko1opm a1o1 pryen1 onnpe1cn. cnn cnpaepnnam
npepuec1aykune amaopm, 1orp nnpunak1cn pa cnepykunx y1aepxpennn: ao-
nepamx, 6onLunnc1ao uenoaeuecknx pc aoo6ue ne cnoco6nm unannnsoa1Lcn 6es
ceuennn c ppyrnn; ao-a1opmx, ne 1onLko 1kne pcm ne o6npk1 any1penne
panxyue cnno pnn 1oro, u1o6m nopnn1Lcn no nec1nnue nporpecc, no n nk6n
aneunnn cnn ne a coc1onnnn oxnan1L nx apoxpennyk 6ecnnopnoc1L, nesancno o1
aosoxnoc1e a1o cnnm. 3pecL, koneuno, cpsy aosnnke1 aonpoc: amxopn1,
xpnc1nnc1ao ne oxe1 ocaeu1L ny1L ace nunn? onyue1cn, u1o ec1L npopm,
o6peuennme n 1o, u1o6m nnkorp ne ysn1L yuennn pnc1?
eko1opme a1opm o1aeuk1 n a1o1 aonpoc y1aeppn1enLno. pn a1o onn
6ecnpponno npo1naopeu1 anrennk, o1pnun coaepuenno oco6m xpk1ep noaoro
skon, npepnsnuennoro pnn acex nkpe 6es ncknkuennn. koe nenne ec1L
noa1openne ec1nnuecko pok1pnnm eapeea. nnckonLko ne pcnonoxen
corncn1Lcn co c1oponnnkn a1o npen, ocyxpenno UepkoaLk, n ro1oa npnsn1L,
u1o ace uenoaeueckne pcm npenenm opnnkoao cnoco6noc1Lk ao1n a
xpnc1nnckyk ceLk. a1o cmcne peuL ne npe1 o nepaonunLnmx rpexx nnn o
kknx-1o noexx, sknkukunxcn a npnpope pc, n nepaenc1ao specL 1oxe nn npn
ue. k 6m nn xo1enocL a1oro neko1opm yuenm, pennrnn n sene aoace ne
pcnpepennk1cn no reorpqnueckn son aec1e c nkpLn, ncnoaepykunn nx.
ne1 nc1nnm a 1o, u1o xpnc1nnc1ao ponxno ponnnpoa1L o1 1koro-1o po 1koro-1o
epnpnn, nunnn o1 onpepenenno rpnnum po kknx-1o npepenoa ac1yne1 a
caon npa ncn, pnLue - 6yppns nnn 6pxnns, expy 1e kk unnc1
n qe1nunc1 poc1ne1cn 1o, u1o oc1nocL.
pnc1nne xnay1 n acex unpo1x n ao acex knn1nuecknx sonx. 6 a1o
y6epn1enLno canpe1enLc1aye1 c11nc1nk, psyee1cn, nenonnn. Monronm kouyk1 n
pannnx cpepnnno uc1n snn, pnkpn snnk1cn oxo1o n koppnnLepcknx nn1o,
acknocm noan1 pm6y ao nLpx pk1nkn, kn1um n nnonum ynpk1 nop 6nuo
yrne11ene. Ok1m ne oc1annk1 nnkknx conenn n ce cue1. o 1e xe qk1m ne
pk1 ocnoann ceuna1L a kyuy, kk a1o o6muno penk1, xpnc1nnc1ao,
cnoco6noc1L acex nkpe npnsn1L ero nc1nnm n nponoaepoa1L ero sae1m n
coaepuenno ppyryk cnoco6noc1L - cnoco6noc1L 1o nnn nno pcm ocosn1L
ncyunyk neo6xopnoc1L coaepuenc1aoannn counnLnoro nopnpk n npo1n a1nm,
neo6xopnme pnn 1oro, u1o6m nopnn1Lcn n ypoaenL, nsmaem unannnsune:
peuL npe1 kk ps o 1o ypoane, ko1opm cnyxn1 epo nepaenc1a uenoaeuecknx
pc.
npouno aeke y1aepxpnn, psyee1cn, 6es acnknx n 1o ocnoann, u1o pok1pnn
o1peuennn, ko1opn coc1anne1 rnanyk uc1L xpnc1nnc1a, no caoe npnpope
coaepuenno npo1naononoxn counnLnoy nporpeccy, n u1o nkpn, uLe amcue
uenLk ponxen 6m1L o1ks o1 acero senoro n yc1penenne acex xennn k ne6ecnoy
epycnny, ne ropn1cn pnn 1oro, u1o6m cnyxn1L nn1epec a1oro np. D1o1
pryen1 onpoaepre1cn necoaepuenc1ao uenoaeuecko npnpopm. nk1o n nnkorp
acepLes ne oncncn, u1o uenoaeuec1ao o1kxe1cn o1 npcko xnsnn, n kk 6m
nc1on1enLno nn sayunn pekoenpunn n coae1m, oueanpno, u1o onn ne aosmenn
pec1ann. poe 1oro, xpnc1nnckne snoaepn npepc1annk1 co6o ounm
counnLnm nnc1pyen1 a 1o cmcne, u1o onn cnruk1 npam, cnoco6c1ayk1
6nro1aopn1enLnoc1n, ocyxpk1 nk6oe ncnnne, npnsmak1 k psyy n
npepoc1annk1 pyue nou1n neorpnnuennyk anc1L, u1o a koneuno cue1e npe1 ao
6nro nno1n. cnny e1qnsnuecko npnpopm caonx por1oa pennrnn npnsmae1 pyx
k aocxoxpennk, expy 1e kk 6nroppn unc1o1e caoe opnn on c1pen1cn
ampa1L ero ns 6ono1 cn6oc1e n nopokoa, nry6nmx pnn 1epnnLnoro nporpecc.
o1nnune o1 qnnocoqoa XVIII a., m cknonnm nsa1L xpnc1nnc1ao unannns1opcko
cnno, no specL cnepye1 co6nkp1L epy, n6o npeyaennuenne 1ko ponn oxe1
npnaec1n k cepLesnm oun6k.
pnc1nnc1ao nanne1cn unannns1opo po 1ex nop, nok pene1 uenoaek 6onee
nrkn n psynm, n a 1o xe apen ono ncnonnne1 a1y ponL 1onLko onocpepoanno,
1. k. ne c1an1 uenLk npnenn1L nrkoc1L n psynoc1L k senm pen n ne
nm1e1cn ncnpan1L counnLnm nopnpok, npn ko1opo xnay1 neoqn1m, kkn 6m
necoaepuennm on nn ksncn. nanoe pnn nero - y6p1L ace, u1o apepn1 spopoaLk
pyun, oc1nLnoe neaxno. y 6espsnnuno, u1o kn1um nocn1 xn1m, acknocm
xopn1 a ukypx, u1o nepame epn1 pnc, a1opme kn1oam xnp, n ono coaepuenno ne
nn1epecye1cn 1e, u1o onn aepy1 caok oco6yk xnsnL. cnn o6ps xnsnn a1nx nkpe
cnyxn1 ey n nonLsy, xpnc1nnc1ao 6ype1 ero nooupn1L, no ne c1ne1 nsenn1L
npnamukn n o6mun, ko1opme sc1no y o6puennoro npop, nnn cnoco6c1aoa1L
nepexopy o1 opno unannnsunn k ppyro, nockonLky ono amue acex n nk6mx
unannnsun. pnepoa 1oy npepoc11ouno, n n 6ypy roaopn1L o nnx, no cnun
ne xo1enocL 6m npnsn1Lcn a 1o, u1o ne acerp 6mn nenonn1n coapeennn
pok1pnn, ko1opn nc1onLko o1oxpec1anne1 skon pnc1 c nn1epecn nuero np,
u1o y1aepxpe1, 6yp1o 6m a o6nxop aoun nekn xpnc1nnckn unannnsunn.
e1 conennn a cyuec1aoannn unannnsunn nsmuecko, 6pxncko, 6yppnc1cko,
nypnc1cko. Cyuec1aoann n cyuec1ayk1 o6uec1a, ko1opm pennrnn cnyxn1
ocnoao, pn qopy, cqopnpoan skonm, o6osnunn rpnnum, yksn
oncnoc1n; 1kne o6uec1a xnay1 1onLko no 6onee nnn enee nanm npepnncnnn
1eokp1nuecko pok1pnnm, n nx neaosoxno npepc1an1L 6es aepm n pn1ynoa, aep
n pn1ynm nemcnnm 6es npop, ko1opm nx cospn. o a1n npann c1ponncL
acn n1nunoc1L. ernLnn 1epnnoc1L - nso6pe1enne pncko nonn1nkn - n cnc1e
ccnnnnunn n cnnnnnn kynL1oa kk pesynL11 pekpen1cko 1eonornn nonannncL a
nsmuec1ae ne ouenL pano. pnko nok ono 6mno knm n cnnLnm, n sene 6mno
c1onLko xe Knn1epoa, Mepkypnea, enep, ckonLko ropopoa, peannam 6or
npnsnan nnuL caonx. kn o6pso, kxpn 1kn unannnsunn o6psye1cn n
psanae1cn nop arnpo konkpe1noro 6oxec1a. ynL1 n rocyppc1ao cansnm
nc1onLko 1ecno, u1o o6 necy1 o1ae1c1aennoc1L n s po6po n s sno. ecnn a
pqrene nxopn1 nonn1nueckne cnepm kynL1 npckoro epkn, 1o ne1pypno
cny11L annnnne pok1pnnm xpeuoa c nonn1nko cyqe1oa n nnpanenne counnLnoro
psan1nn. 1kxe ne coneakcL a 1o, u1o co6koronoam ny6nc, cnp e1ckn
n 6nc nyunnn xn1ene ponnnm nn 1oy, u1o onn snnn n yenn; no coe
kpynnoe noauec1ao, ko1opoe npnnecno n senk xpnc1nnc1ao, - a1o o6ps pec1an,
coaepuenno o1nnunm o1 e1opoa npepuec1aykunx pennrn. Y 1ex 6mnn caon
npopm, y xpnc1nnc1a caoero ne 6mno: ono o6pueno ko ace nkpn, n 6or1m n
6epnm, no npexpe acero ono nonyunno o1 Can1oro [yx aceo6un nsmk [Qnn
ncna, II, 4,8,9,10,11.], u1o6m psroapna1L c kxpm n nsmke ero c1pnm n
o6Lnann1L o noao aepe no cpepc1ao o6psoa, nn6onee nonn1nmx pnn kxpo
nunn. no npnuno ne pnn 1oro, u1o6m nsenn1L aneunn o6nnk uenoaek nnn
1epnnLnm, np, pnn 1oro, u1o6m noxne1L ero. no npe1enpoano 1onLko n
any1pennkk cy1L. opno nokpnqnuecko knnre, u1no s ee ppeanoc1L,
roaopn1cn: yc1L cnnLnm ne uann1cn caoe cnno, 6or1m caon 6or1c1ao,
1o1, k1o xoue1 npocnan1Lcn, npocnanen 6ype1 a ocnope. Cnn, 6or1c1ao, anc1L -
nnuero ne c1on1 a nue skone. n opn unannnsunn, kkoao 6m on nn 6mn, ne
nponannn caonx npnansnnoc1e nnn caoero npeaocxopc1a, n 1onLko ncxopn ns
am1ekkunx nocnepc1an a1o1 skon 6mn nsan k1onnueckn, ynnaepcnLnm, 1.
k. on ne npnnpnexn1 nn opno unannnsunn, ne nponoaepye1 nn opny qopy senoro
cyuec1aoannn n nn opny ns nnx ne o1pnue1.
[oks1enLc1a a1oro 6espsnnunn k aneunn qop counnLno xnsnn, k co
o6uec1aenno xnsnn ao noxec1ae ac1peuk1cn, npexpe acero, a knonnuecknx
knnrx, s1e a nncnnnx o1uoa Uepkan, pnee a pccksx nccnonepoa c
nesnn1nmx apeen no penL ceropnnunn. nanoe, u1o6m aep nponnsman
uenoaek, u1o6m ao acex caonx noc1ynkx uenoaek nnue ne ockop6nnn pennrnosnmx
sae1oa - ace npouee a rnsx skon ne nee1 snuennn. 1o snun1 pnn
o6puennoro qop ero xnnnu, nokpo ero nn1Ln, cnc1e npanennn, c1enenL
pecno1ns nnn cao6opm? kn psnnu, k1o on: pm6k, oxo1nnk, p6oun,
openna1enL, conp1? sae u1o-nn6ypL oxe1 noeu1L uenoaeky - 6ypL on
nrnnunnn, 1ypok, xn1enL Cn6npn, epnkneu, ro11en1o1 - yanpe1L cae1
xpnc1nnc1a n npnnn1L ero? oa1opnk: a1o coe rnanoe, npouee neaxno.
[nkpL cnoco6en cpen1Lcn 1kn xe y6expennm aepykun, kk n cm
npaoaepnm npen1 ns aponm. a1o sknkue1cn ampkueecn caoc1ao
xpnc1nnc1a, ko1opoe npnpe1 ey 1kyk npn1nr1enLnoc1L, n ne c1on1 nnu1L ero
c1onL uennoro kuec1a 1onLko ppn 1oro, u1o6m yropn1L nsnk6nennoy npnnunny
nuero apeenn n nue c1pnm, nenno: nck1L ackpy, pxe a cmx can1mx
aeux, 1epnnLnyk nonLsy.
UepkoaL cyuec1aye1 yxe aocenpu1L c1one1n, a ee nono npnuno neno nun, n
y acex on coxpnnn cyuec1aoaauyk nonn1nueckyk cnc1ey. co nune, a
okpyxennn n1nunoro np, nenno a a1o co c1onn rnann ee npen. norp ee
pxe ynpeknn s ns6m1ok 1epnnoc1n a a1o nnne (nnpnep, o1nouenne nesyn1oa
k kn1ckn uepeonnn). no k1o seue1, u1o on nnkorp ne nc1nan n
1o, u1o6m aepykune aocnpnnnnn kko-1o opnn 1nn unannnsunn. n
npncnoc6nnae1cn ko acey, pxe k nuyr; 1 xe, rpe ac1peue1cn ynpneu, ne
xenkun nonn1L onLsy y6exnu, acerp npe1cn 1epnennam nccnonep, ko1opm
cnpe1 pnpo c nn n ronme knn n noc1pe1cn anoxn1L a ero pyuy ocnoanme
npnnunnm cncennn. Cnepoa1enLno, xpnc1nnc1ao nece1 unannns1opckyk qynkunk
coace ne a o6muno cmcne; xpnc1nnc1ao oxe1 6m1L aocnpnnn1o cmn psnmn
pcn 6es yuep6 pnn nx npnamuek n nesancno o1 nx cnoco6noc1e.
pnc1nnckn aep aosamue1 pyuy aennune caonx por1oa n nn1e1 pyx caoe
uenoaeunoc1Lk. o a1o nponcxopn1 nnuL a 1o epe, a kko pyu n pyx cnoco6nm
aosamcn1Lcn n ann11L noame npen. n ne c1an1 uenLk pcnpoc1pnn1L cao renn
n anyu1L caon npen 1oy, koy nx nepoc1e1. n renn, nn npen aoace ne
o6ns1enLnm pnn cncennn. npo1na 1oro, xpnc1nnckn aep o6puen ckopee k
cn6m n ynnxennm, nexenn k cnnLnm. n pe1 1onLko 1o, u1o xoue1 nonyun1L
asen. n ypo6pne1 nouay n nnuero ne cospe1; on noppepxnae1, noore1 n
nnuero ne o16npe1; on npnnne1 uenoaek 1kn, kko on ec1L, n noore1 ey
np1n no xnsnn: ecnn on xpoo, on ne sc1an1 ero 6ex1L. Mnoro nn cpepn can1mx
nkpe yuenmx? e1, coace no. Con npaepnnkoa, uLn nen n nn1L u1n1
UepkoaL, aknkue1 a ce6n rnanm o6pso nkpe, nsaec1nmx caoe
po6pope1enLnoc1Lk n n6oxnoc1Lk, 1ex, k1o o6npn renne a penx ne6ecnmx n
koy ero nepoc1ano a penx senmx; korp ne yksmak1 n can1yk osy ns nm,
noun1eyk nop nene Bepnppm, can1yk 3n1y, ko1opo onn1cn kk can1o epese,
acex nrnockconcknx can1mx, 6onLuyk uc1L npnnpcknx onxoa n ernne1cknx
o1uenLnnkoa, n a1n nernonm yuennkoa, ko1opme ampennnncL ns 1onnm nnopo6ne
npko onnnn, u1o6m aeuno cnn1L ao cnae npane c cmn yxec1aennmn
sun1nnkn aepm, c ee cmn yuenmn nponoaepnnkn, n noa1opnk eue ps:
xpnc1nnc1ao ne nanne1cn unannns1opo a ysko o6mpenno cmcne a1oro cnoa,
nockonLky ono 1pe6ye1 o1 kxporo uenoaek nnuL 1o, u1o 1oy pno, ono n o1 kxpo
pcm 1pe6ye1 1onLko 1o, n u1o on cnoco6n, n ne co6npe1cn noc1an1L ee n 6onee
amcokyk c1ynenL a nonn1nuecko c1pyk1ype npopoa senn, ue 1, ko1opn
npnnpnexn1 e no npay cnoco6noc1e. cnepc1ane a1oro n ne ory npnnn1L
arnn1pnm pryen1, ko1opm ny1e1 aosoxnoc1L npnnn1L xpnc1nnckyk aepy co
cnoco6noc1Lk k nn1ennek1ynLnoy psan1nk. BonLunnc1ao nneen Kxno epnkn,
nnpnep, yxe neckonLko aekoa nxopn1cn a none Uepkan n npn a1o oc1k1cn
pnknn n pneknn o1 eaponecko unannnsunn, ko1opn ocyuec1anne1cn n nx
rnsx. ne ypnannkcL 1oy, u1o n ceaepe noaoro kon1nnen1 uepokn 6onLue
uc1Lk o6puenm a nuy aepy ycnnnnn e1opnc1oa, no n 6mn 6m aecL ypnanen,
ecnn 6m a1 npopnoc1L cospn, psyee1cn, coxpnna caok nepao6m1nyk unc1o1y,
opno ns rocyppc1a nnn u11oa epnkncko konqepepunn n nen xo1L kkoe-1o
annnnne a konrpecce. n nxoxy anonne ec1ec1aennm, u1o p1ckne nk1epne n
opam o1kpmnn acknoc rns n pennrnosnm cae1, no ne enee ec1ec1aenno n
1o, u1o a1n neoqn1m oc1anncL 6conk1no a 1o xe counnLno coc1onnnn, a kko
npe6mann npexpe. koneu, a sknkuenne ckxy cnepykuee: ne1 nnuero
neo6munoro a 1o, u1o uaepckne nnonne nxopn1cn a coc1onnnn apapc1a, xo1n
neckonLko c1one1n nsp n npnnecnn cncn1enLnme pok1pnnm anrennn.
nckpenne cun1k, u1o ace a1n npopm cory1 nopopn1L n, aosoxno, yxe nopopnnn
neno nnunoc1e, seu1enLnmx caoe n6oxnoc1Lk n unc1o1o npaoa, opnko n
ne npepc1annk, u1o ns nx cpepm ory1 am1n yuenme 1eonorn, aoenunLnnkn,
cnoco6nme 1e1nkn, nckycnme xypoxnnkn - cnoao, npepc1an1enn ann1m,
uncnennoc1L n npeec1aennoc1L ko1opo coc1annk1 cnny n snuenne aepyunx pc;
eue enLue n aepk, u1o pepkoe nonanenne 1knx rennea, ne1nnnunmx pnn nx npopoa
n pnn ny1n psan1nn nocnepnnx, npnaepe1 k 1oy, u1o a1n npopm panny1cn k
nporpeccy nop nx pykoaopc1ao. ocey 6ype1 neo6xopno n cnpaepnnao, ecnn
xpnc1nnc1ao coaepuenno o1c1ynn1cn o1 1ko spun. cnn ace pcm a pano
c1enenn cnoco6nm ocosn1L n ncnonLsoa1L npenyuec1a xpnc1nnc1a, a1o ne
snun1, u1o ono ponxno pen1L nx noxoxnn ppyr n ppyr: oxno ceno snan1L, u1o
ero upc1ao, a 1o cmcne, kko n specL aknpmak, cnepye1 nck1L a ppyro npe.
eco1pn n amuecksnnoe, n 6okcL, u1o neko1opme yxn, npnamkune a cnny
ec1ec1aenno npnaepxennoc1n k npen apeenn cypn1L o poc1onnc1ax n scnyrx
xpnc1nnc1a uepes npnsy npeppccypkoa nue anoxn, ncxopn1 ns ne1ounmx
nonn1n n, cornuncL a ueno c onn pryen1n, npnpk1 onpepennkuee
snuenne kocaennoy annnnnk pennrnn n npam, npaoa n nnc1n1y1m, nnc1n1y1oa
n counnLnyk cnc1ey. D1n nkpn nonrk1, u1o xo1n 6m s cue1 nnunoro annnnnn
nopanxnnkoa aepm onn ory1 cyuec1aenno nsenn1L nonn1nueckyk cn1yunk
o6puennmx n nx npepc1anennn o 1epnnLno 6nrononyunn. npnep, onn
ckxy1, u1o a1n noc1onm, amxopum ns 6onee psan1o nunn, nexenn 1, ko1opo onn
necy1 aepy, npnxopn1 k mcnn peqopnpoa1L unc1o uenoaeueckne npnamukn caonx
neoqn1oa, opnoapeenno coaepuenc1ayn nx opnLnme yc1noakn. orp onn nek1
peno c pnkpnn, c o1c1nmn n neaexec1aennmn npopn, onn nm1k1cn nyun1L
nx nonesnm aeu n noks1L, kk 6opo1Lcn c ronopo nocpepc1ao
cenLckoxosnc1aennmx 1pypoa n nnc1pyen1oa, ko1opme onn npnaosn1. 31e a1n
nccnonepm npy1 eue pnLue n yu1 1yseuea c1pon1L 6onee npexnme xnnnu,
psaopn1L cko1, ynpann1L aopoen - nn6o coopyx1L p6m npo1na naopnenn,
nn6o pm1L nppnrunonnme knnm. oc1enenno onn npnanak1 n akyc k yc1aennm
ynpxnennn, yu1 nonLsoa1Lcn nqan1o, nnorp, kk a1o cnyunnocL c uepokn,
cosp1L caok nncLennoc1L, o ue nnue1 pnupp a caoe c1ec1aenno nc1opnn
uenoaek. koneu, onn po6nak1cn nonc1nne ampkunxcn ycnexoa, n 1ysenoe
ncenenne nunne1 nn1npoa1L npam yun1ene n saopn1, kk, nnpnep, 1e xe
uepokn nnn kpnkcm, xn1enn kxnoro 6eper pknsc, c1p pounnx xnao1nmx n
pxe uepnmx p6oa pnn p6o1m n nnn1unnx.
cneunnLno am6pn pa pnknx npop, ko1opme cun1k1cn nn6onee psan1mn; n
ne xouy ac1yn1L a cnop co c1oponnnkn arnn1pns, no, n6nkpn a1n npnepm,
npnxoxy k amaopy, u1o 1pypno npepc1an1L ce6e 6onee y6epn1enLnme, ko1opme
roaopn1 o necnoco6noc1n neko1opmx pc am1n n popory, ne anyuennyk n nx
nepao6m1no npnpopo.
o1 nepep nn pa nneenn, nsonnpoannme o1 nornx ppyrnx, ynnu1oxennmx nnn
am1ecnennmx 6enmn nocenenun, n m anpn, u1o a1n nneen a kopne o1nnuk1cn
o1 oc1nLnmx, no1oy u1o onn aepy1 popocnoanyk o1 nnernncko pcm, ko1opo
npnnncmak1 oc11kn ppeannx nn1nnkoa, o6npyxennmx k ceaepy o1 Mnccncnnn.
Yxe ceuc a ronoae 1ex, k1o npoaosrnue1 paenc1ao expy uepokn n eaponeun,
cyuec1aye1 neko1opoe cn1enne n seu1enLc1ao, nockonLky nx rnanm pryen1
sknkue1cn a 1o, u1o nnernnckne npopnoc1n 6nnskn k nrnockc 1onLko 1e,
u1o onn cn c1on1 amue oc1nLnmx pc Ceaepno epnkn. poe 1oro, noco1pn,
u1o cnyunnocL c a1nn payn ns6pnnmn nneenn. epnknckoe npan1enLc1ao
o1o6pno y nnx senk, n ko1opo onn xnnn, n npnpyno poroaop, u1o6m sc1an1L
nx nepecenn1Lcn n ppyryk 1eppn1opnk. nop npsopo aoennoro nnnc1epc1a n
nop pykoaopc1ao npo1ec1n1cknx nccnonepoa a1n 1yseu aone-neaone
npnunocL npncnoco6n1Lcn k nx nmneuney o6psy xnsnn. eko1opme a1opm pxe
y1aepxpk1, u1o uncnennoc1L uepokn yaennunae1cn, n npnaopn1 a poks1enLc1ao
1ko qk1: korp nx noce1nn ny1euec1aennnk pnp, y uepokn ncun1manocL 2300
aonnoa, ceropnn uncnennoc1L nneenn poc1nre1 15 1mcnu pyu, npap, aknkun
1200 uepnmx p6oa; npn a1o po6annk1, u1o nx ukonm, kk n uepkan, ynpannk1cn
nccnonepn, u1o a1n nccnonepm, 6ypyun npo1ec1n1n, nou1n ace xen1m n
nek1 pe1e nnn cnyr c 6enm uae1o koxn, 1kxe u1o-1o apope coae1nnkoa n
cnyxunx ns eaponeuea, sn1okoa peecen; ncxopn ns a1oro, aecL 1pypno cks1L,
pec1an1enLno nn neno ec1o yaennuenne nx uncn, s1o 6es 1pyp oxno
konc11npoa1L cnnLnoe panenne eaponecko pcm n caonx yuennkoa [
cacu acynau a ckycc c vaH, xvy ccnaucn a
kann, km a ca ncn kr Hka a Hk ak
nm vk: BmcHy yca aH anckx namvk
cnccaaan Hcm. amaan nka, kamaancu nncu
kx mvaa ca acm, Hc Hy ccay canu Hxy
ana aaaacaH. cy, r Hr Hca, ka ncn
Hn ca canu ycca ca aam. sHy kanu
naann, v ax yyv HcaH, a araH, a ckH aH
vk kkcm ac aa cvy n ackH nmx.].
ecnoco6nme aec1n aony, nnuennme senn, co acex c1opon okpyxennme neaepon1no
epnkncko ouLk, c ppyro c1oponm, o6puennme a pennrnk caonx
anc1n1ene, npnue, kk n nonrk, po6poaonLno, 1pe1npyeme c nrkoc1Lk caonn
pyxoanmn nc1annkn n y6expennme a neo6xopnoc1n 1pypn1Lcn no npnepy
caonx yun1ene, xo1n 6m pnn 1oro, u1o6m ne yepe1L c ronopy, 1yseum ory1
cpen1Lcn senepenLun. oc1e1cn ycaon1L npen, ko1opme kxpopneano
npk1nkyk1cn aokpyr nnx.
k xe nnsko npo nnsaec1n yc1aennme cnoco6noc1n pxe co uxno ae1an
uenoaeueckoro pop, u1o6m ynnn1Lcn npn anpe 1oro, u1o nen 1epnenne n yeno
nrpn 1knn caoc1an uenoaeuecko n1ypm, kk rypnc1ao n aospepxnnoc1L a
nnue, ype1cn nyun1L nonynkpe-nonyxnao1nmx 1oy, u1o ne 6mno snoxeno a nx
nnc1nnk1x. orp cenLckne nppkn snonnenm yuenmn saepnn, ko1opmx
sc1annk1 ampenma1L psnme 1pkkn, c1on1 nn ypnann1Lcn 1oy, u1o nkpn,
nopaeprny1me cypoaoy aocnn1nnk n nsnunLno nnuennme acnko aosoxnoc1n
ns6ex1L ero, nyuk1cn ncnonnn1L 1e qynkunn unannnsoanno xnsnn, ko1opme a
pnko coc1onnnn onn ornn 6m, a koneuno cue1e, nonn1L n aocnpnnn1L, pxe ne nen
xennnn npk1nkoa1L nx? epL a1o panocnnLno 1oy, u1o noc1an1L a1nx nkpe
ropspo nnxe co6kn, nyuenno nrp1L a kp1m, nnn noupn, ps6npkuecn a
rc1pononn! k, ns xennnn npeap1n1L cnyunme qk1m a pryen1m,
canpe1enLc1aykune o psynoc1n 1ex nnn nnmx pc, nonannk1cn nopo6nme
poks1enLc1a, nennuenpnn1nme pnn 1ex, a nonLsy ko1opmx onn, nko6m, ampanny1m.
snk, u1o ouenL apypnpoannme n yuenme nkpn nonoxnnn nuno 1ko
neyepenno pe6nnn1unn, snana, u1o expy neko1opmn uenoaeuecknn pcn n
6onLun o1pnpo o6esLnn ne cyuec1aye1 ue1knx psnnun, ecnn ne cun11L nkncoa.
ockonLky n, 6esycnoano, o1aeprk a1o ockop6nenne, ne 6ype1 nosaoneno cks1L
cnepykuee: a onx rnsx uenoaeueckne pcm nepanm, n aec1e c 1e n ne pyk,
u1o xo1L opn ns nnx 6nnsk k xnao1nm. Coe nocnepnee nnen, cn nepsan1n
psnoanpnoc1L uenoaeueckoro pop cnoco6n, kk nnny, k noppxnnk, n ecnn
asn1L pxe 6yuen, oxno psan1L y nero, nnn ero cmn, nnn a kpne cnyue
anyk, poc11ouno yc1aennmx cnoco6noc1e pnn 1oro, u1o6m on or nyun1Lcn
cnoxnoy peecny. o cnepye1 nn ns a1oro, u1o nunn, k ko1opo npnnpnexn1 a1o1
uenoaek, oxe1 cosp1L unannnsunk, nopo6nyk nue? Cun11L 1k - snun1
pccyxp1L noaepxnoc1no n pen1L nocneunme amaopm. c1L 6onLun psnnu expy
namkn a peecnx n nckycc1ax, nannkunxcn npopyk1n kko-1o unannnsunn,
n co unannnsune. e ne enee, nccnonepm-npo1ec1n1m, epnnc1aennoe saeno,
cansmakuee nnen o6puemx pnkpe c unannns1opckn uen1po, nm1k1cn
amnonnn1L a1y nenocnnLnyk spuy. o ory1 nn onn anoxn1L a ronoam noponeunmx
counnLnme nykn? a a1o coneakcL, n ecnn appyr nopae1cn cansL expy
epnknckn npan1enLc1ao n pyxoanmn nc1annkn a cnyue c nneene
uepokn, 1o uepes neckonLko ne1 m yanpn n qepx 6opnrenoa coaepuenno noayk
cn1yunk - pesynL11 ceuennn 6enmx nocenenuea c kpcnokoxnn.
c1o ynonnk1 nerpoa, nyunaunxcn ysmke, nerpoa, ko1opme cnyx1 a 6nkx,
ko1opme yek1 un11L, nnc1L, cun11L, 1nuea1L n psroapna1L ne xyxe 6enmx;
nn aocxnuk1cn n penk1 amaop, u1o a1n nkpn cnoco6nm n ace! opnoapeenno c
aocxnuennnn n amaopn 1e xe cme a1opm ypnannk1cn kon1pc1y expy nue
unannnsune n unannnsune cnanncknx npopoa. nn ckxy1, u1o pycckne,
nonnkn, cep6m, xo1n onn n 6nnxe k n, ue nerpm, unannnsoanm 1onLko uc1nuno;
onn 6ypy1 y1aepxp1L, u1o y cnann 1onLko amcune knccm pspennk1 nun mcnn n
npen, a ocnoano 6nroppn npnecn nrnncko, qpnuyscko, neeuko kpoan, n
ne npenny1 o1e1n1L apoxpennyk necnoco6noc1L cc ann1Lcn a cnc1ey snpnoro
np, xo1n a1n ccm npnnnnn xpnc1nnc1ao noro aekoa nsp, neko1opme pxe
pnLue nc! 1k, cyuec1aye1 6onLun psnnu expy noppxnne n y6expenne.
oppxnne ne acerp npepnonre1 cyuec1aennm pspma c counnLnm ncnepne,
nc1onuee npncoepnnenne k kko-nn6ypL unannnsunn nponcxopn1 1orp nnuL,
korp npop oksmae1cn a coc1onnnn nporpeccnpoa1L c no ce6e 6es noc1oponne
nooun. ec1o 1oro, u1o6m ynnn1Lcn cnoco6noc1n pnkpe ynpann1L kpe1o nnn
un11L, ecnn nx a1oy nyunnn, nyc1L nokxy1 n xo1L opno ec1o n sene, rpe
xn1enn aekn cocyuec1ayk1 pnpo c eaponeun n rpe npen, nnc1n1y1m, npam
nunx nun 6mnn 6m nc1onLko xopouo ycaoenm aec1e c nunn pennrnosnmn
pok1pnnn, u1o 1 n6nkpe1cn 1ko xe ec1ec1aennm nporpecc, kk a apone;
nyc1L nokxy1 xo1L opno ec1o, rpe neu1nm c1nok pe1 1kne xe pesynL11m, kk y
nc, rpe nun nykn coaepuenc1ayk1cn, rpe nun o1kpm1nn nxopn1 noaoe
npnenenne, rpe nu qnnocoqnn nopoxpe1 noayk qnnocoqnk, noame
nonn1nueckne cnc1em, nckycc1a, knnrn, c11yn, kp1nnm!
y p npno, n ne nc1onLko 1pe6oa1enen n npnaepepnna. yxe ne 1pe6yk, u1o6m
aec1e c nue aepo uyxpm n npop ann1n a ce6n ace, u1o coc1anne1 nuy
nnpnanpynLnoc1L; n ponyckk, u1o on oxe1 ee o1aeprny1L n am6p1L pnn ce6n
ppyro pnn noppxnnn npnep. yc1L 1k! o nyc1L ne nokxy1 1ko npop,
ko1opm a 1o1 oen1, korp on ocosne1 pyuo nc1nnnoc1L anrennn, a cnepykun
nonne1, u1o ero senoe cyuec1aoanne 1kxe nnu1oxno n nenpannLno, kko 6mn
coace nepano ero pyxoann xnsnL; nyc1L n yanxy, kk on c no caoey xennnk
cospe1 pnn ce6n noam counnLnm nopnpok, ncxopn ns co6c1aennmx npe, 6maunx
po cnx nop 6ecnnopnmn, n nepeocmcnnan uyxo onm1. xpy, korp a1o
nponsope1 - nyc1L 1onLko 1ko npop o1mue1cn. o, yam, nok nn opnn pxe ne
nm1ncn a1o cpen1L. n a opno nc1opnuecko anoxe ne cyuec1aye1 nunn,
npnuepue k eaponecko unannnsunn a pesynL11e npnnn1nn xpnc1nnc1a, nn
epnno, ko1opyk a1o ampkueecn co6m1ne npnaeno k coc1on1enLnoy psan1nk.
o s1o n anxy a o6unpnmx sennx Kxno snn n a neko1opmx ponx aponm
rocyppc1a, ko1opme o6psoann neckonLko rpynn, npepc1annkunx psnnunme
pennrnn. pxp pc 6ype1 nensenno cyuec1aoa1L pnpo c apxpo kynL1oa; n
o1nnun1L c1auero xpnc1nnnno n1n o1 o6puennoro nnpyc 1k xe nerko, kk
ceropnn o1nnuk1 pycckoro ns pen6ypr o1 koueannkoa, 1kxe npnnnaunx
xpnc1nnc1ao, cpepn ko1opmx on xnae1. oa1opk eue ps: xpnc1nnc1ao ne ec1L
unannnsykun cnn, n ono c1o ps npao, u1o 1koam ne nanne1cn.
VIII
O n; k.
3pecL m cpene ne6onLuoe, no neo6xopnoe o1c1ynnenne. a1op uc1o nonLsye1cn
cnoao, ko1opoe aeue1 a ce6n uenyk cnc1ey npe, nyxpkuykcn a onpepenennn.
uc1o roaopk o unannnsunn, no1oy u1o cnoco6noc1n pc oxno ouenn1L 1onLko
uepes o1nocn1enLnoe nnnune nnn 6conk1noe o1cy1c1ane a1oro cyuec1aennoro
qenoen. aepy peuL o eaponecko unannnsunn npoaoxy psnnune expy ne n
ppyrnn unannnsunnn. Mne ne xoue1cn oc1ann1L pxe neue nencnoc1n n ce
cue1, 1e 6onee, u1o n ne corncen c nsaec1nm nnc1ene Opnunn, ko1opm
cneunnLno snnncn npnpopo n cqepo npnnoxennn pnnoro 1epnn.
Caok knnry c1opnn unannnsunn a apone rocnopnn nso - p 6ype1 ne
nosaoneno nokone61L ero ampkuncn a1opn1e1 - nunne1 c ny1nnum cnoa,
o1kyp nponc1ekk1 cepLesnme oun6kn: a1op y1aepxpe1, u1o unannnsunn ec1L
qk1.
pnko nn6o cnoao qk1 cnepye1 specL nonn1L a 6onee konkpe1no n nosn1nano
cmcne, ko1opm o1cy1c1aye1 a o6muno ero yno1pe6nennn, a unpoko n neckonLko
pcnnmau1o, n 6m cksn, rn6ko cmcne, ko1oporo a a1o cnoae nnkorp ne 6mno,
nn6o ono ne ropn1cn pnn xpk1epnc1nkn 1koro nonn1nn, kk unannnsunn.
Unannnsunn - a1o ne qk1; a1o pnp, cuennenne qk1oa, 6onee nnn enee nornueckn
coepnnennmx ppyr c ppyro n amsannmx c1onknoaenne npe, suc1yk poaonLno
norouncnennmx, npen n qk1m nenpepmano onnopo1aopnk1 ppyr ppyr. norp
1ko nenpepmanm kpyroaopo1 nanne1cn cnepc1ane nepaoc1enennmx npnnunnoa,
nnorp a1o cnepc1ane npepc1anne1 co6o c1rnunk, no a nk6o cnyue
unannnsunn ne ec1L qk1 - a1o nyuok qk1oa n npe; a1o coc1onnne, a ko1opo
nxopn1cn uenoaeueckoe o6uec1ao, a1o cpep, a ko1opo ey poaenocL oks1Lcn,
ko1opyk ono cospno, ko1opn ns nero nponcxopn1 n a caok ouepepL n nero
aospec1aye1.
D1o coc1onnne o6npe1 cnnLnm xpk1epo o6o6uennn, ko1opm qk1 nnkorp ne
o1nnue1cn; ono npe1epneae1 noxec1ao apnun, ko1opmx qk1 ne or 6m
ampepx1L 6es 1oro, u1o6m ne ncuesny1L, n aec1e c
1e ono coaepuenno ne sancn1 o1 qop npanennn, 1. k. cyuec1aye1 n psanae1cn n
npn pecno1nse n npn nn6epnLno pexne n ne nepec1e1 cyuec1aoa1L pxe 1orp,
korp rpxpnckne no1pncennn nsennk1 nnn aoo6ue 1pncqopnpyk1 ycnoann
nonn1nuecko xnsnn.
pnko a1o ne osnue1, u1o qopm npanennn ne nrpk1 6onLuo ponn. x am6op
nepspmano cansn c npouae1nne counnLnoro oprnns: 6ypyun oun6ouno,
qop npanennn eue1 ey nnn y6nae1 ero, cnpaepnnaoe npanenne cnyxn1 ey
n cnoco6c1aye1 ero psan1nk. onpoc specL 6onee cepLesnm: peuL npe1 o co
cyuec1aoannn npop n unannnsunn, o qenoene, 1ecno cansnno c neko1opmn
aneen1pnmn ycnoannn, ne sancnunn o1 nonn1nueckoro coc1onnnn; a1n ycnoann
nek1 caon npnunnm, o1nam caoero kypc, caoero pcunpennn, caoe
ocnoa1enLnoc1n nnn cn6oc1n - cnoao, ace, u1o nx coc1anne1 - a 6onee rny6oknx
nc1ounnkx. oa1oy nepep nnuo 1knx qynpen1nLnmx coo6pxenn n a1opo
nnn o1opanrk1cn aonpocm nonn1nueckoro yc1poc1a, npouae1nnn nnn nnue1m,
n nepam nnn acerp n aespe amxopn1 snenn1n rne1oackn npo6ne: 6m1L
nnn ne 6m1L. k pnn npopoa, 1k n pnn o1penLnmx nkpe aecL aonpoc sknkue1cn
nenno a a1o. ocnopnn nso ne spe1cn a1n aonpoco, n unannnsunn pnn nero -
ne coc1onnne, ne cpep, no acero nnuL qk1, renepnpykun npnnunno qk1
nanne1cn ppyro qk1 cyry6o nonn1nuecko npnpopm.
[a1e o1kpoe knnry kpcnopeunaoro npoqeccop n o6p1ncn k rnno1es,
ko1opme on npepc1ann, u1o6m ampenn1L rnanyk caok mcnL. 6osnuna neckonLko
cn1yun, a ko1opmx oxe1 oks1Lcn 1o nnn nnoe o6uec1ao, a1op cnpunae1:
oxno nn aoo6ue pcnosn1L coc1onnne npop, ko1opm nxopn1cn a c1pnn
c1noanennn unannnsunn; a a1o nn sknkue1cn cmcn, ko1opm pop
uenoaeueckn npnpe1 cnoay unannnsunn?
[nee cnepye1 nepan rnno1es: osLe npop, aneunnn xnsnL ko1oporo npo1eke1
rnpko: on nn1n1 no nnoroa n nou1n ne sne1 c1ppnn, ace ero o1nouennn
yc1poenm cnpaepnnao, opnn cnoao, 1epnnLnoe n opnLnoe cyuec1aoanne
a1oro npop nnonne1 coc1onnne ouenenennn, nnep1noc1n n sx1oc1n n ne ory
yno1pe6n1L specL cnoao "yrne1enne", no1oy u1o yrne1ennn on ne ouyue1. pnepoa
1oy neno". Bmnn a nc1opnn pnc1okp1nueckne pecny6nnkn, rpe c noppnnmn
o6punncL kk co c1po, pepxnn nx a 1epnnLno 6nrononyunn, no nopannnn
acnkyk yc1aennyk n opnLnyk k1nanoc1L. k neyxenn a1o n ec1L unannnsunn?
sae a1o n ec1L npop, nxopnuncn n c1pnn c1noanennn unannnsunn?
ne snk, npe1 nn specL peuL o npope, ko1opm unannnsye1cn, no a1o1 npop, no-
oey, ouenL unannnsoannm, nnue cnepoano o1nec1n k k1eropnn pnkpe n
apapoa ace pnc1okp1nueckne pecny6nnkn ppeanoc1n n coapeennoc1n, ko1opme,
kk o1eue1 c nso, sknkuenm a pkn ero rnno1esm; o6uec1aennm nnc1nnk1 n
sppam cmcn ne ory1 ockop6n1Lcn 1kn e1opo, ko1opm am6pcmae1 ns non
unannnsunn qnnnknuea, kpqrennn, nkepeonnn, aec1e c nnn aeneunnuea,
renyasuea, nnsnuea, xn1ene' acex cao6opnmx nnepcknx ropopoa epnnn -
opnn cnoao, aceounme ynnunnnLnme o6psoannn npounmx aekoa. ono
1oro, u1o a1o1 amaop c no ce6e cnnuko nppokcnen, u1o6m ero or npnnn1L
sppam cmcn, k ko1opoy on n o6puen a koneuno cue1e, ne kxe1cn, u1o on
cospe1 eue opny npo6ney: a1n nenLkne pnc1okp1nueckne rocyppc1a, ko1opm
nso, ccmnncL n nx qopy npanennn, o1ksmae1 a cnoco6noc1n k unannnsunn,
6onLue uc1Lk nnkorp ne o6npnn caoe, 1onLko n npnnpnexue kynL1ypo.
Mnorne ns nnx 6mnn nou1n aceoryun, n, oxe1 6m1L, noa1oy nx ncenenne uc1o
ceunanocL c npopn, nekunn ppyryk qopy npanennn, no ouenL 6nnsko
pcm, n coo6u yuc1aoann a npouecce unannnsunn. k, kpqrennne n
qnnnknum, pspenennme 6onLun pcc1onnne, 1e ne enee 6mnn o6Lepnnenm a
kynL1ypnm np, npo1o1nn ko1oporo nxopnncn a ccnpnn. 1nLnnckne pecny6nnkn
o6LepnnnnncL a panxennn npe n nenn, npeo6npaunx a none cocepnnx
onpxn. Cy6ckne n 1kpnnrckne nnepckne ropop, nesancnme a nonn1nuecko
o1nouennn, 6mnn aoaneuenm n a nporpecc n a ynpok neeuko pcm. Cypn no
amcksmannn rocnopnn nso, ko1opm pcc1anne1 npopm no pnxnpy nx
poc1onnc1a a sancnoc1n o1 c1enenn nx cao6op, expy nnn ponxnm cyuec1aoa1L
necyuec1aykune psnnunn n cxopc1a. 3pecL ne ec1o pnn unpoko pnckyccnn no
a1oy aonpocy, no n ace-1kn o1euy noxopo, u1o a 1ko cnyue cnepoano
noc1an1L nsy, enyk, eneunk n ppyrne pecny6nnkn nnxe Mnnn, enonn n n.
o rocnopnn nso ne o6pue1 annnnn n 1kne necypsnoc1n. cnn on ne anpn1
unannnsunn y npop, nekuero nrkyk qopy npanennn, no nxopnuerocn a
coc1onnnn sx1oc1n, 1e 6onee on o1ksmae1 a a1o 1oy npopy, y ko1oporo
1epnnLnoe nonoxenne pneko ne 6nec1nuee, no a o6ue 1epnnoe, s1o ko1opm
ne npene6pere1 opnLnmn n nn1ennek1ynLnmn no1pe6noc1nn..., ko1opm
kynL1nanpye1 aosamuennme n unc1me uyac1a, y ko1oporo a onpepenenno c1enenn
psan1 pennrnosnn aep, no y ko1oporo nopanen npnnunn cao6opm, o1ckp nn
opnoy uneny o6uec1a ne nosaoneno nck1L nc1nny a opnnouky. 1ko coc1onnnn
npe6mae1 6onLun uc1L npopoa snn, rpe uenoaeueckne npnnunnm npnpanenm
1eokp1nuecko anc1Lk. pnepo cnyxn1 rocyppc1ao npycoa.
kn o6pso, a 1y xe k1eropnk, a kkyk nonnn pnc1okp1nueckne pecny6nnkn,
cnepye1 o1nec1n nnpycoa, ernn1nn, a1pyckoa, nepynuea, 1n6e1uea, nnonuea n pxe
nmneunn n n nopanc1nme ey senn.
ne 6ypy kc1Lcn payx nocnepnnx rnno1es no 1o npnunne, u1o pae nepame yxe
nc1onLko orpnnunak1 n cyxk1 coc1onnne unannnsunn, u1o n sene ne1 nn
opno nunn, nekue npao nsma1Lcn unannnsoanno. o1oy u1o pnn
o6npnnn 1kn npao neo6xopno ne1L nnc1n1y1m, yepennme c 1oukn spennn n
anc1n n cao6opm, 1epnnLnoe psan1ne n opnLnm nporpecc ponxnm
coue11Lcn nenno 1kn o6pso n nnkkn nnm; npanenne, kk n pennrnn,
ponxnm yknpma1Lcn a ue1ko ouepuennme rpnnum, noppnnme ponxnm o6np1L
1ouno onpepenennmn npan. xe nonrk, u1o unannnsoannmn oxno nsa1L
1onLko 1e npopm, y ko1opmx ec1L konc1n1yunonnme n npepc1an1enLckne
nonn1nueckne nnc1n1y1m. cnn, cnepyn 1ko nornke n noc1onnno nsepnn c1enenL
unannnsunn no epk opno-epnnc1aenno nonn1nuecko qopm, n o16pouy 1e
konc1n1yunonnme rocyppc1a, ko1opme nnoxo ncnonLsyk1 npnen1ckn
nnc1pyen1, npepnoun1n e1opm, 6onee ypo6nme pnn ce6n, ne npnpe1cn npnsn1L
nc1nnno unannnsoanno, kk a npouno, 1kn a nc1onue, 1onLko nrnnckyk
nunk.
oneuno, n npencnonnen yaxennn n aocxnuennn k aennkoy npopy, uLn no6epm,
nnpyc1pnn, 1oproann canpe1enLc1ayk1 o oryuec1ae n ycnexx. o oe yaxenne n
aocxnuenne ne orpnnunae1cn nrnne: ne kxe1cn ynnsn1enLnm n o6npnm pnn
uenoaeuec1a npnsn1L, u1o a 1euenne nornx aekoa ono corno co1aopn1L
unannnsunk 1onLko n ne6onLuo oc1poae snpnoro oken n aonno1n1L caon
skonm, 1onLko nunnn c anoxn upc1aoannn nnLrenL n Mpnn. enLsn ne
npnsn1L ysoc1L a1o konuenunn. nenLsn s6ma1L o6 ee oncnoc1n. cnn npnans1L
npek unannnsunn k nonn1nuecko qope, pccyxpennn, n6nkpennn, nykn 1o1uc
y1p1n1 aosoxnoc1L cks1L caoe cnoao a a1o aonpoce, n peukun ponL ponxn
o1aopn1Lcn c1pc1n. syee1cn, npy1cn nkpn, ko1opme a cnny caonx akycoa ne
cun1k1 6pn1nckne nnc1n1y1m aepxo coaepuenc1a n npepnoun1k1 n cnc1ey,
yc1noanennyk a Cnk1-e1ep6ypre nnn ene. norne n aosoxno nx 6ype1
6onLunnc1ao expy eno n npenenn - ckxy1, u1o, neco1pn n neko1opme
nepoc11kn, co coaepuenno c1pno a npe c 1oukn spennn nonn1nueckoro
yc1poc1a nanne1cn Opnunn. ockonLky onpepenenne c1enenn kynL1ypm - a1o peno
akyc nnn uyac1a, corncne specL neaosoxno. [nn kxporo ns nc cm psan1m
n 6nropopnm uenoaeko 6ype1 1o1, k1o pspenne1 nun asrnnpm n o6nsnnoc1n
npan1ene n noppnnmx, 1orp kk necuc1nme, ocennakunecn py1L nnue,
nepepy1 a k1eropnk pnkpe n apapoa. cun1k, u1o nnk1o ne c1ne1 ocnpna1L
a1o nenne, n ace corncn1cn c 1e, u1o cnc1e cyxpenn no enLue epe
nepoc11ouno psp6o1n.
1o kce1cn enn, n nxoxy ee pxe enee coaepuenno, ue cnepykuee
onpepenenne 6pon y6onLp1: Unannnsunn ec1L rynnsunn npopoa a anpe
aneunnx nnc1n1y1oa, npaoa n ao any1penne uyac1ae, ko1opoe k nn o1nocn1cn.
anxy specL opnn nepoc11ok, npno npo1naononoxnm 1oy, ko1opm n o1e1nn a
qopyne nso. CansL cnnuko pcnnmau1, ouepuennoe none cnnuko aennko.
cnn unannnsunn poc1nre1cn s cue1 npoc1oro ynyuuennn npaoa, 1orp nk6o
pnkpL oc1noan1 cao am6op n 1o eaponecko nunn, a xpk1epe ko1opo
enLue cypoaoc1n. kxnmx oc1poax, nnpnep, xnay1 coaepuenno 6eso6npnme
nneen c ouenL nrknn npan, opnko, npn ace k nn yaxennn, s 1kne
kuec1a nnkoy ne npnpe1 a ronoay noc1an1L nx amue cypoamx n onunnamx
nopaexuea nnn pnpo c xec1oknn nun, ko1opme opeak1cn a npkne 1knn,
cpennnme nx pykn, 6opospn1 aonnm n nckycno noc1poennmx 6pkx n naopn1
yxc n opcknx 1oproauea a aoc1ouno uc1n npnckoro oken. D1o1 qk1 ne
yckonLsnyn o1 annnnn 1koro ampkuerocn yx, kk y6onLp1, noa1oy kpoe
unannnsunn on noppsyeae1 kynL1ypy n snanne1, u1o, no ero nennk, npopm,
cnrunaune caon npam, c1pen1cn k nyk n nckycc1a.
Corncno a1o neppxnn, np n a1opo c1ynenn coaepuenc1a ncenen npnn1nmn
n cnn1nunmn, nk6osn1enLnmn nkpLn, noa1n n p1nc1n, no onn a cnny
1knx kuec1a ne ropn1cn pnn 1nxenoro 1pyp, aoennoro n ppyrnx peecen.
cnn nopy1L, kk no pocyr oc1annk1 cme cuc1nname nepnopm caon
coapeennnk, u1o6m 1e ornn npepa1Lcn yc1aennm ynpxnennn, n kkyk
neckonueyk 6opL6y npnxopn1cn aec1n c npnpopo n skonn acenenno xo1n 6m
pnn 1oro, u1o6m amxn1L, cpsy 6pocn1cn a rns, u1o 6epnnnckn mcnn1enL ne
npe1enpoan n nso6pxenne penn, xo1en nsaneuL ns 6c1pkunn koe-kkne
cyunoc1n, ko1opme ksnncL ey 1ounmn n o6o6ukunn n ko1opme pec1an1enLno
1koamn nannk1cn, n sc1an1L nx pec1aoa1L a cqepe, 1ko xe npenLno, kk n
onn cn. Conennn n a1o1 cue1 ncuesk1 cpsy, kk 1onLko m po6npecn po
amcue 1oukn ace cnc1em - peuL npe1 o 1pe1Le n nocnepne c1ynenn
coaepuenc1a. enno ckp on noeue1 uenoaek cqopnpoaauerocn, 1. e.
uenoaek, ko1opm no caoe npnpope o6npe1 ue-1o, 6onee aosamuennm n 6onee
nn1nnm opnoapeenno, 1. e. nonnnne, ko1opoe rponnunm o6pso
pcnpoc1pnne1cn n uyac1aennoc1L n xpk1ep aneu1nenn, nonyuemx o1
nn1ennek1ynLno n opnLno pen1enLnoc1n a ee coaokynnoc1n.
1k, a1 neckonLko cnoxnn uenouk aepe1 o1 unannnsoannoro (nekuero
cnruennme npam) n rynnsnpoannoro uenoaek k uenoaeky okynL1ypennoy,
yuenoy, noa1y n p1nc1y n poxopn1, nkoneu, po amcuero ypoann psan1nn, n
ko1opo uenoaek oxe1 nsma1Lcn cqopnpoaauncn; nckonLko n nonnk, 1kn
uenoaeko 6mn e1e a caoe onnnncko cnokoc1ann. pen, nocnyxnaun ocnoao
pnn a1o 1eopnn, ne u1o nnoe, kk rny6okoe psnnune, nopeuennoe y6onLp1o,
expy unannnsune npop n o1nocn1enLnm ypoane coaepuenc1aoannn kpynnmx
nnunoc1e; a1o psnnune coc1on1 a 1o, u1o uyxpme n unannnsunn, no ace
oueanpnoc1n, cornn p1L npy nnunoc1e, a neko1opmx o1nouennnx c1onunx amue
nkpe, ko1opmn m 6onLue acero aocxnuecn - nnpnep, 6pxnckn
unannnsunn.
6esoroaopouno pspennk nenne uenoaek, uLn mcnn specL nsnrk1cn. e1
nnuero 6onee 6nnskoro k nc1nne: nue eaponeckoe counnLnoe coc1onnne ne
nopoxpe1 nn cmx 6nec1nunx mcnn1ene, nn cmx 6onLunx noa1oa, nn cmx
nckycnmx xypoxnnkoa. e ne enee n nosaonk ce6e se1n1L, a npo1naononoxnoc1L
nennk snenn1oro qnnonor, u1o pnn 1oro, u1o6m coc1an1L o6uee cyxpenne o
unannnsunn n p1L ee onpepenenne, neo6xopno ns6an1Lcn, xo1n 6m n nny1y, o1
npepy6expenn n cyxpenn kc1enLno 1o nnn nno unannnsunn.
npoue, a cnc1ee rocnopnn y6onLp1 n co noue1no ec1e c1on1
y1onuennoc1L, ko1opn 6mn rnano uep1o a1oro 6nropopnoro y; a1o oxno
cpann1L c xpynknn npn, poxpennmn a neppx nnpync1cko qnnocoqnn.
oxpennme a osry ycnyauero 6or, onn pc1aopnk1cn a aospyxe, nnopo6ne
mnLnmx ppyxnmx nysmpe, ko1opme nycke1 pe6enok, n ps6nak1cn, c1nknancL,
n anoaL nonannk1cn no aone cnoanpenn a ronoae cnnuero ne6oxn1enn.
o xpk1epy caonx nccnepoann n c1ok n cyry6o nosn1nano nouae, n ne npo
nonyun1L pesynL11m, ko1opme oxno nouyn1L npk1nko n onm1o. Mo asop
ponxen oxa1n1L ne ypoaenL npouae1nnn o6uec1a r-n nso n ne o1penLnm asne1
o1penLnmx yoa r-n y6onLp1, ack coaokynnoc1L oryuec1a, kk
1epnnLnoro, 1k n opnLnoro, ko1opm o6npk1 ccm. pnsn1Lcn, n ospuen
spennue s6nyxpenn, a ko1opmx oksnncL pa cae1nmx y nuero c1one1nn, n
ne neo6xopno co6p1Lcn c pyxo n n1n cme y6epn1enLnme pryen1m pnn 1oro,
u1o6m po1n po oe uenn. oa1oy n npouy un11enn 1epnennao cnepoa1L s no
no nsannnc1m 1pon, no ko1opm n co6npkcL npo1n, n nonm1kcL a epy caonx
cnn nponcnn1L pnnm aonpoc.
e1 n cae1e nn opnoro npop, a ko1opo 6m ne coue1nncL pa nnc1nnk1:
1epnnLnme no1pe6noc1n n pyxoann xnsnL. C1enenL nx psan1nn onpepenne1
nepaoe n coe oueanpnoe psnnune expy pcn. nrpe, nn a opno nneenn a1n
pa nnc1nnk1 ne ypanoaeunak1 ppyr ppyr. Y opnnx nano npeo6npe1 qnsnueckn
no1pe6noc1L, y ppyrnx aepx 6epy1 cosepu1enLnme 1enpenunn. k, nnpnep, npopm
xen1o pcm nxopn1cn, kk n kxe1cn, nop annnnne 1epnnLnmx ouyuenn,
xo1n n onn ne nnuenm nn1epec k aeu amcuero nopnpk. npo1na, y 6onLunnc1a
nerpn1nncknx nneen, c1onunx n coo1ae1c1aykue c1ynenn, 6onLue psan1
npnamuk k pec1ann, ue k psmunennn, aoo6pxenne nnpaneno ckopee k
1oy, uero nenLsn yanpe1L, nexenn k aeu ocnsem. ne co6npkcL ns a1oro
pen1L amaop o npeaocxopc1ae nocnepnnx ynonny1mx nok pnkpe np nepamn c
1oukn spennn unannnsoannoc1n, no1oy u1o, kk noksmae1 aekoao onm1, onn a
pano c1enenn necnoco6nm k ne. pouno poc11ouno noro apeenn, no a1n npopm
nnuero ne npepnpnnnnn, u1o6m nsenn1L caok yuc1L k nyuuey, n oc1k1cn a
npexne coc1onnnn neaosoxnoc1n u1o-nn6ypL npnpy1L n npepnpnnn1L, u1o6m
am1n ns ouenenennn. [o6ank eue opno seunne: n co nnsue c1ynenn
uenoaeuecknx o6uec1a m n6nkpe a1y paoc1aennyk 1enpenunk, ko1opyk n npny
s ncxopnyk 1ouky a caoe aocxoxpennn no nec1nnue pc n npopoa, xnayunx n
sene.
mue coepoa n nerpoa, npopnoc1n qnpc n nenrnuea cnepye1 noec1n1L
nneen, ko1opme ne poaonLc1ayk1cn 1poc1nnkoamn xnxnnn n counnLnmn
o1nouennnn, ocnoannmn n rono cnne, no ko1opme ocosnk1 aosoxnoc1L
nyuue xnsnn n xo1n1 ee. nn c1on1 n c1ynenL amue npnn1nanmx apapoa. cnn
onn npnnpnex1 k pc, 6onee k1nanm, ue psmunnkun, onn 6ypy1
coaepuenc1aoa1L caon p6oune nnc1pyen1m, opyxne, cnpnxenne; onn cosppy1
cnc1ey npanennn, rpe aonnm 6ypy1 ne1L npeaocxopc1ao np xpeun, rpe nonyun1
psan1ne aneen1pnm o6en, kk 1epnnLnm, 1k n pyxoanm, rpe nonan1cn
koepueckn pyx. onm, koneuno, no-npexney 6ypy1 ouenL xec1oknn, no y
aonnoa 6ype1 nponann1Lcn c1penenne k rp6exy, ne npoc1o y6nc1ay; opnn
cnoao, rnano uenLk nkpe 6ype1 6nrononyune n qnsnueckne ypoaonLc1ann.
kyk kp1nny oxno n6nkp1L y neko1opmx onronLcknx npopnoc1e; a1o
ac1peue1cn, xo1n n c neko1opmn psnnunnn, y knuycoa n pcoa a epy, a
kuec1ae n1n1esm, 1. e. npnep o1xop o1 1epnnLnmx nn1epecoa, oxno nsa1L
proeea 3npno qpnkn n kqpoa.
poponxn aocxoxpenne pnLue. c1an rpynnm, y ko1opmx counnLnme o1nouennn
psan1m nepoc11ouno, u1o6m kpoaonponn1ne 6mno o6ycnoaneno 6onee
psnoo6psnmn npnunnn. 6p1ncn k 1e, ue konc1n1y1nanm npnnunn
o6npe1 nc1onLko ampxenno anp1ynLnoc1Lk, u1o oxe1 o6Lepnnn1L n aknku1L
a ce6n ace, u1o nxopn1cn aokpyr, 1kxe ocyuec1ann1L np ppyrnn npopn
6esycnoanyk anc1L npe n qk1oa, a kko-1o epe ckooppnnnpoannmx; kopoue
roaopn, a1o1 npnnunn yxe oxno nsa1L unannnsune. o xe psnnune, 1 xe cn
knccnqnkunn, ko1opme n ncnonLsoan a payx nepamx cnyunx, nponannk1cn specL a
nonno epe; 6onee 1oro, 1onLko specL a1o psnnune pe1 nc1onune nnopm n nee1
pneko npyune nocnepc1ann. C 1oro oen1, korp kkn-1o o6unoc1L nkpe,
pcunpnn cansn n cqepy pec1ann, o1 coc1onnnn npopnoc1n nepexopn1 k coc1onnnk
npop, m anpn, u1o o6e 1enpenunn - 1epnnLnn n pyxoann - n6npk1 cnny,
nx coo1nouenne sancn1 o1 1oro, kkne coc1anme rpynnm npeo6npk1. kn
o6pso, korp npeo6npe1 mcnn1enLnn cnoco6noc1L, nonannk1cn opnn
pesynL11m, korp ponnnpye1 k1nann cnoco6noc1L, - ppyrne. unn nponanne1
psnnunme kuec1a a sancnoc1n o1 coo1nouennn a1nx aneen1oa. kuec1ae
npnep oxno npnaec1n nnpync1ckn cnaonns: 1o, u1o n nsan pyxoano nnn
nn1ennek1ynLno 1enpenune, npepc1aneno xenckn npnnunno (pkpn1n),
1epnnLnyk 1enpenunk npepc1anne1 ypyu, yxcko npnnunn; psyee1cn, nop
a1n npo nonn1L 1onLko npek asnnoro onnopo1aopennn, oc1ana a c1opone kk
xany, 1k n xyny.
poe 1oro, o1e1n, u1o a psnnunme anoxn xnsnn npop no npnunne nens6exnoro
ceuennn kpoan coo1nouenne expy payn npnnunnn nsenne1cn a psno
c1enenn, n cnyuk1cn oen1m, korp opnn ns nnx nano npeo6npe1 np ppyrn.
kne kone6nnn nek1 ouenL axnme nocnepc1ann n snun1enLno ennk1 xpk1ep
unannnsunn n ee c16nnLnoc1L.
sancnoc1n o1 npeo6npnnn 1o nnn nno 1enpenunn ace npopm oxno
pspenn1L n pa kncc, xo1n cnepye1 nopuepkny1L, u1o 1kn knccnqnkunn
ycnoan. o rnae yxcko rpynnm n 6m noc1ann kn1uea, kk npo1o1nn ns
npo1naononoxnoro kncc - nnpycoa.
3 kn1un npy1 6onLunnc1ao npopoa ppeane 1nnn, nepame xn1enn pncko
pecny6nnkn, repnckne nneen. npo1naononoxno nrepe n anxy ernn1nn n
ccnpnuea. nn c1on1 nocne xn1ene npyc1n.
ou1n ace npopm s norne aek kopennm o6pso nsennnn caok unannnsunk a
pesynL11e nsenenn a coo1nouennn payx npnnunnoa. Ceaepnme kn1um, ko1opme
korp-1o 6mnn a nopannkue 6onLunnc1ae 1epnnnc1n, noc1enenno c6nnsnnncL
c nneenn ppyro kpoan, oco6enno a Knne, n a1o ceuenne cpenno nx
en1nn1e1 enee npr1nunm. Mepnennoe psan1ne a1oro npouecc o6Lncnne1cn
1e, u1o ocnoann cc yxckoro ncenennn nnoro npeaocxopnn npn1ok
npo1naononoxno kpoan.
1o kce1cn aponm, npr1nueckn aneen1, ko1opm npnanocnnn cme k1nanme
repnckne nneen, noc1onnno ykpennnncn n ceaepe s cue1 npn1ok kenL1oa n
cnann. o no epe 1oro, kk 6enme npopm nepeeunncL k kry, yxckoe annnnne
ouyunocL ace enLue n, nkoneu, no1epnnocL a xencko aneen1e (npo cpen1L
neckonLko ncknkuenn, nnpnep, pnn Leon1 n ceaepno uc1n cnnnn), n
xenckn aneen1 opepxn no6epy.
enepL nepepe k ppyro rpynne. 3pecL m anpn nnpycoa, a amcoko c1enenn
npenennmx 1nro k caepxLec1ec1aennoy n ckopee psmunnkunx, nexenn
pec1aykunx. ockonLky a xope caonx pnnnx saoeann onn ac1ynnn a kon1k1 c
pcn nnornuno oprnnsunn, yxcko npnnunn ne nonyunn oco6oro psan1nn.
1ko cpepe unannnsunn ne orn poc1nuL a npr1nse 1knx xe ycnexoa, kk a
ppyro o6nc1n. 1o xe kce1cn [peanero n, ko1opm no caoe npnpope 6mn
npr1nunm, specL npo1naononoxnn 1enpenunn nponanncL 1onLko nocne nonnoro
cnnnnnn c rpekn, qpnknun n aoc1ounmn npopn; a pesynL11e
nepaonunLnn npnpop 1pncqopnpoancL, n y pnnnn psanncn coaepuenno
noam 1enepen1.
Y rpekoa any1pennn npouecc oxno cpann1L c 1e, u1o nen ec1o y nnpycoa.
cxopn ns a1nx qk1oa, oxno cpen1L cnepykuee sknkuenne: acn uenoaeueckn
pen1enLnoc1L, 6ypL 1o yc1aennn nnn npac1aennn, 6epe1 nuno a opno ns payx
ynonny1mx 1enpenun, yxcko nnn xencko, n 1onLko y pc, a 6onLuo c1enenn
npenennmx opnn ns a1nx payx aneen1oa - eue ps o1e1n, u1o nn opnn ns nnx
nnkorp ne cyuec1aoan 6es ppyroro, - counnLnoe coc1onnne oxe1 nopnn1Lcn po
poc11ounoro kynL1ypnoro ypoann n, cnepoa1enLno, npn1n k unannnsunn.
IX
Hx n n; u ku
k ; m n yr, ku
y .
orp kkn-nn6ypL nunn, npnnpnexun k xenckoy nnn yxckoy 1nny, o6npe1
poc11ouno cnnLnm unannns1opckn nnc1nnk1o, u1o6m nans1L cao skon ppyrn
npop, n oco6enno cnoco6nn yun1ma1L nx no1pe6noc1n n uyac1a n aocnpnnn1L
nx y6expennn, c a1oro oen1 nunne1 cyuec1aoa1L noan kynL1yp,
cqopnpoaauncn a pesynL11e ceuennn. enno a a1o sknkue1cn coe
axnoe n npk1nueckoe poc1onnc1ao a1oro nnc1nnk1, n a1o pene1 ero nonesnm n
o6ecneunae1 ey xnsnL, 1. k. nnpnanpynLnme nn1epecm no caoe npnpope c1pen1cn
k consonnunn. 6Lepnnenne acerp a ue-1o yuenne1 nx, noa1oy, u1o6m kkoe-
nn6o y6expenne c1no nnopo1aopnm, ono ponxno o1aeu1L nornke n uyac1a
npop, a ko1opo ono cospeae1.
orp ccm nunnk1 nonn1L n npnnn1L o6un skon caoe nunn, 1orp a1o
nonnnne nepexopn1 n ocnoanme no1pe6noc1n. Myxckne nunn 1nny1cn k
6nrononyunk n nkonnennk 6or1c1a, xenckne 6onLue os6ouenm npo
aoo6pxennn, no noa1opnk eue ps: kk 1onLko cc nkpe c1noan1cn nop epnnoe
snn, nnn, u1o a pnno cnyue 1ounee, kk 1onLko onpepenennn cnc1e xnsnn
c1noan1cn o6uenpnnn1o, poxpe1cn unannnsunn.
1opm qk1opo, cansnnm c a1n coc1onnne, nanne1cn no1pe6noc1L a
c16nnLnoc1n, ko1opn nenocpepc1aenno am1eke1 ns amuensnoxennoro; peno a 1o,
u1o korp nkpn coo6u npnnnk1 o6Lepnnnkun nx npnnunn n cornuk1cn n
o1penLnme xep1am, u1o6m ocyuec1an1L a1o1 npnnunn, y nnx nonanne1cn no1pe6noc1L
yax1L ero nesancno o1 1oro, u1o on pe1 n nnuno, n o6Lnan1L ero nesm6nem.
e unue pc, 1e enLue ynsan ee counnLnn 6s, nockonLky pcoan nornk
ne enne1cn. pnko neo6xopno, u1o6m no1pe6noc1L a c16nnLnoc1n nxopnn
ypoane1aopenne. Ceuenne kpoan npnaopn1 k nsenennn nunonnLnmx npe, a
pesynL11e nunne1cn s6oneanne, ko1opoe 1pe6ye1 nsenenn a cnc1ee. norp
1kne cnc1enme nepeenm pec1an1enLno yckopnk1 nporpecc, oco6enno n spe
o6uec1a, korp konc1n1y1nanm npnnunn nanne1cn 6conk1nm n cnnLnm no
npnunne nanoro npeo6npnnn opno pcm. 31e, korp nox1cn psnnunn s cue1
yaennuennn uncn re1eporennmx aneen1oa, npeo6psoannn nepec1k1 o1aeu1L
o6uey nn1epecy. e ne enee, po 1ex nop, nok o6Lepnnennn rpynn nkpe
oc1e1cn nop annnnne npexnnx npe n aneu1nenn, on npoponxe1 nn11L
xnepnueckyk aepy a caok c16nnLnoc1L 6nroppn, 6m1L oxe1, xennnk ynyuun1L
caoe 6nrococ1onnne. eco1pn n noc1onnnoe ocn6nenne ckpennnkuero aneen1,
on cun1e1 ce6n aeuno n yc1penenno k nekoey senoy pk. n npoponxe1
npnpepxna1Lcn aepm a 1o, u1o Bor 6nrocknonen k unannnsunn n ppee1 s
nn1epecm nkpe, xo1n cn nkpn exeucno y6nak1 a1y aepy caonn noc1ynkn;
nyc1L aneune a1o n ne nponanne1cn, no any1penne o6uec1ao yaepne1 n y1eue1 ce6n
1e, u1o sa1punn penL 6ype1 pnn nero cae1nm.
npo co c16nnLnoc1Lk n npnm cocyuec1aoanne o1penLnmx nn1epecoa cnepye1
noc1an1L eue pa npnsnk unannnsunn - nenpnn1ne ncnnnn n coun6enLnoc1L.
koneuno cue1e coun6enLnoc1L n no1pe6noc1L o1c1na1L caon nn1epecm ronoao,
ne kynkn, o6ecneunak1 nporpecc a en1nn1e1e, ko1opm, a caok ouepepL,
npnaopn1 k 1epnnLnm ynyuuennn. enno no a1n pay npnsnk oxno
onpepenn1L counnLnoe coc1onnne nunn [ak a a sH cc rnaam
cvk nxmx cyx cnu vyxx aa. cn am x
anan nxxa a amy, Hm ra naH ncnmm ama
H, v n aaaam, n cn x ac.].
Moe npepc1anenne o unannnsunn oxno cqopynnpoa1L cnepykun o6pso:
Coc1onnne o1nocn1enLno c16nnLnoc1n, a ko1opo nnpnanpyym c1pk1cn
ypoane1aopn1L caon no1pe6noc1n 6es yuep6 pnn ppyrnx, coaepuenc1ayk1 cao
en1nn1e1 n caon npam.
D1 qopyn oxa1mae1 ace npopm, o ko1opmx n roaopnn kk o unannnsoannmx.
enepL noc1an aonpoc 1k: oxno nn cun11L ace unannnsunn panmn pxe npn
nnnunn yksnnmx npnsnkoa? o1 a a1o n coneakcL. [eno a 1o, u1o
no1pe6noc1n n coun6enLnoc1L pxe psan1mx nun o1nnuk1cn kk no psxy, 1k
n no 1enpenunn, noa1oy nx en1nn1e1 n npam 1kxe psnnunm. 1o nyxno nnpycy a
1epnnLno nnne? nc n cno, u1o6m kopn1Lcn, n kycok 1knn, u1o6m ope1Lcn
oneuno, 1kyk nenpn1ns1enLnoc1L oxno o1nec1n s cue1 knn1nuecknx ycnoan.
o ao1 1n6e1um xnay1 a cypoao knn1e, opnko n onn nenpn1ns1enLnm a a1o
cmcne. 1o n ppyro npope ponnnpye1 qnnocoqckn n pennrnosnm en1nn1e1,
o1ckp nx cneunqnueckn no1pe6noc1L a nnue pnn pyun n 1en. 3pecL m ne anpn
nnkkoro panoaecnn expy yxckn n xenckn npnnunnn, npepnou1enne o1pe1cn
en1nLno c1opone xnsnn, ao1 nouey ace ycnnnn a1o unannnsunn nnpanenm n
poc1nxenne opnoro pesynL11 a yuep6 ppyroy rponme nn1nnkn, nc1onune
ropm ns knn, coopyxk1cn 1 ueno ycnnn n nnuenn, ko1opme no1pnck1
aoo6pxenne. nrn1ckne coopyxennn ckopo nokpok1 ack c1pny, no pnn uero? [nn
1oro, u1o6m cnan1L 6oroa; no nnuero ne pene1cn pnn uenoaek - psae u1o ornnm.
npo c npekpcnmn 1aopennnn ckynLn1ypm c1on1 ne enee coaepuennme
nn1ep1ypnme nponsaepennn. o6nc1n 1eonornn n e1qnsnkn onn nc1onLko xe
nso6pe11enLnm n y1onuennm, nckonLko nororpnnm, n uenoaeueckn mcnL
ppoc1no n cnokono norpyxe1cn a nx nenoc1nxnme rny6nnm.
1o xe po nnpnuecko noasnn, xenckn unannnsunn coc1anne1 roppoc1L acero
uenoaeuec1a.
o ecnn ns cqepm npennc1nuecknx eu1nn m cnyc1ncn n nouay nonesnmx
poc1nxenn n nyk, ko1opme npepc1annk1 co6o renepnpykuyk aneprnk
1epnnLnoro nporpecc, npkn penL cenn1cn rnyxo nouLk. pk1nueckne
nso6pe1ennn pepkn, nesnun1enLnm, nennopo1aopnm, 1nn1 n6nkpennn o1cy1c1aye1
nunc1o. cnn kn1um noro snnnncL a1n, 1o nnpycm nou1n ne o6punn n a1o
annnnn, rpekn 1kxe oc1annn n a ncnepc1ao snnnn, suc1yk nepoc1onme nx
rennn, pnnnne, popn po kynLnnunonno 1oukn caoe nc1opnn, ne yunn pneko
o1 rpekoa, 1. k. sn1ckn npnecL, ko1opn nponnkn a nnx c neaepon1no
6mc1po1o, o1nnn a nnx kuec1a, neo6xopnme pnn 1epnennaoro nsyuennn
pec1an1enLnoc1n. o1n oxno o1e1n1L, u1o nx pnnnc1p1nanm renn, nx skonm
n coopyxennn a poc11ouno c1enenn yksmak1 n nosn1nanm xpk1ep, ko1opm nx
o6uec1aennn mcnL npnnnn a onpepenennme oen1m, n poksmak1 1o1 qk1,
u1o ecnn 6m Kxnn apon ne nopaeprncL noc1onnno kononnsunn co c1oponm
snn n qpnkn, nosn1nann nyk o1 a1oro 6m amnrpn, n ponk repncko
npepnpnnunaoc1n poc1nocL 6m enLue cnam.
3aoea1enn V c1one1nn npnnecnn a apony pyx, nnonnkun kn1ckn, no c
ppyrn o11enko. n a 6onLue epe 6mn nponn1n xencknn kuec1an. n xe
o6ecneunn 6onee npexnoe corncne expy payn panxyunn npnnunnn. ckpy,
rpe anc1aoann a1n npopm, m anpn o6nropoxennm npr1ns. nrnnn,
Ceaepno epnke, onnnpnn, nnoaepe 1kne kuec1a npeo6npk1 np
oc1nLnmn nunonnLnmn nnc1nnk1n. o xe coe nee1 ec1o a BenLrnn,
1kxe n ceaepe Opnunn, rpe ace, u1o nee1 nosn1nanoe npnenenne, nxopnno
nnopopopnyk nouay. o epe npopanxennn k kry a1n npepnocmnkn ocn6nnk1cn.
pnue a1o o6Lncnne1cn ne 6onee xpkn connue, xo1n, psyee1cn, k1nonum n
nLeon1um xnay1 a 6onee 1enno knn1e, ue xn1enn poanc n nnxnero
nrepok. D1o ec1L aospec1ane kpoan.
sene npeo6npe1 rpynn xencknx nnn qennnsnpoannmx pc; a1o
seunne oco6enno aepno a o1nouennn aponm. cnn ncknkun1L 1ea1onckoe
ceec1ao n uc1L cnann, n nue kon1nnen1e oc1ny1cn 1onLko rpynnm, ckypno
npenennme npr1nueckn uyac1ao, ko1opme yxe cmrpnn caok ponL a
npepmpyune anoxn, n noa1opn1L a1o n 6onLue ne pno. Mccm nkpe ao ace nx
psnoo6psnn - o1 rnnoa po kenL1oa, o1 kenL1oa po 6esmnnno cecn n1nLnncknx
n poncknx nun - npepc1annk1 co6o nncxopnuyk nec1nnuy ne a cmcne
psan1nn nx yxckoro npnnunn, a cmcne xo1n 6m o6unx cnoco6noc1e.
u unannnsunn cqopnpoancL a pesynL11e ceuennn repncknx nneen c
pcn ppeanoc1n, a1o 6mn coks npenyuec1aenno yxcknx rpynn c pcn n
oc11kn pc, aoaneuennmn a no1ok ppeannx npe; 6or1c1ao, psnoc1oponnoc1L,
nnopoan1oc1L - kuec1a, penkune uec1L nun o6uec1a - cy1L ec1ec1aennm
pesynL11 cmx psnmx aneen1oa, ko1opme 6mnn nepeeunm, anponsenenm n
ncnonLsoanm nunn npepkn.
ckpy, kyp npoc1npe1cn nu kynL1ypnm np, on nece1 a ce6e pa o6unx npnsnk,
ao-nepamx, repnckoe annnnne, ao-a1opmx, xpnc1nnc1ao. o, xouy nnonn1L eue
ps, a1opo npnsnk, xo1n on 6onee oueanpen n 6poce1cn a rns, nockonLky
npnanecen nsane, ne nanne1cn a pnno cnyue onpepennkun: n sene noro
xpnc1nncknx nun n eue 6onLue 1ex, ko1opme ory1 c11L 1koamn, opnko onn ne
coc1annk1 uc1L nue unannnsunn. npo1na, nosn1nanm n peukun ne
npepc1anne1cn nepam npnsnk. , kyp ne nponnk repnckn aneen1, ne oxe1
6m1L unannnsunn, noxoxe n nuy.
paoepen aonpoc: oxno nn y1aepxp1L, u1o eaponeckne o6uec1a uennko n
nonnoc1Lk unannnsoanm? 1o npen n pec1ann, ko1opme qopnpyk1cn n
noaepxnoc1n a1nx nun, nek1 npepnocmnkn, rny6oko ykopennaunecn a ccx, n
u1o cnepc1ann a1nx npe n a1nx npnnunnoa o1aeuk1 nnc1nnk1 6onLunnc1a? s
a1oro cnepye1 eue opnn nens6exnm aonpoc no noaopy nnsunx knccoa nunx
npopoa: mcnn1 nn onn n pec1ayk1 nn onn coo6psno 1oy, u1o nenye1cn
eaponecko unannnsune?
Mm c nonnm ocnoanne aocxnuecn ncknkun1enLno opnopopnoc1Lk npe n
asrnnpoa, ko1opn a rpeuecknx rocyppc1ax aennko anoxn n1nunoc1n onpepennn
ack xnsnL nx rpxpn. o kxpoy cyuec1aennoy aonpocy nennn 6mnn uc1o
npo1naopeunam, no caopnnncL k uey-1o o6uey: a nonn1nke nkpn xo1enocL 6onLue
nnn enLue peokp1nn, 6onLue nnn enLue onnrpxnn; a cqepe pennrnn
npepnou1enne o1pann nn6o Dneacnncko Uepepe, nn6o pqenoncko Mnnepae; u1o
kce1cn nn1ep1ypnoro akyc, onn ornn kone61Lcn expy Dcxnno n Coqokno,
expy nkee n nnppo; a cyunoc1n cnop aencn aokpyr npe, ko1opme oxno
nsa1L nunonnLnmn. ne nepep nynnuecknn aonn cn1yunn 6mn 1kn
xe, unannnsunn c1pnm 6mn opnopopno n neocnopno. n oxa1man acex -
n rocnop n p6oa; ace yuc1aoann a ne, nyc1L n a psno c1enenn.
Co apeen nynnuecknx aon y ncnepnnkoa oyn n y acex rpekoa, nunnn c
epnkn n oco6enno nekcnpp, a1 opnopopnoc1L ace 6onLue n 6onLue
npe1epnean nsenennn. ce 6onLuee ceuenne nun npnaopnno k ceuennk
unannnsun, a pesynL11e nonanncn aecL nororpnnm npopyk1, ouenL cnoxnm n
ropspo 6onee y1onuennm, ue n1nunn kynL1yp, ko1opm, kk a 1nnn, 1k n n
sene Dnnpm, o1nnuncn 1e axnm nepoc11ko, u1o cyuec1aoan nnuL pnn
amcunx knccoa, nnsune cnon ncenennn oc1anncL a neaepennn o1nocn1enLno ero
npnpopm, ero npenyuec1a n nepcnek1na. ocne aennknx sn1cknx aon pnckn
unannnsunn, 6es conennn, 6mn npkn nponanenne uenoaeueckoro rennn; opnko
s ncknkuenne rpeuecknx pn1opnkoa, coc1annkunx ee 1pncuenpen1nLnyk uc1L,
cnpncknx sn1okoa kpncnpypenunn, npepc1annaunx 1enc1nueckyk cnc1ey
skonop1enLc1a, arnn1pnyk n onpxnueckyk no pyxy, 6or1mx nkpe,
yuc1aoaaunx a ynpanennn rocyppc1ao nnn a qnnncoamx penx n, nkoneu,
npspnmx 6espenLnnkoa, a1 unannnsunn nen necuc1Le nou1n ne aocnpnnn1Lcn
ccn, nockonLky npopm aponm nnuero ne cmcnnnn a ee sn1cknx n
qpnkncknx aneen1x. nn ne cosnann, u1o ernn1nne ne 6onee nx nonnnn, u1o
unannnsunn n npnnocn1 ns nnnn n cnnnn, u1o nynpnum ne ornn ouenn1L 1o,
u1o pan n oc1nLno np. kn o6pso, nnxe cnon, nsmaeoro counnLnmn
knccn, cyuec1aoano aennkoe noxec1ao nkpe, unannnsoannmx nnue, ue
oqnunnLnm cno, nnn aoo6ue ne snaunx unannnsunn. Cnepoa1enLno, 1onLko
enLunnc1ao pnckoro npop, ko1opoe ocosnano 1ny n cy1L unannnsunn,
npnpano e kkoe-1o snuenne. o1 a npnep unannnsunn, neconenno
ampkuncn, no yxe ne o6unn npenn npopoa, axopnunx a nee, ckopee
nc1ouenne, cn6oc1Lk n o1c1pnenne a1nx npopoa.
n1e nee1 ec1o coaepuenno nnn kp1nn. 3pecL m anpn orponyk
1eppn1opnk, no n ace a1o npoc1pnc1ae ocnoann pc (ppyrnx n cosn1enLno ne
6epy ao annnne) nponnkny1 opnn o6un pyxo, o6un nonnnne caoe
unannnsunn. esancno o1 npnnunnoa, nesancno o1 1oro, opo6pnk1 nnn ne
opo6pnk1 nkpn nopnpok aeue, npo npnsn1L, u1o ccm npnnnk1 a ne k1nanoe
yuc1ne. peno ne a 1o, u1o c1pn cao6opn a o6uenpnnn1o cmcne a1oro cnoa n
u1o kxpoy rpn1npoano 1o ec1o, kkoe on scnyxnae1. pnek o1 1oro, u1o6m
pncoa1L 1kyk npenLnyk kp1nny. Cpepnnno nepnn n kpec1Lnne, n ropoxne
apnp nn ory1 pccun1ma1L 1onLko n caon cnnm n 1nn1m, u1o6m npo6n1Lcn naepx.
a1o konue senn, neco1pn n oqnunnLnme o6eunnn yupepn1L cnc1ey
aksenoa n npao snn1nn ponxnoc1e, nnk1o ne coneae1cn a 1o, u1o nyuune
ec1 sy1 pe1n unnoannkoa nnn nx 6nnskne n u1o snn1ne nyko ne ace no
kpny, no peno a 1o, u1o yrne1ennme n o6penennme, c1ppn o1 snoyno1pe6nenn,
ne npepc1annk1 ce6e nyuue ponn, n cyuec1aykun unannnsunn cnyxn1 npepe1o
nensennoro yaxennn pnn acero npop.
eue opnn ypnan1enLnm qk1, o6psoanne a n1e nanne1cn nou1n aceo6un, n
n 1pypno npepc1an1L, nckonLko amcok ero ypoaenL. [eueame knnrn, 6onLuoe
uncno ukon n nepoporoe o6yuenne a nnx o6ecneunak1 poaonLno snun1enLnme
aosoxnoc1n pnn 1ex, k1o xoue1 yun1Lcn. 3konm, nx cy1L n nx 1onkoc1n xopouo
nsaec1nm ncenennk, n npan1enLc1ao pxe nooupne1 nsyuenne kpncnpypenunn kk
nonesno nykn. kpn, o6Lepnnennme o6un nnc1nnk1o, ncnm1mak1 yxc nepep
nonn1nuecknn no1pncennnn. pnn 6onLuo sn1ok a 1knx aonpocx, ko1opm ne
1onLko xnn a n1one, no n nsyun 1ounne pen, rocnopnn [xon Opancnc [aanc,
konccp e ennuec1a a n1e, y1aepxpe1, u1o on yanpen nunk, a nc1opnn
ko1opo ne 6mno nn opno nonm1kn ocyuec1an1L counnLnyk peaonkunk nnn
nsenn1L qopy npanennn. o ero nennk, kn1ckyk nunk nyuue acero nsa1L
npopo, coc1onun ns y6expennmx koncepa1opoa.
a1o sknkue1cn ee kppnnnLnoe o1nnune o1 unannnsunn pnckoro np, a none
ko1oporo npan1enLc1aennme nepeaopo1m nponcxopnnn c neaepon1no 6mc1po1o
anno1L po nuec1ann ceaepnmx npopoa. o acex yronkx a1o orpono nnepnn
acerp nxopnnncL npopm, nepoaonLnme cyuec1aykun nopnpko n ro1oame n
cme 6esynme pec1ann. 3 noroaekoao nepnop ne oc1nocL nnuero a a1o
cmcne nencnpo6oannoro n nn opnoro npnnunn, yaxeoro acen. Co6c1aennoc1L,
pennrnn, ceLn amsmann 6onLune conennn a nx nern1nnoc1n, n anyun1enLnme
ccm nkpe, 1o n ceaepe, 1o n kre, uc1o nm1nncL cnno pennsoa1L
noa1opckne 1eopnn. nu1o a rpeko-pncko npe ne neno nop co6o npounoro
ocnoannn, pxe nnepckoe epnnc1ao, xnsnenno neo6xopnoe pnn o6uero 6nr, n ne
1onLko pnn c norouncnennmn aryc1n-cosanun noc1onnno penn
nonm1kn cokpyun1L a1o1 c1onn, a1o1 nnnpny o6uec1a, no n cn nnep1opm,
nunnn c [nokne1nn, 1k no aepnnn a onpxnk, u1o cosn1enLno aaopnnn
paonoe npanenne, s1e ynpannnn pxe aue1aepo. oa1opnk: nn opnn
nnc1n1y1, nn opnn npnnunn ne 6mn yc1ouna a a1o necuc1no o6uec1ae, ko1opoe ne
neno nyuuero o1na uenoc1noc1n, ue qnsnueckn neaosoxnoc1L pyxny1L, anno1L
po 1oro oen1, korp nrpnnynn ounme cnnm, pcu1nn ero n npeap1nnn a
6onee c16nnLnoe uenoe.
1k, m pcco1penn pa coaepuenno o1nnunmx ppyr o1 ppyr counnLnmx
oprnns - opne6ecnyk nepnk n pnckn np. unannnsunn oc1ouno snn
n 6m npn6ann 6pxnckyk unannnsunk, ko1opn scnyxnae1 aocxnuennn caoe
cnno n caoe rny6nno nponnknoaennn. cnn a n1e ace nnn nou1n ace ncenenne
o6npe1 onpepenennm ypoane snnn, 1o xe coe oxno cks1L n o6 nnpycx,
kxpm ns nnx nponn1n pyxo ppeanoc1n n ue1ko sne1, u1o on ponxen amyun1L, kk
mcnn1L n ao u1o aepn1L; cpepn 6yppnc1oa n6e1 n ppyrnx ponoa ropno snn
pepko ac1pe1nuL kpec1Lnnnn, ne yekuero un11L. ace nek1 6nnskne asrnnpm
n cme axnme aonpocm.
Cyuec1aye1 nn 1kn xe opnopopnoc1L y eaponecknx nun? D1o1 aonpoc
coaepuenno nsnnunn. pnp nn a rpeko-pncko nnepnn oxno yanpe1L 1koe
psnoo6psne n norouae1Le - n nek a anpy ne expy psnmn npopn, any1pn
opno nunonnLnoc1n. nosxe kocnycL occnn n ac1pncknx rocyppc1a. 1enepL
noco1pn, kk o6c1on1 peno a epnnn nnn 1nnn, oco6enno kxno ee uc1n, a
cnnnn, xo1n n a enLue epe, cn1yunn nou1n 1kn xe, 1o xe coe o1nocn1cn n
k Opnunn.
1k, Opnunn: nune c 1oro, u1o psnnune a nepx nopxe1 pxe
noaepxnoc1noro n6nkp1enn; pano seueno, u1o expy pnxe n oc1nLno
1eppn1opne cyuec1aye1 nponc1L, y cmx aopo1 ropop nunne1cn nunn,
coaepuenno o1nnunn o1 1o, u1o xnae1 s ero c1enn e, k1o aepn1 a nonn1nueckoe
epnnc1ao a c1pne n o1ckp pene1 amaop o epnnc1ae npe n cnnnnnn kpoan, rny6oko
s6nyxpk1cn.
e1 nn opnoro counnLnoro skon, nn opnoro qopnpykuero npnnunn
unannnsunn, ko1opm aocnpnnnncn 6m opnnkoao ao acex nunx penp1en1x.
e1 cmcn npoaopn1L cpanenne expy opnpne, Bpe1nLk, nxeaeno,
nyseno, ckonLk, poanco - ace snk1, kk no noxoxn ppyr n ppyr
xn1enn a1nx ec1 n kk psnnunL1 nx asrnnpm. 1e1n 1onLko, u1o ecnn a n1e, n
n6e1e n a npnn cme axnme nonn1nn o1nocn1enLno coxpnennn unannnsunn
nsaec1nm ace kncc, y nc peno o6c1on1 coace no6opo1. Cme nepaoc1enennme,
cme aneen1pnme nun snnnn oc1k1cn 1no pnn nopannkuero 6onLunnc1a
cenLckoro ncenennn, kk npanno, nkpn 1 ne yek1 nn un11L, nn nnc1L n
nnckonLko ne os6ouenm 1e, u1o6m nyun1Lcn, no1oy u1o ne anpn1 a a1o nnkko
nonLsm n npnenennn. a1o o1nouennn n no aepk a o6eunnn skono1aopuea, a
nun nceaponnc1n1y1m, s1o poaepnk caon rns n qk1, spernc1pnpoannm
nponnu1enLnmn n6nkp1ennn. pan1enLc1ao ncuepnno ace aosoxnoc1n, u1o6m
am1un1L kpec1Lnn ns ce1e neaexec1a; ne 1onLko pe1n ory1 yun1Lcn a pepeannx,
no n aspocnme a aospc1e papu1n ne1, snncnnme n aoennyk cnyx6y, nonpk1 a
nonkoame ukonm, rpe ec1L npekpcnme ycnoann pnn nonyuennn cmx neo6xopnmx
snnn. eco1pn n a1n ycnnnn, neco1pn n o1eueckyk s6o1y co c1oponm oprnoa
ynpanennn, cenLckne xn1enn nnuey ne yu1cn. anpen - n ace, k1o xnn a
npoannunn, 1oxe anpenn, - kk popn1enn nocmnk1 caonx pe1e a ukony c
neckpmaeo neoxo1o n cun1k1 no1epnnnm apen, ko1opoe onn 1 npoaopn1;
onn s6npk1 nx o11yp nop neun npepnoro n pspeuk1 yun1Lcn 1onLko a
nepamx knccx, nocne ukonm knou c1pe1cn kk oxno ckopee s6m1L 1o, uey
on nyunncn. eko1opme pxe 6panpyk1 caon neaexec1ao: nnpnep,
peo6nnnsoannme conp1m ne 1onLko ne xenk1 6onLue un11L n nnc1L, no penk1
anp, 6yp1o s6mnn qpnuysckn nsmk, n uc1o a1o n ype1cn. 6m npnae1c1aoan c
6onLuo ppoc1Lk c1onLko ycnnn, anyc1yk no1puennmx n o6yuenne cenLckoro
ncenennn, ecnn 6m ne 6mn y6expen, u1o nyk, ko1opo nx o6yuk1, nun
kpec1Lnn ne nopxopn1 n u1o s nx kxyuncn 6espsnnune ckpmae1cn
nenc1pe6nn apxpe6noc1L k nue unannnsunn. anxy poks1enLc1ao on
cnoa a nccnano, onunnao conpo1nanennn, no ec1L eue opno o6c1on1enLc1ao:
1, rpe ype1cn cnon1L a1o ynopc1ao, nonanne1cn ppyro, 6onee y6epn1enLnm
qk1op, npnaopnun enn a seu1enLc1ao. oe a ue nonm1kn o6yuennn 6mak1
ycneunm. nunx aoc1ounmx penp1en1x n kpynnmx npomunennmx ropopx
ncun1mae1cn 6onLuoe uncno p6ounx, ko1opme oxo1no yu1cn un11L n nnc1L. nn
xnay1 a cpepe, ko1opn peonc1pnpye1 n nonLsy o6psoannn. o nocne 1oro, kk
a1n nkpn oanpeak1 aneen1pnmn snnnnn, kk onn nn pcnopnxk1cn? nn
ncnonLsyk1 nx pnn 1oro, u1o6m npno6pec1n 6onee rny6okne apxpe6nme uyac1a k
counnLnoy nopnpky - n n ce ps yxe ne nnc1nnk1nanme, k1nano ocmcnennme.
cknkuenne oxno cpen1L 1onLko pnn cenLcknx xn1ene n p6ounx ceaepo-snp,
rpe aneen1pnme snnnn pcnpoc1pnenm 6onLue, ue a ppyrnx ec1x, rpe onn
nyuue skpennnk1cn n pk1, kk npanno, xopoune nnopm. ueanpno, a1o
o6ycnoaneno 1e, u1o xn1enn 1ex ponoa c1on1 6nnxe k repncko pce. [o6ank,
u1o ace, cksnnoe a o1nouennn ceaepo-snpnmx penp1en1oa, o1nocn1cn n k
BenLrnn n npepnnp.
1k, m konc11npoann onpepenennyk nenpnnsnL k nue unannnsunn, 1enepL
srnnne a rny6nny pennrnosnmx uyac1a n asrnnpoa. 1o kce1cn aepm, npo o1p1L
ponxnoe xpnc1nncko pennrnn a 1o, u1o on ne nanne1cn k1eropnuno n ne
a1ncknae1 nkpe a yskne pkn. npo1nano cnyue on c1onknyncL 6m c
oncnmn pnqn. nnckon n canuennnk npnxopn1cn 6opo1Lcn ceropnn, kk n
aek, n nn1L, n nn1npu1L aekoa nsp, npo1na npepy6expenn n npnamuek,
nepepaemx no ncnepc1ay n 1e 6onee yrpoxkunx, u1o nkpn nou1n nnkorp a
nnx ne cosnk1cn, noa1oy nepey6epn1L nx neaosoxno. e1 nn opnoro
npocaeuennoro canuennnk, cnyxuero a pepeane, ko1opm 6m ne snn, c kkn
nenpo6naem ynpnc1ao pxe n6oxnm kpec1Lnnnn npoponxe1 npn11L n
nenen1L a ce6e kkyk-nn6ypL nepao6m1nyk npek, amxopnuyk n noaepxnoc1L
nono ero aonn n 1onLko a pepknx cnyunx. cnn sroaopn1L c nn n a1y 1ey, on
6ype1 ace o1pnu1L n nnkorp ne noppepxn1 psroaop, oc1ancL nenokone6no
y6expennm a caoe npao1e. n aceueno poaepne1 caoey nc1opy, no 1no
ncnoaepye1 caok pennrnk; o1ckp onunnaoc1L, ko1opn ao acex npoannunnx c1pnm
nanne1cn co xpk1epno uep1o kpec1Lnnnn npn ac1peue c ropopckn xn1ene,
nsmaem a pepeane ne nnue, kk 6ypxy; o1ckp nenpoxopnn pepkunonnn
nnnnn expy nn n cmn yaxemn nkpLn ero kn1on. D1o n ec1L o1nouenne
6onLunnc1a npop k unannnsunn, 1oro coro npop, ko1opm cnmae1 nn6onee
npnaepxennm k ne; ecnn 6m ne cksnn, u1o, corncno c11nc1nke, ao Opnunn
xnae1 10 nnnnonoa pyu, aknkuennmx a cqepy counnLnmx o1nouenn, 26
nnnnonoa oc1k1cn s ee npepenn, n 6m peunn, u1o nepan unqp snnxen.
poe 1oro, ecnn 6m nun cenLckne xn1enn 6mnn 1onLko rpy6mn n
neaexec1aennmn, oxno 6mno 6m ne 1peaoxn1Lcn no noaopy 1koro pspenennn n
1eun1L ce6n npexpo n 1o, u1o noc1enenno nx oxno nepepen1L n aaec1n a kpyr
nkpe, yxe npocaeuennmx. o a a1o cce ac1peuk1cn nc1onune pnkpn: n
nepam asrnnp nx oxno npnnn1L npoc1o s neyue, ns ko1opmx oxno u1o-nn6ypL
amnenn1L, no1oy u1o y nnx o1c1pnennme n nnuero ne ampxkune nnu, no ecnn
uy1L rny6xe nponnkny1L a nx mcnn, a nx uc1nyk xnsnL, c1noan1cn ncno, u1o,
oc1ancL a po6poaonLno cos1ouennn, onn aoace ne cn6m n ne 6essun1nm. x
cnn1nn n n1nn1nn ampmak1cn npyxy ouenL pepko, n acn nx n1yp sknkuen a
nornunm kpyr rny6oko ykopenennmx npe. ocnyauncL pennrnn, n 1kxe ponxen
o1e1n1L, kkn orponn pnc1nunn pspenne1 nun opnLnme pok1pnnm n asrnnpm
kpec1Lnn, nckonLko 1o, u1o onn nsann 6m pennk1noc1Lk, o1nnue1cn o1 1oro
cmcn, kko m npnpe a1oy cnoay! koneu, c kko nc1opoxennoc1Lk onn
co1pn1 n 1oro, k1o ne nanne1cn, nopo6no n, kpec1Lnnn - 1k nun ouenL
pnekne npepkn co1penn n uyxeseuea! oneuno, onn ne c1ny1 ero y6na1L ns
c1px, nyc1L pxe nc1nueckoro, ko1opm anyuk1 n skonm, ne npnnneme,
kc11n, nn; no onn ero nckpenne nenanpn1, onck1cn ero, ecnn ec1L aosoxnoc1L
nornyn1Lcn np nn 6esnksnno, onn cpenk1 a1o c npeaennkn ypoaonLc1ane.
mxopn1, onn snme? Cypn no nx o1nouennk ppyr k ppyry, a1oro ne ckxeuL: onn
o6ennak1cn uy1kn n pxe nk6esnoc1nn. o peno a 1o, u1o onn cun1k1 ce6n
coace ppyrn uenoaeueckn anpo - yrne1ennm, o6nxennm, cn6m, nekun
npao n xn1poc1n, n a 1o xe apen coxpnnkun roppoc1L, rpnnuuyk c
ynpnc1ao, n c npespenne o1nocnuncn k uyxk.
neko1opmx npoannunnx Opnunn kpec1Lnnnn cun1e1, u1o y nero 6nropopnee kpoaL
n ppeanee pop, ue y ero cenLop. Y kpec1Lnn ceenn roppoc1L ceropnn
co6nkpe1cn c1poxe, ue korp-1o a cpepe cpepneaekoao sn1n.
pnko ne c1on1 s6nyxp1Lcn: qpnuysckoe ncenenne no caoe any1penne cy1n ne
nee1 nnuero o6uero c ero aneunn o6nnko - a1o nponc1L, np ko1opo ancn1
unannnsunn, a rny6nne ppenk1 nenopanxnme aopm, ko1opme apen o1 apeenn
canpeno acnennak1cn. Cme 1prnueckne co6m1nn snnann c1pny kpoaLk, n a
a1nx co6m1nnx senepenLum o6muno snnnn nansnnyk n nosnunk. cnn peuL ne
un o6 nx nenocpepc1aennmx n nnunmx nn1epecx, onn aoo6ue ne aeunanncL, pxe
ne ampxnn nnkknx uyac1a. Mnorne nun pen1enn, nnyrnnme n uoknpoannme
a1n, amcksmanncL a 1o cmcne, u1o kpec1Lnne psapuenm po rny6nnm pyun,
opnko a1o coace ne 1k. pec1Lnne co1pn1 n nc nou1n kk n aproa. nn nnuero
ne oxnpk1 o1 nue unannnsunn n yuc1ayk1 a ne 1onLko no npnnyxpennk, no
aosoxnoc1n cun1k1 ce6n anpae nsanek1L amropy ns ee no1pncenn. cnn xe m
6ype pcc1pna1L nx ane a1oro n1ronns, nopo k1nanoro, uue acero
nnep1noro, nenLsn ne npnsn1L amcokne opnLnme kuec1a, nyc1L n ampxennme
aecL caoeo6psno, a1nx nkpe.
ce, cksnnoe nok o Opnunn, oxno o1nec1n ko ace apone, n n ncxoxy ns 1oro,
u1o coapeennm np oxa1mae1 6eckoneuno 6onLue, ue on a coc1onnnn o6Ln1L, n a
a1o on noxox n pnckyk nnepnk. Cnepoa1enLno, nenLsn oco6enno poaepn1L
ponroaeunoc1n nuero counnLnoro coc1onnnn, 1 nn 1onnk yaxennn, ko1opoe
ono anyue1 pxe cnon, c1onun amue kpec1Lnn, kxe1cn ne apeennm
nanenne. uy unannnsunk oxno cpann1L c neponroaeunmn oc1poakn,
ko1opme am1onkny1m n noaepxnoc1L opn nopaopnmn aynknn. op pec1ane
pspyun1enLnmx 1euenn, nnuennme cnnm, ko1opn nepaonunLno nx
noppepxnan, onn korp-nn6ypL psann1cn, n 1opxec1aykune aonnm norno1n1 nx
o6nokn. eunLnm koneu, ko1opm po nc nepexnnn norne 6nropopnme pcm! e1
aosoxnoc1n ns6ex1L 1ko yuc1n. Myppoc1L oxe1 nnuL npepanpe1L, no ne 6onee
1oro. Cn pcue1nnan oc1opoxnoc1L ne a cnnx nokone61L nesm6neme skonm
nc1opnn.
kn o6pso, nenonn1nn, npesnpen nnn nenanpnn nkpLn, co6paunncn
nop ee cenLk, nu unannnsunn, 1e ne enee, nanne1 co6o opnn ns aennuunx
nn1nnkoa, cospnnmx uenoaeueckn renne. o npape roaopn, on nponanne1 ce6n
ne nso6pe11enLnoc1Lk. c1an a c1opone a1o kuec1ao n npnsne, u1o on
aosaennunn 1aopueckn pyx n cnay saoeann kk cnepc1ane a1oro pyx. onn1L
ace - snun1 ace npnnn1L. cnn on ne cospn 1ounmx nyk, 1o on, no enLue
epe, npnpn n 1ounoc1L n ns6ann nx o1 1yn, ko1opm, kk nn c1pnno,
oky1man a1n nykn 6onLue, ue nk6me ppyrne. Bnroppn ampkuncn o1kpm1nn
on 6onLue sne1 o 1epnnLno npe, ue npexnne o6uec1a. n psrpn uc1L
rnanmx skonoa npnpopm, on cyen nx cqopynnpoa1L, onnc1L n nsaneuL ns nnx
nonc1nne aonue6nme cnnm, u1o6m ao c1o kp1 yaennun1L cnnm uenoaek. oc1enenno,
ncnonLsyn nnpyk1nanme nnc1pyen1m, on pe konc1pynpoan rnrn1ckne qpren1m
nc1opnn, o ko1opmx ppeanne pxe ne porpmanncL, n ue pnLue on o1xopn1 o1
nepao6m1nmx anox, 1e ncnee on nx anpn1 n nponnke1 a nx 1nm. a1o
sknkuk1cn ee poc1onnc1a, n ocnpna1L nx ne1 cmcn.
pnnna a1o1 pryen1, anpae nn m cpen1L amaop o 1o, u1o nu unannnsunn
npeaocxopn1 ace cyuec1aoaaune n cyuec1aykune n sene? p n ne1. [ -
no1oy u1o on, 6nroppn psnoo6psnk coc1annkunx ee aneen1oa, onnpe1cn n
ounm qynpen1 cpanennn n nnns, ko1opm nosaonne1 e ann1ma1L a ce6n
nou1n ace; p - no1oy u1o a1o1 aknek1ns cnoco6c1aye1 ee psan1nk a cmx psnmx
nnpanennnx; eue ps p - no1oy u1o, 6nroppn repnckoy rennk, cnnuko
npk1nunoy, u1o6m 6m1L pspyun1enLnm, on cospn opnLnm kopekc, yppme
nonoxennn ko1oporo 6mnn nensaec1nm po nee. o n roaopk ne1, korp a1n scnyrn
poaopn1 po o6Lnanennn ee 6conk1noro n 6esoroaopounoro npeaocxopc1a; n roaopk
ne1, n6o 1koro npeaocxopc1a ne anxy nou1n nn a ue.
nckycc1ae npanennn on p6ckn cnepye1 s 6eckoneunmn kone6nnnn,
amsannmn no1pe6noc1nn psnnunmx pc, ko1opme ee coc1annk1. nrnnn,
onnnpnn, enone, occnn npnnunnm eue poc11ouno yc1ounam, no1oy u1o
ncenenne yksnnmx c1pn 6onee opnopopno nnn, no kpne epe, npnnpnexn1 k
rpynn opno k1eropnn, nekun noxoxne nnc1nnk1m. o a ppyrnx ec1x,
oco6enno ao Opnunn, a Uen1pnLno 1nnn, a epnnn, rpe upn1 a1nnueckoe
noroo6psne, 1eopnn anc1n nnkorp ne nopnnk1cn po nc1nnm, nonn1nueckn
nyk noc1onnno akcnepnen1npye1. ue unannnsunn, necnoco6no anyun1L a
ce6n aepy, nepoc1e1 1o yc1ounaoc1n, ko1opn nanne1cn opnn ns rnanmx
npnsnkoa, aknkuemx nok a onpepenenne unannnsunn. ockonLky a1o pokoaoe
6eccnnne ne snkoo 6yppnc1ckoy n 6pxnnc1ckoy o6uec1a, nockonLky ero ne
sne1 n opne6ecnn nepnn, a a1o cmcne ynonny1me unannnsunn npeaocxopn1
nuy. ace corncnm a caonx nonn1nuecknx asrnnpx. oxno 6nrononyuno
xn1L, ecnn 6ype1 yppn anc1L, 1. k. a a1o cnyue aekoame nnc1n1y1m npnnocn1
po6pme nnopm.
orp, oksauncL a nnoxnx nnn neyenmx pykx, on apepn1 o6uec1aennoy 6nry,
nkpn n nee xnyk1cn n xnek1 cnx ce6n. o nnkorp onn ne 1epnk1 yaxennn k
caon nnc1n1y1. norp onn nx ncnpannk1, no nnkorp ne nncnpoaeprk1 n ne
sennk1. po 6m1L cnenuo, u1o6m ne anpe1L a a1o rpn1nk ponroaeunoc1n, koe
ne o1nnue1cn nu unannnsunn.
1o kce1cn nckycc1a, nu o1c1noc1L no cpanennk c npne neconenn, kk n no
cpanennk c rnn1o, peune n epnko. n a rpnpnosno, nn a npekpcno y nc
neuero cpann1L c uepeapn ppeannx pc; korp pnn nun 6ypy1 cou1enm, korp
psannnm nunx nn1nnkoa n nunx ropopoa nokpok1 nuy senk, 6ypyun
ny1euec1aennnk, oksauncL a necx n 6ono1x n 6eperx esm, Cenm n en, ne
npe1 nnuero, u1o orno 6m conepnnu1L c aennuec1aennmn pynnn Onnm,
nneann, pqenon, Cnce11m nnn ponnnm enou1n1-nn. cnn a o6nc1n
nosn1nanmx nyk y 6ypyunx anox 6ype1 uey y nc noyun1Lcn, a1oro nenLsn cks1L o
noasnn. 1unnnoe aocxnuenne, ko1opoe m ncnm1mae - n ne 6es ocnoannn - k
nn1ennek1ynLnm poc1nxennn uyxnx unannnsun, eue opno 1oy canpe1enLc1ao.
oroaopn 1enepL o6 y1onuennoc1n npaoa. econenno, a a1o o1nouennn panmx
n ne1. un akycm - y1onuennme s cue1 nuero npounoro, a ko1opo 6mnn
oen1m, korp pockouL, 1onkoc1L npnamuek n aennkonenne xnsnn aocnpnnnnncL
ropspo rny6xe n unpe, ue a nun pnn. o npape roaopn, ncnxpennn 6mnn
poc1ynnm ne ace. o, u1o nsmae1cn 6nrononyune, npnnpnexno nenorn.
c a1n corncen, no npo npnsn1L kk neonpoaepxnm qk1, u1o 6nropopnme
npam ne 1onLko o6nropxnak1 6m1 ns6pnnmx, no n aosamuk1 pyx cc,
cosepukunx, no ne yuc1aykunx a npspnnke xnsnn. poe 1oro, y1onuennoc1L
nknpmae1 n ack c1pny o1neu1ok aennunn n kpco1m n npeapue1cn a o6uee
poc1onnne. a1o cmcne nu unannnsunn, ncknkun1enLno ckpynynesnn ao
aneunnx 1pn6y1x, ne nee1 conepnnu.
sknkuenne cksnnoro seuy: oprnnsykun xpk1ep nk6o unannnsunn
onpepenne1cn cm oueanpnm npnsnko ponnnpykue pcm; unannnsunn
nsenne1cn, 1pncqopnpye1cn no epe 1oro, kk a1 pc c nopaepre1cn
nsenennn; nenno a pkx unannnsunn a 1euenne 6onee nnn enee
npoponxn1enLnoro nepnop npoponxe1 pec1aoa1L nnynLc, ko1opm korp-1o pn
e ncuesnyaun pc, n, cnepoa1enLno, cnc1e, cqopnpoaauncn a o6uec1ae,
npepc1anne1 co6o qk1, ko1opm npue acero canpe1enLc1aye1 o konkpe1nmx
cnoco6noc1nx n ypoane npop - a1o nyuuee sepkno, a ko1opo npop o1pxe1
caok nnpnanpynLnoc1L.
Mne kxe1cn, on pccyxpennn oxa1nnn cnnuko unpokn kpyr aonpocoa. Mexpy
1e nop aepny1Lcn a pycno onx npnmx nepenn.
pexpe acero n ampannyn cnepykuee nonoxenne: xnsnL n cep1L o6uec1a
nponcxopn1 a cnny any1pennnx npnunn. nsan a1n npnunnm. o6p1nncn k nx
ckpm1o o1 rns npnpope, u1o6m cpen1L nx 6onee amnyknmn, n noksn 6cyppnoc1L
1ex npepnocmnok, ko1opme o6mknoaenno n npnnncmak1. nonckx npnsnk,
ko1opm or 6m o6osnu1L nx ao acex cnyunx, n oc1noanncn n cnoco6noc1n
cosp1L unannnsunk. D1o n 6ype1 cnyxn1L o1npano 1ouko nuero pnLneuero
ny1euec1ann. 1k, c uero m nune? Mm npnsnnn 1kyk cnoco6noc1L ckpm1o
npnunno xnsnn n cep1n o6uec1a n nsann ee ec1ec1aennm n noc1onnnm
npnsnko. enepL nepepe k nsyuennk nn1nno npnpopm a1o npnunnm.
o1e1nn, u1o on sknkue1cn a poc1onnc1ax 1o nnn nno pcm. ornk 1pe6ye1
y1ounn1L cpsy, u1o n nek a anpy nop cnoao pc. D1o n 6ype1 cnyxn1L
npepe1o cnepykue rnam.
#
u r xn .
o nennk nornx yuenmx, ko1opme ncxopn1 ns aneunero o6nnk nkpe a cmx
kpnnx nponanennnx, uenoaeueckne ceec1a nnn rpynnm o1nnuk1cn ppyr o1 ppyr
nc1onLko psn1enLno n cyuec1aenno, u1o npoc1o neaosoxno roaopn1L o6 nx o6ue
nponcxoxpennn. ono no1okoa p apypn1m, c1oponnnkn a1o 1eopnn,
ncun1mak1 neckonLko ppyrnx renenornuecknx ae1ae. [nn nnx a uenoaeuecko
pope ne1 nepaopopnoro epnnc1a nnn, nnmn cnoan, ne cyuec1aye1 epnnoro pop:
ec1L 1pn, ue1mpe n pxe 6onLue popoamx rpynn, ns ko1opmx amunn coaepuenno
psnme nokonennn, n onn, a pesynL11e ceuennn, o6psoann rn6pnpnme noprpynnm.
[nn nop1aepxpennn caoe 1eopnn onn nonLsyk1cn o6uepcnpoc1pnenno 1ouko
spennn, ko1opn ocnoan n oueanpnmx n 6esoroaopounmx psnnunnx expy
uenoaeuecknn rpynnn. cnn m ac1peuecn c xen1okoxn uenoaeko c pepknn
aonocn n 1ko xe pepko 6opopo, c unpokn nnuo, nnpnpnLnm uepeno,
pckocmn rnsn, nc1onLko ysknn, u1o rns nou1n ne o1kpmak1cn, c neyknkxe
noxopko n xpynkoro 1enocnoxennn, m cpsy ysne onpepenennm 1nn c nerko
snonnkunncn ocnoanmn aneunnn npnsnkn. ao1 n ppyro nop1pe1: nerp c
snpnoro no6epexLn qpnkn, kpynnm, ounoro 1enocnoxennn, cknonnm k
1yunoc1n. ox y nero yxe ne xen1oa1n, coace uepnn, aonocm ne pepkne n
npnme, , nnpo1na, ryc1me, o6nnLnme, kypuame, nnxnnn uenkc1L amc1yne1
anepep, uepen nee1 qopy, nsmaeyk nporn1nuecko. pnupp a
c1ec1aenno nc1opnn uenoaek xpk1epnsye1 ero cnepykun o6pso: [nnnnme
koc1n amaepny1m npyxy, 6onLun n nn 6epuoame koc1n amc1ynk1 anepep n
6onee amnyknm, ue y eaponeuea, nkpm ouenL amcokne n poxopn1 po nopkonenno
anpnnm, c1ynnn ouenL nnockne, nn1ounn koc1L ne nee1 pyroo6psno qopm n
coc1anne1 nou1n opny nnnnk c ppyrnn koc1nn c1onm, ko1opn, kc11n,
neo6mknoaenno unpokn. pnepno 1knn xe oco6ennoc1nn o1nnue1cn n pyk.
cnn am ac1pe1n1e uenoaek, o1aeukuero a1oy onncnnk, a neaonLno npnpe1 n
y nop1pe1 o6esLnnm n mcnL o 1o, u1o nerpn1nnckne pcm 3npno qpnkn
nponsounn o1 ae1an, ko1opn ne nee1 nnuero o6uero, ecnn ne cun11L neko1oporo
cxopc1a a o6unx qopx, c onronLcko rpynno.
31e npy1 nneen, aneunoc1L ko1opmx eue enLue, ue konronesckn nerp, oxe1
nonLc1n1L conk6nk uenoaek. enno kennn npnnpnexn1 uec1L p1L npy
cme perppnpoannme, cme ypopnname n o11nknakune o6psunkn,
npepc1annkune co6o nepexopnm a1n expy uenoaeko n aneen1pnm
xnao1nm. npo co nornn ac1pnncknn 6opnrenn pxe qpnknckn nerp
npepc1e1 nnoro 6onee psan1m a a1o o1nouennn. Mnorn ns a1nx o6nxennmx
cypL6o npopoa a1o uc1n senn, o1kpm1o nosxe ppyrnx, oco6ennyk ypopnnaoc1L
npnpk1: orponn ronoa, neo6mknoaennn xypo6, nckpnanennoe 1eno. onocm
npnme nnn kypuame, uue acero nyunc1me, kox uepnn c cepm o11enko. k
onncmae1 a1nx nkpe pnupp.
koneu, ecnn nocne pcco1pennn a1nx 1nnoa nkpe, o6n1kunx n psnmx
kon1nnen1x, aepny1Lcn k xn1enn aponm, Kxno n 3npno snn, m npe a
nnx 1koe npeaocxopc1ao, kk a cmcne aneunoc1n, 1k n c1poennn 1en, u1o cpsy xe
xoue1cn corncn1Lcn co c1oponnnkn 1eopnn o noxec1aenno nponcxoxpennn pc.
pnue peno ne 1onLko a 1o, u1o nocnepnne ynonny1me nok npopm npeaocxopn1
oc1nLnyk uc1L uenoaeuec1a kpco1o, onn ne 1onLko pnn npy openn pnn
enepm, nonnon n epkn, no n cpepn nnx c rny6oko ppeanoc1n yc1noanncL
onpepenennn neppxnn: a a1o ann1e uenoaeuecknx pc eaponeum snnk1 nepaoe
ec1o no nsnuec1ay qop n psan1nk yckyn1ypm. Cnepoa1enLno, kxe1cn
coaepuenno nornunm snan1L, u1o rpynnm, ns ko1opmx coc1on1 uenoaeuec1ao, 1kxe
o1nnuk1cn ppyr o1 ppyr, kk n psnnunme anpm xnao1nmx a npe pnko npnpopm.
koa amaop, cpennnm n ocnoannn seunn o6uero xpk1ep, n a a1o
kuec1ae onpoaeprny1L ero 1pypno.
pnn ns nepamx cnc1e1nsnpoan nopo6nme nccnepoannn nep. n ne
ypoaonLc1aoancn noaepxnoc1nmn qk1n n canpe1enLc1an - on peunn
o6ocnoa1L caon sknkuennn 1e1nueckn ny1e n n1onueckn onpepenn1L
xpk1epnme psnnunn expy k1eropnnn nkpe. n psp6o1n c1poryk e1opy, ne
oc1annkuyk ec1 pnn conenn, ero cyxpennn npno6penn 1y cnny n
ocnoa1enLnoc1L, 6es ko1opmx ne oxe1 6m1L nykn. nep asnn n1epnLnyk
koc1nc1yk uc1L ronoam n nsepnn psaepny1m npoqnnL, ncnonLsyn pae nnnnn,
nsannme n qunnLnmn. x nepeceuenne o6psye1 yron, aennunn ko1oporo
ponxn onpepenn1L epy psan1oc1n pcm. pn ns a1nx nnnn npe1 o1 ocnoannn
noc k cnyxoaoy knny, ppyrn npoxopn1 kc1enLno k amc1yny nepepne uc1n
caepxy, cnnsy - k co amc1ynkue 1ouke nnxne uenkc1n. ocpepc1ao a1oro
yrn c1pon1cn - n ne 1onLko pnn uenoaek, no n pnn acex anpoa xnao1nmx -
nec1nnu, aepunno ko1opo nanne1cn eaponeeu; ue oc1pee yron, 1e pnLue 1 nnn
nnn pc o1xopn1 o1 1nn, ko1opm, no mcnn nep, cnyxn1 aepxo
coaepuenc1a. kn o6pso, cm nenLkn yron y n1nu n y pm6. Y
nekonn1kunx psnnunmx anpoa on yaennunae1cn. eko1opme anpm o6esLnn
poc1nrk1 45-50 rppycoa. 3 nnn cnepye1 ronoa qpnknckoro nerp, ko1opn 1k
xe, kk n ronoa knmk, o1nnue1cn yrno a 70 rppycoa. Y eaponeu a1o1 yron
poxopn1 po 80 rppycoa. enepL npoun1npye cnoa nso6pe11enn pnnoro e1op,
cnoa, c1onL nec1nme pnn nuero conneennnk: enno o1 a1o psnnum a 10
rppycoa sancn1 kpco1 uenoaek, ko1opyk oxno nsa1L o1nocn1enLno. 1o po
6conk1no kpco1m, ko1opn 1k nopxe1 nc a n1nunmx c11ynx, nnpnep, a
ronoae nonnon n a Mepyse Cocnkn, on onpepenne1cn eue 6onLun yrno,
poxopnun po 100 rppycoa.
D1o1 e1op npnaneke1 caoe npoc1o1o. coxnennk, on npo1naopeun1 qk1, u1o
nepepko cnyue1cn c nopo6nmn cnc1en. [pyro nccnepoa1enL, yan, yc1noann,
u1o nep nsyun c1poenne koc1nc1o uc1n ronoam o6esLnn 1onLko n onopmx
oco6nx n u1o y aspocnmx poc1 sy6oa, pcunpenne uenkc1e n psan1ne
snro1nuecko pyrn ne conpoaoxpe1cn coo1ae1c1aykun yaennuenne o6Le
osr, noa1oy k uenoaeuecko ronoae ne npnennm unqpm, amaepennme nepo:
peno a 1o, u1o qunnLnm yron y uepnoro opnry1n nnn unnnse ne npeamue1
30-35 rppycoa. D1 unqp cnnuko pnek o1 70 rppycoa (y nerp n knmk),
u1o6m oxno 6mno corncn1Lcn c nepo.
Openonornn uc1o o6puncL k 1eopnn ronnnpckoro yuenoro. Cneunnnc1m, c1pon
aocxopnun pnp o1 xnao1nmx k uenoaeky, nxopnnn coo1ae1c1aykune psnnunn n a
nnc1nnk1x. Mexpy 1e qk1m onn1L onpoaeprnn 1kyk 1ouky spennn. uc1noc1n,
ampanrnocL cnepykuee ampxenne: y cnon, ko1opm nnoro ynee opnry1noa,
qunnLnm yron oc1pee, ue y nnx, cpepn cnx o6esLnn, ecnn cnepoa1L nornke
nep, cme coo6psn1enLnme, cme nop1nname k aneen1pnoy aocnn1nnk,
ponxnm npnnpnex1L k cm kpynnm oco6n.
ono a1nx payx 6onLunx nepoc11koa a e1ope nep ec1L eue opnn ynsanm
oen1. n ne npnenn ko ace psnoanpnoc1n uenoaeuecko pcm, 1. k. oc1anne1
s npepenn ero k1eropn nneen c nnpnpnLno ronoao, 1orp kk a1o
poaonLno cyuec1aennm npnsnk.
Bnken6x, amc1ynna npo1na caoero npepuec1aennnk, a caok ouepepL npepnoxnn
cnc1ey, ocnoannyk n nsyuennn uenoaeuecko ronoam caepxy. Caoe nso6pe1enne on
nsan norma verticalis, nnn aep1nknLnm e1op. a1op yaepnn, u1o cpanenne
unpnnm aepxne uc1n ronoam nosaonne1 amnan1L rnanme psnnunn a o6ue
konqnrypunn uepen. Corncno Bnken6xy, nsyuenne a1o uc1n 1en pe1 c1onLko
pnnmx, oco6enno a1o kce1cn oen1oa, onpepennkunx nunonnLnm xpk1ep,
u1o neaosoxno caec1n ace psnoo6psne k nnnnn n yrn n u1o pnn nonyuennn
ypoane1aopn1enLno knccnqnkunn cnepye1 pcc1pna1L ronoam a 1ko pkypce,
ko1opm cpsy oxe1 oxa1n1L kcnnLnoe konnuec1ao psnnun. ro mcnL
ampxen cnepykun o6pso: po noc1an1L pnp cpannaemx uepenoa 1k,
u1o6m ckynoame koc1n nxopnnncL n opno ropnson1nLno nnnnn, kk a1o 6mae1,
korp uepen nokon1cn n nnxne uenkc1n; s1e ac11L cspn n ckonLsn1L asrnnpo
no aep1ekcy kxporo ns nnx: 1kn o6pso oxno oxa1n1L psnoanpnoc1n a qope
aneen1oa, ko1opme a nn6onLue c1enenn o1aeuk1 nunonnLnoy xpk1epy -
6ypL 1o a nnpanennn uenkc1nmx n ckynoamx koc1e, nnn ncxopn ns unpnnm
oanLnoro kon1yp, o6psyeoro aep1ekco, 1kxe a sancnoc1n o1 ynnouenno
nnn amnykno konqnrypunn qpon1nLno koc1n [aa ana cca
c vnaka vaa.].
o nennk Bnken6x, cnepc1ane a1o cnc1em nanne1cn pspenenne uenoaeuec1a
n nn1L 6onLunx rpynn nnn k1eropn, a caok ouepepL coc1onunx ns onpepenennoro
uncn anpoa n 1nnoa.
kn knccnqnkunn 1oxe amsmae1 aospxennn. e, kk n e1op nep, oxno
ynpekny1L a nrnopnpoannn neko1opmx axnmx npnsnkoa, npnue uc1nuno a1o
amsano xennne yuec1L seunnn yan kc1enLno nsyuennn uepenoa ne no
aepxne uc1n, no nnxne. pnn ns rnanmx pesynL11oa a1o noao konuenunn
sknkuncn a okonu1enLno npoaepennn ue1ko pepkunonno nnnnn expy
uenoaeko n opnry1no, nocne uero c1no neaosoxno o1mck1L expy nnn kkyk-
1o cansL, o ko1opo roaopnn nep. co pene, opnoro asrnnp, 6pouennoro n
pa uepen - opnry1n n uenoaek, - ecnn cypn1L no nx ocnoannk, poc11ouno,
u1o6m yanpe1L kppnnnLnme psnnunn. Y opnry1n pne1p (nepepne-spnn)
6onee ypnnnen, ue y uenoaek; snro1nueckn pyr nxopn1cn ne a nepepne
nonoanne ocnoannn uepen, coc1anne1 a cpepne ero uc1n opny 1pe1L o6ue
pnnnm pne1p; nkoneu, coaepuenno psnnuno nonoxenne s1mnounoro o1aepc1nn,
upesamuno axnoe c 1oukn spennn o6uero npnsnk qop nnpnanp n oco6enno
annnnnn, ko1opoe ono oksmae1 n ero npnamukn. Y uenoaek a1o o1aepc1ne
pcnonre1cn nou1n nocepepnne ocnoannn uepen, y opnry1n o1opanny1o a
cepepnny spne 1pe1n.
syee1cn, seunnn yan nek1 uennoc1L, no n 6m npepnouen cyk nocnepnkk
ns kpnnockonnuecknx cnc1e n, opnoapeenno, cyk ypunyk: peuL npe1 o cnc1ee
epnknckoro yuenoro Mop1on, noppepxnno pyco. e cy1L coc1on1 a
cnepykue:
[nn peonc1punn psnnunn expy pcn o6 nccnepoa1enn ncxopn1 ns opno
npepnocmnkn: ue unpe uepen, 1e amue c1on1 uenoaek, ko1opoy npnnpnexn1 a1o1
uepen. Cnepoa1enLno, aonpoc c1an1cn 1k: nckonLko psan1 uepen y
npepc1an1ene psnmx pc?
1o6m nonyun1L nyxnm o1ae1, Mop1on asnn onpepenennoe konnuec1ao uepenoa,
npnnpnexunx 6enm, onron, nerp, kpcnokoxn ceaepoepnknu; s1e
on s1knyn a1o ace o1aepc1nn a uepenx, kpoe foramen magnum, po coro
aepx ncmnn any1pL xopouo amcyuennme sepn nepu n cpannn nonyuennoe
konnuec1ao. pesynL11e 6mn nonyuen cnepykun 16nnu:

ncno
nsepennmx
uepenoa
Cpepnnn
aec1noc1L
Mkcn,
aec1noc1L
Mnnn.
aec1noc1L
Benme 52 87 109 75
Xen1n pc:
onronm
num
10
18
83
81
93
89
69
64
pcnokoxne 147 82 100 60
erpm 29 78 94 65
esynL11m, o1euennme a payx nepamx kononkx, ouenL nk6onm1nm. 1o xe kce1cn
payx nocnepnnx kononok, onn ne npepc1annk1 pnn enn oco6oro nn1epec, 1. k.
u1o6m onn kk-1o cyuec1aenno pononnnnn a1opyk kononky, ao-nepamx, Mop1ony
cnepoano nccnepoa1L snun1enLno 6onLue uepenoa, n, ao-a1opmx, on ponxen 6mn
yks1L counnLnm c11yc nnu, ko1opm npnnpnexnn a1n uepen. npnep, ey
ypnocL pspo6m1L poaonLno npepc1an1enLnme o6psum: u1o kce1cn 6enmx n
kpcnokoxnx, 6mnn ncnonLsoanm uepen, npnnpnexaune nkpn pneko ne
nnsuero cocnoann, s1o a o1nouennn uepnokoxnx n xen1okoxnx, oxno cks1L, u1o
on apnp nn or pcnonr1L uepenn aoxpe nnn nppnnoa. D1o1 qk1 o6Lncnne1,
kkn o6pso epnknckn 6opnren nonyunn unqpy 100, expy 1e kk cm
psan1m onron, o6cnepoannm Mop1ono, scnyxnn nnuL 93; 1o xe coe
o1nocn1cn k nerpy (94). opo6nme pesynL11m ne1ounm, cnyunm n nnuenm nyuno
uennoc1n, a 1knx aonpocx neo6xopno yun1ma1L nnpnanpynLnme
xpk1epnc1nkn. oa1oy n 6m aoo6ue amuepknyn a1opyk nonoanny 16nnum
Mop1on.
1kxe cknonen yconn1Lcn a opno nynk1e kc1enLno nepao nonoannm 16nnum.
k, ao a1opo kononke expy unqpn 87, yksmakue n o6Le uepen 6enoro,
83 (xen1okoxero) n 78 (uepnokoxero) cyuec1aye1 ue1kn n oueanpnn rppunn. o
unqpm 83, 81 n 82, coo1ae1c1aykune onron, nu n kpcnokoxn, nannk1cn
ycpepnennmn n oueanpno ne1ounmn, noa1oy onronoa n nuea pyc aknkue1
a opny pcy, 1. e. on o6Lepnnne1 83 n 81. orp sue nyxno 6p1L unqpy 82 pnn
xpk1epnc1nkn o1penLno pcm n cospa1L 1kn o6pso ue1aep1yk 6onLuyk
noprpynny?
npoue, a1o necoo1ae1c1ane cnyxn1 nopnopko pnn
cn6mx oen1oa cnc1em pyc. Ckconckn yuenm
cun1e1, u1o 1ouno 1k xe, kk nu nnne1 npoxopn1
ue1mpe apeenn cy1ok - penL, nouL, aeuepnne cyepkn
n pnnee y1po, - 1k n uenoaeueckn pop penn1cn n
ue1mpe coo1ae1c1aykune noprpynnm. pnue on anpn1
a a1o nekn cnaon, u1o acerp oncno pnn cepLesnoro
yuenoro. o pyc ne yc1onn nepep co6nsno. Benn
pc o1nocn1cn k pneanm npop, uepnokoxne - k
nounm, xen1okoxne - k y1pennn nnn k
aoc1ounm cyepk, kpcnokoxne - k
aeuepnn nnn snpnm cyepk.
ckycc1aennoc1L a1o cnc1em anpn neaoopyxennm
rnso. npnep, eaponeckne nunn a cnny pcuae1
nx nyk n oqopnennoc1n nx unannnsunn
conoc1annk1cn co cae1o, expy 1e kk uepnme
npopm npe6mak1 a cnnuke a 1eno1e neaexec1a,
kn1um xnay1 a cyepkx, ko1opme n onpepennk1 nx poaonLno yc1ounaoe, no
necoaepuennoe counnLnoe coc1onnne. 1o xe po kpcnokoxnx, nonenory
ncueskunx c senn, nenLsn nopo6p1L 6onee ypunoro o6ps, ue sxopnuee
connue!
coxnennk, 1koe cpanenne neo6ocnoanno, n pyc, o6p1nauncL k noasnn,
neckonLko nopnop1nn caok c1ponyk 1eopnk. npoue, cnepye1 npnsn1L 1o, u1o yxe
6mno o1eueno a o1nouennn oc1nLnmx a1nonornuecknx pok1pnn - nep,
Bnken6x, yan: pycy ne ypnocL npnaec1n a cnc1ey ack coaokynnoc1L
qnsnonornuecknx psnnun, nekunx ec1o a uenoaeuecknx pcx [ca, c
x cu nv aHm, xn vu xaakm. m Hn
num yn n kanH x rym, k acvacn y Ha
arnva. 3 nak rHackr ncxxn Hx aHu a
kmx nax naHack mknm, a Ma yca
Qckr Hyn, a aax Hax r x can, a
ck Mca . . kacknvck H a
ccn ayxu ak an, km, H H, xaakm nn
amx cHmamx ac.].
C1oponnnkn a1nnueckoro epnnc1a ne sepnnnn aocnonLsoa1Lcn a1n nepoc11ko n
o6Lnannn, u1o nockonLky ne1 aosoxnoc1n ncnonLsoa1L n6nkpennn, o1nocnunecn k
koc1nc1o uc1n ronoam, pnn cospnnn y6epn1enLno cnc1em ncxopnoro pspenennn
uenoaeuecknx 1nnoa npo pcc1pna1L psnnunn ne kk cnc1enme qk1opm, no kk
npoc1me pesynL11m nesancnmx ppyr o1 ppyr a1opnunmx npnunn, nnuennmx
konkpe1nkn.
pnko no6epy 1opxec1aoa1L pno. pypnoc1L a nxoxpennn e1op ne acerp
osnue1, u1o n1n ero aoo6ue neaosoxno, xo1n c1oponnnkn pcoaoro ynn1pns c
a1n ne corncnm. [nn nop1aepxpennn caonx pryen1oa onn ampannynn cnepykun
1esnc: neko1opme nneen, npnnpnexune k opno pce, ne o1nocn1cn k
opnnkoaoy qnsnueckoy 1nny, , nnpo1na, a poaonLno snun1enLnmx npepenx
o1knonnk1cn o1 nero. npnep, 6es yue1 konkpe1nmx aneen1oa a kxpo
ceunno rpynne onn npnaopn1 a kuec1ae poks1enLc1a psnnunme ae1an
ceunno ncko-nonnnesncko rpynnm n po6annk1, u1o ecnn a rpynnx o6uero
nponcxoxpennn ory1 n6nkp1Lcn coaepuenno nenoxoxne uepennme n nnueame
qopm, 1orp cme 6onLune psnnunn ne canpe1enLc1ayk1 o nepanuno
noxec1aennoc1n nponcxoxpennn; u1o ecnn pnn eaponeuea nerponpnme nnn
onronLckne 1nnm ory1 noks1Lcn coaepuenno psnnunmn, 1e ne enee a1o 1kxe
ne oxe1 cnyxn1L poks1enLc1ao psnoro nponcxoxpennn, n u1o npnunnm
pspenennn uenoaeuecknx pc cnepye1 nck1L ne a c1onL o1pnenno npouno,
noa1oy qnsnonornueckne o1knonennn oxno cun11L npoc1mn pesynL11n
onpepenennmx noknLnmx npnunn, pec1aoaaunx a 1euenne onpepenennoro nepnop.
epep nnuo c1onLknx nornunmx n coace nenornunmx aospxenn npnaepxenum
npen psnoro nponcxoxpennn uenoaeuecknx pc nm1nncL pcunpn1L cqepy caonx
nccnepoann n pryen1oa n o1 nsyuennn uepenoa nepeunn k nsyuennk uenoaek ao
ace ero coaokynnoc1n. [nn 1oro u1o6m noks1L, u1o psnnunn cyuec1ayk1 ne 1onLko
a c1poennn nnu n uepen, onn o6p1nnncL k 1kn cepLesnm qk1op, kk qop
1s, nponopunonnLnoc1L unenoa, uae1 koxn, aonocnno nokpoa.
nep n ppyrne n1om pano npnsnann, u1o 1s nerp nee1 caon oco6ennoc1n.
[ok1op ponnk, npoponxn 1y xe mcnL, o1e1nn, u1o y eaponeuea psnnunn expy
yxckn n xenckn 1so se1nm ropspo enLue, y npepc1an1ene
nerpn1nncko pcm - y o6onx nonoa - npko ampxeno cxopc1ao c xnao1nmn.
onnnpckn yuenm, ncxopn ns 1oro, u1o c1poenne 1s nens6exno annne1 n npouecc
qopnpoannn spopmu, npnuen k amaopy o6 ncxopnmx psnnunnx [va.
ccaan cn vnaka.].
y aospxn, npap, 6es oco6oro ycnex, e6ep. ocnepney npnunocL npnsn1L,
u1o neko1opme qopm 1s uue ac1peuk1cn y opnnx pc, ue y ppyrnx, no on nnuL
konc11npoan, u1o ne 6mae1 npann 6es ncknkuenn n u1o epnknum,
qpnknum, onronm nek1 1kne xe qopm, kk eaponeum. poe 1oro, e6ep,
roaopn o6 a1nx ncknkuennnx, nnckonLko ne o6pue1 annnnn n 1o1 qk1, u1o
1enocnoxenne ec1L pesynL11 ceuennn kpoan.
1o kce1cn psepoa koneunoc1e, npo1nannkn epnnoro nponcxoxpennn
uenoaeueckoro pop snannk1, u1o eaponeum cnoxenm nyuue. aospxk1, u1o
xypme koneunoc1n anonne ec1ec1aennm y npopoa, ko1opme nn1k1cn a ocnoano
pc1n1enLno nnue nnn ncnm1mak1 nepoc11ok nn1nnn, n a1 1ouk spennn 1kxe
ne nnuen nornkn. o korp peuL sxopn1 o upesepno psan1o 6kc1e y
npepc1an1ene nneenn keuy, kpn1nkn, ne xenn npnsna1L a a1o xpk1epnm
npnsnk pcm, c1noan1cn enee y6epn1enLnmn: a co pene, 6mno 6m ceuno
cun11L, kk onn a1o penk1, u1o o6Le rpypn y nepyncknx ropuea a pnno cnyue
o6Lncnne1cn amco1o np, o ue e1ko seue1 pnupp. sene noro ropnmx
npopoa, y ko1opmx coaepuenno nnoe 1enocnoxenne, ue y keuy. npnep,
uaeupum, 1nponLum, uo1nnpum, 6nknckne cnanne, nneen, xnayune a
nnnx, ne nek1 1koro ypopnnaoro c1poennn, kk keuy.
epepe k pryen1, kckuncn uae1 koxn. Ynn1pnc1m y1aepxpk1, u1o n
specL ne1 nnkko cneunqnkn nnn xpk1epnoro npnsnk: ao-nepamx, no1oy u1o
uae1 o6ycnoanen knn1nuecknn oco6ennoc1nn n ne nanne1cn noc1onnnm
npnsnko, ao-a1opmx, no1oy u1o uae1 nee1 6ecuncnennme o11enkn, nese1no
nepexopnune o1 6enoro k xen1oy, o1 xen1oro k uepnoy, expy ko1opmn 1pypno
npoaec1n nnnnk pspen. D1o1 qk1 npoc1o-nnpoc1o poksmae1 nnnune
6ecuncnennmx rn6pnpoa, o ue ynn1pnc1m c1pk1cn aoo6ue ne roaopn1L. 1o xe po
cneunqnunoc1n aonoc, specL a nonLsy ncxopnoro epnnc1a pc a1opn1e1no
amcksmae1cn rocnopnn Onypnc.
Mm pcco1penn kp1ko neko1opme necoc1on1enLnme pryen1m n 1enepL o6p1ncn k
nyunoy kpeyronLnoy knk ynn1pnc1oa. Y nnx ec1L opnn cnnLnm pryen1, n
ero c1on1 pcco1pe1L noppo6nee: n nek a anpy nerkoc1L, c kko psnnunme ae1an
uenoaeueckoro pop nopoxpk1 rn6pnpoa, n nnopoan1oc1L a1nx cmx rn6pnpoa.
6nkpennn n1ypnnc1oa, kxe1cn, poksnn, u1o a xnao1no nnn pc1n1enLno
npe e1ncm ory1 poxp1Lcn 1onLko o1 poaonLno 6nnsknx ppyr ppyry anpoa n u1o
pxe a a1o cnyue nx nnopm spnee o6peuenm n 6ecnnopnoc1L. poe 1oro, 6mno
o1eueno, u1o expy 6nnsknn anpn coaokynnenne, xo1n a npnnunne n aosoxnoe,
npo1nano npnpope n nponcxopn1 1onLko 6nroppn xn1poc1n nnn ncnnnk; a1o snun1,
u1o a cao6opno coc1onnnn uncno rn6pnpoa eue 6onee orpnnueno, ue a cnyue
aeu1enLc1a uenoaek. s a1oro 6mn cpenn amaop: cnoco6noc1L nponsaopn1L
nnopoan1me oco6n cnepye1 aknkun1L a uncno cneunqnuecknx npnsnkoa.
ockonLky nnu1o ne roaopn1 o 1o, u1o uenoaeueckn pop ne nopnpe1 nop a1o
npanno, nnu1o po cnx nop ne nokone6no nornkn, ko1opn 6onee oc1nLnmx nnocn1
ypp no cnc1ee npo1nannkoa epnnc1a nponcxoxpennn. pap, ec1L y1aepxpennn,
u1o a neko1opmx ponx kennn xenunnm, popnaune e1ncoa o1 eaponeuea, yxe
ne ory1 s6epeene1L o1 caonx coo1euec1aennnkoa. cnn npnsn1L cnpaepnnaoc1L
a1oro qk1, c1on1 nccnepoa1L ero rny6xe, no a nc1onuee apen n ne c1on1
nonLsoa1Lcn pnn ouenkn npnnunnoa nonanennn rn6pnpoa.
XI
Bk n k nu k.
Ynn1pnc1m y1aepxpk1, u1o psnnune expy pcn oueanpno n o6ycnoaneno nnuL
1knn o6c1on1enLc1an noknLnoro xpk1ep, kkne m ncnm1mae n ceropnn,
nnn xe cnyunmn o1knonennnn a konc1n1yunn nepaoro npepk 1o nnn nno ae1an.
[nn nnx ace uenoaeuec1ao cnoco6no a pano epe k ycoaepuenc1aoannk, noackpy
nepaonunLnm o6un 1nn, ne acerp nano ampxennm, nponanne1 ce6n c
opnnkoao cnno, n nerp, epnknckn 6opnren, 1ynryc, xnayun n ceaepe
Cn6npn, ory1 n ponxnm, npn ycnoann opnnkoaoro aocnn1nnn, conepnnu1L c
eaponeue a kpco1e aneunnx qop n any1pennero copepxnnn. o a1 1eopnn
coaepuenno 6ecnouaenn.
mue m yanpenn cyk npexnyk un1penL c1oponnnkoa pcoaoro paenc1a: a1o
noroo6psne ceunnmx pc n nx nnopoan1oc1L. D1 1ouk spennn, ko1opn po cnx
nop c1nknae1cn c 6onLunn 1pypnoc1nn, aosoxno, ne acerp 6ype1 1ko
neonpoaepxno, n ne c1onno 6m noppo6no oc1nanna1Lcn n ne, ecnn 6m s ne
ne c1onn ppyro pryen1 coaepuenno nno npnpopm, ko1opm, npnsn1Lcn,
6ecnokon1 enn 6onLue: ec1L nenne, u1o Canuennoe ncnne, nenno nnr
Bm1nn, npnsne1 1onLko opnn nc1ounnk nonanennn uenoaeueckoro pop n sene.
cnn canuennm 1ekc1 k1eropnuen, ncen, nepaycmcnen, oc1e1cn cknonn1L nepep
nn ronoay: cme 6onLune conennn ponxnm ncuesny1L, psy ponxen yonkny1L n
npnsn1L ce6n no6expennm; n1k, uenoaeuec1ao nponsouno o1 epnnoro nc1ounnk,
ace pryen1m npo1na nnuero ne c1on1. nyc1L nyuue cryue1cn 1L np nm1nnao
mcnLk, nockonLky ne1 cmcn ocnpna1L c1onL amcokn a1opn1e1. o ecnn Bn6nnn
nc1onkoan neaepno? cnn Canuennoe ncnne nnncno aoace ne pnn 1oro, u1o6m
nponcnn1L a1nnueckne aonpocm, n ns nero cnepye1 nsaneuL ppyro cmcn?
o1 qk1, u1o p - nppopn1enL nue 6eno pcm, ne nopnexn1 conennk.
ueanpno, u1o n Bn6nnn amcksmae1cn nenno 1k, no1oy u1o o1 nero nponcxopn1
ace nkpn c 6eno koxe. o npn ace npn a1o ne1 nnkknx canpe1enLc1a 1oro, u1o
nepame pepk1opm poao renenornn npnuncnnnn k a1o rpynne ppyrnx nkpe, ne
npnnpnexunx k 6eno pce. nn cnoa ne roaopn1cn o xen1mx npopx, pnee
n noc1pkcL poks1L, u1o n1pnpx ne 6mn uepnokoxn. syee1cn,
nepeaopunkn n koen11opm, y1aepxpaune, u1o o1 p nouen aecL pop
uenoaeueckn, aknkunnn a uncno ero no1okoa npoune npopm, nonanaunecn nosxe.
Corncno nx 1eopnn, no1okn qe1 nannk1cn ae1ann eaponeckoro ppea npopoa,
cen1m nonannncL a epepne snn, xn1m, ns ko1opmx cpennn, 6es acnknx n 1o
ocnoannn, ennnckyk pcy, o6n1k1 n npoc1opx qpnkn. k 6yp1o ace a
nopnpke, u1o kce1cn opno nonoannm senoro up. u1o pen1L c ppyro? C 1o,
u1o ne yknpmae1cn a knccnqnkunk?
ok n ne 6ypy oc1nanna1Lcn n a1o. rpnnuycL nnuL 1kn seunne:
aosoxno, ypc1cn, ne amxopn s pkn uepkoanmx pok1pnn, ocnopn1L a1y
knccnqnkunk. nonpo6yk o6Lncnn1L qk1m, npnaopnme ynn1pnc1n, a nno
cmcne, nexenn onn 1onkyk1cn nn, n noco1pe1L, ne1 nn expy uenoaeuecknn
pcn qynpen1nLnmx qnsnuecknx n opnLnmx psnnun nesancno o1
nponcxoxpennn uenoaeuec1a.
D1nnueckn npen1nunoc1L acex anpoa ceec1a co6k cun1e1cn poksnno - a1o
o1eue1, a uc1noc1n, Opepepnk kaLe, - no k1o peun1cn konc11npoa1L y acex
xnao1nmx, nesancno o1 anpoa, opnnkoame qopm, 1enpenunn, npnamukn,
caoc1a? o xe coe oxno cks1L n o ppyrnx anpx, nnpnep, noupn, cannLe,
epaepe n 1. p. pen1nunoc1L a nponcxoxpennn n psnoo6psne ao ace oc1nLno,
npnue psnoo6psne nc1onLko rny6okoe, u1o ono oxe1 ncuesny1L psae u1o
acnepc1ane ckpeunannn, no n a a1o cnyue noame 1nnm ne ory1 o6pec1n
nc1onuyk npen1nunoc1L. Mexpy 1e, nok coxpnne1cn unc1o1 pcm,
cneunqnueckne uep1m oc1k1cn noc1onnnmn n aocnponsaopn1cn ns nokonennn a
nokonenne 6es cyuec1aennmx o1knonenn.
D1o1 neocnopnm qk1 naopn1 n cnepykun aonpoc: oxno nn pcnosn1L qopm
n nnc1nnk1m nepaonpepkoa y xnao1nmx, c1aunx pounnn? o ace oueanpnoc1n,
o1ae1 n nero ne cyuec1aye1. eaosoxno onpepenn1L, kknn 6mnn qopm n
cyunoc1L nepaoro uenoaek n nckonLko o1nnuk1cn o1 nnx 1nnm, ko1opme m
n6nkpe ceropnn. kn xe npo6ne nee1 ec1o n pnn ouenL 6onLuoro uncn
pc1enn. co6enno uenoaek, uLn nc1okn 1k xoue1cn, o6npyxn1L, ne noppe1cn
nnkko pcunqpoake a a1o o1nouennn.
Y cmx psnmx pc ne aosnnkno conenn a 1o, u1o nx npuyp 6mn nou1n ao ace
noxox n nnx. 1onLko a a1o ace onn epnnopyunm. Benme nkpn cpennn caon
npepko p n ay, ko1opmx Bnken6x o1nec 6m k kaksckoy 1nny; a opno
knnre, qpnaonLno aneune, no nonno e1knx n6nkpenn n 1ounmx qk1oa -
mcnu n opn nouL, - pccksmae1cn, u1o neko1opme nerpm cun1k1 p n ero
xeny uepnokoxnn, u1o ecnn ocnoa1enn uenoaeueckoro pop 6mnn co1aopenm no
o6psy 6oxLey, 1o n Bor n ero nrenm ponxnm 6m1L uepnmn, n u1o npopok 1kxe
apnp nn nen 6enyk koxy.
coxnennk, coapeennn nyk ne a coc1onnnn yc1pnn1L a1y ny1nnuy. n opn
rnno1es ne corn nponcnn1L a1o1 aonpoc, n no ace aepon1noc1n uenoaeueckne pcm
nc1onLko o1nnuk1cn o1 caoero o6uero npepk, - ecnn 1onLko y nnx 1koao 6mn, -
nckonLko onn o1nnuk1cn ppyr o1 ppyr. c1e1cn o6Lncnn1L 1koe o1knonenne
nepao6m1noro 1nn, oc1ancL n ckpono n orpnnuenno nnuppe, ko1opm n
snnk, n ponyckn cnpaepnnaoc1L nennn ynn1pnc1oa.
pnunnm a1oro nanennn o6npyxn1L nenerko. Ynn1pnc1m, kk n yxe cksn,
o6Lncnnk1 ero aospec1ane knn1, reorpqnueckn nonoxenne n npnamukn.
e1 aosoxnoc1n npnnn1L nopo6nm pryen1 [Yacm nn naxn
car ca ncn caaaa vnaka c xamH. nuk v
acnnuaancn akH nHH. ak n xn m nynnnu H,
knu ck vu 1nc H aa v ann
knHaa, n a H, v anv Hxy xamH nuH H
kaanum a amcm cn cnvck xaak. ycay
rran xar Ha, ak x kak rran nna,
rra Ha n. ycay a n an ma, a k Hry
au n m acn, var, nn, mm, Hnnck,
vnak x a acx cax aacnx xa nacy. r sr
aka cav, vm 1ncu rH aa vnavck
kcy. cam crnac c H, v am, km Hry
am a ray r n r Haa n n Hk
nua, r, vm nryu, axncn n annH knHaa,
v kacacn x H cka, H nHy, v vnak
cam nanac akHy acay, n kamaacu nau
karvck ak aacaa Hxy r nnxH cnu cn
nm nnxH xamx.], yun1man, u1o nsenennn a konc1n1yunn pc
c cmx nesnn1nmx apeen, amsannme yksnnmn o6c1on1enLc1an, ne nenn
1koro snuennn, ko1opoe orno 6m a poc11ouno c1enenn o6Lncnn1L c1onL rny6okne
pcxoxpennn. Ceuc m a a1o y6epncn.
osLe pa nneenn, eue 6nnskne k nepao6m1noy 1nny, ko1opme xnay1 a psnmx
ycnoannx: opno a nLnncko ponnne a rny6nne kon1nnen1, ppyroe n opcko
oc1poae. Coc1a okpyxkuero nx aospyx coaepuenno psnm, 1ouno 1k xe, kk n nx
nnu. [nee ponyc1n, u1o y opnoro poc11ouno aosoxnoc1e po6m1L nnuy, y
ppyroro onn ckypnme; s1e noec1n nepaoe a xonopnm knn1, a1opoe nop
1ponnueckoe connue. orp nonyun nonnm kon1pc1. C 1euenne apeenn k
ec1ec1aennoy aospec1ank qnsnuecknx qk1opoa po6an1cn 1k nsmaem
uenoaeueckn qk1op, n noc1enenno o6 npop npno6pe1y1 neko1opme
cneunqnueckne npnsnkn, ko1opme noory1 psnnun1L nx. pnko pxe uepes
neckonLko c1one1n a nx konc1n1yunn ne nponsope1 nnkknx cyuec1aennmx
oprnnuecknx nsenenn; poks1enLc1ao cnyxn1 1o1 qk1, u1o ac1peuk1cn
npopm, xnayune n npo1naononoxnmx konux cae1, a coaepuenno psnnunmx
knn1nuecknx ycnoannx, no nx 1nnm nou1n nnue ne o1nnuk1cn ppyr o1 ppyr. D1o
snk1 ace a1nonorn. pxe xo1enocL 6m noec1n1L ro11en1o1oa a n1e -
nc1onLko onn noxoxn n xn1ene opne6ecno nepnn [3y Hmcnu amckaan
Bay, cxn nnr cxcaa Hm rnam aa kx y
ara Hmca Q axm. nymcak ax aHn, a
nax sr nnnxn, v rm cn nvcky,
anHay kycam rna y kaa.]. poe 1oro,
nnnuec1aye1 6onLuoe cxopc1ao expy nop1pe1o, ko1opm n oc1annn ppeanne
a1pyckn, n pkynn Kxno epnkn. nuo, 1enocnoxenne uepokn kk 6yp1o
nannk1cn konne npepc1an1ene neko1opmx npopoa 1nnn, nnpnep
kn6pnuea. aneunoc1L xn1ene aepnn, oco6enno xenunn, nee1 6onee
o1pnennoe cxopc1ao c o6un 1nno eaponeuea, nexenn c 1nno neko1opmx
nnpecknx nneen Ceaepno epnkn. kn o6pso, nockonLky a coaepuenno
necxopnmx knn1nuecknx ycnoannx n a 1knx psnmx o6c1on1enLc1ax noacepneano
xnsnn npnpop oxe1 cospa1L noxoxne 1nnm, oueanpno, u1o aoace ne nmneunne
aneunne qk1opm npnpk1 cneunqnueckne uep1m uenoaeueckn 1nn.
e ne enee, nenLsn ne npnsn1L, u1o noknLnme o6c1on1enLc1a ory1 ycnnna1L
nnn ocn6nn1L neko1opme oco6ennoc1n uae1 'koxn, npeppcnonoxennoc1L k nonno1e,
o1nocn1enLnoe psan1ne mueuno cnc1em, rpypn, ypnnnennoc1L nor nnn pyk,
qnsnueckyk cnny. o noa1opk eue ps: a1o ne ec1L onpepennkun qk1op, n, cypn
no 1e ouenL ne6onLun nsenennn, ko1opme a1n npnunnm npnanocn1 a
1enocnoxenne nkpe, ne1 ocnoann nonr1L - n a1o eue opno canpe1enLc1ao, -
u1o onn oksmann snun1enLnoe annnnne korp-nn6o a npouno.
cnn m ne sne, kkne peaonkunn ornn nponso1n a qnsnuecko oprnnsunn
npopoa a ponc1opnueckne apeen, 1o m oxe xo1n 6m se1n1L, u1o a1o1 nepnop
oxa1mae1 acero nnuL okono nonoannm aospc1 uenoaeueckoro pop; n ecnn a
1euenne 1pex-ue1mpex 1mcnu ne1 c1on1 1kn nenpornnpnn 1L, n oc1e1cn eue
1pn 1mcnun ne1, u1o6m m ornn c6nnsn1Lcn c ppyrnn nunnn, n ace
canpe1enLc1aye1 o 1o, u1o cyuec1aoaaune a 1y nopy pcm, oc1aunecn c 1ex nop a
coc1onnnn o1nocn1enLno unc1o1m, nsennnncL nesnun1enLno, xo1n neko1opme
nepecennnncL a ppyrne ec1 n, cnepoa1enLno, nonnn nop pec1ane nnmx aneunnx
qk1opoa. pnaepy a npnep p6oa. k onn npepc1anenm a ernne1cknx
onyen1x, 1knn m nx anpn ceropnn ne 1onLko a nnopopopnmx sennx c
anxnm knn1o Mn6p n no6epexLn oponpenn, n oc1poax npnckoro
oken, ao nornx ec1x ceaepnoro no6epexLn qpnkn, rpe ceropnn onn a 6onLue
epe ceunm c ppyrnn pcn, ue rpe-nn6o eue; nx cnepm ac1peuk1cn a
neko1opmx ec1x ycnnLon, nrepok n no6epexLn cnnnn, neco1pn n 1o, u1o
npn6nnsn1enLno pa c1one1nn npounn nocne nx a1opxennn. nnnnne cpepm, ecnn ono
n neno ec1o, kk a1o cun1e1cn, ne orno 6m onpepenn1L 1kyk ponroaeunoc1L
1nnoa. Mennn ec1oxn1enLc1ao, no1okn ncenn1ckoro nppopn1enn ponxnm 6mnn
nsenn1L n caok aneunoc1L.
ocne p6oa n o1euy eapeea, eue 6onee nn1epecnmx a a1o o1nouennn, no1oy u1o
onn nrpnpoann a ec1 c coaepuenno ppyrn knn1o, nexenn a nec1nne, n eue
a enLue c1enenn coxpnnnn cao o6ps xnsnn. e ne enee, nx 1nn oc1ncn
npexnn, aepnee, npe1epnen nesnun1enLnme nsenennn, ko1opme ne ornn nsenn1L
o6un xpk1ep pcm nn a kko knn1e n nn a kknx ycnoannx. knn m anpn
aonnc1aennmx pexan1oa ns p6cknx nyc1mnL, 1knn npepc1k1 nepep nn n
npnme nop1yrnLckne, qpnuysckne, neeukne n nonLckne nspenn1m. Mne
npepc1anncn cnyu nccnepoa1L opnoro uenoaek, npnnpnexuero k nocnepne
k1eropnn. ep1m ero nnu ampann ero nponcxoxpenne. co6enno kpcnopeunam
6mnn ero rns. D1o1 ceaepnnnn, npnme npepkn ko1oporo a 1euenne neckonLknx
nokonenn o6n1nn cpepn cneroa, no-anpnoy, sropen nop nyun cnpnckoro
connu. kn o6pso, npnxopn1cn npnsn1L, u1o nnuo cen1 a o6unx n cmx
xpk1epnmx uep1x coxpnnno 1nn, ko1opm m anpn n ernne1cknx kp1nnx,
amnonnennmx 1pn, ue1mpe n 6onee 1mcnu ne1 nsp, n a1o1 1nn oc1e1cn a cmx
psnoo6psnmx knn1nuecknx o6c1on1enLc1ax. pen1nunoc1L no1okoa c npepkn
ne orpnnunae1cn uep1n nnu - on n6nkpe1cn n a c1poennn 1en, n a
1enepen1e. eeukne eapen a ueno 6onee nnskopocnm n nek1 6onee xpynkoe
1enocnoxenne, nexenn npepc1an1enn eaponecko pcm, cpepn ko1opmx onn xnay1
aekn. poe 1oro, onn poc1nrk1 spenoc1n nnoro pnLue, ue nx
coo1euec1aennnkn ppyrnx pc, kk seue1 Mknnep a caoe Cnpaounnke no
qnsnonornn uenoaek.
npoue, cyuec1aye1 n pne1pnLno npo1naononoxnoe nenne pnupp. D1o1
qnsnonor a caoe c1penennn poks1L epnnc1ao uenoaeueckoro pop nm1e1cn
o6ocnoa1L, u1o aospc1 spenoc1n y o6onx nonoa opnnkoa aespe n pnn acex pc. n
ncnonLsye1 pryen1m ns e1xoro 3ae1, u1o kce1cn eapeea n p6oa, ns
pennrnosnoro caop opn, corncno ko1opoy xenunnm ory1 ac1yn1L a 6pk a 18
n pxe a 15 ne1.
D1n pa pryen1 aecL cnopnm. pexpe acero 6n6necknx canpe1enLc1a n ce
cue1 nou1n ne cyuec1aye1, 1e 6onee, u1o 1 uc1o npnaopn1cn qk1m, amxopnune s
pkn o6munoro nopnpk aeue, n u1o 6epeennoc1L Cpm a rny6oko c1poc1n, korp
coy apy 6mno 100 ne1, - a1o 1ko annsop, n ko1opm nenLsn onnp1Lcn a
cepLesno nccnepoannn. 1o xe kce1cn nennn n npepnncnnn ycynLnckoro
skon, n xouy se1n1L, u1o a1opm opn xo1enn ne 1onLko konc11npoa1L
qnsnueckyk aosoxnoc1L, npexpe ue p1L pspeuenne n 6pk: onn xo1enn, u1o6m
xenunn poc1nrn n yc1aenno spenoc1n npn npnnn1nn n ce6n c1onL cepLesnmx
o6nsnnoc1e. [oks1enLc1ao cnyxn1 1o1 qk1, u1o npopok os6ouen pennrnosnm
aocnn1nne knmx peayuek anno1L po oen1 syxec1a. 1ko cnyue ncno, u1o
a1o1 oen1 cnepye1 o1noxn1L kk oxno pnLue n u1o skonop1enL cun1n ouenL
axnm psana1L yc1aennme cnoco6noc1n n ne 1oponn1L npnpopy. a1o eue ne ace.
Canpe1enLc1a, npnaopnm pnuppo, oxno npo1naonoc1an1L ppyrne, 6onee
y6epn1enLnme, nyc1L n ne c1onL o6ocnoannme.
oa1m oc1ok a caonx nk6oanmx nponsaepennnx, noksman reponnL a pcuae1e
kpco1m, ne s6o1ncL o opnLno spenoc1n, acerp nso6pxk1 nx 6onee knmn,
ue npepnncmae1cn a opne: 3ynek n en ne poc1nrnn n 14 ne1. npnn
kon1pc1 eue 6onee psn1enen. Lkynpn a apone cun1ncL 6m peauonko, nou1n
pe6enko. 1o c1pne nyuun aospc1 nk6an pnn xenunnm - o1 pean1n po
paenpu1n ne1. 1k, m nee pcnpoc1pnennoe n o6uenpnnn1oe nenne,
6m1ykuee y nnpycoa, nepcoa n p6oa: aecn xnsnn pnn xenunn nc1yne1 a 6onee
pnne aospc1e, ue a apone. [onroe apen nun nnc1enn npnpepxnanncL a a1o
cmcne openn [peanero n. pnnnne acnep s caonn rpeuecknn yun1ennn
npnnnnn a kuec1ae aospc1 cospeannn 15 ne1. ocne 1oro, kk ceaepnme npen
[cknvH, nxany, nanncn Ukcn, nnuycn anunckH
kaaH. v ra anyn a H Qxynu. na,
v ran aum. M n a x
vmaa n. ycka yHy aa nmmmx na ra x
Hx cau Qxynua a v ac ava ak: Ha cvacnamx
an Hnx.] oksnn annnnne n nuy nn1ep1ypy, m ac1peue a ponx nnuL
aocenpu1nne1nnx n 6onee c1punx repoea n reponnL.
cnn 1enepL aepny1Lcn k 6onee cepLesnm pryen1, 1o n 1koamx m npe
npepoc11ouno. ono 1oro, u1o roaopnnocL amue o neeuknx eapenx, oxno
po6an1L, u1o ao nornx sennx Laeupnn qnsnueckoe psan1ne xn1ene nc1onLko
sepnennoe, u1o y yxunn ono nnorp ne saepue1cn pxe a papu1L ne1. [pyrn
npnepo nannk1cn umrne [ annH ana, ncackr
Hcca a cv k, y nnH aakac Hanuvk aaa
n xncn a avkax r x aaca. aaraa ym aan
mva, cxaamcn cx n, amaaau avk-ark cn
n a aanx Hanuvka. s ca cu aam aam 11
12 n, kak canucay u. x Ban avk amxn
aHyx a aac 1011 n. Mcyan y x avacn vu a.
ay cnyva a Ha kackr ncann K-un-
mcaan avk nvan H, v r vu, xa akr
aaca, ak ammna aHyx.]. pepc1an1enn a1o pcm o1nnuk1cn 1kn
xe pnnn qnsnueckn psan1ne, kk n nx popnun nnpycm, n pxe nop cypoam
ne6o occnn n Monpann onn coxpnnk1 ne 1onLko caon ppeanne npnamukn n
o6mun, no n uep1m nnu n 1enocnoxenne kc1m npnea. pnko n ne co6npkcL
ocnpna1L asrnnpm pnupp orynLnm o6pso. Ckxe, c opnn ns ero seunn
n corncen nonnoc1Lk: nn1nueckne psnnunn ne nrpk1 nou1n nnkko ponn a
nonanennn qnsnuecknx nsenenn, ko1opm nopaepxen ao apeenn uenoaeueckn
konc1n1yunn. D1o ouenL cnpaepnnan mcnL, n n ne co6npkcL nop1aepxp1L ee, no
orpnnuycL 1kn po6anenne: kk ne kxe1cn, on neckonLko npo1naopeun1
npnnunn, ko1opme o1c1nae1 a1o1 epnknckn qnsnonor n a1norpq.
e1pypno se1n1L, u1o a pnno cnyue aonpoc o noc1onnc1ae 1nnoa nanne1cn
knkueam. cnn cun1e1cn poksnnm qk1o, u1o kxpn ns uenoaeuecknx pc
sknkuen a pkn nekoe nnpnanpynLnoc1n, ns ko1opmx on oxe1 am1n 1onLko
nocpepc1ao ceuennn, 1orp ynn1pnc1m ponxnm corncn1Lcn c 1e, u1o, nockonLky
uenoaeueckne 1nnm uennko o6ycnoanenm ncnepc1aennoc1Lk n oc1k1cn
noc1onnnmn, 1o ec1L ne nopaepxennmn nsenennn n ne sancnunn o1 knn1 n
o1 apeenn, uenoaeuec1ao pspeneno n rpynnm, 1ouno 1k xe, kk ecnn 6m
cneunqnueckne psnnunn 6mnn amsanm psnnunm nponcxoxpenne.
Ceropnn a1o axnoe y1aepxpenne poks1L coace ne 1pypno. no nop1aepxpe1cn
ernne1cknn ckynLn1ypn, nso6pxkunn p6oa, n n6nkpennnn s eapenn n
umrnn. poe 1oro, ne c1on1 s6ma1L, u1o pocnncn a xpx n nopseenLnx
ponnnm nn 1kxe canpe1enLc1ayk1 o noc1onnc1ae nerponpnoro 1nn c kypuamn
aonocn, c amc1ynkue anepep ronoao, 1onc1mn ry6n n u1o o6npyxennme
nepano 6penLeqm opc6p (nneann) nop1aepxpk1 1o, u1o yxe
scanpe1enLc1aoano n psnmx onyen1x epcenonnc, nenno,
qnsnonornueckyk npen1nunoc1L ccnpncknx npopoa c nunnn, ko1opme ceropnn
xnay1 n 1o xe 1eppn1opnn.
cnn 6m m nenn nnornunme pokyen1m o 6onLuo konnuec1ae xnayunx nmne
pc, pesynL11m oksnncL 6m 1ouno 1knn xe. . e. noc1onnc1ao 1nnoa 6mno 6m
nop1aepxpeno nnunn ps. pnko pnn nc poc11ouno nekunxcn qk1oa, n 1enepL
nyc1L npo1nannkn ampanrk1 caon aospxennn.
Mexpy 1e 1koamx onn ne nek1 n, nm1ncL sun1n1L caok pok1pnny, onn
npo1naopeu1 ce6e c cmx nepamx cnoa nnn ac1ynk1 a npo1naopeune c nexunn
n noaepxnoc1n qk1n. k, onn y1aepxpk1, u1o eapen nsennnn cao 1nn nop
pec1ane knn1, qk1m roaopn1 o6 o6p1no. nn y1aepxpk1, u1o a epnnn
noro nspenn1oa co cae1nmn aonocn n rony6mn rnsn. o u1o6m 1koe
y1aepxpenne neno cnny a cmcne nop1aepxpennn 1eopnn ynn1pnc1oa, neo6xopno
npnsn1L knn1 epnnc1aenno nnn, no kpne epe, rnano npnunno a1oro
nanennn; c ppyro xe c1oponm, yuenme a1o ukonm snannk1, u1o uae1 koxn, rns n
aonoc nn a koe epe ne sancn1 o1 reorpqnueckoro nonoxennn n 1ennoro nnn
xonopnoro knn1. nn o1euk1 - n a1o 6eccnopnm qk1 - rony6me rns n
pycme aonocm y cnnrncknx nneen n pxe psnnunme o11enkn koxn o1 cae1no-
kopnuneaoro po uepnoro. C ppyro c1oponm, onn npnsnk1, u1o coepm n 1ynrycm,
xo1n n xnay1 n no6epexLe epoan1oro oken, ouenL cyrnme. Cnepoa1enLno,
knn1 ne nee1 nnkkoro o1nouennn k uae1y koxn, aonoc n rns. D1n n6nkpennn
cnepye1 nn6o cun11L nnuero ne snuunn, nn6o cans1L nx c onpepenenno pco,
nockonLky poc1oaepno nsaec1no, u1o pmxne aonocm nepepko ac1peuk1cn n oc1oke,
ne c1on1 ypnann1Lcn aneunoc1n neeuknx eapeea. pnno cnyue a1o nnuero ne
poksmae1: nn noc1onnc1a 1nnoa, nn o6p1noro.
e 6onee y6epn1enLnmn amrnnpn1 ynn1pnc1m, korp npnsmak1 n noouL
nc1opnueckne canpe1enLc1a. npoue, onn npnaopn1 1onLko pa: opno o1nocn1cn k
1ypk, ppyroe k pLnp. 1o kce1cn nepamx, sn1ckoe nponcxoxpenne nx ne
amsmae1 nnkknx conenn. C 1ko yaepennoc1Lk oxno roaopn1L o6 nx 6nnsko
popc1ae c qnnnkncknn ae1ann oc1nkoa n nnnnpuea. epaonunLno onn nenn
xen1oe nnuo, amc1ynkune ckynm, neamcokn poc1, kk y onronoa. CorncnauncL c
a1n, aepnecn k nx nmneunn no1ok: y nnx eaponeckn 1nn nnu, ryc1n n
pnnnnn 6opop, nnpneanpnme, ne pckocme rns, n ao1, ncxopn ns a1oro,
pspe1cn 1opxec1aykun aosrnc, u1o pcm aoace ne noc1onnnm, no1oy u1o 1ypkn
npe1epnenn 1kyk nanyk 1pncqopunk. Ynn1pnc1m pccyxpk1 cnepykun
o6pso: specL neno ec1o ceuenne c rpeuecknn, rpysnncknn n uepkeccknn
ceec1an. o 1y1 xe po6annk1 - 1koe ceuenne nponcxopnno pepko: aepL ne
ace 1ypkn 6mnn poc11ouno 6or1m, u1o6m nokyn1L xen n akse, ne y acex 6mnn
rpem c 6enmn p6mnnn, c ppyro c1oponm, nenanc1L rpekoa k saoea1enn n
pennrnosnme psnnunn ne cnoco6c1aoann 6punm coks, nockonLky o6 npop,
pxe xnayune ceropnn aec1e, pspenenm 1k xe, kk n a nepam penL nocne
saoeannn.
D1n pryen1m ckopee o1nnuk1cn kxyuncn npaponopo6ne, nexenn connpnoc1Lk.
pnp nn oxno acepLes roaopn1L o qnnnkncko nponcxoxpennn 1ypeuko pcm. [o
cnx nop 1koe nponcxoxpenne poksno nnuL opnn-epnnc1aennm pryen1o:
popc1ao nsmkoa. nxe n kocnycL ero n nokxy, nckonLko on cnopen n conn1enen.
e ne enee, ecnn ponyc1n1L, u1o npo1um a1oro npop npnnpnexnn k xen1oy
1nny, 1o cyuec1aye1 neno poks1enLc1a 1oro, u1o y nnx 6mnn aeckne npnunnm
ypnn1Lcn o1 nero.
Mexpy oen1o, korp nepame 1ypnckne oppm cnyc1nnncL n kro-snp, n pne,
korp onn oanpenn ropopo onc1n1nn, 1. e. expy a1nn payn p1n,
o1penennmn ppyr o1 ppyr nornn aekn, cnyunnocL neno co6m1n, 1k u1o y
snpnmx 1ypkoa 6mn coace ppyrn cypL6. Bypyun no ouepepn 1o no6epn1ennn, 1o
no6expennmn, p6n nnn rocnopn, onn o6ocnoanncL cpepn coace ne noxoxnx
n nnx npopoa. Corncno nc1opnueckn caepennn, nx npepkn orysm, amxopum c
n1n, ao apeen ap xnnn a orponmx c1ennx aepxne snn, npoc1npkunxcn
o1 n1n po pnLckoro osep, o1 Cn6npn po n6e1, ppeane srpouno c1pnm, rpe
n ceropnn o6n1k1 repnckne npopm. c11n, 6pon y6onLp1 cun1e1 a1o1 qk1
opnn ns ampkunxcn o1kpm1n nue anoxn. C 1oukn spennn nc1opnn, a1o,
psyee1cn, 1k. eue opno c1pnnoe o6c1on1enLc1ao: kk 1onLko nnc1enn oc1ok
nunnk1 roaopn1L o npopx ypkec1n, onn 1y1 xe aocxannk1 kpco1y nx
1enocnoxennn n nnu [ymaa, acaaa kr nxcn a nay
nnay VI a. . s., ann a xm Uaxy, vu ykr xaa. a mna
caH nkac x car aH. UaxaH Han
nmx aka.]. nn ncnonLsyk1 kpcounme ann1e1m, nockonLky a1n a1opm
nenn nepep co6o cme kpcname 1nnm ppeanero np, 1. e. nenn 1epnn pnn
cpanennn, 1o apnp nn onn ornn aocxnu1Lcn o11nknakunn n o1kpoaenno
ypopnnamn onronn. kn o6pso, neco1pn n nnnranc1nueckne qk1opm,
kc11n, aosoxno nenpannLno nc1onkoannme [km, amxm Mrn,
nnn ack nmk, ak v vr yanur a H, v rym
Hry mu ackH aH, raamH a ckH ank. 3y
rny, kak ca, nknnn aa aHva nymcaka
yyka, kr an ak naan k anacn Hrna mn
nax, nm s Hax, cxcaH na c nnmH aH
BHH. yHnu, acaaamcu s a, aann: 3
aHva acnyxaa aHan, cn acnHu, v cHun ra
ccn k yk, a Hrnuck ac. Qyr sy naxa
c ak cnyH cnaaH. cyca Hrnuckx v akx
naxa ac a nax Baya, anacn .], specL ec1L o ue
spy1Lcn. npoue, ponyc1n, u1o n1ckne orysm 6mnn npepc1an1ennn qnncko
pcm, n aepnecn k ycynLncko anoxe, korp 1ypeukne nneen o6ocnoanncL a
epcnn n Mno snn nop psnnunmn nenn n a ne enee psnnunmx ycnoannx.
cnm eue ne cyuec1aoann, cenLpxykn, o1 ko1opmx n npepc1onno nponso1n,
yxe 6mnn cnnLno nepeeunm c ncncknn npopn. pnnum a1o nunn,
nnpnep, cepnn-exocpea a 1237 r., cao6opno xennnncL n p6cknx
xenunnx. Bonee 1oro: nockonLky 1L ppyroro cenLpxykckoro upn ceppynn 6mn
xpnc1nnko, anc1n1enn, ao acex c1pnx 6onee peanoc1no, ue npoc1o npop,
o1nocnaunecn k renenornuecko unc1o1e, nponannnn 1kyk 1epnnoc1L, oxno
npepnonoxn1L, u1o n noppnnme cnepoann nx npnepy. oc1onnnme noxopm pann
n aosoxnoc1L 6p1L p6mnL n orponmx 1eppn1opnnx, rpe onn npoxopnnn, n ne1
conenn a 1o, u1o nunnn c XIII a. ppeann orysckn pop, k ko1opoy
npnnpnexnn cenLpxykn y, 6mn upesamuno nponn1n cen1cko kpoaLk.
enno ns a1oro pop amuen cn, cmn p1orpyn n o1eu cnnpoa. okpyr ero
nn1kn cnno1nnocL coace nenoro ceec1a. ro pnn 6onLue nnonnn uky,
n ecnn nepame no1okn a1oro koueaoro oyn cyenn yaennun1L ee, 1o aoace ne
e1opo, ko1opm npk1nkoan 6p1 e: 1. e. ne no1oy, u1o onn anycknn a caon
u1pm acex, k1o xo1en 1yp ao1n.
cknonen npepnonoxn1L, u1o kpx cenLpxykcko nnepnn npnaen a nx pnpm ppyrnx
npepc1an1ene nx pcm. 1oy apeenn n c pc cnnLno nsennncL; anpoue,
conneennnkoa 6mno nepoc11ouno, 1. k. nunnn c a1oro apeenn 1ypkn c1nn
oxo1n1Lcn s p6n, u1o6m yaennun1L caok uncnennoc1L. nune XIV a. Ypkn no
coae1y nnn Lenpepenn no nposanuy epnm yupepnn nnnunk nnmup. Cnun
nx 6mno acero 1mcnu. o a upc1aoanne Mroe1 IV a pnpx nnnunn
ncun1manocL yxe copok 1mcnu conp1, nockonLky po cnx nop 1ypkn 6mnn
os6ouenm nononnenne aock 1onLko s cue1 onopmx xpnc1nn, yaopnmx ns
onLun, epnnn n 1nnn, o6puemx a ncn, 6mno no enLue epe nn1Lco1
1mcnu rna ceec1a, ko1opme a 1euenne ue1mpex c1one1n annann eaponeckyk
kpoaL a xnnm 1ypeuko nunn.
D1nnueckoe ceuenne a1n ne orpnnunanocL. nano uenLk nnp1oa, ko1opme
aenn cu16nme onepunn a 6ccene Cpepnsenoro opn, 6mno nononnenne
rpeoa, n nn opn amnrpnnn 61nnn ne o6xopnncL 6es 1oro, u1o6m ne yaennun1L
uncnennoc1L npaoaepnoro ncenennn. BonLun uc1L nnennnkoa-yxunn o1pekncL
o1 caoe aepm, n nocne a1oro onn cun1nncL 1ypkn. 31e no6epn1enn s6npnn
xenunn, ko1opmx ornn yaec1n c co6o. c1o po6mu oksmancL nc1onLko
6onLuo, u1o ee nekyp 6mno pea1L: cnyunocL, u1o cyk kpcnayk peayuky
ennnn n opnn cnor. cnn acnonn1L xopouo nsaec1nyk unqpy 1ypeukoro
ncenennn, kk a snn, 1k n a apone, ko1opoe nnkorp ne npeamuno 12
nnnnonoa, oxno c yaepennoc1Lk cks1L, u1o aonpoc o noc1onnc1ae pcoaoro 1nn
ne nee1 nnkkoro o1nouennn - a cmcne pryen1oa s nnn npo1na - k
nc1opnn 1koro ceunnoro npop, kk 1ypkn. D1 nc1nn nc1onLko oueanpn, u1o
neko1opoe cxopc1ao, o1eueoe expy ocnnpn n npepc1an1ennn xen1o pcm,
ne cansno c npnm qnnnknckn nponcxoxpenne: peno a 1o, u1o uyxepopnm
aneen1 o6Lncnne1cn annnnne ppyro kpoan, noc1ynnaue, 1k cks1L, ns a1opmx
pyk - o1 cnann nnn 11p. o1 u1o n xo1en cks1L kc1enLno a1nonornn 1ypok-
o11on. enepL nepexopn k pLnp.
ouk spennn ynn1pnc1oa ocnoan n cnepykue pccyxpennn: MpLnpm cansnm
nponcxoxpenne c qnnnn, popc1aennnkn nonpe, coepoa, acknocoa - nkpe
nnskoro poc1 n c unpoknn nnun n amc1ynkunn ckynn, c xen1oa1o nnn
rpnsno-cyrno koxe. pnko pLnpm nek1 6onee kpynnoe n c1ponoe cnoxenne,
pnnnnme, rn6kne n cnnLnme pykn n norn, uep1m nnu, nnonnkune npepc1an1ene
6enmx pc n aecL kpcname. Onnnm acerp 6mnn cn6me, s6n1me, yrne1ennme.
MpLnpm snnk1 noue1noe ec1o cpepn saoea1ene. nn nenn p6oa, no cn
p6n ne 6mnn, cnepoa1enLno... ecnn pLnpm cy1L qnnnm, ecnn onn n a
qnsnuecko n opnLno o1nouennn nc1onLko o1nnuk1cn o1 oc1nLnmx ae1ae nx
o6unx npepkoa, npnunn sknkue1cn a 1o, u1o onn ouenL cnnLno nsennnncL
[ak kamaa cvck nnrvck akm, arckan au
ncaann c aau Hr caaackr cana, c
canar kamH caH c ynmH cnamH cnkaH ankH
nannaaH (3nrn, n ayka acax, 3yrck ack,
knu 1848 r.).].
k 6m 1o nn 6mno, ecnn 6m 1koe nsenenne neno ec1o, ero 6mno 6m neaosoxno
o6Lncnn1L pxe ynn1pnc1, pxe npepnonrn neo6mknoaennyk o6nnLnoc1L
pnnoro 1nn, no1oy u1o e1opqos ponxn 6mn nponso1n expy konuo IX a. n
nue anoxo, 1. e. a 1euenne acero nnuL 800 ne1; expy 1e xopouo nsaec1no, u1o
s a1o1 nepnop nun conneennnkn nesnun1enLno ceunncL c npopn, cpepn
ko1opmx onn xnay1. cuc1Lk pnn sppaoro cmcn, ne1 ocnoann ypnann1Lcn
a1oy, 1. k. pryen1, ko1opm n co6npkcL onpoaeprny1L, 6ypyun nsnunm, nopouen
no caoe cy1n: aenrpm ne nek1 nnuero o6uero c qnnnn.
opno c11Le Xepnpo ps6nn nronoay 1eopnn Lne1uep n ero c1oponnnkoa n,
ncnonLsyn cme o6ocnoannme cyxpennn, snc1aoannme y rpeuecknx n p6cknx
nc1opnkoa, nenne aenrepcknx yuenmx, nop1aepxpennme qk1m n p1m, yc1ouname
nepep nnuo nk6o kpn1nkn, nkoneu, qnnonornueckne qk1m n canpe1enLc1a,
poksn popc1ao cnkynoa c rynnn n nepaopopnyk npen1nunoc1L 1pncnnLanckoro
nneenn c nocnepnnn saoea1ennn nnonnn. 1k, aenrpm - a1o rynnm.
3pecL m, 6es conennn, c1onknecn c noam aospxenne. ckxy1, u1o ns a1oro
am1eke1 neckonLko nnoe popc1ao pLnp, opnko o1 a1oro ne enee 6nnskoe, c
xen1o pco. o a1o oun6k. cnn nsanne rynnoa ec1L nn npopnoc1n, a1o 1kxe
ec1L co6np1enLnoe nn c nc1opnuecko 1oukn spennn, ko1opoe ne o6osnue1
opnopopnyk coaokynnoc1L. 1onne nneen, ac1aunx nop snn npepkoa 11nnm,
cpepn npounx psnnunn rpynnm nnn ukn, nsmaeme 6enmn rynnn, a
ko1opmx npeo6npn repnckn aneen1 [va, v nu nc
ncHu vky n aax anu . rn yx
nun au, v kau xnmx aa a n cn
nHmanacu c kau nmx aa; a nmnH sH
ramaancu, nx arnnm na Hu. nkca yHnu a
s can, Hn a ay kra-kaaxa, ynHaHmx MaH
BackH caH rH, cnan vu aax
aHva: kra nam sx aaa ra krck anx,
na kckH karaH QyynH ncnaky 3Haxy, kr a
569 r. naan Hna Kca II, H a ay aymky-Hcky.
Qn a H, v acn v nca ykx mx kacaa, ak
acxaannHmx ncaH Hamx vr r c HrnuckH nH.].
o npape roaopn, kon1k1 c xen1okoxnn rpynnn nsennn kpoaL, 1. e. on
y1p1nn caok npexnkk unc1o1y: nenno o6 a1o kpcnopeunao canpe1enLc1aye1
ckync1oe nnuo pLnp. x nsmk ouenL 6nnsok 1kpkckn pnnek1, cnepoa1enLno,
pLnpm cy1L 6enme rynnm, a1 npopnoc1L, ns ko1opo necnpaepnnao cpennn
xen1okoxyk pcy, nockonLky on a cnny po6poaonLnmx nnn amnyxpennmx 6pkoa
ceuncL c a1o pco, coc1on1 ns e1ncoa c repncko ocnoao. smk nee1 kopnn
n cnoapnm snc, o1nnukunecn o1 nx npeo6npkuero aneen1, 1ouno 1k xe,
kk a1o nee1 ec1o a cnyue xen1mx cknqoa, ko1opme roaopnnn n pncko
pnnek1e, n cknpnnacknx nneen, ko1opme cnyc1n neckonLko ne1 anpmuec1a
npnnnnn kenL1cko-n1nnckn pnnek1 nokopennmx nn npopoa. nu1o ne pe1
ocnoannn npepnonr1L, u1o apen, aospec1ane knn1 n nsenenne o6muea
ornn npeap1n1L nnonu, nnn oc1nk, nnn 1ynryc, nnn nepnk a nuero
coo1euec1aennnk. cnepc1ane cn6oc1n pryen1oa, ampanremx ynn1pnc1n, n
npnxoxy k amaopy, u1o noc1onnc1ao 1nnoa any1pn pc ne nopnexn1 nnkkoy
conennk, n nnkkne nsenennn cpepm, kknn 6m rny6oknn n neo6p1nmn onn
nn 6mnn, ne a coc1onnnn nokone61L a1o noc1onnc1ao po 1ex nop, nok ne nponsope1
ceuennn opno ae1an uenoaeueckoro pepea c ppyro.
kn o6pso, u1o 6m nn roaopnnn o epnnc1aennoc1n nnn noxec1aennoc1n npnunn
nonanennn n sene pop uenoaeueckoro, psnnunme rpynnm ceropnn coaepuenno
pspenenm, nockonLky nnkkne aneunne cnnm ne ory1 coepnnn1L nx aec1e,
npnaec1n k nx ccnnnnunn.
1k, nmneunne pcm npepc1annk1 co6o psnnunme ae1an opnoro nnn neckonLknx
nepaopopnmx n yxe y1epnnnmx c1aonoa, pxe cme o6une uep1m ko1opmx n sn1L
ne pno. D1n pcm, o1nnukunecn ppyr o1 ppyr aneunnn qopn n nponopunnn
1en, c1poenne uepen, any1penne konc1n1yune, nnnune nnn pcnpepenenne
aonocnnoro nokpoa, uae1o koxn n 1. p., ory1 y1p1n1L caon rnanme npnsnkn
1onLko a pesynL11e ckpeunannn.
D1oro noc1onnc1a popoamx npnsnkoa anonne poc11ouno pnn 1oro, u1o6m o6ecneun1L
rny6okoe necxopc1ao n nepaenc1ao, u1o6m npnp1L n cnny ec1ec1aennmx skonoa n
npnenn1L k qnsnonornuecko konc1n1yunn npopoa 1e xe psnnunn, ko1opme nosxe
m yanpn a nx npac1aenno-opnLno xpk1epe.
nk1o ne c1ne1 o1pnu1L, u1o a1o1 cepLesneun n cnoxneun aonpoc oky1n
1nnc1aennm pko, ko1opm ckpmae1 npnunnm - kk qnsnueckne, 1k n
ne1epnnLnme. eko1opme npnunnm, ncxopnune ns o6nc1n 6oxec1aennoro,
npncy1c1ane ko1opmx uyac1aye1 nu po6kn y, ne nekun nnkkoro nonn1nn o6 nx
npnpope, nex1 a co rny6nne pk, oky1makuero pnnm aonpoc, n anonne
aepon1no, u1o panxyune cnnm, uepes ko1opme m nm1ecn n1n knku k 1ne,
nannk1 co6o acero nnuL nnc1pyen1m, any1pennne npyxnnm kkoro-1o aennkoro
pec1a. pnunnm xe acex aeue, acex panxenn, acex co6m1n n qk1oa - a1o
aoace ne 6eckoneuno nme cnnm, kk o6 a1o uc1o uy1n1, no, nnpo1na, onn
nc1onLko ounm, nc1onLko aennkn no cpanennk c nue cn6oc1Lk, u1o m oxe
1onLko porpma1Lcn o nnx.
enoaek npnuen a a1o1 np nepano. eonornn, pykoaopc1ayncL a ocnoano
nnpyk1nanmn e1opn, canpe1enLc1aye1 o ero o1cy1c1ann ao acex npepmpyunx
qopunnx senoro up; ne nxopn1 on uenoaek n cpepn nckonemx oc11koa
npounmx anox. orp nun npepkn anepame nonannncL n yxe noc1peaue sene.
Bor, kk cksno a Canuennmx nnrx, noaepn n, u1o onn 6ypy1 anpe1L ek n u1o
ace 6ype1 n nopanc1no. D1o o6eunne anpmuec1a o1nocnnocL ckopee ne k nepam
nkpn, k nx no1oc1ay, nockonLky cme nepame cospnnn nenn a caoe
pcnopnxennn ouenL no cpepc1a - n ne 1onLko pnn 1oro, u1o6m anc1aoa1L np
npnpopo, no pxe conpo1nann1Lcn cm cn6m ee cnn. npounme apeen nop
aqnpnm ne6o ns seno n aopno rny6n amxopnnn cyuec1a, 6onee anyun1enLnme,
nexenn uenoaek. syee1cn, 6onLun uc1L rnrn1oa ncuesn a pesynL11e c1punmx
no1pncenn, korp neoprnnueckn np poksn caok ouL, nnkk ne cpannyk c
cnno xnao npnpopm. pnko kkoe-1o uncno a1nx onc1poa eue npoponxno
cyuec1aoa1L. Cnonm n nocoporn c1pn 6popnnn n acex unpo1x, pxe c1opon1
oc1ann cnepm caoero npe6mannn a 1ppnunnx epnkncknx 6opnrenoa.
D1nx npnnospnnaunxcn uypoanu 6mno poc11ouno - 6onee, ue poc11ouno, - u1o6m
anyun1L nepam npepc1an1enn uenoaeuec1a, npnpy c 6onsnLk n ouyuenne
caoe cn6oc1n, poaonLno 1pesame conennn o1nocn1enLno caoero aceanc1nn.
cnpna1L anc1L npnxopnnocL ne 1onLko y saepe. kpne cnyue, c nnn oxno
6mno cpx1Lcn, ncnonLsoa1L npo1na nnx xn1poc1L s nenenne cnnm n oxno 6mno
ne no6exp1L, no xo1n 6m ns6er1L c nnn ac1peun nnn y6er1L o1 nnx. Coace nnoe
peno - a1 neo6Ln1nn npnpop, ko1opn co acex c1opon okpyxn nno1nm konLuo
nepao6m1nme rpynnm nkpe n kpcnopeunao nnonnn n o caoe nenokone6no
aceanc1nn. poponxnn pec1aoa1L, xo1n n ne a 1o epe, u1o pnLue, kocnueckne
npnunnm, s cue1 ko1opmx cnepye1 o1nec1n ppeanne no1pncennn. Bonee nnn enee
cnnLnme k1knnsm ace eue npyunn 1onorpqnk, nsennn asnnoe nonoxenne
cyun n oken. o n peno nopnnnncL opn n nornounn o6unpnme npoc1pnc1a, 1o
n peno ns opcknx rny6nn nsaeprnncL aynknm, am1nknan n noaepxnoc1L ropm,
ko1opme s1e coepnnnnncL c kon1nnen1n. Mnp ace eue nxopnncn a c1pnn
p6o1m, n snenn1oe opouo!, nponsnecennoe eroao, ne y1nxonpnno ero.
1ko cn1yunn o1cy1c1ane o6uero panoaecnn ne orno ne o1psn1Lcn n
1ocqepnmx ycnoannx. Xec1okn 6opL6 expy sene, aopo n orne npnaopnn k
peskn n neoxnpnnm kone6nnn anxnoc1n, scyxe, xonopy, xpe, ampenennn
ns nepp eue 1peneuyue o1 no1pncenn senn oksmann cypoaoe aospec1ane n
ace xnaoe. ce a1n npnunnm, no1pncaune np n aaeprkune ero a c1ppnnn n
k1c1poqm, ycnnnann panenne npnpopm n uenoaek, n annnnne cpepm n knn1
pnn nunx npepkoa 6mno nnoro cnnLnee, ue ceropnn. caoe knnre ccyxpennn
o peaonkunonnmx 1pncqopunnx senoro up kaLe y1aepxpe1, u1o nmneunee
coc1onnne neoprnnuecknx cnn nnkon o6pso ne orno 6m npnaec1n k nopsenm
konaynLcnn, 6nnskn no cu16y 1e, ko1opme nenn ec1o a pneko npouno.
D1 o6neuennn yxcnm oryuec1ao npnpop orn n n uenoaeueckn pop
oksma1L 1koe xe annnnne, kkoe on nen n oc1nLno np, no ace a1o oc1nocL
a npouno. e aceoryuec1ao nc1onLko ocn6no, u1o s ponryk uepepy ne1, panyk
npnepno nonoanne nepnop xnsnn uenoaeuec1a n sene, on ne nponsaen 1knx
1pncqopun, conoc1anmx c 1en, u1o nacerp pspennnn uenoaeueckne pcm
[au. accyxn anmx acHanx Hr maa.
a H aa yHnua. snxy, nmcayy nnan
vnavck acm, aca Hmx a ay ynaycn
Hy ky, nx mn Hu Hnayy aHcm naau
Hn a cy an c ycnanH, nkH k mmH nvckH,
ncn r, kak a cv cnvr nyvn xnaxn nnx
am nnam cnu anur na (cna) avan nv
cknvnu nnnu knHa a amx max. H a
cvck aHa ynyr nk, n aynkavck cnm Hmx
, n Hm, vH crn, amaancu ayxy v kcny
aamy ky nnam (anuan n, H I, c. 47).].
[a oen1 ne oc1annk1 nnkknx conenn- ocnoanme psnnunn, ko1opme
pspennk1 ae1an uenoaeuec1a, cqopnpoanncL a nepao nonoanne nepnop nue
xnsnn n sene; n u1o6m onpepenn1L apen, korp a a1o nepao nonoanne nonannncL
ynonny1me qnsnonornueckne psnnunn, cnepye1 aepny1Lcn a anoxn, korp annnnne
aneunnx qk1opoa 6mno 6onee k1nanm, ue npn nmneune coc1onnnn senoro
up. 1ko anoxo orn 6m1L nnuL 1, a ko1opyk nenocpepc1aenno nponcxopnno
1aopenne; on eue ne o1oun o1 nocnepnnx k1c1poq, a ne eue ouyunncL nx
yxcnme nocnepc1ann.
cxopn ns pok1pnnm ynn1pnc1oa, neaosoxno p1npoa1L pspenenne 1nnoa 6onee
nospnn nepnopo.
enLsn nsaneuL amropy ns cnyunmx o1knonenn, ko1opme nopo n6nkpk1cn y
neko1opmx nnpnanpoa n ko1opme, 6ypyun noc1onnnmn n uc1mn, 6es conennn,
ornn 6m npnaec1n k nonanennk psnoanpnoc1e, poc1onmx nuero annnnn.
ono 1knx qenoenoa, kk nnnune rop6, 6mnn o6npyxenm n ppyrne
nk6onm1nme qk1m, ko1opme n nepam asrnnp cnoco6nm o6Lncnn1L psnoo6psne
pc. npnep, pnupp, nsnrn canpe1enLc1ao Bekep, pccksmae1 o6 opno
uenoaeke, uLe 1eno, s ncknkuenne nnu, 6mno nokpm1o nekn nopo6ne nnunpn
1enoro uae1, nnonnkuero ryc1o n xec1kn aonocnno nokpoa -
neuyac1an1enLnm, koc1nc1m n ne ampennaun kpoan npn yknmannn.
onpepenennoe apen a1 c1pnnn o6onouk, poc1nrnya 1onunnm 1pn ue1aep1n pk,
o1npn, n n ceny e nonannncL noan. 1 a1oro yxunnm popnnocL ue1aepo
cmnoae, noxoxnx n o1u. mxnn 1onLko opnn; no Bekep, ko1opm anpen ero, korp
1o1 6mn eue pe6enko, ne sne1, poxnn nn on po spenoro aospc1. Bekep npnxopn1
k sknkuennk, u1o nockonLky o1eu nopopnn 1knx o1npmckoa, orn 6m
cqopnpoa1Lcn oco6n ceLn, ko1opn 6m coxpnnn a1o1 cneunqnueckn 1nn, n u1o
nosxe, no npouec1ann apeenn nocne s6aennn konkpe1nmx pe1ne, a1y
psnoanpnoc1L nkpe ornn 6m cun11L nocn1ennn cneunqnuecknx npnsnkoa
uenoaeuecko pcm.
koe sknkuenne ponyc1no. onLko nnpnanpm, c1onL o1nnunme o1 uenoaeuecko
nopopm, ac1peuk1cn pepko. x no1oc1ao aknkue1cn a o6un nopnpok aeue, nnn
uenouk o6pmae1cn a co ckopo apeenn. ce, u1o o1knonne1cn o1 ec1ec1aennoro
n nopnLnoro nopnpk, cnoco6no nnuL snc1aoa1L xnsnL, no coxpnn1L ee ne
oxe1. cnn 6m a1o 6mno ne 1k, cme neaepon1nme cnyun panm-pano nsennnn
6m ocnoanme qnsnonornueckne ycnoann cyuec1aoannn uenoaeuec1a. Cnepye1
o1e1n1L, ncxopn ns a1nx n6nkpenn, u1o opnn ns axneunx konc1n1y1nanmx
ycnoan 1knx nonn nanne1cn nx npexopnun xpk1ep, noa1oy a 1kne
k1eropnn nenLsn aknku1L ueaenkpy nerp, ero uepnyk koxy, xen1m uae1 kn1u,
ero unpokoe nnuo n pckocme rns. ce a1o noc1onnnme npnsnkn, a ko1opmx ne1
nnuero nonLnoro n ko1opme, cnepoa1enLno, ne cansnm co cnyunm
o1knonenne.
1enepL nopaepe n1or amuensnoxennoy.
epep nnuo 1pypnoc1e coro pcnpoc1pnennoro 1onkoannn 6n6neckoro 1ekc1,
n aospxenn, o6ycnoanennmx skono, ko1opm perynnpye1 nonanenne rn6pnpoa,
neaosoxno k1eropnueckn o6pso y1aepxp1L noxec1aennoc1L nponcxoxpennn
nk6oro pop, a 1o uncne uenoaeuec1a.
oa1oy orpnnuncn o6Lncnenne any1pennnx, 1. e. rny6nnnmx, npnunn 1en npko
ampxennmn psnnunnn, noc1onnc1ao ko1opmx, neconenno, npepc1anne1 co6o
rnaenc1aykun xpk1ep, npnue a1o noc1onnc1ao ne y1punae1cn n npn
ckpeunannn. D1n npnunnm oxno n1n a knn1nuecko aneprnn, ko1opo
o6npe1 nu senn, no kpne epe, c 1ex nop, kk n ne nonannncL nkpn. e1
conennn a 1o, u1o a 1y anoxy neoprnnueckn npnpop 6mn nnoro
oryuec1aennee, ue korp-nn6o nosxe, a pesynL11e uero ornn nponso1n
a1nnueckne nsenennn, c1aune neo6p1nmn. osoxno 1kxe, u1o cyuec1a,
nopaeprunecn a pneko ppeanoc1n a1oy yc1pukuey aospec1ank,
npncnoc6nnanncL k ney ropspo nyuue, ue a1o ornn 6m cpen1L nmneunne 1nnm.
onLko u1o nonanauncn uenoaek nen eue neyc1ouname qopm n, aosoxno, ne
npnnpnexn 1k nano nn k 6eno, nn k uepno, nn k xen1o pc. 1ko cnyue
o1knonennn, ko1opme caenn nepaopopnme npnsnkn nuero pop k n6nkpem
nmne psnoanpnoc1n, nenn ne 6onLue npeo6psykunx aosoxnoc1e, ue nx
nee1, ckxe, uepnn pc, u1o6m npeap1n1Lcn a 6enyk, nnn xen1n, u1o6m cnn1Lcn
c uepno. cxopn ns a1oro npepnonoxennn, p ponxen 6mn 6m1L opnnkoao noxox
n ace ceropnnunne uenoaeueckne 1nnm nnn rpynnm - onn qopnpoanncL aokpyr
nero n ypnnnncL ppyr o1 ppyr n pcc1onnne, apaoe 6onLuee, nexenn 1o, u1o
o1pennno ero o1 kxpo ns a1nx rpynn. k u1o xe 1orp coxpnnnn npepc1an1enn
psnmx pc o1 nepao6m1noro 1nn? onLko cme o6une npnsnkn, coc1annkune n
o6Lepnnnkune uenoaeueckn pop: neko1opoe cxopc1ao aneunnx qop, o6unx y
cmx pneknx ppyr o1 ppyr rpynn, n aosoxnoc1L ampx1L caon mcnn
nocpepc1ao p1nkynnpoannmx saykoa, no nnuero 6onLue. 1o xe kce1cn cmx
cneunqnuecknx npnsnkoa 1oro nepaoro 1nn, m nx y1p1nnn - kk uepnme npopm,
1k n npopm c ppyrn uae1o koxn. o1n ace m nponsounn o1 opnoro pnekoro
npepk, a pesynL11e psnoro pop o6c1on1enLc1a m nonyunnn 1o, u1o c 1ex cmx
nop coc1anne1 nuy co6c1aennyk nenoa1opnyk npnpopy. 1k, 6ypyun no1okn
opnoapeenno n nepaopopno poao ae1an n kocoronnuecko cpepm,
uenoaeueckne pcm nek1 expy co6o ouenL no o6uero. pap, epnnc1aennm
nop1aepxpenne pnekoro popc1a oxno nsa1L aosoxnoc1L nopoxp1L
nnopoan1mx rn6pnpoa - n 1onLko. nnuero 6onLue. 1o coe apen, korp psnme
ycnoann cpepm onpepennnn kxpo rpynne cao noc1onnnm xpk1ep, caon
noc1onnnme aneunne qopm n uep1m, a 1o uncne uae1 koxn, a1n xe ycnoann
okonu1enLno psopann ace ysm nepanunoro epnnc1a, ko1opoe c 1ex nop nnkk ne
annne1 n a1nnueckoe psan1ne. kn o6pso, k1eropnueckoe noc1onnc1ao
npnsnkoa n qop, nop1aepxpeoe n rpn1npyeoe cmn ppeannn
nc1opnuecknn pokyen1n, cnyxn1 neu1Lk nsaeunoro pspenennn uenoaeuecknx
pc.
XII
Kk u qrk m, kk
mn. H
u u ku.
Cnepye1 okonu1enLno pso6p1Lcn c aonpoco kocoronnueckoro annnnnn, nockonLky
a pnno knnre n 6ypy nonLsoa1Lcn cansnnmn c nn pryen1n. une c
nepaoro conennn, ko1opoe nop pccen1L: kkn o6pso nkpn, xnayune a opno
ec1e no npnunne o6uero nponcxoxpennn, ornn nopaepr1Lcn coaepuenno
psnnunm qnsnueckn aospec1ann? [onyc1n, korp nunn nponann1Lcn
psnnunn expy pcn, nx o6unnm 6mnn poc11ouno norouncnennm, u1o6m
pcnpoc1pnn1Lcn a ec1 c nnm knn1o, no kk cnyunnocL, u1o, npeoponean
orponme 1pypnoc1n, nnpnep, nenpoxopnme nec n 6ono1, necunme nyc1mnn nnn
cnexnme pannnm, pekn, osep n opn, onn ornn coaepu1L ny1euec1ann, ko1opme
apnp nn no nneuy unannnsoannoy uenoaeky co ace ero ouLk? 1o6m o1ae1n1L n
nopo6nme aonpocm, pcco1pn, kknn ornn 6m1L nepame c1onnkn nunx pneknx
npepkoa.
ue a pneko npouno norne yuenme, nosxe 1kne cepLesnme nccnepoa1enn,
kk Xopx kaLe, npnunn k amaopy, u1o pnn neko1opmx pc o1npano 1ouko
ponxnm 6mnn cnyxn1L ropnme cnc1em. k, 6enme nkpn, 1kxe neko1opme
qpnknckne nneen, neaune 6nnskoe n 1enocnoxenne, oueanpno xnnn
nepaonunLno n akse. Xen1n pc ckopee acero cnyc1nncL co cnexnmx o1poroa
n1n. caok ouepepL, nerpm, o1nocnunecn k nporn1nueckoy 1nny, c1ponnn nepame
xnxnnm n kxnmx cknonx 1nccknx rop, o11yp onn n nrpnpoann; 1kn o6pso,
a c1popanne apeen nn6onee o6xn1mn 6mnn nenno 1kne 1pypnopoc1ynnme
ponm, rpe a 1nnc1aenno 1Le ac1peunncL 6ypnme pekn, neuepm, aeunme cner,
nenpoxopnme yuenLn, s1o coe c1punoe n nensaec1noe pnn nunx npo1uoa
1nnocL n o1kpm1mx pannnx, no 6eper pek, osep n ope.
k ne kxe1cn, ppeanne qnnocoqm ampannynn 1kyk 1eopnk, nmneunne yuenme
nopxa1nnn ee a nepayk ouepepL no1oy, u1o pnn amxnannn a nepnopm aennknx npn
popnmx k1c1poq nkpn ponxnm 6mnn 1nny1Lcn k aepunn, rpe nx ne ornn poc11L
naopnennn. pnko a1o pcunpennoe 1onkoanne ckxe1 o rope pp1, aosoxno,
npnennoe k anox, cnepykun s nepao6m1nmn apeenn, 1. e. k anox, korp
6onLun uc1L senoro up 6mn yxe scenen, coaepuenno ne nopxopn1 pnn 1oro
nepnop, korp uenoaeuec1ao ponxno 6mno nonan1Lcn a o1nocn1enLno cnokonmx
npnpopnmx ycnoannx, n se1n kc11n, u1o yksnnoe 1onkoanne npo1naopeun1
npee o epnnc1ae uenoaeueckoro pop. poe 1oro, ropm acerp, c cmx nesnn1nmx
apeen, anyunn rny6okn c1px n cyeaepnoe noknonenne. enno a ropx
npe6mann nqonornueckne 6orn. Co6pnnn rpeuecknx n 6pxncknx 6oroa
nponcxopnnn n nokpm1o aeunmn 1ynn aepunne nnn n n rope Mepy; n
aepunne aks poe1e c1ppn o1 1nnc1aennoro nksnnn s eue 6onee
1nnc1aennoe npec1ynnenne; ecnn 6m nkpn c coro nun o6n1nn a 1knx
amcokoropnmx y6exnux, apnp nn aoo6pxenne aosnecno 6m nx po coro ne6.
pypno o6oxec1ann1L 1o, u1o am anpenn, xopouo ysnnn n nonnpnn norn; pnn
ropnmx xn1ene o6n1enL 6oxec1aennmx cyuec1a nxopnncL 6m a rny6n aop n n
pannnx. Cnepoa1enLno, n cknonnkcL k npo1naononoxno mcnn - n nonrk, u1o
canpe1ennn nepamx uroa uenoaek 6mnn o1kpm1me n poanme ec1. npoue, o6
a1o roaopn1cn n a Bn6nnn; 1enepL, korp m yc1noannn nepaoe ec1o npe6mannn
uenoaek, aonpoc o nrpunn peue1cn nnoro npoue, no1oy u1o poanme yuc1kn
ec1noc1n, o6muno nepecekeme pekn, amxopn1 k opk, n 6onLue ne c1on1 no1L
ronoay np 1e, kk npepkn npeoponeann nec, nyc1mnn n 6ono1.
c1L pa anp nrpunn nnn nepecenennn: po6poaonLnn n amnyxpennn. epam
cnyu ne nee1 nnkkoro o1nouennn k nepnopy, o ko1opo npe1 peuL a nnre Bm1nn.
1opo 6onee nopxopn1 pnn pnkpe - neoc1opoxnmx, nenoaknx n neonm1nmx, -
nexenn pnn psan1mx npopoa. [oc11ouno opno ceLn, yec1nauecn n nno1y -
neckonLko necuc1nmx, sc1nrny1mx opcko c1nxne, uennnkunxcn s c1aonm
pepeaLea n nopxauennmx 1euenne, - u1o6m roaopn1L o pneko nepecenennn. e
cn6ee uenoaek, 1e uue on cnyxn1 nrpyuko neoprnnuecknx cnn. e enLue y
nero onm1, 1e 6onLue on nopunnne1cn cnyuk, ko1oporo on ne oxe1 nn
npepanpe1L, nn ns6ex1L. saec1nm nou1n neaepon1nme npnepm 1oro, kk
npepc1an1enn nuero pop ny1euec1aoann, nono caoe aonn, n 6onLune
pcc1onnnn. npnep, a 1696 r. pae nnporn c 1pen pecn1kn pnkpe nneenn
nkopco - yxunn n xenunn - 6mnn sc1nrny1m nenoropo n nocne ponroro ppeq
oksnncL n opno ns Onnnnnnncknx oc1poaoa, Cne, o1c1onue n 1pn co1nn nLe
o1 ec1, o1kyp onn o1npannncL a nnanne. [pyro npnep: ue1aepo nkpe ns
nneenn yne, nxopnaunxcn a nopke, 6mnn nopxauenm 6ype, a 1euenne aocLn
ecnuea ckn1nncL no opk, n nkoneu nx npn6nno k oc1poay pk n aoc1ouno
okoneunoc1n ponnnckoro pxnnenr; onn coaepunnn amnyxpennoe ny1euec1ane
pnnno a 550 nLe. ecuc1nme nn1nncL ncknkun1enLno pm6o n nnnn 6epexno
co6npeme knnn poxpn. orp poxpe ne 6mno, onn nmpnnn a rny6nny n nnnn
opckyk aopy, ko1opn, kk roaopn1, 1 enee conenn. oneuno, no npn6m1nn n
pk ny1euec1aennnkn nxopnnncL a nnueano coc1onnnn, opnko onn 6mc1po
npnunn a ce6n.
[ayx a1nx npnepoa poc11ouno, u1o6m corncn1Lcn c aosoxnoc1Lk 6mc1poro
nepecenennn neko1opmx rpynn a ec1 c coaepuenno ppyrnn knn1nuecknn
ycnoannn. pnko ecnn nyxnm eue poks1enLc1a, oxno yks1L n nerkoc1L, c
kko ncekome, nnunpnme, pc1ennn pcnpoc1pnnk1cn noackpy, n ne1 nyxpm
poksma1L, u1o pnn nnx a1o 6onee cnoxnn spu, ue pnn uenoaek [yHnu
cva sy rny nHH nn ac. , v aH ac
naryH aca, k Hckan aa a nnx 500600 nu
kamaa a nnacu numcaa cHn, ra a nnuy
cnmkH ccHm Hra ac a cv nnarvckx
v (vck arnn a c rra ar ka,
. II, c. 78).]. 3enoaopnme nnunpnme nonpk1 a ope a pesynL11e pspyuennn
ckn, s1e 1euenne amnocn1 nx n pnekne o1enn. 3ooqn1m, npnkpennennme k
pkoanne onnkckoa nnn c6pocnaune caon noukn a oken, pneko ynocn1cn ae1po n
qopnpyk1 kononnn; n 1e xe cme pepeaLn nensaec1nmx anpoa, 1e xe cme psnme
c1on6m, ko1opme a XV c1one1nn pyxnynn n 6eperx npcknx oc1poaoa n cnyxnnn
nnue pnn psmunenn pnc1oqop ony6, cnoco6c1aoann o1kpm1nk noaoro
np n, aosoxno, necnn n caoe noaepxnoc1n nu ncekomx, ko1opme pann
no1oc1ao pneko o1 ec1 caoero poxpennn, o1 popno senn.
kn o6pso, nepame uenoaeueckne o6unnm 6es 1pyp ornn npnamkny1L k nk6oy
knn1y, k nk6oy ec1y npoxnannn. c11n, a nue apen, npn nmneune
coc1onnnn senoro up, aoace ne pcc1onnne onpepenne1 psnnuy a knn1e, a
uc1noc1n, u1o kce1cn 1enep1ypm. e roaopn yxe o ropnmx ponx, nnpnep,
Laeupnn, rpe a npepenx opnoro-payx nLe 1ocqepnme n nouaennme ycnoann
psnn1cn nc1onLko, u1o a neko1opmx ec1x oxno ac1pe1n1L ceuenne nnnnpcko
qnopm n pc1n1enLnoc1n, xpk1epno pnn Kxno 1nnn; 1o xe coe oxno
cks1L o6 son-Mppe, rpe n 6epery osep Mxop, nop o1kpm1m ne6o, pc1y1
nenLcnnoame pepeaLn, 6onLune kk1ycm n kpnnkoame nnLm, ko1opme anpnm c
nuero snpnoro no6epexLn, xo1n ace nsaec1no, nckonLko knn1 opnpnn
6onee cypoam, ue n oc1poae [xepcn. cnn asn1L a1o1 ne6onLuo 1peyronLnnk n
6c1prnpoa1Lcn o1 ccmnok n oporpqnk, snpnm 6eper Opnunn nanne1 co6o
ypnan1enLnm kon1pc1 c 1oukn spennn psnoo6psnn pc1n1enLnoc1n [nkca
yHnu akH cnaaH nara cyu sr anca ca
knHanr cnyxa vm an aaHc naxc
ka. B sx rncHvckx a nn cym nmncu m
1ncu acaH yrx nv, km a Hmx aax, r
nu nv nan naxcu kaa, ann a kay H
(. . a n aka n Hnaym) (anuan n, .
III, c. 23) aan aHa a Hxca aka, annx a
Hnayy a rravck vk, ank nck yvm
na vann k Hmcn H, v a acnnxmx nk yr k yry
Hcax aacH Hk cym aycn vu am
knHavck ycnan. ak, a na, a ca-acv vac a
ry nkaka, cu Hc, r a nv kyxa Hcc
naca H, ak x ckmm, kak a yran, nvH s
Hc axcn a m rcra a ycc. 3H cu maa
vu cnam Hm, ak nr nna cav, vm
amaaau ara. Bna num a a 4ackx caax
nkmaacn H nuH cHn a , v caa acnnaracn a 62
m. rn, a rax Qama H, nnckan kaHnn . n.
nrk ncn Hy.].
kknn ponxnm 6mnn 6m1L kon1pc1m n orpnnuenno npoc1pnc1ae a 1e xy1kne
apeen, n ko1opme npnxopn1cn poxpenne uenoaeuec1a! ne6onLuo 1eppn1opnn
psmrpmanncL aennkne 1ocqepnme peaonkunn, korp ope o1c1ynno nnn,
nnpo1na, nc1ynno; korp s1onnnno nnn, no6opo1, nccyuno cocepnne senn,
korp ropm nopnnnncL - anesnno, 6ecnopnpouno rpoospncL orponmn ccn,
- nnn xe onycknncL po ypoann okpec1no cyun; korp, nkoneu, 6ypnme kone6nnn
seno ocn n, cnepoa1enLno, o6uero panoaecnn nnne1m, 1. e. nsenennn
nonoxennn nonkcoa o1nocn1enLno aknnn1nkn, co1pncnn ack senyk cnc1ey.
kn o6pso, npnxopn1cn o1aepr1L ace aospxennn, o6ocnoannme 1e, u1o a
nunLnyk anoxy cyuec1aoannn np apnp nn ornn nponcxopn1L nsenennn
penLeq n 1enep1ypnoro pexn, n ec1L ace ocnoannn cun11L, u1o nepao6m1nme
uenoaeueckne ceLn ornn pccena1Lcn n 6onLune pcc1onnnn n panm o6pso
ornn co6np1Lcn aec1e n orpnnuenno 1eppn1opnn, rpe onn nopnpnn nop
annnnne ouenL norouncnennmx qk1opoa. enno 1kn ny1e ornn qopnpoa1Lcn
a1opnunme 1nnm, o1 ko1opmx nponsounn nmneunne ae1an nuero pop. 1o kce1cn
uenoaek, 1k cks1L, nepaoro nokonennn, 1 e. 6nnxuero no1ok p, y nc ne1
aosoxnoc1n cks1L u1o-nn6o poc1oaepnoe o ero cneunqnuecknx npnsnkx n
onpepenn1L, nckonLko noxoxn nnn ne noxoxn n nero npepc1an1enn kxpo ns
noamx rpynn, 1k u1o oc1an ero a nokoe. oa1oy nue nccnepoanne 6ype1
orpnnueno pcn a1opo qopunn.
knx xpk1epnmx pc n ncun1mak 1pn. 6enyk, uepnyk n xen1yk [ ca aHn
n 1nc, nvHy n aknva kackxx ka Hk a vcn
vcmx namx na. yx a kak- cn amckaan ca H
a c cv a nmyx caax. nu nccu k H
rcna 4nyca, km akx n vnavca a cam
rynnm ancky, aacky akacky. ak H kaxcn, sa
Hnrn ynaHa nn kk, n cy a naanuan.]. cnn n
ncnonLsyk 1epnnm, ocnoannme n uae1e koxn, a1o ne snun1, u1o onn
npepc1annk1cn ne ypunmn, 1k kk 1pn k1eropnn, o ko1opmx npe1 peuL, a
kuec1ae o1nnun1enLnoro npnsnk nek1 ne uae1, copepxun noro o11enkoa;
amue 6mno o1eueno, u1o cyuec1ayk1 n ppyrne 6onee axnme npnsnkn. o aec1o
1oro, u1o6m nso6pe11L noame nsannn, n u1o n apnp nn nek npao, n
npepnoun1k am6p1L a cnncke pcnpoc1pnennmx 1epnnoa 1e, ko1opme 6ypy1 ecnn
ne npenLnmn, 1o xo1n 6m enee neypunmn, ue ppyrne - nnmn cnoan n
npepnoun1k nenno a1n, poc11ouno 6eso6npnme, aec1o 1oro, u1o6m ncnonLsoa1L
nsannn, snc1aoannme ns reorpqnn nnn nc1opnn, ko1opme anecnn c1onLko
6ecnopnpk a aonpoc c no ce6e poc11ouno sny1nnm. 1k, n eue ps
nopuepknak, u1o 6enmn n nsmak nkpe, ko1opmx o6muno npnuncnnk1 k
kakscko, cen1cko pc nnn pc qe1. epnme - a1o xn1m; xen1me -
n1um, onronm, qnnnm, 11pm. D1o n ec1L 1pn unc1mx n nepaopopnmx aneen1,
ns ko1opmx coc1on1 uenoaeuec1ao. k u1o ne1 nyxpm npepnonr1L papu1L aoceL
psnoanpnoc1e, kk a1o pene1 Bnken6x, nnn ceL, kk cun1e1 pnupp: o6
aknkuk1 a caok knccnqnkunk rn6pnpoa. osoxno, nn opnn ns 1pex nepanunmx
1nnoa no caoe cyunoc1n ne npepc1anne1 co6o coaepuennoro epnnc1a. ennkne
kocoronnueckne npnunnm co1aopnnn ne 1onLko ue1ko ampxennme psnoanpnoc1n
opnoro pop - a 1o epe, a kko ocyuec1annnocL nx pec1ane, onn onpepennnn a
kxpo ns 1pex ocnoanmx psnoanpnoc1e nonanenne neckonLknx anpoa, ko1opme,
nono o6unx npnsnkoa, o6npnn cneunqnuecknn o1nnun1enLnmn
xpk1epnc1nkn. D1n apnn1m nonannncL 6es aeu1enLc1a exnns
exa1nnueckoro ckpeunannn: onn nckonno cyuec1aoann ao acex 6punmx coksx.
kn o6pso, ceropnn nnpcno nck1L nx a ceunno coaokynnoc1n, ko1opyk
nsmak1 6eno pco. ouno 1k xe neaosoxno n1n nx a xen1o pce. osoxno,
unc1m coxpnnncn ennnckn 1nn; no kpne epe, a ne oc1nocL 6onLue
nepanunoro, n ero cyuec1aoanne poksmae1 1o, u1o a o1nouennn payx ppyrnx
k1eropn uenoaeuec1a m oxe npepnonr1L, ncxopn ne ns nue nn1ynunn, no
ns canpe1enLc1a nc1opnn.
erpm npoponxnn peonc1pnpoa1L psnnunme nepanunme psnoanpnoc1n,
nnpnep, nporn1nueckn 1nn c kypuamn aonocn, nnn 1nn 1enokoxero nnpyc
ns yn n [ekn, nnn 1nn nonnnesnckoro nenrnu. Ckopee acero
psnoanpnoc1n cqopnpoanncL expy a1nn anpn s cue1 ceuennn; nenno a1n
o6Lncnnk1cn 1k nsmaeme 1pe1nunme 1nnm kk y 1enokoxnx, 1k n y 6enmx n
xen1mx.
Cyuec1aye1 aecL nn1epecnm qk1, ko1opm ceropnn cnyxn1 npexnm kpn1epne
c1enenn a1nnuecko unc1o1m nk6o nonynnunn. euL npe1 o cxopc1ae nnu, qop,
konc1n1yunn, xec1oa, ocnkn. e enLue ceunnmx coksoa a nunn, 1e 6onLue y
ee npepc1an1ene nepeuncnennmx amue npnsnkoa cxopc1a nnpo1na, ue
cnnLnee on nepeeun, 1e 6onLue a ne psnnun, u1o kce1cn aneunoc1n,
poc1, ocnkn n, nkoneu, nnpnanpynLnoc1n. D1o1 qk1 ne amsmae1 conennn n
nee1 ouenL axnme nocnepc1ann, opnko a1o eue ne ace.
epam amaop ns a1ok qk1 nee1 o1nouenne k nonnnesnu; peno a 1o, u1o
nonnnesnum - ne unc1n pc, 1. k. onn nponsounn o1 ceuennn 6enmx n xen1mx.
Cnepoa1enLno, nepenoc ace coaokynnoc1n npnsnkoa 1nn n psnnunmx ee
npepc1an1ene ne yksmae1 n unc1o1y pcm, nnuL canpe1enLc1aye1 o
cnepykue: aneen1m, 6onee nnn enee norouncnennme, ns ko1opmx coc1on1 a1
pc, nepeeunncL nc1onLko, u1o nx ko6nnunn, a konue konuoa, npeap1nncL a
neu1o opnopopnoe, nockonLky kxpm npepc1an1enL anp ne nee1 a caonx xnnx
ppyro kpoan, kpoe kpoan cocep, on nnue ne o1nnue1cn o1 nocnepnero a
qnsnuecko cmcne. ouno 1k xe, kk 6p1Ln n cec1pm uc1o noxoxn ppyr n ppyr,
u1o anonne ec1ec1aenno, 1k n ceuenne payx pc-nponsaopn1enLnnu 6mae1
nc1onLko nonnm, u1o no skony panoaecnn o6psye1cn nekn nckycc1aennm 1nn,
o6npkun npnsnkn unc1o1m, n ero neu1L nexn1 n acex poxpennmx o1 nero.
kn o6pso, 1pe1nunm 1nn, qopnpoanne ko1oporo n npocnepnn, or ouenL pno
npno6pec1n npnsnkn, ko1opme oun6ouno npnnncmann 6conk1no n nc1onue
pcoao unc1o1e, 1. e. cxopc1ao nnpnanpynLnmx xpk1epnc1nk, n a1o orno
nponso1n a 1euenne ouenL kopo1koro nepnop, 1e 6onee, u1o pae psnoanpnoc1n
opnoro 1nn o1nocn1enLno no o1nnunncL ppyr o1 ppyr. enno a cnny a1o
npnunnm cnyue1cn, u1o ecnn a ceLe o1eu ne npnnpnexn1 k nunn 1epn, pe1n
6ypy1 noxoxn nn6o n opnoro, nn6o n ppyroro popn1enn, n y nnx 6ype1 1pypno
onpepenn1L npen1nunoc1L qnsnuecknx npnsnkoa; expy 1e, ecnn o6 popn1enn
amunn ns opno nunonnLno rpynnm, a1 npen1nunoc1L 6ype1 xopouo se1n.
pexpe ue panr1Lcn pnLue, nnonn opny axnyk skonoepnoc1L:
ckpeunanne npnaopn1 ne 1onLko k cnnnnnk payx psnoanpnoc1e. no cospe1
noame npnsnkn, ko1opme c a1oro oen1 c1noan1cn axneue xpk1epnc1nko
pnnoro nopanp. pnepm n npnaepy nosxe. nok seuy cnepykuee: ne1 nyxpm
noa1opn1L cy co6o psyekuykcn nc1nny, u1o qopnpoanne a1o noao
o6unoc1n oxe1 nponso1n okonu1enLno 1onLko npn ycnoann npepapn1enLnoro
cnnnnnn qopoo6psykunx 1nnoa, 6es uero 1pe1nunn pc ne coc1on1cn.
Cnepoa1enLno, pnn a1oro 1pe6ye1cn apen, n 1e 6onLue apeenn, ue 6onLue
uncnennoc1L cnnakunxcn nun. [o 1ex nop, nok ceuenne ne 6ype1 nonnm n
nok ne yc1noan1cn cxopc1ao n qnsnonornueckn npen1nunoc1L o1penLnmx
npnsnkoa, nenLsn roaopn1L o noao nopanpe, o nonanennn cneunqnuecko o6unoc1n,
xo1n n coc1onue ns psnmx aneen1oa; 6mae1 1onLko neynopnpouennoe cnnnnne,
o6ycnoanennoe nesaepuennm cnnnnne aneen1oa, no caoe cy1n uyxpmx ppyr
ppyry.
Y nc aecL cy1noe nc1opnueckoe npepc1anenne o 1pe1nunmx pcx. Mm oxe
nnuL npepc1an1L pnnee psan1ne 6enokoxe pcm a 1o1 nepnop, ko1opm n acex
unpo1x npoponxncn ne ouenL ponro. Unannns1opckne cknonnoc1n a1o
ann1pno pcm noc1onnno nop1nknann ee k ceuennk c ppyrnn npopn. 1o
kce1cn payx ppyrnx 1nnoa - xen1okoxero n 1enokoxero, - o6 nx 1pe1nuno
nepnope ne1 nnkknx nc1opnuecknx canpe1enLc1a, nockonLky onn 6mnn pnkpnn
[ayc ynu naxa cnaanacu aka, amayr
H a m cnvck cncc anackx ac k
cHm, kra nvkaa cknvnu aa
ycamcaaar vnavckr raHa ncy
Hkcknvckx knyckyn, km aHa my cynu mn,
ama sr cnyy akcHy: cnk a, kra Hxy
snHaH ravckr nr H Hc HakcHanu aHx
cxca, x ccn nun cvau amcmH amaxH nnr
aan, nHy v vu cu nHa snHa
ca. nvH, a yrH Hc aann aH num
aa, . HakcHanu aHx aaca ccaamx vac a
cva c caHmH nnmH caH x cakync acra cnyx H
camcaa nr raHa. nnvckH cHmcn s ccn
caa, a kH naan knaccm, raaam a vky ax,
cam nvacn svck amx Hacc.].
3 1pe1nunmn pcn cnepyk1 ppyrne - nsoae nx no nnornn c
amuensnoxennm ue1aep1nunmn. nn nannk1cn nnopo coepnnennn payx kpynnmx
psnoanpnoc1e. onnnesnum kk pesynL11 ceuennn xen1oro 1nn c uepnm,
yn1m, poxpennme o1 coks 6enmx n uepnmx, - ao1 aneen1m, coc1annkune
ue1aep1nunm 1nn. e c1on1 noa1opn1L eue ps, u1o noam 1nn 6onee nnn enee
nonno o6Lepnnne1 a ce6e npnsnkn, xpk1epnme pnn acex pc paonoro
nponcxoxpennn.
ockonLky ue1aep1nunn pc 1kxe npe1epnen nsenennn a pesynL11e
aeu1enLc1a noaoro 1nn, ouenL 1pypno onpepenn1L a 1ounoc1n ee coc1anme uc1n
n knccnqnunpoa1L nx. epanunme npnsnkn, nnn aneen1m, aouepune a
nonyuennm coc1a, ko1opme yxe ocn6nenm a snun1enLno epe, ne1pnnsyk1cn
ace 6onLue n 6onLue. nn nek1 1enpenunk k ncuesnoaennk any1pn cecn, ko1opn
n c1noan1cn rnano oco6ennoc1Lk noaoro npopyk1. e 6onLue psnoxe1cn n
ckpeunae1cn a1o1 noam npopyk1 (cnpeuL 1nn), 1e cnnLnee ampxe1cn 1kn
1enpenunn, n e ne anpno konu. cenenne, qopnpykueecn npn a1o, cnnuko
yaennunae1cn, u1o6m a 1euenne o6ospnoro nepnop orno yc1noan1Lcn
panoaecne. no nanne1 co6o xy1koe spennue a1nnuecko npxnn. o1penLnmx
nkpnx uc1o ac1peue1cn 1kn ponnnpykun uep1, ko1opn nepaycmcnenno
nnonne1 o 1o, u1o a xnnx a1nx nkpe (a1oro ncenennn) 1eue1 kpoaL ns
aceaosoxnmx nc1ounnkoa Y opnoro nerpn1nnckn ueaenkp, y ppyroro onronLckn
1nn nnu, y opnoro rns, xpk1epnme pnn repnckoro 1nn, y ppyroro poc1 cen1.
1oy xe ace onn nponsaepy1 noaoe no1oc1ao! o1 u1o npepc1annk1 co6o kpynnme
unannnsoannme nunn, n a1o1 qenoen 6poce1cn a rns oco6enno a nx nop1oamx
ropopx, nx c1onnux n kononnnx - 1, rpe cnnnnne nponcxopn1 ckopee acero.
pnxe, onpone, pnkce, onc1n1nnonone, ne amxopn s npepenm ropop n
orpnnunancL n6nkpenne s 1k nsmaem ec1nm ncenenne, am yanpn1e
npnsnkn, o1nocnunecn ko ace ae1an uenoaeueckoro ppea. Y npepc1an1ene
nnsunx knccoa am npe1e ace - o1 nporn1nuecko qopm ronoam nerp po
ckync1oro nnu n pckocmx rns kn1u, no1oy u1o c nesnn1nmx apeen,
rnanm o6pso c anoxn pnckoro anpmuec1a, pcm, cme pnekne ppyr o1 ppyr,
anecnn caok 1onnky kpoan a xn1ene nunx 6onLunx ropopoa. Cnepykune ppyr s
ppyro nuec1ann, 1oproann, o6psykunecn kononnn, uepepoanne nepnopoa np n
aonm cnoco6c1aoann npc1nnk 6ecnopnpk, n ecnn 6m 6mno aosoxno aso6p1Lcn
nenoro amue no renenornueckoy pepeay nepaoro nonanauerocn a 1o nnn nno
ec1e uenoaek, npnunocL 6m neno ypnann1Lcn o1nnunk ero o1 caonx npepkoa
[4nrvck nak amx nka nnanncn a nHca
crnac vkH akaH. ak, a Kx Hk cHmar aka
nr Hyxvm rnk a naH nkn Hry Hu nnHm
Hnrk ancm, a nH cnyva a aH kn nnacn kyvaacu
( u nak aHkack;), . I).].
1k, m onpepennnn qnsnueckne psnnunn expy pcn, 1enepL oc1e1cn peun1L,
cansn nn a1o1 qk1 c nepaenc1ao - 6ypL 1o a kpco1e qop nnn a qnsnuecko
cnne.
yxe o1eun, u1o ns acex uenoaeuecknx rpynn cmn kpcnamn nannk1cn 1e,
ko1opme npnnpnex1 k eaponeckn nunn n nx no1oc1ay. 1o6m okonu1enLno
y6epn1Lcn a a1o, poc11ouno cpann1L psnnunme 1nnm n seno upe, nunnn c
1enocnoxennn n aneunoc1n, ko1opme po neko1opo c1enenn npepc1annk1
pypnen1pnme npnsnkn nenrecko pcm, po amcokoro poc1 n 6nropopnmx
nponopun pn ennkoro, po ypnan1enLno copsepnoc1n nnu noneon, po
aennuec1aennoc1n, ko1opo pmun1 upc1aennm o6nnk kpoank XIV; cyuec1aye1 pnp
c1ynene, no ko1opm npopm, ne nekune a xnnx kpoan 6eno pcm, ory1
nopnn1Lcn k amco1 kpco1m, nnkorp ne poc1nrn nx.
Bnnxe acex c1on1 k nn nun 6nnxune copopnun - ampopnaueecn pnckoe
ceec1ao npnn n epcnn n cen1ckoe ncenenne, enee acero s1pony1oe
kon1k1n c uepno pco [ny Hu, v caHmH kacamH
Hca Hx aaau , xmx aka nmx c vmH.
nmu ncaau nH vaaanumx Hynak kaak c
nmckaH xnkxx nmx, anH, c ycckH arckH
xaH caa y a nnuy ncnx.]. o epe 1oro, kk ace
a1n pcm ypnnk1cn o1 6enoro 1nn, uep1m nx nnu n c1poenne 1en npe1epneak1
o1pnu1enLnme nsenennn, oco6enno a1o kce1cn nponopun, ko1opme, ace 6onLue
nknpmancL ppyr n ppyr n ycnnnan ppyr ppyr, a konue konuoa npnaopn1 k
ypnan1enLnoy ypopc1ay, c1onL nano sneu1nennoy ao nornx uenoaeuecknx ae1anx.
k u1o ne c1on1 npnnn1L acepLes yuenne, nopxauennoe enLaeune a ero knnre
[yx, corncno ko1opoy nonn1ne kpco1m ec1L npen unc1o cy6Lek1nann n ne
noc1onnnn. yc1L un11enn, y ko1opmx eue oc1nncL conennn n ce cue1, aosLy1 a
pykn npeaocxopnm 1pyp [xno6ep1n Dcce o npekpcno. nk1o ne
npopeonc1pnpoan nyuue, ue on, u1o npekpcnoe ec1L 6conk1nn n neo6xopnn
npen, ko1opn ne oxe1 ne1L qkynL11nanoe npnnoxenne; n nenno 6nroppn
npnnunn, connpno o6ocnoannm nLeon1ckn qnnocoqo, n 6es kone6nn
npnsnk npeaocxopc1ao 6eno pcm np oc1nLnmn, u1o kce1cn kpco1m; anpoue,
ace oc1nLnme psnnuk1cn a a1o cmcne expy co6o a 1o epe, a kko onn
npn6nnxenm nnn ypnenm o1 openn. Cnepoa1enLno, cyuec1aye1 nepaenc1ao a
kpco1e uenoaeuecknx 1nnoa nnn rpynn - nepaenc1ao nornunoe, poksnnoe,
noc1onnnoe n 6esycnoanoe.
kk o6c1on1 peno c nepaenc1ao a qnsnuecko cnne? e1 conennn a 1o, u1o
pnkpn epnkn, 1k xe kk n nnpycm, nnoro yc1ynk1 n a a1o o1nouennn. 1y
xe k1eropnk cnepye1 aknkun1L ac1pnncknx 6opnrenoa. Y nerpoa 1oxe enLue
mueuno cnnm, o ue canpe1enLc1ayk1 norouncnennme ny1euec1aennnkn. ce a1n
npopm o1nnuk1cn ropspo enLue amnocnnaoc1Lk. o ec1L psnnu expy unc1o
mueuno cnno, ko1opn konuen1pnpye1cn a onpepenennm oen1, n
amnocnnaoc1Lk, 1. e. cnno, pcnpepenenno ao apeenn n nekue pnn1enLnm
xpk1ep. D1o nocnepnee kuec1ao 6onee 1nnnuno, ue nepaoe, ko1opoe oxno
ac1pe1n1L pxe y saepoo cn6mx pc. nxec1L kynk, ecnn 6p1L a1o kk
epnnc1aennm kpn1epn cnnm, oxno konc11npoa1L y pnknx nerponpnmx npopoa, y
nepneknx yo noaosennpuea, y nckpoa, y nuea ne a enLue c1enenn,
nexenn y nrnnun; expy 1e, ecnn asn1L kkyk-1o nunk a ee cce n cypn1L o ne
no 1nxenm p6o1, ko1opme ory1 ampepx1L ee npepc1an1enn, nnL paenc1a
npnnpnexn1 npop 6eno pcm.
o pxe cpepn a1nx npopoa nee1 ec1o nepaenc1ao expy psnmn rpynnn, u1o
kce1cn n cnnm n kpco1m, xo1n ono ampxeno ne 1k nano. 1nLnnum 6onee
npnanek1enLnm, ue neum, uaeupum, qpnuysm nnn ncnnum. kxe n
nrnnune npeaocxopn1 no kpco1e 1en cnann.
1o po cnnm kynk, nrnnune amue acex npounx eaponecknx npopoa, qpnuysm
n ncnnum o1nnuk1cn 6onLue amnocnnaoc1Lk a qnsnuecknx ynpxnennnx, a
nnuennnx, no o1nouennk k cm cypoam knn1nueckn ycnoann. Opnuysm
noksnn a1o caoc1ao ao apen pokoao knnnn a occnn. , rpe neum n
conp1m ceaepnmx c1pn, npnamunme k nnskn 1enep1yp, norn6nn nou1n 6es
oc11k nop cnero, nun nonkn, xo1n n snn1nnn 6esepnyk pnL 1prnueckn
o6c1on1enLc1a o1c1ynnennn, cyenn coxpnn1L nkpe. oe-k1o o6Lncnnn a1o1 qk1
amcokn ypoane opnLnoro aocnn1nnn n 6oeaoro pyx. pnko o6Lncnenne a1o
noy6epn1enLno. eeukne oqnuepm, norn6aune co1nnn, nenn ne enLue
nonn1nn o aonncko ponre, ue nun conp1m. 1ckp amaop: qpnuysm o1nnuk1cn
onpepenennmn qnsnuecknn kuec1an, 6onee amcoknn, ue y neuea, 6nroppn
ko1opm onn nepexnnn n poccnckne cner, n o6xnrkune neckn rnn1.
XIII
k u u ky; x
mn k.
1o6m nyuue nonn1L nn1ennek1ynLnme psnnunn expy pcn, a nepayk ouepepL
cnepye1 onpepenn1L, po kko 1ynoc1n oxe1 onyc1n1Lcn uenoaeuec1ao. Mm yxe
sne, kknx amco1 ono oxe1 poc1nuL - n nek a anpy unannnsunk.
[o cnx nop y 6onLunnc1a yuenmx npocnexnancL nann 1enpenunn y1pnpoanno
npnnnx1L nepsan1me pcm. nepamx caepennnx o pnknx nneenx kpckn 6mnn
cryuenm po npepen: pnkpn npnnncmann 1kyk neouL y n cnoco6noc1n
pccyxp1L, ko1opn c1ann nx n opny c1ynenL c o6esLnno n nenoro amue cnon.
Cnpaepnnaoc1n ppn ckxe, u1o 6mnn n npno npo1naononoxnme onncnnn. cnn
ny1euec1aennnk ac1peun 1ennm npne n kko-nn6ypL oc1poae, ecnn on seun y
xn1ene nrkoc1L npaoa n ppyune, anpen pnkpe, ko1opme ornn amnonnn1L koe-
kkyk necnoxnyk p6o1y n noor1L 1poc, 1y1 xe n 6opnrenoa, kk ns por
nso6nnnn, cmnnncL noxanm: nx nsmann cnoco6nmn, aocnpnnunamn,
1nn1nnamn, n nopo a1o1 an1ysns nepexopnn ace rpnnum.
nmn cnoan, kpnoc1n 6mnn n c 1o n c ppyro c1oponm. cnn neko1opme xn1enn
n1n noornn o1peon1npoa1L npycnyk ocnc1ky kn1o6onoro cypn, nenLsn
1onLko no a1o npnunne cun11L aecL npop cnoco6nm k unannnsunn. cnn kko-1o
pnkpL c oc1poa onr-6y 6nroxen1enLno o1neccn k uyxeseu, on ne
o6ns1enLno cnoco6en ycaon1L nporpecc; 1ouno 1k xe nenLsn nnsaopn1L po c1pnn
saepn 6opnren c rnyxoro no6epexLn 1onLko s 1o, u1o on ac1pe1nn c1penn nepamx
npnuenLuea nnn s 1o, u1o 1e yanpenn, kk on ec1 cmpmx nuepnu n sennnme
neneukn. syee1cn, 1kn 1pnes ne canpe1enLc1aye1 o ampxenno nn1ennek1e
nnn o nporpeccnanmx npax. o n yaepen a 1o, u1o a co o1ap1n1enLno
knnn6ne oc1ncL nckopk 6oxec1aennoro ornn, n ns nee a onpepenennm oen1
oxe1 sxeuLcn psy. e1 1knx pnkpe n sene, y ko1opmx ne nenocL 6m xo1L
kknx-1o, nyc1L cmx npnn1nanmx, cyxpenn o6 okpyxkunx nx aeux -
cyxpenn nc1nnnmx nnn noxnmx, cnpaepnnamx nnn oun6ounmx, no yxe c qk1 nx
nnnunn a poc11ouno epe poksmae1, u1o nckpm psy ne nnuenm ace ae1an
uenoaeueckoro pop. o a1o npnunne cme o1c1nme pnkpn cnoco6nm aocnpnnn1L
pennrnk, o1nnuncL a1n o1 cmx ynmx xnao1nmx.
pnko oxe1 nn spopmu opyxo1aopennoc1n, ckpm1m a rny6nne cosnnnn kxporo
npepc1an1enn nuero pop, psana1Lcn po 6eckoneunoc1n? ce nn nkpn a
opnnkoao c1enenn o6npk1 neorpnnuenno cnoco6noc1Lk k nn1ennek1ynLnoy
psan1nk? oc1an aonpoc no-nnoy, o6npk1 nn psnnunme uenoaeueckne pcm
nn1ennek1ynLno cnno, pannkue nx ppyr c ppyro? cyunoc1n, a1o aonpoc o
6esrpnnuno cnoco6noc1n pc k coaepuenc1aoannk n o6 nx paenc1ae. Mo o1ae1
k1eropnuen, nn a koe cnyue.
pen 6eckoneunoro coaepuenc1aoannn aecL co6nsnne1 nunx coapeennnkoa,
onn npnaopn1 a kuec1ae poks1enLc1a cnepykuee, nu unannnsunn nee1 1kne
poc1onnc1a n 1kne ycnexn, kknx ne 6mno y nunx npepuec1aennnkoa. pn a1o
nepeuncnnk1cn ace qk1m, kon xpk1epnsyk1 nun o6uec1a. o nnx yxe roaopnn,
no oxo1no noa1opk cksnnoe eue ps.
c yaepnk1, u1o a o6nc1n nyk m nee cme psnoo6psnme nosnnnn, u1o nun
npam a ueno nrkne, opnL npeaocxopn1 opnLnme npnnunnm ppeannx rpekoa n
pnnnn. 1o xe kce1cn nonn1nuecko cao6opm, npoponxk1 y6exp1L nc, m
nee npen, uyac1a, nennn, y6expennn, 1epnnoc1L, ko1opme nyuue acex npounx
qk1oa poksmak1 nue npeaocxopc1ao. e1 nepoc11k a npekpcnopyunmx
1eope1nkx, cun1kunx, u1o nun o6uec1aennme nnc1n1y1m o1kpmak1 n npnyk
popory a cp ecnepnp, c1onL ponro psmcknaem n nnkorp ne nxopnm c 1ex
nop, kk ppeanne opexopm scanpe1enLc1aoann ero o1cy1c1ane n npcknx
oc1poax.
oneu 1kn neyepennm npe1ensnn oxe1 nonoxn1L 6onee nnn enee cepLesnoe
snkoc1ao c nc1opne.
D1o npap, u1o m o6npe 6onLue yuenoc1Lk, ue ppeanne, no aepL m
ncnonLsoann nx o1kpm1nn. cnn y nc 6onLue snnn, 1k a1o nnuL no1oy, u1o m
nannecn nx npoponx1ennn, yuennkn n ncnepnnkn. Cnepye1 nn ns a1oro, u1o
o1kpm1ne aosoxnoc1e np n peuenne neckonLknx spu a o6nc1n exnnkn aepy1
nc k acesnnnk? Bonee 1oro: o1kpok1 nn a1n ycnexn ace 1nm 1epnnLnoro np?
ocne 1oro, kk m saepunnn a1o no6epnoe uec1ane, pnn ycnex ko1oporo npo
cpen1L ouenL n ouenL noro uroa, eue pxe ne o6pynnmx nn, cyee nn m
nepeurny1L a1n unc1o konc11unn qnsnuecknx skonoa? npepc1on1 - n ne
ouenL xoue1cn a1oro - nnoro yaennun1L nun cnnm n aosoxnoc1n, u1o6m nyuue
nonn1L npnpopy n sc1an1L ee cnyxn1L nun nyxp. eue npepc1on1
nccnepoa1L senk aponL n nonepek nnn uec1no npnsn1L, u1o a1o neaosoxno
cnepye1 o6p1n1Lcn k ne6y n, npn6nnsnauncL n neckonLko 1mcnu e1poa k npepen
1ocqepm, peun1L norne spun c1pononn. e ne enee, a1o ne nopanne1 nc k
6eckoneunoc1n. [xe cocun1a ace nnne1pnme cnc1em, ko1opme panxy1cn a
npoc1pnc1ae, c1ne nn m 6nnxe k a1o 6eckoneunoc1n? sae m ysnnn o aennknx
1nx a1oro np neu1o 1koe, u1o ne 6mno nsaec1no ppeann? Mne npepc1anne1cn,
u1o m nnuL nsennnn e1opm, ko1opmn nonLsoanncL po nc, u1o6m npo6n1Lcn k
1ne. o m ne cpennn nn opnoro ur anepep a okpyxkue nc 1Le.
ecnn ponyc1n1L, u1o m nyuue nonne o1penLnme qk1m, 1o, ckonLko xe m
y1p1nnn nonn1n, xopouo nsaec1nmx nun pnekn npepk! e1 nnkkoro
conennn a 1o, u1o ao apeen ap o nepamx nc1opnuecknx co6m1nnx snnn
6onLue, nexenn sne m. k noro o1kpm1n cpenno nn - nn6o c 6onLunn
ycnnnnn, nn6o coaepuenno cnyuno, - ko1opme, a koneuno cue1e, oksnncL
s6m1mn n anoaL npennmn snnnnn! o nornx o6nc1nx m npoc1o o1c1e o1
nunx npepkoa! 1o m oxe noc1an1L ns caonx cmx 6nec1nunx poc1nxenn
pnpo c 1en uypecn, ko1opme nannk1 n rnne1, npnn, peunn, epnk n
ko1opme canpe1enLc1ayk1 o 6esrpnnuno aennunn ppyrnx nn1nnkoa, ncuesnyaunx
a aekx - npnue a 6onLue c1enenn a pesynL11e nenenmx n pspyun1enLnmx
pec1an uenoaek, nexenn apeenn! 1o snu1 nun nckycc1a ppo c nckycc1ao
qnn? 1o snu1 nun mcnn1enn a cpanennn c qnnocoqn nekcnppnn n
npnn? e ory1 noxac11L nun noa1m nepep nLnkn, nnpco, oepo,
nnppo?
Mm npe ppyrn ny1e. Mm yno1pe6nne nu psy n nnme uenn, nnme
nccnepoannn, o1nnunme o1 uene n spu oc1nLnmx unannnsoannmx rpynn
uenoaeuec1a; no, nsennn nouay, m ne cyenn coxpnn1L nnopopopne seenL,
aospenmaemx po nc. . e. nun saoeannn conpoaoxpk1cn nopxennnn. 1k,
nnnuo cn6oe y1euenne - aec1o nporpecc m o1knonnecn a c1opony. 1o6m
oxno 6mno roaopn1L o6 nc1nnnmx npno6pe1ennnx, neo6xopno, u1o6m, coxpnna ao
ace uenoc1noc1n rnanme 6or1c1a npexnnx o6uec1a, m cornn 6m pnpo c nx
poc1nxennnn noc1an1L nekne kpynnme saoeannn, k ko1opm panm o6pso
c1pennncL n m n onn; u1o6m nun nykn n nun nckycc1a, onnpkunecn n nx
nykn n nckycc1a, o6npyxnnn noame rny6nnm a upc1ae xnsnn n cep1n, noame
snnnn o aosnnknoaennn xnamx cyuec1a n rnaneune npnnunnm nponopnpk.
pnko ao acex a1nx aonpocx coapeennn nyk yxe ne nponanne1 1o
nponnu1enLnoc1n, ko1opn o1nnun - no kpne epe, ec1L ocnoannn cun11L 1k
- n1nunme apeen. u nyk npnun coc1on1enLno 1onLko k cnepykuey
oropun1enLnoy npnsnnnk: nuy n ne nxoxy. oa1oy ne1 penLnmx
poc1nxenn a nn1ennek1ynLnmx saoeannnx uenoaek. sae u1o nu kpn1nk
c1on1 ropspo amue, ue y nunx npepuec1aennnkoa. D1o nenoaxno, no kpn1nk
npepnonre1 knccnqnunpoanne, ne npno6pe1enne.
1o kce1cn nunx nko6m noamx mcne o nonn1nke, oxno ceno o1nec1n n nx
cue1 eue 6onLuyk ps6pocnnoc1L, ue a nunx nykx.
ennkoe noxec1ao 1eopn, kon m nk6n xac11L, neno ec1o n a qnnx nocne
epnkn. 1o6m y6epn1Lcn a a1o, poc11ouno nepeun11L 1e koepnn pnc1oqn -
c1npnueckne rnnep6onm, - ko1opme n1on pekoenpoan acnkoy, noxenauey
osnkon1Lcn c o6uec1aennmn npan ropop Mnnepam npoue, 1kyk nnornk
nepec1nn npoaopn1L c 1ex nop, kk nonannocL nenne, u1o orponoe psnnune expy
nun nmneunn o6uec1aennm nopnpko n coc1onnne [peane peunn
sknkue1cn a qk1e p6c1a. pnko o1 a1oro perornn cpenncL eue 6onee
nac1aenno. 1y anoxy k p6 o1nocnnncL 1ouno 1k xe, kk ceropnn o1nocn1cn k
npone1pnn, n acnonn, kk c1pnncL qnnnne nonpan1Lcn caoey nne6cy nocne
6n1am a prnnysx.
6p1ncn 1enepL k ny n aosLe nncL Unuepon. kn npenLnm yepennm
1opn amrnnpn1 a1o1 pnckn op1op! k noxox pnckn pecny6nnk n nun
konc1n1yunonnme rocyppc1a, u1o kce1cn np1nnmx pe61oa n npnen1cknx
6n1a! [peane ne a neppx o6uec1a 1kxe aonnoanocL ncenenne, coc1onuee
ns o6osnennmx p6oa, a ko1opmx 6yn1 6mn acerp - ecnn ne a kynkx, 1o a pyue. o
poaonLno o6 a1o c6pope, 1e 6onee, u1o skon ne npnsne1 s nnn qk1
rpxpnckoro cyuec1aoannn, on nnuero ne peun a nonn1nke n amxopnn n cueny
1onLko a pnn aonnenn no nyuennk aosy1n1ene cnokoc1ann, poxpennmx
cao6opnmn rpxpnn.
1o xe m nee a pesynL11e? cnn ncknkun1L p6oa, noco1pn n nkpe,
co6npaunxcn n Oopye - noxoxe nn nx co6pnne n coapeennm o6uec1aennm
nopnpok? onn, 1pe6ykun xne6, psaneuenn, ppoamx pener n npa
ncnxp1Lcn; 6ypxysnn, c1penuncn k pspeny rocyppc1aennmx ponxnoc1e;
n1pnunn, nopaepxennme noc1onnno 1pncqopunn n noc1enenno 1epnkune caon
npa anno1L po 1oro oen1, korp pxe nx c1oponnnkn a kuec1ae epnnc1aenno
sun1m corncnnncL n o1ks o1 acex npnannern n c1nn 1pe6oa1L opny aeuL -
cao6opy pnn acex.
sae a xoce nmneunnx asrnnpoa n nenn, psnoo6psnmx po npepen, ac1peue1cn
xo1L opno-epnnc1aennoe, ko1opoe ne amcksmanocL 6m a ne? ynonnn nncL
ns yckyny n nsan nx ampxenne nennn nporpeccnanoro koncepa1op.
cpanennn c Cynno one n Unuepon 6mnn nn6epnm. [nn Uespn onn 6mnn
nepoc11ouno nn6epnLnm. [nn 1on nn6epnns a nnx 6mno uepecuyp noro.
osxe, a ropm npnnunn1, m yanpn a nnnn-Mnpue yepennoro ponnnc1 n
c1oponnnk nopnpk n cnokoc1ann n npo1na ns6m1k cao6opm n ns6m1k anc1n n,
6ypyun nosn1nanm a caonx pok1pnnx, on c1oponn1cn pyxnyauero aennunn anoxn
O6nn, npepnoun1n ey nposnueckoe npanenne pnn. Mexpy 1e 1k nonrnn
ne ace. Mnorne, oncncL noaoro Cnp1k, cun1nn, u1o nnep1op ponxen 6m1L
1aeppm. npo1na 1oro, npoannunnm 1pe6oann n nonyunn 1o, u1o m nsmae
ceropnn konc1n1yunonnme npa, expy 1e counnnc1m anpenn caoero rnu1n
nn a ko nno, kk a rnnLcko uespe Knnn oc1ye, ko1opm uc1o aocknnun:
Bor1me n 6epnme acerp aprn!.
opoue roaopn, acnkn, k1o nen no-nLckne npe1ensnn n yuc1ne a cnek1kne
anoxn, o1c1nan paenc1ao acex nkpe, aceo6uee npao anpe1L 6nrn a1o
senn, neo6xopnoc1L rpeko-n1nncko unannnsunn, neo6xopnoc1L ee
coaepuenc1aoannn n cnruennn c 1e, u1o6m ee 6ypyune ycnexn npeasounn
nmneunne, a konue konuoa peuL un o6 ee yaekoaeunannn kne npen
npepc1annnn co6o ne 1onLko y1euenne n roppmnk nsmunnkoa - onn o1pxnn
rny6okyk npexpy nepamx ns cmx nsaec1nmx o1uoa Uepkan, ampsn1ene mcne
ko1opmx 6mn ep1ynnnn.
koneu, saepun kp1nny, se1n, u1o co norouncnenno np1ne 6mn
np1nn panopyunmx - nkpe cnnuko cn6mx, cnnuko 6pesrnnamx n 6onsnnamx
nnn cnnuko nepeun1enLnmx, u1o6m psrnnpe1L nc1nny a aopoxe psnouepc1nmx
1eopn, noc1onnno enLkaunx nepep rnsn; a1n nkpn ncnonLsoann pnn caoe
amropm nopnpok, korp on cyuec1aoan, noppepxnann - nano nnn nenano -
6ecnopnpok, korp on nc1ynn, ao ace apeen aocxnunncL 1epnnLnmn
poc1nxennnn, nensaec1nmn nx o1u, n, ne xenn psmunn1L n no1L ronoay,
y1eunncL 6nrononyune ceropnnunn.
osoxno, y nc 6mno 6m 6onLue ocnoann aepn1L a nporpecc nonn1nuecknx nyk,
ecnn 6m m nso6penn kkne-1o exnnsm, nensaec1nme po nc nnn ne
ncnonLsoaaunecn npexpe. Yam, cnn cna nnoan nc. rpnnuennme onpxnn
cyuec1aoann ao ace apeen. kne npnepm oxno o1e1n1L pxe y neko1opmx
epnkncknx npopoa, oc1aunxcn, anpoue, apapn. [eokp1nueckne n
pnc1okp1nueckne pecny6nnkn acex 1nnoa n qop 6mnn n a noao cae1e, n a c1po.
a1o o1nouennn nckn nanne1 co6o 1nnnunm o6pseu 1k xe, kk qnnm,
Cnp1 n Mekk po Mroe1. o1n npap a 1o, u1o m neckonLko
ycoaepuenc1aoann nyky npanennn, no a1o1 u1pnx ne oxe1 cnyxn1L ocnoanne
pccun1ma1L n 6eckoneunm nporpecc. k ne nyuue nn oc1a1Lcn ckponmn n
cnepoa1L cnoa coro ypporo ns upe: e1 nnuero noaoro nop connue.
3euy a kuec1ae o1c1ynnennn cnepykuee. norp cun1k1 npanenne a
Coepnnennmx L11x epnkn ue-1o opnrnnnLnm, ynnknLnm n npncyun nue
anoxe, npnue cm seu1enLnm a a1o cnc1ee cun1k1 nnnun1nay n
orpnnuenne pxe npoc1oro aeu1enLc1a npan1enLc1a nnn pnnnc1p1nanmx
nnc1n1y1oa a xnsnL o6uec1a. cnn ann1enLno npnco1pe1Lcn k nsnunLnm
qop acex rocyppc1a, ocnoannmx 6eno pco, m yanpn 1y xe kp1nny
Coynpanenne - a1o ne nso6pe1enne Lk-Hopk ono cyuec1aoano eue a pnxe a
anoxy qpnkoa. o1n o1e1n cnpaepnnaoc1n ppn, u1o epnknum o6puk1cn c
nnpeun 6onee 6ecuenoaeuno, ue o6punncL c rnnn accnm nopanr.
pnko cnepye1 yuec1L, u1o a1nnueckn pnc1nunn expy npocaeuennmn
pecny6nnknun oaoro Cae1 n nx xep1an ropspo 6onLue, ue expy
no6epn1ennn-repnun n no6expennmn.
osxe, korp m o6p1ncn k psmunennn o6 nc1okx pncknx o6uec1a, m
yanpn, u1o ace onn nunnnncL c upesepno nesancnoc1n o1 rnc1p1 n o1
skon.
k ne npepc1anne1cn, ace noannkn a o6nc1n nonn1nuecko mcnn orpnnunak1cn
payn kpnoc1nn, npepc1anennmn payn npopn, opnn ns ko1opmx xnae1 n
ceaepo-aoc1oke aponm, ppyro - a o6nc1nx, npnnerkunx k nny, n kpne kre
rnn1. pan1enn nepaoro, o6n1aune aosne snn, nenn npnamuky o1npann1L n
ancennuy mcnnunx a kuec1ae npoqnnk1nuecko epm. 6 a1o nnue1 p6ckn
ny1euec1aennnk 6n Oosnn.
Y ppyro nunn 6mn 1ko o6mu korp upL 6onLue ne yc1pnan popnue n
nnnc1poa, onn o6Lnannnn ey o6 a1o n po6annnn, u1o nockonLky on ne npan1cn
yxunn, xenunn, pe1n, 6mk, ocn n 1. p , coe nyuuee pnn nero -
yepe1L n 1y1 xe noornn ey a a1o.
op o6p1n1L asop n nun npam. x cun1k1 6onee nrknn, ue a oc1nLnmx
kpynnmx uenoaeuecknx o6uec1ax - ao1 eue opno y1aepxpenne, ynsanoe pnn
kpn1nkn.
c1L pn1opnkn, ko1opm xo1enocL 6m ceropnn, u1o6m ns npaoamx nop rocyppc1a
ncuesn aon kk nonn1nueckn nnc1pyen1. D1y 1eopnk onn nosnc1aoann y
Cenekn. oc1oke 6mnn yppeum, ko1opme nponoaepoann n a1o1 cue1 npen,
coanpkune c nonn1nnn opacknx 6p1Lea. o pxe ecnn npnaepxenum
aceo6uero np cyek1 o1ap1n1L apony o1 opyxnn, n npnpe1cn no1p1n1L noro
ycnnn pnn 1oro, u1o6m nacerp nsenn1L uenoaeueckyk npnpopy co acen
uenoaeuecknn c1pc1nn. n Ceneke, nn 6pxn a1o ne ypnocL. Conn1enLno,
u1o 1kn nccnn nop cnny n. C1on1 nnuL noco1pe1L n nun nonn n ynnum, rpe
nLe1cn kpoaL.
Mne 6m 1kxe xo1enocL anpe1L nun npnnunnm unc1mn n aosamuennmn. o kk
o6c1on1 peno a pec1an1enLnoc1n?
un c1pnm c nun coapeenno unannnsunn ne ornn npoxn1L n nn1n pecn1koa
ne1 6es kpoaonponn1nn a o1nnune o1 1nnn pncko anoxn, ko1opn ncnxpncL
payn c1one1nnn np; anpoue, a1o oc1nocL, kk nn neunLno, a npouno.
Cnepoa1enLno, coc1onnne nue unannnsunn ne canpe1enLc1aye1 o c1penennn
uenoaeuec1a k coaepuenc1aoannk. enoaek nyunncn norn aeu n
opnoapeenno norne s6mn. n ne npn6ann nn opnoro uyac1a k yxe neauncn,
nn opnoro unen k caoey 1eny, nn opno cnoco6noc1n k caoe pyue. n acero nnuL
nepeuen n ppyryk c1opony amnauero n ero ponk kpyr, cpanenne ero yuc1n c
yuc1Lk nornx anpoa n1nu n ncekomx ne pe1 noaop pnn y1eun1enLnmx mcne
o1nocn1enLno ero cuc1nnaoro 6ypyuero.
1o1 cm oen1, korp 6mnn co1aopenm 1epn1m, nuenm, uepnme ypaLn, onn
nnc1nnk1nano nunn o6ps xnsnn, nopxopnaun n. epn1m n ypaLn any1pn
caonx coo6uec1a anune nunn cnoco6 coopyxennn xnnnu, nc1ounnkn nnun n
cnc1ey coxpnennn nnu pnn aocnponsaopc1a, n n1ypnnc1m cun1k1, u1o c 1ex nop
ace a1o ne npe1epneno nn nsenennn, nn coaepuenc1aoannn. k xe n nuenm co
caon onpxnueckn npanenne, ko1opoe sne1 cnyun caepxennn onpx, no ne
sne1 counnLnmx peaonkun, nnuy1L ne nsennnn caoey o6psy xnsnn, yropnoy
nx npnpope. Me1qnsnkn pnLue nsmann xnao1nmx unnn n npnnncmann Bory
npnunny nx panxennn nnn anima brutoram. cnn ceropnn ann1enLno
npnco1pe1Lcn k npa a1nx 1k nsmaemx a1o1oa, npnpe1cn ne npoc1o
o1ks1Lcn o1 a1o apepno rnno1esm, no n npnsn1L nnnune psy y xnao1nmx.
co pene, u1o oxno cks1L, korp a upc1ae nuen m anpn, kk cyaepenm
amsmak1 rnea noppnnmx, u1o npepnonre1 nn6o n1exnm pyx y nocnepnnx, nn6o
necnoco6noc1L nepamx ncnonnn1L caon o6nsnnoc1n? 1o oxno cks1L, korp
1epn1m oc1annk1 a xnamx no6expennmx p6oa, u1o6m s1e sc1an1L nx p6o11L
n ce6n nnn s6o1n1Lcn o 1epn1x-pe1enmux?
syee1cn, nun rocyppc1a nek1 6onee cnoxnoe yc1poc1ao, no ao1 n n6nkpk
1kyk kp1nny: rpnsnm, kpoaoxpnm, norpnsun a 6espennn pnkpL 6popn1 6es
uenn c soc1penno nnko, cnyxue konLe, no caoe sene, pxe ne s1pony1o
kynL1ypo; cnepo s nn, kk 1enL, npe1 ero xen, coepnnennn c nn 1onLko
ncnnne [Y Hrx aa ka ak ncx cnyH aH.
Myxva aHva aymky, kan Hy nx aa y a
a Hnk nak c rH cvacn ymnka ak 3aH
ya vr naay aymky a kycm n a num kaHu
caanaa c r yaH nank, aa cvyacan nuk ncn
sr acm cvacnam xx c kaaany acy k c
acn avan Hn.]; a1 xenunn nece1 n pykx pe6enk, ko1oporo
on nenpeenno y6Le1, ecnn on s6onee1 nnn npoec1 e [u acckamaa,
v ck Ha yH nn cax any x H,
caancu x amnH, ak x cn ayr k vH- yr
Ha, a Hx r ynu, aymu n nc cu a ncy.];
nporonopauncL, cynpyrn oc1nannak1cn, o6ppoannme, u1o nunn po6muy, nepep
xnnnue ynmx ypaLea, pspyuk1 ero n noxnpk1 ypaLnnme nu n cnoa
nennao yxopn1 a caoe noroao, 1. e. a pcuennny cknm. ao1 n spk ce6e aonpoc:
oxe1 6m1L, a1n norn6une ncekome 6onee cuc1nnam, ue rnynoe ceec1ao nx
y6nu; oxe1 6m1L, nnc1nnk1 xnao1nmx, orpnnuennm nnnyo no1pe6noc1e,
pene1 nx 6onee cuc1nnamn, ue psy, c ko1opm uenoaeuec1ao nonannocL n
sene ao c1o ps 6onee ynsanm, ue oc1nLnme o6n11enn nue nnne1m, 6onee
6essun1nm nepep nnuo c1ppnn n neasrop, amsmaemx ae1po, connue,
cnero n poxpe. 6epnoe uenoaeuec1ao! nkorp ey eue ne ypanocL npnpy1L
cnoco6 ope1L n o6y1L acex n a1o cae1e, cnc1n acex, 6es ncknkuennn, o1 ronop n
xxpm. syee1cn, cm npnn1nanm ns pnkpe ropspo 6onee nso6pe11enen,
nexenn xnao1nme, no xnao1nme snk1 1o, u1o npnnocn1 n nonLsy, n a1o
neaepoo. nn a1n popox1, m ne1, pxe korp a1o npnxopn1 n a ronoay. x
acerp sunue1 nnc1nnk1, noorn n nxopn1L coe neo6xopnoe. a 1o xe
apen n sene xnay1 1onnm uenoaeuecknx cyuec1a, ko1opme ncnokon aekoa 1k n ne
cyenn am6p1Lcn ns coc1onnnn o6peuennoc1n n nnue1m. 1o kce1cn senoro
cyuec1aoannn, y nc ne nyuune nepcnek1nam, ue y xnao1nmx - nepep nn
ropnson1, np1n po ko1oporo ponLue, no on 1kxe ne6ecnpepenen.
ne c1ny nopuepkna1L a1y rpyc1nyk penLnoc1L, sknkukuykcn a 1o, u1o
o6pe1n, m noc1onnno 1epne; 1e ne enee, nenno a1o1 qk1 o6peke1 nc
6nyxp1L a nunx nn1ennek1ynLnmx pe6pnx n nnkorp ne pso6p1Lcn a nnx po
konu. cnn 6m a1o1 q1nLnm skon ne cyuec1aoan, 1orp a opnn npekpcnm
penL, nyc1L n aecL pnekn, no 1e ne enee aosoxnm, uenoaek, oanpea onm1o
npounoro, nosna ace, u1o a ero cnnx, ocaona ace, u1o on oxe1 ocaon1L, a konue
konuoa nyunncn 6m psyno nonLsoa1Lcn caonn 6or1mn aosoxnoc1nn, c1n 6m
xn1L a npx c npnpopo, ne 6oponcn 6m co caonn co6p1Lnn, 1onLko c nnue1o,
n, okonu1enLno ycnokoennm, akycnn 6m o1pmx - nyc1L n ne poc1nrnya aepunnm
coaepuenc1a, no, no kpne epe, 6ypyun a coc1onnnn 1epnnLnoro
6nrononyunn n pyueanoro panoaecnn.
pnko 1koe 6nxenc1ao, kk 6m aqeepno ono nn 6mno, n pxe n ne o6euno,
no1oy u1o no epe ycaoennn noaoro uenoaek y1punae1 yxe ycaoennoe; no1oy u1o
on ne cnoco6en nnuero npno6pec1n a nn1ennek1ynLno o1nouennn 6es 1oro, u1o6m
nnuero ne no1epn1L a nnne qnsnuecko; coe rnanoe - on ne a coc1onnnn
nponro ypepx1L caon poc1nxennn.
1o po enn, 1o n cun1k, u1o nu unannnsunn nnkorp ne norn6ne1, nockonLky a
nue pcnopnxennn ec1L neu1nm c1nok, np n nopox. o u1o pn, a cmcne
unannnsunn, neu1nm c1nok npop n1n, nonnn? epL y nnx ec1L knnrn -
noro knnr, npnue ropspo 6onee peueamx, ue y nc. k nouey xe a1n npopm
nc1onLko npnn1nanm n cn6m, nc1onLko 6nnskn k 1oy ypoank, n ko1opo
uenoaek unannnsoannm, psapuennm, cn6m n nennam, yc1yne1 a cmcne
nn1ennek1 apap, ko1opme yrne1k1 ero, kk 1onLko npepc1an1cn cnyu
[anH, caHm s a, km c a caH m cyn
-kack ana, ak ac yH vau ncau.]?
ouey xe 1k nponcxopn1? no1oy, u1o neu1nm c1nok ec1L cpepc1ao, ne
npnnunn. orp on cnyxn1 pnn pcnpoc1pnennn canuennmx, sppamx n cncn1enLnmx
npe, on npnnocn1 6nro1aopnme nnopm n cnoco6c1aye1 unannnsunn. cnn xe,
nnpo1na, coc1onnne yoa nc1onLko nnskoe, u1o ns neu1n ne amxopn1 nn
qnnocoqckne, nn nc1opnueckne, nn nn1ep1ypnme nponsaepennn, cnoco6nme nn11L
renn nunn, ecnn npopxnn neu1L cnyxn1 nnuL psnoxennk rpnsnmx n
apeponocnmx counnenn, nnopoa aocnnennoro y, o1panennmx nnopoa cek1n1cko
1eonornn, 6esypepxno nn6epnLno nonn1nkn, nn6ep1nncko noasnn, 1o kk n
kkn o6pso neu1nm c1nok oxe1 cnc1n unannnsunk?
pepnonre1cn, u1o c 1o xe nerkoc1Lk, c kko on cnoco6en psnox1L uepeapm
mcnn, neu1nm c1nok oxe1 nx coxpnn1L, a anoxn nn1ennek1ynLnoro nepopop,
korp o6uec1ao nnuero nopo6noro n ne nopoxpe1, on oxe1 n anyu1L nx, no
kpne epe, nkpn uec1nm n o1ae1c1aennm. cyunoc1n, 1k ono n nponcxopn1.
e ne enee, u1o6m asn1L knnry o npouno n npoun11L ee ppn co6c1aennoro
ycoaepuenc1aoannn, neo6xopno o6np1L spnee cm 6onLun 6nro n cae1e
- npocaeuenno pyuo. nnoxne apeen, canpe1enLc1aykune o s6aennn
o6uec1aennmx po6pope1ene, nkpn ne po ppeannx counnenn, n no k1o noceue1
6n6nno1ekn. orp noro snun1 yxe c mcnL o 1o, u1o6m no6ma1L a c1onL
canuenno ec1e.
npoue, ponroaeunoc1L, npepcksnnn nnop o1kpm1nn y1en6epr, noxny,
cnnuko npeyaennuen. 3 ncknkuenne neckonLknx nponsaepenn, ace oc1nLnme
ynpk1 ouenL 6mc1po, kk korp-1o ynpnn pykonncn. co6enno 6mc1po ncuesk1
ns unpokoro yno1pe6nennn nyunme 1pypm, amnyuennme a neckonLknx co1nnx
aksennnpoa. x oxno n1n, nyc1L n c 6onLun 1pypo, a kpynnmx co6pnnnx.
ouno 1k xe peno o6c1onno c nn1ennek1ynLnmn cokpoanun n1nunoc1n, n a1o
nnunn ps nop1aepxpe1 1o1 qk1, u1o aoace ne apypnunn oxe1 cnc1n npop,
npnuepun a ynpok.
oco1pn1e, u1o c1no c npnpn npekpcnmx nponsaepenn, nneu1nnmx
nunnn c 1oro pnn, kk nun p6o11L nepam neu1nm c1nok. BonLunnc1ao nx
s6m1m. e, o ko1opmx ceropnn eue acnonnk1, yxe ne nek1 un11ene, knnr, s
ko1opo ronnnncL nn1Lpecn1 ne1 nsp, pxe caon nsanne ne amsmae1 nnkknx
aocnonnnn.
1o6m nopnn1L npec1nx neu1noro c1nk, epa ne snpe1nnn xoxpenne pykonnce,
xo1n 1pypno ce6e npepc1an1L, nckonLko unpoko onn 6mnn pcnpoc1pnenm. o
apeen pncko nnepnn 6mno ouenL noro cpepc1a o6yuennn, nepepkn 6mnn n
knnrn, ecnn cypn1L no aennkoy uncny 6popnunx nonynnunx rp1nkoa,
ac1peuaunxcn a cmx rnyxnx pepeannx, ko1opmx oxno cpann1L c nmneunnn
paok1n, ponnc1n n xypnnnc1n n uLn psapuennme npam, nnuennn n
c1pc1L k ypoaonLc1ann kpcouno onncn a caoe C1npnkone e1ponn. orp
nc1ynnn nonnm ynpok, eue oxno 6mno n1n nyxnyk knnry. eprnnnn un1nn
noackpy. pec1Lnne, ko1opme cnmunn o ne c1onLko aoc1opxennmx cnoa, cun1nn
ero oncnm upopee. ro nepenncmann o1 pykn onxn nn 1kxe nepenncmann
nnnnn, [nokopnp, n1on n pnc1o1enn nn nepenncmann pxe 1ynn n
Mpunn. cpepnne aek, cypn no 1oy 6onLuoy uncny canpe1enLc1a, u1o oc1nncL
nocne c1onLknx aon, pspyuenn, noxpoa a onc1mpnx n skx, 6mno aennkoe
noxec1ao nn1ep1ypnmx, nyunmx, qnnocoqcknx nponsaepenn, amuepunx ns-nop
nep nkpe nesypnpnmx 1k, uepecuyp npeyaennueno snuenne neu1noro c1nk
pnn nykn, noasnn, opnn n nc1nnno unannnsoannoc1n, n 6mno 6m 6onee
cnpaepnnam o1e1n1L ero ponL a cmcne noacepneanmx ycnyr, ko1opoe a1o
nso6pe1enne oksno psnnunm pennrnosnm n nonn1nueckn np1nn. oa1opk eue
ps: neu1nm c1nok npepc1anne1 co6o o1nnunm nnc1pyen1, no 6es pyk n ronoam
nnc1pyen1 p6o11L ne oxe1.
e1 nyxpm a npoc1pnnmx poks1enLc1ax, u1o6m noks1L, u1o nopox 1kxe ne
oxe1 cnc1n o6uec1ao a nny1m cep1enLno oncnoc1n. syee1cn, onm1
o6puennn c nn ne s6mae1cn. o apnp nn ec1L conennn, u1o pnkne npopm,
ko1opme o6npk1 ceropnn nopoxo, kk n m, 6ypy1 nonLsoa1Lcn n ncknkun1enLno
a uennx pspyuennn.
1o kce1cn np n npounx nnpyc1pnnLnmx poc1nxenn, n ckxy o nnx 1o xe coe,
u1o o neu1no c1nke - 1. e. u1o a1o aennkne o1kpm1nn, - n po6ank, u1o a nc1opnn
6mno neno nyunmx o1kpm1n n nx nnopoa, ko1opme knynn a s6aenne, korp
panxenne uenoaeuecko mcnn, nopopnauee nx, oc1noannocL nacerp n ynecno
naekn 1ny, ko1opn 6mn nx nc1ounnko. koneu, n xouy nnonn1L, u1o
1epnnLnoe 6nro acerp 6mno nnuL aneunn npnp1ko unannnsunn n u1o ne
cyuec1aoano o6uec1a, ko1opoe amxnno ncknkun1enLno no1oy, u1o ono snno
cnoco6m 6mc1pee nepepanr1Lcn n xopouo opea1Lcn.
ce cyuec1aoaaune po nc unannnsunn aepnnn, u1o nx nes6maeme o1kpm1nn
naeuno sneu1nenn nx n ckpnxnnx apeenn. ce onn aepnnn a caoe 6eccep1ne.
nkn, uLn nnnknnm unncL no npeaocxopnm popor pnnno a neckonLko co1en
nLe, ko1opme po cnx nop cansmak1 ycko n n1o, naepnnk 6mnn y6expenm a
nesm6neoc1n caonx poc1nxenn. e ne enee, 6esxnoc1nme aek, nopo6no asxy
opnnnmx kpmnLea, c6pocnnn nx nnepnk, aec1e co nornn ppyrnn, a cyk
rny6okyk nponc1L ne6m1nn. pnko xe n a1n anc1n1enn epy nenn caon nykn,
caonx nnxenepoa, caon oryune unnm, ko1opmn m aocxnuecn ceropnn, ne a
cnnx psrp1L nx 1ny. aepL onn snnn cekpe1 nepeeuennn orponmx cc. nn
coopyxnn kpenoc1n, yknpman ppyr n ppyr rnm6m pnnno 1pnpu1L aoceL n
unpnno aocenpu1L qy1oa. ynnm nxynko nannk1 co6o nenno 1koe
no1pnckuee spennue: orponme rnm6m, nepeeuennme n pcc1onnne neckonLknx
nLe. o sne nn m, kk cnpannncL c a1n c1ep npop, knyauero a ne1y?
nsaec1no o6 a1o ne 6onLue, ue o cnoco6x n cpepc1ax coopyxennn rnrn1cknx,
nonc1nne unknonnueckoro psep c1en, oc1nkn ko1opmx ace eue npo1naoc1on1
apeenn a psnmx ec1x 3npno aponm.
kn o6pso, ne c1on1 ny11L pesynL11m unannnsunn c ee npnunnn. pnunnm
1epnk1cn, pesynL11m xe s6mak1cn, korp ncuese1 psy, aspc1naun nx, ecnn
onn coxpnnk1cn, 1o 1onLko 6nroppn noaoy psyy, ko1opm nn oanpeae1 n
uc1o npnpe1 n noam nnynLc. enoaeueckn nn1ennek1, noc1onnno
kone6nkuncn, kp1koapeennm a npoc1pnc1ae n apeenn, ne o1nnukuncn
aespecyunoc1Lk, aosaennunae1 1o, ue oanpeae1, s6mae1 1o, u1o ynycke1 ns
pyk n, yc1pennncL pnLue no kpyry, rpnnum ko1oporo ey ne pno npopa1L,
onnopo1aopne1 nnuL kkyk-1o uc1L caonx apeennmx anpenn, oc1annn
6ecnnopno ppyryk. acerp uenoaek opnoapeenno n npeaocxopn1 caonx npepkoa n
yc1yne1 n. Cnepoa1enLno, uenoaeuec1ao nnkorp ne oxe1 npeaso1n coro ce6n;
snun1, ne cnoco6no uenoaeuec1ao k 6eckoneunoy coaepuenc1ay.
XIV
Hx k yr . Pu
kkn. Cmu u k mu .
cnn 6m uenoaeueckne pcm 6mnn panm, nc1opnn npepc1n 6m nuey asopy a anpe
ouenL aneu1nnkue, coaepuenno n cnano kp1nnm. orp pcm, 6ypyun a pano
epe ynmn n yc1penennmn k caon nc1nnnm nn1epec, a pano epe
cnoco6nmn n1n cnoco6 no6exp1L n 1opxec1aoa1L, c coro nepaoro pnn
1aopennn nnonnnnn 6m senk poe npouae1kunx n - u1o coe rnanoe -
aosnnkunx opnoapeenno unannnsun. 1y xe anoxy, korp ppeaneune
cnckpn1ckne npopm cospann caok nnepnk n nokpmann - nocpepc1ao pennrnn
n eu - Kxnyk npnk nocean, ropopn, paopun n xpn, korp nepan
nnepnn ccnpnuea ykpun ponnnm nrp n aqp1 aennuec1aennmn
coopyxennnn, korp konecnnum n konnnu epop saoeann cocepnne npopm, n
qpnkncko no6epexLe, rpe xnay1 nerpm c nporn1nueckn c1poenne ronoam,
nonannocL 6m psynoe n psan1oe o6uec1ao, o6npauee 6onLunn cpepc1an n
aosoxnoc1nn.
enL1ckne ny1euec1aennnkn npnnecnn 6m n snpnyk okoneunoc1L aponm, npnpy c
oc11kn aoc1ouno yppoc1n nepao6m1nmx apeen, ace neo6xopnme aneen1m
aennkoro o6uec1a n naepnnk 6m ac1pe1nnn cpepn n6epncknx npopoa,
pcnpoc1pnennmx a 1e apeen a 1nnn n n oc1poax Cpepnsenoro opn, a
nnnn n cnnnn, poc1onmx conepnnkoa, 6or1mx, kk n onn cn, ppeannn
1ppnunnn, nckycnmx ao acex o6nc1nx uenoaeuecko pen1enLnoc1n.
orp o6Lepnnennoe uenoaeuec1ao roppo urno 6m no senoy upy, cnnLnoe caon
o6un psyo, cospan noackpy noxoxne ppyr n ppyr o6uec1a, n no
npouec1ann neko1oporo apeenn ace nunn c1nn 6m opnnkoao ouenna1L caon
no1pe6noc1n n aosoxnoc1n, opnnn rnsn co1pe1L n npnpopy, sansnn 6m
1ecnme kon1k1m expy co6o, ko1opme c1onL neo6xopnm n amropnm pnn nporpecc
n unannnsunn.
eko1opme nneen, a cnny snocuc1no cypL6m oksaunecn a cypoamx
knn1nuecknx ycnoannx, a 1ecnmx yuenLnx cknnc1mx rop, n no6epexLe nokpm1mx
nLpo ope, a 6eckpnnx c1ennx, o6pyaemx xonopnmn ae1pn, 6mnn 6m
amnyxpenm ponLue 6opo1Lcn c neroc1enpnnno npnpopo, ue o6ncknnme cypL6o
npopm. o a konue konuoa n a1n nneen, 6ypyun npenennmn 1kn xe psyo n
1knn xe cnoco6noc1nn, ne sepnnnn 6m n1n cpepc1a crnpn1L cypoaoc1L
knn1. nn o6ns1enLno yno1pe6nnn 6m psynyk k1nanoc1L, kkyk m ceropnn
n6nkpe y p1un, nopaexuea, ncnnpuea. nn cyenn 6m ykpo1n1L c1pon1nayk
nouay n cpennn 6m ee nnopopopno. ropx onn, kk, nnpnep, nmneunne xn1enn
Laeupnn, nonLsoanncL 6m amropn cko1oaopc1a, nnn, no npnepy xn1ene
unp, npn6ernn 6m k aosoxnoc1n npomunennoc1n; ecnn 6m nx c1pn
oksncL 6esnpexno 6ecnnopno, ee reorpqnueckoe nonoxenne 6esmcxopno
ne6nronpnn1nm, onn cornn 6m nonn1L, u1o senn aennk, u1o a ne noro ponnn n
pannn, n 1orp onn oc1annn 6m caok popnny n o1npannncL n nonckn ec1, rpe nx
psynn pen1enLnoc1L npnnecn 6m nnopm.
orp nunn, a pano c1enenn npocaeuennme n 6or1me - opnn s cue1 koepunn,
6nroppn opckn rann, ppyrne s cue1 cenLckoro xosnc1a, npouae1kuero n
nnopopopnmx npoc1opx, 1pe1Ln s cue1 npomunennoc1n, ue1aep1me - 6nroppn
ypunoy ec1ononoxennk, - cnoao, ace nunn, neco1pn n apeennme
psnorncnn n aonm, k coxnennk, neo1Leneme o1 uenoaeuecko npnpopm, ouenL
ckopo poroaopnnncL 6m o coaec1no xnsnn n sene. Bnnskne ppyr k ppyry
unannnsunn konunnn 6m 1e, u1o o6LepnnnnncL, o6psoaa aceo6uyk
konqepepunk, npepe1 aekoamx eu1nn. ne cyuec1aoano 6m nnkknx
npenn1c1an n a1o ny1n, ecnn 6m ace pcm 6mnn npenenm opnnkoamn
yc1aennmn cnoco6noc1nn.
npoue, npncoannn kp1nn 6conk1no qn1c1nueckn. epame npopm,
poc1onme 1k nsma1Lcn, 6mnn nspan o6Lepnnenm npee o6unoc1n, ko1opn
nnkorp ne npnxopnn n y apap, xnaun no cocepc1ay. nn nrpnpoann ns
ec1 caoero nepaonunLnoro o6n1nnn n n caoe ny1n ac1peunncL c ppyrnn
npopn, aepnee nneenn, ko1opme 1k n ne cyenn ocosn1L npek unannnsunn,
nansnnyk n npnuenLun. npoaeprn mcnL o paenc1ae pc, cnoco6nme k
unannnsunn npopm anune cospann cao o6uec1aennm nopnpok n coaepuenno
psnmx ocnoax, s1e noroe nepennnn ppyr o1 ppyr. [nn 1ex rpynn, ko1opme ne
6mnn panxnm any1pennn nopmao, cnn npnep nnuero ne snunn. ncnnum, n
rnnm anpenn, kk no cocepc1ay c nnn qnnnknum, rpekn, kpqrennne c1pon1
uae1yune ropop. o nn ncnnum, nn rnnm ne c1nn konnpoa1L npam n cnc1ey
npanennn a1nx cnanmx 1oproauea n openna1ene, korp npnunn pnnnne,
no6epn1enn cornn npeo6psoa1L nokopennme senn 1onLko nocpepc1ao
kononnsunn. 1o kce1cn kenL1oa n n6epnuea, onn poksnn, u1o unannnsunn
aosoxn 1onLko npn ceuennn kpoan.
oco1pn, a kko cn1yunn oksnncL epnknckne nneen. npo c nnn
nonanncn npop npnuenLuea, ko1opm c1pen1cn yaennun1L caok uncnennoc1L, u1o6m
c11L cnnLnee. o nx pek asp-anepep nponnmak1 1mcnun cypoa. nn snk1, u1o
cnn nx xosnea necokpyun. Y nnx yxe ne1 nnkko npexpm n 1o, u1o uyxkn
ypy1 c nx popno senn. nn nonnnn, u1o aecL orponm kon1nnen1 cpenncn
po6mue eaponeuea, n n oc1e1cn nnuL n6nkp1L s 1e, kk uyxpme n
nnc1n1y1m penk1 xnsnL uenoaek nesancnue o1 konnuec1a pnun nnn pm6m.
okynn aopky, openn, pyxLn, onn nonnk1, u1o pxe nx npnn1nanme xennnn
6mnn 6m nerue ypoane1aopenm a pkx noaoro o6uec1a, ko1opoe npnrnue1 nx,
onnunae1 nx 1pyp n nsmae1 6opnrenoa noounnkn. o onn o1ksmak1cn, onn
npepnoun1k1 yepnnenne n yxopn1 ace pnLue a rny6L c1pnm. nn 6pock1 ace,
pxe koc1n caonx npepkoa. nn snk1, u1o ampy1, no kko-1o 1nnc1aennm yxc
ypepxnae1 nx a nneny neoponnoro o1apuennn, n, aocxnuncL cnno n
npeaocxopc1ao 6enoro uenoaek, nx cosnnne, acn nx n1yp, nx kpoaL, a konue
konuoa, npo1nan1cn pxe mcnn o 1o, u1o6m ne1L u1o-nn6o o6uee c 6enmn.
ncnncko epnke 6opnrenm ncnm1mak1 enLuee o1apuenne k npnuenLu.
[eno a 1o, u1o e1pononnn c coro nun oc1ann nokopennme nneen nop
ynpanenne nx co6c1aennmx kcnkoa n ne nm1ncL nx unannnsoa1L. pspeunnn
coxpnn1L ppeanne o6mun n skonm; o1 nnx 1pe6oann nnuL o6puennn a
xpnc1nnc1ao n onpepenennyk pnL. o ec1L kononnsunn, no cy1n, ne 6mno,
yrne1enne ampxnocL a qope npnxo1e n knpnsoa saoea1ene. o1 nouey
nnpeum ncnncko epnkn ne c1onL necuc1nnam n npoponxk1 xn1L, 1orp kk nx
ceaepnme cocepn, oksaunecn nop anc1Lk nrnockcoa c1pen1enLno amnpk1.
Cnepye1 se1n1L, u1o kononnsunk ne aocnpnnnk1 ne 1onLko pnkpn. nc1onuee
apen m anpn kpcnopeuname 1oy poks1enLc1a a nxnpe, rpe qpnuysm
pennsyk1 caok nonn1nky po6po aonn n qnnn1ponnn, 1kxe a npnn n B1ann,
rpe unannns1opn amc1ynk1 nrnnune n ronnnpum. a1o cme npkne npnepm
n poks1enLc1a 1oro, nckonLko necxopnm n nepanm expy co6o uenoaeueckne
pcm.
cnn pccyxp1L 1onLko ncxopn ns apapcko n1ypm neko1opmx npopoa n cun11L
a1o apapc1ao nsnunLnm n apoxpennm, 1orp npnpe1cn o1ks1L n a nnnunn
acnko kynL1ypm, opnko 1koe nenne ne nanne1cn 6eccnopnm. Mnorne pnkne
npopnoc1n coxpnnnn cnepm 6onee npocaeuennoro npounoro, nexenn nx nmneunn
o6ps xnsnn. c1L nneen, pxe aecL kpoaoxpnme, ko1opme nek1 nenonn1nme n
cnoxnme pnn nc 1ppnunonnme nopnpkn, u1o kce1cn ac1ynnennn a 6pk,
ncnepc1aennoc1n n nonn1nueckoro ynpanennn, nx pn1ynm, nnuennme ceropnn
acnkoro cmcn, yxopn1 kopnnn a nekyk cnc1ey 6onee amcokoro nopnpk.
kuec1ae npnep oxno npnaec1n kpcnokoxne nneen, kouykune n yrpkmx
6esnkpnmx npoc1opx, rpe, kk nonrk1, nekorp xnnn nnernnum. nn ppyrne
npopm, o6npkune npnknpnmn snnnnn, nano snc1aoannmn y koro-1o
ppyroro - nnpnep, xn1enn Mpnncknx oc1poaoa. nn nonLsyk1cn nn, 1k
cks1L, unnnLno, ne spymancL np nx nponcxoxpenne.
kn o6pso, ac1peuncL c npopnoc1Lk, npe6makue a coc1onnnn apapc1a,
c1on1 npnco1pe1Lcn k ne ann1enLnee. 1o6m ne anc1L a oun6ky, pcco1pn
neckonLko npnepoa.
Cyuec1ayk1 npopm, ko1opme, nonpn a cqepy pen1enLnoc1n popc1aenno pcm, a
kko-1o c1enenn nopunnnk1cn e, npnnnk1 neko1opme noame pnn ce6n npann n
ycanak1 neko1opme snnnn; s1e, korp rocnopc1aykun pc nunne1 ncues1L
- nn6o a pesynL11e panennn, nn6o s cue1 nonnoro cnnnnnn c nokopennm npopo,
- nocnepnn nou1n nonnoc1Lk y1punae1 npno6pe1ennyk kynL1ypy, a oco6ennoc1n
ee npnnunnm, n coxpnne1 1o nenoroe, u1o on cor nonn1L. npoue, 1kn cn1yunn
aosoxn 1onLko expy npopnoc1nn, 6nnsknn no kpoan. k pec1aoann
ccnpnum no o1nouennk k xnpen, cnpnckne n ernne1ckne rpekn no o1nouennk k
rpek aponm, n6epnum, kenL1m, nnnnpnum no o1nouennk k npen ppeannx
pnnnn. ecnn uepokn, k1a6cm, ckoren, cennonm, nuesm n n nopo6nme
nneen coxpnnnn neko1opme cnepm nnernncko unannnsunn, n ne cknonen,
ncxopn ns a1oro, cun11L, u1o onn nannk1cn npnmn no1okn poponunLnnkoa
pcm; ns a1oro cnepye1, u1o kkn-1o pc orn 6m1L unannnsoanno n nepec1n
6m1L 1koao, n 6m cksn, u1o ecnn kkoe-1o ns nepeuncnennmx nneen a1nnueckn
eue 6nnsko c1on1 k ppeaney npeo6npkuey 1nny, 1k 1onLko uepes
onocpepoannyk n no6ounyk cansL, 6es ko1opo uepokn annn 6m a nonnoe
apapc1ao. 1o kce1cn oc1nLnmx, enee oppennmx npopnoc1e, onn
npepc1annk1cn ne nnuL qono uyxoro ncenennn, nokopennoro n npncoepnnennoro
cnno, n ko1opo korp-1o snxpnncn counnLnm nopnpok. Cnepoa1enLno, ne1
nnuero ypnan1enLnoro a 1o, u1o a1n counnLnme ockonkn coxpnnnn - anpoue, 1k
n ne nonna nx, - npnamukn, skonm, pn1ynm, cospnnme ppyrnn, 6onee cnoco6nmn
npopn, xo1n onn ne cornn nonn1L nx snunoc1L n nx cekpe1, n anpenn a nnx
1onLko npepe1 cyeaepnoro yaxennn. D1o, nnpnep, o1nocn1cn k oc11k
exnnuecknx peecen. o, u1o ceropnn amsmae1 nue aocxnuenne, oxe1 6m1L
nnopn pen1enLnoc1n psan1o pcm, ko1opn pano ncuesn. nnorp nx
nponcxoxpenne yxopn1 a anoxn, eue 6onee o1pnennme. ce, u1o o1nocn1cn k
ropnopypnoy peny n6epnuea, kan1nuea n 6pe1onuea c ccn1epnpcknx oc1poaoa,
6epe1 nuno a epxne snn, o1kyp npepkn snpnmx npopoa korp-1o npnnecnn
cekpe1m a1o nykn a npouecce nepecenenn.
n6onLun nn1epec cpepn nonnnesnuea amsmak1 xn1enn ponnncknx oc1poaoa.
x c1epc1ao a 1kuec1ae, nx pesnme 6pkn n c1pc1L k opennannk n koepunn
nannk1cn 1o pepkunonno nnnne, ko1opn o1penne1 nx o1 nenrncknx nerpoa.
e coc1anne1 1pyp o6npyxn1L nc1ok nx 1nn1oa. nn o6nsnm a1n ncko
kpoan, nonaue a nx xnnm, nockonLky a1 kpoaL 6mn pneko ne unc1o,
a1nnueckoe ncnepne onn coxpnnnn, no ne cornn ero ycoaepuenc1aoa1L, ckopee
no6opo1 - ono c kxpm ropo xnpee1.
kn o6pso, ecnn y nnoro apapckoro npop ac1peuk1cn cnepm
unannnsoannoc1n, a1o ne cnyxn1 poks1enLc1ao 1oro, u1o a1o1 npop korp-1o 6mn
unannnsoannm. n xnn nop anc1Lk popc1aennoro ey, no npeaocxopnuero ero no
psan1nk, nneenn, nnn, nen 1koe nnen caon cocepo, on po6ko n nokopno
yunncn y nero. mneunne pnkne pcm 1koamn 6mnn acerp; pccyxpn no
nnornn, oxno cpen1L amaop, u1o pnkpn oc1ny1cn pnkpnn, nok ne ncuesny1 c
nnu senn.
esynL11 a1o1 nens6exen, korp pa 1nn, expy ko1opmn o1cy1c1aye1 acnkoe
popc1ao, oksmak1cn a k1nanmx o1nouennnx; nyuue peonc1pune a1oro oxe1
cnyxn1L cypL6 nonnnesnuea n epnkncknx 6opnrenoa. 1k, ns
amuensnoxennoro am1eke1 cnepykuee:
1. mneunne pnkne nneen acerp npe6mann a 1ko coc1onnnn nesancno o1
cpepm, a ko1opyk onn nonpnn n caoe nc1opnuecko ny1n, n 1knn onn oc1ny1cn
acerp.
2. 1o6m pnkn nunn orn ampepx1L pxe apeennoe npe6manne a
unannnsoanno cpepe, nunn, cospkun 1kyk cpepy, ponxn nponcxopn1L ns
6onee 6nropopno ae1an 1o xe pcm.
3. D1o xe ycnoane neo6xopno pnn 1oro, u1o6m psnme unannnsunn ornn pxe ne
ceu1Lcn, uero, kc11n, nnkorp ne 6mae1, no npoc1o a poc11ouno c1enenn
nsenn1Lcn a pesynL11e kon1k1 ppyr c ppyro, asnno o6or1n1Lcn, co1aopn1L
ppyrne unannnsunn,
coc1onune ns nx aneen1oa.
4. Unannnsunn, amuepune ns pc, coaepuenno uyxpmx ppyr ppyry, ory1 nnuL
conpnkc1Lcn noaepxnoc1nm o6pso, no nnkorp ne nponnkny1 ppyr a ppyr n
acerp oc1ny1cn asnoncknkukunn. ockonLky nocnepnn nynk1 1pe6ye1
pononnn1enLnoro psLncnennn, oc1noancn n ne noppo6nee.
Mnorouncnennme konqnnk1m 6mnn npnunno o6uennn nepcnpcko unannnsunn c
rpeuecko, ernne1cko unannnsunn c rpeuecko n pncko, pncko unannnsunn c
rpeuecko, s1e unannnsunn nmneune aponm aoun a conpnkocnoaenne c
ppyrnn npoamn unannnsunnn nuero apeenn, a uc1noc1n c p6cko.
1nouennn rpeueckoro psy c nepcnpcko kynL1ypo 6mnn nc1onLko xe
psnoo6psnmn, nckonLko nansnnmn aneunnn o6c1on1enLc1an. pexpe acero
6onLun uc1L annnnckoro ncenennn - cn 6or1n, ecnn ne cn cao6opnn -
6mn cocpepo1ouen a ropopx cnpnckoro no6epexLn, a kononnnx Mno snn n
on1, ko1opme, 6mc1po o6LepnnnauncL c rocyppc1an aennkoro upn, nxopnnncL
nop kon1pone c1pnoa n po neko1opo c1enenn coxpnnnn caok cyunoc1L. Co caoe
c1oponm, nesancnn kon1nnen1nLnn peunn noppepxnan ouenL 6nnskne
o1nouennn c sn1ckn no6epexLe.
o cnnnncL nn a1n pae unannnsunn? ce nsaec1no, u1o ne1. pekn cun1nn caonx
oryuec1aennmx npo1nannkoa apapn, aosoxno, n nocnepnne o1aeunn n 1e
xe. onn1nueckne npam, qop npanennn, cneunqnk nckycc1a, psx n
any1pennn cmcn o6uec1aennoro kynL1, uc1nme npam npopoa, ceunnmx ppyr c
ppyro, 1e ne enee 1k n oc1nncL psnmn. Dk61ne ocnoao ocnoa 6mn
epnnonnunn ncnepc1aennn anc1L, orpnnuennn neko1opmn 1ppnunnn, no a
cyunoc1n 6conk1nn. Dnnpe anc1L 6mn nopenen expy cco enknx
cyaepenoa. panenne, pnc1okp1nueckoe y opnnx npopoa, peokp1nueckoe y
ppyrnx, onpxnueckoe y 1pe1Lnx, 1npnnueckoe y ue1aep1mx, nannno co6o - a
Cnp1e, qnnx, Mkeponnn - cyk npnuypnnayk cecL. Y nepcoa kynL1
rocyppc1a, 6onLue nnonnkun nepao6m1nme npnnunnm nepaopopc1a,
o1nnuncn 1o xe 1enpenune k epnnc1ay, u1o n anc1L npan1enLc1a, n onnpncn n
opnLnme n e1qnsnueckne yc1on, ne nnuennme rny6nnm n ocnoa1enLnoc1n. Y
rpekoa cnaonns, ocnoannm n psnoo6psnmx nponanennnx npnpopm,
poaonLc1aoancn 1e, u1o aocnean qopm. ennrnn oc1annn rpxpnckn skon
s6o1y o coaec1n, aep, amnonnna o6ns1enLnme pn1ynm n aospa ponxnoe
ycnoanoy 6ory nnn repok, nonrn caok nccnk skonuenno. D1n pn1ynm,
nouec1n, 6orn n repon ennnncL uepes kxpme nonnnn. cnn xe a neko1opmx xpx,
nnpnep a nnnnn nnn a [opone, noknonnnncL ne opno ns cnn n ne opnoy ns
aneen1oa npnpopm, coy kocnueckoy npnnunny, 1koe epnnc1ao nnuL
nopuepknano psppo6nennoc1L, nockonLky npk1nkoanocL ono a o1penLnmx ec1x.
c11n, opkyn ns [oponm n Knn1ep-nnnneu nponcxopn1 ns uyxnx kynL1oa.
1o kce1cn o6muea, ne1 nyxpm nnonn1L, po kko c1enenn onn o1nnunncL o1
nepcnpcknx. [nn onopmx, 6or1mx, cnc1onk6namx n kocononn1nunmx nkpe
cun1nocL nosopo npnnn1L o6ps xnsnn npo1nannkoa, ko1opme 6mnn no-nnoy
xnsnenk6nam n y1onuennm, ue annnnm. nno1L po anoxn nekcnpp, 1. e. a 1euenne
cnanoro nepnop rpeueckoro oryuec1a - nepnop aennkoro n nnopo1aopnoro, -
nepcm, neco1pn n caoe npeaocxopc1ao, ne ornn npno6un1L rpekoa k caoe
unannnsunn.
C npnxopo nekcnpp a1o1 qk1 nonyunn neoxnpnnoe nop1aepxpenne. orp
Dnnp nokopnn epcnk [pnn, ksnocL, u1o acn snn c1ne1 rpeuecko, 1e 6onee,
u1o no6epn1enL, npnuepun opnxpm nouLk a nenc1oac1ao, nosaonnn ce6e 1kne
cnnLnme rpeccnanme pec1ann npo1na ec1nmx nn1nnkoa, u1o a nnx 6es 1pyp
oxno 6mno 6m yco1pe1L c1onLko xe npespennn, ckonLko nenanc1n. pnko
nopxnr1enL epcenonnc ackope nsennn caon asrnnpm, p 1k ppnknLno, u1o a
ero nnnx oxno 6mno yco1pe1L xennne npoc1o-nnpoc1o nopenn1L co6o
pnnc1nk xeennpoa n upc1aoa1L kk ero npepuec1aennnk nnn kk aennkn
cepkc, aknkuna peunk a uncno caonx anpenn. o1 1k nepcnpckn
coun6enLnoc1L ponxn 6mn norno1n1L annnnns.
o, neco1pn n aecL a1opn1e1 nekcnpp, nnuero nopo6noro ne cnyunnocL. ro
renepnm n conp1m ne noxennn anpe1L caoero npepaopn1enn a pnnnnmx
psaeakunxcn opexpx, c n1po n ronoae, a okpyxennn eanyxoa, 1. e. ne
sxo1enn, u1o6m on o1pekcn o1 caoe popnnm. on yep. eko1opme ns ero
c1oponnnkoa nm1nncL ocyuec1an1L ero nnnm, opnko 6mnn amnyxpenm o1c1ynn1L.
co [ene, nouey n ypnocL cosp1L a1o1 rn6pnp, a1o rocyppc1ao n sn1cko
no6epexLe, aknkukuee rpeueckne kononnn a rnn1e? o1oy, u1o nx noppnnme
npepc1annnn co6o nec1pyk cecL ns rpekoa, cnpnuea, p6oa, y ko1opmx ne 6mno
nnoro am6op, kpoe kk no1n n kynL1ypnm konponcc. o 1, rpe pcm
oc1anncL no caoey coc1ay psnnunmn, 1koro ne nponsouno. xpn c1pn
coxpnnn caon nunonnLnme npam.
ue opnn npnep. [o nocnepnnx pne pncko nnepnn ceunnn unannnsunn,
ko1opn npeo6npn n ace oc1oke, aknkun kon1nnen1nLnyk peunk 1o nopm,
oc1ancL ckopee sn1cko, ue rpeuecko, no1oy u1o a nkpnx 6mno 6onLue
nepao kpoan, ue a1opo. pap, npo npnsn1L, u1o munenne npnnnno
annnnnc1nueckne qopm. o ne1pypno o6npyxn1L a mcnn 1o anoxn n 1ex c1pn
aoc1ounm qon, ko1opm oxnanne1 ace, u1o npnnpnexn1 nekcnppncko ukone,
nnpnep, ynn1pnc1ckne pok1pnnm rpeko-cnpncknx kpnc1oa. kn o6pso,
coxpnne1cn nponopunn, u1o kce1cn konnuec1a coo1ae1c1aykunx kpoae:
npeaocxopc1ao s npeo6npkun konnuec1ao.
pexpe ue skonun1L a1y npnnenL a o1nouennn kon1k1 expy unannnsunnn,
po6ank neckonLko cnoa o6 p6cko kynL1ype a cpanennn c nue.
e1 nnkknx conenn ao asnno o11nknannn unannnsun. un npepkn,
xnaune a cpepnne aek, nenn aosoxnoc1L aoounk anpe1L poc1nxennn n uypec
ycynLnckoro rocyppc1a n ne rnyunncL nocmn1L caonx pe1e n yue6y a ukonm
oppoam. o a apone ne coxpnnnocL nnuero p6ckoro s ncknkuenne 1ex c1pn,
rpe oc1nocL nenoro nsennc1cko kpoan; 6pxnckn npnn npeycnen a a1o ne
6onLue, ue m: nop anc1Lk roe1n on ycneuno amc1onn, neco1pn n ace nx
ycnnnn.
Ceropnn nu ouepepL pec1aoa1L n psannnx p6cko unannnsunn. m
cnocn nx c nnu senn, m ne a coc1onnnn ncnonLsoa1L nx pnn ce6n. expy 1e
a1 unannnsunn c ne 6mn unc1okpoano n noa1oy 6mn enee npouno.
p6ckn nunn, neaennkn uncno, ccnnnnpoan pcm, nokopennme ee c6ne.
oa1oy ycynLne - ncknkun1enLno nepeeunnoe ncenenne - nenn
ceunnyk unannnsunk, aneen1m ko1opo npen1nqnunpoa1L ne1pypno. saec1no,
u1o nppo no6epn1ene po Mroe1 ne 6mn npnunm nnn nesnkom npop. ro
1ppnunn 6mnn xopouo snkom n xn1 n cen1, o1 ko1opmx on aepe1 caok
popocnoanyk. n nen 1ecnme o1nouennn, kk c qnnnknun, 1k n c eapenn. ero
xnnx 1ekn kpoaL n 1ex n ppyrnx; on cnyxnn pnn nnx 1oproam nocpepnnko expy
pcnm ope, aoc1ounm no6epexLe qpnkn n npne. o o1nouennk k nepc n
pnnnn on amnonnnn 1y xe ponL. Mnorne p6ckne nneen npnnnnn yuc1ne a
nonn1nuecko xnsnn epcnn npn pccnpx n cmnoaLnx Cccn, a 1o apen kk opnn
ns ero npnnuea - pen1 - nsnunn ce6n uespe, opn ns ero pouepe - 3eno6nn,
pouL py, npan1enLnnu nLnpm - nokpmn ce6n cnao cpepn pnnnn, opnn
ns ero npepc1an1ene-an1kpnc1oa, Onnnnn, pxe nocnn nnep1opckyk
nypnypnyk n1nk. 1k, a1 ceunnn nunn, nunnn c co pnne n1nunoc1n,
nnkorp ne nepec1an noppepxna1L o1nouennn c oryuec1aennmn npopn,
okpyxaunn ee. n yuc1aoan a nx noacepneano pen1enLnoc1n n, nnopo6ne
1en, nnonoanny norpyxennoro a aopy, nnonoanny oc1kuerocn nop connue, on
1nnyncL opnoapeenno k nepepoao kynL1ype n apapc1ay.
Mroe1 npnpyn pennrnk, kk nenLsn nyuue coo1ae1c1aykuyk npen caoero
npop, a ko1opo npononoknonc1ao 6mno aecL pcnpoc1pnennm, no n
xpnc1nnc1ao, nckxennoe epe1nkn n nypnc1n, neno neno c1oponnnkoa.
ennrnosnn 1e npopok ns opeu npepc1annn co6o 1kyk cecL, u1o corncne
expy skono Moncen n xpnc1nncko aepo - kc11n, a1 npo6ne acerp
1peaoxnn cmx nepamx k1onnkoa n acerp npncy1c1aoan a cosnnnn aoc1ounmx
npopoa - 6mno specL 6onee c6nncnpoannm, nexenn a pok1pnnx nue Uepkan.
D1o 6mn npnnk, nekun co6nsnn1enLnm po1, anpoue, nk6n
1eonornueckn noannk nen unc saoea1L noknonnnkoa cpepn cnpnuea n
ernn1nn. 1o6m yaenu1L noc1poennoe spnne, noan pennrnn npepc1n nepep
nkpLn c c6ne a pyke, u1o nannocL eue opno rpn1ne ycnex pnn cc, ne
nekunx 1ecnmx canse n nponnkny1mx ouyuenne 6eccnnnn.
o1 1k ncn amuen ns caonx nyc1mnL. mcokoepnm, nenso6pe11enLnm n c
coro nun n pae 1pe1n nopunnennm rpeko-sn1cko unannnsunn, on nxopnn
n aoc1oke n kre CpepnsenoopLn norouncnennmx noao6pnuea, yxe ro1oamx
aocnpnnn1L 1kyk cnoxnyk cecL. o epe pcnpoc1pnennn ncn ace 6onLue
nponn1mancn a1o cecLk. 1 Brpp po Mon enLe on pcnpoc1ep cao kynL1,
snc1aoannm y Uepkan, y Cnnrorn, a nckxennmx 1ppnunnx epxs n Heen,
1k on nponoaepoan caon nepcnpckne n pnckne skonm, caok rpeko-cnpnckyk n
ernne1ckyk nyky, caok pnnnc1punk, c coro nepaoro pnn o1nnukuykcn
1epnnoc1Lk, u1o aoace neypnan1enLno, korp a rocyppc1aenno 1ene o1cy1c1aye1
epnnc1ao. enpam 1e, k1o ypnannncn 6mc1poy nporpeccy ycynLn a cmcne
y1onuennoc1n npaoa cnoann cc a1oro npop npoc1o-nnpoc1o nsennn
npnamukn, n npop a1o1 c1n nou1n neysnae, korp nun nrp1L ponL noc1on
nnn ppe1enn n npoao pene, rpe yxe pano ne snnn ero nop ppeannn nenn.
syee1cn, a a1o1 konrnoep1 c1onL psnmx pc kxpn anocnn cao aknp a
o6uee npouae1nne. ace xe - k1o nenno pn rnanm 1onuok, k1o noppepxn
nopma nyc1L n ne c1onL ponroapeennm? e k1o nno, kk ne6onLun rpynn nneen
p6ckoro nponcxoxpennn, amuepunx ns co ceppueannm nonyoc1poa, ko1opme
pnn ne yuenmx, no qn1nkoa, conp1, no6epn1ene n nc1annkoa.
p6ckn unannnsunn 6mn ne ue nnm, kk rpeko-cnpncko unannnsune,
oonoxenno, o6noanenno pmxnne rennn - poaonLno kp1koapeennm, no 6onee
caexn - n 1pncqopnpoanno nepcnpcko npnecLk. oc1poennn 1kn
o6pso, o1kpm1n norn annnnnn, on ne yknpmae1cn nn a opny counnLnyk
qopyny, nekuyk nnoe nponcxoxpenne; no n rpeueckn kynL1yp ne coue1ncL c
pncko, c1onL e popc1aenno, ko1opn noro aekoa oc1ancL skny1o a
npepenx opno nnepnn. 3pecL neocnopn neaosoxnoc1L pnn unannnsun,
cospnnmx uyxpmn ppyr ppyry a1nnuecknn rpynnn, korp-nn6o ceu1Lcn ppyr c
ppyro.
orp nc1opnn ue1ko yc1noan1 a1o1 nenpeoponnm n1ronns expy pcn n nx
kynL1ypnmn 1nnn, c1ne1 oueanpno, u1o psnnune n nepaenc1ao kopenn1cn a
rny6nne a1nx coc1anmx o11nknann, nockonLky eaponeeu ne coxe1
unannnsoa1L nerp, nockonLky on a coc1onnnn nepep1L yn1y nnuL uc1L caonx
cnoco6noc1e, a1o1 yn1, nekun a xnnx kpoaL 6eno pcm, ne cospc1
no1oc1ao, cnoco6noe aocnpnnn1L u1o-nn6o 6onLuee, nexenn kynL1yp e1ncoa,
nyc1L n yc1penennn k npen 6eno pcm, n cun1k ce6n anpae snan1L o
nepaenc1ae yc1aennmx cnoco6noc1e psnnunmx pc.
oa1opk eue ps, u1o peuL aoace ne o 1o, u1o6m ck1n1Lcn k e1opnke, c1onL nno,
k necuc1Lk, pnn an1onoroa n, no kpne epe, cexo1aopno. ne co6npkcL
pccyxp1L o opnLno n yc1aenno uennoc1n o1penLno asn1mx nnpnanpoa.
1o kce1cn opnLno uennoc1n, n nonnoc1Lk n uennko amaoxy ee s pkn
aonpoc, korp konc11npyk cnoco6noc1L acex uenoaeuecknx o6uec1a a ponxno epe
ocosn1L snuenne xpnc1nnc1a. orp peuL npe1 o6 yc1aenno cnoco6noc1n, n
6conk1no o1aeprk pryen1unk, sknkukuykcn a cnepykue: acnkn nerp
6esppen [aH ka cyx Hnackx acnx, aHx,
cx r naaxa sranaHa. kak 4akn
xaaky ra 3 xa, k vamva Hr c cnu
x Han ycn.]. nue, cnepyn 1ko nornke, ne npnunocL 6m npnsn1L, u1o
acnkn eaponeeu yen, no yncn enn Bor o1 1ko rnynoc1n.
e pyk, u1o c1oponnnkn paenc1a pc nocneu1 noks1L ne 1o1 nnn nno
o1pmaok ns 1o nnn nno knnrn nccnonep nnn ny1euec1aennnk, o1kyp cnepye1,
u1o nekn onoq oksncn nckycnm nno1nnko, ro11en1o1 c1n po6pm ceLnnnno,
kqp yee1 1nuea1L n nrp1L n ckpnnke, 66p sne1 pnqe1nky.
npnsnk ace, u1o oxno pccks1L uypecnoro a a1o cmcne, u1o kce1cn cmx
1nn1nnamx pnkpe. o1pnuk upesepnyk rnynoc1L, xponnueckyk 6esppnoc1L
pxe cpepn cmx neunannnsoannmx nneen. pxe nopy pnLue onx
onnonen1oa, no1oy u1o n ne coneakcL, u1o nenoe uncno nerpn1nncknx aoxpe no
cnne n o6nnnk npe n mcne, no oun pyx n nn1encnanoc1n k1nanmx
cnoco6noc1e npeaocxopn1 cpepnn ypoaenL, koero ory1 poc1nrny1L nun kpec1Lnne,
pxe nun anonne rpo1nme 6ypxy-ropoxne. opuepkny eue ps, u1o on
pccyxpennn c1pon1cn aoace ne n sm6ko nouae o1penLnmx nnunoc1e nnn
nnpnanpoa. Mne kxe1cn nepoc1onm pnn nykn orpnnuna1Lcn 1knn enknn
pryen1n. cnn Mynro-pk nnn npep ampnn kkoy-1o nerpy ypoc1oaepenne o
nnnunn y, k1o ne nopyun1cn, u1o ppyroy ny1euec1aennnky, ac1pe1nauey 1oro
xe oppennoro 1nn, ne npnpe1 a ronoay coaepuenno npo1naononoxnoe nenne?
npoue, oc1an a1n pe6nueckne ynpxnennn n cpann ne o1penLnmx nkpe,
rpynnm. onLko korp m onpepenn, a ue cnoco6nm nnn ne cnoco6nm rpynnm, a
kko epe onn ocyuec1annk1 caon cnoco6noc1n, kknx yc1aennmx amco1 onn
poc1nrk1 n kkne ppyrne nunn ynpannk1 nn, nunnn c nc1opnuecknx apeen, ao1
1orp oxno 6ype1 o6cyxp1L pe1nn n amnckna1L npnunnm, nouey nyuune
npepc1an1enn kko-nn6ypL pcm c1on1 nnxe, ue rennn ppyro. 31e, conoc1ana
cnoco6noc1n npoc1mx nkpe acex 1nnoa, oxno peu1L, a ue a1n cnoco6noc1n panm,
a ue ne1. D1 1pypnn n pennk1nn p6o1 ponxn npoponx1Lcn po 1ex nop, nok
aonpoc o pcx ne nponcnn1cn c kcnnLno aosoxno 1ounoc1Lk n, aosoxno, c
npnenenne 1e1nuecknx e1opoa ne yaepen, oxno nn aoo6ue nonyun1L
neonpoaepxnme pesynL11m a a1o o6nc1n n oxno nn, o1noxna a c1opony o6une
qk1m, co6p1L aoepnno ace nkncm, onpepenn1L, ocmcnn1L n knccnqnunpoa1L
any1pennne nnc1m kxpo nunn n ee nnpnanpynLnme xpk1epnme npnsnkn.
a1o cnyue oxno 6ype1 6es 1pyp poks1L, u1o k1nanoc1L, aneprnn, yc1aennme
cnoco6noc1n nnenee oppennmx npepc1an1ene rocnopc1aykunx pc npeaocxopn1
yc1aennme cnoco6noc1n, aneprnk, k1nanoc1L npepc1an1ene ppyrnx pc.
1k, m anpn uenoaeuec1ao, pspenennoe n pae ue1ko o1nnukunecn ppyr o1
ppyr n ouenL nepanme uc1n nnn, nyuue cks1L, n pnp k1eropn, nopunnennmx
ppyr ppyry, rpe c1enenL yc1aennoro psan1nn o6osnue1 ypoaenL nnn c1ynenL.
a1o o6unpno neppxnuecko c1pyk1ype ec1L pa axnmx qk1op, noc1onnno
pec1aykunx n kxpm pnp. euL npe1 o cnepykunx qk1opx - aeunmx npnunnx
1oro panxennn, ko1opoe c6nnxe1 pcm n c1pen1cn nx ceu1L: npn6nnsn1enLnoe
cxopc1ao ocnoanmx qnsnuecknx npnsnkoa n o6un cnoco6noc1L ampx1L ouyuennn
n mcnn ronocoamn opynnunnn.
cnnuko noro roaopnn o nepao ns a1nx qenoenoa, ko1opm nm1ncn sknkun1L
a ero nc1nnnme rpnnum.
enepL cnepye1 o6p1n1Lcn ko a1opoy n noco1pe1L, kkne cyuec1ayk1 o1nouennn
expy a1nnuecko cnno n 6or1c1ao nsmk: nnmn cnoan, npo amncnn1L,
npnnpnex1 nn cme 6or1me nsmkoame npnom cm cnnLnm pc, a
npo1nano cnyue npo nonn1L n o6Lncnn1L a1y nonnk.
XV
Huk, u, xk yk
cnn 6m nonypnkne npopm, c1onune n co nnsue c1ynenn a1nnuecko nec1nnum,
o1c1aune kk a yxcko, 1k n a xencko psan1nn uenoaeuec1a, neco1pn n a1o
cqopnpoann pnn co6c1aennoro nonLsoannn nsmkn, rny6okne a qnnocoqcko
o1nouennn, ac1e1nueckn npekpcnme n rn6kne, o1nnukunecn 6or1c1ao n
1ounoc1Lk ampxennn, o6nnne psnoo6psnmx n 6nropopnmx qop, npnropnme pnn
nepepun acex amco1 n kpco1 noasnn n ue1knx mcne, kknx 1pe6yk1 nonn1nk n
nyk, 1orp 6mno 6m oueanpno, u1o a1n npopm o6npk1 coaepuenno 6ecnonesnm
ppo - ppo cospa1L n coaepuenc1aoa1L nnc1pyen1, nenyxnm n nsnnunn
pnn oc1nLnmx nx neounmx cnoco6noc1e.
orp npnunocL 6m npnsn1L, u1o y npnpopm ec1L caon nyc1me knpnsm, ne nekune
uenn, u1o neko1opme srpkn 6m1nn aepy1 aoace ne k pckpm1nk nenosnnnoro, kk
a1o uue acero cnyue1cn, ne k ac1peue c nenosnaem, no npoc1o-nnpoc1o k
6cyppy.
nepam asrnnp nnpunae1cn nenno 1ko pocpnm amaop, no1oy u1o, ecnn
pcc1pna1L pcm a nx nmneune coc1onnnn, npnpe1cn npnsn1L, u1o kpco1 n
coaepuenc1ao nsmkoa pneko ne acerp nponopunonnLnm ypoank unannnsoannoc1n.
cnn o6p1n1Lcn nnuL k nsmk coapeenno aponm, m yanpn, u1o onn aoace ne
panouennm, n cme kpcname n 6or1me ne o6ns1enLno npnnpnex1 cm
psan1m npop. ecnn cpann1L a1n nsmkn c ppyrnn, pcnpoc1pnennmn a npe
a psnnunme anoxn, 1o c1noan1cn ncno, u1o ace onn, 6es ncknkuennn, o1c1nn a
caoe psan1nn.
o eue 6onee ypnan1enLno cnepykuee: uenme rpynnm nun, oc1aunxcn n 6onee
ue ckpono kynL1ypno ypoane, psroapnak1 n nsmkx, snunoc1L ko1opmx
neocnopn. kn o6pso, cospe1cn aneu1nenne, u1o nsmkn, coc1onune ns
nepanouennmx aneen1oa, pcnpepenenm a uenoaeuecko o6uec1ae cm
cnyunm o6pso: nnorp xnkne 6eckynL1ypnme n xec1okne cospnnn pnpn1cn a
uenk n sono1o, opexpm ns rpy6oro cykn n nenLkn nocn1 a opyxo1aopennmx, yuenmx
n yppmx o6uec1ax. cuc1Lk, a1o acero nnuL anpnoc1L, n kk 1onLko m
c1noancn n nosnunn pok1pnnm psnoo6psnn pc n 6epe a noounnum nc1opnk,
ace c1noan1cn n caon ec1 - npnaepennme amue poks1enLc1a yc1aennoro
nepaenc1a uenoaeuecknx 1nnoa nonyuk1 nnunee nop1aepxpenne.
epame qnnonorn coaepunnn paonyk oun6ky: ao-nepamx, onn npepnonoxnnn, no
npnepy aosspenn ynn1pnc1oa kc1enLno npen1nunoc1n nponcxoxpennn acex rpynn
uenoaeuec1a, u1o ace nsmkn cqopnpoanncL no opnoy n 1oy xe npnnunny, ao-
a1opmx, onn npnnncnn nso6pe1enne nsmk annnnnk unc1o 1epnnLnmx
no1pe6noc1e.
1o kce1cn nsmkoa, nnkkoro conennn a 1o, u1o cyuec1aye1 ncknkun1enLnoe
psnoo6psne cnoco6oa nx cospnnn, 6m1L ne ponxno. xo1n knccnqnkunn,
npepnreme qnnonorne, eue oxno y1ounn1L n nepec1pna1L, nenLsn ponyc1n1L
pxe n cekynpy, u1o n1ckn, pnckn n cen1ckn rpynnm nponcxopn1 ns
nc1ounnkoa, 6nnsknx ppyr k ppyry. o acex o1nouennnx onn o1nnuk1cn expy co6o.
a1nx psnnunmx nnnranc1nuecknx okpyxennnx nekcnkonornn nee1 caon
xpk1epnme qopm. snnun n opynnunn ronoc, opnn npop pnn nponsaopc1a
saykoa nonLsye1cn rnanm o6pso ry6n, ppyro - cx1ne ropnoamx muu,
1pe1n nspe1 saykn uepes noc, n onn npy1 kk 6m ns aepxne uc1n ronoam.
onosnunn uc1e peun 1kxe coaepuenno psnnun - nkncm mcnn
o6Lepnnnk1cn nnn xe pspennk1cn, cyuec1ayk1, oco6enno ao qnek1nano c1pyk1ype
cyuec1an1enLnmx n a rnronLno cnc1ee, y6epn1enLneune poks1enLc1a
psnnunn a nornke n uyac1an1enLnoc1n, ko1opn nee1 ec1o expy uenoaeuecknn
ceec1an. k u1o xe ns a1oro cnepye1? 1o, u1o korp qnnocoq, nm1ncL ny1e
unc1o 6c1pk1nmx pccyxpenn nonn1L nponcxoxpenne nsmkoa, nunne1 c npenLno
ckonc1pynpoannoro uenoaek, c uenoaek, nnuennoro oco6mx pcoamx npnsnkoa, 1.
e. npoc1o uenoaek, on yxe anpe1 a 6cypp n npoponxe1 n pnLue pccyxp1L a
1o xe pyxe. e1 npenLnoro uenoaek, uenoaek aoo6ue, n ecnn n y6expen a a1o,
1o ocnoamakcL npexpe acero n nsmkoamx psnnunnx. snk uenoaek, roaopnuero
n qnncko nsmke, uenoaek, roaopnuero n pncko nsmke, n ppyroro,
nsLncnnkuerocn n cen1cko npeunn, no 6conk1noro uenoaek n ne snk. oa1oy
n k1eropnueckn ne npnenk 1eopnn o epnno nponcxoxpennn nsmkoaoro 1aopuec1a
acex npopoa. pec1an1enLnoc1n nc1okoa nsmkoa 6mno neckonLko, kk 6mno - n
ec1L - neckonLko qop munennn n uyac1an1enLnoc1n [nurnuH yHnu
a H cax ncnx nyca nkac aman cyu s cm.
acy, ak nm s ranum Hmcnnu, x aH
cncn a nmkax c nccH Haan aanumx
cc, , v xaaky avn acamx ka
Hk a , nanu xaak nn ax ac
. aHx 1ncu a a cam akar
ax, a kak- H, ccar ncca aa nnr
nmka nanxar a, n yrr nmka, a kH
1ncncn cknuk aa (3aHk raHHavckx Hax
x ann a Haa Hmcn).].
Corncno ppyro pok1pnne, ne enee noxno, psan1ne nsmk nponcxopn1 a cnny
neo6xopnoc1n. orp nonyue1cn, u1o yxckne pcm ponxnm roaopn1L n 6onee
1ouno, 6or1o n psan1o nsmke, nexenn pcm xenckne; kpoe 1oro,
1epnnLnme no1pe6noc1n cansnm c npepe1n, ko1opme nek1 o1nouenne k
uyac1a n nponannk1cn, npexpe acero, a noc1ynkx, noa1oy nekcnk ponxn 6mn
6m coc1ann1L rnanyk uc1L nsmkoao c1pyk1ypm.
p1nueckn exnns n cnn1kcnc nnkorp 6m ne ornn am1n s npepenm cmx
aneen1pnmx n npoc1mx ko6nnun. Cuennennn 6onee nnn enee cansnnmx saykoa
acerp poc11ouno, u1o6m ampsn1L kkyk-1o no1pe6noc1L, xec1m, 6ypyun npoc1o
qopo koen1npoannn, c ycnexo ory1 cpen1L nonn1nm 1o, u1o oc1e1cn
nencnm ns cnoa - o6 a1o xopouo nsaec1no kn1u. 1ko cnyue a su1ouno
coc1onnnn oc1ncL 6m ne 1onLko cnn1e1nueckn c1pyk1yp nsmk, no nsmk nnunncn
6m rponnn, k1eropnn uncn n pn1. co pene, kkoe snuenne nee1
enopnk peun 1, rpe 1pe6ye1cn nonyun1L ne 6onee ue nonoxn1enLnm pesynL11?
orp nsmkn npepc1annnn 6m co6o nenpopynnyk, cnyunyk coaokynnoc1L
saykoa, yno1pe6nnemx cm 6espsnnunm o6pso.
c11n, y a1o 1eopnn ec1L neko1opme pryen1m. n1ckn nsmk, kk nsmk
yxcko pcm, a co nune, oueanpno, 6mn cospn a y1nnn1pnmx uennx. Cnoao
a ne ne nopnnnocL np cmcno n oc1nocL opnocnoxnm. ekcnk nou1n ne
psan1. 1cy1c1aye1 kopenL, ko1opm o6muno nopoxpe1 uenme rpynnm
nponsaopnmx. ce cnoa nannk1cn kopnnn, onn nsennk1cn ne nocpepc1ao cnx
ce6n, no expy co6o, npnue aecL rpy6m cnoco6o nocnepoa1enLnoro
coue1nnn. smk o1nnue1cn rp1nuecko npoc1o1o, o1ckp ncknkun1enLnoe
opnoo6psne peun, u1o c1pnno pnn y, npnamkuero k 6or1m, psnoo6psnm n
norouncnennm qop, k e1kn coue1nnn a npeunnx n k co npee
ac1e1nueckoro coaepuenc1aoannn. pnko npo po6an1L, u1o cn kn1um apnp nn
corncn1cn c amuecksnnm n u1o, cnepoa1enLno, ecnn nx nsmk nee1 uenLk
ampxenne npekpcnoro (pnn 1ex, k1o n ne roaopn1), ecnn y nero ec1L
onpepenennme npann, cnoco6c1aykune enopnueckoy psan1nk saykoa, ecnn on
poc1nre1 a1nx pesynL11oa 1k xe, kk n ppyrne nsmkn, m ne nee npa o1pnu1L
y nero c1penenne k nx poc1nxennk. oa1oy npannLnee 6mno 6m cks1L, u1o a
nepanunmx aneen1x kn1ckoro nsmk ec1L u1o-1o eue, kpoe npoc1oro
nrpooxpennn p1nkynnun, nekunx 1onLko y1nnn1pnoe npnenenne [ ckn
cvau, v cnxan cykya kackr nmka ncaann
c kak- cnvck nracvck H, cHn a sy
cy ccu, a ncaanncn H rnaa. cn m s
mn H ak, ra kack mn m naamH nmkH
ravaancn m HaH, km Hry cvaucn c ak cyky.
ak ac, v s ak. ack nmk ax a aacky n
cky ccHy, kan H a caH ccaa nncnnavck, . .
Hrcnxm aa. H r, avk akr a acvacn a
rynnax cam r ncxxn. H c,
Hkckackx anka cx nak, km n Hva a
kackH nmk, ak c aHkackx anka, v ak x, kak
kack c aackx nmka, s Hkckack ank (rH),
H H, nanncn x ccaamH snHH. xvy naaau
sHy aky ac av, kakamH , va, naa, nHy v
av nmncu m nycu, v aHkack nmk, yyv
ynuanncnnavckH nmkaH, cam a H, cvan
nmka sakaa, cncm ac cva ayka Hmcn
nncHa, ncaann c acr nmu my aau aack
rynnm. naanu, ama sr cnnucaa nm a
nan m H cyx ca kackr nmka c nmkamH
ccHaH ccx aa, a ak ca kH aH
canucay a nnuy c nm nmka c Hn.
ay n ack nH knckr nmka, km an n Hx
anu a ca c kackH. ak, a knckH ac cnr akx
ncaann c k, km Hncn nccaH ncmx
akca, acnuk naxmx, v ax n av aH
rnarna Haan vaca acra ncncn k cnay. cxn
sr, n yaxa, v HcnnaH Hx acvaucn a acx
nmkax. 3 v a vckr yavun, amaar
acmH nvaH, aac cnvckan va, nnan
nmk yrx.].
e ne enee n cknonnkcL k 1oy, u1o6m npnnnc1L yxckn pc nekyk
poaonLno ampxennyk ac1e1nueckyk yuep6noc1L, ko1opn oxe1 nponann1Lcn a
konc1pykunn nx nsmkoa [ Ha nurnuH Mc nm:
Hr Hm , aHx, Hr n caHmx a
naa vyacaH scvck ncc. Mm yHH xaanu au
nuk arHa, akx arHa nnanncn am
acx.]. pnep 1oy n anxy ne 1onLko a kn1cko nsmke n a ero
o1nocn1enLno ckypoc1n, no n a 1o yceppnn, c kkn neko1opme nmneunne pcm
3np nnunn n1mnL ee cmx ypnan1enLnmx pn1nuecknx aosoxnoc1e, ro1nky
- ee sayunoc1n. e c1on1 poksma1L nepoc11kn nunx nmneunnx nsmkoa, pxe
cmx kpcnamx, no cpanennk c cnckpn1o, ppeanerpeueckn, 1e xe n1nnckn,
nockonLky onn kk nenLsn nyuue corncyk1cn c nocpepc1aennoc1Lk nue
unannnsunn n unannnsunn opne6ecno nepnn a o6nc1n nckycc1a n
nn1ep1ypm. Mexpy 1e, ponyckn, u1o a1o psnnune, npnpy c ppyrnn npnsnkn,
oxe1 xpk1epnsoa1L nsmkn yxcknx pc, nockonLky a a1nx nsmkx cyuec1ayk1
uyac1ao rponnn - nyc1L n ne ouenL cnnLnoe n penLnn 1enpenunn k cospnnk n
noppepxnnk skonoa cuennennn expy saykn n konkpe1nmn ycnoannn qop n
knccoa pnn nspekemx nkncoa mcnn, n npnxoxy k amaopy, u1o pxe a nsmkx
yxcknx pc uyac1ao npekpcnoro n nornueckoro - npo6neck y - ace eue
ouyue1cn n noackpy onpepenne1 npnpopy nsmkoa a 1o xe epe, u1o n
1epnnLnme no1pe6noc1n.
1onLko u1o roaopnn, u1o ecnn 6m a1 nocnepnnn npnunn 6mn epnnc1aenno
onpepennkue, a nepame nepnopm cyuec1aoannn uenoaeueckoro pop cnyunm
o6pso cospnnmx p1nkynnun 6mno 6m poc11ouno pnn ypoane1aopennn
no1pe6noc1e nkpe. pnko a1 rnno1es ne ampepxnae1 kpn1nkn.
3aykn coo1nocn1cn c mcnnn aoace ne cnyuno. m6op nx onpepenne1cn
nnc1nnk1nanm ocosnnne onpepenenno nornuecko cansn expy aneunnn
saykn, aocnpnnnemn uenoaeueckn yxo, n mcnLk, ko1opyk xoue1 nepep1L
ero rop1nL nnn nsmk. npouno c1one1nn a1 nc1nn c1n nopsn1enLnm
o1kpm1ne. coxnennk, aoso6npno a1nonornueckoe npeyaennuenne, ko1opm a
1o apen yaneknncL, ackope nponannncL nc1onLko 6cyppnme pesynL11m, u1o onn
no1epnenn cnpaepnnaoe nopxenne. 1euenne ponroro apeenn a1 nna, c1onL
npoc1no psp61maen nepaoo1kpma1ennn, 6mn nyrno pnn nkpe
sppaomcnnunx. Ceuc k ne aosapuk1cn, n ecnn nsaneuL ropLkne ypokn ns
npounoro onm1, 1. e. nponan1L cpepxnnoc1L n oc1opoxnoc1L, 1o oxno nonyun1L
aecL uennme nnopm. e 6ype poaopn1L cn no ce6e cnpaepnname seunnn po
ypoann xnep n npnsne, u1o npnn1nanm nsmk, a epy aosoxnoc1n, nonLsoancn
cnyxoamn aneu1nennnn npn cospnnn neko1opmx k1eropn cnoa n u1o npn
cospnnn ppyrnx on ocnoamancn n 1nnc1aennmx o1nouennnx expy
onpepenennmn 6c1pk1nmn nonn1nnn n onpepenennmn saykn. npnep, sayk
n kxe1cn npnropnm, u1o6m ampsn1L npek pcnp, sayk a - neu1o cpepnee
expy qnsnueckn n 6ecnno1nm, ae1ep, cy1nme xennnn, sayk - coc1onnne
1epnnc1a. D1 rnno1es, ecnn ek nonLsoa1Lcn a psynmx npepenx, poaonLno
uc1o onpapmae1 ce6n. o psyee1cn, ne c1on1 nonLsoa1Lcn ek 6es ps6op,
u1o6m ne oks1Lcn a pe6pnx, rpe sppam cmcn 6mc1po 1epne1cn.
D1n qk1m, kknn 6m nesnun1enLnmn onn nn npepc1annnncL, noksmak1, u1o ne
1onLko 1epnnLnme no1pe6noc1n onpepennnn qopnpoanne nsmkoa n u1o nkpn
ncnonLsoann pnn a1oro caon 6nropopnme kuec1a n cnoco6noc1n. nn coo1nocnnn
saykn c aeun n npenn aoace ne nponsaonLnm o6pso. nn ncxopnnn ns
onpepenennoro nopnpk, o1pxenne ko1oporo onn nxopnnn a cnx ce6e. oa1oy
neko1opme ns nepamx nsmkoa, nyc1L pxe rpy6mx, 6epnmx, npnn1nanmx c nmneune
1oukn spennn, copepxnn a ce6e ace aneen1m, neo6xopnme pnn 1oro, u1o6m
6ypyune nx ae1an ornn korp-nn6ypL psan1Lcn a psynyk nornueckyk cnc1ey.
ocnopnn nnLrenL y6onLp1 c npncyue ey nponnu1enLnoc1Lk o1eun, u1o
kxpm nsmk cyuec1aye1 a snun1enLno epe nesancno o1 xennnn nkpe,
ko1opme n ne nsLncnnk1cn. Bypyun 1ecno cansnnm c ypoane nx
nn1ennek1ynLnoro psan1nn, on amue nx npnxo1n, n nnk1o ne a cnnx nsenn1L ero
no caoey nponsaony. nc1opnn cyuec1aye1 neno kypLesnmx npnepoa 1knx
nonm1ok.
neen 6yuenoa npnpynn cnc1ey nsenennn caoero nsmk pnn 1oro, u1o6m
cpen1L ero nenonn1nm pnn 1ex, k1o oc1ne1cn ane kpyr nocanuennmx. kn xe
1enpenunn n6nkpe1cn y neko1opmx kakscknx npopnoc1e. ce nopo6nme nonm1kn
npnaenn nnuL k po6anennk pononnn1enLnoro cnor a nune, a cepepnne nnn a
konue cnoa. cnn ne cun11L a1o1 npsn1nm aneen1, nsmk oc1ancn npexnn n
no ennncn kk no cy1n, 1k n no qope.
Bonee cepLesnyk nonm1ky 1koro pop o1eue1 CnnLaec1p pe Ccn a 6n6nncko
nsmke. D1o c1pnnoe npeune cospnn cyqn1m pnn caonx nc1nuecknx knnr n pnn 1oro,
u1o6m oky11L eue 6onee nno1nm nokpoao 1nnc1aennoc1n nponsaepennn caonx
1eonoroa. nn coaepuenno 6eccnc1eno npnpymann cnoa, ko1opme sayunn kk
oxno nenonn1nee. Mexpy 1e, ecnn a1o1 1k nsmaem nsmk ne npnnpnexn nn k
opno ae1an, ecnn cmcn, npnnncmaem aok6yn nnn cnoa, 6mn coaepuenno
nponsaonLnm, aapn1nueckoe snuenne saykoa, rp1nk, cnn1kcnc - cnoao, 1o,
u1o npnpe1 nsmky oco6m xpk1ep, nens6exno npepc1annno co6o 1ounyk knLky c
p6ckoro n nepcnpckoro nsmkoa. Cnepoa1enLno, cyqn1m co1aopnnn opnoapeenno
cen1ckn n pnckn xpron, caoero pop unqp, n nnuero 6onLue. Conneennnkn
[xenneppnn yn 1k n ne cyenn cosp1L oco6m nsmk [Hx,
aanrvmH anaanackHy xarH nanncn ckyccam nmk,
kmH nnuycn a cc ammk kk, c a
naHck ry vH H nnuycn nuk Hyxvm. r k
vyxm ycckHy nmky, raHHaka nkH ycckan.].
s acero a1oro n penk cnepykun amaop: cyunoc1L nsmk 1ecno cansn c qopo
munennn npop n c coro nun copepxn a ce6e, nyc1L n a spopmue, ace
neo6xopnme cpepc1a nepepun cmx psnnunmx xpk1epnmx uep1 o6ps mcnn
[ Hry yxaucn ckymn nac nkacm mak
cvn . . Mnna, a kH s sy c numH vyacaH
akH yvn cy ny nmka. am aHn, naran
ccnaanH ycckx nmka, a num nmka rHackx,
nkaan, v nmk nvncn cnu x nnxmH akaH, cknuk
caH ravck cycaa. Mxy amH ankaH, km
axm anncu aaaacn aacH yr yra,
nnxa cycaaau acam mn, naran H ayk
cvan ayka aaH nnn yr yra. rn ac, v
naya ayka, aH aHnnn axan s ncc, a
ccn aanau nmky kak-n naana, nacxn , km
avanu nncana Hy na, Hau acx a. Qn a H, v
nmk, anr snx aa yr akyca, Hry naraucn
aca kak ayx, ak amx nv n nnu
rnyk nya, n a H, v x n, nka a x cu anuan
xu, x ay ayanuc cav nn r, vm nvu
acnvck yr, cau a aynm vnm, accaa
ca raH ax a H cnyva, cn kaca camca sx
narmx ac nv nncu cvn (. . Mnn 3yck,
c. 65).].
k nnn nnue, ace 1ynnkn n npo6enm a yc1aenno psan1nn uenoaeuecknx pc
nxopnnn o1pxenne a nx nsmkx. kuec1ae npnep oxno nsa1L kn1ckn,
cnckpn1, rpeueckn, cen1ckyk nsmkoayk rpynny. kn1cko nsmke n yxe o1eun
y1nnn1pnyk 1enpenunk, coo1ae1c1aykuyk ny1n, no ko1opoy npe1 psan1ne
munennn a1o nunn. smcknnoc1L qnnocoqcknx n 1eonornuecknx ampxenn
cnckpn1, ero 6or1c1ao n aapn1nueckn kpco1 - a1o 1oxe o1pxenne rennn
nunn. o xe coe oxno cks1L o rpeuecko, nepoc11ounn 1ounoc1L ampxennn
a npeunnx, n ko1opmx roaopn1 cen1ckne npopnoc1n, o1pxe1 nx xpk1ep.
pnko cnyc1ncn c so6nunmx amco1 npounmx anox n aepnecn n 6onee 6nnskne k
nuey apeenn nc1opnueckne pannnm; specL m oxe npncy1c1aoa1L npn
poxpennn noxec1a nsmkoa, n a1o1 rpnpnosnm npouecc ncno noksmae1 n,
nckonLko nonno a1nnueckn renn ampxe1cn a nsmke.
, rpe nponcxopn1 ceuenne npopoa, coo1ae1c1aykune nsmkn npoxopn1 uepes
peaonkunk - nnorp epnennyk, nnorp 6mc1pyk, no acerp nens6exnyk. nn
nsennk1cn n no npouec1ann neko1oporo apeenn ynpk1. oan nsmkoan cnc1e,
npnxopnun n n ceny, npepc1anne1 co6o konponcc expy ncuesnyaunn
1nnn, n kxpn pc anocn1 cao aknp, ko1opm coo1ae1c1aye1 ee uncnennoc1n a
poxpkuecn o6uec1ae. k, nunnn c XIII aek a nunx snpnmx o6uec1ax
repnckne pnnek1m yc1ynnnn caon nosnunn ne n1mnn, poncko rpynne
[Hm av, naannnu cHm ac a n a,
mn Hv a aHa, kra ncckan ayka
cycaaana kak akaan. ay cny mak: H naanH
Hx cvau ak, v nnanu vcny vyxHa, km
Hry a kaky-n cay, a nmk s cam nka cnaa x
nmka, nxn ca ayana caancn nacamH nn
kmx xn. (Hn cn n, aara, 1729 r , I H, c.
73).], n a1o1 npouecc npo1ekn no epe ycnnennn rnno-poncko oun. 1o
kce1cn kenL1ckoro nsmk, on o1c1ynnn ne nepep n1nLnncko unannnsune, nop
n1ncko kononnsunn, o1 ko1opo on npoc1o 6exn, xo1n cnpaepnnaoc1n ppn npo
o1e1n1L, u1o a koneuno cue1e on opepxn no6epy 6nroppn uncnennoc1n
roaopnunx n ne, no1oy u1o, korp saepunnocL cnnnnne rnnoa, pnnnn n
ceaepnmx npopoa, ey ypnocL ycoaepuenc1aoa1L cao cnn1kcnc, npnrnyun1L
peskn kuen1, poc1auncn ey o1 repncknx npeun, n upesepnyk sayunoc1L,
npnnecennyk c nennnnckoro nonyoc1poa, n coxpnn1L npncyuyk ey rponnk,
nyc1L n ne c1onL ampsn1enLnyk. Daonkunn qpnuysckoro nsmk - acero nnuL
pesynL11 1koro ckpm1oro, ponroro n yaepennoro npouecc. pnunnm, no ko1opm
coapeennm neeukn nsmk ns6anncn o1 pck1nc1mx saykoa, nnonnaunx ro1nky
apeen ennckon Ynqnnm, sknkuk1cn a nnnunn snun1enLnoro cnon knpnckoro
ncenennn npn ne6onLuo konnuec1ae repncknx aneen1oa, oc1aunxcn s eno
[ma na kaanucaa r, v Hk nmk cu
ynua cHmn knuckr rckr. r x Hn nxaacn
HH.] nocne anoxn aennkoro nepecenennn npopoa a V a. n. a.
Ceuenne npopoa n kxpo o1penLno c1pnn npnnne1 psnme qopm a
sancnoc1n o1 pcnpepenennn a1nnuecknx aneen1oa; nnnranc1nueckne pesynL11m
a1oro npouecc 1kxe o1nnuk1cn noxec1ao nkncoa. 6un npanno oxno
cun11L 1o1 qk1, u1o nn opnn nsmk ne a coc1onnnn coxpnn1L caok unc1o1y nocne
6nnskoro kon1k1 c ppyrn nsmko; pxe ecnn coo1ae1c1aykune ocnoanme aneen1m
o1nnuk1cn nn6onLun necxopc1ao, nsenenne enLue acero s1prnae1 nekcnky,
ecnn nsmk-npsn1 o6npe1 poc11ouno cnno, on nenpeenno nune1 noppma1L
aapn1nueckyk c1pyk1ypy n pxe rp1nueckyk cnc1ey a ee cmx ynsanmx
ec1x; cnepoa1enLno, nsmk - a1o opn ns cmx pennk1nmx n cmx xpynknx
coc1anmx uc1e uenoaeuecko nnpnanpynLnoc1n. oa1oy 1k uc1o oxno
n6nkp1L c1pnnyk kp1nny, korp 6nropopnm n amcoko kynL1ypnm nsmk a
pesynL11e coepnnennn c apapckn npeune onycke1cn po nonyapapckoro
coc1onnnn, noc1enenno nnuncL caonx cmx nyuunx kuec1a, 6epnee1 cnoan n
qopn, n nponanne1, 1kn o6pso, neoponnyk 1enpenunk k ccnnnnunn c
enee psan1m cny1nnko, ko1opm ey poc1ncn npn 6pkocoue1nnn payx pc.
enno a1o nponsouno c anxckn n pe1ckn npeunnn, c nsmko kan n c
6npnckn. 6 nocnepnnx nsmk nponn1nm cnckpn1cknn aneen1n, n
neco1pn n 6nropopc1ao a1oro coks, kone1en1nme yuenme yxn cun1k1 nx 6onee
nnsknn a cpanennn c penapckn.
muepun ns rpynnm nennn-nennoa nneenno coks, ko1opm roaopn1 n a1o
pnnek1e, nepaonunLno nxopnncn n 6onee amcoko c1ynenn, ue o6e xen1okoxne
rpynnm, asn1me n 6ykcnp nnpncko unannnsune, n ecnn, neco1pn n a1o
npeaocxopc1ao, a1o1 coks ao noro yc1yne1 n, 1o a1o o6Lncnne1cn 1e, u1o o6e
ynonny1me sn1ckne npopnoc1n necy1 n ce6e neu1L counnLnmx poc1nxenn
6nropopno pcm n nonLsyk1cn ee poc1onnc1an, nou1n ne nen caonx. on1k1 c
cnckpn1o oksncn poc11ounm, u1o6m nopnn1L nx poaonLno amcoko, 1orp kk
nennm, ko1opme nnkorp ne ncnm1mann c1onL 6nro1aopnoro annnnnn, ne cornn
nopnn1Lcn a cmcne unannnsoannoc1n amue nmneunek ypoann. kuec1ae
kpcnopeunaoro cpanennn o1euy, u1o xen1okoxne yn1m, yunaunecn a konnepxx
onpon n pnx, oc1ancL yn1n n npko ampxennmn yn1n, ory1 a
neko1opo o1nouennn o1nnu1Lcn 6onee amcoko kynL1ypo, nexenn norne xn1enn
Kxno 1nnn, y ko1opmx ropspo 6onLue any1pennnx poc1onnc1a. oa1oy, korp
peuL npe1 o pnkpnx, roaopnunx n 6onee coaepuenno nsmke, ue nsmk 6onee
unannnsoannmx npopoa, npo pso6p1Lcn a 1ko aonpoce: nanne1cn nn
unannnsunn nocnepnnx nnopo nx co6c1aennmx ycnnn nnn pesynL11o annnnnn
uyxo kpoan. nocnepne cnyue necoaepuenc1ao nepao6m1noro nsmk n
ampoxpenne nsmk snc1aoannoro npekpcno yxnak1cn c poaonLno psan1o
counnLno kynL1ypo [H s anv a yanx Hxy yHcamH
cnccnH nnn nxr can cvkH canmx
nmka a avan snx ankx Hn. 3 nan anacn a
acx vacnx caa Y rnn mn ca canm nmk, y ka y
ca. 3 nmk, nH cyar nvan, cknvnuan
ccacu amcmx knacca kacm xa cynm acH nvH,
acra canucay anv vyx rcncay acm a H n
H a 3Hn.].
yxe o1eun, u1o kxpn unannnsunn nee1 onpepenennyk uennoc1L, noa1oy ne
c1on1 ypnann1Lcn 1oy, u1o noasnn n qnnocoqnn 6onee psan1m y nnpycoa, y npopoa,
roaopnunx n cnckpn1e, n y rpekoa, ue y nc, expy 1e kk npk1nuns,
kpn1nueckoe munenne n apypnunn 6onLue npncyun nun npop. ueno y nc
6onLue anepre1nuecknx cnoco6noc1e, nexenn y snenn1mx anc1n1ene Kxno
snn n xn1ene Dnnpm. 31o m snun1enLno yc1yne n a o6nc1n npekpcnoro,
noa1oy ec1ec1aenno, u1o nun nsmkn snnk1 c1onL ckponoe ec1o a nue
o6pse xnsnn n munennn ue 6onee ounm asne1 a cqepe npenLnoro m anpn a
nn1ep1ypnmx nponsaepennnx npnn n onnueckoro nonyoc1poa, 1kn o6pso,
nsmk, no oey rny6okoy y6expennk, 6ypyun ouenL snunm kpn1epne o6uero
psan1nn pc, 1koam nanne1cn a ouenL ysko cmcne, a cmcne ac1e1nuecko, n
npnnne1 n ce6n a1y qynkunk, korp peuL npe1 o cpanennn coo1ae1c1aykunx
unannnsun.
[6m ne oc1ann1L neamncnennm a1o1 cnopnm aonpoc, n nosaonk ce6e ac1ynn1L a
pnckyccnk c 6pono y6onLp1o o1nocn1enLno ero nennn o npeaocxopc1ae
ekcnknckoro nsmk np nepynckn: on cun1e1 a1o npeaocxopc1ao oueanpnm,
xo1n unannnsunn nnkoa nnoro npeaocxopnn unannnsunk o6n11ene nyk.
econenno, npam nepynuea 6mnn 6onee nrknn, nx pennrnosnme asrnnpm 6onee
npnmn, nexenn y xec1okoceppnmx noppnnmx Mon1ecym. o, neco1pn n a1o, nx
counnLnm nopnpok a ueno ne o1nnue1cn 1ko aneprne n 1ko rn6koc1Lk. cnn
nx pecno1ns, aecL rpy6m n npnn1nanm, caopnncn nnuL k c1pnoy koynnsy,
1o u1ekckn unannnsunn snn ouenL y1onuennme qopm npanennn. oennoe
nckycc1ao y nnx nxopnnocL n 6onee amcoko c1ynenn, n xo1n o6e nnepnn a pano
c1enenn o1nnunncL neaexec1ao a nncLennoc1n, noasnn, nc1opnn n npac1aennoc1L,
ouenL psan1me k 1oy apeenn, korp 1 nonanncn op1ec, nrpnn 6onee axnyk
ponL a Mekcnke, ue a epy, rpe ace o6uec1aennme nnc1n1y1m nponannnn cknonnoc1L
k 6ess6o1noc1n n annkypensy, u1o no cnoco6c1aye1 p6o1e y. 1ckp ne1pypno
cpen1L amaop o npeaocxopc1ae 6onee k1nanoro npop np npopo 6onee
nnep1nm.
npoue, a a1o cnyue nenne rocnopnn y6onLp1 ec1L cnepc1ane ero
onpepenennn unannnsunn. e xenn npoponx1L pnckyccnk, n, 1e ne enee, xouy
okonu1enLno nponcnn1L a1o1 aonpoc, no1oy u1o, ecnn 6m pae unannnsunn ornn
korp-nn6o psana1Lcn npnnenLno nporpeccy nsmkoa n nesancno o1 caonx
poc1onnc1a, cnepoano 6m o1ks1Lcn o1 mcnn o coo1ae1c1ann expy c1enennn
psan1nn nsmkoa n yc1aennoro psan1nn. D1o1 qk1 o1pnu1L neaosoxno, xo1n n a
nno epe, nexenn roaopnnocL a o1nouennn cnckpn1 n ppeanerpeueckoro a
cpanennn c nrnnckn, qpnuysckn, neeukn.
Mexpy npoun, pccyxpn nopo6nm o6pso, ne coc1an1 1pyp o6npyxn1L y
e1ncoa npnunnm 1oro ypoann psan1nn, n ko1opo nxopn1cn nx nsmkn. e acerp
oxno, ncxopn ns konnuec1aenno nponopunn ceuennn nnn nx kuec1a, o6npyxn1L
npnunnm a1oro nanennn. pnko annnnne a1nx npnunn nee1 ouenL axnoe snuenne,
n ecnn amnan1L ero ne ype1cn, oxno npn1n k oun6ounm amaop. enno
acnepc1ane 1oro, u1o cyuec1aye1 poc11ouno 1ecnn cansL expy nsmko n ero
nocn1enLnnue - pco, on coxpnne1cn nnoro ponLue, ue coo1ae1c1aykune
npopm coxpnnk1 caok rocyppc1aennoc1L. D1 cansL pe1 ce6n sn1L n nocne 1oro,
kk npopm ennk1 caoe nn. 1onLko no epe nsenennn coc1a nx kpoan on
ncuese1, ynpe1 aec1e c nocnepnn npnsnko nunonnLnoc1n. pnepo 1oy
cnyxn1 coapeennm rpeueckn nsmk: nckxennm po kpne c1enenn, nnuennm
nyuue uc1n caoero rp1nueckoro 6or1c1a, scopennm a nekcnkonornuecko
o1nouennn, pxe o6epnennm a cmcne konnuec1a saykoa, 1e ne enee, on
coxpnnn caon nepaopopnme npnsnkn. (Mexpy npoun, xo1n a [peane peunn 6mno
noro pnnek1oa, no ne 1koe konnuec1ao, kk a XVI a., korp nx ncun1manocL
ceLpecn1, a XIII a ao ace Dnnpe n a oco6ennoc1n a 11nke norne roaopnnn no-
qpnuysckn.) Moxno cks1L, u1o nenno a npoc1pnc1ae pyx pqenon, npnuepun
a ae1xoc1L, cnyxnaun xpo, s1e nopoxoam cknpo, cnnLno noc1ppaun o1
aeneunncknx npep, po cnx nop amsmae1 aocxnuenne n nanne1cn nenpeasopennm
o6psuo rny6okomcnennoro nsnuec1a n npoc1oro aennunn.
kxe cnyue1cn, u1o ne y acex npopoa cyuec1aye1 aepnoc1L nsmky npepkoa. D1o
o6c1on1enLc1ao eue 6onLue s1pypnne1 nonm1kn npn nooun qnnonornn n1n
nc1okn nnn onpepenn1L o1nocn1enLnme poc1onnc1a 1oro nnn nnoro uenoaeueckoro
1nn. e 1onLko nsmkn npe1epneak1 nsenennn, a1nnueckyk npnpopy ko1opmx ne
acerp aosoxno o6npyxn1L - ac1peuk1cn n npopm, ko1opme, acnepc1ane
kon1k1 c uyxnn nsmkn, o1ksmak1cn o1 caoero co6c1aennoro. enno a1o
nponsouno nocne no6eponocnmx noxopoa nekcnpp c npocaeuenno uc1Lk
ncenennn 3npno snn, nnpnep, c kpnun, knnpoknun n pnnn, 1o
xe coe oxno cks1L n o nunx rnnx. Mexpy 1e n 1e n ppyrne aneppnnn a
nsmkn-no6epn1enn uyxepopnm npnnunn, ko1opm, a koneuno cue1e, 1kxe nsennn
nx. o ecnn a1n npopm eue coxpnnnn, nyc1L n ne ao ace uenoc1noc1n, cao
co6c1aennm nnc1pyen1 munennn, ecnn ppyrne, 6onee c1okne - 6ckn, 6ep6epm
ns 1nc, akxnnnpm Kxno pann - po cnx nop roaopn1 1k, kk roaopnnn nx
npepkn, ec1L rpynnm, nnpnep, eapen, ko1opme, kxe1cn, nnkorp ne npnpann
a1oy snuennn. a1o 6espsnnune nopxe1 c nepamx pne nepecenennn
6orons6pnnoro npop. Opp, npnuepun ns xnpeckoro Yp, 1k n ne amyunn a
c1pne npepkoa xnnckn nsmk, ko1opm c1n nunonnLnm pnn pe1e spnnn.
1e o1ksnncL o1 popno peun n npnnnnn ppyryk, ko1opn, kk xoue1cn py1L,
npe1epnen aospec1ane ppeannx aocnonnnn n cpenncL a nx yc1x oco6m
pnnek1o 1oro ouenL ppeanero nsmk - 1epnnckoro pnn ppeaneuero p6ckoro,
skonnoro ncnepnn nneen, 6nnsknx uepnm xn1 [aH a amaa
ca nmk ackH, amaa r ann cnaana nmkH
aaaa, aaan akH aH au c (can, 19,18).].
D1oy nsmky eapen 1oxe ne coxpnnnn aepnoc1L. o aosapuennn ns nnen 1onnm
3opoaaenn s6mnn ero n 6epery aannoncknx pek ao apen cenpecn1nne1nero
npe6mannn 1. 1pno1ns, ycnnennm nsrnnne, coxpnnn aecL cao nmn - ace
xe oc1nLnoe c nopsn1enLno nerkoc1Lk o1aepr a1o1 npop, c1pnnm o6pso
opnoapeenno roppm cn co6o n kocononn1nueckn no pyxy po kpnero
npepen. snoao o1c1poenno epycnne nonannocL norouncnennoe ncenenne,
roaopnauee n pecko nnn xnpecko npeunn, ko1opoe, anpoue, ne 6mno
nnueno cxopc1a c nsmko o1uoa ap.
o apeen ncyc pnc1 a1o1 pnnek1 c 1pypo cpepxnan n1nck rpeueckoro
pnnek1, co acex c1opon nponnkauero a eapeckyk cnc1ey munennn n peun.
enepL 1onLko a a1nx noamx opexpx, a 1o nnn nno c1enenn anern1nmx, necyunx
n ce6e 6onee nnn enee cnnLnyk neu1L 11nuecko npe1enunosnoc1n, eapeckne
a1opm 1o anoxn cospann caon nponsaepennn. ocnepnne knonnueckne knnrn
e1xoro sae1, pano kk n counnennn Onnon n ocnq, nannk1cn nponsaepennnn
annnnnc1nuecknn.
orp pspyuenne can1oro ropop ps6pocno ao ace c1oponm nunk, o1nmne
nnuennyk pcnonoxennn ceamunero, oc1ok ne npennyn co6p1L yc1aennoe
6or1c1ao ee cmnoa. apeckn kynL1yp nopan c qnnn n nekcnppne, n nsmk,
npen nyp, yuenne ukonm n6epnp cnoa c1nn cen1cknn, nnorp p6cknn
n uc1o xnncknn, ecnn aocnonLsoa1Lcn 1epnno cn. nek a anpy
canuennm c 1ex nop nsmk, nsmk paannoa, pennrnn, ko1opm cun1e1cn
nunonnLnm. o a noacepneano xnsnn eapen nonLsoanncL npeunnn seenL, a
ko1opme nx snecn cypL6. Cnepye1 o1e1n1L, u1o noackpy a1n nsrnnnnkn o6punn
n ce6n annnne caon oco6ennm kuen1o. smk, ko1opm onn aocnpnnnnn n
nsyunnn c pnnero pe1c1a, 1k n ne cor cnrun1L nx ronocoame canskn. D1o1 qk1
nop1aepxpe1 amcksmanne y6onLp1 o 1ko 1ecno cansn pcm n nsmk, u1o
norne nokonennn 1k n ne nyuk1cn npannLno nponsnocn1L cnoa, ko1opmx ne
snnn nx npepkn.
k 6m 1o nn 6mno, eapen nannk1 co6o seu1enLnoe poks1enLc1ao a1o mcnn,
nenno: ne acerp, c nepaoro asrnnp, oxno yc1noan1L 1ounoe coo1ae1c1ane expy
pco n nsmko, n ko1opo on roaopn1, nockonLky a1o1 nsmk, aosoxno, n ne
npnnpnexn1 e no npay poxpennn. ocne eapeea n or 6m nsa1L eue umrn n
neno ppyrnx npopoa.
enepL nonn1no, c kko oc1opoxnoc1Lk cnepye1 nonLsoa1Lcn nonn1ne popc1a n
pxe cxopc1a nsmkoa, u1o6m cpen1L amaop o6 npen1nunoc1n pc, no1oy u1o ne
1onLko norne npopm yno1pe6nnk1 nsenennme nsmkn, ocnoanme aneen1m ko1opmx
6mnn cqopnpoanm 6es nx yuc1nn - npnepo cnyxn1 6onLun uc1L npopoa
3npno snn n nou1n ace npopm Kxno aponm, - no neno ppyrnx npnnnnn
coaepuenno uyxpme n nsmkn, k qopnpoannk ko1opmx onn aoo6ue ne nenn
nnkkoro o1nouennn. oneuno, a1o1 nocnepnn cnyu ouenL pepkn. n nanne1cn
pxe nonne. pnko poc11ouno 1oro, u1o 1koe 6mae1, u1o6m nooc1epeuLcn
poks1enLc1a, nnpunakunxcn npn anpe 1knx o1knonenn. e ne enee,
nockonLky qk1 nonen, nockonLky on ac1peue1cn ne c1onL uc1o, kk qk1m
coaepuenno nnoro pop, 1. e. qk1m coxpnennn nunonnLnmx npeun pxe ouenL
cn6mn npopnoc1nn, nockonLky m n6nkpe, nckonLko nsmkn coo1ae1c1ayk1
rennk cospauero nx npop n nckonLko onn nsennk1cn no epe 1oro, kk enne1cn
kpoaL a1oro npop, nockonLky ponL, ko1opyk onn nrpk1 a qopnpoannn nx
nponsaopnmx, nponopunonnLn uncnennoy aknpy pcm, ko1opm onn anocn1 a
noayk ceunnyk cnc1ey, - ace a1o nosaonne1 cpen1L neonpoaepxnm amaop o
1o, u1o nn opnn npop ne oxe1 ne1L nsmk, c1onun n 6onee amcoko c1ynenn,
ue on c. s a1oro nosaonk ce6e amaec1n cnepykune sknkuennn.
oaopn o nunn ceunnoro coc1a, m o1eunn, u1o unannnsunn ne cyuec1aye1
pnn acex ee cnoea opnoapeenno. 1o apen, korp c1pme a1nnueckne qk1opm
npoponxk1 pec1aoa1L n nnxne ypoane counnLno nec1nnum, onn aecL cn6o
n uue acero apeenno noppk1cn annnnnk npeo6npkuero nunonnLnoro rennn.
mue n npnennn a1o1 npnnunn k Opnunn n cksn, u1o ns 36 nnnnonoa xn1ene
ncun1manocL epa nn 20, ko1opme npnnnnn amnyxpennoe, nccnanoe, apeennoe
yuc1ne a unannns1opcko pen1enLnoc1n n 6nro coapeenno aponm. 3
ncknkuenne ennko6pn1nnn, cnnouenno snun1enLnm epnnc1ao ee
nunonnLnmx 1nnoa - cnepc1ane ee oc1poanoro nonoxennn, - eue 6onee rpyc1nn
kp1nn n6nkpe1cn n oc1nLno uc1n kon1nnen1. s yx n asnn Opnunk a
kuec1ae npnep, npoponxy psroaop o6 a1o c1pne n nonm1kcL noks1L, u1o oe
nenne o6 ee a1nnuecko coc1onnnn n cyxpenne, amcksnnoe nok 1onLko u1o a
o1nouennn acex pc a ueno, u1o kce1cn coo1ae1c1ann 1nn n nsmk,
nopsn1enLnm o6pso coanpk1 ppyr c ppyro.
Mm sne no, nnn nyuue cks1L, m nnuero ne sne poc1oaepno, uepes kkne
c1pnn npounn kenL1ckn nsmk n npopnn n1mnL [ cnu nr nyu
a nam lingua rustica Romanorum, lingua romana, H
cnaH, aHckr nmka k raa, nHy v snram
nmk c n vmH aamH HaH kaancn m n ckH.
HH akx, v kaxm nr ncn a kn ann av
ca m, nnan acr ycr anka ycknn
nuk knum, caH sHram.], npexpe ue c6nnsnnncL n, nkoneu,
cnnnncL Can1o eponn n ero coapeennnk CynLnnc Ceaep canpe1enLc1ayk1 -
nepam a caonx oen1pnnx o ocnnnn Can1oro an n1, a1opo a
[nnore o poc1onnc1ax onxoa oc1ok - o 1o, u1o a nx apen a nnnn
roaopnnn no enLue epe n payx aynLrpnmx nsmkx kenL1cko, coxpnnauncn
a 1ko unc1o1e n 6eperx en, u1o nsmk rnno-rpekoa, pcc1auncn co caoe
nppopnno uec1L co1en ne1 nsp, ao ace noxopnn n cao npnsmk, n rnnLcko,
ko1opm, no nennk opnoro koen11op, ne or 6m1L nnue nnm, kpoe kk
nckxennm ppeanepnckn nnn ponckn o a1o1 rnnLckn nsmk, o1nnuauncn
o1 1oro, ko1opm yno1pe6nnnn a peae, yxe ne 6mn nn nsmko snpnm, nn nsmko
kan1nnn. D1o1 pnnek1 IV aek, aosoxno, c pspenennm n pae 6onLune
rpynnm, nuen ce6e ec1o 1onLko a uen1pe n n kre nmneune Opnunn. enno o1
1oro o6uero nc1ounnk cnepye1 aec1n nuno 1euenn, a psnnuno c1enenn
n1nnnsnpoannmx, ko1opme cqopnpoann nosxe, aec1e c ppyrnn npopyk1n
ceuennn n a psnmx nponopunnx, nsmk po n co6c1aenno ponckn nune
noroaopn o nocnepne
1o6m a1o1 nsmk nonanncn, poc11ouno 6mno nnuL anec1n ne6onLune nsenennn a
n1nnckyk 1epnnonornk n nsenn1L neko1opme rp1nueckne npann,
snc1aoannme ns kenL1ckoro n ppyrnx nsmkoa, npexpe nensaec1nmx n snpe
aponm ononnn nnepnn anecnn cao aknp a anpe nenoro uncn n1nLnncknx,
qpnkncknx, sn1cknx aneen1oa 6ern 6yprynpuea n a oco6ennoc1n ro1oa c1nn
eue opnn nc1ounnko xnao rponnn, saonknx n pck1nc1mx saykoa. x eue
6onLue ycnnnnn cpunnm. kn o6pso, ponckn nsmk, o1nnuauncn o1
rnnLckoro, u1o kce1cn aapn1nn, ackope npno6pen oco6ennm, cneunqnueckn
o1neu1ok. oneuno, ero ne o6npyxnuL a knn1ax cmnoa yn [e6onnap nnn nosxe a
noasnn e6o po ouep nnn Bep1pn pe Bopn. pnko on yxe uyac1aye1cn, ero
ocnoanme npnsnkn cqopnpoanm, nnpanenne ero psan1nn ue1ko onpepeneno. C
1ex nop a psnnunmx caonx pnnek1x - nnysencko, npoancnLcko, oaepncko -
nonanncn nsmk ncenennn, c1onL nepeeunnoro, u1o nopo6noro ey ne1 n cae1e.
D1o1 nsmk - rn6kn, npospunm, pyxoanm, xnsneppoc1nm, nckpnuncn, no
nnuennm rny6nnm n qnnocoqnn, caepkkun nopo6no sono1y, no sono1o ne
nannkuncn, - or ampsn1L nnuL 1o, u1o nexn1 n noaepxnoc1n. ne ne 6mno
snoxeno cepLesnmx npnnunnoa, on ponxen 6mn oc11Lcn nnc1pyen1o aceo6ue
nnpnqqepen1noc1n, noc1poenno n cken1nunse n nceunnaoc1n. on c ycnexo
ncnonnnn caoe npepnsnuenne. oaopnun n ne pc c1penncL 1onLko k
ypoaonLc1ann n aneuney 6necky. n 6mn xp6po po 6espccypc1a,
xnsneppoc1no n yanekkuecn, c1pc1no 6es npepe1 c1pc1n n xnao 6es
y6expenn, on pcnonrn nnc1pyen1o, anonne nopxopnun pnn 1oro, u1o6m
cnyxn1L ee c1penennn, no, neco1pn n aocxnuenne [n1e, a1o1 nsmk cnyxnn a
noasnn 1onLko pnn pnqoakn c1npnuecknx nponsaepenn, nk6oanmx necenok,
aonnc1aennmx npnsmaoa, a pennrnn - pnn 1oro, u1o6m noppepxna1L epecn
nL6nrouea, nnxeuea, ko1opme 6mnn nnuenm acnknx nn1ep1ypnmx poc1onnc1a,
u1o, anpoue, ne noeuno opnoy nrnnunnny, ne o1nnuaueycn k1onnunso,
nosppan1L nnc1ao c 1e, u1o ono nopopnno cpepneaekoaLe [Makn a c
rn, . I, nm, v anurm nnuycn cmH acnnxH
anmx ncan, c a Ha (cH. nsHy ay
nurm). ak sa cka arka nnnnnacu a caH a
cv ma amcmr yxacaa. nvH, x km mn
acanum, v ann anu.]. kn 6mn a 1e apeen ponckn
nsmk, 1kn on nanne1cn n ceropnn. n ne npekpcen, no nsnuen, n poc11ouno
ann1enLno npnco1pe1Lcn k ney, u1o6m yanpe1L, kk no on npnropen pnn
aennko unannnsunn.
oco1pn, ne a noxoxnx nn ycnoannx cqopnpoancn nsmk po? 1ae1 6ype1
o1pnu1enLnm, n kkn 6m cnoco6o ne nponsouno cnnnnne kenL1ckoro, n1nnckoro,
repnckoro aneen1oa, m ne oxe cypn1L o6 a1o a cnny nepoc11k nn1ep1ypnmx
nn1nnkoa anoxn cospnnn nsmk [ ncna k c na cu
nnmm aHvan a s cv.], no kpne epe, ncno, u1o on poxpncn
ns n1ronns expy 1pen psnnunmn npeunnn n u1o nonyunauncn a
pesynL11e a1oro npopyk1 o6npn xpk1epo n aneprne, ko1opme ne 6mnn nsaec1nm
1e pmxnm coc1annkun, ns ko1opmx o6psoancn ponckn nsmk. kko-1o
oen1 caoero cyuec1aoannn nsmk po 6mn aecL 6nnsok k repnckn npnnunn.
nncLennmx nn1nnkx, pouepunx po nc, oxno o6npyxn1L opnn ns nyuunx
npnsnkoa pncknx nsmkoa - ouL, nyc1L n orpnnuennyk, enee ampxennyk, ue
a cnckpn1e, ppeanerpeuecko n neeuko, no ace eue poc11ounyk pnn 1oro, u1o6m
cospa1L coc1anme cnoa. Cyuec1an1enLnme nek1 qnekcnn, yksmaeme
qqnkcn n, cnepoa1enLno, cnoco6noc1L k nnaepcnn, y1puennyk a nue apen,
koe qpnuysckn nsmk XVI a. ncnxpncn 1onLko a yuep6 ncnoc1n peun. ro
nekcnueckne sncm xpnnnn noro aneen1oa, oc1aunxcn o1 qpnkcko pcm.
kn o6pso, nsmk po a co nune 6mn nc1onLko xe repnckn, nckonLko
rnnLckn, kenL1ckn oc1ancn n a1opo nnne, u1o, aepon1no, o6LncnnnocL
enopnuecknn 1pe6oannnn nsmk. Cn 6onLun noxan, ko1opo oxno
ypoc1on1L a1y nsmkoayk cnc1ey, - a1o ypunoe n pepsnoaennoe npepnpnn1ne
rocnopnn n11pa, ko1opoy ypnocL nn1ep1ypno, c1nx s c1nxo, nepeaec1n n
qpnuysckn nsmk XIII a. nepayk necnL nnpm, u1o apnp nn aosoxno cpen1L n
ceropnnune qpnuyscko.
D1o1 nsmk, oueanpno, npnnpnexn npopy, ko1opm nannn co6o nanm kon1pc1 c
xn1ennn Kxno nnnn. popnn nn1ep1yp a1o pcm, rny6xe npnaepxennn
k1onnueckn npen, anocnun a nonn1nky xname nonn1nn nesancnoc1n, cao6opm,
poc1onnc1a, ao ace o6uec1aennme nnc1n1y1m c1penenne k nonesnoc1n, c1ann
nepep co6o uenL: co6p1L aoepnno ne qn1c1nueckne nsmckn pyx n ceppu, ne
acknpm aceo6uero cken1nuns, no nunonnLnme npen a 1o anpe, a kko nx
nonnnn a 1y anoxy n a kko onn amrnnpenn nc1nnnmn. D1oy noxanLnoy
c1penennk nunn n nsmk m o6nsnm nonanenne 6nec1nunx pnqoannmx
counnenn, oco6enno pan oapen, a uLnx c1nxx uyac1aye1cn ceaepnoe annnnne.
coxnennk, ecnn cosp1enn a1nx 1ppnun n pxe nepame a1opm nenn nepenne
coxpnn1L nc1opnueckne qk1m nnn aocne1L nonoxn1enLnme c1pc1n, 1o co6c1aenno
noasnn, nk6oaL k qope n nonck npekpcnoro ne acerp nxopn1 poc11ouno ec1 a
nx nponsaepennnx. pexpe acero, y nn1ep1ypm n nsmk po n6nkpnocL xennne
nrp1L y1nnn1pnyk ponL. kn o6pso, pcm, nsmk n nncLennoc1L kk nenLsn
nyuue coo1ae1c1ayk1 ppyr ppyry a pnno cnyue.
o, u1o anonne ec1ec1aenno, repnckn aneen1, snun1enLno yc1ynaun a
konnuec1aenno o1nouennn rnnLckoy n ponckoy, noc1enenno cokpuncn n a
kpoan npop. pnoapeenno on 1epnn caon nosnunn n a nsmkoao cqepe: c opno
c1oponm, kenL1ckn, c ppyro - n1mnL, ace 6onLue am1ecnnnn ero ns a1o cqepm.
D1o1 kpcnam n cnnLnm nsmk - k coxnennk, on nsaec1en n 1onLko no nepnopy
ero amcuero pcuae1, - ko1opm or 6m n pnLue coaepuenc1aoa1Lcn, nun
yanp1L n perppnpoa1L k konuy XIII c1one1nn. XV a. on npeap1nncn a ec1noe
npeune, a ko1opo repncknx aneen1oa nou1n ne oc1nocL. C 1ex nop a1o
pc1puennoe cokpoanue npepc1annno co6o nekyk nonnk pnpo c
nporpeccnpykunn kenL1ckn n n1nnckn, neu1o nornunoe n apapckoe. XVI a.,
a anoxy aosap1 k knccnueckn nccnepoannn, qpnuysckn nsmk npe6man a
1ko pcu1nno coc1onnnn, n nonanncL 1enpenunn k ero coaepuenc1aoannk
ny1e noaopo1 a c1opony nsmkoa ppeannx. D1y spuy npoaosrncnnn nn1ep1opm
1oro aennkoro apeenn. npoue, onn no a a1o npeycnenn, n XVII a., 6onee
6nropsynm, ue npepmpyun, n nonnaun, u1o neaosoxno conpo1nann1Lcn
ec1ec1aennoy nopnpky aeue, snnncn 1onLko ycoaepuenc1aoanne nsmk,
ko1opm kxpopneano ace 6onLue npnnnn cme ec1ec1aennme qopm
npeo6npkue pcm, 1. e. 1e cme, ko1opme nekorp coc1annnn rp1nueckyk
c1nxnk kenL1ckoro.
o1n anune nsmk po, s1e qpnuysckn o6nsnm caoe c1okoc1n 6onee npoc1m
ceuennn pc n npeun, ns ko1opmx onn amunn, 1e ne enee a nnx coxpnnnncL n
pnnek1m. c11n, 6mno 6m uec1Lk pnn a1nx qop nsa1L nx pnnek1n, ne
ec1nmn npeunnn. pnunn nx xnsnecnoco6noc1n kopenn1cn ne a perppunn
npeo6npkuero nunonnLnoro 1nn, canpe1ennn koe onn 6mnn, a onpepenenno
nponopunn kenL1ckoro, ponckoro n repnckoro aneen1oa, ko1opme coc1annnn n
po cnx nop coc1annk1 nuy nunonnLnoc1L. o a1y c1opony o1 Cenm npeo6npe1
nnkppnckn pnnek1 co caoe aapn1nko n nekcnko, ouenL 6nnsko k
qnnpcko, repnckne cnepm a ne nc1onLko oueanpnm, u1o ne1 nyxpm nx
poksma1L. a1o o1nouennn qnnpckn oc1ncn aepen nsmky po, ko1opm a
onpepenennm oen1, oc1ancL cn co6o, cor ao6p1L a ce6n, oco6enno a
noasnn, qopm n ampxennn psroaopnoro nsmk, yno1pe6nneoro a ppce.
ppyro 6epery Cenm m ac1pe1n 6onLue npoannunnLnmx npeun kenL1ckoro
nponcxoxpennn. 6yprynpcko, a pnnek1x npoannun o n Caon pxe nekcnk
coxpnnn noxec1ao kenL1cknx cnepoa, ko1opmx ne o6npyxnuL ao qpnuyscko n
aoo6ue a npopno n1mnn.
yxe roaopnn o 1o, u1o, nunnn c XV a. annnnne ceaepno uc1n Opnunn yc1ynno
ec1o annnnnk pc, o6n1aunx s ypo. [oc11ouno conoc1an1L cksnnoe amue o
nsmke n 1o. u1o n eue pnLue nncn o kpoan, u1o6m nonn1L, nckonLko 1ecnm
o1nouennn expy qnsnueckn aneen1o n qk1nueckn nnc1pyen1o
nnpnanpynLnoc1n npop.
neckonLko yanekcn pcco1penne Opnunn, no ecnn o6p1n1L asop n ack apony,
m yanpn npnepno 1y xe kp1nny. oackpy nponcxopnune nsenennn nsmkoa ne
nannk1cn, kk o6muno cun1k1, cnepc1ane pec1ann apeenn: ecnn 6m peno
o6c1onno 1k, 1kne nsmkn, kk akxnnn, 6ep6epckn, ackp, nnxne6pe1onckn, pano
6m ncuesnn, onn xnay1 po cnx nop. senennn a1n o6ycnoanenm peaonkunonnmn
npoueccn a kpoan nokonenn.
ne ory ne o1e1n1L opny nn1epecnyk pe1nL, ko1opn ponxn nonyun1L caoe
o6Lncnenne n a1nx c1pnnux. yxe roaopnn o 1o, u1o neko1opme a1nnueckne
rpynnm, noannyncL onpepenennm o6c1on1enLc1a, o1ksnncL o1 caoe peun n
npnnnnn ppyryk, a 1o nnn nno c1enenn uyxpyk n. kuec1ae npnep n npnaopnn
eapeea. o cyuec1ayk1 eue 6onee ypnan1enLnme cnyun 1koro o1peuennn. c1L n
sene pnkne npopnoc1n, roaopnune n nsmkx, c1onunx n 6onee amcoko c1ynenn,
nexenn onn cn - n nek a anpy epnky.
Y a1oro kon1nnen1 1kn neo6munn cypL6, u1o ero cme k1nanme npopm
psananncL, ecnn oxno 1k ampsn1Lcn, a1ne o1 oc1nLnoro np. Y a1nx
unannnsun ne1 nncLennoc1n. c1opnueckne apeen nunncL 1 c 6onLun
snospnne n oc1nncL nonsaec1nm pnn nc. sene oaoro Cae1 npoxnae1
6onLuoe konnuec1ao nneen, ko1opme no noxoxn ppyr n ppyr, xo1n ace
npnnpnex1 k o6un nc1ok a psnnunmx ko6nnunnx.
p6nnLn nnue1, u1o a Uen1pnLno epnke ec1L rpynn, nsmaen n unkn1cko
ae1aLk, ko1opn coc1on1 ns npopoa, ncun1makunx coe 6onLuoe - nn1npu1L
1mcnu pyu n cme nouncnennme - nopnpk 1pexco1, npnue ace onn, pxe
nenLkne, roaopn1 n psnmx npeunnx. kn cn1yunn oxe1 6m1L nnuL
pesynL11o neaepon1no a1nnuecko npxnn.
1o kce1cn a1o rnno1esm, ne ypnan1enLno, u1o cpepn a1nx npopnoc1e ec1L 1kne,
kk, nnpnep, unkn1oc, y ko1opmx aecL cnoxnm nsmk n, kxe1cn, aecL
psan1m. Y a1nx 6opnrenoa yxunnm ne acerp yno1pe6nnk1 1e cnoa, ko1opmn
nonLsyk1cn xenunnm. o acex cnyunx, korp yxunn yno1pe6nne1 xenckne
ampxennn, on neckonLko anponsenne1 nx snuenne. a1o acerp pene1cn cm
nckycnm o6pso. coxnennk, npnpy c a1o kpcnao nekcnuecko cnc1eo m
anpn npnn1nanyk cnc1ey uncnn1enLnmx, caepennyk k cm aneen1pnm
uncn. nonne aepon1no, u1o a nsmke, aneune o11ouenno, a1o1 npnsnk
nepsan1oc1n oxno cun11L aekoam npoknn1ne, cansnnm c apapc1ao
nmneunnx nocn1ene nsmk; korp m n6nkpe 1kne c1pnnoc1n, n y neaonLno
npnxopn1 aennuec1aennme paopum anoxn ospoxpennn, ko1opme a pesynL11e
peaonkun okonu1enLno nepeunn a co6c1aennoc1L 6or1mx kpec1Lnn. ns ace eue
aocxnue1cn nsnunmn kononnn, pesnmn caopn, ceno ckonc1pynpoannmn
nec1nnunmn nepexopn, nnosn1nmn unnnnn n rpe6nnn, coaepuenno
nenyxnmn pnn nnue1m, ko1opn 1 nocennncL, uepes pmpnayk kpoank nLe1
poxpL, nonm o6pyunak1cn, u1yk1ypk o1c1e1 o1 c1en.
1k, n nosaonk ce6e nopuepkny1L, u1o qnnonornn a caonx o1nouennnx c npnpopo
1o nnn nno pcm nnunn ps nop1aepxpe1 qk1m qnsnonornn n nc1opnn. onLko
a1o y1aepxpenne cnepye1 ncnonLsoa1L c kpne oc1opoxnoc1Lk, n6o ecnn ne1 nnmx
pryen1oa, oxno npn1n k ouenL nocneunm n noaepxnoc1nm amaop. oneuno,
ne1 conenn a 1o, u1o coc1onnne nsmk coo1ae1c1aye1 nn1ennek1ynLnoy
coc1onnnk rpynnm nkpe, roaopnunx n ne, no ne acerp a1 cansL opnnkoao
1ecnn. 1o6m cypn1L o6 a1o o1nouennn, npo o6p1n1Lcn k pce, ko1opo n pnn
ko1opo 6mn cospn nsmk. [eno a 1o, u1o nc1opnn npepnre1 n, s ncknkuenne
uepnokoxnx n neko1opmx xen1okoxnx npopoa, a nyuue cnyue kap1eponckne
pcm. Cnepoa1enLno, m nee peno c nponsaopnmn nsmkn, rpe skon nx
qopnpoannn oxno ue1ko npocnepn1L 1onLko a 1ex cnyunx, ecnn a1n nsmkn
nonannncL o1nocn1enLno nepano. s a1oro cnepye1, u1o 1kne pesynL11m, ko1opme
noc1onnno nyxpk1cn a nop1aepxpennn nc1opne, ne ory1 cun11Lcn
neonpoaepxnmn poks1enLc1an. o epe yrny6nennn a n1nunoc1L, no epe
1oro, kk 1ycknee1 cae1, qnnonornueckne pryen1m npnnnk1 ace 6onee
rnno1e1nueckn xpk1ep. pocpno ouyu1L caon orpnnuennme aosoxnoc1n,
korp m c1pencn pekonc1pynpoa1L nc1opnueckoe panxenne uenoaeuecknx rpynn n
nosn1L coc1annkune nx a1nnueckne aneen1m. nsaec1no, u1o cnckpn1 n senp
- a1o popc1aennme nsmkn. D1o o6uee, 1. e. noaepxnoc1noe cyxpenne. 1o xe kce1cn
nx o6uero kopnn, ne1 nnkknx onpepenennmx qk1oa. o xe coe oxno cks1L o6
oc1nLnmx ouenL ppeannx nsmkx, nnpnep, o6 nsmke ackp. nsaec1en 1onLko
c a1o1 nsmk: nockonLky y nero ne1 nnoroa, m ne sne ero renenornn, ne sne,
cun11L nn ero nepaopopnm nnn xe nponsaopnm. oa1oy a1o1 nsmk ne oxe1
coo6un1L n nnuero onpepenennoro o xpk1epe nsmkoao rpynnm, k ko1opo on
o1nocn1cn, n o nkpnx, roaopnunx n ne.
1o kce1cn a1nonornn, on c 6nroppnoc1Lk npnnne1 noouL o1 qnnonornuecknx
nyk. pnko k nn cnepye1 o1nocn1Lcn cpepxnno n, no epe aosoxnoc1n, ns6er1L
pen1L 1onLko n nx ocnoannn kkne-nn6o amaopm [ c amaau, v ak
Hm ncxc cncn nmu k nn ranr aa,
a rynnm aa. cn kakan-yu an Hn ca nmk, s
nan kra ncxn Hrn m n a aHkax nr
cHcaa ac, svck vmx nnvck aacHmx.
a kaancu car nmka, a rynna cHckx aa kra
amaana cax mx anka.].
1k, a1o npanno conpnxeno c neo6xopnmn oroaopkn. o ace nsnoxennme amue
qk1m canpe1enLc1ayk1 o 1o, u1o cyuec1aye1 nckonnoe coo1ae1c1ane expy
nn1ennek1ynLnm ypoane pcm n c1enenLk psan1nn ee npnpopnoro nsmk; u1o,
cnepoa1enLno, nsmkn o6npk1 psnm poc1onnc1ao, kk no qope, 1k n no
rny6nne n copepxnnk - 1ouno 1k xe, kk n pcm; u1o nsenennn a nnx nponcxopn1
s cue1 ceuennn c ppyrnn npeunnn n nsmkn - 1ouno 1k xe, kk n a pcx; u1o
nx kuec1a n poc1onnc1a asnonponnkk1 ppyr a ppyr n asnno ncuesk1 ppyr a
ppyre - 1ouno 1k xe, kk kpoaL pc a pesynL11e cnnuko cnnLnoro
asnonponnknoaennn re1eporennmx aneen1oa; nkoneu, korp nsmk amcue kc1m
oksmae1cn a pcnopnxennn popc1aenno e rpynnm, a1 kc1 nens6exno 6ype1
perppnpoa1L. cnn a konkpe1nmx cnyunx uc1o 1pypno amnec1n cyxpenne o
uennoc1n npop ncxopn ns uennoc1n nsmk, ko1opm on nonLsye1cn, ace-1kn oxno
c yaepennoc1Lk y1aepxp1L, u1o a npnnunne a1o aosoxno. kn o6pso, un11enk
npepnre1cn cnepykun o6un kcno: neppxnn nsmkoa nxopn1cn a c1poro
coo1ae1c1ann c neppxne pc.
XVI
Kk r; u k kyu ;
u n mn; r k
ryu a .
noksn ec1o, npepnsnuennoe nuey anpy a oprnnuecko npe. Mm yanpenn,
kkne rny6okne qnsnueckne psnnunn, n kkne ne enee oueanpnme opnLnme
psnnunn ampennk1 nc ns acex npounx knccoa xnamx cyuec1a. mpenna nu anp, n
nsyunn ero kk o1penLnyk pnnoc1L, 1. e. kk c no ce6e, n qnsnonornn - nyc1L
nenpexnn a caonx amaopx, no npexnn a caonx aosoxnoc1nx n pxe nopounn
a caonx e1opx - 1e ne enee, nosaonnn ne onpepenn1L 1pn kpynnmx
coaepuenno o6oco6nennmx 1nn: uepnm, xen1m n 6enm.
Mennnckn psnoanpnoc1L c1on1 n co nnsue c1ynenn nec1nnum. Xnao1nm
xpk1ep, sneu1nennm a qope 1s ee npepc1an1ene, onpepennn ee cypL6y c
coro nonanennn n cae1. nnkorp ne cyxpeno am1n s npepenm coro yskoro
no nn1ennek1y kpyr. Mexpy 1e nenLsn cun11L aneen1pnmn xnao1nmn nerpoa c
yskn n nok1m n6o, a cpepne uc1n uepen ko1opmx nnnuec1ayk1 npnsnkn
ounoro anepre1nueckoro spnp. cnn nx mcnn1enLnme cnoco6noc1n neaennkn nnn
aoace panm nynn, 1o nx xennnn n, coo1ae1c1aenno, nx aonn o1nnuk1cn
neo6yspnnoc1Lk. eko1opme nx uyac1a psan1m po 1ko c1enenn, ko1opn
neaepo pay ppyrn pc: rnanm o6pso a1o kce1cn akyc n o6onnnnn.
o nenno a co xpnoc1n 1knx ouyuenn sknkue1cn nopsn1enLnoe
poks1enLc1ao nepsan1oc1n nerp. k6n nnu xopou pnn nero, nnu1o ey ne
npo1nano. pnnc1aennoe, uero on xoue1, - a1o ec1L n ec1L, ne snn epm, ec1L c
xpnoc1Lk; poxnn knnu 6ype1 xopou pnn 1oro, u1o6m n6n1L ero xenypok. k xe
on o1nocn1cn n k snx - ero o6onnnne nerko npncnoc6nnae1cn ne 1onLko k
cm peskn, no n k cm o1ap1n1enLnm. a1n ocnoanm uep1 xpk1ep
po6annk1cn neyc1ounaoc1L nc1poennn, nepeenunaoc1L ero uyac1a, u1o pene1
nopok n po6pope1enL coaepuenno nepsnnunmn pnn nero. Moxno cks1L, u1o
yceppne, c kkn on npecnepye1 npepe1 caoe c1pc1n n caoero aoxpenennn, cnyxn1
snoro 1oro, u1o on oxe1 6mc1po ycnokon1Lcn n s6m1L o caoe c1penennn.
koneu, on no popoxn1 caoe xnsnLk n xnsnLk ppyroro uenoaek; on y6nae1 pnn
1oro, u1o6m y6na1L, n a1 uenoaekonopo6nn unn, nerko npnaopnn a pec1ane,
nepep nnuo c1ppnn nponanne1 nn6o 1pycoc1L 1koro pop, ko1opn sc1anne1
uenoaek ykpm1Lcn a none cep1n, nn6o uypoanunyk neaosy1noc1L.
Xen1n pc npepc1anne1 co6o n1n1esy a1oy 1nny. epen yxe ne am1nny1 nsp,
, nnpo1na, ampe1cn anepep. o6 6onLuo, koc1nc1m, uc1o amc1ynkun,
psan1m a amco1y, kk 6m nance1 np 1peyronLno nnueao uc1Lk, rpe noc n
nop6opopok ne nek1 pesknx amc1ynoa, kk y nerp. 6un 1enpenunn k 1yunoc1n ne
nanne1cn cneunqnueckn npnsnko a1o pcm, xo1n ac1peue1cn y xen1okoxnx uue,
ue y ppyrnx npopoa. poe 1oro, oxno o1e1n1L cn6yk qnsnueckyk konc1n1yunk
n npeppcnonoxennoc1L k n1nn. opnLno o1nouennn xen1n pc ne nee1 1ex
6espccypc1a, ko1opme o1nnuk1 ennnuea. 3pecL o6npyxnak1cn cn6o
ampxennme xennnn, aonn, ckopee rpnnuun c ynpnc1ao, nexenn c
6espccypc1ao, yc1ounaoe, no cnokonoe c1penenne k 1epnnLnm
ypoaonLc1ann, 1enpenunn k o6xopc1ay, no 6onLue ps6opunaoc1n a nnue, ue y
nerpoa. o acex penx - npnaepxennoc1L k nocpepc1aennoc1n, ue1koe nonnnne
acero, u1o ne nanne1cn cnnuko aosamuennm nnn rny6okn; nk6oaL ko acey
nonesnoy, yaxenne k nopnpky, ocosnnne npenyuec1a, ko1opme pe1
onpepenennn pos cao6opm. Xen1okoxne ouenL npk1nunm, a ysko cmcne a1oro
cnoa. nn ne npepk1cn eu1nnn, ne cknonnm k 1eope1nueckn pccyxpennn,
nenso6pe11enLnm, no cnoco6nm ouenn1L n npnnn1L ace y1nnn1pnoe. x xennnn
orpnnunak1cn cnokono n, no epe aosoxnoc1n, ypo6no xnsnLk. ueanpno, u1o
onn c1on1 amue nerpoa. aepnoe, nk6o unannns1op oxo1no ns6pn 6m 1ko npop
a kuec1ae ocnoam caoero o6uec1a, no a1o coace ne 1o, u1o oxe1 cqopnpoa1L
o6uec1ao, npnp1L ey aneprnk, kpco1y, xnsnec1okoc1L.
3 nnn npy1 6enme npopm. [nn nnx xpk1epnm o6pynnn aneprnn, nnn, nyuue
cks1L, anepre1nueckn nn1ennek1; uyac1ao nonesnoro, no a 6onee unpoko cmcne
cnoa, 1kxe 6onee amcoko, 6onee pepsnoaenno, 6onee npenLno, ue y
xen1okoxnx; ynopc1ao a coue1nnn c yue1o npenn1c1an n yenne npeoponea1L nx;
6onLun qnsnueckn cnn, ncknkun1enLnoe nnc1nnk1nanoe 1nro1enne k nopnpky, no
ne kk snor o1pmx n nokon, kk neo6xopnoe cpepc1ao k cocoxpnennk n
opnoapeenno npko ampxennm akyc k cao6ope, pxe upesepno; nann
apxpe6noc1L k qopnnsy, a ko1opm, kk a cnnuky, oxo1no anpk1 kn1um,
1kxe nenpnn1ne amcokoepnoro pecno1ns.
Benme nkpn o1nnuk1cn 1kxe neo6muno nk6oaLk k xnsnn. Cospe1cn aneu1nenne,
u1o onn nyuue yek1 nonLsoa1Lcn ek, nyuue snk1 e ueny, noa1oy 6onLue
popox1 caoe n uyxo xnsnLk. x xec1okoc1L, korp on nponanne1cn, orpnnuen
cosnnne neo6xopnoc1n onpepenennmx npepenoa, uero ne ac1pe1nuL y uepnokoxnx.
1o xe apen onn snk1 npnunnm, no ko1opm oxno pcc11Lcn 6es kone6nn c
a1o c1onL pprouenno pnn nnx xnsnLk. epan ns nnx - uec1L, ko1opn nop
psnnunmn nenn snnn orponoe ec1o a munennn uenoaeuec1a c coro
nun ero nonanennn. e1 nyxpm po6ann1L, u1o nonn1ne uec1n n unannns1opckn
cmcn, sknkuennm a ne, nensaec1nm nn xen1m, nn uepnm pc.
1o6m poaepun1L npncoannme nop1pe1m, seuy, u1o orponoe npeaocxopc1ao
6enmx nkpe ao ace, u1o kce1cn nn1ennek1, coue1e1cn y nnx c ne enee
oueanpnm o1c1anne a cnne ouyuenn. Y 6enoro uenoaek 6onee cn6n
uyac1aennoc1L, ue y nerp nnn xen1okoxero. Cnepoa1enLno, on enLue os6ouen
1enecnoc1Lk, xo1n ero konc1n1yunn psan1 nyuue.
o1 1pn coc1anmx aneen1 uenoaeueckoro pop - 1o, u1o n nsan a1opnunmn
1nnn, nockonLky cuen ce6n o6nsnnm oc1an1L a c1opone nepaopopnoro uenoaek
nnn pn1. pe1nunme xe rpynnm amunn ns coue1nnn psnoanpnoc1e kxporo
ns nsannmx 1pex 1nnoa. e1aep1nunme nokonennn popnnncL ns coks opnoro ns a1nx
1pe1nunmx 1nnoa nnn opnoro unc1okpoanoro nneenn c ppyro rpynno, amuepue ns
opnoro ns payx uyxepopnmx anpoa.
nxe a1nx k1eropn exepneano o6npyxnak1cn ppyrne. pnn, ouenL xpk1epnme,
o6psykune noame o1nnun1enLnme 1nnm, no1oy u1o nponcxopn1 ns saepuennmx
anpoa cnnnnnn; ppyrne - neskonuennme, neynopnpouennme, oxno cks1L,
n1ncounnLnme, no1oy u1o nx aneen1m - nn6o cnnuko psnopopnme, nn6o
cnnuko norouncnennme, nn6o cnnuko nesnun1enLnme - ne nenn nn apeenn,
nn aosoxnoc1n nponnkny1L ppyr a ppyr a 1ko c1enenn, u1o6m aro npnaeno k
onnopo1aopennk. [nn noxec1a acex a1nx nec1pmx e1ncnmx pc, ko1opme
coc1annk1 ceropnn uenoaeuec1ao, nenLsn yc1noan1L nnmx rpnnu, kpoe
pnckoanno aepon1noc1n coue1nn uncen.
Bmno 6m ne coace koppek1no y1aepxp1L, u1o ace ceuennn nnoxn n apepnm. cnn
6m 1pn yksnnmx 6onLunx 1nn, oc1kunxcn ue1ko pspenennmn, ne nepeeunncL
ppyr c ppyro, 1orp npeaocxopc1ao, 6es conennn, 6mno 6m n c1opone cmx
cnoco6nmx 6enmx nneen, npepc1an1enn xen1o n uepno pc aeuno npecmknncL
6m y nor nouncnennmx npopoa 6eno pcm. npoue, nc1opnn ne ponyc1nn 1koro
psan1nn co6m1n. ro oxno npepc1an1L, 1onLko npnsnan 6esycnoanoe
npenyuec1ao rpynn, coxpnnaunx nn6onLuyk unc1o1y kpoan.
o o1 1ko rnno1e1nuecko cn1yunn nnk1o 6m ne amnrpn. 1nocn1enLnoe
npeaocxopc1ao, 6ypL ono 6onee oueanpnm, ne orno 6m npnnec1n 1e nosn1nanme
nnopm, ko1opme pn npouecc ceuennn n ko1opmx nenLsn ne npnae1c1aoa1L, pxe
ecnn onn ne ypanoaeunak1 cyy nepoc11koa.
npnep, p1nc1nueckn renn, pano uyxpm ace 1pe ocnoanm 1nn, popnncn
a pesynL11e coks 6enmx c nerpn. ue npnep: a nnue nckoro 1nn ns
ceuennn xen1o n uepno pc nonanncL psnoanpnoc1L, npeaocxopnun caonx
npepkoa, coks xen1o n 6eno pc npnaen k nonanennk npoexy1ounoro 1nn,
c1onuero nnoro amue unc1o qnncknx npopoa n ennncknx nneen.
ne o1pnuk, u1o specL m anpn xopoune pesynL11m. ckycc1a n 6nropopnn
nn1ep1yp kk nnopm ceuennn kpoan, ynyuuennme n o6nropoxennme pcm - ace
a1o oxno 1onLko npnae1c1aoa1L. nsune 6mnn aosamuenm. coxnennk, aennkne
npn a1o onyc1nnncL n 6onee nnskyk c1ynenL, n nnu1o ne oxe1 konencnpoa1L nnn
nonpan1L a1o 6epc1ane. ockonLky n aepy peuL o 1o, u1o canpe1enLc1aye1 a nonLsy
a1nnueckoro ceuennn, po6ank k cksnnoy, u1o nenno ceuennk m o6nsnm
cnruenne npaoa, mcne, aepoann n oco6enno ycnpenne c1pc1e n
nknonnoc1e. pnko ace a1o npexopnune 6nr, n ecnn n npnsnn, u1o yn1, ns
ko1oporo oxno cpen1L paok1, apu, koepcn1, c1on1 6onLue, ue ero pep-
nerp, 6conk1no neaexec1aennm n nn k uey ne npnropnm, n ponxen 1kxe
o1e1n1L, u1o 6pxnm [peane npnn, repon nnpm n nepconxn Lxna,
cknpnnackne aonnm, ace a1n cnanme npnspkn cmx 6nropopnmx, nmne
ncuesnyaunx pc, nannk1 n 6onee 6nropopnm n npekpcnm o6ps uenoaeuec1a;
onn 6mnn nocn1ennn unannnsunn n o6psun aennunn, 6onee k1nanmn,
nn1ennnren1nmn n peka1nmn, nexenn ceunnme npopm nmneunero apeenn,
xo1n n a nx xnnx yxe ne 1ekn unc1n kpoaL.
k 6m 1o nn 6mno, cnoxnoc1L coc1a uenoaeuecknx pc ec1L nc1opnueckoe
coc1onnne, n opnn ns rnanmx cnepc1an 1koro nonoxennn aeue oksncn
xo1nueckn 6ecnopnpok, a kko norpysnncL 6onLun uc1L nepaopopnmx
npnsnkoa kxporo 1nn. pesynL11e norouncnennmx coksoa nyuune uep1m, kk n
nepoc11kn, c1epnncL, psmnncL n pxe o6p1nnncL a caok npo1naononoxnoc1L.
epaonunLno 6enn pc o6npn onononne n kpco1y, nn1ennek1 n cnny.
ocne ceuennn c ppyrnn 1nnn nonannncL kpcname, no cn6me qnsnueckn
e1ncm, nnn e1ncm cnnLnme, no nepnekne yo, nnn ynme, no ypopnname n c
npnsnkn ampoxpennn. kxe oksnocL, u1o pxe kcnnLno aosoxnn pos
kpoan 6eno pcm, korp on cknnnae1cn a kko-nn6ypL nunn ne cpsy,
noc1enenno, yxe ne pe1 e nckonnmx npepor1na. c1o cnyunocL, u1o o1 a1oro
nnuL aospc1n 6ecnopnpok a a1nnuecknx aneen1x, npnpopnme npenyuec1a
6eno pcm nopnn1mann 1ko 6ecnopnpok. D1y kxyuykcn nonnk ne1pypno
o6Lncnn1L, no1oy u1o kxpm ypoaenL ceuennn aepe1, nono coue1nnn
psnnunmx aneen1oa, k o6psoannk noaoro 1nn, k psan1nk noamx, pnee ne
ac1peuaunxcn npnsnkoa. cnkn ps, korp k npopyk1y npeo6psoann 1koro pop
po6annk1cn ppyrne aneen1m, nonanne1cn npxnn; ue 6onLue nponanne1cn a1
npxnn, 1e enLue c1noan1cn uennoc1L cmx nyuunx npnanecennmx aneen1oa,
ko1opme cn qk1o caoero npncy1c1ann yaennunak1 sno aec1o 1oro, u1o6m
konencnpoa1L ero. cnn ceuenne a onpepenenno c1enenn 6nro1aopno pnn
6onLue uc1n uenoaeuec1a, nopnnn ee n noayk c1ynenL n o6nropxnan ero,
a1o nponcxopn1 1onLko s cue1 1oro xe uenoaeuec1a, no1oy u1o onycke1 n ynnxe1
ero, anocn1 a ero nno1L nepaosnoc1L, ockop6nne1 ero a cmx 6nropopnmx
nponanennnx; ecnn pxe ponyc1n1L, u1o nyuue npeap1n1L a nocpepc1aennmx nkpe
npnpm nnu1oxnmx cyuec1a, ue coxpnn1L pcy npnnuea, uLn kpoaL, nopenennn no
uc1n, o6epnennn, psxnxennn, c1noan1cn o6ecueuennm aneen1o nopo6no
e1opqosm, ne npo s6ma1L 1o pocpnoe o6c1on1enLc1ao, u1o npouecc ceuennn
ne npekpue1cn, u1o nocpepc1aennoc1n, cospnnme s cue1 acero nyuuero,
o6Lepnnnk1cn a noame nocpepc1aennoc1n n u1o ns 1knx 6pkoa, ace 6onee n 6onee
perppnpykunx, poxpe1cn cecL, ko1opn, nnopo6ne annoncko 6unn, npnaopn1
k nonnoy 6eccnnnk n saopn1 o6uec1ao a 6esmcxopnm 1ynnk.
o1 uey yun1 nc nc1opnn. n noksmae1, u1o acnkn unannnsunn 6epe1 nuno o1
6eno pcm n nnu1o ne oxe1 ponro npopepx1Lcn 6es ee yuc1nn, u1o o6uec1ao
oxe1 6m1L aennkn n npouae1kun nnuL a 1o epe, a kko ono coxpnne1
co1aopnauyk ee 6nropopnyk rpynny, n u1o c a1 rpynn npnnpnexn1 k co
psan1o ae1an nuero pop. 1o6m okonu1enLno nponcnn1L a1n nc1nnm, poc11ouno
nepeuncnn1L unannnsunn, ko1opme cyuec1aoann n sene, n, yaepnk ac, cnncok ne
6ype1 ouenL pnnnnm.
s con npopoa, ko1opme xnnn n po cnx nop xnay1 n sene, 1onLko pecn1ok
aosamcnncn po coc1onnnn nc1onuero o6uec1a. ce oc1nLnme, 6onee nnn enee
nesancnme, apuk1cn aokpyr nnx, kk nnne1m aokpyr connu. cnn a1n pecn1L
unannnsun o6npyxnak1 nn6o xnsnennm aneen1, uyxepopnm pnn aospec1ann
6eno pcm, nn6o aneen1 cep1n, ko1opm ne cansn c pcn, 6nnsknn k
unannns1opckn, npnpe1cn npnsn1L, yun1man 6ecnopnpok, amsannm npoueccn
ceuennn, u1o acn 1eopnn, nsnoxennn specL, nnuero ne c1on1. npo1na, ecnn
cn1yunn 1koa, kk n ee nonnk, 6nropopc1ao nuero pop 6esycnoano
nop1aepxpe1cn, n cnopn1L c a1n neaosoxno. oa1oy nenno specL m nxopn
epnnc1aennoe nop1aepxpenne n ace neo6xopnme poks1enLc1a cnpaepnnaoc1n
nue cnc1em. onLko 1kn o6pso oxno npocnepn1L psan1ne
qynpen1nLnoro nop1aepxpennn 1oro, u1o npopm perppnpyk1 nnuL a pesynL11e
n nponopunonnLno c1enenn ceuennn nx kpoae n a sancnoc1n o1 kuec1a a1nx
kpoae; u1o nesancno o1 a1oro kuec1a cm cokpyun1enLnm ypp, kko oxe1
nokone61L xnsnec1okoc1L unannnsunn, sknkue1cn a cnepykue: aosnnke1
cn1yunn, korp perynnpykune aneen1m o6uec1a n aneen1m, o6ycnoanennme
a1nnuecknn qk1opn, poc1nrk1 1ko c1enenn psnouepc1noc1n, u1o nx yxe
neaosoxno npnaec1n a rponnk, 1. e. caec1n xo1n 6m k nnnnLnoy
epnnoo6psnk n, cnepoa1enLno, po6n1Lcn o6unoc1n nnc1nnk1oa n nn1epecoa,
ko1opn ec1L epnnc1aennn npepnocmnk counnLnmx canse. nuero ne1 xyxe, ue
a1o1 6ecnopnpok, n6o, kk 6m on nn o1nroun nmneunee apen, pnn 6ypyuero on
ro1oan1 eue xypune ncnm1nnn.
[nn peonc1punn caonx pryen1oa n nuny c nc1opnuecko uc1n npepe1.
pnsnk, u1o a1o aecL o6unpnn 1e, opnko on nxopn1cn a 1ko 1ecno
cuennennn acex ee uc1e, c1ekkunxcn, nopo6no pyuek, k opnoy yc1Lk, u1o ee
o6unpnoc1L nooxe1 ne nyuue n ocnoa1enLnee nsnoxn1L pryen1m, ko1opme n
npepnrk annnnk un11enn. oneuno, n npepc1on1 aec1e c 6enmn nrpn1n
npo1n 6onLuyk uc1L senoro up. o nun ny1euec1ann acerp 6ypy1 nunn1Lcn
a epxne snn, a uen1pnLno 1ouke, rpe spopnncL unannns1opckn 6enn pc.
pny s ppyro n 6ypy aaopn1L a nc1opnueckn kon1ekc1 ec1noc1L, ko1opn, 6ypyun
opnxpm cpepo o6n1nnn 6enoro uenoaek, nnkorp ne coxe1 ocao6opn1Lcn o1 ero
annnnnn. m yanpn, kk pec1ayk1 a1nnueckne skonm a nx coue1nnnx aec1e c
am1ekkunn ns nnx nocnepc1annn. Mm yanpn, c kko neyonno n ono1onno
nocnepoa1enLnoc1Lk onn ocyuec1annk1 caok aonk. s a1oro sxa1makuero
spennu, ns a1o xnao kp1nnm, ko1opn sknkue1 a caon pkn ace c1pnm np,
rpe uenoaek pec1an1enLno nponann ce6n kk xosnnn, nkoneu, ns cennkunx ppyr
ppyr rpnpnosnmx annsopoa m nsaneue poks1enLc1a, ne1nennme, kk ns, n,
kk ns, ne 6onunecn npoan1mx ykycoa perornuecknx pok1pnn - poks1enLc1a,
ko1opme y1aeppn1 nepaenc1ao uenoaeuecknx pc n npeaocxopc1ao opno ns nnx np
acen oc1nLnmn. [nn a1oro a1op cknpmae1 opyxne kpn1nkn n pccyxpennn n
aoopyxe1cn nnc1pyen1o cnn1es n y1aepxpennn. enepL oc1e1cn nnuL onpepenn1L
1eppn1opnk, n ko1opo n 6ypy pec1aoa1L. npoue, a1o 6ype1 kopo1kn cnncok.
yxe o1eun, u1o n sene cyuec1aoano pecn1L aennknx uenoaeuecknx
unannnsun n ace onn cansnm c pen1enLnoc1Lk 6eno pcm. 1k, nepeuncnn nx.
I. npnckn unannnsunn. n pcnpoc1pnnncL n oc1poa npnckoro oken, n
ceaep n n aoc1ok sn1ckoro kon1nnen1 s npepenm Bpxny1pm. e uen1po 6mno
ec1o o6n1nnn 6eno npopnoc1n pnuea.
II. rnn1nne. okpyr nnx co6npk1cn aqnonm, ny6num n neckonLko ne6onLunx
npopoa, xnaunx n snpe osnc on. D1o o6uec1ao nponsouno o1 pncko
kononnn ns npnn, cospnno a aepxoaLnx ponnnm nn.
III. ccnpnum, k ko1opm npncoepnnnnncL eapen, qnnnknum, nnpnum,
kpqrennne, rnnpn1m. ce onn o6nsnm caoey counnLnoy nn1ennek1y ccoam
a1opxennn 6eno pcm - no1okoa n Cn. 1o kce1cn sopoc1pnuea -
npnuea, ko1opme anpmuec1aoann a epepne snn nop nene npoa, nepcoa,
6k1pnuea, 1o a1o onn1L 6mn ae1aL pnckoro ceec1a.
IV. 1 1ex xe pnuea nponsounn ppeanne rpekn, ko1opme nopaeprnncL aospec1ank
cen1cknx aneen1oa.
V. nnornk 1oro, u1o nponcxopnno a rnn1e, m anpn a n1e. pn pnckn
kononnn, npnuepun ns npnn, npnnecn 1yp counnLnoe munenne. onLko aec1o
1oro, u1o6m ceu1Lcn, kk a1o cnyunnocL n 6eperx nn, c uepnmn nneenn,
on pc1aopnncL a cce nuea n xen1okoxnx, kpoe 1oro, nonyunn poaonLno
ounyk noppepxky c ceaepo-snp a nnue aneen1oa 6eno pcm 1k xe pnckoro
ceec1a, no yxe ne nnpncknx [anu yx mn nynx, v ra
H nxcn amarau an, . . kak yx kaam, akm,
km yy cyxaucn x. nmy nn a aky anucu,
k H mn m y nnxau nyu. c, v n Hry cnau,
s kak Hx x nnuaaucn anmH yaxnH. ck
ncxx rnck kack ana y kaanuca,
n nay x a ca aHn.].
VI. [peannn unannnsunn n1nnckoro nonyoc1poa, ns ko1opo amun pnckn
kynL1yp, npepc1annn co6o osnky ns kenL1oa, n6epnuea, pnuea n cen1oa.
VII. epnckne npopm a V a. 1pncqopnpoann renn 3np. nn 6mnn pnun.
VIII. IX, X. D1nn unqpn n o6osnuy 1pn epnknckne unannnsunn -
nnernnckyk, ekcnknckyk n nepynckyk.
s cen nepamx unannnsun - opnnx ns cmx ppeannx a npe - uec1L
npnnpnex1, no kpne epe uc1nuno, pncko pce, cepLn, 1. e.
ccnpnckn, o6nsn npnckoy peneccncy, ko1opm c1n ee cm 6nnc11enLnm
nc1opnueckn oen1o. ou1n aecL eaponeckn kon1nnen1 a nc1onuee apen
ncennk1 rpynnm, a ko1opmx npeo6npe1 6enm aneen1, xo1n ec1L neno n
nepncknx aneen1oa. e 6mno nc1onue unannnsunn y eaponecknx npopoa 6es
pnckoro annnnnn.
o acex pecn1n unannnsunnx nn opn ns ennncknx pc ne qnrypnpye1 a kuec1ae
ocnoa1enLnnum. a uncno nocanuennmx axopn1 1onLko e1ncm.
ouno 1k xe m ne anpn cnon1nnmx unannnsun y xen1mx npopoa, 1, rpe
pnckn kpoaL nc1ounncL, n6nkpe1cn sc1o.
o1 1e, ko1opyk n co6npkcL nccnepoa1L, nonLsyncL nnnn npoao nc1opnn.
a1o saepue1cn nepan uc1L oero 1pyp.

$ %% &' ()'

I. aHm
epame cnepm nc1opnn uenoaeuec1a aocxopn1 k anoxe, npepuec1aykue 5000 ropy
po poxpennn ncyc pnc1 [ H nana, s cm aycn
snx a x mcnv n . s., yr xnr ara
aHn nnann vnaka anum a rnyu aka, a vacc, a
ynua acknk a rn. 3 na nav H nana, . k.
ac rnck naHnk aycn caH a 4000 rH. nvH,
xnrn Han av nn amr ccnaan, nsHy cay
ankau aHa vann cy anca.].
a1oy apeenn nkpn yxe nunnk1 npyu1L aekoayk 1nunny. nxnnn snn
nnonne1 uenoaeueckn ypaennk. oc1enenno a1o1 ypaennk nepeeue1cn
n kr, a nnpanennn p6ckoro nonyoc1poa n qpnknckoro kon1nnen1, n
aoc1oke, nunnn c nn1o, cnyckkunxcn no cknon Bonop [ H a ay
ry nu, kan, avan c car ykyma, ncn a ca,
ncka nu-Uau knncn a ana k y aakyn (yHnu.
anuan n, kaa).], n pnLue, cnoano axo, k neaoy 6epery np.
1k, nune nue nccnepoanne c uepno, nnn, 1ounee, 1enokoxe, pcm.
D1 neaepon1nn cecL ennnuea po cnx nop ypnanne1 nccnepoa1ene [aHm
n acknk a a r k nkamaa, v acn
sx aa nnannn nn cHn k Hra a acm
aHa.]. ue po nonanennn kkoro-1o 6m nn 6mno oprnnsoannoro o6uec1a, on,
ne poaonLc1ayncL uenm npnnpnexun e kon1nnen1o, nepeeue1cn a Kxnyk
snk n c1noan1cn nonno ee anpmunue, s1e npopanre1cn k ceaepy, rpe
coxpnnnncL ppeanne nneen 1o xe kpoan, acen s6m1me a ropx yanL-ynn a
n1e n s npepenn noncknx oc1poaoa. kn 6m nppokcnLnm nn ksncn a1o1
qk1, on ypoc1oaepne1 nnopoan1oc1L a1o norouncnenno rpynnm uenoaeuec1a [3a
rynna acvmaa Hr naa, ncknuky rm c kyvaamH
ancaH cu a aHay, ccaH . ., Hxy H kak y numcaa
aackx ra ancm nnHm. naanu, naam , k
yaxa, v cycay aackx ra c kyvaamH ancaH, kak
y akaa, n c amcynaH xaH, kak y nnara. 3 vu
cHmaan aca, ycna nanxaan k vHy ny, kan a
acx mnx nr k akackH kackH rynnaH.].
o nesancno o1 npnunn, ero nopopnaunx, nesancno o1 pernonoa, rpe on nen
ec1o - 6ypL 1o o6xnrkune kxnme ponnnm nnn nepnnme npoc1opm ceaep, - a 1ex
ec1x ne1 nn epnnoro cnep unannnsunn, nn nmneune, nn aepon1no a npouno.
Cpepn 1enokoxnx xn1ene yanL-ynn ac1peuk1cn ppyrne psnoanpnoc1n c
kypuamn n nyunc1mn aonocn (a yne, rpe nx nsmak1 pa1n n
ppxexn). nn, aosoxno, npnnpnex1 k nennLcko ae1an 1yoa. koponeac1ae
cc, n kre npoannunn yap, xnay1 cnrn, pnkpn c kypuamn aonocn,
noxoxne n nnycoa oao annen. Oopose ec1L nerpm, nnonnkune
xpqopcuea. enokoxne xnay1 n n oc1poax kxnee nonnn, 1kxe a
Cepxnc1ne, n 6epery osep 3pex. pam a1nx npopoa upesamuno xec1okne. x
nonn1nk - aon n ynnu1oxenne, n1ponoqrnn - nx opnL n nx kynL1. ponx
nx o6n1nnn ne1 nn ropopoa, nn xpoa - ne1 nnuero, u1o canpe1enLc1aye1 o
coun6enLnoc1n. D1o apapm ao ace caoe nenpnrnnpnoc1n, y ko1opmx arons
cn6oc1n nponanne1cn ao ace xec1okoc1n. Y npnn1nanmx npopoa ppyro kpoan, o
ko1opmx ackope nope1 peuL, cnoxnnocL o nnx o6uee npepc1anenne, ceunnoe c
npespenne, c1pxo n o1apuenne. nunme saepn noksnncL 6m cnnuko
6nropopnmn a cpanennn c a1nn nneenn. cmcne aneunoc1n onn nnonnk1
o6esLnn, u1o kce1cn nx npac1aennmx kuec1a, n npnunocL 6m npepc1an1L
ce6e nounme koupm [rm ny a , v x nk nmn
cna n nym, a a. ak acu cax, xayan a ry
acr Hn ank Maccaa, amaa cn nHkaH a
aaH nkn kr acaa, cma nuam.].
cnn uen1pnLnme o6nc1n, pxe n ceaepo-aoc1oke, oc1anncL ncenennmn 1knn
norouncnennmn nneenn, 1o ceaepnn uc1L snn, aknkun no6epexLe
epoan1oro oken n aponm, nou1n uennko nxopnncL ao anc1n coaepuenno
ppyroro 1nn. D1o xen1n pc, ko1opn noknnyn o6unpnm epnknckn kon1nnen1
n pannyncL n aoc1ok n snp no 6eper payx okenoa, s1e pcnpoc1pnnncL, c
opno c1oponm, n kr, rpe, ceuauncL c uepno pco, nopopnn norouncnennoe
nckoe ceec1ao, c ppyro - n snp, 1. e. n eue ne scenennme senn
aponm.
koe pspaoenne pupy1 xen1o pcm co ace oueanpnoc1Lk noksmae1, u1o n
caoe ny1n no1ok nrpn1oa ac1peuncn c ounm npenn1c1ane, ko1opoe sc1annno
nx pspenn1Lcn. pannnx Mnuxypnn nx pspennn ounn cnnouennn
nperpp, n neno apeenn npouno, npexpe ue onn snononnnn uen1pnLnme
o6nc1n, rpe ceropnn xnay1 nx no1okn. kn o6pso, onn norouncnennmn
pyuekn o61eknn npenn1c1ane, snnn anune nyc1mnnme ec1; nenno no a1o
npnunne xen1okoxne npopm c1nn nepamn xosnean aponm.
D1 pc oc1ann n ornnm n koe-kkne opypnn oxo1m n aonm a cn6npcknx
c1ennx, cknpnnacknx necx n 6ono1x 6pn1ncknx oc1poaoa. npoue, cypn no a1n
opypnn, ne1 ocnoann cun11L xen1yk pcy 6onee psan1o, ue 1enokoxne
xn1enn kr. 1e apeen n 6onLue uc1n senn nn renn, nn nn1ennek1 ne nenn
nnkkoro snuennn. nc1L onpepennncL 1onLko ncnnne.
CkonLko apeenn npoponxncL 1kn cn1yunn? onpepenenno cmcne o1ae1n1L n
a1o1 aonpoc oxno npoc1o: a1o1 nopnpok aeue nee1 ec1o ackpy, rpe uepnn n
xen1n psnoanpnoc1n npe6mak1 a 1pe1nuno coc1onnnn. 1k, ppeannn nc1opnn ne
pe1 n y1eun1enLnmx amaopoa. n oxe1 cnyxn1L sepkno nmneunero coc1onnnn
snun1enLno 1eppn1opnn senoro up. o nyk ne a cnnx cks1L, korp nenno
nunocL apapc1ao. o caoe npnpope nyk ner1nan, nockonLky 6espec1aenn.
n nponspc1e1 nopcnypno, n ee cyuec1aoanne c1noan1cn oueanpnm 1onLko a 1o1
oen1, korp nponanne1cn k1nann cnn, cnoco6nn npo6n1L 6peuL a ee o6onouke.
kn oen1o 6mno nonanenne cpepn uepnmx npopoa 6eno pcm. onLko nocne
a1oro 1enm xoc ospnncn pccae1o. 1k, o6p1ncn k nc1ok ann1no rpynnm
uenoaeuec1a, u1o6m yanpe1L a1n nepame nyun.
D1 pc nee1 ne enee ppeanee nponcxoxpenne, ue pae ppyrne. [o apeenn caoero
pcnpoc1pnennn on oc1ancL nese1no, ro1oan 6ypyuyk cnanyk cypL6y
uenoaek a 1o yronke senoro up, ko1opm c 1ex nop norpysnncn a eue 6onee
1nnc1aennoe s6aenne.
Mexpy payn npn - ceaepnm n kxnm, nnn, ecnn aocnonLsoa1Lcn nnpnckn
ampxenne, expy nonypenno c1pno, sene cep1n, n ceaepno c1pno,
sene nece1nmx cokpoanu, - npoc1npk1cn ropnme nn1o, nsonnpoannme o1 np
c opno c1oponm ropn nensepno amco1m, c ppyro - cnexnmn nyc1mnnn n
ope nLp.
Cypoam knn1 kk 6yp1o cneunnLno 6nronpnn1c1aoan aocnn1nnk cnnLno pcm.
onopnme npoc1nme ae1pm, kopo1koe ne1o, ponrn sn - opnn cnoao, 6onLue 6ep,
nexenn 6nr, - ace a1o apnp nn orno npo6ypn1L, cosp1L, psan1L unannns1opckn
renn. o npnpy c a1nn cypoamn ycnoannn, cnoano cnaon ckpm1mx 6nr acnko
cypoaoc1n, neroc1enpnnnn senn xpnn1 orponme nnepnLnme 6or1c1a,
rnanm o6pso pprouennme knn [ kr anuan n, H I,
yHnu nm: ccnaan ncnx n a can c HannymH
racaaH, ckmaaHcn a Hn a , aan ac a Hmcnu
ccax, aHacnax x rax, xannx na, kmx
ncnaan c kca , cnycn aa cnn ncn r, .
nmaan a nax a xmx cknax Yana, r nnaau n aa,
nv a caH naxc cacH nH yr c yrH, amn kyrnm
kyck na acH 13, 16 24 ya; acuHa an, v n
kynm kyck kra- nxan a caH naxc, m
craH c r vkaH. 3 cu aaka, nan caa, crnac
ck Hnrvck rra. aH cx n Hr cka,
xanHmx rHaH n H ryakac ( cnaa ry nnau), a
kmx Hx yau a, ykna Hanukr ca. y x
yk amnnn a ckaaackx nanx.].
ropx aopn1cn xnao1nme c uennm exo n uepc1Lk, ko1opme a opnn npekpcnm
penL pnn npy yckyc, c1onL uennm a snn npopyk1. o ckonLko uypec oc1k1cn
nencnonLsoannmn, ecnn ne1 yenmx pyk, cnoco6nmx o6npyxn1L nx n ouenn1L.
e ne enee, cnay a1n senn npnnecnn ne sono1o, ne nsm, ne ex, ne yckyc,
1o1 qk1, u1o onn aspc1nnn 6enyk pcy.
1nnukuecn n o1 1enokoxnx pnkpe kr n o1 xen1okoxnx apapoa ceaep, a1o
rpynne, a co nune orpnnuenno knouko 1eppn1opnn, upesamuno
6ecnnopno, npepc1onno nokopn1L ack oc1nLnyk cyuy, ecnn poanpennk 6mno
yropno korp-nn6o o6nropopn1L senk. pnko 1kn spu 6mn nano ne nop cnny
pxe pnn 6enmx nkpe, ecnn pxe nn1n 1mcnu ne1 oksnocL nepoc11ouno pnn ee
ocyuec1anennn.
s6pnnyk uenoaeueckyk rpynny, 1k xe kk n pae ppyrnx, nopunnennmx e, 1pypno
oxpk1epnsoa1L n onpepenn1L c poc11ouno 1ounoc1Lk. n aknkue1 a ce6n ao
ace npe noxec1ao cxopnmx npnsnkoa, ko1opme nosaonnk1 n pxe amnyxpk1
knccnqnunpoa1L ee nop o6un - neckonLko nenonn1nm n ouenL nenonnm -
nene: 6enn pc. ockonLky ee ocnoanme o1ae1anennn peonc1pnpyk1 poaonLno
psnme cnoco6noc1n n nx ypo6nee xpk1epnsoa1L no o1penLnoc1n, ne1 peun o
nonno npen1nunoc1n nc1okoa a1o pcm. epL m anpn ue1ko ampxennme psnnunn
any1pn nopanpoa 1enokoxnx n xn1ene ceaepnoro nonyupnn, noa1oy nornuno
npepnonoxn1L, u1o qnsnonornn 6enmx 1kxe o1nnue1cn noxec1aennoc1Lk 1nnoa.
osxe m aepnecn k a1oy, nok secn o6unn npnsnkn.
epaoe, u1o 6poce1cn a rns: 6enn pc nnkorp ne npepc1e1 nepep nn a
pypnen1pno coc1onnnn, a kko m n6nkpe oc1nLnme. C coro nonanennn n
nc1opnuecko cuene on poaonLno psan1 n o6npe1 ocnoanmn aneen1n,
ko1opme nosxe, 6ypyun ycoaepuenc1aoanm ee norouncnennmn ae1ann, nopopn1
psnoo6psnme qopm unannnsunn.
n eue o6n1n a rnyxnx ponx Ceaepno snn, no yxe o6npn nosnnnnn a
koconornn, rny6nny ko1opmx n npnxopn1cn npnsn1L ceropnn, no1oy u1o
coapeennoe uenoaeuec1ao sne1 nnuL qpren1m 1o ppeane nykn, cpocuecn c
pennrne [ yax 3aanua, cHm cvan ca
ax Hn a ca-ack, . . y nacu, kya nmn
acm. H r, y namx aa aa cu
, nam nnan x nmkamx ccH, anH,
nn vmx aacax Ha, cn namx nkax, nn
. . (3aanu. cn anuckr aa).].
ono npe o nponcxoxpennn np 6enme nkpn xpnnnn nn1L o nepamx npepkx
- 1ex, u1o xnnn nocne cmnoae on, n n1pnpxx, yepunx po nocnepne
kocnuecko k1c1poqm. c1L ocnoannn nonr1L, u1o nenn Cn, n Hqe1
onn nsmann ne acex xn1ene nue nnne1m, 1onLko ae1an epnnc1aenno pcm,
ko1opyk onn cun1nn nc1nnno uenoaeuecko, 1. e. nx co6c1aenno pcm. D1o
poksmae1 rny6okoe npespenne, ko1opoe onn nosxe nn1nn ko ace oc1nLnm
pc.
cnn nnorp nn coo1nocn1 1o c ernn1nnn, 1o c uepnokoxnn, 1o a1o pene1cn
nponsaonLno, a o1penLno asn1o c1pne, ao apeen ne c1onL o1pnennme n ncxopn ns
nnornn saykoa, a ko1opo ne1 nnuero onpepenennoro n ko1opo nepoc11ouno pnn
cepLesnmx a1nonornuecknx pccyxpenn.
k 6m 1o nn 6mno, a1n 6enme nkpn sponro po nc1opnuecknx apeen nenn pa
rnanmx aneen1 acnko unannnsunn; pennrnk n nc1opnk.
1o kce1cn nx npaoa, m sne opnn nn1epecnm qk1: onn ne cpxnncL neunn,
nopo6no nx ceaepnm n aoc1ounm cocepn. caonx aproa onn yc1pennnncL, c1on
a 6oeamx konecnnux; a1o o1nocn1cn k ernn1nn, nnpyc, ccnpnu, nepc,
rpek, rnn, n specL oxno npepnonoxn1L onpepenennyk y1onuennoc1L aoennoro
nckycc1a, u1o neaosoxno 6es 6onLunx nosnnn a o6p6o1ke pepea, koxn,
e1nnoa. epao6m1nme 6enme nkpn yenn 1k1L n un1L opexpy n xnnn rpynnn a
6onLunx cenennnx, ykpuennmx nnpnpn, o6ennckn n kyprnn ns kne nnn
senn.
nn npnpyunn pnknx noupe n aenn nc1yueckyk xnsnL. Y nnx 6mnn 6onLune
c1p kopoa [kaca s n acm; naxH
cnyx ak, v Hr xnkx rynnm ynnnn Hnk
ax a anu amck cyn ana. n kmx
aa an kan a n ka. k aHacn
HamaaH xamx.]. Cpann1enLnoe nsyuenne nsmkoa, ko1opoe
exepneano npnnocn1 ace noame nk6onm1nme n neoxnpnnme qk1m, noksmae1, u1o
senepenne onn snnnncL no.
Mexpy npoun, e1opm po6mannn a1nx caepenn nou1n ns ne6m1nn, ko1opme oxno
nsa1L ponc1opnuecko nc1opne, cpannm c p6o1o reonoroa: onn pk1 ne
enee 1ounme n neonpoaepxnme pesynL11m. npn ep, ncnonLsoanne aoenno
konecnnum npk1nkoanocL 6enmn npopn, ns ko1opmx amunn ernn1nne, nnpycm,
rnnm. o-nepamx, a1 npen ne ns 1ex 6m1oamx no1pe6noc1e, kk, ckxe, yenne
nn1L n ec1L, ko1opme npnxopn1 n y ace xnam cyuec1a nesancno o1
nponcxoxpennn. o-a1opmx, a1o opno ns 1ex cnoxnmx nso6pe1enn, ko1opme
coxpnnk1cn a npope n cnoco6c1ayk1 ero npouae1nnk n oryuec1ay.
kn xe o6pso oxno c 1ounoc1Lk aocc1noan1L o6ps xnsnn npnn1nanmx 6enmx
npopoa. syuenne nnporepncknx nsmkoa canpe1enLc1aye1 o nnnunn a cnckpn1e,
rpeuecko, n1nncko, kenL1cknx n cnanncknx pnnek1x 6nnsknx 1epnnoa,
o1nocnunxcn k cko1oaopc1ay n nonn1nuecko xnsnn. nn1enLno nsyun cnoa
aec1e c nx kopnnn, nnnranc1m onpepennnn nponcxoxpenne npoc1mx nnn cnoxnmx
nonn1n, nepepaemx a1nn cnoan. ksnocL, u1o pnn nepepun 1knx nonn1n,
kk 6mk, noupL, konecnnu nnn konnck, opyxne, nepao6m1nme 6enme
npopm nenn cnoa nnn ampxennn, ko1opme oc1anncL npnansnnmn k nekcnke
6onLunnc1a nsmkoa 1o xe rpynnm. Cnepoa1enLno, nx aoennme n cko1oaopueckne
npnamukn nenn rny6okne kopnn. pnoapeenno ao acex a1nx nsmkx o1eueno
6or1oe psnoo6psne qop, yno1pe6nnemx ao acex cnyunx, rpe peuL npe1 o
cenLcko xosnc1ae, nnpnep, nsannn pc1enn n cenLckoxosnc1aennmx opypn.
3nun1, o6p6o1k senn nonanncL nosxe pspenennn 6onLuoro 1nn n rpynnm.
D1nonornueckne nccnepoannn noksnn, kk nepao6m1nme 6enme npopm nonnnn
Bor, u1o osnunn pnn nnx nonn1nn upL n aoxpL. kn o6pso,
cpann1enLnoe nsyuenne nsmkoa npnnecno nc1opnn 1pn pesynL11: [. yHnu
Hva: 3 a Hrvcnm rynnm arn-ycck am
ycck-cck nnHa n nnvck ccHm a v Hrx
aka kakaan nuk v Hm Hn Bak, . . v
Hcu, kan kyxa an ncn anu acvr nxun
acnn Hxy BankH caaH Hxy amkH ykHckH
nmkH. 3 nncka cym, HcaH vu nnan, n k
nmn ca ycn k... 3 nyu Qn, axa ayna a ay
yr... ackan ncuHcu, kan v vva cacH
aa, cHn, nnxacn a nnaH anar ra
acnn, cn cnycucn c ncckr nna v 3aau k
ncy, Hm acH aakack x, xn nv acca
ayx H nann c ny ay ry.]
poks1enLc1ao popc1a 6enmx npopoa, pspenennmx rpopnmn pcc1onnnnn; [
H a ay ry nu, kan, avan c car ykyma, ncn
a ca, ncka nu-Uau knncn a ana k y aakyn
(yHnu. anuan n, kaa).] nop1aepxpenne nnnunn opnnkoamx
ycnoan, a ko1opmx a1n npopm xnnn po nx nepecenennn; canpe1enLc1ao nx pnne
coun6enLnoc1n.
D1o pc, o6npkun nepanunmn nonn1nnn o pennrnn, no 1epnkun cansn c
npounm. D1n npnsnkn acerp o1nnunn n 6ypy1 o1nnu1L p6oa, eapeea, nnpycoa,
rpekoa, pnnnn, rnnoa, cknpnnaoa. Benn pc, nckycnn a rnanmx exnnuecknx
nckycc1ax, nm1kuncn npeap1n1L aonnckoe peno a nc1onuee nckycc1ao, a
o1nnune o1 no1coakn pnkpe, npnpyunaun noxec1ao anpoa xnao1nmx, c1on1 n
1ko amcoko c1ynenn a cpanennn c oc1nLnmn uenoaeuecknn ceec1an, u1o
cnepye1 nonn1L ps n nacerp: acnkoe cpanenne 6eccmcnenno no opno nnuL
npnunne, u1o pxe a pe1cko aospc1e a a1o pce ne 6mno cnepoa apapc1a. C
coro nun on o6npn psan1m nn1ennek1o, u1o nosaonnno e npeaocxopn1L
ppyrne necpanno 6onee norouncnennme pcm, xo1n eue n ne 6nroppn
anpmuec1ay np nokopennmn npopn, 1k kk a 1o apen snun1enLnmx kon1k1oa
expy nnn ne 6mno, no s cue1 unannns1opcknx cnoco6noc1e.
op ac1ynn1L a o1kpm1yk cxa1ky npnun nosxe. 3 nn1L 1mcnu ne1 po nue apm
1eppn1opnn, rpe o6n1nn 6enme nneen, yxe nopaeprncL nuec1ank. op
panenne popc1aennmx npopoa, ko1opmx a caok ouepepL 1ecnnnn c ceaep
xen1okoxne nneen, a1 rpynn pannyncL n kr, noknnya caon popnme senn,
nepeun uepes pannnm, nsaec1nme n aoc1oke kk ypn, n, 1koaa n snpe
uepnme npopnoc1n, ko1opme nperpxpnn e ny1L, oksncL a coaepuenno
nesnkomx ec1x [aHm n acknk a a r k
nkamaa, v acn sx aa nnannn nn cHn
k Hra a acm aHa.].
pnno cnyue n aepy peuL o nepecenennn no1okoa , ko1opmx cun1k 6enmn
npopn, ne uepnmn, kk npnnn1o py1L. ppeannx 1ekc1x ne1 nnkknx
nekoa n 1o, u1o a1o1 n1pnpx, nx nepaopopnm npepok, a cnny o1uoackoro
npoknn1nn nsennn uae1 koxn, 1. e. nonyunn qnsnueckne npnsnkn o1aeprny1mx pc.
ksnne s ero noc1ynok a nonno epe nponannocL ropspo nosxe, n c1nr1oa
eue ne 6mno a 1o apen, korp xn1ckne nneen o1pennnncL o1 oc1nLno ccm
npopoa, aepyunx popocnoanyk o1 on.
Moe nenne nop1aepxpk1 n yrposm, ko1opmn nppopn1enL 6eno pcm, uenoaek,
cncuncn o1 no1on, ocmnn uc1L caoero no1oc1a. pexpe acero, 6ype ne1L a
anpy, u1o a1n yrposm ne 6mnn ppecoanm nn coy y, nn ero no1ok. nn
nenn ckopee opnLnoe pec1ane, n 1onLko npn nooun ouenL 6onLunx n1nxek n
oxno npnnnc1L qnsnonornueckne nocnepc1ann. BypL npoknn1 nn, - roaopn1cn
a 1ekc1e, - n p 6ype1 on p6o p6oa ero 6p1Lea [Bm, rn. IX, c. 25 (cu
an am can acn a canH a na).].
c11n, nnrpe nn ne osnue1 nerpn1nnckoro nnn coaepuenno uepnoro npop.
D1o nn nc1opnueckn o1nocn1cn k e1nc, koneuno, c npnecLk ennnckoro
aneen1, no ne 1oxpec1aennmx ey, u1o nop1aepxpe1 c1nx 5, rn. XX nnrn Bm1nn.
npoue, a Canuennmx knnrx ouenL uc1o ac1peue1cn nksnne annoanmx uepes
ynpok nx no1oc1a, noa1oy ne 6ypy npnaopn1L ppyrne npnepm.
cun1k, u1o a Bn6nnn ne roaopn1cn o 1o, u1o nnuno c1ne1 uepnm nnn p6o,
no 1onLko o 1o, u1o npnpe1 penL, korp nn, 1. e. opnn ro cmnoae ,
perppnpye1 n no kpoan n no 6nropopc1ay n 6ype1 a ycnyxennn y caonx paokpopnmx
6p1Lea. [o6ank eue opno nocnepnee seunne. o1oc1ao ne
orpnnunanocL nno. poe nero y n1pnpx 6mno eue 1pn cmn: yc, Mecpn
n Oy1, n nnrpe ne1 nn cnoa o 1o, u1o npoknn1ne kocnynocL n nx. e kxe1cn nn
un11enk c1pnnm 1o1 qk1, u1o nc1nnnm annoannk n 6onLun uc1L ero pe1e
oksnncL a c1opone, kp o6pyunncL n opnoro unen ceLn - nn, 1oro
coro, y koro 6mnn 1eppn1opnnLnme n pennrnosnme psnorncnn c pe1Ln spnnn?
Cnepoa1enLno, peuL npe1 ne o qnsnonornn, ckopee o nonn1nke.
1k, xn1m npnunn a noame senn, spnee o1nrouennme npoknn1ne a o1nouennn
kpoan n cypL6m. pnko aneprnn, caoc1aennn nx 6eno npnpope, nosaonnn n
cosp1L neckonLko cnnLnmx rocyppc1a. epan ccnpnckn pnnc1nn, n1pnunn
ropopoa nn - ao1 rnanme aexn 1ex pneknx apeen, xpk1ep ko1opmx a
kko-1o cmcne aonno1nncn a epope [nkak ync a caH kna
nackHy ackHy cay Hva, v H s Hn
canu, nvac nmmr aH accckr rnarna
ava , kr ayxn n ncnm, nam ananum
av, nam nm xn x an.].
D1n kpynnme saoeannn, a1n pepskne n pnekne noxopm ne ornn 6m1L npnmn.
pnuenLu npo1naoc1onnn nneen, nc1onLko xe npnn1nanme, nckonLko
xec1okne, u1o 1pe6oano eue 6onLue npnnyxpennn. c1ec1aenno, u1o, ac1pe1nauncL c
ynopnmn uyxkn, ko1opme npnunn rp6n1L nx, a1n nneen npo1naonoc1annn n
neykpo1nyk pnkyk npoc1L n amnypnnn nepecenenuea pccun1ma1L 1onLko n cnny.
pnnn1L noam o6ps xnsnn onn ne ornn, no1oy u1o pnn a1oro n ne xa1no y.
Cnepoa1enLno, ne npnxopnnocL npen1Lcn n cosn1enLnoe yuc1ne a
unannns1opcko npepnpnn1nn n oc1anocL 1onLko npeap1n1L o6puemx a xname
exnnsm, ropnme pnn uepno p6o1m.
kn o6pso, kk yxe o1eunocL, aneu1nenne, ko1opoe 6enme xn1m ncnm1nn
npn anpe caonx o1ap1n1enLnmx conepnnkoa, cpopnn 1oy, u1o ouy1nnn nosxe
nnpnckne no6epn1enn a o1nouennn caonx ec1nmx aproa, 6p1Lea 1ex conepnnkoa
xn1oa. [nn npnuenLuea a1o 6mnn xec1okne cyuec1a orponoro poc1. D1o 6mnn
uypoanu, yxckune caon ypopc1ao, caoe cnno n sno6noc1Lk. epaoe
saoeanne poc1nocL c 1pypo no npnunne neno uncnennoc1n aproa n cnnm nx
conpo1nanennn, 1o npoc1noro, 1o ynpno nnep1noro, no ne enLue aneprnn
no1pe6oano noppepxnne nopnpk a cospnno rocyppc1ae. pnnc1aennm
cpepc1ao npanennn c1no ncnnne. o1 nouey epop, ynonny1m amue, 6mn a
rnsx ceamunero nocnnue c euo a pykx.
ce rocyppc1a, amuepune ns non a1o nepao nrpunn, o1nnunncL
6ecnpnepnm pecno1nso.
pnko, 6ypyun pecno1n pnn caonx p6oa, xn1m ckopo nopopnnn ceunnoe
ncenenne, nocne uero nonoxenne 6maunx no6epn1ene c1no enee yc1ounam,
nokopennme npopm cpennncL enee yrne1emn.
Mexpy 1e acecnnne anc1n ne orno ponyc1n1L no1epn npepor1na, ko1opme kk
nenLsn nyuue coo1ae1c1aoann npnpope n pyxy uepno pcm. oa1oy npen o cnoco6e
npanennn n npax n anc1L nnckonLko ne nsennncL. onLko anc1L 1enepL
ocyuec1annncL ne nop snene npeaocxopc1a kpoan. e npnnunn ocnoamancn yxe
n npnopn1e1e rpynn, ne npopoa. opo6nn perppunn acerp nponcxopn1 a
nc1opnn ceunnmx nun.
[peanne 6enme xn1m noc1enenno 1epnnn caon nosnunn n a konue konuoa ncuesnn
coace. Myn1m, nx no1okn, ace eue nocnnn nx nn a kuec1ae noue1noro 1n1yn,
xo1n ace 6onLue n 6onLue npop ncmuncn uepnm aneen1o. D1o nponcxopnno no
aone cmx norouncnennmx ae1ae nx renenornueckoro ppea. C a1oro oen1
qnsnueckn neu1L, ko1opn ponxn 6mn o1nnu1L no1oc1ao nn n
nop1aepxp1L nx p6ckoe cnyxenne 6onee 6nrouec1nam pe1n, naek o1e1nn ace
npopm, o6psoaaunecn o1 cnnuko 1ecnoro coks 6enmx saoea1ene c
nokopennmn npepc1an1ennn ennncko pcm.
pnoapeenno c 1epnnLnm cnnnnne nonanncL coaepuenno noan opnL,
ko1opn poaepunn okonu1enLnoe o1penenne noamx e1ncnmx npopnoc1e o1
ppeanero 6nropopnoro c1aon. 6ypy roaopn1L o c6nnxennn nsmkoa. epame xn1m
npnnecnn c ceaepo-aoc1ok opnn ns pnnek1oa 1o peun, ko1opn nepaonunLno 6mn
o6ue pnn 6enmx rpynn n cnepm ko1opo eue n ceropnn nerko o6npyxn1L a nsmkx
acex nunx eaponecknx npopoa. o epe 1oro, kk npnunme nneen ac1ynnn a
kon1k1 c 1enokoxnn, nx popno nsmk npe1epnean nsenennn, korp onn
ceunncL c nnn okonu1enLno, 1o n aoace y1p1nnn ero. x nsmk oksncn nckxen
po neysnaeoc1n ennncknn pnnek1n.
cyunoc1n, m ne coace anpae npnenn1L k nsmk no1okoa seunnn,
ko1opme nnpunak1cn, korp peuL sxopn1 o qnnnkncko nnn nnancko
npeunnx. a1n ceunnme npeunn nponnkno noro aneen1oa, amp6o1nnmx
nosxe a pesynL11e cen1cknx nrpun, n specL oxno se1n1L, u1o npnanecennme
aneen1m nenn coaepuenno nno xpk1ep, o1nnunm o1 xpk1ep nsmkoa,
cospnnmx uepnmn xn1n. npoue, n 1k ne cun1k. o, u1o n nsaec1no o
xnncko nsmke, n nccnepoannn 6ep6epcknx pnnek1oa canpe1enLc1ayk1 o
nnnunn o6ue nsmkoao cnc1em, nponn1nno cen1ckn pyxo a 6onLue epe,
nexenn o6npnn n cn cen1ckne nsmkn; cnepoa1enLno, nen ec1o eue 6onLun
o1xop o1 qop nsmkoa 6enmx npopoa, n oc1anocL ace enLue cnepoa peun
6nropopno pcm. cun1k a1y nnnranc1nueckyk peaonkunk cnepc1ane nou1n
nonno npen1nqnkunn c uepnmn npopn n nnxe npnaepy poks1enLc1a.
n1m perppnpoann, n ao1 m anpn nx cpepn p6oa a nneny p6ckoro pyx, xo1n
no-npexney a ponn anc1n1ene, a okpyxennn uepnmx nnoxnnu, ko1opme poxk1
pe1e n anykoa, nekunx ace enLue n enLue o6unx uep1 c ppeannn
saoea1ennn. pnko a nnx eue ec1L kpoaL npepkoa, noa1oy onn ne pnkpn n ne
apapm. nn kon1ponnpyk1 counnLnyk oprnnsunk, ko1opn ncuesn noro aekoa
nsp, no po cnx nop n uenoaeuec1ao npe1 1enL uero-1o uypoanunoro n 6esynoro,
xo1n o1 a1oro ne enee aennuec1aennoro.
Mnp c 1ex nop ne snn nnuero nopo6noro, nnuero, cpannoro c nnopn coepnnennn
6enmx xn1oa c uepnmn npopn. nrpe 6onLue ne ac1pe1nuL aneen1oa 1koro
coks, n neypnan1enLno, u1o a rn6pnpx payx 1nnoa yxe nnuero ne oc1e1cn o1
anepre1nkn - kk qnsnuecko, 1k n opnLno - nepaonc1ounnk. cnn uepnm
aneen1 a ueno coxpnnn caok unc1o1y n kuec1a caonx npepkoa, 1o coace nnue
o6c1on1 peno c 6enm 1nno. un nunn, pnLue acex o1ouepune o1 caonx nc1okoa,
npepc1annk1 co6o aecL neopnopopnme n ouenL no rponnunme pesynL11m
uenoro pnp ceunnmx coksoa - nn6o uepnmx n 6enmx, kk n kre aponm,
ncenenno ncnnun, n1nLnnun, npoancnLun, nn6o xen1mx n 6enmx, kk,
nnpnep, nrnnune, neum, pycckne n ceaepe. kn o6pso, e1ncm, o1npmckn,
ycnoano roaopn, 6enoro o1u, uLn popocnoann aoo6ue nenonn1n, ne ory1 nopnn1Lcn
po a1nnueckoro ypoann uepnmx xn1oa.
Bpkn a1nx nkpe coaepunncL expy 1nnn, panmn no cnne n caoeo6psnk.
onqnnk1 expy payn xpk1epn c oco6o cnno ampsnncn a no1oc1ae n
oc1ann a ne yxe neaosoxnm ceropnn o1neu1ok oun, nc1ounnk 6esypepxnoc1n.
Ceropnn m n6nkpe y6epn1enLnme poks1enLc1a a1oy: korp npoancneu nnn
n1nLnneu c1noan1cn o1uo yn1, pe6enok qnsnueckn nnoro cn6ee, ue, ecnn
6m on popnncn o1 o1u-nrnnunnn. peno a 1o, u1o 6enm 1nn nrnockconu,
xo1n 1oxe pnekn o1 unc1o1m, ne ocn6nen spnee ennncknn aneen1n, kk
npopm, ncennkune kr aponm, n on a coc1onnnn nepep1L caon no1ok-e1nc
6onLue nepaopopno cnnm. pnko, kk yxe o1eunocL, apnp nn cm cnnLnm
nmneunn yn1 cpann1cn c uepnm xn1o ns ccnpnn, ko1opm c konLe a pykx
naopnn yxc n norne p6ckne nunn.
1o6m npncoa1L 6nnskn k penLnoc1n nop1pe1 ccnpnu, nnonk 6n6neckn
pccks o ppyrnx e1ncx, 6onee ppeannx, ue on, nc1opnn ko1opmx 1epne1cn a
rny6nne aekoa. euL npe1 o cyuec1ax, xnaunx po acenpnoro no1on, npepkoa
knnn1oa n nrenoa. pnno cnyue cnepye1 ocao6opn1Lcn o1 pon1nueckoro
nne1, ko1opm oky1no nn a1nx 1nnc1aennmx cospnn 6nroppn xpnc1nnckn
1ekc1. nnckoe aoo6pxenne, cospauee c1onL npnuypnnayk osnky,
aocnpnnnno aeun no-nnoy. [nn xnnuea, kk anpoue, n pnn eapeea, nrenm
6mnn nocnnun 6oxec1aenno cyunoc1n, opnko ckopee 1enmn, nexenn
cae1nmn, 6onLue o6neuennmn a 1epnnLnyk cnny, ue a unc1o npenLnyk
aneprnk. a1o kuec1ae nx npepc1annnn a ypopnnamx qopx, anyukunx yxc,
ne cnn1nk, kk, nnpnep, xepyanm c 6muLe ronoao. orp a1n oryune
cospnnn coepnnnnncL c pouepLn knnn1oa, nonannncL rnrn1m, o xpk1epe
ko1opmx oxno cypn1L no nn1ep1ypnoy o1pmaky, aosoxno, coy ppeaney n
cae1e. o1 kk o6pue1cn k caon xen opnn ns no1okoa y6num aenn, anpno,
6nnskn popc1aennnk a1nx oncnmx e1ncoa:
YcnmuL1e o ronoc, xenm ex, ycnmuL1e oe cnoao. k n y6nn uenoaek s
caok pny n pe6enk s ero pepsoc1n, 1k n cenkp1noe aosespne nny 6ype1
cenpecn1ncenxpm cenkp1nm pnn ex! [Bm, IV, 23, 24. Hmcn sr
maka ax a xckc. 3cu num rm, vH vyacaa Hc.
Br, cyxan aa, aac xn r cH: an Hy ay,
anannn, v , k yu r, y akaa cHka. aHx ncaan
cn ax amm car nann, kr yaaxana acn cHun, kra
rn caH aaraH cHcncHkamH akaaH.].
D1o1 annsop kxe1cn ne co 1ouno xpk1epnc1nko uepnmx xn1oa, noa1oy,
pye1cn, specL ne1pypno yanpe1L 1ecnyk cansL n 6nnskoe cxopc1ao expy cokso,
nopopnaun nx, n npoknn1m 6pko npepkoa on c 1e ppyrn, nensaec1nm n
1nno, ko1oporo nepao6m1noe munenne, ne 6es neko1oporo yxc, noec1nno a pnp
caepxLec1ec1aennmx cyuec1a.
II. Hm
cnn xn1m pc1eknncL no ace epepne snn n no p6ckoy no6epexLk po
co aoc1ouno qpnkn [Hx, a vu a aHa xaHck
rynnm nncu c kaaH.], 1o ppyrne 6enme nneen, npyune cnepo s
nepamn, poc1nrnn n snpe pnncknx rop n kxnmx cknonoa aksckoro xpe61.
D1n nneen nsmak1cn cen1n. epaoe apen nx ocnoann cc xnn a ropnmx
ponx aepxne npen. enno o11yp a psnnunme anoxn amunn nx cme
oryuec1aennme rpynnm. 11yp nounn no1okn, ko1opme, ceunancL, cnnLnee acero
n ponLue acero annnnn n ncnopuennyk kpoaL xn1oa, s1e n n 1nn cmx
ppeannx nepecenenuea a1o pcm. D1 nnopoan1n rpynn nnoxnn caok neu1L n
orponyk 1eppn1opnk. n o11ecnnn k kro-aoc1oky pnn, peuea, ann1oa,
anneuea n ppyrnx; on snononnn caon no1oc1ao Mnyk snk. nokopnnncL
nnknum, nnpnum, kpnum. e kononnn 6mnn n pn1e, o1kyp nosxe, nop nene
qnnnc1nnuea, onn aepnynncL, u1o6m okkynnpoa1L Unknpm, Oepy, Menoc, nrepy n
Opknk. nn pcnpoc1pnnnncL no acey nepne1py ponon1npm, a pope, aponL
rpeueckoro no6epexLn, nonannncL n MnL1e, n nnpncknx oc1poax, a Cnunnnn.
a1o xe apen ppyrne cen1m - nok1nnpm - pannynn po co kxno okoneunoc1n
pann caon nneen, npnsannme cmrp1L 6onLuyk ponL a nc1opnn ppeannx
rocyppc1a. D1n nok1nnpm c rpeuecko n n1nncko n1nunoc1n 6mnn nsaec1nm nop
nene roepn1oa, n ace 1o, ue aqnonckn unannnsunn ne o6nsn ernne1ckoy
annnnnk, on snc1aoan y a1nx p6oa, ko1opme o6psoann nyc1L n ne cyk
ppeankk uc1L nunn, nppo uepnmx xn1oa, cmnoae yu, no ao acnko cnyue
cyk cnanyk ee uc1L, korp pnpo c nnn nocennnncL p6m-ncenn1m, eue
1onLko qopnpoaaunecn a 1y anoxy. a1n npnepm pneko ne ncuepnmak1 cnncok
cen1cknx anpenn. [o cnx nop n nnuero ne cksn o6 nx n6erx a 1nnk, n
cnepye1 npn6an1L, u1o, 6ypyun anc1n1ennn ceaepnoro no6epexLn qpnkn, onn
1kn 6onLun uncno okkynnpoann cnnnk, u1o pxe a pnckn nepnop 1
ac1peunncL nx no1okn.
koe pcnpoc1pnenne 6mno 6m 1pypno o6Lncnn1L - npn ace nnopoan1oc1n pcm, -
ecnn o1pnu1L, u1o a1n npopm ponro coxpnnnn unc1o1y kpoan. o ao nornx cnyunx
a1o y1aepxpenne ne ampepxnae1 kpn1nkn. osoxno, xn1m a cnny kko-1o
npnpopno 6pesrnnaoc1n neko1opoe apen conpo1nannnncL ceuennk co caonn
uepnmn noppnnmn. [nn 1oro, u1o6m aec1n 1kyk 6opL6y n pepx1L pnc1nunk
expy no6epn1ennn n no6expennmn, y nnx 6mno neno npnunn. Cmrpno ponL n
unc1o o1uoackoe uyac1ao oropuennn npn anpe necxopc1a o1npmck c 6enmn
npepkn. e ne enee, c1pc1L npeoponen n a1o1 6pLep, kk on npeoponeae1
ace n cae1e; a pesynL11e nonannocL ceunnoe ncenenne, 6onee npnanek1enLnoe,
ue 6opnrenm, ao acex o1nouennnx. poe 1oro, cn1yunn 6mn nno: uepnme
xn1m ne yc1ynnn npnuenLu, kk a1o cnyunnocL c npepkn nx 1epe nepep
nnuo ppeannx saoea1ene. nn nenn ounme rocyppc1a, a ko1opme annnncL
unannns1opckne aneen1m 6enmx ocnoa1ene, a 1o uncne pockouL, 6or1c1ao,
ypoaonLc1ann. Myn1m ne 1onLko ne anyunn yxc, no ornn amsa1L aocxnuenne n
sanc1L cen1oa, eue ne npnamkunx k npno xnsnn.
CeunancL c nnn, saoea1enn npno6pe1nn ne p6oa, no np1nepoa, pano
nosnaunx akyc unannnsunn. oneuno, aknp cen1oa a a1o1 coks 6mn cm
aecom n nnopo1aopnm, no1oy u1o on sknkuncn a aneprnn n cnne kpoan, 6onee
6nnsko k 6enoy 1nny, xo1n a ne nepoc1ano y1onuennoc1n. Cen1m npnnecnn
noansny, nepcnek1nay, cnny. epnme xn1m nenn kynL1ypy, ko1opn yxe npnnecn
caon nnopm.
D1o 6mnn 6onLune n kpcname ropop, ykpuaune ccnpnckne pannnm. Uae1yune
nocenennn pcnonrnncL n no6epexLe Cpepnsenoro opn. Cnpon nen 6onLune
1oproame cansn n ypnannn caon aennkonenne ne enLue, ue nneann n annon.
Cnxee, [cke, cknone n ppyrnx ropopx 6mno k1nanoe n npepnpnnunaoe
ncenenne, ne uyxpoe ace ppoc1n xnsnn.
kuec1ae o1c1ynnennn xouy se1n1L cnepykuee: n ne y1aepxpk, u1o a1n
snenn1me ropop 6mnn nepamn c1onnun xn1cknx n cen1o-xn1cknx
rocyppc1a. 3ponro po nnx, kk canpe1enLc1ayk1 Bn6nnn n knnnonncnme 16nnukn,
6mnn ppyrne c1onnum - nqqep, pk, Cnxp (nnn nxp): snenn1m ropop,
pesnpenunn xn1ckoro upn eppnoep, npan1enn Dn (cxop, XIV),
nosnaun pcuae1 po nneann. c11n, c1onnu Cennxepn6 nxopnncL a p-
[ynnce, ne a annone, u1o aecL npneu1enLno pnn a1o anoxn (Cennxepn6
npann a 716 r. po oxpec1a pnc1oa). o1n annon 6mn noc1poen pnLue:
nonkoannk oynnncon, ocnoamancL n 13 c1nxe 23- rnam ns knnrn popok cn,
cun1e1, u1o XIII a. po n. a. oxno cun11L apeene c1pon1enLc1a a1oro ropop.
1k, a1o ounoe o6uec1ao pennnocL n noxec1ao rocyppc1a, ko1opme a 1o nnn
nno c1enenn, no ace 6es ncknkuennn, ncnm1mann pennrnosnoe n opnLnoe annnnne
ocnoanoro uen1p, nxopnauerocn a ccnpnn. D1o 6mn nc1ounnk unannnsunn, 1
6mnn cocpepo1ouenm ocnoanme panxyune cnnm psan1nn, n a1o1 qk1,
nop1aepxpem norouncnennmn n6nkpennnn, corncye1cn nonnoc1Lk c nenne
epopo1 o 1o, u1o qnnnknckne nneen nponcxopn1 o11yp. nnckn aneen1
oksncn ouenL aecom, no1oy u1o uepnn cnny ns cmx nepamx nc1okoa
xn1cko anrpunn.
o acex yronkx a1o c1pnm, n a annone, n a npe, m anpn akyc k rnrn1ckn
onyen1, ko1opme c 1ko nerkoc1Lk aosaopnnncL ccn p6ounx,
nxopnaunxcn n nonoxennn p6oa. nkorp n nnrpe ne 6mno nopo6no aosoxnoc1n
coopyx1L orponme c1poennn, psae u1o a rnn1e, a npnn n a epnke, 1. e. a
6conk1no opnnkoamx o6c1on1enLc1ax. oppm xn1 no 6mno aosnec1n k ne6y
aennuec1aennme coopyxennn - n nonpo6nnncL amcokne xonm, ko1opme cnyxnnn
ocnoanne pnn nx paopuoa, nckycc1aennme ropm, apocune a senk 1ouno 1k xe, kk
n ropm ec1ec1aennme n conepnnukune c nocnepnnn aosamuennoc1Lk caonx
ouep1nn. okpec1noc1nx osep n po cnx nop cyuec1ayk1 nopo6nme uepeapm
6esypepxnoro aoo6pxennn a coue1nnn c 6esxnoc1nm pecno1nso n
neo6mknoaenno rnynoc1Lk. D1n rnrn1ckne kyprnm 1e 6onee poc1onm annnnn,
u1o onn nnonnk1 o apeenx, npepuec1aykunx o1penennk 6enmx xn1oa o1
oc1nLno uc1n rpynnm. Mm ac1peue 1kne kyprnm a npnn, m n6nkpe nx y
kenL1oa. nn ec1L y cnann, n ne1 nnuero ypnan1enLnoro a 1o, u1o, yanpea nx n
6eperx nncen n yp, m anoaL ac1peuecn c nnn y nopnoxnn nnernncknx
rop a kuec1ae ocnoannn pnn ekcnkncknx xpoa.
nrpe, kpoe kk a rnn1e, kyprnm c1onL ne anyun1enLnm, kk y ccnpnuea,
ko1opme coopyxnn nx c oco6o nsmcknnoc1Lk n npexnoc1Lk. opo6no ppyrn
npop, onn pennn nx ne npoc1o ornnn nnn ocnoannnn - a1o 6mnn nopsenme
paopum, cnyxnaune y6exnue pnn anc1n1ene n sn1n o1 xpkoro ne1nero connu.
x xypoxec1aennn no1pe6noc1L ne orpnnunancL pxn1ek1ypo. nn 6mnn
nenoppxem a ckynLn1ype, a 1o uncne a nncLennmx penLeqx. Cknm, ropnme
cknonm cpennncL orponmn nono1nn, sneu1neaunn rnrn1cknx nkpe n
npnncn, ko1opme po cnx nop nopxk1 aoo6pxenne. c1enx coopyxenn
nso6pxenm nc1opnueckne annsopm, pennrnosnme uepeonnn, noppo6noc1n uc1no
xnsnn - ace, u1o snenoano co6o 6eccep1ne, ko1opoe yunno 6esrpnnunoe
aoo6pxenne a1nx nkpe.
e enLun aennune o1nnuncL n uc1nn xnsnL. ockouL okpyxn nx 6m1, n,
nonLsyncL 1epnno ns akononkn, nopuepkne, u1o cen1o-xn1ckne rocyppc1a
o6npnn unc1o no1pe6n1enLckn xpk1epo. snoo6psnme 1knn, npkne uae1,
nsnunme ysopm, nsmcknnme npnueckn, opyxne, poporoe n caepx acnko epm
ykpuennoe, konecnnum n e6enL, pyxn n 6nroaonnn, pyunc1me annm, snne1ennme
rpnam noupe n 6opopm acpnnkoa, c1pc1L k pprouennoc1n, ykpuennn,
konLu, cepLr, nopaeck, 6pcne1, 1poc1n ns uennmx nopop pepea, nkoneu,
ypoane1aopenne acex no1pe6noc1e n npnxo1e 6conk1no y1onuennoc1n - 1koam
6mnn npnamukn ccnpncknx e1ncoa. pn ace a1o npo ne1L a anpy, u1o nocpepn
anern1noc1n n pockoun 6m1oan apapckn o6mu 11ynpoakn, kk c1nr1,
nnoxennm enee 6nropopno uc1Lk nx kpoan.
Canpe1enLc1ao a1oro nk6onm1noro o6mun necy1 n ce6e ernne1ckne pncynkn;
ennnckoe nponcxoxpenne nop1aepxpe1cn 1e, u1o on pcnpoc1pnen no ace
qpnke - kk n snpno, 1k n n aoc1ouno no6epexLe. pnn ny1euec1aennnk,
[erpnpnpa, yanpea nerpoa, psykpuennmx uae1no 11ynpoako, n nep
nnpeuea, o6Lncnne1 a1o 1e, u1o 6opnrenm uc1o nepeceknn npoc1opm kon1nnen1
aponL aka1op, nenno noa1oy xn1enn annen npk1nkyk1 o6mun, ko1opme
konronesum ornn snc1aoa1L o1 nnpecknx openna1ene. ockonLky ne1 n
sene npop, ykpukuero ce6n uae1nmn pncynkn, nnecennmn nn6o n koxy,
nn6o, nocpepc1ao yknmannn, nop koxy, ko1opm ne npnnpnexn 6m k uepno nnn
xen1o rpynne, n penk amaop, u1o 11ynpoak - a1o o6mu a1nx payx uenoaeuecknx
1nnoa, ko1opme nyunnn ey 6enme pcm, kcnnLno ceunnme c nnn. npnep,
1k ykpuk1 ce6n xn1o-cen1m n nnpycm, ceuaunecn c uepnokoxnn, a1o
xpk1epno pnn kenL1oa, ceunnmx c xen1okoxnn. 1ynpoaky cnepye1 cun11L
npnsnko ceunnoro nponcxoxpennn n nsyu1L ee nn1epecno c a1nonornuecko
1oukn spennn. D1o xopouo nonnnn epnknckne yuenme. Oopm n xpk1ep
pncynkoa, ncnonLsyemx a opno nneenn noaoro kon1nnen1 nnn onnnesnn,
nnpnep, n nnue nnn 1ene aonnoa, uc1o cnyx1 yksnne nponcxoxpennn n
canse c ppyrn npopo, xnayun pneko o1 nepaoro. Mne poaenocL anpe1L
seu1enLnyk konnekunk rnncoamx cok Opo6epannn, sneu1neaunx ronoam
nerpoa aoc1ounoro no6epexLn qpnkn. n6y neko1opmx 6opnrenoa nnecen cepnn
npoponLnmx u1pnxoa, nopuepkny1mx nckycc1aennm y1onuenne koxn, u1o
npk1nkyk1 norne nenrnckne nneen kennn. D1o canpe1enLc1aye1 o
nepaopopno npen1nunoc1n payx apapcknx rpynn, pspenennmx orponm okeno.
1o6m ypoane1aopn1L nx noc1onnno pc1yune no1pe6noc1n, cyuec1aoan psan1n
1oproann, spue ko1opo 6mn nonck pepkoc1nmx npepe1oa ao acex konux cae1.
nxnnn n epxnnn snn nenpec1nno 1pe6oann ace noamx 1oapoa - 6or1c1a,
ko1opme nxopnnn noxec1ao no1pe6n1ene n uenn1ene, cnoco6nmx nn1n1L s nnx
nk6yk ueny.
pnko pnpo c 1kn 1epnnLnm aennkonenne n p1nc1nso, cyuec1aoann
o1ap1n1enLnme nsam o1 6onesne, amsannmx annanne uepno kpoan. [peannn
kpco1 pennrnosnmx npe noc1enenno srpnsnnncL noaepxnoc1nmn no1pe6noc1nn
yn1oa. ec1o npoc1o1m ppeane 1eonornn npnxopnn rpy6m an1ns, epskn
a caonx cnaonx, npepc1annkun 6oxec1aennme 1pn6y1m n npnpopnme cnnm a
onc1pyosnmx o6psx, nckxkunx can1me npen n unc1me nonn1nn 1kn
nrpooxpenne 1nnc1aennoc1n, nepocksnnoc1n n ne noppkuecn pcunqpoake
nqonornn, u1o co apeene nc1nn oksncL nepoc1ynno pxe pnn yskoro kpyr.
ponyckk, u1o 6enme xn1m ponxnm 6mnn uyac1aoa1L o1apuenne, korp onn
coepnnnnn aennune pok1pnn caonx o1uoa c 1enm cyeaepne uepnmx nneen, n ns
a1oro uyac1a or nonan1Lcn nepam npnnunn nx nk6an k 1n. 31e onn 6mc1po
ocosnnn, kkoe aospec1ane oksmae1 yonunne nx canuennnkoa n ccm, 6onee
cknonnme 6on1Lcn amcokoepno cpepxnnoc1n porm, nexenn nck1L a ne
npnn1nme c1oponm n npexpy. C ppyro c1oponm, n 1kxe nonnk, u1o kpoaL p6oa,
ko1opn korp-1o ocn6nn anc1n1ene, ackope anyunn nocnepnn 1o xe coe
cyeaepne, npo1na ko1oporo anune ononunncn kynL1.
o, u1o npexpe 6mno uenoyppne, no1o, npn nonn1nuecko nocpepc1ae, cpennocL
nckpenne aepo; npan1enn onyc1nnncL po ypoann noppnnmx, n ace yaepoann a
ypopc1ao, c1nn aocxnu1Lcn 6ecqopennoc1Lk, no6eponocno uyo, ko1opn
o1nmne cnnncL c nckxennmn pok1pnnn n npepc1anennnn.
eypnan1enLno, u1o kynL1 nokpmn ce6n nosopo a rnsx npop. opnL a1oro
npop, cnepykun acerp a pycne aepm, 1kxe perppnpoan. enoaek, npkun
nnu nepep 6ecqopennm kycko pepea nnn knn, ne oxe1 ne y1p1n1L nonn1ne
po6p, ecnn nonn1ne npekpcnoro yxe y1pueno. Mexpy npoun, y uepnmx xn1oa
6mno neno ocnoann pnn perppunn! D1oy cnoco6c1aoann nx nc1mpn n
anc1n1enn. ok aepxoann anc1L oc1ancL a pykx 6eno pcm, aosoxno,
yrne1enne noppnnmx cnyxnno ynyuuennk npaoa. ocne 1oro, kk uepnn kpoaL ace
snn1nn xec1oknn cyeaepnnn, apoxpenno xec1okoc1Lk, nunoc1Lk k
1epnnLnm ppoc1n, anc1L a kko-1o epe cnoco6c1aoan ypoane1aopennk
cmx nnsennmx nnc1nnk1oa, aceo6uee p6c1ao, ne cpenauncL nerue n nrue,
oksnocL 6onee perppnpykun qk1opo. Cnoao, a ccnpncknx c1pnx
co6pnncL ace nopokn.
pnpy c y1onuenno pockouLk cyuec1aoan o6mu uenoaeueckoro
xep1aonpnnouennn, ko1opm o6ecuec1nn xpm cmx 6or1mx n cmx
unannnsoannmx ropopoa n ko1opm npk1nkoancn 6eno pco 1onLko kk
snc1aoannm y ppyrnx 1nnoa. nneann n npe, nosxe a pqrene a1o
nosopnoe nanenne neno nonn1nueckn xpk1ep n acerp conpoaoxpnocL ouenL
1opxec1aenno uepeonne. ro nonrnn neo6xopnm pnn npouae1nnn
rocyppc1a.
M1epn o1pann a xep1ay caonx pe1e, n nmu acnpmann xnao1m n n1pnx.
Cn 1epn nepepesnn ce6e ropno, anpn kk nx nk1kn c1enk1 n 6Lk1cn a
nnenn n. Y aepykunx unenoapepn1enLc1ao cun1nocL amcun nponanenne
yceppnn a aepe. 1pes1L ce6e yxcko oprn osnuno 6oroyropnoe peno.
[o6poaonLno npopen1L n ce6e 1e yxcm, ko1opme npaocypne aepunno a o1nouennn
npoannnaunxcn, o1opa1L ce6e yxo nnn noc n a nyxe kpoan nocan1n1L ce6n MenLkp1y
npckoy nnn Beny nneanckoy - snunno scnyxn1L 6nrocknonnoc1L a1nx
yxcnmx qe1nue.
Mm aenn peuL o xec1okoc1n, 1enepL noroaopn o6 nsapuennnx. o, u1o neckonLko
aekoa nosxe onncman e1ponn, nen a anpy n, c1aun sn1ckn, nnn co6m1nn
snenn1oro pon nynen no o1na nneccknx 6cen, 6mno o6munm peno y
ccnpncknx npopoa. poc1n1yunn - pekoenpyen, ocanuennn n npk1nkyen a
xpx - unpoko pcnpoc1pnnncL a o6uec1ae, n, corncno skon neko1opmx
ropopoa, a1o 6mno pennrnosno o6nsnnoc1Lk n poc1onm cpepc1ao sp6o11L
npnpnoe. D1o1 o6mu ne npo1naopeunn nonnrnn, xo1n nocnepnnn npepnonrn
yxcnyk nopospn1enLnoc1L n c1n1enLnoc1L. popxnoc1L neaec1m ne 6pocn 1enn
n peny1unk cynpyrn.
orp cen1m, cnyc1naunecn co caonx rop, s 2000 ne1 po oxpec1a pnc1oa
[km yvm ynHa ac snx, ykamaa
svck ncxx. nkaky yncy vr ac
cHck Hn, cycaaaam XIII a. . s. a anvkax
ayxn ynHa kH a, camH nvm yn Qc
n HaHc, r acnr H acmaau yancu.
nkak cva, v n sH Hax mna nca an. ak
sa aaka cacay nck xnr.] nonannncL cpepn
xn1oa n pxe a nnxne npee [nncm anvk cx
canucay ca cHckr rcyacaa a x an n a
cc Hn yca. Qnr aHn Hc ncxxn s acm, . .
axnn ann, rcan Hccu, mn kna H nn cHckx
cyaa cc, . k. vu mna cnkax, kmx yx mn
ycau; n crnac c HH ynca H, v caHmx
acmx ax ac r Hn Hak-a--ka arnaannn
acka a nxax k ckaH ra aa a, a H a cc c
cam Hn.] yc1noannn pnnc1nk caoe kpoan, no ame npnnunnm 6eno pcm
anecnn caexyk c1pyk a nokopennme npopm. o nx pec1ane 6mno ne coace
rpeccnanm, aepL onn nenn peno c e1ncn, ne c apapn. pnuenLum ornn
6m ace pspyun1L, aspy onn onepe1Lcn n rpy6yk cnny. nn oksnncL ynee, n
noor xopoun nnc1nnk1, ko1opm acerp 6mn npncyu a1o pce; onn pnn
nocnepykun nokonennn npnep - kc11n, ey nocnepoann s1e repnum - a
1o, u1o6m ne ynnu1ox1L c1pekuee n ynpkuee o6uec1ao, a ko1opoe onn annann
onopyk kpoaL. nn c1nn yun1Lcn y no6expennmx n ysnnn noro nonesnoro. Cypn
no pesynL11, 1kn nonn1nk yaenuncL nonnm ycnexo.
x upc1aoanne 6mno npkn co6m1ne, cna nx 6mn 1k aennk, u1o rpekn,
co6np1enn sn1cknx ppeanoc1e, npnnncmann n uec1L cospnnn ccnpncko
nnepnn, xo1n onn 6mnn 1onLko ee pec1ap1opn. a1 oun6k canpe1enLc1aye1 o6
nx akyce k unannnsunn n o6 nc1opnuecko snuennn nx 1pypoa.
xn1cko o6uec1ae, cypL6n ko1oporo n npnunocL c 1ex nop aepun1L, onn
nenn noro qynkun. Conp1m, opnkn, p6oune, canuennnkn, upn, npoponx1enn
npanunx nun, onn oc1annn a nonn1nke ccnpnn 1o, u1o 6mno a ne uennoro.
ocnoanyk uc1L caoe aneprnn nnpannn n koepunk.
cnn epepnnn snn 6mn kpynnm pmnko snpnoro np n ero rnanm uen1po
no1pe6nennn, 1o no6epexLe Cpepnsenoro opn c1no ec1ec1aenno 6so 1oapoa,
noc1ynkunx ns qpnkn, aponm n c1pn nn, rpe cocpepo1ounncL
nn1ennek1ynLnn n koepueckn k1nanoc1L npnopcknx xn1oa, n nkom
kycouko pnn ccnpncknx anc1n1ene. D1o npekpcno nonnnn cen1m annon n
nneann n nnpannn ace caon ycnnnn n 1o, u1o6m nopunnn1L, nn6o
nenocpepc1aenno, nn6o uepes caoe annnnne, a1n pen1enLnme npopm. 1e, co caoe
c1oponm, c1pnncL coxpnn1L caok nonn1nueckyk nesancnoc1L nepep nnuo
ppeannx pnnc1n, c1aunx noao 6eno ae1aLk. 1o6m nsenn1L cn1yunk,
xnpeckne saoea1enn ocyuec1annn knnnk neperoaopoa n noxopoa, uue acero
ypunmx, ko1opme npocnannn renn nx pcm nop o6un nene upnu Cenpnp
[ccm xm kkynaan 4k: nam a a 2000 n .
s., a kn cm XIII a., a 750 r.].
cansn c 1e, u1o cen1m ceunncL c unannnsoannm ncenenne, nx aospec1ane
n xnnckne ropop ampxnocL ne 1onLko uepes cnny opyxnn n nonn1nky. nn
o6npnn 6onLuo aneprne n pec1aoann a sancnoc1n o1 konkpe1nmx
o6c1on1enLc1a - 6onLun uncno n anonne npno nponnknn a cenennn nec1nnm n
s c1enm Cnpon n np a kuec1ae nenmx conp1, p6o1nnkoa, 1pocoa. D1o1
cnoco6 nponnknoaennn npnnocnn ne enLune pesynL11m, ue saoeannn pnn
epnnc1a sn1cko unannnsunn n 6ypyuero qnnnkncknx rocyppc1a [H ak
cny nHau H HaH kak ncka xanckr
axn. H kak cau a, a mna cnyxak.].
Bm1nn ec1L nk6onm1nm n kpcounm pccks o 1o, kk nponcxopnno npnoe
am1ecnenne neko1opmx nneen nnn, nyuue cks1L, cen1cknx ceec1a.
Canuenno ncnnn onncmae1cn, kk opno ns nnx, xnayuee a ceppue xnpecknx
rop, 6popn1 ns npoannunn a npoannunk, ouenL noppo6no noksmae1cn nnuenckn
xnsnL, 1nxkne 1pypm n nenLkne no6epm. e ory ne nepecks1L a1o1 ckxe1.
1k, peuL npe1 o6 opno uenoaeke pcm Cn ns pnncko ae1an pqkcp,
npouae1kuero npop e6p, ko1opm xnn a aepxne npee, a ropno ec1noc1n Yp.
pnxpm a1o1 uenoaek spyn noknny1L caok c1pny n nepecenn1Lcn a senk
nn [Bm, XI, 10.]. ncnne ne o6Lncnne1, kknn npnunnn npopnk1oano
peuenne cen1. oneuno, pnn a1oro nenncL cepLesnme ocnoannn, no1oy u1o
nosxe cmn anrpn1 c1poro-nc1poro nksn caoe pce nnkorp ne aosapu1Lcn
n popnny, xo1n a 1o xe apen aenen caoey ncnepnnky am6p1L xeny a c1pne
npepkoa [Bm, XXIV, 6.].
Opp - 1k sann ny1euec1aennnk - co6pn copopnue n o1npanncn a ny1L. C nn
6mnn ap, c1pun cmn, Cpp, ero pouL o1 nnoxnnum, xen ap, n o1, ero
anyk, o1eu ko1oporo pn yep s neckonLko ne1 po ny1euec1ann. x conpoaoxpnn
p6m, npap, nenorouncnennme, nockonLky ceLn 6mn 6epnn, neckonLko
aep6nkpoa n aep6nkpnu, ocnm, kopoam, oaum, kosm.
pnunny, no ko1opo Opp am6pn nn, o6Lncnn1L ne1pypno. n 6mn nc1yx, kk
n ero o1um, n co6npncn n1n noayk, 6or1yk nc16nun, senk, no
ncenennyk, u1o6m 1 xa1nno ec1 pnn ero c1p. Cnepoa1enLno, Opp
npnnpnexn k nnenee an1kpnoy cnok caonx conneennnkoa.
c11n, on noknnyn aepxnkk npek a aospc1e 70 ne1, c nn 6mn ero cmn ap,
ko1opm xennncn nepep cm noxopo. pexp Oppm y1n co caon kpano
pneko ne onpapncL. C1pnk yep a pne n rpnnue Mecono1nn. c1aunecn
unn epnenno, 1k kk npexpe acero s6o1nnncL o cko1e. Yanpea ypo6noe ec1o, onn
c1annn u1pm n oc1anncL 1 po 1ex nop, nok a konopux ne konuncL aop n
xnao1nme ne cLepnn 1pay.
ap, c1aun npepaopn1ene, ycnen coc1pn1Lcn nop oneko o1u. y 6mno 75
ne1, korp on ocao6opnncn o1 a1o onekn. 3 a1o apen uncnennoc1L ero p6oa n ero
c1p yaennunnncL. ue opnn 6nronpnn1nm o6c1on1enLc1ao oksncn 1o1 qk1,
u1o a nonynyc1mnnmx sennx nn o6n1nn poaonLno npnme n nouncnennme
npopm, ne npepc1annkune 6onLuo oncnoc1n.
D1o 6mnn nneen nerpoa-6opnrenoa, xn1ckne npopm, ne6onLune cen1ckne
rpynnm, 1kne xe nepecenenum, kk ap. kn o6pso, cmn Oppm, ko1opm a
Ype, cypn no acey, cun1ncn ckponm nc1yxo, n noao sene oksncn kpynnm
co6c1aennnko, axnm uenoaeko, nou1n upe. Mexpy npoun, 1koe uc1o
cnyue1cn c nkpLn, ko1opme, aoapen noknnya nenpnae1nname ec1, npnxopn1 a
noayk c1pny, nonnme aneprnn n peunoc1n nopnn1Lcn n 6onee amcokyk c1ynenL.
D1nn kuec1an ap 6mn npenen cnonn. nune on ne o6ocnoancn a kko-
1o onpepenenno ec1e. Bor o6eun cpen1L ero a opnn npekpcnm penL xosnnno
a1o c1pnm, npepnsnuenno pnn ero no1oc1a, n ap sxo1en nosnkon1Lcn
co caoe nnepne. n o6ouen ee aponL n nonepek. n sknkunn nonesnme coksm c
nornn koueamn nneenn n po6pncn pxe po rnn1. pnn cnoao, k
o6eunnoy cpoky on 6mn 6or1 n annn1enen. Y nero 6mno noro sono1, p6oa n
c1p. Coe rnanoe - on xopouo ysnn a1y senk n ee o6n11ene.
npoue, aneu1nenne 6mno 1nroc1noe, oco6enno korp on nosnkonncn c xec1oknn
n yxcnmn npan xn1oa. 1o, u1o nponsouno c Copoo n ooppo, ksnocL
ey anonne scnyxennm nksnne s rpexn a1nx ropopoa, rpe Bor ne nuen n
pecn1k uec1nmx nkpe. ap ne sxo1en, u1o6m ero no1oc1ao a epnnc1aenno
konene, ko1opoe 6mno ey poporo, oksnocL snn1nnnm cocepc1ao c 1knn
psap1nmn cocepnn, n npnksn caoey noounnky o1npan1Lcn n popnny n
npnaes1n o11yp xenunny ero kpoan, pouL qynn, cmn Mnnkn n xop, 1. e. caok
anyu1yk nnennnnuy: on eue pnLue ysnn o poxpennn peaoukn. D1o roaopn1 o 1o,
u1o nepecenenum ne nopmann canse c copopnun, oc1aunncn a Ype. oaoc1n
poaonLno 6mc1po nepeceknn pekn n ponnnm, nepene1nn o1 xnpecknx xnnnu po
u1poa nn, npeoponean 6onLune, pcc1onnnn, nopenennme n noxec1ao
enknx anpenn. D1o cnyxn1 poks1enLc1ao k1nano xnsnn n epnnc1a npe n
uyac1a a xn1o-cen1cko npe.
e 6ypy pnee nepecksma1L nsaec1nyk 6n6neckyk nc1opnk. ce nsaec1no, u1o
cen1m-apnpm a konue konuoa o6ocnoanncL a sene o6e1oanno. [o6ank
nnuL, u1o annsopm nepecenennn n co6m1nn, npepuec1aoaaune ey, nopsn1enLno
nnonnk1 1o, u1o a nue apen nponcxopn1 c npnnpcknn nnn neeuknn ceLnn
a epnke. cnn y nnx ynm npepaopn1enL, nx xpe1 ypu, kk pe1e 6n6neckoro
n1pnpx. orp 1koro aoxpn ne1, onn 1epnn1 nopxenne" n ncuesk1 nnopo6ne
1ex cen1oa, uLn k1c1poqnueckne neypun ynonnk1cn a Bn6nnn. o6onx cnyunx
m anpn opny n 1y xe cn1yunk, nepconxn ncnm1mak1 opnnkoame uyac1a a
noxoxnx o6c1on1enLc1ax. rny6nne pyun y nnx 1por1enLnn 1ock no pneko
popnne, kyp onn nn s u1o n cae1e ne xo1enn 6m aepny1Lcn. opnnkoan ppoc1L,
korp npnxopn1 nsaec1nn c popnnm, n opnnkoan roppoc1L s 1ex, k1o oc1ncn po.
onncn c1pnc1ann opno ceLn nc1yxoa, nkpe 1enmx n poaonLno s6n1mx. ne
onn onpepennnn cyunoc1L cen1cko anrpunn a ccnpnckne nnn xnnckne
senn. D1n nc1yxn xnnn skny1o n ne oksmann npnoro aospec1ann n ec1noe
ncenenne. oa1oy neypnan1enLno, u1o nx conneennnkn, yekune anpe1L
opyxne, 6mnn 6onee se1nm a nc1opnn.
pnn ns rnanmx npnsnkoa ynpk xn1oa n npnunno nx neypun a ynpanennn
ccnpncknn rocyppc1an 6mno s6aenne aonncko po6nec1n n o1ks o1
aoopyxennmx pec1an. D1o 6mno 1nnnuno pnn annon n nneann, pnn np n
Cnpon, rpe 1oproaum, cnnuko os6ouennme npee o6oruennn, npesnpnn aonnckoe
nckycc1ao. x unannnsunn yxe o6pen ocnoam caoero cyuec1aoannn n o1aeprn
npoqeccnk conp1, u1o nosxe nponsouno c n1nLnncknn n1pnunnn
cpepneaekoaLn [ca, kaarn mn n acam, vH xn
a, cnnuaan aHmx cna.].
onnm an1kpnc1oa-cen1oa snonnnnn a1y nnuy, ko1opyk exepneano pcunpnnn
rocnopc1aykune npen n npam. , psyee1cn, onn ac1pe1nnn ropnun npne.
pnum, nncnpnum, knnnknum, nnpnum, qnnnc1nnum a e1nnnuecknx unex,
yaenunnmx nepLnn, ope1me a kopo1kne 1ecnme 1ynnkn-konLuyrn, npnkpm1me
kpyrnmn un1n, aoopyxennme eun, 6onee pnnnnmn n 1nxenmn, ue
sn1ckne eun, n ppo1nkn, onn ac1nn n sun1y c1onnu n o6ecneunnn oxpny
1oproamx cypoa. D1n nennkn nrpnn ouenL 6onLuyk ponL ao acex xn1cknx n
cen1cknx rocyppc1ax snn n qpnkn. [xe ernn1nne 6pnn nx n cnyx6y. o
apeen ap nenLkne nnec1nnckne knnxec1a aaepnnn n caok sun1y.
osoxno, opnn ns 1knx konpo1Lepoa 6mn Onxon, ko1opm a Bn6nnn nsan
aoenunLnnko anenex (Bm1ne, XXI). osxe c1px [anp 1kxe coc1onn ns
qnnnc1nnuea. ce a1o noksmae1, nckonLko nnsok 6mn aonnc1aennm pyx a 1y
anoxy. mcun qnnnknckn sn1L oc1ncL epnnc1aenno uc1Lk nunn, xpnnaue
nn1L o po6nec1n npepkoa, aennknx oxo1nnkoa ceamunero, n yeaue o6pu1Lcn
c opyxne. nn eue ne no1epnnn akyc k 6or1o ykpuennm un1, ko1opme onn
aeunn n 6unn n ropopckne c1enm, n ko1opme, no canpe1enLc1ay coapeennnkoa,
pneko cnnnn, kk saespm [ra ka ca.]. c1nLnoe ncenenne
p6o1no. ncnxpnocL nnopn caonx 1pypoa n 1oproann. orp nonn1nk
1pe6oan nponanennn yxec1a, sxa1oa, nepecenennn, upn n coae1m
pnc1okp1oa, ncnnLno co6pa kkyk-1o uc1L npop - kk npanno, a1o 6mn
nc1onun c6pop, - npnpann e cen1oa a kuec1ae oxpnm n onopm; cme
o1unnnme ns uepnmx xn1oa, ac1a ao rnae 1knx o1pnpoa, uc1o o1npannnncL s
opn, u1o6m cosp1L nppo noamx ec1nmx n1pnunea n rocyppc1ao, copennpoannoe
no nonn1nueckn n pennrnosnm o6mun caoe popnnm.
kn o6pso, cen1ckne 6npm nponnknn noackpy, rpe ocyuec1annnn caok
pen1enLnoc1L xn1m. nn annanncL a o6uec1ao nokopennoro npop, n ono
c1noannocL pnn nnx caon. pnn cnoao, 6enme nneen a1opo aonnm nenn opny
nc1opnueckyk spuy - s cue1 npn1ok caoe kpoan, oc1kuecn 6onee unc1o, kk
oxno pnLue pcnpoc1pnn1L 6enoe a1opxenne n kro-snp.
[onro cun1nocL, u1o a1o1 nc1ounnk nenc1oun. Mexpy 1e ko apeenn nepaoro
nepecenennn cen1oa a Corpnne n a nmneune enpx6e nunn cenn1Lcn
neko1opme pnckne n ppyrne 6enme nneen. pncko-annnnckne n pncko-
sopoc1pnckne npopm ncknn amxop n snp n oksmann cnnoaoe panenne n
cen1oa, amnyxpn nx noknp1L ropnme ponnnm n cnyck1Lcn n pannnm n pnLue k
kry. nonannncL cme kpynnme rocyppc1a uepnmx xn1oa.
nensaec1no a 1ounoc1n, nckonLko ynopnm 6mno nx conpo1nanenne
annnnnc1ckn sxa1unk. Ckopee acero conpo1nanennn nou1n ne 6mno. Cen1m,
xo1n n npeaocxopnune c1okoc1Lk uepnmx xn1oa, ne ornn cpepx1L n1nck
npnuenLuea. nn 6mnn enLue nponn1nm ennncknn aneen1n, ue no1okn
epop, no ace pano 6mnn spxenm nn a poc11ouno c1enenn, no1oy u1o
s6mnn nsmk 6eno pcm n npnnnnn cnoxnyk nsmkoayk cnc1ey, cecL oc11koa
6enmx nsmkoa c pnnek1n 1enokoxnx, n ceropnn, 6es cepLesnmx n 1o
ocnoann, a1 cnc1e nsmae1cn cen1cko.
Coapeennme qnnonorn noppspennk1 cen1ckne nsmkn n ue1mpe ocnoanme rpynnm:
nepan copepxn1 qnnnknckn, nynnueckn n nnanckn aneen1m, ns ko1opmx
nponsounn 6ep6epckne pnnek1m [Bck aHarck am cHckr
ncxxn nayncu ank a r, a kacky axay, a
ana aackx caa. yak mn aH. Hck
amcan nanncu a anaH nxu k a nnx, kak
HHyH, mcnv n.]; a1opn aknkue1 a ce6n napn1 n ero npeunn; 1pe1Ln -
peckne npeunn; ue1aep1n - p6ckn, reesckn n pnckn.
cnn pcc1pna1L cen1ckyk rpynny a ueno, ne o6pun annnnn n nekcnky,
nonanauykcn a pesynL11e nospnnx a1nnuecknx coksoa c 6enmn npopn, ne1
ocnoann y1aepxp1L, u1o cyuec1aye1 6onLuoe psnnune expy a1o rpynno n 1k
nsmaemn nnporepncknn nsmkn, npnnpnexunn anpy, ns ko1oporo,
neconenno, amunn npepkn xn1oa.
Cen1ckn nsmkoan cnc1e nee1 snun1enLnme npo6enm a caoe oprnnsunn n
c1pyk1ype. ueanpno, ao apen caoero qopnpoannn on c1nknancL c nsmkn,
oksaunncn apxpe6nmn e. n am1ecnnn nx, 1. e. pspyunn, no ne cyen
ncnonLsoa1L nx uennme kuec1a. oa1oy cen1ckne nsmkn - a1o, a neko1opo
cmcne, nsmkn nenonnme nnn ne po konu cqopnpoaaunecn.
pnue, peuL npe1 ne 1onLko o 1o, uero n nepoc1e1, no n o 1o, u1o onn nek1.
pn ns nx 1nnnunmx oco6ennoc1e - 6or1c1ao rnronLnmx coue1nn.
ppeanep6cko nsmke cyuec1ayk1 nn1npu1L 1nnoa cnpnxennn rnron, no peuL
npe1 o 1k nsmaeo npenLno rnrone, xo1n n npk1nke nn opnn rnron ne nee1
1koro konnuec1a qnekcn nnn aosoxnoc1e nsenennn, kkne npepnre1
rp1nueckn 1eopnn. s a1oro cnepye1, u1o ace rnronm a a1nx nsmkx yuep6nm,
nockonLky o6peenenm noxec1ao ncknkuenn ns npann.
nnoro cen1cko cnc1em oxno cun11L qpnknckne nsmkn. 3pecL m 1kxe
anpn nopsn1enLnoe konnuec1ao rnronLnmx qop, npnue ace rnronm nerko
npncnoc6nnak1cn k nk6oy 1nny cnpnxennn. C ppyro c1oponm, 1 ne1 1ex kopne,
oueanpnoe popc1ao ko1opmx c nnporepncko rpynno onpoaepre1 konuenunn
nnnranc1oa, c1penunxcn cpen1L cen1ckyk nsmkoayk rpynny coaepuenno
ynnknLno n nsonnpoanno o1 nsmkoa nue pcm. nsmkx nerpoa ne1 nnuero, u1o
6m nekno n nx cansL c nsmkn [ n aponm - nnpo1na, npocnexnae1cn
nx 6nnskoe popc1ao c nsmkn ccnpnn, ypen, nn n nann.
koneu, oxno cpen1L cnepykun ouenL axnm amaop: aecL qpnknckn
kon1nnen1, c kr po ceaep, c aoc1ok po snp, sne1 1onLko opnn nsmk n roaopn1
n pnnek1x cqopnpoaaunxcn ns opnoro nc1ounnk. onro, a c1pne kqpoa, a
nrone, 1kxe no acey no6epexLk m ac1peue opnn n 1e xe qopm n kopnn. op
a1o onpepenenne nok ne nopnpk1 nnrpn1ckn nsmk, eue ne nsyuennm, n npeune
ro11en1o1oa, no onn n ne onpoaeprk1 ero.
onpo6ye pesknpoa1L amuensnoxennoe.
I) ce, u1o n nsaec1no o6 qpnkncknx nsmkx, npnnpnexunx kk 1enokoxn
npop, 1k n unc1o nerpn1nnckn nneen, oxno caec1n a opny cnc1ey. II) D1
cnc1e o6npe1 ocnoanmn npnsnkn cen1cko rpynnm. III) Mnorne ns
nponsaopnmx nsmkoa 1kxe aknkuk1cn a cen1ckyk rpynny.
C1on1 nn po6ann1L eue u1o-nn6ypL, u1o6m npnsn1L cnepykun qk1: a1 rpynn,
kk a caonx cyuec1aykunx qopx, 1k n a caonx nkynx, aepe1 caoe
nponcxoxpenne o1 coaokynnoc1n coc1annkunx ee a1nnuecknx aneen1oa, 1. e. o1
ceuennn ne6onLuo ponn 6eno pcm c npeaocxopnun ennnckn kononen1o?
1o6m npepc1an1L 1kn o6pso renesnc nsmkoa epepne snn, ne1 nyxpm
npepnonr1L, u1o cen1ckoe ncenenne cpsy y1onyno a uepno kpoan. o, u1o
neocnopno a o1nouennn xn1oa, ne acerp nanne1cn 1koam pnn popc1aennmx n
npopoa.
Cnoco6 nx ceuennn c 6opnrenn - no6eponocnoe nuec1ane n uen1pnLnme
rocyppc1a nnn nponnknoaenne a npnopckne c1pnm a kuec1ae nonesnmx n
ppoan1mx p6o1nnkoa - naopn1 n mcnL o 1o, u1o onn cnepoann npnepy pe1e
ap, 1. e. nsyunn nsmk npop, k ko1opoy onn npnxopnnn nn6o sp61ma1L n
xnsnL, nn6o anc1aoa1L [ sy snxy aaHck yx cnu nvancn
nmka aaaa (cH. Bm, XXXI, 47).]. pnepy ppeaneeapecko ae1an ornn
cnepoa1L ace oc1nLnme rpynnm ceec1a, n ne kxe1cn, u1o pnnek1m,
cqopnpoaaunecn nosxe, ne npnaenn k nonanennk nnn, no kpne epe,
pcunpennk nkyn, ko1opme n o1eun a oprnnse cen1cknx nsmkoa. npoue, a1o
ne npoc1o rnno1es. Cen1m, neaune enLue acero xn1cko kpoan, nnpnep,
eapen, roaopnnn n 6onee psan1o nsmke, ue p6m. Mnorouncnennme coksm
nocnepnnx c okpyxkunn nx npopn noc1onnno nnsaopnnn nsmk k ennnckn
kopnn. e ne enee, p6ckn eue ne poc1nr uepnoro npen, ocnoann cc
nkpe, roaopnunx n ne, pnek o1 npen1nunoc1n c qpnknun.
1o kce1cn xn1oa, specL cn1yunn nnn. 1o6m cosp1L nnnranc1nueckyk cnc1ey,
ko1opyk onn nepepnn cen1, onn o6ns1enLno ponxnm 6mnn nepeeu1Lcn c
uepnm aneen1o. nn ponxnm 6mnn o6np1L 6onee unc1o cen1cko cnc1eo, n
n 6m ne ypnanncn, ecnn, neco1pn n nnnune nnporepncknx kopne a 1ekc1x ns
Bn-Cy1yn, npnunocL 6m npnsn1L, u1o nsmk neko1opmx 1ekc1oa ns coro pnekoro
npounoro 6onee 6nnsok nerpn1nnckoy 1nny, ue p6ckn n 1e 6onee
ppeaneeapeckn n peckn.
yxe noksn neckonLko ypoane npn6nnxennn k cen1ckoy coaepuenc1ay. 1
peckoro, coro nepsan1oro ns nsmkoa a1oro ceec1a, opnn ur k unc1o
nerpn1nnckoy. osxe m yanpn, kkn o6pso o1 a1o cnc1em aec1e c
npopn, enee acero ceunnmn c 1enokoxnn, nponcxopn1 noc1enennm
nepexop k nsmk 6enoro ceec1a. o nok oc1an a1y 1ey: a1nnueckoe coc1onnne
cen1oa-nokopn1ene onncno a poc11ouno epe. o1n onn c1on1 amue
npnn1nanmx ccnpnuea, onn 1oxe nannk1cn e1ncn. nn nokopnnn 1onLko cn6me
npopm n acerp 1epnenn nopxenne o1 ncenennn 6onee 6nropopnmx kpoae.
o k 2000 r. po n. a. pnckne sopoc1pnum nou1n ne o6punn annnne n
aoc1ounm ropnson1. nn 6mnn snn1m ykpennenne nosnun, saoeannmx a Mnpnn.
Co caoe c1oponm, pnckne annnnm c1pennncL nrpnpoa1L a apony. kn
o6pso, cen1m a 1euenne ponrnx aekoa 6mnn cmn unannnsoannmn n kro-
snpe.
cnkn ps, korp pnckne annnnm am1ecnnnn nx co caoe 1eppn1opnn, nopxenne
o6opunanocL pnn nnx nnopo1aopno no6epo n npno6pe1enne noamx p6o1nnkoa a
6or1o annonnn. Bnpm nsrnnnnkoa ckpmann c1mp nopxennn a rnyxnx yronkx
seenL, pcnonoxennmx 6nnxe k aksy n cnnckoy opk, n aocxnunn np
nerknn no6epn npn caoe 6erc1ae.
1k, cen1ckoe nuec1ane nponcxopnno a neckonLko a1noa. oppo6noc1n specL ne
nek1 snuennn: poc11ouno nnonn1L, u1o nepan aonn anrpunn nkpmn
rocyppc1a nnxne npen. 1opn akcnepnunn - peuL npe1 o6 ok1nnpx - poun
po pann [x kaa caa x rnaamx rcyaca a Kx
aa nmcaaan snx aaaHa.]. Cnepykune npnaenn noamx rocnop n
no6epexLe epxne snn. epnn kpoaL uc1o n c ycnexo nepe6pman ocepnm
o6ps xnsnn y cmx ceunnmx npopoa: nponcxopnnn ne 1onLko ccoame
nepecenennn, no nnorp n nouncnennme nneen noknpnn ncnxennme ec1 n
o6pe1nn noayk popnny.
Cen1m yxe nonnoc1Lk oanpenn ace xn1ckn npo, rpe pxe npopm,
oc1aunecn neno6expennmn, ncnm1mann nx annnnne. a1o apen a nx sennx
nonanncn npop, ko1opoy 6mnn cyxpenm 6onLune ncnm1nnn n cnanme pen: n
nek a anpy ae1aL ppeaneeapecko nunn, ko1opn cnyc1nncL c pnncknx rop n ao
rnae c apo, nonyuna nn npop spnnn, npoponxnn cao ny1L a rnne1,
u1o6m aepny1Lcn s1e a c1pny nn. orp nop pykoaopc1ao o1u n1pnpxoa
on npouen uepes a1y senk, on 6mn no ncenen. orp nonanncn ocnq, cen1m
yxe scennnn ee n nunn o6p61ma1L [ n Hxy aaaHH McH
anca mna a ncnn numx Hacc. ca, aH
caancu Hr am, nHk aaaHa, anm, anH
ym, cHana, a . .].
oxpenne ap Bn6nnn p1npye1 2017 ropo, 1. e. nosxe nepamx nuec1an
annnnoa n ropuea n, cnepoa1enLno, a anoxy annnncknx no6ep np xn1n n
aosamuennn noao ccnpncko pnnc1nn. ap npnnpnexn k nunn, ns ko1opo
yxe amunn ok1nnpm n ae1an ko1opo, oc1auncL n popnne, nosxe cospnn
psnnunme rocyppc1a: ener, exy, Cpypx, xop n ppyrne. Cmn Oppm c1n
ocnoa1ene neckonLknx npopoa, cme nsaec1nme ns nnx - pe1n koa, s1e
snpnme p6m, ko1opme nop nene cnnn1oa aec1e c ppeaneeapecknn
ok1nnpn n kyun1cknn xn1n rocnopc1aoann n nonyoc1poae, nosxe
onpepennnn cypL6m np. nn pnn noame pnnc1nn ccnpnu, c Mroe1o
coaepunnn nocnepnn peneccnc cen1cko pcm.
pexpe ue npoponxn1L nue ny1euec1ane no a1norenesy npop spnnn, korp m
cpennn o1npano xpononornuecko 1ouko p1y poxpennn ero n1pnpx, skonun
pcco1penne oc1nLnmx xn1o-cen1cknx npopoa.
e cnepye1 s6ma1L, u1o 1orpunee o6uec1ao 6mno pspeneno n noxec1ao
nesancnmx rocyppc1a. e ne enee, 6ype aec1n peuL 1onLko o 1ex, u1o oc1annn
rny6okne cnepm caonn penn n cn caon cyuec1aoanne. une c
qnnnknuea.
III. Hck xaaan
o apeen ap xn1ckn unannnsunn nxopnncL a pcuae1e caoero
coaepuenc1a n caonx nopokoa. pno ns cmx sae1nmx ee 1eppn1opn 6mn
nec1nn, rpe npouae1nn xnnckne ropop 6nroppn caon 1oproam cansn c
norouncnennmn kononnnn. exa1k ncenennn a ropopx c nnxao
konencnpoancL 1e cuc1nnam o6c1on1enLc1ao, u1o y nnx ne 6mno konkypen1oa
nn a nponsaopc1ae 1kne, nn a kpcnnLno nckycc1ae, nn a cypoxopc1ae [
ynHa nm aa ckan, . k. mn caam ncn cxa c
a, . . a ynua aaaa nm Mcck a 1548 r.
xcaa caa. ca, accm mc anan sH ayHn
raH a HrH cnccaaan x Hrycay.].
ce ynonny1me amue nc1ounnkn 6or1c1a 6mnn cocpepo1ouenm a pykx nx
cosp1ene. o a kuec1ae npnep 1oro, nckonLko noycneunn 1oproann
onpepenne1 xnsnennyk cnny nunn, oxno se1n1L, u1o qnnnknum, ncuepna
nepaonunLnyk aneprnk, ko1opn korp-1o npnaen nx c 6eperoa epcnpckoro opn
n no6epexLe opn Cpepnsenoro, ne coxpnnnn nnuero o1 npexne nonn1nuecko
nesancnoc1n [ccn acaannna nau xaaack rcyacaa; kra
cycaaan nnH anamvca, accck ann ac aa mn
cnumH, a ynua ncxn am, cnaan nan
nxaanacu a y cnu, cn aanncn H, mn
nac, vH aa.]. oneuno, onn ynpannnncL uue acero no caon co6c1aennm
skon n a caonx npexnnx pnc1okp1nuecknx qopx. o a npnnunne ccnpnckoe
oryuec1ao nonoxnno koneu nx nesancnoc1n. nn nopunnnnncL pcnopnxennn c
6eperoa aqp1. orp ao apen any1pennnx aonnenn onn nm1nncL c6pocn1L a1o
nro, epnnc1aenno noppepxko pnn nnx 6mn rnne1, 1. e. aosoxnoc1L senn1L
rocnopc1ao nneann n pnk11 Meqnc. [pyro nL1epn1nam y nnx ne 6mno.
ono npeaocxopc1a payx kpynnmx nnepn, expy ko1opmn k1nnncL xnnckne
ropop, cyuec1aoan eue opnn qk1op, sc1annaun qnnnknuea noc1onnno
nanpoa1L expy oryuec1aennmn cocepnn. 3enn ccnpnn n rnn1 - oco6enno
ccnpnn - npepc1annnn co6o pmnkn c6m1 pnn Cnpon n np. npoue,
xnnenne po6npnncL n po ppyrnx c1pn co caonn nypnypnmn 1knnn,
nspennnn ns c1ekn, 6nroaonnnn n npnnoc1nn, o1 ko1opmx nonnncL nx cknpm.
pnko, korp nx pnnnnme uepnme cyp c amcoko nocoao uc1Lk kcnncL nou1n
peac1aennoro neck rpeuecknx 6eperoa nnn no6epexLn 1nnn, qpnkn, cnnnn,
aknnxn nxopnnn 1 poaonLno ckypnyk po6muy. [nnnnyk 6pky am1cknann n
6eper 1enokoxne rpe6um a kpcnmx kopo1knx 1ynnkx. x ac1peunn xpnme n
ypnanennme asrnnpm 6opnrenoa, amcokoepnme ny1euec1aennnkn a okpyxennn
cen1cknx nennkoa pcknpmann 6or1me 1oapm nepep asopo upLkoa n aoxpe,
co6paunxcn co ace okpyrn. o epe aosoxnoc1n onn 1pe6oann asen
pprouennme e1nnm, nnpnep, 1k nponcxopnno a cnnnn, 6or1o 1kn
1oapo. C rpekn o6en uen n cko1, ppeaecnny nnn p6oa, 1k xe kk n a qpnke.
cnn npepc1annncn cnyu n ecnn n c1opone 1oproau 6mn nepeaec, on co caonn
nkpLn 6essc1enunao s6npn kpcnamx peayuek, peac1aennmx upcknx nnoxnnu
nnn cnyxnok, pe1e n knoue, npnropnmx k p6o1e yxunn, u1o6m yaes1n po6muy n
popnny; 1k, c rny6oko ppeanoc1n c1nn unpoko nsaec1nm xpnoc1L, 1pycoc1L n
koapc1ao xn1oa n nx coksnnkoa. ne ypnan1enLno, u1o a1n 1oproaum anyunn
c1px n nenanc1L a npn6pexnmx c1pnx, rpe n eue ne ypnocL y1aeppn1L caoe
rocnopc1ao. opoue roaopn, onn snnnncL a uyxnx sennx akcnny1une ec1nmx
6or1c1a. 3np nn1epecoan nx 1onLko 1e, u1o oxno 6mno o11yp asn1L, npnue kk
oxno peueane. un c1pnm pann n cmpLeame 1epnnm, ko1opme a npe,
Cnpone n ppyrnx xnncknx ropopx nepep61mann n npopann ro1oame nspennn
a rnn1e n Mecono1nn.
oxopm qnnnknuea ne orpnnunanncL apono n qpnko. Bnroppn caon ouenL
ppeann cansn c p6n-kyun1n n no1okn ok1n onn 1oproann
6nroaonnnn, npnnoc1nn, cnonoao koc1Lk n a6eno ns Heen nnn 6onee
ypnennmx ec1, nnpnep, ns oc1ouno qpnkn, npnn n pxe [nLnero oc1ok
[ Maxaxaa ynHacn aan, ann. aaa
cycaaana xanan rann Hxy aaH 3anaH
v ncca ka. Y Hn y aHxcu nrau
kackH a, ayxH a rax caHmx ax rnckx
ac.]. o nx annnne 6mno npnkoano k snpnm c1pn, rpe onn nannnncL
onononnc1n, n nenno expy a1nn sxauennmn sennn n o6onn kpynnmn
uen1pn coapeenno n unannnsunn onn ocyuec1annnn ao ace nonno1e caok
ynnknLnyk qynkunk.
kn o6pso, nx cyuec1aoanne n nx npouae1nne oksnncL 1ecno cansnnmn c
cypL6n nneann n Ona. orp a a1nx c1pnx nc1ynnn 1pypnme apeen n
no1pe6nenne npno, neepnenno c1ppn npomunennoc1L n koepunn a nne.
cnn upn Mecono1nn 6mnn nepoaonLnm nonn1nko qnnnknuea nnn xo1enn oks1L
n nnx panenne, ne npn6ern k euy, onn npnnnnn qncknLnme epm npo1na
npn1ok snpnmx 1oapoa a ccnpnckne c1pnm nnn a ernne1ckne npoannunn, u1o
npnunnnno n1pnunn np ropspo 6onLun apep n yuep6, ue uenn pnn c
konnnue n konecnnun. koa nop1pe1 ppeannx qnnnknuea, c1onL roppmx caoe
1oproao pen1enLnoc1Lk, c1onL psapuennmx n nnsknx a caonx nopokx,
o6npkunx npnspuno nesancnoc1Lk n ynnxenno cknonnkunxcn nepep
oryuec1aennmn no1pe6n1ennn.
Ynpanenne ropopoa no6epexLn c coro nun 6mno cyry6o 1eokp1nueckn. D1o
6mno a xpk1epe pcm . [eno a 1o, u1o nepame 6enme saoea1enn npnunn a
cpepy 1enokoxnx c 1kn nanm npeaocxopc1ao - n a o6pse munennn n a cnne
aonn, - u1o cyeaepnme 6opnrenm ne nunn nnuero 6onee psynoro, ue o6Lnan1L
nx 6orn. oa1oy epnknckne nneen c 1ko nc1ounaoc1Lk aonpounn
ncnnuea, ne cnyc1nnncL nn 1e c ne6ec, n neco1pn n o1pnu1enLnm o1ae1,
npopnk1oannm xpnc1nncko coaec1nnaoc1Lk, npoponxnn cun11L, u1o npnuenLum
ckpmak1 caoe 6oxec1aennoe nponcxoxpenne. oa1oy nmneunne nneen oc1ouno
qpnkn nsmak1 eaponeuea 6orn [rm cva akamH ax
Haxanaca kack nnHn nuk n nv, v
aacn a kam xm H xna c cynnH.].
Benme xn1m, oueanpno, 6es 1pyp npnamknn k 1koy noun1nnk. o no epe 1oro,
kk nponcxopnno ceuenne kpoan n unc1n pc npeapuncL a yn1oa,
nonannnncL rn6pnpm - cnnLnme n yaepennme a ce6e. nn nenn o6uyk renenornk c
ppeannn saoea1ennn, n korp skonunnocL upc1aoanne 6oroa, nuncL anox
xpeuoa. [ecno1ns nsennn qopy, no o1 a1oro ne c1n enee noun1e.
nc1opnuecko nn1n xnnenn xpnnnocL aocnonnnne n o 1ko neonpepenenno
cn1yunn, korp onn nopunnnnncL a1opn1e1y Men-kp1 n n, nosxe xpeu
a1nx 1nnc1aennmx n oryuec1aennmx cyuec1a [3aanu cva XIV rnaay r
Bmn yr arHm Bn nxH sx cm. H r,
n r H, s kcm, canam c xaaackH aaH, ncnyxn
ca kcHrvck ranrvck vac Bn, kan mna
akaaa H naa a aHa nHa. ra Hm yH
ac vu ackx anx, ca nc, nvHy ra cc cny
xcannu c aH nmnuaH n acm. va, v rn-
ma rn Qc, axm a ckynunyax caaa B-
yya, ncaann c naaxa, cnacmxcn ncn ncnr
nna.].
onanenne cen1oa 6mno eue opnn uro anepep. cyunoc1n cen1m 6mnn 6nnxe k
6or, ue nep1nueckne pnnc1nn uepnmx xn1oa. nn nosxe o1nnn o1 o6ue
ae1an, n nx kpoaL nen enLue npnece, ue kpoaL e1ncoa, c ko1opmn onn
pennnn 6or1c1a n anc1L. e ne enee qnnnknckne xpeum ne corncnnncL c 1kn
npeaocxopc1ao a 6nropopno nponcxoxpennn, no1oy u1o uepnm aneen1
nc1onLko npeo6npn a nnx, u1o onn s6mnn Bor caonx 6oroa n nx nc1okn n cun1nn
ce6n a1ox1onnm npopo. c11n, a1o npo1naopeun1 y1aepxpennk epopo1 n
canpe1enLc1aye1 o 1o, u1o qnnnknum ne 6mnn amxopun ns nnoc. D1o osnue1,
u1o onn nopunnnnncL nenenm cyeaepnn npepkoa caonx 1epe. [nn a1nx
ampoxpkunxcn nkpe ne orno 6m1L n peun o 6enmx nepecenenux ns nnoc,
npnuepunx n cpepnsenoopckoe no6epexLe. Menkp1 n ero npop amunn ns 6ono1,
n ko1opmx c1onnn, nx xnnnu. ppyrnx sennx n a ppyrne apeen nnpycm, rpekn,
n1nLnnum n npoune npopm nenn nnornunoe oun6ounoe nenne o caonx nc1okx.
o qk1m - ynpnn aeuL n ne sancn1 o1 uLero-nn6o nennn. Cen1m ne ornn
c11L 6orn, no1oy u1o a nx kpoan ne 6mno unc1o1m, n neco1pn n uncnennoe
npeaocxopc1ao onn ne ornn po6n1Lcn 6esycnoanoro noknonennn. epnme xn1m
o1ksnn n a npnee a xpeueckyk kc1y, npnnpnexnoc1L k ko1opo noro aekoa
noppnp 6mn npepnsnuen rpynn ns 1oro xe ceec1a. oa1oy cen1m
npene6pernn 1eokp1ne n noc1annn ao rnay yrn cnny opyxnn. ocne poaonLno
oc1po 6opL6m ynpanenne qnnnkncknn ropopn cpennocL pnc1okp1nueckn,
pecny6nnknckn n 6conk1nm, a ko1opo ne oc1nocL nnuero o1 npexne
1poc1aennoc1n coc1anmx aneen1oa.
pnko 1kn qop npanennn ne ynnu1oxnn nonnoc1Lk pae ppyrne n 1e cm
cmrpn ne peaonkunonnyk, peqop1opckyk ponL, o6ycnoanennyk ee
nponcxoxpenne, 6nnskn k npanennk uepnmx xn1oa, n c 1ex nop on
nonLsoancL yaxenne. pkx pnc1okp1nn opno ns cmx noue1nmx ec1 6mno
o1aepeno xpeu-canuennnk. nn snnnn a1opyk c1ynenLky a rocyppc1ae,
pnc1okp1nueckne ceLn npoponxnn nonLsoa1Lcn npexnn noue1o. Upckn
anc1L aoace ne nrpn rnanyk ponL. osoxno, cn uepnme xn1m ne poaenn
nnc1n1y1 anc1n po neo6xopnoro coaepuenc1a, o ue canpe1enLc1ayk1 ccnpnckne
rocyppc1a.
esancno o1 1oro, c1onn nn ao rnae qnnnkncknx ropopoa opnn uenoaek nnn, kk
uue acero 6mano, kopony pennnn pa upn, am6pnnme ns conepnnukunx pooa,
aepxoann anc1L 6mn orpnnuenno n nopkon1ponLno, e poc1anncL ne nekune
snuennn npepor1nam n pockouL 6es nnnunn cao6opm. Moxno cks1L, u1o cen1m
pcnpoc1pnnnn n ace nopanc1nme n senn kon1ponL s onpxnuecko anc1Lk, n
u1o n a nneann, n a annone nocn1enn koponm 6mnn nnuL necoc1on1enLnmn
npepc1an1ennn xpeuoa n n1pnunea.
ko 6mn oprnnsunn, amuepun ns ceuennn uepnmx xn1oa Onnnknn c
cen1n. Upn, nnn, kk nx nsmann, cyqqe1m, xnnn a aennkonennmx paopux.
opnnnnme xosnea rocyppc1a ne xnenn nnuero, u1o6m ocmn1L pockouLk pae
koponoannme ronoam. onnm p6oa o6onx nonoa, ope1mx a pockounme opexpm,
cnyxnnn npnxo1n a1nx cep1nmx, yc1aunx o1 ypoaonLc1an. c1pxe nx cpoa n
rpeoa c1onnn norouncnennme eanyxn. op6nn co acex konuoa cae1 npnaosnnn
xenunn n n y1exy. nn enn n sono1e, ykpunn ce6n 6pnnnnn1n n xeuyrn,
e1nc1n, py6nnn, 1onsn, nypnyp, aocne1m ppeannn, 6mn epnnc1aennm
uae1o nx opexp. poe a1o pockouno xnsnn n aneunnx nouec1e,
npepnncmaemx skono, onn nnuero ne nenn. Cyqqe1m amcksmann caoe nenne
no rocyppc1aennm pen - 1k xe, kk n ppyrne pnc1okp1m, - no ne 6onee 1oro;
skonop1enLnn, cype6nn n pxe ncnonnn1enLnn anc1L nxopnncL a pykx
npepaopn1ene kpynnmx pooa.
nc1L nocnepnnx ne nen rpnnu. k 1onLko poroaop, sknkuennm expy nnn,
npnnnn c11yc skon, ace ncenenne cknonnnocL nepep nn, n pxe cn
skonop1enn c1noannncL ero xep1an. nrpe n nnkorp a1 6esnnunn unn ne
upnn o1penLnmx nkpe. Cypoame npann aneppnnncL pxe a nono ceLn, cm
1npnnueckn o6pso onpepennnn cme nn1nnme o1nouennn expy cynpyrn,
pannn n nneun o1uoa, pecno1oa caonx pe1e, nknpmann orpnnuennn n
uenoaek n ero coaec1L. ace rocyppc1ao, nunnn c nocnepnero 1poc, coro
s6n1oro p6ouero, po amcokonoc1anennoro xpeu noun1eoro 6or, po npennoro
n1pnunn, skon nknpman c1punyk neu1L, ko1opyk oxno ampsn1L 1k:
CkonLko nkpe, c1onLko n p6oa!
o1 1k cen1m, o6LepnnnauncL c no1okn , nonnnn n pennsoann
cyunoc1L npanennn. 1e 6onee nc1nak n a1o konuenunn, u1o aec1e c
cen1cko kpoaLk on nponnkn a nnc1n1y1m nou1n acex npopoa ppeanoc1n n poun
po nmneune anoxn, korp on apeenno o1c1ynnn nepep 6onee psynmn n
sppamn nonn1nnn repncko pcm.
ponnnsnpye nc1okn 1ko c1poro oprnnsunn. ueanpno, u1o ace, u1o 6mno a
ne 6py1nLnoro n o1ap1n1enLnoro, nponcxopn1 ns uepno npnpopm, cknonno k
6conk1noy n k p6c1ay, oxo1no noppkuecn 6c1pk1nm npen, nonn1L
ko1opme on ne xene1 - oxe1 1onLko 6on1Lcn nx n nopunnn1Lcn n. npo1na, a
6onee aosamuennmx aneen1x, nnnune ko1opmx nenLsn ne npnsn1L, a nonm1ke
n1n panoaecne expy upcko anc1Lk, xpeuec1ao n aoopyxenno
pnc1okp1ne, a c1penennn k nopnpky n skonnoc1n m n6nkpe nnc1nnk1m
npopoa 6eno pcm.
nnckne ropop npn1nrnann k ce6e cen1oa, npnnpnexaunx ko ace ae1an
a1o pcm n, cnepoa1enLno, nepeeunnmx a psno c1enenn. mxopum ns ccnpnn
necnn a ce6e, aec1e c xn1ckn aneen1o, coace ppyryk kpoaL, o1nnunyk o1
kpoan cen1oa, ko1opme npnunn ns nnxnero rnn1 n c kr pann n nenn ponrne
kon1k1m c kypuamn nerpn. Ceaepnme xnpen c pnncknx nropn n ppeanne
eapen nenn 6onLue 6eno kpoan. pnuenLum ns o6nc1e, cocepc1aykunx c
akso, ornn, npno nnn kocaenno, nec1n a caonx xnnx aocnonnnne o xen1o
pce [nak cam nakcaa (Bm, X, 22); ac am,
ncxn Ha, a naH nkn, nvcnm a nnk
rravckr nnxn, avan c ra kvan ca-anaH: 3naH,
xay a rH, kn cckr anaa; ccy a cc, amm n
v ra, k cay; nakca a H, nx k anay; y a ;
aH cnycncn k ry, n v aaa.]. nn 6mnn amxopun ns Opnrnn,
nx 1epn 6mnn rpeunkn.
xpn aonn anrpn1oa npnnocnn noame a1nnueckne aneen1m, ocepaune a
qnnnkncknx cenennnx. ono a1nx psnoo6psnmx canse c cen1ckn ceec1ao
6mnn eue kopennme xn1m, xn1m ns kpynnmx rocyppc1a oc1ok, n p6m-
kyun1m, n ernn1nne, n unc1okpoanme nerpm. opoue roaopn, pa ceec1a - 6enoe n
uepnoe - n pxe cnepm xen1o pcm coue1nncL ppyr c ppyro a 1mcnux ko6nnun
a uen1pe nn, 6eckoneuno apLnpyncL n noc1onnno psnoxncL n nopoxpn
nensaec1nme po1one psnoanpnoc1n.
D1o nponcxopnno acnepc1ane 1oro, u1o Onnnknn pan npnk1 n p6o1y ace. e
nop1m, q6pnkn n 1oproame kpanm 1pe6oann noro p6ounx pyk. np n Cnpon
6mnn ne 1onLko kpynnmn npnopcknn n 1oproamn ropopn, nnopo6ne nmneunnx
onpon n 6ypr, no opnoapeenno axnmn nnpyc1pnnLnmn uen1pn, kk
nnpnep, naepnynL n Bnpnnre; onn npeap1nnncL a c1ounme pycn pnn xn1ene
epepne snn, onn nxopnnn snn1ne pnn acex, nsnnukn nepenpannnn a kononnn.
3 cue1 noc1onnnmx nepecenenn onn annann 1yp caexne cnnm. npoue, ne c1on1
cnnuko aocxnu1Lcn c1onL nnopo1aopno pen1enLnoc1Lk. D1n npenyuec1a
noc1onnno pc1yuero ncenennn nenn n o6opo1nyk c1opony: np n Cnpon nunn
nsenn1L nonn1nueckyk konc1n1yunk c nepenne ynyuun1L ee n skonunnn 1e,
u1o npnaenn k ee nonnoy kpxy.
Mm yxe yanpenn, kkne a1nnueckne 1pncqopunn npeponpepennnn koneu
upc1aoannn 6oroa, n ceny ko1opoy npnuno upc1aoanne xpeuoa, ono, a caok
ouepepL, yc1ynnno ec1o cnoxno n yppeno oprnnsunn, ampsnauecn nosxe a
cqepe anc1n, a nonanennn aoxpe n n1pnunea a ropopx. pesynL11e 1knx
peqop psnnune pc knyno a ne6m1ne. c1nncL 1onLko rpynnm nnn ceec1a.
epep nnuo aeuno n c1pen1enLno nsenunaoc1n a1nnuecknx aneen1oa
pnc1okp1nueckoe rocyppc1ao, nocnepnee cnoao, kpnee ampxenne
peaonkunonnoro pyx nepamx cen1cknx npnuenLuea, a opnn npekpcnm penL
oksnocL necnoco6nm ypoane1aopn1L 1pe6oannn nc1ynkunx nokonenn, n c1nn
snann1L o ce6e peokp1nueckne npen.
nune onn nunn noppepxky y upe. e oxo1no aocnpnnnnn npnnunnm, ko1opme
ornn ynnsn1L n1pnunea. 31e nx nopxa1nnn 1onnm p6ouero nkp n
nyqk1ypx n npeap1nnn nx a c1epxenL caoero o6Lepnnennn. k1nanme pen1enn
nn1pnr n sroaopoa coc1annnn oco6m kncc o6uec1a, npnamkun k pockoun, c
aoxpenenne co1peaun n co6nsnm anc1n, no ne neaun nnkknx npa, kpoe
npa n nnoc1n, n npesnpem a nepayk ouepepL pnc1okp1n: n nek a anpy
upcknx p6oa, eanyxoa ns paopuoa, qaopn1oa nnn 1ex, k1o c1penncn nn c11L. k
amrnnpen np1nn, pspyunaun pnc1okp1nueckn nopnpok.
Y npo1nannkoa a1o np1nn 6mno poc11ouno cnn, u1o6m sunu1Lcn. Xennnn n
npnxo1n upe onn npo1naonoc1annnn 6esnnkoe skonop1enLc1ao n sancnoc1L o1
cypecknx unnoannkoa. onn c1nn cmk1L caon pnpm. po1na necnokono ccm
p6ouero nkp y nnx 6mnn eun n ppo1nkn norouncnennmx nennkoa, a nepayk
"ouepepL kpnuea n qnnnc1nnuea, ko1opme coc1annnn rpnnsonm a ropopx.
koneu, xn1poc1n n kosnn upcknx p6oa onn npo1naonoc1annn 6onLuo onm1 a
penx, nepoaepunaoc1L, npncyuyk uenoaeuecko npnpope, npk1nueckn y,
necpannm c neyknkxe xn1poc1Lk npo1nannkoa - opnn cnoao, counncL a
noepnnke nn1pnrn opnnx, xec1okn cnn ppyrnx, ne1epnennan 6nunn cnnLnmx,
nenoepnn sanc1L cn6mx, c ppyro c1oponm - orponoe npenyuec1ao c11yc
rocnop, opyxne, ko1opoe ne nerko opone1L, ecnn ono nxopn1cn a pykx cnnLnoro.
oneuno, onn 6m cyenn coxpnn1L caok nnepnk, kk n nk6n pnc1okp1nn, ecnn
6m no6epy onpepennn 1onLko aneprnn noac1nuea, no ncxop pen peunn nx
cn6oc1L. opxenne c1no pesynL11o ceuennn nx kpoan.
eaonkunn no6epnn, 1onLko korp ao paopux nonannncL nkpn, ko1opme cokpyunnn
nx paepn. rocyppc1ae, rpe 1oproann npnnocn1 6or1c1ao, 6or1c1ao - annnnne,
1pypno ns6ex1L esnLnncoa. uepunn 1poc sa1p c1noan1cn cypoanpenLue,
n ero pouepn, a anpe sono1oro poxpn, nponnkk1 a nono cmx amcokoepnmx
ceec1a. npoue, kpoaL n1pnunea Onnnknn yxe 6mn ceunno, noa1oy n
6mno 1pypno conpo1nann1Lcn co6nsnn1enLnm nepeen. onnrnn, c1onL nnn
ceppuy 1enokoxnx nnn nony1enokoxnx npopoa, pene1 ace epm
npepoc1opoxnoc1n 6ecnonesnmn.
kn o6pso, a rocnopc1aykunx pcx no6epexLn nn ncuesn opnopopnoc1L,
n peokp1nn nun a nnx caonx c1oponnnkoa. pnc1okp1m nunn nxopn1L
npnn1noc1L a cep1enLnmx pnn nnx pok1pnnx.
pnc1okp1nn uyac1aoan a1y o1kpm1yk pny a caoe 6oky n sununcL
nocpepc1ao penop1unn. orp pckpmancn nnn ycnpnncn sroaop, annoannkoa
xa1nn, norpyxnn n kop6nn nop oxpno kpnuea n yaosnnn a nank, cnnnk,
s npepenm epkynecoamx c1on6oa - a ec1 c1onL o1pnennme, u1o cnepm a1nx
kononns1opoa nxopnnn pxe a Cenerne.
Mn1exnme pnc1okp1m a 1o aeuno ccmnke cospann n1pnun1 noamx kononn, n
ne1 canpe1enLc1a 1oy, u1o, neco1pn n ack caok nn6epnLnoc1L onn s6mnn
cypoame nopnpkn caoe popnnm.
Mexpy 1e nc1ynnn penL, korp paopnnc1ay npnuen koneu. nsaec1n p1
okonu1enLnoro nopxennn, nsaec1no, a kko qope a1o cnyunnocL, n m oxe
nsa1L rnanyk npnunny. 1k, p1 - 829 r. po n. a., qop - pnc1okp1nueckn
anrpunn, ocnoaaun pqren, rnann npnunn - kpnnn c1enenL ceuennn
ncenennn nop pec1ane noaoro aneen1, ko1opm a 1euenne c1one1nn cospan
nn11enLnyk cpepy pnn npxnn a1nnuecknx aneen1oa.
3nun1enLno ycnnnnncL annnnm. nn nunn cospa1L kononnn - a1n qopnoc1m nx
oryuec1a, pcnonraunecn n no6epexLe Mno snn, ackope c1nn nc1oko
ouno aonnm nepecenenuea a nn. pnuenLum, o1nnuaunecn o1 cen1oa
cknpo y, 1enocnoxenne n cnno pyx, oksnn 6onLuyk noppepxky
peokp1nueckn npen n caon npncy1c1ane yckopnnn peaonkunk. epao xep1ao
perornn nn Cnpon. o6epnaun uepnL nsrnn pnc1okp1oa, ko1opme ocnoann a
ppyce noam ropop, rpe nunn npn6exnue 1oproann n npouae1nne, c1pm ropop
npeap1nncn a pynnm. kn xe yuc1L ackope noc1nrn np.
1pnunn, c1punaunecn anpenLuea q6pnk, npoc1onpopLn, upcknx p6oa n
coro upn, nocne ksnn coro annn1enLnoro ns nnx - xpeu Menkp1, - 6ypyun
ne a cnnx coxpnn1L caok anc1L nnn cnc1n caon xnsnn nepep nnuo nokonennn,
nonanauerocn a pesynL11e ceuennn, peunnn noknny1L c1pny. Y nnx 6mn qno1 n
aepnme aock. onn, nokopnauncL cypL6e, yunn aec1e co caonn cokpoanun,
yaosn c co6o pnnnc1p1nano-ynpanenueckn onm1 n 1ppnunonnoe nckycc1ao
1oproann, n o6ocnoanncL n no6epexLe qpnkn, npno nnpo1na Cnunnnn.
k coaepunnocL reponueckoe co6m1ne, nopo6nmx ko1opoy c 1ex nop ne 6mno. o1n a
coapeennyk anoxy 6mnn pae nonm1kn noa1opn1L ero. o apen aonm npn Louue
aeneunnckn cen1 o6cyxpn aonpoc o 1o, u1o6m o1nnm1L n enononnec aec1e co
ace npopo, nosxe 1kn xe aosoxnoc1L pcc1pnancL a nrnncko
npnen1e.
Y pqren ne 6mno pe1c1a. ro npan1enn spnee 6mnn yaepenm a oryuec1ae
caoe aonn. nn npnaesnn c co6o 1ppnunn ppeanero np. x okpyxnn nou1n
ncknkun1enLno uepnokoxne nneen, c1onaune n 6onee nnsko c1ynenn, n n ne
coc1anno 1pyp nopunnn1L nx ce6e. yuennoe aekoam onm1o, npan1enLc1ao
npoaopnno a o1nouennn noppnnmx xn1ckyk nonn1nky 1aeppoc1n n
nenpeknonnoc1n, nockonLky a ropope [npone ns ockonkoa 6eno pcm 6mnn 1onLko
1npckne n xnnckne pnc1okp1m, opnoapeenno n xep1am n 1aopum
perornuecknx no1pncenn, onn yc1noannn 6esycnoanoe nro. [o coro oen1
caoero npennn onn ne cpennn nn opnoro nocn6nennn pnn npop. [xe korp n
npnxopnnocL npnsma1L ero k opyxnk, onn oc1anncL xec1okn n nenpeknonnm,
no1oy u1o nx a1opn1e1 onnpncn n a1nnueckoe psnnune.
npxnn a npe aoso6npn nonnoc1Lk nocne yxop pnc1okp1nn, ko1opn eue
coxpnnn oc11kn npexnnx kuec1a pcm n npexpe acero o1nocn1enLnyk
opnopopnoc1L. orp upn n npoc1onkpnnm oc1nncL opnn, n ynnum amnnecnynocL
ace psnoo6psne nponcxoxpennn n aocnpenn1c1aoano ckonLko-nn6ypL cepLesno
peoprnnsunn. n1ckn pyx, noxec1ao cen1cknx ae1ae, rpeueckn xpk1ep -
ace a1o snanno o ce6e a nonnm ronoc. e 6mno nnkko aosoxnoc1n poroaopn1Lcn,
n c1no ncno, u1o aec1o cospnnn psyno n ue1ko cnc1em npanennn ncenenne
ppoanocL pxe apeennoy npy s cue1 apeennmx konponccoa. ocne
ocnoannn pqren y np yxe ne 6mno noamx kononn. pexnne noc1enenno
o1xopnnn o1 nero n opn s ppyro npncoepnnnnncL k n1pnunnckoy ropopy,
ko1opm c1n nx c1onnue. ce 6mno ec1ec1aenno n nornuno. ononnn ne nepenecnn
caoe noannoaenne a ppyroe ec1o - cennncL 1onLko e1pononnn. ocnopc1aykun
pc oc1ncL npexne n a a1o npexne kuec1ae npoponxnn kononnsunk.
konue XIII a. on ocnoan nocenennn a Cppnnnn, xo1n e eue ne ncnonnnnocL n c1
ne1. epes nn1Lpecn1 ne1 on oanpen Bnepcknn oc1poan. VI a. on scennn
nnancknn kononn ace snpnme ropop, 6maune korp-1o qnnnkncknn.
noamx nocenenux uepnn kpoaL npeo6npn eue a 6onLue c1enenn, ue a nx
copopnux n no6epexLe nn; korp nesponro po oxpec1a pnc1oa C1p6on
nncn, u1o 6onLun uc1L cnnnn nxopnncL nop anc1Lk qnnnknuea, u1o a
1pexc1x ropopx CpepnsenoopLn ne 6mno ppyrnx xn1ene, kpoe qnnnknuea, a1o
osnuno, u1o nx ncenenne cqopnpoanocL n 6se 1enokoxnx, k ko1opm
po6annncL aneen1m 6enmx n xen1mx pc, kpqrennne eue 6onLue npn6nnsnnn
coc1a xn1ene k ennncko npnpope.
enno xn1ckne n1pnunn o6ecneunnn n popnne nnn6n npeo6npnne np
acen npopn c 6onee 1eno koxe. np, nnuennm a1o cnnm n c1aun ec1o
xn1enLc1a coaepuenno nepeeunnmx pc, norpysnncn a nponc1L npxnn.
ckope nocne yxop pnc1okp1oa on nacerp ann a sancnoc1L o1 uyxeseuea -
cnun ccnpnuea, s1e nepcoa, nosxe keponuea. 1euenne ne6onLuoro cpok,
ko1opm oc1ncn ey, u1o6m 6m1L coc1on1enLnm, acero nnuL uepes 78 ne1 nocne
ocnoannn pqren, on cpenncn snenn1m 6nroppn n1exnoy pyxy n
nenpepmanm n kpoaam peaonkunn. O6pnunme p6oune ne ps coaepunn
necnmxnnme saepc1a, yc1pnan pesnk 6or1mx, sxa1man nx xen n pouepe,
xosnnnun a xnnnux caonx xep1a n kynncL a ysypnnpoanno pockoun. opoue
roaopn, np yxcnyn aecL nn, cnao n roppoc1Lk ko1oporo on 6mn korp-1o,
cocepnn c1pn on anyunn nenanc1L n neropoanne, 1k u1o korp ero ocpnn
nekcnpp, ace cocepnne ropop nocneunnn noouL ey kop6nnn, u1o6m nockopee
nokonun1L c nenanc1nm ropopo. Cnepyn ec1no 1ppnunn, cnpnum nnkoann,
korp nonkoaopeu npnroaopnn no6expennmx k pcnn1nk. D1o 6mn yskonennn ksnL
pnn as6yn1oaaunxcn p6oa, 1npum nenno 1koamn n nannnncL.
kne nnopm npnnecno a Onnnknn 6ecnopnpounoe n neyepennoe ceuenne pc,
c1onL cnoxnoe, u1o ne oc1anocL apeenn pnn ero npeapuennn a coaepuennoe
cnnnnne: a1o ceuenne npnaeno k nnoxennk ppyr n ppyr psnnunmx nnc1nnk1oa,
akycoa n n1nn1n cmx psnmx uenoaeuecknx 1nnoa n xpk1epoa n a koneuno
cue1e yaekoaeunno cep1enLnyk apxpy.
e ory ne npnaec1n opnn nk6onm1nm nc1opnueckn qk1. euL npe1 o xononcko
o1nouennn k caon e1pononnn - cnun npy, s1e pqreny. opunnenne
6mno nc1onLko cnenm, u1o a 1euenne neckonLknx c1one1n ne 6mno nn opnoro
npnep npoaosrnuennn a1nn kononnnn nesancnoc1n neco1pn n 1o, u1o a nnx
xnnn ne cme nokopnme noppnnme.
nsaec1n nc1opnn nx cospnnn. Cnun, a1o 6mnn apeennme nocenennn, ncnex
ykpennennme c uenLk sun1m kop6ne o1 6opnrenoa. o epe 1oro, kk nocenennn
yaennunanncL s cue1 1oproamx canse, onn npeapunncL a ropop. onn1nk
e1pononnn cnoco6c1aoan poc1y a1nx ropopoa, xo1n npnnnnncL epm k 1oy,
u1o6m ne ponyc1n1L nx upesepnoro ycnnennn n nesancnoc1n. poe 1oro, anc1n
c1pennncL k yaennuennk nx uncn no ace c1pne pnn noamuennn npn6mne o1
1oproann. o1okn nepecenenuea pepko cocpepo1ounanncL a opno ec1e - 1k,
nnpnep, pnkc a nopy caoero pcuae1, korp no acey npy xopnnn nerenpm o ero
6or1c1ae, npepc1annn co6o acero-nacero ckponmx psepoa ropopok c
ne6onLun noc1onnnm ncenenne [a, kra III. y snxy r,
km ank rra caaaan n vcnc acnn c HH,
aHan num ca. aaa, acmncn n Banuyc.].
kne nocenennn oc1anncL nsonnpoannmn ppyr o1 ppyr. oa1oy onn o6npnn
nckonnm npao n nonnyk asnnyk nesancnoc1L n k 1oy xe nn1nn nenpnnsnL
k e1pononnn. o 6ypyun cao6opnmn, onn 6mnn 6eccnnLnm n ne ornn o6o1ncL 6es
nokpoan1enLc1a, n no1oy c1pennncL npnkny1L k caoe cnnLno popnne. [pyro ne
enee axno npnunno 1ko npepnnoc1n oxno nsa1L 1o o6c1on1enLc1ao, u1o a1n
kononnn, ocnoannme pnn 1oproann, nenn 1onLko opnn kpynnm pmnok c6m1 -
snk, ny1L 1yp npoxopnn uepes npek. 1o6m am1n k pmnk annon n
nneann, u1o6m po6p1Lcn po rnn1, 6mno neo6xopno corncne qnnnkncknx
ropopoa, n qk1opnn 6mnn oxauenm opnn xennne: n1n nonn1nueckyk sun1y n
1oproa1L. occopn1Lcn c popnno osnuno skpm1L nepep co6o paepn a np n
co1pe1L, kk 6or1c1a n npn6mnn c1ekk1cn a cocepnn ropop, 6onee sancnm n,
cnepoa1enLno, 6onee ypunnam.
c1opnn pqren canpe1enLc1aye1 o 1ko xnsnenno axno neo6xopnoc1n.
eco1pn n nenanc1L, ko1opn kk 6yp1o yaennunan nponc1L expy noc1poenno
n perornn e1pononnn n ee c1pon1nao kononne, pqren ne xenn pa1L cansn.
nopo1aopnme o1nouennn npekp1nnncL, 1onLko korp np npeap1nncn a
s6pouennm 6p; n 1onLko nocne ero kpx, korp rpeueckne ropop sennnn ero
a o6nc1n 1oproann, pqren ponann xennne k aceanc1nk. orp on co6pn nop
caon snene oc1nLnme ropop n nocenennn n c1n npnsnnnm uen1po
xnnckoro npop n oc1ann ce6e a1o cnanoe a npouno nn. ro xn1enn acerp
nsmann ce6n chanani [4km amaan ca cay HH Chna
n Hnn aaaa; yr am r x cHcaa crnamancu c
ak n. HH ka aca aaaa acvmaa Hr
aa. H. nvcn a r Bmn, X, 15. a aHa anr
aryca ncnm Hckr aara amaan cn chanani.],
xo1n senn nec1nnm nnkorp n ne npnnpnexn. pqrennne yaxnn np, c
ko1opm onn ne ornn cocyuec1aoa1L, ne kk our nunonnLnoro kynL1, s
cao6opnm poc1yn 1oapoa a snk.
1k, ns nepaoro o6c1on1enLc1a am1eke1 a1opoe, nop1aepxpkuee nepaoe.
cco1pn ero.
orp nepcnpckne upn oanpenn Onnnkne n rnn1o, onn npepnounn cun11L
pqren saoeannm ipso facto. nn o1npannn nocnoa k n1pnunn osep
pn1onnp, u1o6m p1L n koe-kkne pcnopnxennn n o6eunnn sun1m. 1e apeen
pqren 6mn ouenL cnnLnm, n y nero 6mnn ocnoannn ne 6on1Lcn pn aennkoro
upn: ao-nepamx, ns-s caonx orponmx pecypcoa, ao-a1opmx, no1oy u1o on
nxopnncn pneko o1 uen1p nepcnpcko onpxnn. Mexpy 1e on nopunnnncn n
nokopnncn. o1oy u1o ey nyxno 6mno nk6o ueno coxpnn1L 6nrocknonnoc1L
pnnc1nn, ko1opn orn skpm1L nepep nn aoc1ounme paepn CpepnsenoopLn.
pqrennne, noakne nonn1nkn, pykoaopc1aoanncL a a1o aonpoce npnepno 1en
xe o1nan, ko1opme a XVII n XVIII aa. sc1annnn neko1opme eaponeckne nunn,
xenaune coxpnn1L o1nouennn c nonne n n1e, no1n n urn, ynnsn1enLnme
pnn xpnc1nnckoro cosnnnn. Yun1man 1koe cnpenne co c1oponm pqren n ero
npnunnm, nerko o6Lncnn1L, nouey qnnnknckne kononnn acerp 6mnn pnekn o1
mcnn o n1exe.
pnko 6mno 6m 6onLuo oun6ko cun11L, u1o a1n kononnn nm1nncL unannnsoa1L
ncenenne, cpepn ko1oporo onn o6ocnoanncL [ vr acy
nanvckr cHmcna, km km caHm yvm
aknamaa a H kync c-kH. Hck r r cnyk
sH nHmmnnn]. s noa oep m sne, u1o y nnx 6mnn 1onLko
epkn1nnLnme s6o1m n u1o onn anyunn o1apuenne ppeann annnn. n a
cnnnn, nn n no6epexLe nnnn onn ne oc1annn o ce6e nyuuero nennn. orp
no1okn nn nenn peno co cn6mn nneenn, onn poaopnnn 1npnnk po
kpne c1enenn xec1okoc1n n nnsaopnnn 6opnrenoa po ypoann pounero cko1.
cnn onn ac1peunn conpo1nanenne, nx opyxne 6mno koapc1ao. o pesynL11
oc1ancn 1e xe. Mec1noe ncenenne acerp 6mno pnn nnx 1yno p6oue cnno,
ko1opyk onn neupno akcnny1npoann, nnn aprn, ko1opmx onn ynnu1oxnn.
oc1onnno 6mn apxp expy ec1nmn xn1ennn nk6o c1pnm, kyp onn
npnxopnnn, n a1nn xec1oknn 1oproaun. D1o eue opn npnunn, nouey kononnn
- cn6me, nsonnpoannme, apxpykune c cocepnn - oc1anncL aepnonoppnnmn
e1pononnn, n a1o 6mn 1o1 ounm pmur, nocpepc1ao ko1oporo n onpoknnyn
pqren. onn1nk n1nLnnckoro ropop a cpanennn c noaepenne ero conepnnk
6mn rynno n 1e cm saoean cnn1nn, s1e o6ecneunn no6epy. aoace
ne co6npkcL ocmn1L nescnyxenno xano pncknx koncynoa n npe1opoa: onn
1oxe 6mnn xec1oknn yrne11ennn, nyc1L n a enLue c1enenn, nexenn xnnckn
pc. o nc1nn a 1o, u1o a1 nunn yn1oa - qnnnknuea nnn kpqrennn - ne
nen nn neuero npepc1anennn o cnpaepnnaoc1n n nn neue cknonnoc1n k
1oy, u1o6m anec1n xo1L kkyk-1o psynyk oprnnsunk a xnsnL nopanc1nmx n
npopoa. n oc1ncL npnaepxenno npnnunn, yncnepoannm o1 cen1oa
konen epop, ko1opoe ann1no nx c kpoaLk 1enokoxnx.
cnn a nc1opnn qnnnkncknx kononn n ec1L npnepm yeno oprnnsunn, 1o onn
o6ycnoanenm cneunqnuecknn o6c1on1enLc1an, ko1opme c 1ex nop 6onLue ne
noa1opnnncL. peueckne kononnc1m ne o1nnunncL nokopnoc1Lk 1k xe, kk n
coapeennme npopm. [eno a 1o, u1o aecL np 6mn o1kpm1 pnn nnx, n n ne npo
6mno nepecek1L npoc1opm popnnm, u1o6m po6p1Lcn po pmnk pnn caonx 1oapoa.
oxny, ne 6onLue neuero cks1L o co aneprnuno ae1an xnnckoro
ceec1a. Caonn poc1onnc1an n caonn nopokn on nop1aepxpe1 amaop
a1nonornn, nenno: a ne npeo6npn uepnn kpoaL. 1ckp neykpo1nn
c1pc1L k 1epnnLnm ppoc1n, nenenme cyeaepnn, npeppcnonoxennoc1L k
nckycc1a, 6esnpac1aennoc1L, xec1okoc1L.
Benm 1nn cmrpn a ee qopnpoannn nesnun1enLnyk ponL. Myxcko xpk1ep
yc1ynnn ec1o xenckn aneen1, ko1opme norno1nnn ero. pap, on anec a a1o1
6punm coks npk1nunoc1L n xxpy saoeann, akyc k c16nnLnoc1n n 1o coe
c1penenne k nonn1nueckoy nopnpky, ko1opoe cksno caoe cnoao n cmrpno caok
ponL a yc1noanennn ocnoannoro n skonx pecno1ns - ponL, koneuno, cnopnn,
no 6esycnoano aqqek1nann. 1o6m skonun1L a1o1 nop1pe1, po6ank, u1o o6nnne
necoaec1nmx 1nnoa, cansnnoe c psnnunmn nponopunnn a o6ue cecn,
nopopnno xponnueckn 6ecnopnpok, npnaeno k counnLnoy npnnuy n k 1koy
nnueanoy coc1onnnk, korp c kxpm pne n nepam nnn ace 6onLue amxopnn
ennnckn cyunoc1L. o1 a kko nonoxennn oksnncL pcm, cqopnpoaaunecn
a pesynL11e xnncknx coksoa.
pnko nop o6p1n1Lcn k oc1nLnm ae1an ceec1a n Cn.
IV. ccm; a; xn
ppeanoc1n 6m1oano epnnopyunoe nenne, u1o npopm Mecono1nn c1on1 amue
acex oc1nLnmx nun, amuepunx ns konen n Cn. Onnnknum 6mnn
npepnpnnunam, 1knn xe 6mnn kpqrennne. epexnnn nepnopm pcuae1 n cnam
eapeckne, p6ckne, npnckne, qpnrnckne rocyppc1a. pnn cnoao, a1o 6mnn
nnne1m, apuaunecn aokpyr 6onLuoro pernon, rpe coaepunncL nx cypL6m. o,
6es acnkoro conennn, rnano 6mn ccnpnn.
e xe o6Lncnne1cn 1koe npeaocxopc1ao? ounm o1ae1 n a1o1 aonpoc pe1
qnnonornn.
yxe roaopnn o 1o, u1o cnc1e cen1cknx nsmkoa npepc1anne1 co6o
necoaepuennm npopyk1 cnc1em uepnmx nsmkoa. D1 cnc1e npe1epnen
nsenennn a p6cko n c1n eue 6onee necoaepuenno a ppeaneeapecko; pnee
no nncxopnue m npnpe k peckoy, a ko1opo perppunn coc1anmx
npnnunnoa ampxen eue nonnee. pnno cnyue m nnonne ny1nnk,
nxopnuerocn a nopseenLe, rpe no epe ero panxennn c1noan1cn ace 1enee.
[nLue cnoa nonan1cn cae1, no yxe n ppyro c1opone neuepm, n a1o1 cae1 6ype1
nno npnpopm.
peckn nsmk osnue1 onpepenennm o1xop o1 ennnckoro pyx, opnko a ne
nok ne1 qop, kppnnnLno uyxpmx a1o cnc1ee. cnn srnnny1L nenoro pnLue, a
reorpqnuecko cmcne, m cpsy o6npyxn ppeanepeckn, n ao1 specL yxe
ec1L koe-u1o noaoe. pn ann1enLno pcco1pennn m ysne nnporepnckn
aneen1, a ue ne oxe1 6m1L nnkknx conenn. n eue cn6m n orpnnuennm, no
ace pano on cyuec1aye1 n 6poce1cn a rns.
poponxn nue ny1euec1ane. npo c peun xnay1 npnum. pncnyuauncL
k nx nsmky, m ysne cen1ckne saykn n qopm. e n ppyrne 6onee s1yueanm, ue
a pecko, n nnporepnckn aneen1 snne1 a ne 6onLue ec1 [nuc
amayn ay rny kacanu ckr nmka, a kH
ayxn snHm kckx nmka. cn nnu sy cy
rny, xH naau k HckHy nmky y ccaay
vacu. cm Hxy rHackH cHckH snHaH
ay sr nmka, kmx mna vu amm, cacn HmH.].
c1ynn n senn, nexune k ceaepy o1 Mnpnn, m nxopn senpckn nsmk. a ne
npncy1c1aye1 cen1ckn, n ce ps a ouenL no konnuec1ae. cnn o1o1n nenoro
k kry, m ac1pe1ncn c nexnan, 1kxe nnpo-repnckn, no c 6onLun
konnuec1ao aneen1oa ns nsmk Cn. o pannecn pnLue n ceaepo-aoc1ok, n a
nepamx xe ponx npnn cpsy npe cm coaepuennm 1nn nsmkoa 6eno pcm
- peuL npe1 o cnckpn1e.
e pnLue k kry, 1e 6onLue cen1ckoro pyx, no epe npopanxennn k ceaepy
6enme aneen1m 6ypy1 ac1peu1Lcn uue n a 6onee unc1o coc1onnnn. ccnpnckne
rocyppc1a ns acex xn1o-cen1cknx seenL nxopnnncL pnLue k ceaepy. nnx
noc1onnno n6ernn aonnm nepecenenuea, ckpm1mx nnn oueanpnmx, yc1penennmx c
ceaepo-aoc1ounmx rop. n cnepye1 nck1L nepaonpnunny nx pnn1enLnoro, pnnno a
aek, npenyuec1a.
Mm yxe anpenn, kk uc1o nponcxopnnn n6ern. Cen1o-xnpeckn pnnc1nn,
ko1opn nonoxnn koneu ncknkun1enLnoy rocnopc1ay xn1oa okono 2000 rop, pa
c1one1nn cnyc1n 6mn caeprny1 noamn 1onnn, cnyc1naunncn c rop.
c1opnn nsmae1 nx npnum. Ok1 nonanennn nnporepncknx npopoa 1k
pneko n kro-snpe a c1onL pnnne apeen or 6m amsa1L neko1opoe ypnanenne,
ecnn, cnepyn c1po knccnqnkunn, m npoaepe pepkunonnyk nnnnk expy
6enmn npopn psnoro nponcxoxpennn n o1penn cen1oa o1 npopoa, ocnoanme
ae1an ko1opmx ncennnn npnk, nosxe apony.
k cksno amue, qnnonornn onpoaepre1 1ko e1op knccnqnkunn, n m c
nonnm npao oxe cun11L npnuea ocnoa1ennn ouenL ppeane ccnpncko
pnnc1nn n, no npnepy Moaepc, cen1cknn xnpenn nnn, aec1e c DanLpo,
ccnpncknn nnn nnporepncknn npopn a sancnoc1n o1 nopxop k a1oy
aonpocy. nn nannk1cn nepexopnm aneen1o expy payn pcn n pano
npnnpnex1 n 1o n ppyro. oa1oy ne nee1 snuennn, c 1oukn spennn reorpqnn,
nannk1cn nn nocnepnne cen1n nnn nepame pnun.
ne coneakcL, u1o c 1oukn spennn kuec1a, npncyunx pce, npnum nepao
aonnm nrpunn npeaocxopnnn cen1oa, a 6onLue c1enenn ceunnmx c
1enokoxnn, xo1n n 6mnn popc1aennm n. op1aepxpenne 1oy oxe1 cnyxn1L nx
pennrnn, ko1opn npepc1annn co6o rnk. nonk nn a1oporo upn nx pnnc1nn
- 3p1yu1pm. ne ny1k a1oro onpx c nsaec1nm pennrnosnm skonop1ene,
ko1opm xnn nnoro pnLue, no 1o1 qk1, u1o upL asnn ce6e nn snenn1oro
npopok, canpe1enLc1aye1 o nonynnpnoc1n ero yuennn a npope.
Mnpnum ne 6mnn ncnopuenm uypoanunmn xn1cknn kynL1n, onn nenn 6onee
spopoame pennrnosnme npepc1anennn n nonn1nn n o1nnunncL 6onee amcokn
aonnckn pyxo n cnoco6noc1nn k ynpanennk.
pnko nx anc1L ne orn npopepx1Lcn ponro, xo1n npnunnm nx 6mc1poro ynpk
coace ppyrne.
Mnpnckn nunn acerp 6mn nouncnenno - nosxe y nc 6ype1 noaop noroaopn1L
o6 a1o, - n ecnn a VIII a. po n. a. on anoaL nopunnnn ce6e ccnpnckne
rocyppc1a (cnyc1n ponroe apen nocne 2234 r. po n. a.), 1o 1onLko no1oy, u1o a1oy
cnoco6c1aoann okonu1enLnm ynpok xn1o-cen1cknx pc, nonnoe o1cy1c1ane
cnnLnmx aproa n coks c pncknn npopn, ko1opmx a anoxy nepaoro nuec1ann
npnuea eue ne 6mno n kro-snpe, kyp onn npnunn nosxe aec1e c ppyrnn
nepcnpcknn nneenn.
kn o6pso, npnum 6mnn anrppo pnckoro ceec1a. x uncnennoc1L
6mn neaennk, nx ne noppepxnann popc1aennme npopm n ne no1oy, u1o onn eue
ne cnyc1nnncL k kry, no no1oy, u1o a 1e pnekne apeen, nocne yxop annnncknx
pnuea, uLn nuec1ann noc1onnno am1nknann ccm cen1oa a ccnpnckne n
xnnckne senn, cyuec1aoan ounn unannnsunn, oksmaaun cnnLnoe
annnnne n ocnoanyk uc1L pncko-sopoc1pncknx npopoa a o6nc1nx expy
cnnckn ope n nnpykyue, a uc1noc1n, a Bk1pnn. upnn 6onLuo ropop
Bnk - M1L ropopoa, ecnn aocnonLsoa1Lcn ampxenne ns npncko 1ppnunn,
ko1opoe nepepe1 n oryuec1ao n ppeanoc1L ppeane c1onnum rnuecko pennrnn.
D1o1 ropop 6mn uen1po xnsnn, ko1opn npnanekn annnne n cnn1nn
sopoc1pnuea n npepoxpnnn nx o1 ceuennn c ccnpnckn no1oko. ono a1o
cqepm nx pen1enLnoc1L orpnnunancL aoc1ounm nnpanenne n 6mn yc1penen
k senn npnn, k c1pn enpx6, c ko1opmn nx cansmann 1ecnme popc1aennme
o1nouennn, o6un nc1opnueckn nn1L, ppeanne npnamukn, cxopc1ao nsmk n pxe
pennrnosnn ne1epnnoc1L n pyx npo1naopeunn - ec1ec1aennoe cnepc1ane a1o
ne1epnnoc1n.
epepne snn npnum 6mnn npepoc1anenm cn ce6e: nx nonoxenne 6mno 1e
6onee nenpounm, u1o c ceaep npanrnncL anc1onk6name conepnnkn, 6npm
cen1oa, n noppmann nx anc1L.
D1n cen1m yc1ynnn n a uncnennoc1n. pnko nx no1ok ycnnnancn, n a koneuno
cue1e onn ypannnncL a poc1onnc1ax c anc1n1ennn n pxe npeasounn nx.
ocnepnne xnnn a ropopx ccnpnn, npap, nonLsyncL neko1opo noppepxko caoero
npop, no o1pnennme o1 nero 6onLun pcc1onnne n s1epnnnme a xn1o-
cen1cko cce. sennncn coc1a nx kpoan, 1k xe kk y 6enmx xn1oa n nepamx
xnpeea. a opnn npekpcnm penL cen1ckne n6ern, cnun o16naeme, yxe ne
ac1pe1nnn conpo1nanennn. 1o1 penL cen1m npo6nnn 6peuL, n eu no6epn1ene
o6pyunncn pxe n npoc1o npop, ko1opm pc1epnncn n oksncn 6eccnnen nepep
xnmnyaunn oppn.
ccnpnckne rocyppc1a anoaL nunn npnxopn1L a ynpok nop anc1Lk nocnepnnx
nnpncknx upe. nn cnoa nosnnn pcuae1 n y1aeppnnn caok anc1L ao ace
epepne snn 1onLko c npn1oko caexe 6nropopno kpoan, ko1opn nyc1L n ne
nopnnn nx n 6onee amcokyk c1ynenL, no, no kpne epe, nosaonnn n
rocnopc1aoa1L 6espspenLno. o1 1k, nenpepmano nepepoxpncL n aospoxpncL,
ccnpnn anc1aoan n xn1o-cen1cknx sennx.
oaoe nuec1ane npnaeno k 6onLun 1eppn1opnnLnm saoeannn.
okopna c1pny npnuea, cen1m-saoea1enn pannynncL n ceaep n aoc1ok. nn
psopnnn uc1L Bk1pnn n pounn po rpnnu npnn. nn cnoa nokopnnn Onnnknk, n
mcnn, nonn1nn, npepc1anennn n npam ccnpnuea pcnpoc1pnnnncL eue unpe n
ykopennnncL eue rny6xe, ue npexpe. Cenme npepnpnn1nn n kpynnme poc1nxennn
uepepoanncL c ypnan1enLno 6mc1po1o. ok oryuec1aennme aannonckne
onpxn ykpennnnncL n aoc1oke, a okpec1noc1nx nmneunero ropop nprp,
ropop, rpe xnnn koqeum, pynnm ko1oporo o6npyxnn nonkoannk oynnncon, n
aqp1e nopnnncn M6ypx, pnLue k snpy - [ck n pp [cn
aaaHa QaHackH anan cHm H. x ac B-
aaa carna aan ana x x cHa aHna ac
Qkaa. rvcky Hcky snx xn QaHacka an
cknvnu a ncxx car ra amaan cn
nHkaH aaaHa kca, ak k cnyvacn kak y aa, ak
numx n.]. Cen1ckne unannns1opm nepeunn nnc n cospnn n
no6epexLe popm, a nnpncknx sennx, knnxec1a, ko1opme nosxe c1nn
nesancnmn n xannnncL 1e, u1o ne nek1 k cen1 nnkkoro o1nouennn
[am rncu accckH ncxxH.].
e1 cmcn npocnexna1L ceny ccnpncknx pnnc1n, ko1opme c1onLko aekoa
ypepxnann anc1L a epepne snn. ok cocepnnn pennn n npnmkkune k
aksy senn noc1annnn 6onee 6enoe ncenenne, ue xn1enn kxnmx pannn,
cnnm ccnpncknx rocyppc1a noc1onnno nononnnnncL. onLko pnnc1nn p6oa-
ncnnn1oa (1520-1274 rr. po oxpec1a pnc1oa) nonoxnn koneu xnpeckoy
anpmuec1ay. kn o6pso, npnuepuyk a ynpok pcy cennnn cen1m c kr,
enee perppnpoannme, ue xn1ckn aneen1, ko1opm 6mn cnoco6en ncnop1n1L
nk6yk kpoaL a Mecono1nn. o kk 1onLko cnoa nonannncL xnpen, 6onee
unc1me, ue ncnnn1ckoe ceec1ao, ono 1y1 xe yc1ynnno n 1pon.
1k, u1o kce1cn cqepm npanennn, 1. e. 1, rpe qopnpyk1cn unannns1opckne
npen, ne oxe1 6m1L n peun o uepnmx xn1x. x ccy coaepuenno norno1nnn
nocnepoa1enLnme ncnoennn cen1oa. nn coc1annk1 6onLuyk uc1L ncenennn n
ne nrpk1 nnkko k1nano ponn. kn yuc1L oxnpe1 acex saoea1ene uepes
neckonLko nokonenn. nune rpnsL saoeanno perppnpoanno senn, no
ko1opo urk1 no6epn1enn, poxopn1 n po unkono1kn. 31e a nee norpyxk1cn
norn, n ackope on nkpmae1 nx c ronoao. C qnsnonornuecko n opnLno 1ouek
spennn a1o nonnn perppunn. o apeen renon rpekoa 6onLue acero nopsnn
a ccnpnux, npnuepunx n noouL pny, uae1 koxn Menon, cmn apopm.
a1opm cksnn nsmak1 a1n aoc1ounme npopm aqnonn [3nm nHk
yma, . . aam.].
ocne pspyuennn pon 1e xe koepueckne npnunnm, ko1opme korp-1o sc1annn
ccnpnuea cnoco6c1aoa1L cospnnk npnopcknx ropopoa a c1pne qnnnc1nnuea n
n ceaepe Mno snn [3 ccam anunc Hxy accaH
rkaH, cnkaH ka, vu anHa cya a n.
aH aaa xn a rynnm: cHckan rvckan. vck knm
nrn k accaH, cHm k y.], o6ycnoannn 1o1 qk1, u1o onn
npoc1nnn rpek ynnu1oxenne ropop n sununn onnk. x uenL sknkuncL a
1o, u1o6m nonoxn1L koneu onononnn qnnnkncknx ropopoa, a pesynL11e 1ponnuea
cennnn no6epn1enn. k, sn1ckne rpekn c1nn ocnoanmn 1oproamn np1nepn
nneann n annon. D1o ec1L nepaoe ac1pe1naueecn n poks1enLc1ao 1o uc1o
noa1opneo nc1nnm, u1o ecnn npen1nunoc1L pc npnaopn1 k npen1nunoc1n cype6
npopoa, on nn a koe epe ne onpepenne1 npen1nunoc1L nn1epecoa n,
cnepoa1enLno, asnnyk nenpnnsnL.
[o 1ex nop, nok 1onLko qnnnknum akcnny1npoann snpnme senn, onn
npopann caon 1oapm ccnpnu no ouenL poporo uene, no nosxe, korp
nonannncL konkypen1m a nnue 1ponnuea, s1e rpekoa, ccnpnum nunn 6onee
peueam cnoco6 ypoane1aopn1L caon no1pe6noc1n.
ueanpno, u1o acn epepnnn snn nxopnncL nop pnk11o ccnpnuea. popm,
nonLsoaaunecn nx nokpoan1enLc1ao, poc1nrnn ycnex, 1e, k1o nm1ncn am1n ns-
nop nx annnnnn, oc1anncL cn6mn. npoue, n nesancnoc1L 6mn ouenL
o1nocn1enLno - pxe y koueamx nneen nyc1mnn. e1 nn opno nunn - 6ypL 1o
6onLuo nnn no,- ko1opn 6m ne ncnm1n aospec1ann ncenennn n upe
Mecono1nn. pnko cpepn 1ex, ko1opme enLue acero ouyunn 1koe aospec1ane,
nepamn cnepye1 nsa1L cmnoae spnnn. nn o1nocnnncL k caoe
nnpnanpynLnoc1n 6onee peanoc1no, nexenn nk6oe ppyroe cen1ckoe nnen. nn
xo1enn coxpnn1L unc1o1y a caonx no1okx. nn c1pennncL nsonnpoa1Lcn o1 acero,
u1o nx okpyxno. o opno a1o npnunne onn scnyxnak1 o1penLnoro psroaop,
pxe ecnn s6m1L o aennknx npenx, ko1opme npnxopn1 n y npn ynonnnnn a1oro
npop.
CmnoaLn ap neckonLko ps ennnn caoe nn. nune onn nsmann ce6n
eapenn. o a1o nsanne, pspenneoe nn co nornn ppyrnn npopn, 6mno
cnnuko unpokn n nekonkpe1nm. orp onn c1nn nenoa1Lcn cmnoaLnn
spnnn. osxe, nocne 1oro, kk yp npocnann caoe nn n am1ecnnn ns nn1n
npop acex n1pnpxoa, onn c1nn nypenn. koneu, nocne asn1nn epycnn
nnep1opo n1o, akyc k c1pnne, c1pc1L k caon kopnn - u1o acerp
caoc1aenno c1pekun npop n cnyxn1 npnsnko 6eccnnnn, xo1n
canpe1enLc1aye1 o 1por1enLno cen1nen1nLnoc1n - sc1annn nx cnoa npnnn1L
nn eapen.
D1 nunn, neco1pn n ace ee npe1ensnn, nnkorp ne nen co6c1aenno
unannnsunn, 1k xe kk n qnnnknum. n acero nnuL konnpoan ace, u1o
nponcxopnno ns Mecono1nn, ceunan a1o c ernne1cknn aneen1n. pam
nspnnn1oa a oen1m nx pcuae1, ao apeen [anp n Conoon, ampann
1npckoe n nnneanckoe nponcxoxpenne. c1opnn sne1, c kkn 1pypo nx
canuennnkn pnc1nunpoanncL o1 cmx yxcnmx nponanenn aoc1ounoro
nponcxoxpennn.
cnn 6m cmnoaLn ap, cnyc1nauncL c npecknx rop, cyenn coxpnn1L xo1n 6m
o1nocn1enLnyk unc1o1y pcm, ko1opo onn o6npnn, onn, koneuno, coxpnnnn n
pcunpnnn 6m 1o npeaocxopc1ao np 6onee unannnsoannmn n 6or1mn, no enee
npepnpnnunamn xnncknn npopn, ko1opoe saeun n o1eu nx n1pnpxoa,
no1oy u1o 1e npopm nenn 6onee 1enm uae1 koxn. coxnennk, neco1pn n
qynpen1nLnme skonm n npepnncnnn, neco1pn n npoknn1ne, nexuee n
ncnnn1x n apon1x, neskonnmx n o1aepxennmx no1okx apckoro konen,
eapen popnnnncL 1onLko c nnn [ca, cHun cma 4am ccnna nuk
amxa aa. ra aknvn c c BrH nar
a acx Hyxv car Ha, ac can anH, xn a Bn
nvkaacn, v c x mn am, kynnm a c, vyxak
(ra Bmn, XVII, 27). kca Hx akx aknvu, v
anckan aanucu nnncn ax cnuk
ncxxH, cknuk akH an (ra Bmn, XVII, 11
XXXIV, 15). akH nnx n aHx mn cxau vcy
acm cHn a ac ycnn.]. C coro nun cn1yunn amnyxpn nx np1n n
coks c psnmn npopn, ko1opmx onn npesnpnn, xn1L cpepn nnx, c1an1L pnpo c
nnn caon u1pm n nc1n caon c1p, n onopme nkpn payx ceec1a noc1onnno
o6unncL ppyr c ppyro. enum, no1okn nek, n norne ppyrne annnncL, 1kn
o6pso, a npop, coc1onaun ns paenpu1n nneen [ra Bmn, XV, 19.].
31e skon nepamn npyunnn n1pnpxn. ec1pn renenornn canpe1enLc1aye1 o
1o, u1o Cpp 6mn paokpopno cec1po caoey yxy, cnepoa1enLno, nen unc1yk
kpoaL [ra Bmn, XX, 12.]. o ecnn koa xennncn n nn n xnnn, caonx
kysnnx, n nen o1 nnx aocLepmx ns caonx cmnoae, ue1mpe ppyrnx pe6enk, 1kxe
cun1kunecn nc1nnnmn o1un spnnn, popnnncL o1 cnyxnok Bnm n 3enLqm
[ra Bmn, XXIX, 313.]. D1oy npnepy nocnepoann n ero o1npmckn
[anH nuk mak ncxx ca, r racn
H, v mn nHmH cmH ann vcmH a cHmcn
ncxxn. ak ann a xm rnnky.].
nocnepykune anoxn m ac1peue n ppyrne a1nnueckne nLnncm, ao apeen
onpxnn n yxe ne1 uncn.
upc1ao [anp, npoc1npaueecn po aqp1, axopnno neno psnnunmx npopoa,
n 1 ne orno 6m1L n peun o6 a1nnuecko unc1o1e. npyc ceuennn nponn1n ace
nopm nspnnLckoro oprnns. C npnnunn, npap, coxpnnncn, nosxe
3opoaaenL o6pyunn xec1okne kpm n yxunn, 6paunx a xenm uyxec1pnok. o
1e ne enee uenoc1noc1L kpoan ap oksncL y1puenno, n ennnckoro
aneen1 a nypenx 6mno ne enLue, ue a xn1x n cen1x, cpepn ko1opmx onn
xnnn. nn npnnnnn nx nsmk [can amaa aack nmkH
aaaa (36, II, 13).]. nn npnnnnn nx npam n o6mun, n ace 6onLue
ceunanncL co caonn cocepnn: qnnnc1nnun, apon1n, nekn1n,
opeun. uenL uc1o nn1unn uyxnx npaoa poxopnn y nnx po pennrnosnoro
akc1s. cyunoc1n, eapen n nsmunnkn 6mnn ckpoenm no opno epke. cknonen
cun11L a1o1 qk1 n poks1enLc1ao n cnepc1ane: nn ao apeen ocnq, nn npn
[anpe nnn Conoone, nn a anoxy upc1aoannn Mkkaeea nypen ne nenn
pnn1enLno anc1n np cocepnnn npopn, kk 6m cn6m 1e nn 6mnn. nn nnue ne
o1nnunncL o1 ncnnn1oa n qnnnc1nnuea.
yxe o6Lncnnn, nouey nspenn1m, cmnoaLn cnn, Dpo n nek, coc1onaune
ns 1ex xe ocnoanmx uepnmx - xn1cknx n cen1cknx - aneen1oa, u1o n
qnnnknum n ccnpnum, acerp oc1anncL n co nnsue c1ynenn unannnsunn
pcm, rpe apoxnoannkun n pykoaopnun ponL npnnpnexn npop Mecono1nn.
[eno a 1o, u1o 6enme aneen1m nepnopnueckn nopnn1mann nocnepnnx, no ne
cmnoae spnnn. oa1oy n ne ypanocL ypepx1L saoeannoe, korp y nnx
nonannnncL aosoxnoc1L n xennne ycoaepuenc1aoa1L caon npam, onn
npepnoun1nn snc1aoa1L nx a ccnpncko kynL1ype, nnuero ne pan e asen -
1ouno 1k xe, kk nmneunne npoannunnm konnpyk1 npnxckne opm. e o1nnunncL
6onLue unannnsoannoc1Lk n 1npum, xo1n onn n 6mnn yenmn 1oproaun. nn
aocnpnnnnn 1onLko 1o, u1o nexno n noaepxnoc1n, n 1o, uey onn yunnncL y
nneann. Conoon, peuna noc1pon1L xp, npnsan ns np pxn1ek1opoa,
ckynLn1opoa n amunanLunkoa. nonne aepon1no, u1o, yanpea aennuec1aennm
epycnn, ko1opm 1k roppnnncL ero xn1enn, uenoaek ns nneann ysnn 6m a ne
ne coace ypunyk konnk 1oro, u1o on anpen a opnrnnne a 6onLunx e1pononnnx
Mecono1nn, kyp c 3np, oc1ok, ns npnn n pxe n1n, no cnoa cn
[can, XIX, 12.], noc1onnno noc1ynnn seu1enLnme nnopm uenoaeueckoro rennn.
a a1o ne1 nnuero ypnan1enLnoro. Mnme npopm, o ko1opmx npe1 peuL, 6mnn
cen1n, cnnuko nponn1nnmn xn1ckn pyxo, u1o6m ne1L aosoxnoc1L
nrp1L coc1on1enLnyk ponL a kynL1ype - anpoue, nx co6c1aennn kynL1yp 6mn a
nx rnsx anonne poc11ouno n nyxpncL psae u1o a ne6onLunx nsenennnx.
enno 1kne nsenennn noknLnoro xpk1ep nnsaopnnn ace coaepuenc1ao
nneann po ypoann 1enmx n 6epnmx npopoa n nckxnn unannnsunk. ksauncL
a annone, qnnnknum, eapen, p6m uyac1aoann ce6n panmn ec1noy
ncenennk, ncknkun 1onLko ceaepnmx cen1oa, ko1opme nonannncL 1 cmn
nocnepnnn.
o ace pano a1o 6mno noppxnne, no1oy u1o a a1nx psposnennmx rpynnx
o1cy1c1aoan nopop.
pexpe ue skonun1L psroaop o6 nspnnn1x, ckxe neckonLko cnoa o neko1opmx
nneenx, ko1opme nspan xnnn cpepn nnx k ceaepy o1 oppn. Ckopee acero, a1o
1nnc1aennoe ncenenne npepc1annno co6o poaonLno unc1me oc11kn
ennncknx ceec1a - 1enokoxnx, ko1opme korp-1o 6mnn epnnc1aennmn
xosnean epepne snn po npnxop 6enmx xn1oa. Canuennme 1ekc1m oc1annn
n 1ounoe, xpk1epnoe n nenpnrnnpnoe onncnne a1nx xnknx npopoa.
o apeen oa onn xnnn 1onLko a ropno pone Cenp n Dpo k kry o1 oppn.
nx n ac1peun ap. Cpepn nnx xnn ca [ra Bmn, XXXVI, 8.] - u1o,
anpoue, ne epnnc1aennn ero ann nnn oun6k, - n opno ns ero xen c1n
nnae, pouL nm, pouepn Ce6eon, 1k u1o cmnoaLn, popnaunecn o1 nee - eyc,
erno n ope, - uepes caok 1L 6mnn 1ecno cansnm c uepno pco.
Cen1yrnn1 nsmae1 a1n npopm xopennn, ynLr1 - xopeun, n onn uc1o
ynonnk1cn a Canuenno ncnnn. nn xnnn a cknx n npn1nncL a neuepx. x
nn pxe osnue1 1pornopn1m, 1. e. neuepnme nkpn. x nneen nenn aoxpe n
coc1annnn nesancnme o6uec1a. nn kpyrnm rop 6popnnn 6es onpepenenno
uenn, aopoann u1o npnpe1cn, npn aosoxnoc1n y6nann. nn 6mnn ouenL amcokoro
poc1. y1euec1aennnkn 6onnncL a1nx xec1oknx nkpe. o coe npkoe nx onncnne
npnaopn1cn a nnre oa [ aum xn xn a x rax
aa annu aaa a ca-ack acr Hn a r.
aH, r a anH ca vu arax, vac ynHacn
s Hkx am. ak amaa x akx cnaH sHHm,
ca vcn kr ava yxac. . . sHHm av
ayma yxac n (ak, 11,10,11). ycaaan
nnHn, aaa ncnamcn a Hn a, kan nx
nanxana aHHaH. cn amaan x HHHm
(ak, II, 20). ak, xn, sHHm HHHm, s yxacm
myHm n, ncn caaaacn c sacHaH, rraaH c
nmH mnH. nnann ana xn nH c
aH. acv mn yvxm, a caamcn ykmncu a
ncckx rax, r acvancu a ra n n
aHa. cHn a H, v k sHy cHcay nanxan anka
na, c kmH caxancn nacyx Qaa. ca, na nacn kak
ram n x].
O kn k, , ku n u .
Ek r u, ry u, u
yuu...
H k rnk k , kk . O xy
u k, u k.
O myn ky xyn .
k xu, ,
(nnr oa, XXX).
Y a1nx pnkpe cen1ckne nen, no psae nenLsn ysn1L a cnoax 6n6neckoro
can1oro nop1pe1 6ouncn n nenrnu? [ec1an1enLno, expy ppeann xopennnno
n a1nn pnknn nerpn cyuec1aye1 cn 1ecnn cansL. a1nx 1pex ae1anx
ennncko nopopm m anpn ne c 1nn uepnokoxnx, c1enenL perppunn, po
ko1opo oxe1 onyc1n1Lcn a1 ae1aL uenoaeueckoro pop. cun1k, u1o
nenocpepc1aenno npnunno perppunn a1nx necuc1nmx cyuec1a 6mno 1o
o6c1on1enLc1ao, u1o nx yrne1nn xn1m, 1ouno 1k xe, kk ro11en1o1oa yrne1nn
kqpm, nenrnuea - num. Mexpy 1e xopouo nsaec1no, u1o a nopo6no
onpapnnn nnkorp ne nyxpnncL npopm nuero ceec1a. oneuno, n cpepn nnx
6mnn xep1am, 1k xe, kk cpepn 1enokoxnx n xen1okoxnx. okopennme,
yrne1eme, ynnu1oxeme npopm acerp ac1peunncL n ac1peuk1cn po cnx nop. o
ecnn xo1L knnn kpoan 6enmx cyuec1aye1 a nunn, perppunn nnkorp ne c1ne1
aceo6ue, xo1n oxe1 ne1L ec1o cpepn o1penLnmx nkpe nnn pxe rpynn. o1ae1
ne ory1 npnaec1n noxec1ao npnepoa 1oro, u1o npopm anu1 xnkoe
cyuec1aoanne, n ckxy1, u1o 1onLko necuc1nn cypL6 annoa1 a a1o. nnonen1m
6ypy1 pccksma1L o 1o, kk necuc1nme nkpn xnay1 a necx, nn1k1cn nuepnun
n senn, 6popn1 nrnuo, nnorp pxe s6mak1 cme npoc1me cnoa,
neo6xopnme pnn cospnnn nsmk, c nnn n cn nonn1nn, o6osnueme a1nn
cnoan, n nccnonep ne nxopn1 ppyroro peuennn a1o npo6nem, kpoe cypoaoc1n
n pecno1ns. o a1o oun6k. cnn npnco1pe1Lcn ann1enLnee, m yanpn, u1o
npopm, nxopnunecn a 1ko xnko nonoxennn, 1k n oc1ny1cn nerpn n
qnnnn n u1o nc1opnn ne sne1 cnyuea, korp pxe cme necuc1nme ns 6enmx
npopoa xnnn a pnkoc1n; nnpo1na, onn acerp nenn a ce6e cnoco6noc1n n
unannns1opckne aneen1m, ko1opme coxpnnnncL neco1pn n nk6me ncnm1nnn n
6epm. enno a a1o sknkue1cn y6epn1enLnoe canpe1enLc1ao nx 6conk1noro
npeaocxopc1a np oc1nLnmn pcn.
openne npekp1nnn conpo1nanenne n ncuesnn. nuennme 1oro nenororo, u1o n
oc1annn a ncnepc1ao nx popn1enn, cmnoaLn ca, pe1n nnaem, kopoue roaopn,
apon1m (1oposkonne, 11,12), ne ampepxnn unannnsunn, kk a1o nponcxopn1
ceropnn c 6opnrenn Kxno epnkn. nn ne cmrpnn nnkko nonn1nuecko ponn.
x nuec1ann 6mnn acero nnuL ps6onnuLnn amnskn. c1opnn onnq
noksmae1, u1o epnnc1aennoe nx npepnsnuenne sknkunocL a 1o, u1o6m
nopnn1ma1L nenanc1L k nspnnn1.
1o kce1cn nypeea, onn oc1anncL a pkx annnnnn nneann, nok nn
pykoaopnnn cen1m. osxe, korp cknne1p nepeuen a pykn pnuea-sopoc1pnuea,
korp expy anc1n1ennn Mecono1nn n kro-snpnmn npopn nepec1nn
cyuec1aoa1L pcoame o1nouennn, nc1ynnn a1n nonn1nueckoro nopunnennn, n
epnnc1ao npe ncuesno. o nok pno roaopn1L o6 a1o. pexpe ue cnyc1n1Lcn a 1e
rny6nnm apeen, rpe n npepc1on1 n1n caoe ec1o, n nyxno pcco1pe1L noro
aonpocoa, a nepayk ouepepL 1ex, u1o nek1 o1nouenne k rnn1y.
V
[o cnx nop peuL un 1onLko o6 opno unannnsunn, o6psoaauecn ns ceuennn
6eno pcm xn1oa n cen1oa c 1enokoxnn, ko1opyk n nsan ccnpncko. e
annnnne oxno cun11L 6ecnpeuepen1nm no caon nocnepc1ann pxe pnn nuero
apeenn.
pnko ee nenLsn nsa1L co ppeane n sene, n pannnm kro-snpno snn
6mnn ne nepamn, rpe nonannncL n poc1nrnn pcuae1 ounme rocyppc1a. osxe
m 6ype roaopn1L o6 ncknkun1enLno ppeanoc1n nnpyccknx rocyppc1aennmx
nnc1n1y1oa, nok oc1noancn n cnc1ee npanennn a rnn1e, ko1opn
o6psoancL npnepno a opno apen c nnneancknn rocyppc1an. nepayk
ouepepL pcco1pn nc1okn unannns1opcko nunn, xnaue a ponnne nn.
[oaonLno 1ounm o1ae1 n a1o1 aonpoc m npe a qnsnonornn: c11yn n pncynkn
ppeanoc1n neonpoaepxno poksmak1 npncy1c1ane 6enoro 1nn [Ynkc
cva rnn aackH aH na mak nn, km
Hva, v xn nm na, m Ms, mn aaaH.
Qyr yvm, ncyc, yaxa x caH a m ac nm
na ayHa, a aHx, x, anu ycna nyr na.].
uenL uc1o a kuec1ae o6psu kpco1m n 6nropopc1a aneunnx uep1 nsmak1
nsaec1nyk c11yk ns Bpn1nckoro Mysen, nsmaeyk Knm Menon.
so6pxennme a ppyrnx ckynLn1ypx pnne n1nunoc1n xpeum, upn,
aoenunLnnkn npnnpnex1 k 6eno pce, ecnn ne a unc1o anpe, 1o ao acnko
cnyue k ee psnoanpnoc1n, ko1opn nepneko yun o1 nee [ncyc Hva, v
a cykax a nHnunx a ac axm rnnk c
xn kx, a a snxy XVIII ac yx kackx.]. pnko
unpokne nnu, 6onLune yun, ampxennme ckynm, nyxnme ry6m uc1o qnrypnpyk1 a
nso6pxennnx nkpe a nopseenLnx n xpx n canpe1enLc1ayk1 o 6onLuo
nponopunn uepno kpoan o6enx psnoanpnoc1e - 1enokoxnx c npnmn n
kypuamn aonocn [ rnckx aa, ncaanmx a
ax na Hnkax, cm, aa, snm n kymm cncn k na
nravckHy ny c kyvaamH ancaH.]. a1o o1nouennn ne1 nnuero
y6epn1enLnee, ue coopyxennn a Mepnne1-6y. kn o6pso, oxno npepnonoxn1L,
u1o ernne1ckoe ncenenne aknkuno a ce6n cnepykune aneen1m: 1enokoxne c
npnmn aonocn, nerpm c nyunc1o ueaenkpo n 6enm aneen1, ko1opm
o6ecneunn xnsnecnoco6noc1L ace a1o cecn.
pypnoc1L sknkue1cn a 1o, u1o6m onpepenn1L, k kko ae1an ceec1a
npnnpnexn nocnepnn aneen1. Bnken6x cpannae1 ronoay cec c
nnpycckn 1nno. D1o seunne, cnpaepnnaoe co no ce6e, k coxnennk,
nepoc11ounoe ocnoanne pnn 1oro, u1o6m cpen1L amaop, nockonLky ncknkun1enLnoe
psnoo6psne ernne1cknx 1nnoa a psnme apeen noc1onnno kone6ne1cn expy
payn nonkcn: ennnckn n 6enm. o acex cnyunx, pxe a ronoae,
npnnncmaeo cecy, uep1m nnu, kpcname n ouenL 6nnskne k 6enoy 1nny, 1e
ne enee, yxe npe1epnenn cnnLnme nsenennn a pesynL11e ceuennn n snenyk1
co6o nuno perppunn. poe 1oro, nenLsn s6ma1L o 1o, u1o qnsnornonueckne
npnsnkn uc1o ne ory1 cnyxn1L o6Lek1nanmn xpk1epnc1nkn, korp peuL npe1 o
nkncx. cnn qnsnonornn noksmae1, u1o a xnnx ernn1nn 1ekn kpoaL 6enmx, 1o
on ne oxe1 o1ae1n1L, ns kko ae1an npnun a1 kpoaL: xn1cko nnn pncko.
e ne enee, on a ueno onpoaepre1 nenne o 1o, u1o npepkn Cecoc1pnc 6mnn
kn1cknn nocenenun; kc11n, ceropnn a1 rnno1es pxe ne o6cyxpe1cn acepLes.
c1opnn - nyk 6onee akcnnnun1nn, ue qnsnonornn, no n on ne a coc1onnnn
o6Lncnn1L nc1okn ernne1cko nunn. Mnoroaekoame nccnepoannn n nonm1kn 1k n ne
npnaenn k corncnk o1nocn1enLno xpononornn upc1a n upe, eue 6onLue
o1nocn1enLno cnnxponns, ko1opm o6Lepnnne1 qk1orpqnk ponnnm Hnn c
co6m1nnn, nponcxopnaunn a ppyrnx ec1x. D1o1 yronok senoro up acerp 6mn
opnn ns cmx srpounmx n npn1nr1enLnmx pnn nykn.
o nennk opnnx nccnepoa1ene, kynLnnunonno 1ouko unannnsunn, nckycc1a n
aoennoro oryuec1a rnn1 cnepye1 cun11L anoxy expy upc1aoanne
cnp1cen, qpon XVIII pnnc1nn, n cec III (XIX pnnc1nn): 1. e. expy 1740
n 1355 rr. po oxpec1a pnc1oa [vu n, nmcayH
ra rkcca, km amaa aan Hnn. ac naH
cam, a avan XII ac aycn 2200 r.]. o nepnop coopyxennn
nnpnp yxopn1 eue rny6xe a nc1opnk, n rennnLnme nonm1kn Bynsen
pcunqpoa1L srpkn aekoa o1nocn1cn k a1n nn1nnk. Cnepyn e1opy, ko1opm
o6muno npnenne1cn k 1pyp Dp1ocqen, oxno amuncnn1L, u1o nnpnpm k ceaepy
o1 Meqnc, cun1kunecn cmn ppeannn, 6mnn noc1poenm okono 2120 r. po n. a.
Cyqnco n ero 6p1o Cencyqnco. kn o6pso, a 2120 r. po n. a. rnne1 yxe
npepc1annn co6o poaonLno psan1oe rocyppc1ao, cnoco6noe ocyuec1an1L p6o1m,
cme ypnan1enLnme ns uenoaeuecknx pen.
Cnepoa1enLno, 6enme nocenenum npnunn ckp po a1o anoxn, no1oy u1o kxpn
rpynn nnpnp o1nocn1cn k psnm nepnop [aamcn a au
avan cyx naHm, kan nxa mna cnyxu Hy
r. aavan cn c amcm, Hn aHn akvu
cnuca. cn yc naan, akavaan, acmnn a my a
amcy. 3aama ay, nHancn a yry naHy, nnxan
am ka cax . cn r cH akavaan nuk
am naky, cny aa aHancn caH
cnucaH yanvaan aHm kvr cyxn.].
Cyuec1aoan rnno1es, u1o opn ns xn1cknx ae1ae poun po ponnnm nn expy
Cneno n ope n ocnoan 1 ernne1ckyk unannnsunk, no on ne ampepxnae1
nnkko kpn1nkn. 3ue nonpo6nnocL a1n xn1, cospaun cnnLnoe
rocyppc1ao, nopma1L ace cansn c ppyrnn npopn nx pcm, o1ropxnancL 1kn
o6pso o1 npo1openno poporn n yxopn o1 cpepnsenoopckoro no6epexLn, o1
penL1m nn, u1o6m noc1pon1L rocyppc1ao, ao acex o1nouennnx apxpe6noe
unannnsunn uepnmx xn1oa? k ornn onn cpen1L caon nsmk, nc1onLko
o1nnuauncn o1 npeun nx copopnue? Y6epn1enLnoro o1ae1 n a1n aonpocm ne
cyuec1aye1. kn o6pso, ernn1nne ne nannk1cn xn1n, n nx nc1okn cnepye1
nck1L a ppyro ec1e.
[peaneernne1ckn nsmk aknkue1 a ce6n 1pn uc1n. pn npnnpnexn1 k uepnm
nsmk. [pyrn, o6ycnoanennn kon1k1o a1nx uepnmx nsmkoa c npeune
xn1oa n cen1oa, pe1 1y cecL, ko1opyk nsann no nenn a1opo ns
amueyksnnmx pc. koneu, cyuec1aye1 1pe1Ln uc1L, ouenL 1nnc1aennn n
co6m1nn, no ao nornx o1nouennnx on canpe1enLc1aye1 o6 pncknx kopnnx n
popc1ae c cnckpn1o [6) Ba 3kma crnac c akH yaxH
Bana, akx na, nycu kcamH aH, ck k.
v nm: n knck nmk nanx k anaH
cacka, y Hn cu mcnv caa nn r, vm H a acc
a ckau cvk a ana, nc nx a ny
na. 3y vky n ann Ynkc, cvan rnn ycckH
ncnaH.]. D1o axnoe o6c1on1enLc1ao, 6ypL ono connpno poksnnm, orno
6m nonoxn1L koneu pnckyccnn n pekonc1pynpoa1L pupy1 6enmx nocenenuea rnn1
o1 enpx6 po yc1Ln np, o11yp a ponnny aepxnero nn. coxnennk, a1o eue
ne coace ncno n oxe1 cnyxn1L nnuL aepcne. pnko anonne aosoxno, u1o
poks1enLc1a ackope o1muy1cn [7) cny amaau, v knck, n
Hvck, nmk, cam cyH, c nHu kr Hx
acmaau rnm, s nmu ank, amxacn ck
canr nmka, xH nau, num n cackckx
cna a sH av.].
[onnnm nnxnero 1euennn nn ponroe apen cun1nncL uc1Lk c1pnm Mncp. o a1o
6mno oun6ounoe nenne. Mec1, rpe ernne1ckn unannnsunn nosnn pcuae1 a
cme ppeanne apeen, nxopn1cn ropspo amue, ue penL1. 3 npepenn
p6ckoro no6epexLn, rpe 6ecnnopnn noua ne npnanekn nepecenenuea, ppeannn
unannnsunn snne1 ne ouenL 6onLuoe npoc1pnc1ao n ne poc1nre1 Cpepnsenoro
opn. osoxno, on ne c1penncL nopa1L ace cansn c nppopnno. eco1pn n
neckn n cknm, oknnkune snna, uepes ko1opm ornn nponnk1L nnrpn1m,
1oproame nop1oame ropop cyuec1aoann n specL (nnpnep, Onno1epc), n ace onn
6mnn cansnm c nnopopopnm uen1po, rpe n nponcxopnno rnanm o6pso
nepecenenne 6nroppn cospnnm a nyc1mne nocenennn nnn npoexy1ounm
c1nunn, nnpnep, pn-[xsyc, o ko1opo nsaec1no, u1o ero konopum npnaen a
nopnpok yn-opn (1686 r. po n. a.). D1o 6mno eue a 1o apen, korp ernn1nne ne
anpenn no6epexLe nec1nnm. c1L ocnoannn nonr1L, u1o nsypypnme konn a
[xe6enL-36p akcnny1npoanncL eue po nue apm. sxoponennnx qponoa
XVIII pnnc1nn a nso6nnnn nxopn1 nsypn1 n ppyrne pprouennme knn,
nponcxopnune ns npnn. ne roaopk specL o qpqopoamx asx, nonaunx ckp,
ane acnkoro conennn, ns n1n n o6npyxennmx a nopseenLnx, aospc1 ko1opmx ne
yc1noanen. pnoro a1oro qk1 poc11ouno, u1o6m c nonnm npao p1npoa1L a1n
nn1nnkn n nx copepxnoe ouenL pneko anoxo.
Hu k Er
cxopn ns 1oro, u1o cospnn ernn1nne a uen1pe ponnnm nn, n penk amaop, u1o onn
ne npnnpnexnn k xn1ckn n cen1ckn npop, ko1opme nepecennnncL a
snpnyk qpnky no no6epexLk Cpepnsenoro opn. s 1oro qk1, u1o ace nx
pesnme qnrypm necy1 n ce6e nano kaksckyk neu1L, oxno sknkun1L, u1o
unannns1opckn uc1L a1oro npop nen 6enoe nponcxoxpenne. pnckne
cnepm a nx nsmke canpe1enLc1ayk1 o nx nepaopopno popc1ae c cnckpn1ckn
ceec1ao. e rny6xe m nsyue npop cnpm, 1e 6onLuee konnuec1ao nxopok
nop1aepxpk1 a1y aepcnk.
yxe roaopnn, u1o a cme pnekne nc1opnueckne apeen ernn1nne nenn no
canse - nnn aoo6ue nx ne nenn - c xn1cknn nnn cen1cknn npopn n
ponn, rpe a1n npopm o6n1nn; expy 1e onn, no ace aepon1noc1n,
noppepxnann npoponxn1enLnme o1nouennn c npnopcknn kro-aoc1ounmn
npopn. x pen1enLnoc1L 6mn nc1onLko ec1ec1aenno nnpanen a a1y c1opony,
ee nocnepc1ann nenn nc1onLko 6onLuoe snuenne, u1o ao apeen Conoon
n6nkpncn ouenL amcokn o6Le 1oproann expy payn c1pnn.
onc11npyn cnckpn1ckoe nponcxoxpenne unannns1opckoro npp pcm, ne cnepye1
o1pnu1L, u1o nunnn c ouenL ppeane anoxn a1 pc cnnLno nponn1ncL uepno
kpoaLk n ceuncL c norouncnennmn xn1cknn o1npmckn n cmnoaLnn Cn.
a1o cansn n ynonnn o canpe1enLc1ax p6ckoro nponcxoxpennn xn1ene
ponnnm nn o1 Cnenm po Mepoa. nnr Bm1nn nxopn1 cen1oa cpepn cmnoae
Mecpn, cmnoae (X, 13, 14). eco1pn n c1onL ceunnoe nponcxoxpenne
cn ernn1nne cun1nn ce6n a1ox1onnm npopo. nn pec1an1enLno 6mnn 1koam
kk ncnepnnkn no kpoan ennncknx 6opnrenoa. pnko ecnn o6p1n1Lcn k co
6nropopno uc1n nx renenornueckoro pepea, npnpe1cn o1ks1Lcn o1 nopo6noro
nennn no a1oy aonpocy n cun11L nx nnrpn1n, npnue ne c1onLko c ceaep n
aoc1ok, ckonLko c kro-aoc1ok.
Xec1oko pennrnn ccnpnuea ernn1nne npo1naonoc1annn aennuec1aennm kynL1,
nyc1L n ne nc1onLko npenLnm, no, no kpne epe, 6onee rynnm, ko1opm
am1ecnnn a anoxy [peane nepnn, npn nepamx ncnepnnkx Menec [Mxy
caanH rnckr acaa HvckH akanH Qa
, May, axn num cxca a Hax.], nerpn1nnckn o6mu
nep1nuecknx ccoamx y6nc1a n c 1ex nop nnkorp ne nm1ncn ero aospopn1L.
oneuno, o6une npnnunnm pennrnosnoro nckycc1a, npk1nkoaaunecn a Onax n
Meqnce, ne npenn1c1aoann nso6pxennk ypopnnaoro, no onn n ne c1pennncL k
yxcnoy, n xo1n o6ps nqon n ppyrnx eue oxno nsa1L o11nknakun,
ernne1ckoe 6oxec1ao o1nnue1cn ckopee rpo1ecknmn qopn, ne konaynLcnnn
pnkoro saepn nnn rpncn nkpoep. D1n o1knonennn akyc, ceunnme c nc1nnnm
aennune n onpepenneme, ckopee acero, konnuec1ao uepno kpoan, o1c1ynk1 n
spnn nnn nepep 6nropopc1ao 6eno uc1n, ko1opn npeaocxopnn xn1o-
cen1ckoe annnnne n peonc1pnpoan nrkoc1L, o1ksmancL o1 xec1okoc1n n
amnyxpn uepnm aneen1 o1c1yn1L a c1opony ceunoro.
Hu aqk rk u
pnko 6mno 6m npeyaennuenne aospa1L cnnuko amcokyk xany ncenennk
ponnnm nn. cnn c 1oukn spennn npac1aennoc1n c1on1 npepnouec1L ceunoe
o6uec1ao o6uec1ay snoy, 1o c 1oukn spennn cnnm a1o nenLsn cun11L poc1onnc1ao.
nn n necuc1Le ccnpnuea sknkue1cn a 1o, u1o onn nnn nnu y nor 1knx
uypoanu, kk c1p1, n, MenLkp1, a1nx yxcnmx nponoa, nso6pxennn ko1opmx
o6npyxenm n a Cppnnnn, n y c1en opc6p, no n xn1enn Ona n Meqnc, co
caoe c1oponm, annoanm a 1o, u1o, aosoxno, no npnunne popc1a c ec1no pco,
6oro1aopnnn 1o, u1o ec1L coe nnskoe kk a pc1n1enLno, 1k n a xnao1no npe.
e c1on1 ynonn1L specL kynL1 ko6pm, pcnpoc1pnennm cpepn npopoa npnn n
rnn1 n yncnepoannm nn o1 caonx npepkoa, xn1ene o6ue nppopnnm
[Unrnu a cna k rnck Hnr vaa Hva,
v ycm a mvan an, acncar a rn, a
kH ycHaaa, anvH, cnaana, yacck ann. ak
ayaka, s yan ncx rnckx mvaa nncu
cacay ay x s acm. rvck caxn,
km crn n ancn a kavca r naaan n 1ncn,
H kaxycn HanynumH, aacH r, naracn
a nuk Hyxvm n Hyxvm xm, kak s H Hc
y Hrx akackx nnH. ycHaaa a sH mva n vH
xna amnucn n nc Hu cn akH nc r yavun. Y
nnH skxnc a nakkycn a acnmx Hyxvax acuHa
xckH aH. ann nnu aacn a ncyca caka
acm xam, Hanm n ak n cvacn nmH akH.
nyvacn ak, v v cknuk vnak, narmcn ak
na, yHa.]. e 6ype kc1Lcn 1kxe kpokopnnoa n npounx yxcoa,
coc1annaunx kynL1 nerpoa. 1kxe cyeaepnoe o6oxnne 1knx, a o6ue neannnmx,
npepc1an1ene xnao1noro np, kk kosen, ko1 nnn ckp6e; nnn oaoue, ko1opmx
oxno nsa1L aneen1pno nnsennmn n aynLrpnmn kk c 1oukn spennn qopm,
1k n npounx poc1onnc1a - ao1 canpe1enLc1a nerpn1nnckoro annnnnn a rnn1e,
ko1opoe oxno yanpe1L n a nne n a nneann. 3pecL upc1aye1 6cypp, n 1onLko
6enm aneen1 cnyxn1 psrpnnun1enLnm snko. a1o n sknkue1cn psnnu
expy ccnpnun n ernn1nnn.
aoace ne ceunak kynL1 nnc, n 1e 6onee noun1nne kopoam n 6mk, c
o6oxec1anenne pc1enn. oneuno, npeknonenne nepep 6oxec1ao uc1o npnnne1
ypopnname qopm, rpnnuune co c1pxo [Hx, vanu aHn, v
nuk caHm am cyHn cau au Hxy yaaxH
xaH. yaca yaaxn y aa c num nHcu v n
xn ka vac nHa ka Hm aacH r, v r
ayma: cax n nau. Y x na nc-anc k
xcan, y yrx k cyaHy kynuy nka.]. o a ocnoae
nk6an ernn1nn k kopoaLey popy nexn1 neu1o 6onLuee, nexenn npoc1o qe1nuns.
e oxno o6Lncnn1L ppeannn nc1yuecknn o6munn 6eno pcm, ko1opme 1k xe,
kk n npeknonenne nepep ko6po, nek1 nnpnckoe nponcxoxpenne. npoue,
nc1ounnko a1nx cyeaepn ne nanne1cn xec1okoc1L.
Hu aqk rk u
kyk xe oroaopky n 6m cpenn a o1nouennn ppyrnx, c1onL xe nopsn1enLnmx qk1oa
cxopc1a, nnpnep; o6ps nqon, nk6oaL k no1ocy n npexpe acero xpk1epnn
kocoronnn, 6nnskn k npen 6pxnns. o npape roaopn, nnorp 6mae1
pnckoanno pen1L cnnuko npnme amaopm ns 1knx cpanenn. c1o npen ory1
ny1euec1aoa1L no npy a coc1onnnn, 6nnsko k cep1n, n aospoxp1Lcn n
6nrop1no nouae, npopn nepep a1n 6onLune pcc1onnnn. kn o6pso,
oksmak1cn nyc1mn oxnpnnn, nn1eme a o1nouennn npncy1c1ann npe a payx
pneknx ppyr o1 ppyr ec1x, n nonm1kn konc11npoa1L npen1nunoc1L pc y payx
coaepuenno psnmx npopoa. pnko a pnno cnyue m apnp nn oun6ecn. Cn
ne6nronpnn1nn rnno1es o1nocn1enLno npnmx canse expy nnpycn n
ernn1nnn ponxn 6mn 6m npepnonr1L, u1o 1eonornueckne npepc1anennn nepamx
npnunn uepes canuennyk senk a epposnk, s1e uepes psnnunme p6ckne
nneen n, nkoneu, nonnn k nocnepnn. Mexpy 1e repposnum 6mnn
neaexec1aennmn apapn, oc11kn uepnmx nneen [ n n
aHa am ancu sx aa. caan kakx
cna car nmaan.]. p6m uennko aocnpnnnnn xn1ckne nonn1nn, n y
nnx ne o6npyxeno nnkknx cnepoa 1ex 1eonornuecknx npnnunnoa, o ko1opmx npe1
peuL. Cnepoa1enLno, onn npnunn npno ns npnn 6es acnkoro nocpepnnuec1a. D1o
eue opnn y6epn1enLnm pryen1 a nonLsy pnckoro nponcxoxpennn npop
qponoa.
ne cknonen cun11L okonu1enLnm poks1enLc1ao opny oco6ennoc1L, ko1opn n
nepam asrnnp nopxe1 aoo6pxenne. D1o cyuec1aoanne kc1 a o6enx c1pnx. o-
anpnoy, a1o1 nnc1n1y1 nece1 n ce6e neu1L opnrnnnLnoc1n, ko1opn nosaonne1
cun11L ero npopyk1o ns epnnoro nc1ounnk n a 1o xe apen cpen1L amaop o ero
nnnunn y neckonLknx, ne cansnnmx ppyr c ppyro npopoa. o npn 1u1enLno
psmunennn oxno 6es 1pyp y6epn1Lcn a 1o, u1o renenornueckn oprnnsunn
counnLnmx qynkun ec1L acero nnuL npnoe cnepc1ane npen nepaenc1a pc n u1o
noackpy, rpe ec1L no6epn1enn n no6expennme, oco6enno korp o6 nonkc
rocyppc1a oksmak1cn pspenennmn qnsnonornuecknn 6pLepn, y cnnLnmx
nonanne1cn xennne coxpnn1L anc1L pnn caonx no1okoa n coxpnn1L no
aosoxnoc1n unc1o caok kpoaL, poc1onnc1ao ko1opo onn cun1k1 epnnc1aenno
npnunno caoero anpmuec1a, kko-1o oen1 nou1n ace ae1an 6eno pcm
ncnm1nn n ce6e 1nxec1L a1o cnc1em ncknkun1enLnoc1n, n ecnn onn ne sunn a
a1o o1nouennn 1k xe pneko, kk oxpnn1enn ep nnn c1oponnnkn cnpnc, 1k
1onLko no1oy, u1o yxe npoxnann cpepn popc1aennoro ncenennn. Moxno cks1L,
u1o ace 6enme o6uec1a nunnnn npe1enpoa1L n ncknkun1enLnoc1L cnnuko
nospno, a1o kce1cn n ernn1nn n 6pxnoa. x npe1ensnn n ncknkun1enLnoc1L
ornn popn1Lcn 1onLko ns o1pnu1enLnoro onm1, noa1oy npepc1annnn co6o
6ecnonesnyk nonm1ky.
1k, cyuec1aoanne kc1 co no ce6e ne npepnonre1 npen1nunoc1L npopoa, 1. k.
kc1m ec1L y repnuea, a1pyckoa, pnnnn - ne 1onLko a Onax nnn a npex. pnko
n a1o oxno aospsn1L 1kn o6pso: ecnn npen pspenennn ponxn popn1Lcn
aespe, rpe ec1L pae nepanme pcm, 1o no-nnoy o6c1on1 peno c npk1nuecko
pennsune a1o npen - nenno a a1o oxno n1n 6onLuoe cxopc1ao cnc1e
rnn1 n npnn, rpe cyuec1aoano noc1onnnoe npnnyxpenne uenoaek snn1Lcn
1e, ue snnnncL ero npepkn. o ec1L n psnnune: a rnn1e cmn ponxen 6mn
ncnonnn1L 1e xe qynkunn, u1o n o1eu, 1orp kk 1L orn nponcxopn1L ns ppyro
cpepm (ncknkun ceLk nc1yx). D1o ncknkuenne npo1na nc1yxoa, amnyxpennn
npnnenL snpe1 n noceuenne nn xpoa, nop1aepxpe1 1epnnoc1L o6unx
npann. pnepoa 1oy neno: upn xennnncL n nerpn1nnkx, kk enoq I. Upn
6mnn yn1n, kk enoq II, n o6uec1ao skpmano n a1o rns.
koneu, npnaepe pa nocnepnnx n, koneuno, cmx cnnLnmx poks1enLc1a.
rnne1ckne nnnm npnnncmak1 uec1L yupexpennn kc1 opnoy ns nepamx upe (III
pnnc1nn) - Ceconxosncy, corncno nqy o ny1euec1ann prona1oa, nnn Ceco1pncy,
no nennk pnc1o1enn.
1opo pryen1: c1onL pnnnn anox, korp pnckne nepecenenum ponxnm 6mnn
noknny1L yc1Le np, u1o6m panny1Lcn n snp, o1pnue1 cnckpn1ckoe
nponcxoxpenne skonoa, nockonLky 1koamx eue ne 6mno a 1o c1pne.
aoace ne co6npkcL nopkpennn1L caok 1ouky spennn 1kn cn6m pryen1o. ,
npo1ec1yn npo1na cnnuko npnonnnenmx amaopoa ns qk1 opnoapeennoro
cyuec1aoannn kc1 a npnn n rnn1e, n ne co6npkcL y1aepxp1L, u1o neko1opme
cnepc1ann, am1ekkune ns 1koro qk1, ne ory1 cnyxn1L aecom nop1aepxpenne
o6unoc1n nponcxoxpennn: nnpnep, opnnkoaoe npeknonenne nepep cnyxn1ennn
kynL1, nx ponroe anpmuec1ao a o6enx c1pnx n nopunnenne, a ko1opo n
ypanocL pepx1L aoennyk kc1y, pxe 1orp, korp 1 6mn y anc1n: 1koro
1pnyq nnkorp ne snno xn1ckoe pyxoaenc1ao, n nenno a1o coc1annno cnay n
cnny unannnsun np n nn. [eno a 1o, u1o pnckn pc aoo6ue o1nnue1cn
pennrnosnoc1Lk, n xpeum noc1onnno aeunanncL a uc1nyk xnsnL nkpe n pepxnn
nop kon1pone pxe o6mun n npnamukn. rnn1e, 1k xe kk a npnn, cnyxn1enn
xpoa pernen1npoann ack noacepneanyk xnsnL anno1L po am6op nnun. opoue
roaopn, xo1n konnuec1ao kc1 a a1nx c1pnx psnnuno, neppxnn npn6nnsn1enLno
opnnkoa [Ynkc nm, v a rn a caHy my kacy axn
caam. rnac y, aH acvmaancu cHu knacca, Q
amaa n nnu kac, a , na a H mcu,
aknvan nann Hcnka x, k aHancn ckyccaaH.].
o1, noxny, n ace, u1o oxno cks1L no a1oy, n nepam asrnnp a1opoc1enennoy
aonpocy, ko1opm nponcnne1 o1penLnme qpren1m n qk1m cxopc1a payx
unannnsun.
Cme ppeanne nn1nnkn ernne1cko unannnsunn nxopn1cn a aepxne n nnxne
uc1nx c1pnm. pno ns c1onnu [peane nepnn 6mn ropop Onam, ocnoannm
Cecop1eceno I, nepam upe qnancko pnnc1nn, XII pnnc1nn Mneqon, a 2300
r. po n. a. rnopnpyn ceaep n ceaepo-aoc1ok c1pnm, nepame pnnc1nn oc1annn
cnepm npo1naononoxnoro nnpanennn caoe k1nanoc1n, n nx cansn c npne
ponxnm 6mnn ocyuec1ann1Lcn uepes senn p6oa-kyun1oa, aoc1ounoe no6epexLe
qpnkn n, aepon1no, neko1opme kpynnme oc1poa [cnH ayxn Hn
cca a cn a y kn a-ana. H, s x aa
axaan ack n-a. Qmva H a a avanacu a snxy Qa
Hn.].
pnko 1 ne1 canpe1enLc1a, s ncknkuenne Cnnckoro nonyoc1poa,
uenennpanennmx saoeann a o1nnune o1 kxnoro n snpnoro nnpanenn n
qpnkncko kon1nnen1e, rpe ernn1nne aenn ce6n kk xosnea. kn o6pso,
rnann pen ppeaneernne1cko unannnsunn 1nne1cn nonoco aponL nn po opn n
nopnne1cn amue Mepoa, rpe pcunpne1cn n snp nop nnLm osnc on.
[peanne, yun1man a1y cn1yunk, pnn reorpqnueckoe nsanne yu epxney
rnn1y n uc1n Cpepnero rnn1, 1kxe 6nccnnnn, y6nn n pon Heen,
ncenennm no1okn uepnmx xn1oa. Mexpy npoun, no nennk Ynnknncon, a1o
nsanne o1nocnnocL n k epxy n Heeny, 1kxe k co 6nnxne uc1n snn.
Hu aqk rk u
Canuennoe ncnne nsmae1 epop kyun1o. Yuenme ponro nonn ronoay np
1e, u1o nonn1L nop a1n nsanne, n 1k n ne npnunn k epnnoy nennk. C a1n
nsanne, 1k xe kk c neko1opmn ppyrnn (npnn, Cnpnn, Dqnonnn, nnnpnn),
cansnm psnnunme apnn1m, 6es konu ennaunecn co apeene n c nnpanenne
a nonn1nke. yuue acero o1ks1Lcn o1 pekonc1pykunn 1ounmx rpnnu yu n
npnsn1L, u1o cpepn axopnunx a a1y c1pny 1eppn1opn rnne1, neconenno, snne1
nepaoe ec1o n o6Lepnnne1 nx a o6uyk unannnsunk; n cknonen cun11L, u1o a1o
cnoao aknkue1 a ce6n n c our, n saoeannn a1o ppeane kynL1ypm, ko1opn
o6p1nncL ncknkun1enLno k kry, ne k no6epexLk Cpepnsenoro opn.
ennuec1aennmn oc1nkn a1o ppeane cnam nannk1cn nnpnpm. nn 6mnn
coopyxenm npn nepamx pnnc1nnx, ko1opme, nunnn c Menec po anoxn ap n
nenoro nosxe, po cnx nop cnyx1 npepe1o pnckyccn [ caHmx ax
naH km ncm cmr knva, v na x nkH
axnH nmx aa.]. a1o o1nouennn c1on1 o1e1n1L, u1o specL, kk
n a ccnpnn, n aepunne anc1n nxopn1cn 6orn, nnxe c1on1 xpeum, eue nnxe
aoenunLnnkn [ caHmH aH HaH, a aanax, c yn
canka, a an.]. D1o nponanenne nerpn1nncko npen, ko1opn ampxen
specL a 1o xe qope n cansn c noxoxnn o6c1on1enLc1an. Born - a1o 6enme
nkpn, canuennnkn - yn1m, npepc1an1enn nep1nuecko kc1m. Upn - a1o
aoenunLnnkn, ko1opm o6uec1ao 6enoro nponcxoxpennn poaepnno ynpann1L
nnepne, 1. e. 1eno, oc1annn pyuy n noneuenne conepnnkoa. Moxno
npepnonoxn1L, u1o 6opL6 6mn ponro n ynopno, u1o canuennnkn npoc1no
o1c1nann kopony n 1pon, aoennn aepxyuk npoaopnn rn6kyk nonn1nky. Cyaepen
or npnnpnex1L k opno nnn ppyro kc1e - xpeuoa nnn aoennmx. o ecnn cyaepen
6mn ns a1oporo kncc, ey, npexpe ue cec1L n 1pon, 1pe6oanocL spyun1Lcn
noppepxko cnyxn1ene xpoa n o6yun1Lcn canuennopec1ann. onLko cpenauncL
nepoqn1o no qope n cy1n, ypunnam conp1 or nsa1Lcn upe n a
npoponxenne oc1auecn xnsnn oksma1L 6esrpnnunoe yaxenne pennrnn n ee
cnyxn1enn; a caoe nnuno xnsnn n cmx nn1nnmx npnamukx on nnkorp ne
npyun npann, a1opn n xpnn1ennn ko1opmx 6mnn xpeum. Conepnnkn
anc1n1enn nnkorp ne cnycknn c nero rns. ro sancnoc1L 6mn oco6enno
ouy1no, korp peuL un o6 o6uec1aennmx penx. nu1o a c1pne ne nponcxopnno
6es yuc1nn nepoqn1; on 6mn uneno amcuero coae1, n ero ronoc 6mn peukun a
cnopx; upn snnn, u1o nocne nx cep1n onn nopnex1 cypy, no ne caonx noppnnmx,
canuennnkoa, n a nunn, neaue c1onL neo6munme npen o no1yc1oponne xnsnn,
oxno nerko npepnonoxn1L, kko yxc amsman y coro cypoaoro anc1n1enn
mcnL o npouecce, ko1opm a npncy1c1ann ero 6eccnnLnoro 1pyn or nnun1L ero
coro 6onLuoro cuc1Ln - aennuec1aennoro sxoponennn n nocnepnnx nouec1e. ro
cypLn noc1onnno oc1anncL nueky, n oc1eper1Lcn nx npnxopnnocL ack xnsnL.
1k, cyuec1aoanne ernne1ckoro qpon - ckoannoro, okpyxennoro cornnp1nn
- 6mno 6m neamnocno, ecnn 6m ey ne 6mn pn onpepenennn konencunn. cnn
oc1an1L a c1opone pennrnosnme npa, onpx 6mn aceoryu, n nkpn acerp
oksmann ey cme nsmcknnme nouec1n, c1on n konennx. oneuno, on ne 6mn
6oro, n ero ne 6oro1aopnnn npn xnsnn, no ero cun1nn 6conk1nm cypLe a penx
xnsnn n cep1n, 1kxe ue-1o canuennm, nockonLky on c 6mn xpeuo. Cme
annn1enLnme nnu rocyppc1a 6mnn nepoc11ouno 6nropopnm, u1o6m cnyxn1L ey
cm ynnsn1enLnm o6pso. ro cmnoaLn amnpn uec1L 6ex1L s ero
konecnnue, rno1n nmnL n pepx a pykx son1nkn o1 connu.
D1n npam 6mnn 6nnskn 1oy, u1o nponcxopnno a ccnpnn. 6conk1nm xpk1ep
anc1n n 6ecnpekocnoanoe noannoaenne noppnnmx 6mnn nc1onLko xe ampxenm a
nneann. Mexpy 1e 1 ne n6nkpnocL p6cko sancnoc1n upn o1 canuennnkoa,
ecnn o6p1n1Lcn k ppyro ae1an uepnmx cen1o-xn1oa, ecnn nepenec1ncL a np,
1 m 1kxe npe upn-p6, no 1 anc1aye1 pnc1okp1nn, non1nq MenLkp1
ne nanne1cn rnaenc1aykue cnno.
1o kce1cn cxopc1a n psnnunn c a1nnuecko 1oukn spennn, 1o cxopc1ao oxno
yanpe1L a 6ecnpann noppnnmx n a 6conk1noc1n anc1n. nc1L np
neaexec1aennm ncenenne 6conk1n n a rnn1e, n a ccnpnn, n a npe. pnunn
sknkue1cn a 1o, u1o ao acex c1pnx, rpe uepnm aneen1 nxopnncn nnn
nxopn1cn nop anc1Lk 6enmx, npanenne npno6pe1e1 xpk1ep xec1okoc1n - c
opno c1oponm, a cansn c neo6xopnoc1Lk po6n1Lcn nopunnennn, c ppyro, ns
c1px, u1o neaexec1aennme noppnnme saokk1 npa neorpnnuenno anc1n.
c1ounnk psnnun a 1o, u1o unannns1opckn ae1aL a rnn1e npeaocxopnn ao ace
no1okoa n Cn. oa1oy cnckpn1m-ernn1nne npnnecnn a saoeannme senn
6onee amcokyk oprnnsunk n opnL, n nsaec1no, u1o ackpy, rpe epnnc1aenno
aosoxno qopo npanennn nanne1cn pecno1ns, anc1L pyxoaenc1a, pxe a
cmx kpnnx nponanennnx, nece1 a kko-1o epe cncn1enLnyk qynkunk, 1k kk
a ne, no kpne epe, 6onLue nn1ennek1.
ocne upe n xpeuoa rnn1 ne npo s6ma1L pnc1okp1oa, ko1opme, nnopo6ne
ku1pnea npnn, 6mnn epnnc1aennmn, k1o nen npao nocn1L opyxne n sunu1L
c1pny. caoe cpepe onn 6mnn 6onee nnn enee panm, s1o, ne xnen cnn,
yrne1nn 1ex, k1o c1onn nnxe. poc1o nkp a rnn1e 6mn necuc1en po kpne
c1enenn, n ero cyuec1aoanne, nou1n ne rpn1npoannoe skonn, sanceno o1
npnxo1n amcunx knccoa. n 6mn o6peuen n p6ckn 1pyp, cenLckoxosnc1aennme
p6o1m noxnpnn ero spopoaLe; npoc1o npop xnn n ynpn a xnxnnx o1
nc1ouennn n 6onesne, n nnk1o o ne ne s6o1nncn, pockounme po, ko1opme on
c1ponn, npekpcnme nnopm, ko1opme on ampunan, ey ne npnnpnexnn. oro, u1o
ey poc1anocL, epa xa1no n nn1nne. k onncmak1 xnsnL nnsunx knccoa a
rnn1e ppeanerpeueckne a1opm, a 1o uncne epopo1. Cnpaepnnaoc1n ppn
nnonn xno6m nc1ouennmx o1 ronop eapeea, ko1opm npnunocL nn11Lcn a
nyc1mne nno. D1n koueannkn 1orp coxnenn o6 y1puennmx okoax nnen. o onn
s6mnn o 1o, u1o noknnynn c1pny Mncp, cncncL o1 neamnocnoro rne1, ko1opm a
npnnunne 6mn o6munm o6pso xnsnn ec1noro ncenennn. Mec1nme xn1enn ne
ornn nocnepoa1L npnepy pe1e spnnn n, 6ypyun pco, enee 6nropopno, onn
a enLue c1enenn c1ppnn o1 1nro1. cxop nspnnL1nn c a1o 1oukn spennn oxe1
cnyxn1L poks1enLc1ao peunoc1n, c kko renn npopoa, 6nnsknx k 6enoy
ceec1ay, oxe1 ns6er1L p6c1a a ero kpnnx nponanennnx.
onn1nueckn pexn, nansnnm npoc1oy npopy a rnn1e, 6mn ne enee
xec1okn, ue a xn1cknx n cen1cknx c1pnx, u1o kce1cn p6c1a n 6ecnpann.
pnko, no cy1n on 6mn enee kpoaam, no1oy u1o pennrnn, nrkn n nnoceppnn,
o6xopnncL 6es 1ex uypoanunmx ccoamx y6nc1a, kkne 6mnn yropnm 6or
nn, annon n nneann [Yvacu nnka akx mna H nxn,
kak yaxa Ynkc. x nc naaan a aca, akx
skccca, kak Hm aH a ackx naHnkax, r nn
aa a c nnka a knu, n v x ryy.]. a1o
cmcne ernne1ckn kpec1Lnnnn, p6oun nnn p6 ne snnn yxcoa sn1ckoro rne1 -
no 1onLko a a1o cmcne. ne rposnn xep1aennm knnxn, s1o ack caok xnsnL
onn npecmknncL nepep amcunn kc1n.
x ncnonLsoann kk 1nrnoam cko1 n 1nxenmx p6o1x no coopyxennk nn1nnkoa,
ko1opmn 6ypy1 nk6oa1Lcn a rpnpyunx c1one1nnx. D1o onn nepeeunn orponme
6nokn pnn c11y n ononn1nmx o6ennckoa. D1n uepnme nnn nou1n uepnme p6o1nnkn
rn6nn 1onnn, c1pon knnm, 1e, y koro 6mn 6onee cae1nn kox, pncoann
uep1exn, pcnopnxnncL n cnepnnn s p6o1n, no nx saepuennn npnnnnn n
ce6n cnay 1aopuoa. nyc1L ceropnn uenoaeuec1ao copporne1cn, npepc1ana ce6e a1o
spennue. o, o1pa pnL aosyuennk n coxnennk, oxno nonn1L yxcnme npnunnm,
ko1opme amnyxpnn npopnme ccm rnn1 n ccnpnn 1epnennao cnocn1L xec1okn
rne1: y nne6c a1nx c1pn 6mn neoponnn a1nnueckn no1pe6noc1L nopunnn1Lcn
npnxo1n caonx xosnea s 1o, u1o a1n xosnea nenn npn ce6e neu1o apope 1nncn,
pkuero n npao n yrne1enne, nenno, poc11ounoe konnuec1ao 6eno kpoan.
kn cn1yunn nen ec1o a cme cnanme nepnopm ernne1ckoro oryuec1a.
cme nyuune apeen ccnpncko nnepnn 1ponm annon n nneann ne anpenn
6onee 6nropopnmx upcknx nnu, ue 1e, ko1opmn m n ceropnn nk6yecn n
aennuec1aennmx ckynLn1ypx Benn-ccn [kvanum n rna
cHaancn n III ac, kan, n H Bya, avanacu
v 90 n ncn na.].
o coaepuenno oueanpno, u1o a1 unc1o1 kpoan, nyc1L n o1nocn1enLnn, ne orn
coxpnn1Lcn ponro. C kc1oan oprnnsunn ne cnoco6c1aoan a1oy. , ecnn 6m
epnnc1aenno npnunno ee cyuec1aoannn 6mno annnnne nnpnckoro 1nn,
ernne1ckn unannnsunn ne npopepxncL 6m 1k ponro, n ynpok ee nuncn 6m
sponro po cec III, ko1opm saepue1 cyk aennuec1aennyk anoxy rnn1, 1. e.
sponro po XIII a. po n. a.
D1y unannnsunk noppepxnan kpoaL ee sn1cknx aproa - xn1oa n cen1oa,
ko1opme ne ps n psnmn cnoco6n aospoxpnn ee. ne co6npkcL pccyxp1L o
nunonnLnoc1n rnkcocoa, no ne oxe1 6m1L conenn a 1o, u1o onn npnnpnexnn k
pce, 6nnsko k 6enm npop [ nHnunx B-accaa cu
axn a c yvacH rnaaa c vu can kx, rnymH
rnaaH, mx ancaH. ncyc cva x ncaannH
cHck acm, aHx, nkaH rkcca. H, kak ckymu
Qa Hn acaau rnck ac ckau yxa a
3n, rkccm HmH nyH cnncu a ca , ann a Hx,
cHmancu c HcmH acnH. ca, aHvy, v, cyn n
aamH naHnkaH, a Hnnx a aHa aaa
xn rynnm n c n can kx, vH crn. nuk v
cnycncu c camx r acynn a cm kak c
HnackH acnH.]. C nonn1nuecko 1oukn spennn, nx nonanenne 6mno
6epo, no opnoapeenno ocaexno ec1nyk kpoaL. enncL aonm c sn1cknn
npopn, n xo1n apnp nn oxno roaopn1L o 6onLunx saoeannnx po coro
cnnckoro opn, o ue nnorp nnuy1, nockonLky ne1 nnkknx cnepoa nn a nc1opnn,
nn a nn1nnkx snn, canpe1enLc1aykunx o npe6mannn 1 pnn qponoa, no
ypunme noxopm Cecoc1pnc, cecoa n ppyrnx upe 6mnn nc1ounnko npn1ok ao
any1pennne nom nnennnkoa ns nn, ccnpnn n pann, n nx kpoaL a kko-1o
c1enenn cnrunn pnkyk uepnyk kpoaL, ko1opyk noc1onnno annann a xnnm nunn
nnsune knccm, oco6enno cocepnne 6nccnnckne n ny6nckne nneen.
Cnepye1 1kxe ne1L a anpy paono - xn1ckn n cen1ckn - npn1ok, ko1opm a
1euenne nornx aekoa nn1n Cpepnn rnne1. enno 1kn ny1e nnonoanny 6enme
oppm pcnpoc1pnnnncL no snpnoy 6epery qpnkn, o6psoaaueecn a
pesynL11e a1oro ncenenne nosxe pno rocyppc1ay ncnepnnkoa Menec ceunnyk
pcy, a ko1opo ne 6mno nnpncko kpoan n ace poc1onnc1ao ko1opo sknkunocL a
norouncnennmx ceuennnx c unannns1opcknn npopn nxne snn.
s 1knx nocnepoa1enLnmx npn1okoa 6enmx npnnunnoa nonannncL npopm,
ko1opme npepo1ap1nnn npexpeapeennm ynpok kyun1cko unannnsunn n
opnoapeenno, nockonLky a1n npn1okn nnkorp ne 6mnn oco6enno ounmn,
ernne1ckn pyx or noc1onnno pepx1Lcn a c1opone o1 peokp1nuecknx 1enpenun,
ko1opme okonu1enLno aoc1opxec1aoann a npe n Cnpone, no1oy u1o ec1nme
npoc1onkpnnm nnkorp ne nopnnnncL po 1koro ypoann, u1o6m n orn npn1n
pepskn mcnL cpann1Lcn c rocnopn. ce peaonkunn nponcxopnnn expy amcunn
kc1n, nep1nueckn n upckn cnc1e ne nopaeprncL oncnoc1n. cnn nnorp ao
rnae kkoro-nn6ypL po ac1ann ennnckne pnnc1nn, nnpnep, npxkx
[rnac Ynkcy, nmcakaH xakaxa x mn snm
aak k. ca, xakax, aaan nx rnckHy r,
anu ycynn anacu ayncn a 3n.], nx anc1L pnnncL
neponro: a1o 6mno cnyunoe aosamuenne neko1opmx nneennmx aoxpe a
pesynL11e nonn1nuecknx nep1yp6un, n y 1knx anc1n1ene nnkorp ne aosnnkn
mcnL ncnonLsoa1L caoe nonoxenne pnn 1oro, u1o6m yc1noan1L panonpane
nnopo6ne 1oro, u1o neno ec1o a Onnnknn nocne ynnunmx 6ecnopnpkoa. D1n 1oxe
oxno o6Lncnn1L nonn1nueckyk c16nnLnoc1L a rnn1e.
D1 c16nnLnoc1L 6mc1po npeap1nncL a c1rnunk, no1oy u1o rnne1 no-
nc1onuey psanancn, 1onLko korp y anc1n 6mn nnpnckn ae1aL, ko1opn ero
ocnoan, 1oro, u1o pnn ey oc1nLnme 6enme pcm, 6mno poc11ouno pnn 1oro,
u1o6m npopnn1L unannnsunk, no ne psana1L ee.
e ne enee pxe a nepnop ynpk, korp ernne1ckoe nckycc1ao nocne XIX pnnc1nn,
1. e. nocne Meneq1x (1480 r. po n. a.) nou1n ne oc1anno nn1nnkoa, ko1opme
ornn 6m conepnnu1L, nn no coaepuenc1ay ncnonnennn, nn no cu16noc1n, c
nn1nnkn npepmpyunx anox, rnne1 acerp oc1ancn nc1onLko amue c1pn k kry
n k kro-snpy o1 nero, u1o ne nepec1an 6m1L pnn nnx nc1ounnko nx
cyuec1aoannn.
pnko unannns1opckyk qynkunk rnn1 nenLsn nsa1L onononLno, n specL
neo6xopno o1e1n1L, u1o unannnsunn a 6nccnnnn nee1 pa nc1ok. pnn, 6es
conennn, ernne1ckn, n on 6mn cm 6or1m, a1opo 1kxe scnyxnae1
ynonnnnn. n 6mn cansn npexpe acero c ouenL ppeane anrpune uepnmx
xn1oa, p6oa-kyun1oa, s1e cen1oa, p6oa-xnnpn1oa: n 1e n ppyrne nepeunn
B6-anL-Mnpe6ckn nponna n npnnecnn npop qpnkn 1o, u1o cn ycaonnn ns
ccnpncko kynL1ypm. Cypn no nonoxennk a1nx npopoa n kxno no6epexLe
pann n o6unpno 1oproane, ko1opyk onn aenn c npne n ko1opn, anpno,
npnaen k cospnnk cnckpn1ckoro ropop rp, anonne aepon1no, u1o n nx
npepc1anennn n nonn1nn npno6penn pnckyk okpcky npnnenLno c a1nnueckn
ceuenne a1nx 1oproauea c nnpncknn rpynnn. o acnko cnyue, n npnepe
qnnnknuea m anpn, kko c1enenn psan1nn ornn poc1nuL a1n npopm,
popc1aennme ccnpnu: onn oksnncL cnoco6nmn nnuL nonn1L n aocnpnnn1L 1o,
u1o cospnn 6onee 6enme ae1an, 1. e. npopm Mecono1nn. k 6m nn 6mnn cnoco6nm
qnnnknum, onn ne nopnnnncL amue a1oro ypoann, ecnn yuec1L, u1o nx kpoaL
noc1onnno o6noannncL n ynyuuncL s cue1 npn1ok nnonoanny 6enmx anrpn1oa
(uero nepoc1ano xnnpn1, nockonLky nx ceuenne c nnpycn ne 6mno c1onL
nnopo1aopnm), npnxopn1cn sknkun1L, u1o p6ckne unannnsunn, a 1o uncne
ccnpnckn, ne npy1 nn a kkoe cpanenne c pcuae1o xnncknx ropopoa
[Hx, kra-yu caHmH cnaamH cmnH amr aH
yy nam s yanum kmn, km crn raa
nx cyxy ckyvy nacu a c. Kx aa
ayxm cvcnm aaanm m anc. Hackan
cn amx uHm mn, r a mna nv nkH ckma
amx rna, a ckH yyH , v Hm yaH s ac,
nuk ank, n yanu nn ac, vH an ax 4am,
nHy v a Hna n Hcm xaak mna canaa c ckH
annH, y ncaannu cm c a cakync cvckx
xk vnavcaa.].
cnn cypn1L o6 nx uncnennoc1n, nepecenenum, ko1opme nepeunn B6-anL-Mnpe6ckn
nponna n o6ocnoanncL a Dqnonnn, npnnecnn 1yp cn6o psan1yk unannnsunk, n
uepnme pcm y6nn n 6nccnnnn ne npe1epnenn 6m cyuec1aennmx nsenenn nn a
qnsnuecko, nn a npac1aenno o1nouennn, ecnn 6m cocepc1ao c rnn1o ne
o6or1nno ckponme poc1nxennn unannnsun Mncp n pann.
ne xouy cks1L, u1o 6nccnnnn n okpyxkune senn cpennncL ec1o o6n1nnn
psan1oro o6uec1a. [eno ne 1onLko a 1o, u1o kynL1yp a1o c1pnm nnkorp ne
o1nnuncL opnrnnnLnoc1Lk, n ne a 1o, u1o on acerp orpnnunancL npoc1m n
aecL o1pnennm noppxnne 1oy, u1o nponcxopnno a p6cknx ropopx
no6epexLn, a pncko npnn n a ernne1cknx c1onnux - Onax, Meqnce, nosxe a
nekcnppnn, - no pxe a1o noppxnne 6mno nenonnm n neyenm.
snk, u1o cpenn ouenL pnckoannoe snanenne, ko1opoe ne sepnn1 amsa1L
neropoanne 1ex, k1o cnaocnoan1 nerpn1nnckyk pcy: ne cekpe1, u1o a cnny
nonn1nuecknx xn1pocnne1enn nokpoan1enn a1o no uc1n uenoaeuec1a, ne
oprnya rnso, npepc1annn 6nccnnckyk unannnsunk kk 1nnnuno qpnknckyk,
poxpennyk nn1ennek1o nx nk6nuea n npepuec1aykuyk nk6o ppyro kynL1ype.
Bonee 1oro, skycna ypnn, onn pcnpoc1pnnnn a1y 1k nsmaeyk uepnyk
unannnsunk n aecL rnne1 n s1unnn pxe a snk. nc1nn a 1o, u1o
qnsnonornn, nnnranc1nk, nc1opnn, nn1nnkn, sppam cmcn epnnopyuno
o1aeprk1 1koe o6puenne c npounm. o nso6pe11ene a1o opnrnnnLno
cnc1em ne 1k-1o npoc1o oc1noan1L. rnopnpyn nyky n aoopyxnauncL
6ecnpnepno pepsoc1Lk, onn popy1 po 1oro, u1o ckopo cpenk1 kcy c1onnue
np. ynonnk o6 a1nx rnno1esx 1onLko pnn 1oro, u1o6m ne o6cyxp1L nx acepLes
[Ynkc mnu ncy na rna. ncyc a
cax rnckx ncuHax amckamaacn H karv
naH ccya: ynua amr cHa, nar n ca
nym akna, mn ymn. nmn k amay, v s naHnk,
caHm aHm naHnka a 3n, nann c nmu
nHk cnu aar cyxn. cknukH ckaH
x aann: ak, cam va, v mn m naanu
naucn a a naHnk nn naxn rn cnaaH
nmnH Ms, xn kr nkm mn nmcakaH
aaH rnck ana. ncyc nnara, v caHm cam
snck cyxn cny aaau snx a, vH
acaaa xakaxa, km nnyvn ack acna a rn,
r aca nxcn a VII a. . s.].
e, k1o xoue1 ne npoc1o nos6an1Lcn, ory1 o6p1n1Lcn k nyke, corncno ko1opo
6nccnnckn unannnsunn nponcxopn1 ns payx ynonny1mx nok nc1ounnkoa -
ernne1ckoro n p6ckoro, - npnue nepam nnoro c1pue a1oporo. pypno c
poc11ouno 1ounoc1Lk yc1noan1L, korp nponcxopnnn nepame nepecenennn kyun1oa
ns snn n xnnpn1oa. o nennk Cknnrep (XVII a. n. a.), nuec1ane nok1nnpoa a
a1y qpnknckyk c1pny neno ec1o ao apeen upc1aoannn Kc1nnnn. [pyro
a1op, yponLq, onpoaepre1 a1o n npnpepxnae1cn nennn onpnnrnyc. 1o6m ne
npnaopn1L specL ace ero pccyxpennn, n o1euy 1onLko pa ocnoanmx: ao-nepamx,
pryen1 o1nocn1enLno ouenL pnne anoxn xnnpn1cko anrpunn, ao-a1opmx, ero
xpk1epnc1nk ppeaneaqnonckoro nsmk, ko1opn npo1naopeun1 oey y1aepxpennk
o npeo6npnnn ernne1ckoro aneen1 a 6nccnncko unannnsunn.
c1noancn cnun n nepao oen1e: yponLq ouenL noako npnpye1
pccyxpennn Cknnrep no noaopy onunnn rpeuecknx nc1opnkoa o xnnpn1cko
anrpunn a 6nccnnnk. n poksmae1, u1o specL peuL npe1 o npoc1o, nkonnenno
s ponrne aek s6aennn qk1, cnnuko uc1o noa1opnauerocn a npouno, ko1opoy
ne npnpann 6onLuoro snuennn. anoxy, korp rpekn nunn snn1Lcn
a1nonorne npopoa, ko1opme, c nx 1oukn spennn, xnnn n kpk cae1, a1n co6m1nn
6mnn yxe c1onL pnekn pnn nnx, 1e 6onee, u1o onn no nn1epecoanncL uyxo
nc1opne. k u1o onunne annnncknx ny1euec1aennnkoa nnuero ne poksmae1 n
nnkk ne s1prnae1 aonpocm qnsnueckoro cxopc1a n popc1a nsmkoa, 1. e.
pryen1oa, ouenL axnmx pnn yponLq. enno o6 a1o n ec1L cmcn roaopn1L, n
a1o 6ype1 on a1opm nynk1o.
opc1ao expy p6ckn n ppeann aqnonckn nsmko, nnn nsmko rees, ne
o6ycnoaneno nponcxoxpenne - a1o npoc1oe cnepc1ane npnpopm payx npeun,
o6Lepnnnkuee nx a opny n 1y xe rpynny. cnn nsmk rees axopn1 a cen1ckoe
ceec1ao, a1o ne osnue1, u1o on o6nsn a1n qk1o p6ckoy nsmky. Mec1noe
ncenenne c1pnm (unc1o uepnn pc) cospano pnn nero ocnoay, nnn ckene1, n
o6pnenne, nnn aneunkk o6onouky. no ycaonno ace ero aneen1m n npnnunnm
pxe eue nyuue, ue xnnpn1m, nockonLky nocnepnne nckxnn unc1o1y uepnoro
nsmk pncknn aneen1n, oc1aunncn a nx nn1n, n pnn 1oro, u1o6m 6pocn1L
a nouay nsmk unannnsoanno Dqnonnn ceen uyxepopnoro annnnnn, pxe ne
no1pe6oanocL 6m aeu1enLc1a cen1oa. 1e1n nony1no, u1o a1n xe cme
cen1ckne aneen1m ac1peuk1cn n a ppeaneernne1cko nsmke. kn o6pso, ne
o1pnun 1oro, u1o xnnpn1m oc1annn a nsmke Dqnonnn cnepm caoero 6enoro
nponcxoxpennn, cnepye1 o1e1n1L, u1o 1kne xe o1neu1kn ornn 6m1L pesynL11o
ernne1ckoro annnnnn. poe 1oro, neko1opme aneen1m - n ne 1onLko pnckne, no
oco6enno cnckpn1ckne, o1noxnaunecn a ppeaneernne1cko nsmke n nepeuepune
s1e a rees, - penk1 a1o1 nsmk cnc1eo 1ponoro nponcxoxpennn.
nunonnLnm nsmk nanne1cn o1pxenne a1nnuecknx kopne: on 6onLue nrpyxen
cen1cknn, 1. e. uepnmn aneen1n, ue p6ckn n a oco6ennoc1n ernne1ckn, n
nee1 enLue cnckpn1cknx cnepoa, ue nocnepnn.
pn XVIII n XIX pnnc1nnx (1575-1180 rr. po n. a.) 6nccnnum oksnncL nop
anc1Lk qponoa n nn1nnn n pnL. nn1nnkx ec1L cuenm, nso6pxkune,
kk 6opnrenm npnnocn1 upckn c6opunk nop1e pnkoannnme 6or1c1a caoe
c1pnm. o anpy c6opunkn ouenL 6nnskn k nerpn1nncko pce n ope1m a 1ynnkn ns
npospunoro ycnnn, co1knnoro a npnn nnn a ropopx pann n rnn1. D1y
kopo1kyk, po konen, opexpy noppepxnae1 koxnm nonc, 6or1o n nckycno
ykpuennm. nneun n6pouen ukyp neonpp, n rpypn 6ycm, n snnc1Lnx
6pcne1m, c yue canck1 6onLune e1nnnueckne cepLrn, ronoa yaenun
nannnLnn nepLnn. o1n a1o1 apapckn npnp ne coo1ae1c1aoan akycy ernn1nn,
noppxnne uyac1aye1cn ao acex ocnoanmx aneen1x koc1k, nnpnep, a 1ynnke n
nonce. c11n, neko1opme nepoqn1m snc1aoann y nerpoa neonppoayk ukypy.
C pnL ne canpe1enLc1aye1 o psan1nn npop. D1o a ocnoano pepkne xnao1nme,
cko1 n p6m. ock, qopnpoaaunecn ns ec1nmx xn1ene a kuec1ae
acnoor1enLno cnnm, ne nenn c1poro oprnnsunn, caoc1aenno ernn1nn nnn
cen1, n cpxnncL 6es acnkoro nnn. . e. a a1y anoxy nnu1o ne yksmae1 n
amcokn ypoaenL psan1nn -pxe a npoc1o nn1unn o6muea saoea1ene.
Cnepye1 o6p1n1Lcn k 6onee nospnn apeen, u1o6m o1mck1L kkyk-nn6o ue1kyk
a1nnueckyk npnunny nporpecc, o ko1opo n ynonnn amue.
UpL c1nk (664 r. po n. a.), nepam ns cn1cko pnnc1nn (XXVI no Mneqony),
amsan nepoaonLc1ao pnn caon npepnou1enne nonnuecko-rpeueckn n kpncko-
cen1ckn nennk, a pesynL11e uero a 6nccnnnk xnmnyn aonn aoenno
anrpunn: 240 1mcnu conp1, 6pocna xen n pe1e, yunn n kr n ne aepnynncL. C
a1oro apeenn cnepye1 p1npoa1L 6nec1nun aek 6nccnnnn, n c a1oro oen1
oxno roaopn1L o nn1nnkx n a1o sene [22) H ncyca,
ram rkccaH ac amn n a ra c cc
caan aH cknuk naHnka.].
240 1mcnu onm1nmx aonnoa-ernn1nn, npnnpnexaunx k aoenno kc1e, koneuno
neaunx a xnnx uepnyk kpoaL n, aosoxno, npnecL 6eno pcm, nonyuennyk uepes
xn1oa n cen1oa, npnunn a 6nccnnnk, rpe yxe pno acxopm annnnne amcue
pcm, n ace a1o c1no onpepennkun qk1opo k1nanoc1n, ko1opn cnon
sc1mauyk cnc1ey uepno pcm [23) y-Hn a na r r
vmx kncca aHcca, ar, cn k ry, cu rvckan ancu
cknuk xaaackx anc, canucayx H, v a
rnmH aaH naancu a nr rvck kack cnam,
cnyxam y caHHaka.]. o ace pano ypnan1enLno n neo6Lncnno, kkn
o6pso oco6ennn unannnsunn orn popn1Lcn ns a1o cecn, rpe npoponxn
npeo6np1L uepnm aneen1. n1nnkn npepc1annk1 co6o nnuL nocpepc1aennyk
nn1unk 1oro, u1o m n6nkpe a Onax, Meqnce n ppyrnx ec1x. e1 nnkknx
cnepoa, nnkknx canpe1enLc1a 1aopuec1a cnx 6nccnnuea, n cn 6onLun nx
cna, cpenaun nx nn nsaec1nm, sknkue1cn a 1o, u1o onn 6mnn nocnepnn ns
npopoa qpnkn, y ko1oporo 6nroppn ncknkun1enLno kpono1nnam nccnepoannn
ypnocL o6npyxn1L cnepm nc1onue nonn1nuecko n nn1ennek1ynLno kynL1ypm.
anoxy pncko nnepnn nonyunn 6onLuoe psan1ne npoan 1oproann, a ko1opo,
acnep s xnnpn1n, onpepenennyk ponL nrpnn 6nccnnum. a1o apen
okonu1enLno sk1nnocL connue [peanero rnn1. peueckne nocenenum, kononm,
pounn po y6nn, n cen1ckn aneen1, npnnecennm nn, nun am1ecnn1L nn1L o
qponx. smk rees nen nncLennoc1L, snc1aoannyk y p6ckoro. pnko,
neco1pn nn n u1o, ypoxenum c1pnm nou1n nnue ne nponannn ce6n, nx aknp
oksncn nc1onLko c1ep1 apeene, u1o onn oc1nncL srpko pxe pnn cmx
yuenmx n po1ounmx reorpqoa.
onanenne xpnc1nnc1a ne cnoco6c1aoano noamuennk ypoann nx kynL1ypm.
Cnpaepnnaoc1n ppn o1e1n, u1o eue kkoe-1o apen, 6ypyun aepnmn caoe
npnamuke ace nonyu1L ns rnn1 n 1pony1me noc1onLckn paenne nepamx
nccnonepoa, onn a ueno npnnnnn noayk aepy. Bnroppn cocepc1ay p6cknx
nneen, aec1e c ko1opmn onn ocyuec1annn neckonLko noxopoa npn nnep1ope
Kc1nnnne n 1e cm ynpounnn caon ppeanne cansn, onn aocnpnnnnn koe-kkne
eapeckne npen, ko1opme pnn nnopm nosxe n ko1opme ec1ec1aennm o6pso
coo1ae1c1aoann cen1cko uc1n nx kpoan.
pnc1nnc1ao, npnnecennoe o1un-nyc1mnnnkn, a1nn xy1knn o1uenLnnkn,
npnamkunn k co cypoao xnsnn, k cm uypoanunm conc1nsnnn n
unenoapepn1enLc1ay, nopsnno aoo6pxenne a1nx nkpe. Ckopee acero, onn oc1nncL
6m panopyunmn nepep nrknn n aosamuennmn po6pope1ennn ppyroro can1oro,
no c1ppnnn Can1oro n1onnn nnn Mpnn rnne1cko nenn np nnn
neorpnnuennyk anc1L; noa1oy k1onnuns, c1onL aennkonennm a caoe
psnoo6psnn, c1onL ynnaepcnLnm n nonnm a caonx pennrnosnmx nponanennnx,
1k n ne cyen po6p1Lcn po ceppeu a1nx cny1nnkoa rsenn, rnnnono1 n 1nrp,
1ouno 1k xe, kk nosxe on ne cor y6epn1L, neco1pn n c1pnnn p ns
Bpeen, cknpnnaoa. 6nccnnum, nnonoanny yxe o1naune o1 ernne1cko
unannnsunn nocne ocn6nennn aepxnnx npoannun [peane nepnn qponoa n
6onLue opnen1npoannme n Heen, a npoponxenne ponrnx aekoa nxopnnncL a
npoexy1ouno coc1onnnn expy nonnm apapc1ao n koe-kko counnLno
oprnnsune, n u1o6m saepun1L 1pncqopunk, nonpo6nncn caexn npn1ok
cen1cko kpoan. D1o annanne nponsouno uepes 600 ne1 nocne ncyc pnc1, n
annoannkn c1nn p6ckne ycynLne.
ne 6ypy oc1nanna1Lcn n neckonLknx saoeannnx, ko1opme ocyuec1annn
6nccnnum n p6cko nonyoc1poae. e1 nnuero ypnan1enLnoro a 1o, u1o ns payx
npopoa, xnayunx pnpo, nnorp apeennme no6epm opepxnae1 nnenee
6nropopnm. 6nccnnnn nnkorp ne nonLsoancL nnopn caonx no6ep a Heene.
onLko po6anenne uepno kpoan 6mno pesynL11o a1nx co6m1n n yckopnno
aosamuenne xnnpn1oa. c11n, anpmuec1ao 6nccnnuea a Heene npoponxnocL
neponro: c 529 r. no 589 r. n. a.
anoxy ncn o1nouennn p6cknx npopoa c Dqnonne npnnnnn coace ppyro
a1nnueckn cmcn. n peunn, nn n npn ace nx 6necke n aennunn ne cornn
npnaec1n 6nccnnuea a nono caonx unannnsun. Cen1m Mroe1 ocyuec1annn a1o
o6puenne n po6nnncL ne c1onLko pennrnosnoro yceppnn, ckonLko s6aennn
qpnknun c1pmx counnLnmx qop. ponsouno cnnLnoe ceuenne kpoan
npnuenLuea n ec1noro ncenennn. nn npekpcno nonnnn ppyr ppyr, y nnx 6mn
opnnkoan nornk, onn opnnkoao aocnpnnnnn penLnoc1L. npnckn kpoaL
no1ycknen n yxe ne orn npe1enpoa1L n aepyuyk ponL. pexp, npam,
npnnunnm npanennn n akycm p6oa am1ecnnnn aocnonnnnn o npouno, no
1pncqopunn 6mn nenonno. Co6c1aenno roaopn, ycynLnckn unannnsunn
nnkorp ne nponnkn specL rny6oko. caoe co amcue nponanennn on nannn
co6o a1nnueckyk cecL, cnnuko o1nnunyk o1 o6ps xnsnn 6nccnnuea. ocnepnne
orpnnunnncL 1e, u1o ycaonnn cen1ckyk uc1L ycynLncko kynL1ypm, n po
ceropnnunero pnn, kk xpnc1nne, 1k n roe1ne, onn nnkorp ne 6mnn nnue
nnm, kpoe kk saepuenne, nocnepnn aneen1o, norpnnunm cnaono a1o
rpeko-cen1cko unannnsunn; c co rny6oko ppeanoc1n, kyp ckopo m aepnecn,
onn oc1anncL 1onLko o1ronocko ernne1ckoro coaepuenc1a, nn1em nn1Lk o6
ccnpnn, nepepaeo ns nokonennn a nokonenne. On1c1nueckoe aennkonenne
paop 1u Xn, ecnn on pec1an1enLno 6mn aennkn eryco, cyuec1aoano 1onLko
a aoo6pxennn ny1euec1aennnkoa-pon1nkoa npounmx apeen.
nepame nun yuenme nunn a Dqnonnn opny ns 1ex c1pn, ko1opme 6mnn
npnp1kn uyxo kpynno unannnsunn, o1pxn ee a 1o epe, a kko nynnm
pnck o1pxe1 conneunm cae1. 6nccnnnn - 1o xe coe pnn rnn1, ue nanne1cn
pnn n1n nn, ue cnyxn1 n6e1 pnn n1n n npnn. D1n nn11opckne nnn
ceunnme o6uec1a nek1 a ce6e 1kne kuec1a, ko1opme pk1 aosoxnoc1L
nk6n1enn cnc1enoc1n onpoaepr1L nc1opnueckne qk1m. 1ko nouae yuenme
o6muno nckxk1 ene se1nme nponanennn 1oro nnn nnoro annnnnn n npnpk1 n
nepaoc1enennoe snuenne. 1ko nouae nxopn1 pryen1m a sun1y coapeenno
1eopnn, corncno ko1opo pnkne npopm cy1L npopm ampopnaunecn n ko1opn
nnornun ppyro 1eopnn, u1o nocpepc1aennme nkpn - a1o aennkne rennn,
oksaunecn a ne6nronpnn1nmx o6c1on1enLc1ax.
koe nenne ao acex cnyunx - 6ypL 1o npnenn1enLno k 6opnren o6enx epnk,
nonnnesnu nnn 6nccnnu - npepc1anne1 co6o nsmkoam amaep1 nnn rny6okoe
s6nyxpenne. ec1o 1oro, u1o6m npnpa1L aneunn o6c1on1enLc1a nekyk
q1nLnoc1L, ko1opn acerp 1nro1en np npopn oc1ouno qpnkn, cnepye1
cks1L, u1o anno 1oy necoaepuenc1ao, nckonno npncyuee nx npnpope, u1o a1n
npopm nnkorp ne 6mnn nonnoc1Lk unannnsoannmn, u1o nx cme
norouncnennme a1nnueckne aneen1m acerp 6mnn coaepuenno ne cnoco6nm k
coaepuenc1aoannk, u1o 6nro1aopnme nocnepc1ann npn1ok nyuue kpoan 6mnn
cnnuko cn6m, u1o6m npoponx1Lcn ponro, u1o onn amnonnnnn ponL npoc1mx
neyenmx noppx1ene, nn1npoaaunx o6ps xnsnn npopoa, coc1anennmx ns
6onee 6nropopnmx aneen1oa. pnko pxe a a1o 6nccnncko nunn, n npexpe
acero a ne, no1oy u1o a1o ec1L kpnn py6ex, aneprnn 6eno kpoan scnyxnae1
aocxnuennn. oneuno, 1o, u1o s ponrne aek oc1nocL o1 nee ceropnn, ps6aneno a
neaepon1no c1enenn. ne ypnan1enLno: uepes kkne knnm- xnnpn1oa, ernn1nn,
p6oa-ycynLn - npoun a1 kpoaL, u1o6m nonc1L k nn! e ne enee 1, rpe
uepnn kpoaL corn sknkun1L a1o1 cnanm coks, ero nnopm ouyuk1cn a 1euenne
c1one1n. cnn 6nccnneu c1on1 n co nnxne c1ynenn cpepn npepc1an1ene
npn6pexno unannnsunn, 1o a cpepe uepnmx on amue acex. y ypnocL pspyun1L
ace coe nnskoe a ennncko anpe. ep1m ero nnu o6nropopnnncL, poc1
yaennunncn; on yxe ne nopunnne1cn skony, corncno ko1opoy npoc1me pcm
o6npyxnak1 nnuL ne6onLune o1knonennn o1 sc1mauero a caoe nenopanxnoc1n
nunonnLnoro 1nn, expy 1e kk a psnoo6psnn ny6ncknx nnu n6nkpk1cn
pxe 6nropopnme - a pnno cnyue - uep1m ceunnoro nponcxoxpennn. 1o
kce1cn yc1aennoro psan1nn, ono, xo1n n neamcokoe n c onpepenennoro oen1
6ecnepcnek1nanoe, 6mno n ronoay amue, ue y rnnccknx nneen, nokopn1ene
c1pnm, 6onee uepnmx n a 6onLue c1enenn apapoa.
VI
Ern u n; y n .
Mm ne 6ype pcc1pna1L snpnme osncm, a uc1noc1n osnc on. upnn
unc1o ernne1ckn kynL1yp, n on o6Lepnnnn, noxny, 1onLko ceLn
canuennocnyxn1ene, rpynnnpoaaunecn aokpyr xpoa. c1nLnn uc1L ncenennn
ne snn nnuero, kpoe cnenoro noannoaennn. oa1oy npepe1o nuero
pcco1pennn 6ype1, co6c1aenno roaopn, rnne1, a o1nouennn ko1oporo a1o1 aonpoc
eue npepc1on1 peun1L: a kko epe aennune ernne1cko unannnsunn
coo1ae1c1aoano konnuec1ay kpoan 6eno pcm y xn1ene c1pnm? nue roaopn,
acerp nn a1 unannnsunn, amuepun ns nnpncko nrpunn n nopaepxennn
aospec1ank xn1cknx n cen1cknx aneen1oa, perppnpoan no epe 1oro, kk n
nepam nnn amc1ynn uepnn ocnoa, cyuec1aoaaun a anpe 1pex rnanmx
aneen1oa?
[o Menec, nepaoro upn I pnnc1nn, rnne1 yxe 6mn unannnsoanno c1pno n
nen no kpne epe pa kpynnmx ropop: Onam n Onc. oam onpx o6Lepnnnn
nop caoe anc1Lk neckonLko ne6onLunx rocyppc1a, ko1opme po a1oro 6mnn
pspenenm. smk a ocnoano yxe cqopnpoancn. kn o6pso, nnpnckoe
a1opxenne n coks c xn1n nenn ec1o pnLue a1oro ouenL ppeanero nepnop,
ko1opm n c1n qnnno a1nx co6m1n. [o cnx nop ne 6mno peun o6 nc1opnn. ce
c1ppnnn, oncnoc1n n 1pypm nepaoro rocyppc1a, kk y ccnpnuea, nponcxopn1 a
anoxy 6oroa nnn reponueckyk anoxy.
kn cn1yunn xpk1epn ne 1onLko pnn rnn1, no n pnn acex poxpkunxcn
rocyppc1a.
ok npoponxe1cn c1noanenne, kononnsunn ne saepuen, npnpop ne ocaoen,
nnun no, 6opnrenm ne ykpouenm, cn saoea1enn pccennm no 6ono1nc1m
ec1 n nornouenm 6opL6o s amxnanne, ne oxe1 6m1L nc1opnn.
o a1o1 nepnop skonunncn. k 1onLko 1pypm nunn npnnocn1L nnopm, nkpn c1nn
uyac1aoa1L ce6n a o1nocn1enLno 6esoncnoc1n, k ko1opo c1pennncL ace nx
nnc1nnk1m, n y1aeppnncL noc1onnnn cnc1e npanennn, nunne1cn nc1opnn a
nonno cmcne a1oro cnoa, n nunn npnxopn1 k ocosnnnk ce6n kk oprnnsoanno
o6unoc1n. o xe coe nponcxopnno n nponcxopn1 a o6enx epnkx nocne o1kpm1nn
kon1nnen1 a XV a.
[onc1opnueckne apeen ne nek1 pnn nc 6onLuo uennoc1n - nn6o no1oy, u1o
onn npnnpnex1 pc, ne cnoco6nm k unannnsunn, nn6o onn pnn 6enmx npopoa
npepc1annk1 co6o nepnopm c1noanennn n ne ory1 6m1L caepenm a nornueckne
qk1m, nekune uennoc1L pnn no1okoa.
unnn c nepamx ernne1cknx pnnc1n unannnsunn surn anepep 1k 6mc1po,
u1o ackope nonanncL nepornnqnueckn nncLennoc1L, ko1opyk, anpoue, npepc1onno
coaepuenc1aoa1L. e1 nnkknx canpe1enLc1a 1oro, u1o ee ns6np1enLnm xpk1ep
nsennncn a 1euenne kopo1koro apeenn n npno6pen npoc1yk rpqnueckyk qopy.
Ceropnn cnpaepnnao npnsne1cn nepaoc1enennn axnoc1L n1n cnoco6 qnkcunn
mcnn pnn nk6o unannnsunn, 1e 6onee ecnn a1o npoc1o cnoco6. nu1o 1k ne
xpk1epnsye1 rny6nny munennn npop n ero cnoco6noc1L ypoane1aopn1L
psnoc1oponnne no1pe6noc1n a xnsnn, kk nqan1, caepennm k kcnnLno
npoc1m aneen1. a1o o1nouennn ernn1nn ne npnxopn1cn xac11Lcn caon
nso6pe1enne. x nncLennoc1L ouenL cnoxnn n ne acerp ncnn n c1an1 nx n opny
ns nnsunx c1ynene nec1nnum psan1mx nun. nxe nx c1on1 1onLko nepynum c
uae1nmn unypkn n ekcnknum c srpounmn pncynkn. mue cnepye1
noec1n1L kn1uea, no1oy u1o onn, no kpne epe, 6mc1po nepeunn o1
qnryp1nano cnc1em k o6munoy nso6pxennk saykoa; koneuno, noan cnc1e
6mn necoaepuenno, no ao acnko cnyue on nosaonnn caec1n nncLo k
orpnnuennoy uncny knkueamx aneen1oa. k 6m nn 6mn snun1enen a1o1 ur, ero
pesynL11 nnoro yc1yne1 nornunm ko6nnunn cen1cknx nqan1oa n pxe
knnnonncnoy nncLy, xo1n n nocnepnee ne oxe1 cpann1Lcn c peqopnpoannm
rpeueckn nqan1o, nocnepnn cnoao a nncLennoc1n, npeaocxopnun n
cnckpn1ckyk cnc1ey. ace peno a 1o, u1o nn opn pc, kpoe snpno, ne
o6npe1 opnoapeenno n 6c1pk1nm munenne n uyac1ao nonesnoc1n.
pnsnan nepornnqnueckyk nncLennoc1L connpnm ocnoanne pnn 1oro, u1o6m
ernne1ckn nunn snnn caoe ec1o cpepn unannnsoannmx npopoa, cnepye1 1kxe
npnsn1L, u1o a1o nso6pe1enne, yun1man cme nocnepnne ycoaepuenc1aoannn,
c1an1 ero a1opoa ne nnxe ccnpnuea. 1o kce1cn a1o 6ecnnopno no cy1n npen,
oxno cks1L cnepykuee: ecnn 6m uepnmn npopnoc1nn rnn1 ne ynpannnn,
eue po Menec, 6enme, ne 6mn 6m cpenn a1o1 nepam ur a cospnnn nepornnqoa.
o, c ppyro c1oponm, ecnn 6m necnoco6noc1L uepno pcm ne nopannn npnpopnoe
c1penenne pnuea k coaepuenc1ay, nepornnqnueckn nncLennoc1L, acnep s ne
n nckycc1a rnn1 ne norpysnnncL 6m a nenopanxnoc1L, ko1opn nanne1cn
cneunqnuecko uep1o unannnsunn nn.
ok c1pno npannn 1onLko ec1nme pnnc1nn, nok on nn1ncL npenn,
aspuennmn a caoe nouae n nopoxpennmn caoe pco, ee nckycc1a ornn
nsenn1Lcn nnuL a uc1noc1nx, no ne a ueno. nn ne snnn nn opnoro
cyuec1aennoro noauec1a. pn II n III pnnc1nnx onn 6mnn rpy6mn, npn XVIII n XIX
a1 rpy6oc1L neckonLko cnrunncL, npn XXIX, ko1opn npepuec1aoan 6nsy,
ynpok ampxe1cn nnuL a nsapuennn qop, no ne a nonanennn po1one
nensaec1nmx npnnunnoa. Mec1nm renn coc1pnncn n ne nsennncn. n aosamuncn,
poxopnn po kynLnnunonno 1oukn, korp npeo6npn 6enm aneen1, oc1ancn
yc1ounam, nok a1o1 aneen1 ncnonnnn unannns1opckne qynkunn, n onyckncn
acnkn ps, korp aepx 6pn uepnm renn, no ne coaepuenc1aoancn. o1oy u1o
ne6nronpnn1noe annnnne noc1onnno onnpnocL n ennnckyk ocnoay.
kn srpounn sc1mnoc1L acerp nopxn n6nkp1ene. D1oy ypnannnncL eue
rpekn n pnnnne, nockonLky nnu1o ne oc1e1cn 6es o6Lncnennn, c1nn o6annn1L a
a1o xpeuoa.
econenno, ernne1ckoe pyxoaenc1ao 6mno c1oponnnko nokon n c16nnLnoc1n n
apro noauec1a, kk n acnkn pnc1okp1nn. o aepL n a xn1cko, cen1cko n
nnpncko o6uec1ax 6mnn xopouo oprnnsoannme n annn1enLnme canuennnkn. k
nouey a a1nx c1pnx unannnsunn urn anepep, npoxopn uepes noxec1ao
c1pn, nouey psananncL nckycc1a, nncLennoc1L ennn qopm n
coaepuenc1aoancL? poc1o peno a 1o, u1o a 1ex c1pnx oryuec1ao
canuennocnyxn1ene, kk 6m aennko ono nn 6mno, nnuero ne orno nopen1L c
aospec1ane kpoan 6enmx xn1ene, ko1opn cnyxnn nenc1ounm nc1ounnko
xnsnn. Cn canuennnkn, nponnkny1me no1pe6noc1Lk pcunpennn caoero annnnnn,
yuc1aoann a 1aopuec1ae n cosnpnnn. pepnonoxn1L neoponnme npenn1c1ann a
nnnunn kknx 6m 1o nn 6mno nnc1n1y1oa - snun1 npnnnsn1L snunoc1L n cnny
nsaeunmx npnnunnoa counnLno xnsnn.
orp a cnny kknx-1o uenoaeuecknx qk1opoa unannnsunn sepnne1 cao xop, on
nxopn1 a co ce6e poc11ouno cnn pnn nx npeoponennn, nockonLky cospn 1onLko
pnn 1oro, u1o6m nsanek1L amropy ns 1knx counnLnmx nnc1n1y1oa; oxno c
yaepennoc1Lk cks1L, u1o ecnn 1o1 nnn nno pexn ponro pepxn1cn, snun1, on
yc1pnae1 1ex, k1o ero noppepxnae1. rnne1ckoe o6uec1ao nonyunno nenoro noao
6eno kpoan n ne orno o1aeprny1L 1o, u1o ono nsnunLno cun1no xopoun n
saepuennm n u1o npoponxno 1koam ey ks1Lcn. Dqnonm n nerpm, cme
ppeanne n cme norouncnennme saoea1enn, ne ornn 1pncqopnpoa1L
nnepnk. nn ee psrp6nnn, n nepep nnn ac1n nL1epn1na: nn6o y1n, nn6o
nopunnn1Lcn cyuec1aoaaun po nnx npann. snoo1nouennn a1nnuecknx
aneen1oa a rnn1e ne nsennnncL anno1L po saoeannn 6ns, korp ycnnnncn
npn1ok uepno pcm, noa1oy ne1 nnuero ypnan1enLnoro a 1o, u1o acnkoe panxenne
nuno sepnn1Lcn, s1e oc1noannocL coace, n nckycc1a, nncLennoc1L, acn
cnc1e unannnsunn po VII a. po n. a. psananncL a opno nnpanennn, ne o1xopn
o1 ycnoanoc1e, coc1annaunx po a1oro ocnoanne c1pnm, ko1opme s1e, kk a1o
o6muno cnyue1cn, cpennncL cm xpk1epnm aneen1o nunonnLno
cyunoc1n.
ek1cn canpe1enLc1a 1oro, u1o nunnn co II pnnc1nn annnnne no6expennmx, 1. e.
uepno pcm, yxe ouyunocL ao acex nnc1n1y1x n, yun1man 1npnnk
rocnopc1aykunx knccoa n nx npespenne k npopy, oxno npepnonoxn1L, u1o pnn
1oro, u1o6m o6ecneun1L noannoaenne, asrnnpm noppnnmx ponxnm 6mnn nxopn1L
ampxenne a pec1annx npanue aepxyukn, 1. e. npepc1an1ene 6eno pcm,
ko1opm npnxopnnocL po neko1opo c1enenn pspenn1L uyac1a uepno ccm. knn
npepc1an1ennn ornn 6m1L 1onLko yn1m. npnep, Knn qpnknckn
coo6ue1 cnepykuee o upc1aoannn exoc, a1oporo upn qnnn1cko pnnc1nn:
unnn c a1oro onpx, nsmaeoro 1kxe 6pean1op, yskoneno, u1o 6mkn
nnc a Meqnce n Mneanc a ennononnce, 1kxe kosen Menpesn nannk1cn
6orn.
coxnennk, npycckn yuenm n pnnno1 Bynsen nepoc11ouno 1ouno nepeaen a1y
qpsy. Mexpy 1e Knn qpnknckn nee1 a anpy 1o1 qk1, u1o kynL1 canuennmx
xnao1nmx cyuec1aoan n pnLue, no oqnunnLno 6mn npnsnn 1onLko a nsannyk
anoxy. s a1oro oxno sknkun1L, u1o pnn nerpn1nncko pcm pennrnn acerp 6mn
cansn c noknonenne xnao1nm, n ecnn npnunocL npnnn1L cneunnLnm pekpe1,
u1o6m npnp1L a1oy kynL1y kpnpnueckyk cnny, snun1 a 1e apeen on ne
nonLsoancn cnn1ne aepxyukn o6uec1a, ko1opn 6mn 6enoro nponcxoxpennn,
noa1oy 1e cm 6mn nnecen ypp no pnckn nonn1nn nc1nnm, psy n
npekpcnoro a cosnnnn nunn. D1o 6mno cnepc1ane nsenenn a coc1ae kpoan
ncenennn. s 6eno k1nann uc1L o6uec1a npeap1nncL a e1ncoa, s1e, no
epe pnLneue perppunn uepno kpoan, noue1noe ec1o a xpx snnnn 6mk n
kosen.
Mne kxe1cn, n npnaen poc11ouno y6epn1enLnme npnunnm ynpk yxe npn nepao
upe Menece, xo1n a1o 6mno 1onLko nuno, a 1o uncne nuno ponrnx aekoa
cnam [mc acnHu, kakr acaa ncu rcyacaa
nm na. a num - 50 Hnu anu nxun 120
Hnu a ny Hr Hn m - acvan 20 mcnv
ra cn a snxy Hacca. mm 4a, a 12 a num
n nna, acvmaacn nuk 39 mcnv. aHa Ha acn
4a ccaannn 2800000 xn.]. specL ne1 nnkkoro npo1naopeunn. Mm
sne, kk epnenno nponcxopnno a ccnpncknx rocyppc1ax a1nnueckoe cnnnnne.
D1o 6mn nc1onun 6opL6 expy psnnunmn aneen1n, n ee ncxop ne1pypno
npepc1an1L, yun1man uncnennoe coo1nouenne cnn. o6ep npeaocxopnuero
aneen1 osnun koneu unannnsunn, n po 1ex nop, nok pec1aoan cnc1e,
noc1poennn n uyxnx npnnunnx, npeaocxopnun cnn, ampxauncn a
nnep1noc1n, 1epnen a noknLno cu16e nopxenne s nopxenne. n corn
nnuL ouep1n1L kpyr, ns ko1oporo ne or am1n ee npo1nannk n ko1opm, noc1enenno
cyxncL, ponxen 6mn pspan1L ero. enno a1o nponsouno c 6enm aneen1o,
onpepennaun cypL6y ernne1cko nunn n npo1naoc1onaun ennnckn
npnnunn. k 1onLko a1n npnnunnm nunn ceuna1Lcn c nn, onn nansnn ero
c1penennk k coaepuenc1aoannk npepenm, ko1opme on ne or nepec1ynn1L. nn
o6yspnn ero renn n orpnnunnn ero aosoxnoc1n. nn xo1enn, u1o6m on no-
npexney npoponxn aospanr1L caon nnpnpm, npek ko1opmx on npnnec c Ypn n
n1n. nn 1kxe xo1enn, u1o6m ocnoanme poc1nxennn, p1npoannme co pnne
n1nunoc1Lk, npoponxnn coaepu1Lcn, opnko noc1enenno uennoc1L smcn
yc1ynnn ec1o cu16noc1n, n no npouec1ann cen nnn aocLn c1one1n nuncn
ynpok. ocne cec III, k cepepnne XIII a. po n. a. [ xnr Ynkca,
naan a 1235 n xcaa caa, . . XIX acn. ncyc
c r acaaa k XX ac, a XV a. . s.], ernne1ckoy
aennunk npnuen koneu. C 1ex nop 1aopuec1ao c1no xn1L no c1pm knon,
ko1opme s6manncL c kxpm pne [ cac I (1740 r. . s.)
ncm anknnm naHnk. s snx, caH ncn a
c ckycca, cncn ckynunym B-accaa. 3 avan a
Hn. Yx cncn rHm cyxn, ckycca yx
Haan n acaa. cac I y Ynkca - x caH n,
v cc Bya.].
pme noknonnnkn [peanero rnn1, koneuno, 6ypy1 pspocpoanm opnn
seunne, ko1opoe npepc1anne1 co6o kon1pc1 opeony a1o c1pnm a nue
aoo6pxennn. euL npe1 o nou1n nonno nsonnunn, a ko1opo rnne1 npe6man
o1nocn1enLno coapeennmx ey unannnsoannmx rocyppc1a. nek a anpy [peankk
nepnk, n n, 1k xe kk n a cnyue c ccnpnun, co6npkcL o6cyxp1L anoxy ne
nosxe VII a. po n. a. [ncyc Hva, v n a ac
anan mna a caH aca, aann, v rk
ax naan cnaaH n cam rkcca. aan
Hnn avanacu a 1700 r. . s. c ran rkcca, namH aH
mn Hcc.]
ennkoe nn Cecoc1pnc cnaonnsnpye1 ack nc1opnk pnnero rnn1; m npnamknn
npepc1ann1L konecnnuy a1oro saoea1enn norouncnennmx npopoa nop cenLk
ernne1cknx snen, uuykcn o1 nyc1mnL y6nn po epkynecoamx C1on6oa, po
kpnero kr pann, o1 nponna B6-anL-Mnpe6 po cnnckoro opn, n
aLesxkuyk a Meqnc, okpyxennm a 1y nopy qpknun n 1en srpounmn
nencrn, popnny ko1opmx, kk nnuy1, ernne1ckn aoxpL noc1ann n konenn. D1o
nonc1nne sxa1makuee spennue, no, yam, a pec1an1enLnoc1n ace 6mno pneko ne
1k ncno n opnosnuno.
une c 1oro, u1o ne coace nsaec1n nnunoc1L saoea1enn. [o cnx nop cnopn1 o
1o, korp on npann n kkoao ero nc1onuee nn. n xnn sponro po Mnnoc, kk
nonre1 opnn rpeueckn a1op, expy 1e ppyro noeue1 ero a rny6L
nqonornuecknx apeen. pnn nsmak1 ero Cecoc1pnc, ppyrne- Cecoocnc, 1pe1Ln
xo1n1 anpe1L a ne opnoro ns cecoa, no ko1oporo nenno? Coapeennme nc1opnkn,
sny1auncL a a1nx aonpocx, penk1 a1oro 1nnc1aennoro nepconx cnp1ceno
nnn Cecop1eceno, nnn xe ceco II nnn III. pnn ns cmx connpnmx pryen1oa
kc1enLno saoeann a1oro upn cnyx1 c1enm, ko1opme on yc1noann no pupy1y
caonx noxopoa. [ec1an1enLno, o6npyxenm 1kne nn1nnkn, npnnncmaeme peny
pyk anc1n1ene nn, a y6nn, okono pn-nLqx, n n Cnncko nonyoc1poae.
o eue opnn nn1nnk, nsaec1nm 1kxe n 1e, u1o o ne ynonne1 epopo1, okono
Bepy1, okonu1enLno npnsnn a nun pnn kk canpe1enLc1ao no6epm opnoro
ccnpnckoro 1pnyq1op. Moaepc, expy npoun, npnnncmae1 a1y c1eny
Menony n cun1e1 ee coapeennnue ponncko aonm. aoo6ue amue nec1nnm
ne o6npyxeno nnkknx ernne1cknx cnepoa.
pn ace caoe oc1opoxnoc1n n ocenkcL cks1L, u1o ns acex poks1enLc1a kknx-
1o saoeann qponoa a snn nn opno ne npepc1anne1cn ne poc11ouno
y6epn1enLnm [By ann ynu nm nnnaraHmx
aaaanx rnn a nxu : aH kaxcn naaHmH
1nannu aackH Ha aa, ykaam a sx naHnkax
(Hrna na a B-acca), cn a x ynHacn ak
acm Hn, kak aaa axaaH (aaa McnaHn), ckau
c sx H yr a a a a ya. Mx n cvau rH
cay a, aky, ky, yH, yn H cnaH,
ac ca nxu k? Mx n cvau s ca ra?
n rnn yHan nuk camx caax , anc ,
kya Hrn camau ar? 3a ca ac, v
ran acnkx kaka c a k!].
ce onn onnpk1cn n u1kne pryen1m, ace saopn1 saoea1ene cnnuko pneko
n cnnuko ueppo pspk1 n saoeannme 1eppn1opnn, u1o6m ne amsa1L nepoaepnn.
Mne kxe1cn, ec1L pae npnunnm, no6ypnaune ernn1onoroa upesepno aocxnu1Lcn
snenn1m npopo, uLk nc1opnk onn nsyuk1 n uLn poc1onnc1a npeyaennunak1.
epan: ampxenne ceaepnme npopm, snncnnoe n nepornnqnuecknx 16nnux a
nn1L o aoennmx noxopx, ko1opoe, ec1ec1aenno, naopn1 n mcnL o ceaepo-
aoc1oke. 1opn: neko1opme a1nnueckne nnn reorpqnueckne nsannn, a ko1opmx
nxopn1 nek n nsaec1nme sn1ckne npopm. kn o6pso, nc1opnk cnepye1
6m1L oc1opoxnmn a o1nouennn cxopc1a nen n nsann nnn kknx-1o cxopnmx
qnsnonornuecknx uep1 n penLeqx.
pn a1o ynonny1me poks1enLc1a c1nknak1cn c ouenL cepLesno 1pypnoc1Lk:
rpe nck1L nokopennme ernn1nnn npopm? , nnpnep, a1oro ne snk, ecnn ne
cun11L neckonLknx ne6onLunx rocyppc1a Cnpnn; n ace nc1opnuecko
npoc1pnc1ae ccnpncknx npopoa, anno1L po VII a., ne anpno ppyrnx saoea1ene,
kpoe cen1oa n uc1nuno pnuea, 1k u1o aceoryuec1ao srpounoro Cecoc1pnc
c1noan1cn 6onee ue conn1enLnm qk1o. a1n cy1nme apeen, a anoxy
amcuero pcuae1 Ona n Meqnc, ocnoanme ycnnnn c1pnm 6mnn nnpanenm n kr,
ao any1pennkk qpnky, nnorp, a enLue c1enenn, n aoc1ok, expy 1e kk penL1
cnyxnn nepexopnm oc1o pnn npopoa psnnunmx pc, nepeeuaunxcn no
ceaepnoy no6epexLk qpnkn [am aaaan a 3n, n H
ncyca, acxn k Qa Hn: cc III, au XII ac,
ncn aanm Hnxa, a nx can HcmH xcaH. By cmna
cca nuk a ack nnyca, n acHy caHy
nxu k annu r Hca, ana kr axcn
cnan. 3aH s au nkm nmaan a a an caH
ak. s yx cnmkH.].
poe akcnepnun a y6nk n a Cnnckne senn ne cnepye1 s6ma1L rnrn1ckne
p6o1m no coopyxennk knnoa n ocyuennk seenL, nnpnep, Oy, o6xnanne
a1oro 6ccen, 1kxe 6onLuoe c1pon1enLc1ao, pesynL11m ko1oporo oc1nncL a
nnpnpx. ce a1n npnme 1pypm nepamx pnnc1n roaopn1 o 1o, u1o a1o1 npop ne
nen nn xennnn, nn apeenn coaepu1L pnekne noxopm, 1e 6onee u1o ne anpen
pnn 1koamx nnkknx npk1nuecknx ocnoann.
npoue, oc1an n apen ace a1n aospxennn n oc1noancn n Cecoc1pnce n ero
saoeannnx, kk onn nso6pxk1cn. e1 conenn a 1o, u1o a1n saoeannn 6mnn
kp1koapeennmn, neco1pn n 1ynnme nekn o nko6m norouncnennmx
ocnoannmx ropopx, coaepuenno nensaec1nmx a Mno snn, n o kononnsunn
onxnpm, ko1opyk, no cnoa rpekoa, sxa1nnn uepnme npopm, aosoxno, aqnonm,
1. e. nkpn, ko1opme, 1k xe kk n aqnon Menon, ckopee acero 6mnn ccnpnun.
1k, ace pccksm, a ko1opmx onpxn Meqnc npepc1k1 uy1L nn ne npepmpyun
aonnouenne epnn, npo1naopeu1 nponk6naoy n cosepu1enLnoy xpk1epy,
nx akycy k cenLckoxosnc1aennm snn1nn n poune pennrnosnoc1n n ocnoanm
n neaepon1no ny1nnue npe, p1, qk1oa n npopoa. [o XVII a. po n. a. ernne1ckoe
annnnne (onn1L ncknkun qpnky) 6mno ouenL cn6m [ yancu aa v
a 4k, a num ack n xaaack am nv nkH
aancu a accck . 3 Hanm nravm rcyacaa
narancu cnukH n ncnH, a akx cnaaH, v, yvmaan x
ncca ccca c rnH, vr yanur a akH
ann. nvH, cu yxm rak. km nkm vc
rnck mva Hry ann Hu yr cvk. 4Ha knc
Hrna]. 6oponn1enLnme p6o1m, ocyuec1anennme upnn n aoc1ounmx rpnnux,
u1o6m sun1n1L c1pny o1 neckoa n oco6enno o1 uyxeseuea, 1kxe xpk1epnm pnn
npop, ko1opm c1pen1cn npepo1ap1n1L nnpenne. Cnepoa1enLno, ernn1nne
po6poaonLno o1ropopnnncL o1 aoc1ounmx npopoa, n nx unannnsunn orpnnunancL
1eppn1opne, n ko1opo on popnncL, n ne pcnpoc1pnnn caon poc1nxennn nn n
ceaep, nn pxe n snp qpnkn [ VIII a. . s. y rnn ax mn
ar na, xn a s n Qnua axna a x Hn.
MnnaaannH mn nuk xaaan, cHm n rk,
aHaamcn ran. rnn n aaan Hnnaaa ak Han
av, v a nnx am naa nc nrn ycu na
nnaH. akH aH, am, km an rn, cn ck
num, xn arccam xaak, a nu annn aaa
a kckx rax mna anan acca, a cx
namx ynuaa.].
k ace a1o o1nnue1cn o1 ccnpncko kynL1ypm, ko1opn o6Lepnnnn n caoe
orpono 1eppn1opnn 1koe konnuec1ao npopoa, kkoro a nocnepykune apeen ne
orn aknkun1L a caok cqepy peunn, s1e n. ccnpnn anc1aoan a Mno
snn, o1kpmn paepn a qpnky n apony n 1 o6nnLno pcnpoc1pnnn n caon
poc1onnc1a n caon nopokn; on ackpy aneppnncL n ponrne apeen, n no
cpanennk c ne ernne1ckn unannnsunn, neaun noknLnm xpk1ep, oksncL
npnepno a 1ko xe cn1yunn, a kko nosxe nxopnncn n1 no o1nouennk k
oc1nLnoy npy.
pnunn a1oro npoc1, ecnn nck1L ee a a1nnuecko cqepe. s ccnpncko
unannnsunn, npopyk1 ceuennn 6enmx xn1oa c uepnmn npopn, s1e c
psnnunmn ae1ann cen1oa, amunn npopm cnoxnoro coc1a, ko1opme,
pc1nknan ppyr ppyr, pcnpoc1pnnnncL ao ace konum - o1 epcnpckoro snna po
n6pn1pckoro nponna. ernne1ckn unannnsunn 1k n ne corn o6noan1L cao
cosnp1enLnm aneen1, ko1opm noc1onnno nxopnncn a o6opone n 1epnn caon
nosnunn. Bypyun npopyk1o ceuennn ae1an nnpnuea-pnuea c uepnmn pcn n,
a enLue c1enenn, c xn1n n cen1n, on npno6pen oco6ennme uep1m,
ko1opme c coro nun 6mnn sqnkcnpoanm a ne, n on ponro psanancL
skny1o po 1oro, kk nopaeprncL n1ncky uyxnx aneen1oa. n yxe 6mn speno,
korp nunocL a1opxenne nnn nponnknoaenne cen1oa - n nek a anpy rnkcocoa,
ko1opme cokpyunnn [peankk nepnk. D1n npn1okn ornn 6m 1pncqopnpoa1L ee,
6ypL onn 6onee ounmn. o onn 6mnn cn6m, n kc1oao oprnnsunn, npn ace ee
necoaepuenc1ae, ponro ypanocL nx ne1pnnsoa1L.
Mexpy 1e a ccnpnk nponnknn c ceaep npnuenLum n c1noannncL upnn,
xpeun, pnc1okp1n. rnn1e onn c1nknanncL c skonn, ko1opme skpmann
nepep nnn aopo1 a c1pny kk nepep neunc1mn; pxe korp, neco1pn n
c1porne epm, oc1aunecn a cnne po upc1aoannn c1nk (664 r. po n. a.),
uyxk ypanocL yc1pon1Lcn pnpo c anc1n1ennn c1pnm, oc1ancL ane kc1 n
o6Lek1o npespennn, onn eue ponro ne ornn aneppn1Lcn a ec1noe o6uec1ao.
pyk, u1o 1e ne enee onn 1 npeycnenn, no kko ueno n c kkn pesynL11o?
1o6m nn1npoa1L aneen1m, nopoxpennme annnncko kpoaLk, a Onnnknn. ec1e c
nnn, o6LepnnnauncL c uepnmn, onn cnoco6c1aoann pc1aopennk pcm, ko1opyk
onn ornn 6m aospopn1L, ecnn 6m npnunn ckp pnLue n 6mnn 6onee norouncnennm.
cnn 6m c nepamx ne1 npanennn Menec k pncko-xn1cko-uepno cecn
npn6anncL xopoun pos cen1cko kpoan, rnne1 any1penne 6m npeo6psnncn n
ac1pnxnyncn. n ne oc1ncn 6m a nsonnunn, sansn 6m npnme n 1ecnme cansn c
ccnpncknn rocyppc1an.
1o6m nyuue nonn1L amcksnnyk mcnL, nponnnsnpye coc1a payx npopoa.
ccm rnn
cnoano aneen1 = uepnm cnoano aneen1 = uepnm
n1m a poc11ouno konnuec1ae =
nnopo1aopnm aneen1
pnum, npeaocxopnune no uncnennoc1n
xn1ckn aneen1
Cen1m neckonLknx ae1ae =
nnopo1aopnm aneen1
n1m a poc11ouno konnuec1ae =
nnopo1aopnm aneen1
epnme a nesnun1enLno konnuec1ae =
pc1aopennme a o6ue cce
epnme a 6onLuo konnuec1ae, no
pc1aopennme a o6ue cce
pekn, pc1aopennme a o6ue cce Cen1m, pc1aopennme a o6ue cce
s a1o 16nnum oxno cpen1L eue opnn amaop: xn1ckn kpoaL nee1 1enpenunk
k ncuesnoaennk y o6onx npopoa, aec1e c a1n aneen1o ncuesk1 n o6une
uep1m, ko1opme cospn nenno a1o1 aneen1 n 1onLko on or nx noppepxna1L,
nockonLky a o6onx o6uec1ax cen1ckoe annnnne ampxnocL no-psnoy. rnn1e
ono 6mno nesnun1enLnm n pc1aopnnocL a o6ue cce, a ccnpnn ono
pcnpoc1pnnnocL ouenL unpoko, poc1nrnya qpnkn n aponm, n c1no cansykun
saeno pnn nornx npopoa, caoero pop cokso, ns ko1oporo 6mn ncknkuen c1pn
qponoa, o6peuennn n cnnnnne uepnoro n pnckoro aneen1oa n n noc1enennoe
nc1ouenne 6nro1aopnoro npnnunn. rnne1 scnyxnan aocxnuennn 1onLko a co
pnne n1nunoc1n. 1e apeen a1o 6mn nc1onun senn uypec. o, yam, ace ero
cnnm n kuec1a ckonuen1pnpoanncL a opno 1ouke. npm ero cosnp1ene ne
nononnnnncL. Ynpok nuncn pno, n yxe nnu1o ne orno oc1noan1L ero, 1orp kk
ccnpnckn unannnsunn npoxnn ponro, npe1epnen noro 1pncqopun n,
6ypyun 6onee 6esnpac1aenno, no 6onee k1nano, cmrpn 6onee snun1enLnyk
ponL.
a1o ne1pypno y6epn1Lcn, ecnn m pcco1pn cn1yunk a rnn1e a VII a., yxe
1orp 6esnpexnyk, n yanpn, nckonLko 6eccnnLno 6mn ernne1ckn unannnsunn,
necnoco6nn nn n u1o pxe ao any1pennnx caonx penx n yc1ynnaun anc1L n
annnnne saoea1enn n nocenenu-uyxec1pnu, nosxe pouepun po 1koro
s6aennn, u1o co cnoao ernn1nnnn c1no osnu1L ne no1ok cnano n ppeane
pcm, o1npmck noamx xn1ene cen1ckoro, rpeueckoro nnn pnckoro
nponcxoxpennn. a1o1 qk1 nnoxnn eue opny ne6nronpnn1nyk neu1L n o6ps
rnn1: rnn1o c1nn nsma1L ne aepxnkk uc1L c1pnm, ppeankk n knccnueckyk
senk, popnny nnpnp, rpe pcnonoxenm Meqnc n Onam, nekcnppnk aec1e c
opckn no6epexLe, ko1opoe a nepnop cnam n pcuae1 6mno s6poueno n cnyxnno
nnuppo pnn cen1cknx a1opxenn. kn o6pso, nneann, cuc1nnan
conepnnu, sanpen n nene, n ncenenne, n 1eppn1opne rnn1. eco1pn n
c1eny ennononnc, Mncp cpenncn nerko po6mue neckoa n cen1oa, no1oy u1o ne
nunocL noaoro pnckoro aneen1, ko1opm 6m cnc ernn1nn o1 xnko yuc1n,
yro1oanno n ennncknn npnnunnn.
VII
Bk mn xy k Er. Hky
kn an - y mn u u.
[nn snpnoro uenoaek acn ppeannn unannnsunn np caopn1cn k cnepykun
cnanm nen: nneann n Meqnc, np n pqren, kcy n ropop xnn pn1oa -
a1o acero nnuL nn1ennek1ynLnme kononnn payx rnanmx uen1poa. pnc1ynn k
xpk1epnc1nke npepc1annemx nn unannnsun, n yxe kcncn aonpoc nx
conpnkocnoaennn ppyr c ppyro. o po cnx nop ne 6mno peun o6 nccnepoannn nx
asnoo1nouenn. enepL m pounn po 1oro oen1, korp nunne1cn nx ynpok,
korp snuenne opnoro npe1, ponL ppyroro npoponxe1 pc1n 6nroppn
npnuenLu, xo1n n nop ppyrn nene n a ppyro qope. a1opy, no npnepy
noa1oa-pmupe, nop nepenec1ncL c 6eperoa aqp1 n nn a ropm Mnpnn n epcnn
n yrny6n1Lcn a c1enn epxne snn a nonckx noamx npopoa, ko1opm npepc1on1
nsenn1L nnuo nonn1nueckoro np n npoamx unannnsun. cun1k caon ponro
y1ounn1L n onpepenn1L npnunnm o6uero cxopc1a expy rnn1o n ccnpne.
Benme rpynnm, ko1opme cospnn unannnsunn a o6enx c1pnx, npnnpnexnn k
psnnunm psnoanpnoc1n pcm: 6es a1oro noc1yn1 neaosoxno o6Lncnn1L nx
rny6okne psnnunn. e cun1n unannns1opckoro pyx, ko1opm onn o6npnn a
pano epe, y nnx 6mnn o1nnun1enLnme uep1m, xpk1epnsykune nx 1aopenne.
o6onx cnyunx ocnoa 6mn ennncko n ne orn c11L npnunno psnnun, n
korp nm1k1cn o6npyxn1L psnnune expy nx ennnckn ncenenne, nxopn1
nnuL 1enokoxnx c rnpknn aonocn a ccnpnn n nerpoa c kypuao ronoao a
rnn1e, n ne1 nnkknx canpe1enLc1a 1oro, u1o a1nnueckne psnnunn expy ae1ann
uepno pcm npepnonrk1 psnyk c1enenL unannns1opcknx cnoco6noc1e. oackpy,
rpe nsyuk1cn nocnepc1ann ceuennn npopoa, oksmae1cn, u1o uepnn ocnoa,
neco1pn n neko1opme pcxoxpennn, cospe1 cxopc1ao psnmx o6uec1a, npnpan n
1onLko ner1nanme cnoco6noc1n, ko1opme coaepuenno uyxpm 6enoy anpy. oa1oy
nepep nnuo unannns1opcko nnu1oxnoc1n uepnmx npnxopn1cn npnsn1L, u1o
nc1ounnk psnnun cnepye1 nck1L a 6eno pce, u1o n cpepn 6enmx cyuec1ayk1
psnoanpnoc1n; n ecnn o6p1n1Lcn k ccnpnn n rnn1y, m yanpn 6onee
ynopnpouennm, 6onee nrkn n npnm, 6onee nosn1nanm npnnunn ne6onLuo
pncko ae1an, npnuepue a ponnny nn, n o1ppn e nepaenc1ao np
ceec1an n Cn. e pnLue nc1opnn pckpmae1 nepep nn caon
c1pnnum, 1e 6onLue m y6expecn a a1o.
osapuncL k uepnm npop, n cnpunak ce6n, kkne o6une o1nnun1enLnme
npnsnkn nx npnpopm sneu1nenncL a unannnsunnx ccnpnn n rnn1. 1ae1
nnpunae1cn c co6o, 1. k. 6snpye1cn n oueanpnmx qk1x.
oneuno, a1o ne oco6m akyc k npepe1 aoo6pxennn, ne 6esypepxnn c1pc1L ko
acey, u1o oxe1 npnaec1n a panxenne 1e uc1n uenoaeueckoro y, ko1opme nerue
acero aocnnenn1L, ne noknonenne acey, u1o nxopn1cn a cqepe uyac1a, n, nkoneu,
ne npnaepxennoc1L 1epnnnsy, ko1opm oc1e1cn 1koam npn acex
o6nropxnakunx ero ykpuennnx. o1 u1o o6Lepnnne1 pae cme ppeanne
unannnsunn 3np: a o6enx m anpn nocnepc1ann 1koro cxopc1a. o6enx -
rpnpnosnme nn1nnkn nckycc1a, nso6pxkune uenoaek n xnao1nmx, xnaonncL n
ckynLn1yp, ykpukun xpm n paopum n noun1en ncenenne. Mm seue
opnnkoayk nk6oaL k nsoupennm ykpuennn, pockounm rpe, a o6onx
cnyunx m nxopn xenunn n noneuennn eanyxoa, c1penenne k nokok, pc1yuyk
nenpnnsnL k aone n aoennm s6o1 n, nkoneu, 1e xe cme pok1pnnm
ynpanennn: pecno1ns, 1o nep1nueckn, 1o upckn, 1o pnc1okp1nueckn, no
acerp 6esrpnnunm, nenoepnn roppmnn amcunx knccoa, 6ecnpnepnn
nokopnoc1L nnsunx. ckycc1a n noasnn ponxnm 6mnn cnyxn1L - n cnyxnnn - cm
oueanpnm, pennc1nunm n noc1onnnm ampxenne reorpqnueckoro
ec1ononoxennn n anoxn.
noasnn upn1 nonnoe o1peuenne pyun a nonLsy okpyxkuero np. osLe nyrp
a kuec1ae npnep qnnnknckn xno6nm nnu a nn1L Cyqyn, pouepn
6npxnc, nuep1nnm n ee ornne a Dpnkce:
u Bk kk. Hky um kq,
, xu q Mkm.
E n ? E ru
k.
C, r, rn... Tn kun ry
u kk r.
H ynmr k, m ym x
; ym ru .
H ry ky m u.
r n .
a1o noasnn ace nmne1, ace nnpaneno n 1o, u1o6m s1pony1L uyac1a, ace
aneunee. kne c1poqm ne nek1 uenn npo6ypn1L psy n nepenec1n ero a
npenLnm np. cnn cnyu1enn ne nnknn, ne pmpnn, ne pspmann n ce6e
opexpm n ne nokpmann nnu nenno, snun1, a1 noasnn ne poc1nrn caoe uenn.
11yp a1 1enpenunn nepeun a p6ckyk noasnk - nnpns 6es rpnnu, neu1o apope
nn1okcnkunn, ko1opn rpnnun1 c 6esyne n nnorp npn1 a snpepenLnmx amco1x.
1o kce1cn nso6psn1enLnmx cpepc1a a 1ko ornenno c1nne, c kpnknnamn n
upesepno akcnpeccnanmn ampxennnn n 6esypepxnmn ouyuennnn, no1okn
n no1okn Cn nxopnnn cxopnme o6psm, nnonnkune nsaepxenne aynkn
n npeaocxopnune no cnne ampsn1enLnoc1n ace, u1o orno anyun1L an1ysns nnn
o1unnne neau ppyrnx npopoa.
oasnn qponoa oc1ann enLue cnepoa, ue ccnpnckn, ace rnanme aneen1m
ko1opo m nxopn nn6o a Bn6nnn, nn6o a p6cknx konnnnunnx ns n-16-
nrxnn, c n ppyrnx. o ny1px nnue1 o necnnx ernn1nn, n ec1L ocnoannn
nonr1L, u1o cnokonm xpk1ep a1oro npop pnk1oan caon noa1 cnoa, ecnn n
ne 6onee psynme, 1o ao acnko cnyue 6onee xname n 1ennme. npoue, kk a
rnn1e, 1k n a ccnpnn, noasnn nen 1onLko pae qopm - nnpnueckyk nnn
pnpk1nueckyk, ko1opyk oxno nsa1L nc1opnuecko: a nocnepne cnyue peuL un
o 1o, u1o6m nsnr1L qk1m a nneano n ypo6no pnn snonnnnn qope. n a
rnn1e, nn a ccnpnn ne ac1peuk1cn npekpcnme n aennkne noam, pnn cospnnn
ko1opmx 1pe6yk1cn cnoco6noc1n n kuec1a, ne cpannme c 1en, u1o poxpk1
nnpnueckoe nsnnnnne. nxe m yanpn, u1o annueckn noasnn ec1L npnannernn
pnckoro ceec1a, noa1oy on nxopn1 amcuee caoe ampxenne y npopoa a1o
ae1an, a ko1opmx npncy1c1aye1 ennnckn aneen1.
npo c a1o nn1ep1ypo, 1ko poc1ynno pnn ouyuenn n 1ko nyc1o pnn
psmunenn, cyuec1ayk1 xnaonncL n ckynLn1yp. Bmno 6m nenpannLno
pcc1pna1L nx no o1penLnoc1n, no1oy u1o ecnn ckynLn1yp nxopnncL n
poaonLno amcoko ypoane, u1o6m aocxnu1Lcn ek, 1o a1oro nenLsn cks1L o ee
cec1pe, ko1opn nannncL npoc1m npnp1ko k penLeqnoy nso6pxennk, 6mn
nnuen o11enkoa n nepcnek1nam, ecnn nnorp ac1peue1cn o1penLno a xpoamx
nopseenLnx, 1o ace pano amnonnne1 opnen1nLnyk qynkunk n amrnnpn1
cnpo1nnao 6es ckynLn1ypm.
npoue, conn1enLno, u1o n ckynLn1yp orn o6o1ncL 6es uae1oaoro
conpoaoxpennn n u1o ccnpnckne nnn ernne1ckne xypoxnnkn corncnnncL 6m
npepc1an1L n cyp caonx spn1ene-1epnnnc1oa nponsaepennn, o6nuennme nnuL
a uae1 knn, pop, nopqnp nnn 6snL1, noa1oy pspenn1L a1n anpm
nckycc1a nnn c1an1L xnaonncL n opnn ypoaenL co ckynLn1ypo - a1o snun1 ne
nonn1L nx pyx. a nneann n a Onax c11yn, ropenLeqm n 6penLeqm oxno
npepc1an1L 1onLko pckpuennmn a cme 6or1me uae1.
k 6esypepxno yc1pennncL ernne1ckn n ccnpnckn uyac1aennoc1n k nk6m
co6nsnn1enLnm nponanennn 1epnn! 1kn o6ps, acerp c1penuncn k
kpne c1enenn aos6yxpennn, nckycc1ao npnxopnno ne uepes psmunenne, no
uepes spenne, n korp ono nonpno a uenL, nrppo ey 6mn aceo6un an1ysns n
nou1n neaosoxnoe noknonenne. y1euec1aennnkn, npnesxkune ceropnn n oc1ok,
c ypnanenne o1euk1, kkoe rny6okoe n nopo nonLnoe aneu1nenne oksmak1
n ec1nmx xn1ene qnrypnme nso6pxennn, n nenLsn ne npnsn1L, acnep s Bn6nne
n opno, cnnpn1ynLnyk nonesnoc1L snpe1 n nso6pxenne uenoaeuecknx qnryp
y npopoa, ko1opme c1onL ynopno c1pen1cn nepe1n rpnL npoc1oro aocxnuennn n
cpen1L ns nso6psn1enLnmx nckycc1a cm ounm peopnnsykun nnc1pyen1.
opo6nme npnnunnm opnoapeenno n 6nronpnn1nm n apepnm pnn nckycc1a. nn
6nronpnn1nm, 1. k. 6es aos6yxpennn cc 1aopuec1ao neaosoxno. nn apepnm, onn
o1pannk1 n y6nak1 aoo6pxenne, no1oy u1o norpyxk1 ero a nponc1L onLnnennn,
o1anekk1 ero o1 nonck kpco1m, 1. e. 6c1pkunn, ko1opn ne nee1 o1nouennn k
rnrn1nsy qop n rnn uae1.
c1opnn nckycc1a cnepye1 eue noroe amncnn1L, n npn kxpo caoe no6epe on
oksmae1cn nepep ouepepno nkyno. e ne enee, nunnn c nnkenL, on
cpenn noro o1kpm1n, ko1opme ne opnn ps ennnn ee pok1pnnm. n yxe ne
cun1e1 rnne1 popnno rpeueckoro coaepuenc1a. 6oruennn noamn snnnnn,
on nue1 a1n nc1okn a cao6opno ampxennn ccnpncknx 1aopuoa. Cpanenne
arnne1nuecknx c11y c 6penLeqn opc6p naopn1 n mcnL o nx 6nnsko
popc1ae.
Cnay unannnsunn nneann coc1anne1 1o1 qk1, u1o on pneko npopannyncL no
popore, aepyue k Onpnk. pnko ne k a1oy c1pennocL ccnpnckoe nckycc1ao.
no xo1eno uero-1o aennkonennoro, rpnpnosnoro, rnrn1ckoro, aosamuennoro, no ne
npekpcnoro. oco1pn n ckynLn1ypm opc6p, n u1o xe m yanpn? o-nepamx,
c1epc1ao n cao6opy ampxennn. Ycnoanoc1n a nnx nenoro no cpanennk c 1e, u1o
m anpn a xpe-paopue pnk n n c1enx Menonny. ace-1kn nosm specL
neec1ec1aennme, muum cnnuko ampenenm. pen cnnm, yrne1kue oun ncxopn1
o1 acex a1nx upesepnmx unenoa, nnmuenno nnpnxennmx. 1ynoanue, a norx n
pykx xennne xypoxnnk nso6psn1L xnsnL n panxenne amxopn1 s ace rpnnum.
ronoa? ue roaopn1 n ronoa? ue roaopn1 nnuo, o6n1enL kpco1m, npenLnoro
smcn, aosamuennmx mcne, o6oxec1anennoro psy? ronoa n nnuo onu1.
e1 nnkkoro ampxennn a 6ecc1pc1nmx uep1x. k n 6opum ns xp Mnnepam, onn
ne roaopn1 nnuero, 1en cpxk1cn, no nnu ne c1ppk1 n ne 1opxec1ayk1. o1oy
u1o ne1 nnkkoro nek n pyuy - peuL npe1 1onLko o 1ene. aopum nso6psnnn
qk1, ne mcnL, n poks1enLc1ao 1oro, u1o a a1o kpoe1cn epnnc1aennn npnunn
rn6enn ccnpnckoro nckycc1a, cnyxn1 cnepykun qk1: ono poc1nrno coaepuenc1a
ao ace, u1o ne ec1L nn1ennek1ynLnoe, u1o o6pueno ncknkun1enLno k uyac1ay. cnn
ann1enLno pcco1pe1L opnen1nLnme pe1nn opc6p - amuypnme uae1m n
p6eckn, - npnpe1cn npnsn1L, u1o annnnckn renn cyen 1onLko konnpoa1L n
nnuero ne npn6ann k a1oy coaepuenc1ay.
ockonLky a ccnpncko nckycc1ae nonnoc1Lk o1cy1c1aye1 opnLnn npennsunn,
ono, neco1pn n ero amcokne kuec1a, ne corno ns6ex1L norouncnennmx
uypoanunmx npeyaennuenn, ko1opme acerp ero conpoaoxpnn n c1nn ero ornno.
1ko pyxe k6npm n 1enLxnnm-cen1m nsro1oannn pnn rpekoa, caonx pnLnnx
copopnue, a1n exnnueckne nponm, ueaennaune pykn n norn, nocnyxnaune
1onuko pnn kp n ckopo c1aune o6Lek1o npespennn pnn nunn, ocnoanno n
yxcko npnnunne n ne npnnnaue 1knx 6espenyuek. 1o kce1cn xencknx
ae1ae n Cn, n coaepuenno yaepen, u1o a1n 1aopennn n nnkorp ne
npoepnn: onn ne anpenn nnuero 6cyppnoro a nn1unn nc1nnno 1epnnLnoro
np.
cnonn MnL1nckoro n c npnko n 6opopo, okpuennmn a cae1nme,
kpcnoa1me nnn sono1nc1me 1on; acnonn 1e 6ecqopennme knn, ope1me a
pockounme opexpm n amc1anennme a kuec1ae 6oroa a xpx Cnpnn, n nepepe o1
nnx k ypopnnam nep1nueckn kykn ns opyxeno nn1m ypnn, 1orp 6ype1
ncno, u1o ace a1n o1knonennn anonne o1aeunn nknonnoc1n xn1cko pcm n ee
cec1pm. nn o6e nk6nnn yxcnoe n uoknpykuee n s nenenne rpnpnosnoro
6pocnncL a c1punoe n y1onnnn caon uyac1a pxe o1ap1n1enLnm. D1o 6mno
ec1ec1aennm pononnenne k kynL1y xnao1nmx.
[nnme coo6pxennn o1nocn1cn n k rnn1y, c 1o nnuL psnnue, u1o a a1o, 6onee
cknonno k nopnpky, o6uec1ae epskoe n 6ecqopennoe ne nuno 1koro psan1nn,
kk a nneann n pqrene.
kn o6pso, unannnsunn aqp1 n nn a pano c1enenn xpk1epnsyk1cn
npeo6npnne aoo6pxennn np psyo, uyac1aennoc1n np pyxoanoc1Lk.
pnsnan, u1o nckycc1a nnkorp eue ne poc1nrnn 1ko oun n u1o, popn po
oncno uep1m, onn c1nn cnnLnee, ue 1eonornn, opnL, nonn1nk n counnLnn
cqep, m ponxnm sp1L aonpoc: a ue rnann npnunn a1o oco6ennoc1n ppeannx
rocyppc1a?
pyk, u1o y un11enn yxe ec1L n nero o1ae1. pnko nn1epecno noco1pe1L, ne
6mno nn uero-nn6ypL noxoxero a ppyrnx ec1x n a ppyrne apeen. cnn ncknkun1L
npnk, a 1o uncne npnk anoxn, nocnepykue s nc1onue pncko
unannnsune, nnuero nopo6noro a nc1opnn ne n6nkpe1cn. nrpe n nnkorp
uenoaeueckoe aoo6pxenne ne 6mno 1k cao6opno o1 acnknx okoa n ne ncnm1mano
1koro xpnoro c1penennn k 1epnnLno c1opone xnsnn n k nsapuennk. D1o
caoc1aenno a nepayk ouepepL ccnpnn n rnn1y. Yc1noana a1o1 qk1, npexpe ue
cpen1L amaopm, pcco1pn eue opny c1opony aonpoc.
cnn acnep s rpekn n cmn kone1en1nmn cypLnn m npnsne, u1o
aksnL1unn n an1ysns - a1o n ec1L xnsnL rennn nckycc1a, u1o a1o1 renn rpnnun1
c 6esyne, 1orp ero 1aopueckne nc1okn cnepye1 nck1L ne a oprnnsykue
npnnunne nue npnpopm, a rny6nne nunx uyac1a, a pepsknx asne1x uyac1a,
ko1opme npnnpnk1 psy n anpnoc1L, u1o6m nsaneuL ns a1oro coks neu1o, u1o
npan1cn n 6onLue, ue pec1an1enLnoc1L. 1k, m yanpenn, u1o a o6enx ppeannx
unannnsunnx nenno 6enm aneen1 - xn1m, pnum, cen1m - cnyxnn
oprnnsykun, pncunnnnnnpykun n skono1aopueckn qk1opo. 1ckp
nens6exno cnepye1 amaop: nc1ounnk nckycc1a uyxp unannns1opckn nnc1nnk1.
D1o1 nc1ounnk ckpm1 a kpoan uepnmx. D1 aceo6un ouL aoo6pxennn, xpk1epnn
pnn nepamx unannnsun, ne nee1 nno npnunnm, kpoe pc1yuero annnnnn
ennnckoro npnnunn.
cnn a1o npepnonoxenne o6ocnoanno, 1orp cnn aospec1ann nckycc1a n ccm
acerp npno cansn c konnuec1ao uepno kpoan. e 6onLue ec1 snne1 a
a1nnuecko coc1ae npopoa ennnckn aneen1, 1e cnnLnee nponanne1cn 6yc1ao
aoo6pxennn. D1o oxno nop1aeppn1L nc1opnueckn onm1o. Coc1an cnepykun
cnncok, a nepayk c1poky ko1oporo anece ccnpnuea n ernn1nn. npo c nnn
annue nnpnckyk unannnsunk nepnop nocne CkLn-Mynn.
3 nnn cnepyk1 rpekn.
nxe - n1nLnnum cpepneaekoaLn.
ue nnxe - ncnnum.
31e qpnuysm nue anoxn.
koneu, a co nnxne pnpy okxe1cn onocpepoannoe apoxnoaenne n
nponsaepennn, ocnoannme n yueno noppx1enLc1ae, ne npnnneme
npopnmn ccn.
Menn ory1 ynpekny1L a 1o, u1o n aosnoxnn nescnyxennyk kopony n kypuayk
ronoay nerp n okpyxnn ero xopo Mys. pnko ne c1onL yx n amcok a1 uec1L.
a1o xope m ne yanpn cmx 6nropopnmx nepnp, 1ex, ko1opme npepnoun1k1
mcnL n kpco1y c1pc1n.
oneuno, uepnm aneen1 neo6xopn pnn 1oro, u1o6m pc cqopnpoan cao
xypoxec1aennm renn, n m anpn, ckonLko ornn, c1pc1n n 6espccypc1a
ckpmae1cn a ne n nckonLko aoo6pxenne, o16neck uyac1aennoc1n n c1penenne k
1epnnLnoy noork1 nonyu1L aneu1nenne, ko1opoe nponsaopn1 nckycc1a n
ko1opoe poc1nre1 cnnm, nensaec1no oc1nLnm ceec1a uenoaeuec1a. a1o
sknkue1cn o ncxopnm nynk1, n ecnn 6m ne cyuec1aoano ppyrnx qk1opoa,
nerp, neconenno, cnepoano 6m cun11L nyuun nnpnueckn noa1o, ysmkn1o,
ckynLn1opo. o ec1L eue koe-u1o, snun1enLno ennkuee cy1L aonpoc.
[ec1an1enLno, nerp - uenoaeueckoe cyuec1ao, 6onee acero nopaepxennoe
xypoxec1aennoy aonnennk, no npn ycnoann, u1o ero psy cnoco6en noc1nuL cmcn
n snuenne a1oro aonnennn. cnn am nokxe1e ey Knony onnk1e1, apnp nn on
aocxn1n1cn ek. n ne sne1, u1o snun1 Knon, n popnn qnryp,
npepnsnuennn pnn 1oro, u1o6m nepepa1L 1pncuenpen1nme npen npekpcnoro,
eue 6onee uyxpme ey, oc1an1 ero c1onL xe xonopnm, kk, nnpnep,
nre6pnueckn spu. cnn ey nepeaec1n c1nxn ns pnccen, oco6enno annsop
ac1peun Ynncc c acnke, aepunny o6pynnoro apoxnoaennn, on npoc1o ycne1.
1o6m npo6ypnncn nn1epec, s1e cnn1nn, neo6xopn p6o1 y, y nerp
nnoxo o6c1on1 peno c a1n npepe1o: y ero orpnnuen n ne cnoco6en nopnn1Lcn np
cm npnn1nanm ypoane, n6o pnn a1oro neo6xopno psmunn1L, nonn1L,
cpanna1L, nsanek1L amaopm. ypoxec1aennn uyac1an1enLnoc1L pnnoro cyuec1a,
c no ce6e neaepon1no cnnLnn, acerp orpnnuen npnn1nanmn no1pe6noc1nn.
n aocnnenne1cn, on npeapue1cn a c1pc1L, no o1 uero? 1 c1pnnmx,
upesepno pckpuennmx nso6pxenn. n 6ype1 1pene11L o1 aocxnuennn nepep
ypopnnam kycko pepea, n a1o 6ype1 aocxnuenne, kkoro ne ncnm1man
y1onuennn pyu epnkn y nopnoxnn Knn1ep nnnnckoro. [eno a 1o, u1o
mcnL nerp oxe1 aosamcn1Lcn po 6ecqopennoro o6ps, po kyck pepea, npn
anpe nc1nnno npekpcnoro on oc1ne1cn rnyx, ne n cnen a cnny caoe npnpopm.
e cnyuno ns acex nckycc1a, ko1opme npepnoun1e1 ennnckn n1yp, nepaoe
ec1o snne1 ysmk, nockonLky on ncke1 ero cnyx uepepoanne saykoa n ne
1pe6ye1 p6o1m ero osr. erp ouenL nk6n1 ee n ncnxpe1cn ek, opnko ey
uyxpm 1e nsnunme ycnoanoc1n, 6nroppn ko1opm eaponeckoe aoo6pxenne
o6nropxnae1 nun ouyuennn.
Mm, eaponeum, cpennn nckycc1ao ue-1o, nc1onLko 1ecno cansnnm c amcun
nponanenne psy n poc1nxennnn nykn, u1o 1onLko cnno 6c1pkunn m oxe
aknkun1L a nero 1neu. [nn nerp, nnpo1na, 1neu, kk n ysmk, nanne1cn
npepe1o neypepxno c1pc1n. [eno a 1o, u1o uyac1aennoc1L cnnLnee acero
ampxe1cn a 1nue. oa1oy on snnn rnaenc1aykuee ec1o a o6uec1aenno n
uc1no xnsnn ccnpnuea n ernn1nn, n 1, rpe n1nunm np n c1nknancn c
a1n ypnan1enLnm n onLnnnkun anpo nckycc1a, m 1kxe ac1peue ero cpepn
cen1ckoro ncenennn cnnnn, rnanm o6pso a pnkce.
kn o6pso, nerp a amcue c1enenn o6npe1 uyac1aennmn cnoco6noc1nn, 6es
ko1opmx ne1 nckycc1a, c ppyro c1oponm, o1cy1c1ane yc1aennmx cnoco6noc1e
pene1 ero coaepuenno neaocnpnnunam k kynL1ype nckycc1a, pxe k ouenke 1oro
aosamuennoro, u1o oxe1 p1L 6nropopnm uenoaeueckn y. 1o6m ero cnoco6noc1n
npno6penn nc1onuyk uennoc1L, on ponxen 6mn o6Lepnnn1Lcn c pco, npenenno
ppyrnn kuec1an. a1o cokse ennnckn anp nannn co6o xenckyk uc1L, n
xo1n ero psnnunme ae1an a psno epe ceunm c 6enm aneen1o, nenno
nocnepnn npepc1anne1 yxcko npnnunn. onyunauncn pesynL11 sknkue1 a
ce6e ne ace kuec1a o6enx pc. 3pecL nee1cn paoc1aennoc1L, ko1opn n o6Lncnne1
nocnepykuyk ero nnopoan1oc1L. Menee 6ypnm a nponanennn uyac1aennoc1n, ue
unc1me npepc1an1enn xenckoro npnnunn, enee ampxennm a nn1ennek1ynLno
oun, ue yxcko npnnunn, pesynL11 ceuennn coue1e1 a ce6e o6e cyunoc1n,
ko1opme cnyx1 ocnoao pnn xypoxec1aennoro 1aopuec1a, nepoc1ynnoro pnn kxpo
ns a1nx ae1ae a o1penLnoc1n. oneuno, n nso6psnn nekoe 6c1pk1noe, npenLnoe
cyuec1ao, ko1opoe ac1peue1cn ouenL pepko.
o acnko cnyue, ecnn oxno npepc1an1L ce6e coue1nne 1knx kuec1a y
o1penLnmx nkpe, 1o 1knx npopoa npoc1o ne oxe1 6m1L. cce nkpe
a1nnueckne aneen1m nxopn1cn a nenpepmano panxennn, n 1pypno ynoan1L
oen1m, korp onn npnxopn1 a panoaecne, 1e 6onee, u1o 1kne oen1m nc1onLko
ckopo1eunm n nenpepcksyem, u1o ne c1on1 o nnx roaopn1L - nyuue pcc1pna1L
nepnopm, korp opnn ns aneen1oa, nano npeo6npn np ppyrn, n ponroe apen
onpepenne1 cypL6y nunn.
6e ppeanne unannnsunn, o6nnLno nponn1nnme ennnckn pyxo n
apoxnoanennme n ynpanneme ouLk 6eno pcm, o6nsnm npeo6npnnk uepnoro
aneen1 aksnL1une, ko1opn nx xpk1epnsye1, cnepoa1enLno, uyac1aennoc1L -
nx rnanm n o6un npnsnk.
rnne1 npopepxncn enLun cpok, ue uepnme xn1ckne npopm, nonyunaune
ounm npn1ok cen1cko kpoan. pap, c1pn 1kxe nonyunn pnckyk
noppepxky, no noc1onnnm npn1ok ennncko kpoan npnpn nunn 1y cyk
nenopanxnoc1L, ns-s ko1opo on ocao6opnncL o1 rpnpnosnoc1n 1onLko pnn 1oro,
u1o6m norpysn1Lcn a rpo1eck.
Bnroppn 6enm nuec1ann ccnpnckoe o6uec1ao npno6peno 6onLue cao6opm
xypoxec1aennoro apoxnoaennn. 1kxe amnrpno o1 a1oro: ecnn a cmcne
aosamuennoro nnu1o ne cpann1cn c aennune nnpnp n neko1opmx paopuoa-xpoa
a epxne rnn1e, 1o a1n npekpcnm nn1nnk nepoc1e1 xnaoc1n 6penLeqoa
opc6p; u1o kce1cn ykpuenn nnneancknx spnn - osnk n
rnsypoannme knpnnun, - n yxe roaopnn, u1o pxe rpekn cornn nnuL konnpoa1L
a1n uepeapm, no ne poc1nrnn 1koro nsmcknnoro akyc.
coxnennk, ennnckn npnnunn 6mn cnnuko cnnen n c1n npeo6npkun.
ennkonennme ccnpnckne ckynLn1ypm, ko1opme cnepye1 o1nec1n k n1nunoc1n,
npepuec1aykue VII a. po n. a., snenye1 poaonLno kopo1kn nepnop. ocne
yksnnoro aek nc1ynnn rny6okn ynpok, n a konue konuoa aoc1opxec1aoan kynL1
ypopnnaoro, c1onL xpk1epnm pnn uepno pcm.
1ckp am1eke1 cnepykuee: pnn 1oro, u1o6m o6ecneun1L nc1nnnoe upc1ao nckycc1a,
neo6xopno 6mno ceuenne uepno kpoan c kpoaLk 6eno, npnue nocnepne ponxno
6mno 6m1L 6onLue, ue a nyuune apeen Meqnc n nneann. onLko npn a1o
ycnoann orn cqopnpoa1Lcn pc, o6npkun 6eckoneunm aoo6pxenne n
uyac1an1enLnoc1Lk a coue1nnn c 6onLun yo. koe ceuenne nponsouno nosxe,
korp a nc1opnn nonannncL kxnme rpekn.
B
&%, * &' ( ()
I
u; u n
Mm pounn po anoxn, korp npnum u1ypo asnnn annon, korp ccnpnckn
nnepnn nun enn1Lcn no qope n copepxnnk. CmnoaLn n Cn nacerp
noknnynn nepame pnpm npopoa. ec1o 1oro, u1o6m ynpann1L rocyppc1an, onn
npeap1nnncL a ner1nanm, pesoprnnsykun qk1op. peny amunn pnum;
1enepL m oxe pcco1pe1L nx 6nnxe - yxe ne 1onLko kk ae1aL, yuc1aoaauyk a
cospnnn rnn1, no kk coe snenn1oe n 6nropopnoe ceec1ao 6eno pcm. Mm
nonyun o nnx nenonnoe npepc1anenne, ecnn cpsy npnc1ynn k npnu, ne
nsyuna ack rpynny, no uc1Lk ko1opo onn 6mnn. oa1oy nune c cmx
ounmx ae1ae ceec1a. [nn a1oro n npnpe1cn o1npan1Lcn a ponm n aoc1oke
npnn, rpe nonannncL cme kpynnme rpynnm pncknx npopoa:
o nepame urn m nnpan s npepenm npnn, no 1oy, u1o 6pxnckn
unannnsunn, a onpepenenno epe uyxpn snpnoy npy, snun1enLno oxnann
aoc1ounm pernon n, c1onknyauncL 1 c pcn, ko1opmx ccnpnum n ernn1nne
anpenn 1onLko enLko, on oksncL a 1ecno kon1k1e c xen1mn oppn.
syuenne a1nx o1nouenn n nx pesynL11oa npepc1anne1 oco6yk axnoc1L. Mm
yanpn, nckonLko npeaocxopc1ao 6eno pcm y1aeppnnocL a o1nouennn onronoa,
1k xe kk n uepnmx npopoa, a kko epe a1o poksmae1 nc1opnn, s1e
coo1ae1c1aykuee coc1onnne o6enx nnsunx pc n nponsaopnmx o1 nnx npopoa.
pypno onpepenn1L cnnxponns expy nepamn nepecenennnn xn1oa n pnuea;
ne enee 1pypno o6o1ncL 6es nonm1kn cpen1L a1o. pnuec1ane nnpycoa a enpx6
nponsouno nc1onLko pano, s npepenn acnko nosn1nano nc1opnn, u1o
qnnonornn o1opanre1 a1o1 qk1 a rny6okyk ppeanoc1L. D1o co6m1ne oxno
p1npoa1L anoxo po 4000 r. po n. a., n ckopee acero pnum npnepno a a1o xe
apen, a cnny 1ex xe o6c1on1enLc1a, oc1annn nppopnny 6enoro ceec1a n
cnyc1nnncL n kr - opnn k snpy, ppyrne k aoc1oky.
pnum, 6onee ypunname, ue xn1m, a 1euenne ponrnx aekoa npnpy co caon
nunonnLnm nsmko, canuennm npnnoxenne k nepao6m1noy npeunk 6eno
pcm, coxpnnnn qnsnueckn 1nn, ko1opm nosaonnn n ns6ex1L ceuennn c
uepnm ncenenne. 1o6m o6Lncnn1L a1o1 qenoen, cnepye1 npnsn1L, u1o
6opnrenm o1c1ynnn, pccenanncL nnn ynnu1oxnncL saoea1ennn, nnn onn xnnn
pso6uennmn a amcokoropnmx ponnnx unp, nepao nnpncko c1pnm, kyp
npnunn pnum. c11n, ne1 nnkknx conenn a 1o, u1o ppeanee ncenenne a1nx
seenL npnnpnexno k uepnoy 1nny [ Hananx acvacn Hr
Hkxx n Hynaa, km na ay cnay ara.].
6 a1o canpe1enLc1ayk1 ennnckne nneen, ko1opme eue n ceropnn ac1peuk1cn
a yne, nn coc1on1 ns no1okoa 1ex 6exenuea, ko1opme ne nocnepoann npnepy
coo1euec1aennnkoa n ne yunn a nnpxykckne ropm n a [ekn, npepnounn
amcokoropnme yuenLn, rpe oxno 6mno n1n npexnoe y6exnue n ponro coxpnn1L
caok a1nnueckyk nnpnanpynLnoc1L.
pexpe ue eue pnLue npopanny1Lcn a npnk, pcco1pn ace nepao6m1noe
pnckoe ceec1ao a 1o1 oen1, korp ono yxe panrnocL n kr, xo1n a 1o apen,
korp ono npnc1ynnno k sxa1y ponnnm unp, ocnoann nx cc eue ne amun
s npepenm Corpnnm.
pnum yxe o1pennnncL o1 kenL1cknx npopoa, ko1opme panrnncL n ceaepo-snp a
o6xop cnnckoro opn c ceaep, expy 1e kk cnanne, no o1nnuaunecn o1
a1o nocnepne n norouncnenno ceLn npopoa, nepeeunncL a apony 6onee
ceaepnm ny1e.
1k, pnum, eue po 1oro kk onn npnunn a npnk, ne nenn nnuero o6uero c
npopn, ko1opm npepc1onno cpen1Lcn eaponeun. nn coc1annnn
norouncnennyk o6unoc1L, coaepuenno nenoxoxyk n oc1nLnyk uc1L 6eno pcm,
no1oy nx cnepye1 o6osnun1L oco6m nene. coxnennk, a1o ne yunn cme
nsaec1nme yuenme. Cocpepo1ounauncL n qnnonornn, onn pnn ace nsmk pcm
o6uee, no ouenL ne1ounoe nsanne nnporepnckne, ne o6p1na annnnn n 1o
o6c1on1enLc1ao, u1o ns acex npopoa, roaopnaunx n a1nx nsmkx, 1onLko opnn 6mn a
npnn, 1orp kk oc1nLnme pxe n ne npn6nnxnncL k ne. a1o c1no ocnoano
npnunno nocnepykunx nyunmx oun6ok. smkn 6eno pcm nnpncknn nannk1cn
ne a 6onLue c1enenn, ue kenL1cknn, n cun1k nx ropspo enee repncknn,
nexenn rpeuecknn [cn ak yx xH aaau rynnm nmka n H
aa, mn m nrv kaanaau acky aau kak
knucky. ka H, ak Hm avn m ka
rravck vk, ak n HrH nvaH s aaa mn m
H nHnHmH.].
penyuec1ao 1epnn pnckn coc1on1 a 1o, u1o ero am6pnn cn nneen, k
ko1opm on o1nocn1cn, n u1o on conpoaoxpn nx ackpy, rpe 6m onn nn npoxnann.
1oy xe a1o coe ypunoe pnn nnx nsanne: ono osnue1 noun1em, 1. e.
pnckne npopm coc1onnn ns nkpe noun1emx, nkpe, poc1onmx yaxennn,
1kxe, aosoxno, nkpe, ko1opme ornn nonyun1L cnno 1o, uero onn scnyxnann,
no ne nenn. cnn 1koe 1onkoanne ne copepxn1cn a co cnoae, ono am1eke1 ns
qk1oa.
Benme npopm, nsmaaune ce6n 1k, nonnnn snuenne a1oro cnoa. nn
scnyxnnn ero caon oryuec1ao n 1onLko nosxe s6mnn ero, npnnna ppyrne
nnenoannn. npycm nsmann canuennyk c1pny, 1. e. co6c1aenno npnk, pn-
p1, nnn 3enn noun1emx nkpe [ v racn a Maaa-QxaHa-
Uaca: Mxy ayHn BxcamH kaH, aacaa Qcxaaa,
nx Hnn, ky Hym aaan BaxHaaa, nHy v
ncan r (. II, rn. II, 17). vu , naavanu
acn vcmH aaH v n xn nHc. 3aH a
21 vaH: aa, kan nx Hxy Haaa xa, k acky
acaa k anay aara, cna aaa Mxaca, . .
"anuan nacu". 22: acvr anar kaa,
Hxy ynHnymH raH, nx Hnn, ky Hym aaan
aaa, n acnan "nvaHmH nuH" (Manava-Dharma-
Sastra, , 1825).]. osxe, korp onn pspennnncL n kc1m, nn pn
skpennnocL s 6onLue uc1Lk nunn - acnnn, nocnepne k1eropne
nc1nnnmx nnpycoa, paxpm poxpennmx, un1aunx epm.
[peann nene, ko1opm nsmann ce6n pnum-npnum - k nn npnnpnexnn
npnum, - 6mno . [pyrn ae1aL a1oro ceec1a - nepcm - 1kxe c1nn
nsma1L ce6n , korp onn o1ks nncL o1 a1oro nsannn, ero kopenL
coxpnnncn ao nornx nenx nkpe, nnpnep, p1kcepkc, pno-6psn, p-16s,
n onn nepepnn ero cknq-onron, npnnnaun nx nsmk, s1e ero yno1pe6nnnn
pnum-cp1m.
caonx kocoronnuecknx npepc1anennnx npnum cun1nn co nepao c1pno n
sene o6nc1L, ko1opyk onn nsmann Airyanem-Vaego n noeunn ee pneko n
ceaepo-aoc1oke, y cmx nc1okoa kc n Hkcp1ec [ cvck snx
acvacn Hr aaa ackx aa s cam, ky a
3ana amaan ya ky cx n mv cva acn
cknvnu xnmH a aH. H nn, Arick,
Antariani, Aramki anHa ck cna airyaman. Byy
aHva, v a ackx rravckx aaanx vac acvacn
ak cnaa, kak Agr (nmau), arvat n aurvat (aa), pati
(rcn). nH a mn ak nHm a k ax a k:
.]. nn acnonnnn, u1o 1 ne1o npoponxnocL acero pa ecnu
a ropy n u1o ace oc1nLnoe apen 1 c1onn cypoan sn. kn o6pso, pnn nnx
c1pn noun1emx nkpe oc1ncL ppeane popnno, nnpycm a 6onee nospnne
apeen, npnamkune k a1oy nsannk n s6maune ero kopnn, nepenecnn ero n
caok noayk popnny.
D1o1 kopenL ar noackpy cnepoan s psnnunmn rpynnn pcm. pekn coxpnnnn
ero a cnoae pec, ko1opoe o6osnue1 amcoko noun1eoe cyuec1ao, 6or 6n1a,
xp6poro repon; cnoao nepaonunLno osnuno coaokynnoc1L kuec1a,
neo6xopnmx pnn nc1onuero uenoaek, - po6nec1L, 1aeppoc1L, yppoc1L, nosxe
osnuno po6pope1enL aoo6ue. n qnrypnpye1 a cnoae , ko1opoe
o1nocn1cn k noun1nnk caepxuenoaeuecknx cnoco6noc1e n cnn; nkoneu, n nxoxy
popoaoe nsanne pnckoro ceec1a a 1knx cnoax, kk ry, ayrianem,
nponsaopnmx o1 n ). pekn, o1pennauncL a n1nunyk
anoxy o1 o6uero c1aon, ne s6mnn ero nnenoanne nn a caoe munennn, nn a
nsannn caoe nunn.
D1o nccnepoanne oxno npoponxn1L, n 1orp m npe kopenL ar, ir nnn er
a neeuko cnoae Ehre, u1o poksmae1 cnepykuee: uyac1ao roppoc1n, ocnoannoe
n opnLnmx poc1onnc1ax, acerp snnno 6onLuoe ec1o a mcnnx co nyuue
ns uenoaeuecknx pc [ x ku Hm aH a ckH hir n ir, v
nmn a namu herus a Hk Herr.].
k noksmak1 norouncnennme canpe1enLc1a, ec1L npexp n 1o, u1o a opnn
npekpcnm penL 6ype1 npeno o6o6uennoe n anonne scnyxennoe nn pnn a1oro
npop, - ko1opoe, kc11n, on korp-1o pn c ce6e, - asen 1knx nsann, kk
qe1npm, kaksum n nn-porepnum. koneuno cue1e a1o nosaonn1 nyuue nonn1L
renenornk uenoaeuec1a, nok n nosaonk ce6e ampenn1L oco6yk rpynny cpepn
acex 6enmx npopoa, ko1opme scnyxnnn caok cnay n sneu1nenn ee n kne, a
caonx skonx n a caonx knnrx. cxopn ns a1oro, n noc1pkcL p1L nsanne a1o
pce c yue1o ee coc1anmx aneen1oa n 1o1 oen1, korp on, o1pennauncL o1
oc1nLno uc1n ceec1a, pannyncL n kr.
cun1mae1cn noro nneen, ko1opme npnunn a npnk, n 1ex, ko1opme nounn no
c1on cen1oa, pounn po kxnoro no6epexLn cnnckoro opn, o11yp a Mnyk
snk n a peunk, n nsmann ce6n annnnn. eko1opme cnyc1nnncL n kro-snp,
po6pnncL po epcnpckoro snna, ppyrne, oc1ancL a 1euenne aekoa a pone
y-c, npepc1nn nepep eaponeun nop nene cp1oa. kn o6pso,
nnpnum, rpekn, npnum, cp1m coc1annk1 opny pcy, o1nnukuykcn o1 acex
oc1nLnmx npepc1an1ene caoero anp n npeaocxopnuyk nx acex.
1o kce1cn qnsnueckoro cxopc1a, specL ne1 nnkkoro conennn: 6nropopc1ao
uep1, c11L, qnsnueckn cnn - a1o oxno cun11L o6unn xpk1epnc1nkn
ceec1a, ec1nme o1knonennn o1 nnx nannk1cn cnepc1ane ceuennn c
6opnrenn. npnn onn ceunncL c uepnmn, a pne c xn1n, cen1n n
1oxe c uepnmn, a peunn c 6enm ncenenne, ko1opoe n ne c1ny y1ounn1L, n c
cen1n. pnko ackpy coxpnnncL ocnoa 1nn, n, pxe ampopnauncL, on
nopopnn 1koe no1oc1ao, kk coapeennme kunpum n 6onLun uc1L ceaepnmx
6pxnoa, kk 1e nkpn, u1o xnnn npn nepamx ncnepnnkx np n nso6pxenm n
coopyxennnx kun-yc1 n epcenonnc; nkoneu, se1n, u1o nkpn,
apoxnoanaune an1ene nonnon nqnckoro, Knn1ep qnnckoro, enepm
Mnnoccko, coc1annk1 nyuuyk uc1L uenoaeuec1a.
Y pnuea 6mn 6eno-posoan kox: 1knn 6mnn cme ppeanne rpekn n nepcm,
1knn sneu1nenm ppeanne nnpnum. onocm, kk npanno, 6mnn cae1nme -
acnonn, u1o annnnm o1pann npepnou1enne nenno a1oy uae1y aonoc n npennnn
n caonx cmx noun1emx 6oroa. ceropnn eue cae1nme aonocm oxno ac1pe1n1L a
npnn, oco6enno n ceaepe, 1. e. 1, rpe pnckn pc nyuue acero coxpnnn caok
unc1o1y. 11nape ac1peuk1cn pmxeaonocme n rony6ornsme nkpn.
Y nnpycoa npen kpco1m po cnx nop ccounnpye1cn co cae1no koxe n cae1nmn
aonocn, o ue canpe1enLc1ayk1 onncnnn ns6pnnmx pe1e, c1onL uc1me a
6yppnc1cknx nerenpx. nnx onncmae1cn, nnpnep, 6oxec1aennoe cospnne a
npenuecko aospc1e c sono1nc1oro uae1 koxe. ro ronoa nnonne1 son1nk (1.
e. kpyrnn, ne noxoxn n nnpnpy, u1o xpk1epno pnn uepno pcm). Y nero
pnnnnme pykn, unpokn no6, 6nnsko pcnonoxennme 6poan n amc1ynkun noc.
ockonLky a1o onncnne (npnepno VII a. po n. a.) o1nocn1cn k pce, nyuune
aneen1m ko1opo 6mnn a snun1enLno epe nepeeunm, ne1 nnuero ypnan1enLnoro
a 1knx neckonLko npeyaennuennmx 1pe6oannnx, kk kox sono1nc1oro uae1 n
caepennme aec1e 6poan. 1o kce1cn oc1nLnmx [e1ne, peuL npe1 o 6eno pce, n
a1o pe1 noaop py1L, u1o pnum a caoe cce o6npnn a1nn npnsnkn.
D1 psnoanpnoc1L uenoaeuec1a, o1nnuauncn kpcnao aneunoc1Lk, 6mn
npenen ne enee ampkuncn psyo. n o6npn nenc1ouno xnaoc1Lk n
aneprne, ee cnc1e npanennn o1aeun ace no1pe6noc1n c1onL
npepnpnnunamx nkpe.
o rnae pnuea, pspenennmx n nneen nnn ne6onLune rpynnm, xnaune a
6onLunx nocenkx, c1onnn aoxpn c ouenL orpnnuenno anc1Lk, ko1opn ne nen
nnuero o6uero c 6conk1nso, npouae1aun y uepnmx nnn xen1mx npopoa. Cm
ppeann cnckpn1ckn nsanne upn nnn anc1n1enn 6mno cnoao vic pati, u1o
coxpnnnocL a senpcko vic paitis, nn1oackn cnoao wiespati po cnx nop
nsmak1 seneanpenLu [ ackx nmkax ncnxaacn vac
sr ccaar cnaa: vvq, avaam H, naaacn a
Hxca Ha, anH, nack vicus na r
civis, . . xnu. Pati a cack cn y anac a
aHnckH caacn bod, a cnaanckH pod, a nackH patin, a
nnuckH pan, a rckH fathus.]. peueckn onpxnn reponuecko anoxn,
ouenL 6nnskn npncko onpxnn po np, nen aecL orpnnuennyk anc1L, a
nne n Mx6xp1e upn ns6npk1cn xn1ennn ropopoa, 6pxnn n pxe
cocepnnn upnn: specL ne1 n peun o aceanc1nn n coanc1nn, n a1o nnonne1
repnckyk oprnnsunk nepep peqopo, nnopo6ne 1o, u1o ocyuec1ann y nc
nopanr.
Mexpy npoun, a Mna-[xp-Lc1pe 6onLue npnaepxennoc1n npee
6conk1no onpxnn, ue a aennknx noax, opnko eue ne1 c1pornx npnnunnoa
nmneunnx aoc1ounmx rocyppc1a. upk, pxe ecnn a1o pe6enok, cnepye1
o1nocn1Lcn c nou1enne n ne cun11L ero npoc1m cep1nm: on ec1L 6oxec1ao a
uenoaeuecko o6nnke. o nnxe skonop1enL po6anne1: yc1L upL, nopnnauncL c
nox n pccae1e, c yaxenne amcnyue1 6pxnoa, nsyunaunx ace 1pn epm n
a1nnueckne nykn, n nyc1L noannye1cn nx peuennk ( 37). pnee a 54: UpL
ponxen nsnun1L ceL nnn aoceL nnnc1poa, ko1opme ponxnm npnnec1n knn1ay,
kcncL pyko canuennoro nso6pxennn nnn npepe1. D1o 6ypy1 nkpn, uLn npepkn
cnyxnnn upn, nkpn, ynonneme a canuennmx knnrx, po6nec1nme n anpekune
opyxne, 6nropopnoro nponcxoxpennn. 56: yc1L en noc1onnno coae1ye1cn c
a1nn nnnc1pn a aonpocx aonm n np, oprnnsunn aock, poxopoa, sun1m
caoero npop n npnynoxennn npno6pe1ennmx 6or1c1a. 57: 6pya nennn
caonx coae1nnkoa - anune coc1on1enLno, s1e, o6cypna nx coo6u, - nyc1L on
npnnne1 cme yppme peuennn ao acex penx. 58: yc1L upL, corncno
uec1n ocnoanm npann, noc1an1 ao rnae coae1 opnoro 6pxn, ns6pnnoro
cpepn npounx. 59: yc1L on aceueno poaepne1 ey ao acex penx n aec1e c nn
npnnne1 okonu1enLnoe peuenne.
pncknx upe, xnaunx a caonx cenennnx cpepn c1p 6mkoa, kopoa n noupe n
nannaunxcn cypLnn a 6ypnmx cnopx, ko1opme uc1o conpoaoxpnn xnsnL
cko1oaopoa, okpyxnn nkpn 6onee aonnc1aennme, ue nc1yxn.
orp n aepy peuL o6 pncko nunn, o6 pncko ceec1ae, n ne xouy cks1L, u1o
psnnunme nneen, coc1annkune ero, xnnn a npe ppyr c ppyro, xo1n a
aepnuecknx rnnx nnue1cn o6p1noe. pxp cony1c1aoan nx noacepneano
xnsnn, n cm poc1onm o6Lek1o aocxnuennn a1nx nkpe 6mn aonn n
konecnnue, ko1opm a conpoaoxpennn konecnnuero ocmnn c1penn cocepnne
nneen. 3enp-aec1e 1ko aonn nsmae1cn rathaestao, 1. e. 1o1, k1o espn1
n konecnnue. osnnun acerp qnrypnpye1 n ernne1cknx, ccnpncknx, nepcnpcknx
nso6pxennnx, a rpeuecknx n cnckpn1cknx noax, a Lxna, a cknpnnacknx
crx n pmupcknx ponx cpepneaekoaLn, a npnn on nannncn axno qnrypo a
aonncko pene.
1k, pnum aoeann expy co6o, nockonLky onn ne 6mnn koueannkn n
c1pnncL kk oxno ponLue npo6m1L n noao sene, nockonLky nx xp6poc1L
noc1onnno c1nknancL c conpo1nanenne ec1noro ncenennn, onn cn 6mnn
nnnun1opn acex caonx noxopoa, aoennmx knnn, no6ep n nopxenn.
[o6pope1enLk y nnx cun1ncL aonnckn po6nec1L, po6po1 n 6nropopc1ao npexpe
acero cansmanncL c xp6poc1Lk: c a1n m ac1peuecn a 6onee nospnne apeen a
n1nLnncko noasnn, rpe po6pm nnnLpo - a1o 1o xe coe, u1o il gran virtuoso
y pnoc1o. Cme amcokne nrppm n nouec1n 6mnn yro1oanm cm k1nanm
repon. x nsmann qoura, 1. e. ne6ecnme, no1oy u1o, korp onn norn6nn a
6n1ae, onn nonpnn a Capry, aennkonennm paopeu, rpe nx ac1peun npp, upL
6oroa, n a1 uec1L 6mn nc1onLko aennk, u1o nn 6or1me npnnouennn, nn snnnn,
nn yppoc1L ne pann cep1noy npa snn1L n ne6e ec1o, ko1oporo
ypoc1nanncL cypm. n opno poc1onnc1ao ne orno cpann1Lcn co cep1Lk a 6ok.
o n a1n ne orpnnunanncL npepor1nam po6nec1nmx aonnoa. nn ornn ne 1onLko
o1npan1Lcn a kuec1ae noun1emx roc1e a o6n1enL 6oroa - onn ornn cec1n1L c
1pon cnx 6oroa, n pxe aceoryun npp noc1onnno 6onncn, u1o kko-nn6ypL
repo-cep1nm o16epe1 y nero cknne1p.
Mexpy a1nn pncknn npenn n copepxnne cknpnnacknx nqoa n6nkpe1cn
nopsn1enLnoe cxopc1ao. ne npoc1o cxopc1ao, 6conk1nyk npen1nunoc1L
npnxopn1cn konc11npoa1L expy nonn1nnn a1nx payx nneen 6enoro ceec1a,
pspenennmx aekn n pcc1onnne. npoue, 1kn pepskn konuenunn o1nouenn
uenoaek co caepxLec1ec1aennmn cyuec1an ac1peue1cn a 1ko xe 6onLuo epe
y rpekoa reponuecko anoxn. poe1e, noxnukun ne6ecnm oronL, oksmae1cn
xn1pee n npepnpnnunaee, ue Knn1ep; epkynec cnno o16npe1 Uep6ep y Dpe6;
ece sc1anne1 ppox1L ny1on, cnpnuero n 1pone; nkc pnn1 enepy;
Mepkypn, xo1n on n 6or, ne ocennae1cn npo1naoc1on1L xp6poc1n cny1nnkoa
Menenn.
Lxna 1kxe nso6pxk1cn repon, 6pockune amsoa pckn cnn n
no6expkune nx.
D1 pepsoc1L y acex 6enmx npopoa onpepenne1cn, neconenno, nx y6expennoc1Lk a
caoe npeaocxopc1ae n oryuec1ae. enn ne ypnanne1 1o1 qk1, u1o nerpm 1k
nerko npnsnk1 6oxec1aennyk npnpopy saoea1ene, npnuepunx c ceaep, korp 1e
aocnpnnnnn kk neu1o o6ns1enLnoe caoe caepxLec1ec1aennoe oryuec1ao,
nnorp, a cnny neko1opmx aonncknx nnn opnLnmx nopanroa, cun1nn ce6n
cnoco6nmn nopnn1Lcn po 6oroa, ko1opme n6nkpk1 s nnn, noork1 n n
onck1cn nx. oo6ue oxno cks1L, u1o nckpennne nkpn o6mknoaenno nerko
npnnnk1 s pec1an1enLnoc1L 1o, ao u1o aepn1. e 6onee, korp uepnm xn1enL
ccnpnn n rnn1 c 1pene1o cnyue1, kk ero rocnopnn snanne1, u1o ecnn on eue ne
6or, 1o ckopo n c1ne1. 6opnren anpn1, kk rocnopnn npan1, anc1aye1, yupexpe1
skonm, ampy6e1 nec, ocyue1 6ono1, c1pon1 ropop - opnn cnoao, amnonnne1
1y unannns1opckyk p6o1y, n ko1opyk c on ne cnoco6en,- n roaopn1 copopnu:
a1o1 uenoaek oun6e1cn, no1oy u1o ey ne npo c1noan1Lcn 6oro - on yxe 6or.
6opnrenm 6oro1aopn1 ero.
pn 1ko npeyaennuenno uyac1ae co6c1aenno snunoc1n oxno 6mno 6m
npepnonoxn1L, u1o ceppue 6enoro uenoaek cknonno k 6es6oxnk. o a1o ne 1k:
6enme, kk npanno, ouenL n6oxnm, n nx ouenL cnnLno snnk1 1eonornueckne
npen. Mm yxe y6epnnncL, kk s6o1nnao onn coxpnnnn ppeanne kocoronnueckne
aocnonnnnn, ko1opmn o6npno cen1ckoe nnen eapeea, uc1nuno nonyunauee nx
ns co6c1aennmx nc1ounnkoa, uc1nuno o1 xn1oa. Co caoe c1oponm, pnckn nunn
oc1ann cnepm a nnre Bm1nn. o1 u1o nnue1cn a nraepe: 1y nopy ne
cyuec1aoano nn 6m1nn, nn ne6m1nn. e 6mno nn acenenno, nn 1ocqepm, nnuero
aaepxy; nnuero n nnrpe... Cep1n ne 6mno, kk ne 6mno 6eccep1nn, nn psnnunn
expy pne n nouLk. o D1o yxe 1pene1no, nok 6es pmxnnn, 6ypyun epnnc1aennm
no o1nouennk k coy ce6e, sknkuennoy a co ce6e. e 6mno nnuero 6onLue.
ce 6mno nokpm1o 1Lo n norpyxeno a nenponnueme aopm. o a1 ckpm1n cc
nponannncL cnno cosepunnn. Xennne (kama, nk6oaL) popnnocL a nune ee
cyunoc1n, n a1o 6mno nepaopopnoe cen, cen cosnpkuee, ko1opoe yppeum,
ocosnaune ero a caonx ceppux, nocpepc1ao epn1unn, psnnunn a none ne6m1nn
kk cansL c Cyuec1aoanne. D1n mcnn ampxenm rny6xe n npue, ue y ecnop n
a kenL1cknx cksnnnx, xo1n a npnnunne a1o opno n 1o xe. npoue, pnum ncknn a
pennrnn, npexpe acero e1qnsnueckne npen n opnLnme npepnncnnn. C no ce6e
kynL1 6mn ouenL npoc1m.
ko xe npoc1o a 1e pnekne apeen 6mn oprnnsunn nn1eon. eckonLko
6oroa ao rnae c nppo ckopee pykoaopnnn npo, ue anc1aoann np nn
[va, nmcakH m mn yyac, n yaac; y ax
yca can ay, y ax rka YaH: c vck vk
n s , k nkmaa Hn.]. oppme pnum cpennn ns
ne6 pecny6nnky.
pnko a1n 6orn, ko1opme nenn uec1L anc1aoa1L np amcokoepnmn nkpLn,
6mnn o6nsnm nkpn nouec1nn. o1nnune o1 1oro, u1o nponsouno nosxe a npnn, n
a nonno coo1ae1c1ann c 1e, u1o 6mno a epcnn n oco6enno a peunn, a1n 6orn
o1nnunncL 6esynpeuno kpco1o. pnum xo1enn nx anpe1L noxoxnn n ce6n. nn
ne snnn n sene nnkoro, npeaocxopnuero nx; coo1ae1c1aenno, onn cun1nn, u1o n n
ne6e ne1 nnuero coaepuennee. o caepxLec1ec1aennm cyuec1a, ynpannkun
npo, 1pe6oanncL npepor1nam. pnum anpn1 nx a eue 6onee npekpcno, ue
cn coaepuennn uenoaeueckn qop, - a co nc1ounnke kpco1m n, aosoxno,
xnsnn: onn nunn ero a cae1e n ncnonLsoann pnn nnenoannn amcunx cyuec1a
kopenL dou, u1o osnue1 ocaeu1L [km sHnr aman cna
dou dha, . . ycaaanaau, caaau.].
pen cae1 npnxnncL a nsmkx pcm n c1n canpe1enLc1ao epnnc1a pennrnosnmx
nonn1n y 6enmx npopoa. Y nnpycoa a1o - Devas, y annnnoa - 3eac, y nn1oauea -
Diewas, y rnnoa - Duz, y npnnpcknx kenL1oa - Dia, a Dppe - yr, a
aepxnerepncko - Zio, y cnann - Dewana, a n1nncko - Diana. ckpy,
kyp nponnkn 6enn pc, rpe on anpmuec1aoan, ac1peue1cn a1 canuennn
aok6yn, no kpne epe, a nepaopopnmx nsmkx. sennx, rpe nenn ec1o
kon1k1m c uepnm aneen1o, on npo1nao c1on1 coue1nnk 1 ennncknx
6opnrenoa [ cc nn sr cnnuy cna egzie n amlak,
. . nc rcn. n, s cnaa amcn a H a
cny x x nv, n kmH a aHnn HH a Hn
raa a Bn.]. 1opn aok6yn ampxe1 cyeaepne, nepan -
munenne; a1opn - nnop aocnnennoro aoo6pxennn n rpnnun1 c 6cyppo, nepan
am1eke1 ns psy. orp Deus n 1 ceunanncL, u1o, k coxnennk,
nponcxopnno uc1o, a pennrnosno pok1pnne nponcxopnn 1kn xe ny1nnu, kk n a
counnLno oprnnsunn a pesynL11e ceuennn uepno pcm c 6eno. un6k 6mn
1e nnueanee, u1o a 1knx cnyunx npeo6npno 1. orp xe aepx opepxnano
Deus, pesynL11 6mn enee pspyun1enLnm.
1k, Deus ec1L ampxenne n o6Lek1 coro amcokoro noun1nnn y pncko pcm.
Mm ncknkun ns nee npnckoe ceec1ao - no oco6m npnunn, o ko1opmx peuL
nope1 a caoe apen [ckan aca ana Bxcay yr Hn Gott,
n-rck Gouth, v cccn c cackckH Gouddhah. 3
ava kmm. Byy ax ku sr cnaa a cackckH
quaddhata, . . v cycay.].
anoxy, korp pnckne npopm yxe nopxopnnn k Corpnne, o1 nnx o1pennnncL
annnnm. nn nounn no ny1n, ko1opm ponxen 6mn npnaec1n nx k caoe cypL6e: ecnn
6m onn npoponxnn aec1e c oc1nLnmn nneenn panr1Lcn n kr, n 6m ne
npnuno a ronoay noaepny1L n ceaepo-snp.
[anrncL npno n snp, onn asnnn 6m n ce6n ponL, ko1opyk nosxe cmrpnn
npnum. nn ne noc1ponnn 6m 1kne rocyppc1a, kk Cnunon, pryc, qnnm, Cnp1,
opnnq.
npepnonrk, u1o s a1n co6m1ne c1on1 npnunnm, ko1opme onpepennnn ppeankk
anrpunk 6enmx npopoa. o ecnn 6m xen1okoxne saoea1enn c1nn npecnepoa1L
6erneuoa, ace 6enme npopm - pnum, kenL1m n cnanne - 1kxe yc1pennncL 6m
n kr n snononnnn 6m a1y uc1L senn. pnko a1oro ne cnyunnocL. 1y xe anoxy,
npn6nnsn1enLno 1orp, korp pnum cnycknncL k Corpnne, kenL1m n cnanne unn
n ceaepo-snp n nxopnnn poporn, ecnn n ne coace cao6opnme, 1o xo1n 6m enee
sunuennme. oa1oy cnepye1 npnsn1L, u1o panenne, sc1anauee annnnoa
o1npan1Lcn n snp, uno ne ns ceaepnmx seenL, o1 co6p1Lea-pnuea.
D1n npopm, a pano c1enenn xp6pme, noc1onnno apxpoann expy co6o. a1o
npnaopnno k pspyuennk cenenn, rocyppc1a pcnpnncL, no6expennm
npnxopnnocL 1epne1L nro nnn cnc1Lcn 6erc1ao. Dnnnnm oksnncL cmn cn6mn
n am6pnn a1opoe: onn npoc1nnncL c sene, ko1opyk ne ornn sun1n1L o1
aonnc1aennmx co6p1Lea, cenn a caon konecnnum, asnnn caon nykn n c1penm n
pannynncL a ropm n snpe. D1n ropm snnnn cen1m, ko1opme nsrnnn o11yp
xn1oa, uc1nuno nokopna nx, nocnepnne eue pnLue cpennn 1o xe coe c
uepnokoxnn 6opnrenn. Cen1m, no6expennme annnnn, ne c1nn
conpo1nann1Lcn a1n po6nec1nm 6erneu n pannynncL o6p1no a Mecono1nk; ue
pnLue npopanrnncL annnnm, am1ecnneme npncknn npopn, 1e 6onLue onn
1ecnnnn cen1oa, a pesynL11e uero ccnpnckn np ace 6onLue snonnnncn a1o
ceunno pco. npoue, m yxe pcco1penn a1n co6m1nn. 1k, nyc1L
nepecenenum npoponxk1 cao ny1L. nsaec1no, kyp on npnaepe1 nx.
spennauncL, pae 6onLune rpynnm ace eue coc1annk1 pnckoe ceec1ao - n
nek a anpy nnpycoa n sopoc1pnuea. 3aoeaman noame senn n cun1n ce6n opnn
npopo, a1n nneen oksnncL a enpx6e. onn o6ocnoanncL n nc16nux,
opouemx Cnnpxo, nn1Lk ero npn1okn n eue opno, cepLo, peko, nsanne
ko1opo nensaec1no, no ckopee acero a1o nn6o yn, nn6o Cpca-1n. D1n kpcname
ec1 rny6oko apesnncL a nn1L sopoc1pnuea-npnuea n oc1anncL a nx ceppue
eue ponroe apen nocne 1oro, kk onn nacerp noknnynn nx. [nn nnx enpx6 6mn
ace npne - ppyrnx seenL onn ne anpenn. x nosnnne a a1o o6nc1n
onpepennnn reorpqnueckne nonn1nn snpnmx npopoa, n 3enp-aec1,
ocnoamancL n pccksx npepkoa, pe1 npnn ann1e1 cenkp1nn.
D1o1 pernon, npepe1 c1onLknx aocnonnnn, c1n canpe1ene noaoro pspenennn
pnckoro ceec1a, n 6onee caexne nc1opnueckne xponnkn nosaonnk1 amncnn1L,
kkne qk1opm 6mnn npnunno npo1naoc1onnnn [H cu n-acnHy
avacn cycaaa ckx aa. 4nnrn x a
svckx knx n yry cy camx r, xn, crnac
xkaH, s am cvacn aaxmH. k acr a avck
aHa axHaH ncnaan nHy xaaan, rka
anckx aa, . . nan caH a mx ac, km
nknn.]. 1k, nunne pccks o co ppeane pennrnosno aone.
pk1ep n6oxnoc1n, npncyun 6eno pce, nyuue acero ampxe1cn a ee
munennn, n m npnc1yne k ero pcco1pennk. Mm yxe o1e1nnn 6nepnm, no
anonne psnnunm o1cae1 pennrnosnoc1n y e1ncoa, no1okoa xn1oa, o6npyxnnn
ee o6psum y cen1oa, 1enepL yanpn n1nunyk npoc1o1y aepoann n 1o
nepaoc1enennoe snuenne, ko1opoe npnpann e pnum, co6paunecn n caoe
nepao c1onnke nepep ncxopo annnnoa. 1o1 nepnop kynL1 o1nnuncn npoc1o1o.
cn counnLnn oprnnsunn 6mn o6puen n npk1nueckne pen n
pcc1pnancL c npk1nuecko 1oukn spennn. k xe, kk npepaopn1enL o6unnm,
cypLn 6onLuoro cenennn nannncn acero nnuL ns6npem unnoannko, okpyxennm
noue1o, ocnoanno n ero xp6poc1n, yppoc1n n konnuec1ae ero cnyr n c1p;
aonnm, o1um ceec1a, anpenn a caonx pouepnx 1onLko noounnu a nc1yuecknx
penx, o6nsnnmx pon1L kopoa n kos. kn o6pso, ecnn onn n noun1nn kynL1, 1o
ne npepc1annnn ce6e, u1o pennrnosnme qynkunn ory1 o1npann1Lcn cneunnLnmn
nkpLn, 1. e. kxpm ns nnx 6mn caon co6c1aennm canuennnko n cun1n caok
coaec1L poc11ouno unc1o, ceppue poc11ouno ynm n 6nropopnm, u1o6m 6es
nocpepnnkoa o6u1Lcn c aennknn 6eccep1nmn 6orn.
o 1o nn s apen, npouepuee expy yxopo rpekoa n sxa1o enpx6, pnckoe
ceec1ao s cue1 pnn1enLnmx kon1k1oa c 6opnrenn yxe y1p1nno caok unc1o1y n
caok qnsnueckyk n opnLnyk cyunoc1L a pesynL11e npn1ok uyxnx mcne n
uyxo kpoan, 1o nn nponcuepune nsenennn 6mnn ec1ec1aennm psan1ne
nporpeccnanoro rennn pnuea, no ao acnko cnyue ppeanne nonn1nn o npnpope
canuennnuec1a nsennnncL nesnun1enLno, n nc1ynnn oen1, korp aonnm
nepec1nn cun11L ce6n anpae ncnonnn1L xpeueckne qynkunn: 1k nonanncL kc1
xpeuoa.
D1n noame nc1mpn yoa n coaec1n nkpe cpsy cpennncL coae1nnkn upe n
ycnpn1ennn npopoa. x nsmann purehitas. pn nnx nsennncL cy1L kynL1:
kynL1 ycnoxnnncn, nckycc1ao xep1aonpnnouenn c1no nyko, nonno nenonn1nmx
pn1ynoa, oncnmx pnn npoc1koa. k1e noknonennn nkpn yxe oncnncL coaepu1L
qopnLnme oun6kn, ko1opme ornn ockop6n1L 6oroa, n u1o6m ns6ex1L 1ko
oncnoc1n, c1nn npn6er1L k ycnyr nypoxn1. epon1no, a npk1nke 1eonornn n
nn1yprnn a1o1 cneunnLnm cnyxn1enL nen nosnnnn a epnunne n xnpyprnn,
counnnn pennrnosnme rnnm n c1n 1pnxpm noun1e upnn, aonnn, ncenenne
6nroppn poc1onnc1a a o6nc1n pennrnn, opnn n nykn. D1o 6mn anox, korp
nonannncL cme ppeanne rnnm ep.
1k, ecnn canuennnk asnn a caon pykn noue1nme qynkunn, o6ecneunakune ey
aocxnuenne n cnn1nk, cao6opnme nkpn 1kxe amnrpnn o1 no1epn neko1opmx
npexnnx caonx npa, n no npnepy nypoxn1, sanpeaunx uc1Lk o6uec1aenno
xnsnn, o1um ceec1a, ocao6opnauncL o1 nornx s6o1, c1nn coaepuenc1aoa1Lcn a
1epnnLnmx nckycc1ax, a nyke ynpanennn, a aonncko pene n a o6nc1n
saoeann.
npoue, nypoxn1 nonuny ne ksncn ue-1o oncnm. n xnn yepnnenno pnpo c
6or1mn n oryuec1aennmn aoxpnn, ko1opme o6ecneunann ero npoc1yk npnyk
xnsnL. n ne nocnn opyxnn, 1. k. amuen ns ppyxec1aennoro nneenn. n nponcxopnn,
aosoxno, ns ceLn ancn1n nnn ero pop, on 6mn cmno, 6p1o, popc1aennnko
aonnoa. n nepepan caon snnnn yuennk, ko1opme 6mnn aonLnm a nk6oe apen
y1n o1 nero n cnoa asn1L a pykn nyk n c1penm. oa1oy 6pxnns nese1no pxe
pnn 1ex, k1o ero ncnoaepoan, sknpman ocnoam anc1n, ko1opo npepc1onno
cpen1Lcn upesepno.
pnn ns nepamx uroa, ko1opm cpennn canuennocnyxn1enn a npno ynpanennn
o6uec1aennmn, 1. e. senmn penn, canpe1enLc1aye1 o coaepuenc1aoannn
nonn1nuecko n opnLno cnc1em y coapeennnkoa 1o anoxn, ko1opyk neeukne
mcnn1enn ypuno nsmak1 cepm npeppaepne apeen (die graue Vorzeit).
ncn1n nonnnn, u1o 6onLue ne1 cmcn ncnonLsoa1L rpy6yk cnny n xn1poc1L a
o1nouennn ncenennn, ko1opoe noc1enenno npeapunocL a nx noppnnmx. popnoe
ns6pnne 6mno seneno nocanuenne, ko1opoe o6ecneunno nc1mpn npop oco6me
npa n aceo6uee yaxenne, nern1nnoc1L anc1n1enn 1enepL nop1aepxpncL
ue-1o apope koponoannn, ko1opoe ocyuec1annnn nypoxn1m [can a
ack ca, kH Hr racn a aHan, nakkaancu a
aa aHa.]. C 1ex nop anc1L upe pesko aospocn, no1oy u1o onn c1nn
yuc1nnkn canuennopec1an, n pnn a1oro n pxe ne npnunocL caepr1L 6oroa.
pnoapeenno 6mnn snoxenm ocnoam cae1cko anc1n canuennnkoa, n m ceropnn
sne, ue on oxe1 c11L a pykx npocaeuennmx npnmx nkpe, o6npkunx
oncnm paenne a po6pe, ko1opme, snn, u1o pnn nunn, 6onee acero noknonnauecn
po6nec1n, nnkkn, pxe ocanuennn npnunn ne oxe1 cnyxn1L nsannenne
1pycoc1n, yxe nunn npk1nkoa1L cypoame pok1pnnm aospepxnnn n o1ks o1 acero
npckoro. kn n6oxnoc1L ponxn 6mn npnaec1n k 1nxkn yaeuLn, k nm1k,
aosyukun n y n ceppue. o nypoxn1m po a1oro eue ne pounn. nn 6mnn
canuennnkn 6eno nunn, n n a ronoay ne npnxopnn mcnL o 1ko 6esskonnn.
kn o6pso, oryuec1ao canuennnkoa o1nmne neno npounoe ocnoanne. ro
oxo1no ycnnnan cae1ckn anc1L, ypoane1aopennn nonyuennm nocanuenne.
Ckopo c1no ncno, u1o pnn 1oro u1o6m nonyun1L u1o-1o, neo6xopno o1 uero-1o
o1ks1Lcn. e ace upn o1nocnnncL 6nrocknonno k aepun1enn xep1aonpnnouenn,
no xpeu poc11ouno 6mno n1n o1knnk a npope caoe 1aeppoc1Lk nnn koy-1o ns
nnx yepe1L yuennuecko cep1Lk o1 npnxo1n 1npn, u1o6m o6uec1aennoe nenne,
npencnonnennoe npnsn1enLnoc1n n aocxnuennn, cpenno kynpoa ns nypoxn1.
nn, kk neu1o ec1ec1aennoe, npnnnnn ponL, ko1opyk n npepoc1annn. pnko n ne
aepk nn a aronc1nueckne nepennn uenoro kncc, nn a 1o, u1o nesnun1enLnme
npnunnm ory1 p1L snun1enLnme pesynL11m. orp a o6uec1ae nponcxopn1
pnn1enLnn peaonkunn, a1o snun1, u1o c1pc1n 1pnyq1opoa oksnncL cnnLnee
nnunmx nn1epecoa, nnue onn ne nonLsoanncL 6m 1ko nonynnpnoc1Lk. pnnunnm,
n ko1opmx pnckne canuennnkn c1ponnn caok cypL6y, ne 6mnn nn nnu1oxnmn, nn
ceunmn - nnpo1na, onn saoeann rny6okyk cnn1nk rennn pcm, n cn
canuennocnyxn1enn 1o anoxn o6npnn pepknn cnoco6noc1nn k nckycc1ay
npanennn, 1kxe rn6kn yo, yuenoc1Lk, nponnu1enLnoc1Lk n nornko,
poxopnaue po qn1ns.
D1n nkpn qnnocoqckoro y anpenn, u1o pnckne npopm nxopn1cn a okpyxennn
uepnmx nneen, uncnenno nnoro npeaocxopnunx 6enyk pcy, ko1opn o6ocnoancL
n sennx CenpeuLn n poun po yc1Ln np. poe 1oro, onn anpenn, u1o cpepn
pnuea npno xnay1 ppyrne ec1nme nneen, ne c1onL norouncnennme, ko1opme
yxe nunnk1 ceuna1Lcn c neko1opmn ceLnn, ckopee acero c 6epneunn,
nnenee noun1emn n nnenee roppnaunncn caoe npnnpnexnoc1Lk k
saoea1enn. nn seunn, nckonLko yn1m c1on1 nnxe caonx 6enmx popn1ene
no kpco1e, yy n xp6poc1n; onn psmunnnn np nocnepc1annn annnnnn e1ncoa
n nokopennoe nnn nesancnoe uepnoe ncenenne. osoxno, onn 6mnn canpe1ennn
1oro, kk neko1opme ypunname e1ncm c1noannncL upnn.
[anxnme c1penenne coxpnn1L rocnopc1aykuyk ponL 6eno pcm, onn npnpynn
o6uec1aennoe yc1poc1ao c neppxne, ocnoanno n yc1aennmx cnoco6noc1nx. nn
npepnonrnn poaepn1L amcune ponxnoc1n cm ynm n npepnpnnunam. e,
k1o 6mn ne6or1 yo, no nen kpenkyk pyky, ceppue, xxpyuee aonncknx
npnknkuenn, n uec1onk6ne, onn poaepnnn s6o1y o sun1e o6uec1aennoro nopnpk.
kpn nrkoro npa, cknonnm k npnm 1pyp, no pcnonoxennm k p1nm
nopanr, 6mno npepnsnueno kopn1L rocyppc1ao n o6oru1L ero 1oproane n
peecno. 31e ns 6onLuoro uncn 1ex, ue osr p6o1n nnoxo, k1o 6mn po6ok n
nepoc11ouno 6or1, u1o6m oc1a1Lcn cao6opnm, canuennnkn cqopnpoann
rpynny, c1onauyk n nnxne c1ynenn, n peunnn, u1o a1o1 nnsun kncc 6ype1
sp61ma1L cao xne6, amnonnnn 1nxenme nnn pxe ynnsn1enLnme p6o1m,
neo6xopnme pnn o6uec1a.
1k, y spun nunocL npenLnoe peuenne, n nenLsn ne ouenn1L 1ko counnLnm
oprnns, ynpannem psyo n o6cnyxnaem cn6mn yn. cn 1pypnoc1L
sknkuncL a 1o, u1o6m ocyuec1an1L a1n 6c1pk1nme smcnm n npk1nke. a1o
no1epnenn neypuy ace snpnme 1eope1nkn, nypoxn1m cyenn, kk onn cun1nn,
cpen1L a1o.
cxopn ns npnnunn - neocnopnoro pnn nnx, - u1o nyuune kuec1a npnnpnex1
pnu, acnkn cn6oc1L n necnoco6noc1L npncyun uepnm, onn, cnepyn nornke,
peunnn, u1o uennoc1L uenoaek nxopn1cn a npno sancnoc1n o1 unc1o1m kpoan, n
ocnoann n a1o npnnunne kc1oayk cnc1ey.
Caon knccm onn nsmann varna, u1o snun1 uae1, nosxe a1o cnoao npno6peno
ppyroe snuenne kc1 [ nmk kaa H aaa cxan ca
naavanum cHmcn.].
1o6m cqopnpoa1L nepayk kc1y, onn o6Lepnnnnn ceLn nypoxn1 - y1m,
Bxpnry, 1pn, - nsaec1nmx caonn nn1yprnuecknn necnonennnn, nepepaemn
no ncnepc1ay kk uennoe poc1onnne. nn cun1nn, u1o kpoaL a1nx ns6pnnmx 6onee
pnckn, 6onee unc1n, ue y oc1nLnmx.
D1oy knccy, a1o apne, a1oy 6enoy uae1y onn npexpe acero pnn ne npao
n anc1L, u1o c 1euenne apeenn 6mno 6m ec1ec1aennm, no enLue epe
npnnunn 1koro npa n 1o, u1o orno k ney npnaec1n, nenno: onononnk n
xpeueckne qynkunn, n upckoe nocanuenne n npao counnn1L n ncnonnn1L
pennrnosnme rnnm n nepepa1L no1ok nx cekpe1; nkoneu, onn o6Lnannn ce6n
canuennmn n nenorpeunmn nnunoc1nn, o1ksnncL o1 aonncko noannnoc1n,
okpyxnnn ce6n ace neo6xopnm pnn epn1npoannn n nsyuennn nyk, aknkun
nonn1nueckne [caan va axHaa yH vau Ham. Qam,
ncHm axHaaH, can nanumH. Q n a m
ncaann mv kacm cvancu nc nu, a
m xvck kacm a nu, a m
yvar m nu aacana cka, a cn vu mna
ack, ak am mn cm.].
c1ynenL nnxe c1onnn upn co caonn ceLnn, npnue ace 6es ncknkuennn, 1k
kk a1o osnuno 6m konpoe1unk upckoro nocanuennn n yrposy pnn cospaeo
cnc1em. npo c upnn skonop1enn noec1nnn cmx nsaec1nmx aonnoa,
annn1enLnmx n 6or1mx nkpe: npepnonrnocL, u1o a1o1 kncc (apn) nee1
enLue 6eno kpoan, nn6o, ecnn pxe on n coxpnnn pcoayk unc1o1y, ace pano
scnyxnae1 1onLko a1opo c1ynenn, nockonLky yc1aennme cnoco6noc1n n
pennrnosnoc1L uennnncL amue qnsnuecko cnnm. kn mcnL orn popn1Lcn 1onLko
cpepn aennko n 6nropopno pcm. nenoa aoenno kc1m nypoxn1m nsann
ku1pnn, nnn cnnLnme nkpn. nn aennnn n pennrnosnm ponr anpe1L
opyxne, nsyu1L aoennoe nckycc1ao; npao pykoaopn1L nkpLn 6mno n
npepoc1aneno npn ycnoann cneunnLnoro nocanuennn, npn a1o skonop1enn
onnpnncL n counnLnme pok1pnnm pcm, u1o6m ne p1L aoennm 6conk1nyk
anc1L [ kak aHvanum ana nnara Maaaa-QxaHa-
Uaca a kac (aHx, s kHnnnn n camx
ycaan): kra nkau nn n, aau a vu
canka a amcm nr a x cvacu (n. 12, 88). 89:
3 xnaa Ha, ccamm a aax, aavaa na n
aarH, ncn cH nnaa nnH a . 90: ycu k a
na aara acmH aH, n cn c kaa
ckanmH akvkH, n aanmH n rnH knuH.
91: ycu acak n a a knc anaa a nmr aara, a
aara cnaamr, a r, k nc nam, cna yk, a r, vu
ancm akmaa rnaa, a r, k ycan c a Hn, a r, k
ckax " a nnk". 92: r, k cn, n nnn ca
knuvyry, n k ar, yx n nc ana a a,
yvacay a , a akx r, k caxacn c yrH. 95: ycu ,
naHnyn nr aa, n nvmx, kra yu r, k
cnHan ca yx, k ck vH- caH, k nxn a, k
yn caxH k nayncn cn. 98: aka a
nnxm ak aa. au nx cynau sr
aka, kra acyna a ay c aaraH.].
nn o6Lnannn, u1o kxpn apn o6ecneunae1 caon unen oco6me npnannernn,
nepep ko1opmn 6eccnnLn upckn aonn. Upk snpeunocL yuenn1L npa
canuennnkoa-xpeuoa. y ne nosaonnnocL nocnr1L n npa ku1pnea nnn 6onee
nnsknx kc1. Monpx okpyxnn nnnc1pm nnn coae1nnkn, 6es nooun ko1opmx on ne
or npnnn1L peuennn n ko1opme npnnpnexnn k knccy nypoxn1 nnn aonnoa.
3konop1enn n a1o ne oc1noannncL. ene pennrnosnmx skonoa onn
npepnncmann upn onpepenennme npann noaepennn a nnuno xnsnn.
erynnpoancL pxe nnu, 6onee acero ocyxpnocL nk6oe o1c1ynnenne o1 nx
npepnncnn. o oey nennk, coe yppoe a a1nx skonx sknkue1cn a 1o, u1o
canuennocnyxn1enn ne onononnsnpoann a1n snnnn. nn nonnnn, u1o nenLsn
snpe1n1L poc1yn k o6psoannk 1oy, k1o cnoco6en k yuennk, 1kxe n
necnoco6noy: ecnn snnne ec1L cnn n pe1 a1opn1e1, 1k 1onLko npn ycnoann, u1o
o6 a1o cypn1 ppyrne, cnoco6nme nx ouenn1L.
1k, nypoxn1m ne 1onLko snpeunn o6psoanne ku1pnn, no, nnpo1na,
pekoenpoann: onn nosaonnnn n un11L canuennme knnrn, o6nsmann o6Lncnn1L
nx, 1kxe 6nrocknonno asnpnn n snn1nn cae1cknn nykn: noasne, nc1opne,
c1ponone. k qopnpoancn kncc aoennmx - ynmx n xp6pmx nkpe, -
ko1opme nonnLno o1nocnnncL k pyxoaenc1ay. e ne enee, nn1epecm a1o kc1m ne
ao ace coanpnn c nnnn pennrnosnmx peqop1opoa, n pno nnn nospno a a1o
cmcne nocnepnne ornn c1onkny1Lcn c oncnoc1Lk. o-nnoy o6c1onnn pen c
apno, c1onue n c1ynenL nnxe aoenno kc1m. euL npe1 o kc1e ..., coc1onue
ns nkpe c 6onee 1eno koxe, ue pa nepamx counnLnmx kncc; onn, aosoxno,
6mnn enee 6or1m n annn1enLnm a o6uec1ae. eco1pn n a1o, nx popc1ao c
amcunn kc1n 6mno nanm n neocnopnm, n a noao cnc1ee onn cun1nncL
ann1o, nnn paxpm poxpennmn (dvidja); aoo6ue, a1o cnoao o6osnuno
npeaocxopc1ao pcm np 6opnrenn, coc1annkunn ocnoay nunn, np ko1opmn
c1onnn xpeum n aonnm. enno no a1o npnunne nsanne pnum, o1 ko1oporo
o1ksnncL ku1pnn n nypoxn1m - nepame c1nn nsma1L ce6n cnnLnmn, a1opme
6pxnn, - coxpnnnocL s 1pe1Le kc1o.
3kon Mny, ko1opm nonanncn nocne pcc1pnaeo nn anoxn, xo1n on ocnoan
n ppeaneunx a1opn1e1x, onpepenne1 o6ps xnsnn kc1m acnea. nopyuncL
s6o1 o poune cko1e, nockonLky cknpmaaunecn o6mun n npam ne nosaonnnn
snn1Lcn cko1oaopc1ao amcun kncc, kk a1o pennn nx npepkn. cnn
snnnncL 1oproane, ccyxnn penLrn nop npouen1m n aospenmann senk. kn
o6pso, a nx pykx konuen1pnpoanncL 6onLune 6or1c1a, noa1oy n
npepnncmanocL npnnocn1L ppm n xep1aonpnnouennn 6or. pspeunocL un11L
epm, pnn 1oro, u1o6m onn ornn cnokono akyu1L ckponme, nposnueckne, no
aecL npn6mnLnme npenyuec1a caoero nonoxennn, 6pxn n ku1pnn c1poro-
nc1poro snpeunocL yuenn1L nx npa n aeuna1Lcn a nx pen1enLnoc1L,
npno6pe11L u1o 6m 1o nn 6mno - nnpnep, sepno nnn nspennn - oxno 6mno
1onLko uepes nnx. 1k, nunnn c pnne ppeanoc1n, pnckn unannnsunn a npnn
onnpncL n norouncnennyk 6ypxysnk, xopouo oprnnsoannyk n sunuennyk,
neauyk 6onLune npa n nonLsoaauykcn nokpoan1enLc1ao pennrnn. c11n,
peskoe ycnnenne a1o kc1m ne yckonLsno o1 annnnn skonop1ene npnn, n a
Mna-[xp-Lc1p ( 418) upn pekoenpoanocL cnepn1L s 1e, u1o6m
1oproaum n peecnennnkn ne npec1ynnn skon, amnonnnn caon o6nsnnoc1n. poe
1oro, npo o1e1n1L, u1o a1o1 kncc, ne a enLue c1enenn, ue ku1pnn, ponyckncn
k o6psoannk n, 6nroppn caoey 6onee cnokonoy o6psy xnsnn, nsanekn ns
yuennn 6onLue nonLsm.
okonu1enLno qope nnpnckoe o6uec1ao coc1onno ns a1nx 1pex amcunx kc1.
poe nnx ne 6mno pnuea, ne 6mno paxpm poxpennmx. Mexpy 1e ne cnepoano
c6pcma1L co cue1oa 6opnrenoa, ko1opme npe6mann n nnsue c1ynenn
counnLno nec1nnum, xo1n a kko-1o c1enenn norne ns nnx yxe kpoano cpopnnnncL
c saoea1ennn. nkk nenLsn 6mno o1aepr1L a1nx nkpe, npnansaunxcn k
rocnop n nonyuaunx o1 nnx xne6 ncyunm, u1o6m ns6ex1L ocnoxnenn.
npoue, pnLneuee noksno, u1o 6pxnm aoapen nouyac1aoann, nckonLko
pnn nnx cnx 6mno axno coxpnn1L o1nouennn c norouncnennm uepnm
ncenenne, 1e 6onee, u1o 6opnrenm o1 a1oro eue qn1nunee cnyxnnn
saoea1enn. a1o cksmancL cy1L ennnuea. Bpxn, nc1annk pnn
ku1pnea n acnea, pnn uepno 1onnm 6mn 6oro.
Bpxnm cqopnpoann ue1aep1yk kc1y ns a1o 1onnm nopco6nmx p6o1nnkoa,
kpec1Lnn n 6popnr. D1o 6mnn cyppm, nnn pscm, 1. e. npncnyxnnkn,
o6peuennme n cyk 1nxenyk p6o1y. C1poro snpeunocL pypno o6pu1Lcn c
nnn, nx noc1onnno oneknn, o6epernn o1 ronop n nnue1m. 1enne canuennmx knnr
n 6mno snpeueno, nx cun1nn neunc1mn, 1. k. onn ne 6mnn pnun.
Yupepna a1n knccm, ocnoa1enn kc1oao cnc1em o6Lnannn ee aeuno n
nesm6neo: ec1o a kxpo kc1e 6mno ncnepc1aennm n 1pe6oano, u1o6m k ne
npnnpnexnn o6 popn1enn. o n a1o 6mno eue ne ace. ouno 1k xe, kk upn ne
ornn npan1L, ne nonyuna nocanuennn o1 6pxnoa, nnk1o ne nen npa
nonLsoa1Lcn npnannernnn caoe kc1m 6es coo1ae1c1aykue uepeonnn. rnae II,
26 Mna-[xp--Lc1p cksno cnepykuee: Corncno yppm aepnueckn
npepnncnnn, neo6xopno npoaopn1L uepeonnn, ko1opme ounuk1 1eno nkpe ns
acex 1pex knccoa a a1o xnsnn n ro1oan1 ero k 6ypyue. kn o6pso,
nocanuenne a caok kc1y 1pe6oanocL ne 1onLko pnn cuc1Ln a a1o xnsnn, no n pnn
1oro, u1o6m o6ecneun1L cuc1nnayk cypL6y a cnepykue. Uepeonnn nunnnncL yxe
c npepnonreoro oen1 su1nn. Co6c1aenno roaopn, nenno onn n qopnpoann
cyunoc1L nnpyc nesancno o1 kc1oao npen. ao1 37: xpm 6pxn, nnn
ero o1eu aec1o nero, ponxen s6o1n1Lcn o coaepuenc1aoannn a canuennmx
snnnnx. "u1pn" - a caoe aonncko nckycc1ae, "acn" - a caoe 1oproao
pene; o6pnp nocanuennn pnn nnx npoaopn1cn coo1ae1c1aenno a aospc1e nn1n, uec1n
n cen ne1.
ex, k1o s6mn o6 a1nx o6nsnnoc1nx, ncknkunn ns nnpnckoro o6uec1a. o1 u1o
roaopn1cn a Mna-[xp-Lc1p: Uepeonnk nocanuennn nenLsn
o1knpma1L: pnn xpeu kpnn cpok - 16 ne1, pnn conp1 - 21 rop, pnn 1oproau
- 24 rop (rn. II, 38). pnee a 39: ocne a1oro cpok ace knoun ns 1pex
ynonny1mx kc1, ko1opme ne npounn aoapen o6pnp nocanuennn, c1noan1cn
ap1n, nnn o1aepxennmn, n scnyxnak1 ocyxpennn po6pope1enLnoro
uenoaek. eunc1mx, 6ypL onn pxe 6pxnm no o1uy n 1epn, nsmann ap1n
1. e. ps6onnkn, rp6n1ennn, y6nun, n anonne aepon1no, u1o a1n nsron
o6uec1a uc1o npnxopnnocL 6p1L a pykn opyxne, u1o6m cyuec1aoa1L. nn
coc1annnn ocnoay norouncnennmx nneen, c1aunx uyxnn pnn nnpycoa.
koa a o6unx uep1x knccnqnkunn, n 6se ko1opo ncnepnnkn nypoxn1
co6npnncL noc1pon1L cao o6uec1aennm c1po. pexpe ue roaopn1L o pesynL11x
n ycnexx, o punonnLnoc1n a1o cnc1em, o 6ecnpeuepen1nmx aosoxnoc1nx,
aneprnn n necokpyuno 1epnennn, ko1opmx ne xnenn 6pxnm pnn ykpennennn n
pcunpennn caoero pe1nu, pcco1pn neko1opme o6une aonpocm.
C a1norpqnuecko 1oukn spennn rnano cn6oc1Lk cnc1em 6mno 1o, u1o on
onnpncL n qnkunk. Bpxnm ne 6mnn n ne ornn 6m1L nc1nnnmn pnun, s
ncknkuenne 1ex cee ku1pnea n acnea, uLn unc1o1 6mn neocnopn:
peno a 1o, u1o onn a cnny snneoro nonoxennn a o6uec1ae nnn caonx 6or1c1a
amnyxpenm 6mnn snn1L 1o, ne nnoe nonoxenne. C ppyro c1oponm, ne kxe1cn,
u1o snenn1me pcm y1m n 1pn nenn a caoe renenornn npepkoa,
nponcxopnaunx o1 o1uoa-aonnoa n popnaunxcn ao apeen, korp 1kne coksm 6mnn
oqnunnLno pspeuenm, n u1o, kpoe acero npouero, a1n npepkn nenn a caoe kpoan
ennnckne aneen1m: cpepn no1okoa y1m n 1pn 1oxe 6mnn e1ncm. o psae
o1 a1oro onn a enLue epe nannk1cn o6np1ennn canuennmx rnnoa, counnennmx
nx npepkn? sae ne amnonnnnn onn noue1nmx xpeuecknx o6nsnnoc1e npn
oryuec1aennmx upnx? sae cn onn ne 6mnn oryuec1aennmn? nn uncnnnncL
cpepn kopnqeea noao np1nn, n ne1 ocnoann npepnonr1L, u1o onn po6poaonLno
ypy1 ns amcue kc1m.
e ne enee, ecnn pcc1pna1L cn1yunk 1onLko npnenn1enLno k nnpnckn
nonn1nn, oxno cks1L, u1o kk 1onLko o6psoanncL kc1m 6pxnoa, ku1pnea,
acnea, rppunn unc1o1m kpoan cpenncL oqnunnLno: 6pxnm c1nn cun11Lcn
6onee 6enmn, ue ku1pnn, nocnepnne 6onee 6enmn, ue npepc1an1enn
1pe1Le kc1m, 1e, a caok ouepepL, c1onnn amue, ue ue1aep1m kncc, coc1onaun
nou1n uennko ns uepnmx. a1oy cnepye1 po6an1L, u1o cn 6pxnm ne 6mnn
unc1o 6enmn n nenn a xnnx npnecL ppyrnx kpoae. o1nnune o1 oc1nLno
uc1n anp - kenL1oa, cnann n 1e 6onee ppyrnx unenoa pnckoro ceec1a,
nnpnep npnuea n cp1oa - onn npncaonnn ce6e npao n oco6yk
nunonnLnoc1L, u1o6m ampenn1Lcn ns o6ue ccm. nn c1onnn amue acex
coapeennmx n pncknx nneen, no yc1ynnn nepaopopnoy 1nny n yxe ne nenn
ppeane cnnm n aneprnn.
nn nunn npno6pe11L norne kuec1a uepno pcm. nnx 6onLue ne 6mno 1o
npno1m cyxpennn, 1oro xnpnokpoann, ko1opme o1nnunn 6enyk pcy a ee unc1o
anpe, n, cypn no rpnpnosnoc1n nx nnnoa noc1poennn o6uec1a, a nx pcue1x
6onLuoe ec1o snnn nrp aoo6pxennn n oksman cnnLnoe annnnne n nx
npen. nn amnrpnn a cmcne knnyuec1n mcnn, kpyrosop n pepsoc1n. nn amnrpnn
a cmcne cnruennn caonx ppeannx nnc1nnk1oa. o amcunx po6pope1ene c1no y nnx
enLue, n ecnn u1o-1o y1p1nnn 6pxnm, 1o a eue 6onLue c1enenn a1o kce1cn
ku1pnea n acnea. Mm yxe o1eunn, pcc1pnan rnne1, u1o ocnoanm
cnepc1ane npn1ok uepno kpoan nanncL qennnsunn 1nn. k npanno, on ne
nopoxpe1 1pycoa, no anponsenne1 npexpe cnokonyk n yaepennyk cnny, po6anne1
a nee c1pc1noc1n. n1oa m ysnnn 1onLko a 1o1 nepnop, korp onn yxe y1p1nnn
cneunqnueckne npnsnkn caonx nppopn1ene, noa1oy nenLsn pen1L amaopm,
ncxopn ns nx nsyuennn. e ne enee, 1 6esn1exnn nsnexennoc1L, ceunnn c
xec1okoc1Lk, kkyk m a nnx yanpenn, xpk1epn ceropnn pnn a1nnueckn
coo1ae1c1aykunx knccoa nnpyccko nunn. oa1oy oxno cnpaepnnao
npepnonoxn1L, u1o a nune caoe nc1opnn xn1m npounn uepes 1ko xe nepnop,
u1o n 6pxnckn kc1. 1o kce1cn cen1oa, y nnx a1o ouyue1cn cnnLnee. 1k,
ace amuecksnnoe nosaonne1 cpen1L cnepykun amaop: npnecL uepno kpoan a
ne6onLuo konnuec1ae psanae1 6enyk pcy a 1o cmcne, u1o o6orue1 ee
aoo6pxenne, pene1 6onee p1nc1nuno n kk 6m okpmnne1 ee. 1o xe apen on
o6esopyxnae1 ee a cmcne cnoco6noc1n pccyxpennn, yenLue1 npk1nuns,
nnocn1 nenonpanm ypp no ee pen1enLnoy xpk1epy, cnnxe1 qnsnueckne
aosoxnoc1n pcm, 1kxe nou1n acerp o1nne1 y nkpe, amuepunx ns 1koro
coks, cnoco6noc1L n npao conepnnu1L c 6eno pco a 1epnennaoc1n, 1aeppoc1n n
nponnu1enLnoc1n. nonrk, u1o 6pxnm, eue po qopnpoannn kc1 ac1ynna a
6nnskne kon1k1m c ennnun, nopro1oannn ce6n k nopxennk a 6opL6e c pcn,
coxpnnaunn 6onLue 6eno kpoan.
eco1pn n a1n oroaopkn, ecnn pcc1pna1L 1onLko nnpnckne npopm, 1o 6ype1
nonn1no aocxnuenne nepep skonop1ennn. Cpepn npounx kc1 n ncenennn, ne
o1nocnuerocn nn k opno kc1e, onn n anpapy nannk1 co6o aennuec1aennoe
spennue. ne c1on1 ynonn1L, u1o c 1euenne apeenn, c nens6exnm
ampoxpenne 1nnoa, ko1opoe aospc1no, neco1pn n ace nx c1pnnn, 6pxnm
1oxe ampopnnncL; opnko ny1euec1aennnkn n nrnnckne unnoannkn, apypn1m,
nsyukune aennkn sn1ckn nonyoc1poa, noc1onnno o1euk1, u1o any1pn
nnpnckoro o6uec1a kc1 6pxnoa coxpnne1 neocnopnoe npenyuec1ao np
ace, u1o ee okpyxe1. Ceropnn, snn1nnnme coksn, ko1opme 1k yxcnn nx
npepkoa, 6pxnm ace xe o1nnuk1cn o1 caoero npop qnsnueckn coaepuenc1ao.
onLko a a1o kc1e eue oxno ac1pe1n1L akyc k nyk, yaxenne k nncLennm
nn1nnk, snnne canuennoro nsmk, poc1onnc1a nx 1eonoroa n rp1nkoa
o1eunn n on6pyk, n Ynncon, n ppyrne nnpync1m. Bpn1nckn pnnnc1punn pxe
poaepnn n npenopa1L a konnepxe Oop1-YnnLn. oneuno, 6neck npexne cnam
no1ycknen. c1ncn 1onLko o16neck, ko1opm c1noan1cn ace cn6ee no epe poc1
counnLno pesoprnnsunn a npnn. pnko neppxnueckn cnc1e, cospnnn
ppeannn nypoxn1n, coxpnnncL. e oxno nsyu1L ao ace uenoc1noc1n, n u1o6m
no poc1onnc1ay ouenn1L ee, poc11ouno xo1n 6m npn6nnsn1enLno amuncnn1L, ckonLko
apeenn on cyuec1aye1.
Dnox nn o1nocn1cn k 3102 r. po n. a. o cy1n, on nuncL 1onLko nocne aennknx
aon expy kypan n nnpan. cnn 6pxnns a 1y anoxy eue n ne poc1nr
caoero pcuae1, 1o yxe 6mn cqopnpoan a caonx rnanmx uep1x.
unpckn ap nunne1cn s 2448 ne1 po oxpec1a pnc1oa. D1o yxe nocne
aennko aonm repoea, cnepoa1enLno, m nonyun apeenno nn1epan 654 rop
expy ee nuno n anoxo nn.
k 6m nn 6mnn ne1ounm a1n p1m, ppyrnx y nc ne1, n no epe 1oro, kk nponcnnk1cn
nc1opnueckne cyepkn, y nc oc1e1cn ace enLue conenn a nx poc1oaepnoc1n.
1k, nocne npo6en, poaonLno npoponxn1enLnoro, a XIV a. po n. a. m anpn
oprnnsoannyk cnc1ey 6pxnns, nn1yprnueckne 1ekc1m yxe nnncnm,
aepnueckn knenppL coc1anen. oa1oy ne1 cmcn o6pu1Lcn k 6onee nospnn
apeen.
Mm counn anoxy nn cnnuko o6unpno, n ne 6ype 6onLue aosapu1Lcn k ne.
YenLun konnuec1ao ne1, cansnnmx c ne, n oc1noancn n kunpcko ape. cnn
nepe1n k 6onee nospnn apeen, 1orp 1epne1 cmcn acn ernne1ckn xpononornn.
e c1ne acnonn1L o 1o, u1o 6pxnns yxe cyuec1aoan sponro po a1o
anoxn, n 6ype cun11L, u1o expy 2448 r. po n. a. n 1852 r. n. a. npouno 4300 ne1,
u1o 6pxnckn oprnnsunn po cnx nop xnae1, u1o ceropnn ee oxno cpann1L c
rnn1o npn 1oneenx 1pe1Lero c1one1nn po n. a., c nepao ccnpncko
oprnnsune a psnme apeen, a uc1noc1n a VII a. kn o6pso, o1pan
ponxnoe ernne1cko unannnsunn n anncman ee a aecL pnn1enLnm nepnop,
npepuec1aykun nepecenennk, 1kxe aecL nepnop nun ee psan1nn po Menec,
oxno sknkun1L, u1o on pnnncL c 2448 r. po 300 r. po n. a., 1. e. 2148 ne1. 1o
kce1cn ccnpncko unannnsunn, pxe ecnn o1opanny1L ee nc1okn a ouenL ppeanne
apeen - xo1n on ne orn o1c1on1L no apeenn n noro aekoa o1 kunpcko
apm, - npnpe1cn npnsn1L, u1o on 6mn kp1koapeenno.
pnnc1aennm nynk1o pnn cpanennn oc1e1cn ernne1ckn oprnnsunn, n on
o1c1e1 o1 ncxopnoro 1nn n 2152 rop. npnsnk, u1o 1kne pcue1m aecL
nponsaonLnm. o ne cnepye1 s6ma1L, u1o uenL a1o nponsaonLnoc1n a 1o, u1o6m
cosn1enLno n nnoro cokp1n1L npoponxn1enLnoc1L anoxn 6pxnns: n
cneunnLno npepnonrk opnoapeennoc1L cospnnn kc1 c kunpcko apo n -
1kxe nckycc1aenno n npo1na acnkoro npaponopo6nn - nonrk, u1o nee1 ec1o
cnnxponns expy nepamn poc1nxennnn 6pxnns n poxpenne unannnsunn a
ponnne nn; nkoneu, n cansmak c III a. po n. a. anoxy, korp nc1nnnme ernn1nne
yxe y1p1nnn caok cyunoc1L. nmn cnoan, onpepennn cpok xnsnn nnpycckoro
o6uec1a nnuL n 2500 ne1 npoponxn1enLnee, ue cyuec1aoanne ccnpnn, n n
2000 ne1 ponLue, ue rnn1, n cokpuk ero n neckonLko aekoa. e ne enee n n
a1o nc1nak, nockonLky n onepnpyk 1onLko poc1oaepnmn unqpn, nyc1L n
nenonnmn, no n onn pk1 ne aosoxnoc1L cpen1L nnxecnepykune amaopm.
pn pcc1pnaemx o6uec1a xnay1 a 1o epe, a kko coxpnne1cn 6enm
npnnunn, cnyxun nx ocnoao.
ccnpnckoe o6uec1ao, noc1onnno nopnn1maaueecn npn1okn psno kpoan,
psaepnyno nnxoppounyk k1nanoc1L. 31e nop n1ncko ouenL cnnLnmx en-
nncknx aneen1oa, cpenauncL peno 6eckoneunmx a1nnuecknx aon, ono c1no
enn1L nnpanenne, qopy n uae1, n nkoneu nonanncL pncko-npnckn pc,
ko1opn npnpn ey noam anp. o1 o6munn yuc1L ceunnoro o6uec1a: anune
6ypnn pen1enLnoc1L, s1e sc1o n ouenenenne n nkoneu cep1L.
rnne1 a a1o cmcne cnyxn1 npoexy1ounm nynk1o pnn cpanennn, 1. k.
oprnnsunn a1oro rocyppc1a ocnoan n nonyepx. c1oan cnc1e
o6ecneunan ouenL orpnnuennoe a1nnueckoe annnnne, nockonLky npnennncL ne a
nonno epe, u1o penno aosoxnmn psnopopnme coksm. osoxno, pnckoe nppo
6mno cnnuko cn6oe, u1o6m ne1L 6conk1nyk anc1L, n 6mno ocn6neno
ceuenne c uepnmn aneen1n. rnne1ckn unannnsunn, 6onee xnsnecnoco6nn,
6onee nornunn n ononn1nn, enee ynsann n enee psnopopnn, ue
ccnpnckn, aec1e c 1e, oksncL enee se1no n k1nano; enLue cnepoa
oc1ann on a npoao nc1opnn, s1o 6mn 6onee 6nropopno n npoponxn1enLno.
enepL nepexopn k 1pe1Ley nynk1y nuero nccnepoannn - k npnn. 3pecL
o1cy1c1aye1 konponcc c uyxo pco, n nepao ec1e specL 6pxnm, n a1opo
- ku1pnn. cnn n pxe cyppm 1kxe snnk1 caoe onpepenennoe ec1o. xpn
kc1 anocn1 cao aknp a o6uee panoaecne n noppepxnae1 ero. 6uec1ao
ykpennne1 caon ocnoam n npouae1e1 nnopo6ne 6yno pc1n1enLnoc1n a a1o
6nrop1no kpk. ok eaponeum 6mnn snkom 1onLko c kpeuko aoc1ounoro
np, onn aocxnunncL ppeannn unannnsunnn qnnnknuea, ernn1nn n
ccnpnuea. D1n npop npnnncmann ack cnay npounmx anox. nnpn n
nnpnpm, eaponeum nopxnncL 1oy, u1o ornn cyuec1aoa1L nkpn, noc1ponaune
1kne rpnpnosnme coopyxennn. o nosxe m pspannynn ropnson1, o6npyxnnn n
6eperx nr poc1nxennn [peane npnn, cyuec1aykune yxe noro c1one1n, n
nun aocxnuennme asopm oc1noannncL n c1pne expy npo n nnxnn 1euenne
Bpxny1pm. enno 1 uenoaeueckn renn co1aopnn uypec, po cnx nop
nopxkune aoo6pxenne. enno 1 poc1nrnn amcuero pcuae1 qnnocoqnn n
noasnn, pen1enLnn n yppn 6ypxysnn kc1m acnea ponroe apen co6npn ace
6or1c1a ppeanero np - n sono1o, n cepe6po, n pprouennme knn. o ec1L opnn
aknp 6pxnns a nc1opnk uenoaeuec1a, ko1opm npeaocxopn1 ace ero o1penLnme
poc1nxennn. euL npe1 o6 o6uec1ae, nou1n 6eccep1no o1nocn1enLno acex
oc1nLnmx. onLko pae oncnoc1n rposnnn ey: nnpenne nunn, neaue 6onee
unc1yk 6enyk kpoaL, n a1nnueckoe ceuenne.
epan oncnoc1L aosnnkn neopnokp1no, no ecnn uyxeseu uc1o ypanocL
nopunnn1L ce6e nnpycckoe o6uec1ao, 1o onn 1k n ne cornn psnoxn1L ero nsny1pn.
1opn oncnoc1L 1kxe npncy1c1aoan. npoue, on yxe npncy1c1aoan a
spopmue a nepao6m1no oprnnsunn. e ypnocL ee ns6ex1L nnn xo1n 6m
oc1noan1L ee psan1ne a pesynL11e ceuennn kpoan, ko1opoe noc1enenno
npnaopnno k ampoxpennk amcunx kc1 npnn. e ne enee, ecnn kc1oan cnc1e
ne corn nonnoc1Lk ne1pnnsoa1L soa npnpopm, on a snun1enLno epe
nopann ero. spyun1enLnm npouecc nponcxopnn upesamuno epnenno, n
nockonLky npeaocxopc1ao 6pxnoa n ku1pnea np oc1nLnm nnpnckn
ncenenne po cnx nop oc1e1cn neocnopnm, 1pypno npepc1an1L okonu1enLnm
pcnp a1oro o6uec1a. a1o coc1on1 y6epn1enLnoe poks1enLc1ao npeaocxopc1a
6enoro 1nn n 6nro1aopnoc1n pspenennn pc.
II. aa axHaHa
1o kce1cn cnc1em, cospnno nypoxn1n n npeap1nauecn a 6pxnns, m
aenn peuL 1onLko o co npnnunne, no ne o 1pypno npouecce ero pennsunn.
1o6m pcco1pe1L ero, n am6pn ne oen1 nun qopnpoannn a1oro npouecc n
ero psan1nn, anoxy ero noren. enepL aepnecn a nono nc1opnn n 6nnxe
nosnkoncn c cnc1eo.
Moryuec1ao nypoxn1 cqopnpoanocL n payx yc1onx: psynn pennrnosnoc1L
pncko pcm, c opno c1oponm, c ppyro, npepnnoc1L, enee 6nropopnn, no
6onee qn1nunn, e1ncoa n 6opnrenoa. x anc1L onnpncL n acnea, acerp
nckaunx noppepxkn npo1na aoenno kc1m, n n cyppcoa, o1nnuaunxcn uyac1ao
cyeaepnoro c1px n aocxnuennn nepep nkpLn, exepneano o6uaunncn c Boro.
Bes 1ko paono noppepxkn nypoxn1m pxe ne ornn 6m n nopy1L o
nesancnoc1n, ecnn 6m n n npnun 1kn mcnL, onn ne cornn 6m ocyuec1an1L
ee. uyun noppepxky, onn ocenenn. pnko a a1o apen any1pn norouncnenno
rpynnm pnuea pspsnncL 6onLun cy1. a pesynL11e 61nn, amsannmx
pennrnosnmn pcnpnn, sopoc1pnckne npopm o1kononncL o1 nnpnckoro
ceec1a n yunn ns enpx6 n cocepnnx c nn seenL. nn nnpannncL n snp,
nacerp nopaa co caonn 6p1Lnn, uLn nonn1nueckn oprnnsunn nx 6onLue ne
yc1pnan. cnn sp1Lcn aonpoco o npnunnx pckon, ecnn cnpocn1L, nouey 1o,
u1o 6mno no npay opnn, ne yc1pnano ppyrnx, 1o apnp nn oxno nonyun1L
opnosnunm o1ae1. pnko n nou1n ne coneakcL a 1o, u1o sopoc1pnum,
oc1ancL pnLue k ceaepy, 1. e. a pLeprppe pnuea-nnpycoa, ne coxpnnnn a ce6e
aec1e c 6onLue unc1o1o kpoan poc11ouno psy, u1o6m o1ks1Lcn o1
yc1noanennn neppxnn no poxpennk, npynno, c nx 1oukn spennn, n,
cnepoa1enLno, 6ecnonesno n ne nonynnpno. cnn 6m a nx pnpx ne 6mno uepnmx
cyppcoa, acnea-kqpoa n yn1oa-ku1pnea, ecnn 6m ace onn 6mnn 6enme n
panme, 1orp onn ornn 6m corncn1Lcn c 1e, u1o6m ao rnae nx counnLno
oprnnsunn c1onnn 6pxnm. nk6o cnyue, oueanpno, u1o noan cnc1e
anyun n o1apuenne, ko1oporo onn ne ckpmann. pnsnkn 1koro o1nouennn m
anpn a peqope, apoxnoan1ene ko1opo 6mn 3opoc1p, 3eppyu1 nnn 3epe1ou1po.
o pckonLnnkn, 1k xe kk nnpycm, ne coxpnnnn ppeann pnckn kynL1.
osoxno, onn xo1enn caec1n ero k 6onee 1ouno qopynnpoake. ce a noao
pennrnn-rnn pmun1 npo1ec1o n apxpo k 6pxnnsy [ 3-ac cu
cak axHacckx aaa, km cycay a mm
nr naca.]. canuenno nsmke sopoc1pnuea 6or nnpycoa Deva c1n
[nao, 1. e. snm pyxo, cnoao maaniu) nonyunno snuenne ne6ecnm, ero
kopenL y 6pxnnc1cknx npopoa coxpnnn snuenne npoc1L nnn rnea
[3acm an Hn a nHy r.].
1k, pckon nponsouen, n pa npop c 1ex nop npoponxnn xn1L o1penLno n
ac1ynnn ppyr c ppyro a o1nouennn 1onLko c opyxne a pykx. e ne enee, pxe
o1aeun nenpnnsnLk n nenpnnsnL, ockop6nenne n ockop6nenne, onn acerp
nonnnn o6 o6ue nponcxoxpennn n ne o1ksmanncL o1 popc1a.
c11n, cnepye1 o1e1n1L, u1o no ace aepon1noc1n nesponro po a1oro-pckon nun
qopnpoa1Lcn npkpn1ckn nsmk, co6c1aenno pnckn nsmk, ecnn on aoo6ue
korp-nn6ypL cyuec1aoan nnue, ue a anpe coaokynnoc1n npeun, npekp1nn caoe
cyuec1aoanne. o eue ponro cnckpn1 npeo6npn a anpe psroaopno peun, u1o ne
euno noxn1Lcn nponsaopnm npeunn n pnnek1, canuennm nsmk 1e
apeene noc1enenno npeapuncn a knnxnm.
k 6mnn 6m ppm 6pxnm, ecnn 6m yxop sopoc1pncknx npopoa ns6ann nx o1
acnko onnosnunn. o nok onn 6oponncL 1onLko c opnn npo1nannko, xo1n 6mno
neno xenkunx pspyun1L nx cnc1ey. [o cnx nop onn c1nknanncL 1onLko c
opno qopo npo1ec1, ppyrne eue ne nponannncL.
pnum npoponxnn panxenne k kry n aoc1oky, n a1o panxenne, ko1opoe pnnnocL po
XVIII a. n. a. ko1opoe, aosoxno, npoponxe1cn a ckpm1o qope po cnx nop, nok
cyuec1aye1 6pxnns, conpoaoxpnocL - n uc1nuno 6mno amsano - panenne
ppyrnx npopoa c kr, npn6maaunx c ppeane popnnm. Mx6xp1e
pccksmae1cn o6 a1o aennko snospno nepecenennn. D1n npnuenLum,
aosrnanneme cmnoaLnn npy, oueanpno, unn ny1e caonx npepuec1aennnkoa n
npnunn a npnk uepes Corpnny, rpe ocnoann ropop, ko1opm nsann np no
nenn caoero n1pnpx. 1o kce1cn pcm, k ko1opo npnnpnexnn a1n
saoea1enn, specL ne1 nnkknx conenn. x nsanne osnue1 6enm uenoaek.
Bpxnm nerko ysnann a1nx npo1nannkoa n cun1nn nx o1npmckn nppopn1ene
nnpncko nunn. nn pxe npnsnann popc1ao npnuenLuea c op1opokcnLno
koponeacko pco kypaoa. x xenunnm 6mnn kpynnmn, 6enokoxnn n 6enokypmn
n nonLsoanncL 1o cao6opo, ko1opn y 1ea1onoa - nnonoanny nopanennn y
pnnnn - 6mn npoponxenne ppeannx npaoa 6enoro ceec1a.
D1n nnpam enn nk6oe nco, 1. e. nn1nncL n 6mkn, n kopoan, u1o cun1nocL
cm 6onLun kouync1ao y nnpncknx pnuea. a1o o1nouennn sopoc1pnckne
peqopm ne s1prnann c1pyk cnc1ey, u1o 6mno eue opnn n y6epn1enLnm a
pe1pocnek1nae poks1enLc1ao 1oro, u1o a1 unannnsunn, noc1poennn n o6unx
pennrnosnmx npenx, nspan o6Lepnnnn o6e ae1an nesancno o1 nckonnmx npe
pcm. npam ne yaxnn canuennmx xnao1nmx n eue enLue noun1nn kc1oayk
neppxnk. x canuennnkn ne 6mnn 6pxnn n pxe nypoxn1n. oa1oy a rnsx
nnpycoa onn 6mnn neunc1mn, n 6pocnn 1enL n 6pxnckyk unannnsunk.
koneuno cue1e, pspsnncL aon, ee 1e1po 6mn aecL ceaep, kr n aoc1ok
nonyoc1poa po npexn n ncnm, yuc1aoann a ne ace npopm, kk pnum, 1k n
6opnrenm. BopL6 6mn 1e 6onee ponro, u1o y saoea1ene 6mnn ec1ec1aennme
coksnnkn a nnue nornx pncknx nneen a nnnx, apxpe6no o1nocnaunxcn k
6pxncko cnc1ee. Mnorne e1ncnme npopm 6mnn snn1epecoanm a pspyuennn
a1o cnc1em: ace ps6onnkn nk6oro uae1 koxn c1noannncL c1oponnnkn
nnpaoa [Hx, naaam mn nam ca n nknnnH
c caa, anH kynaca, caaamxcn a ack nx k cky
ara. Maxaxaaa amaa x vc ac, ank ycck
kynuym.].
ypam sununn unannnsunk, no a konue konuoa no1epnenn nopxenne. enpx6
n 6onLune 1eppn1opnn no cocepc1ay c nn oksnncL a pykx 6onee 6enmx n,
cnepoa1enLno, 6onee k1nanmx saoea1ene, n, amnyxpennn yc1ynn1L, nnpycckn
unannnsunn o1opannyncL pnLue n kro-aoc1ok. pnko on coxpnnnncL
6nroppn yc1ounaoc1n pc, ee coc1annaunx. oc1anocL 1onLko xp1L, n ee
peanu a o1nouennn no1okoa nnpaoa c1n 6nec1nue no6epo. npam,
cao6opnme o1 nk6mx canuennmx orpnnuenn, 6mc1po ceunncL c ec1nmn
nneenn n pe rppnpoann a a1nnuecko o1nouennn. Bpxnm oponenn nx. nn
aoaneknn ampopnaunxcn no1okoa npy a cqepy caoe pen1enLnoc1n, nansnn n
caon npen n porm, amnypnnn oprnnsoa1Lcn no caon npann n yaenunn cao
ycnex 1e, u1o nansnn n xpeueckyk kc1y. Mexpy npoun, a unpe nmneunne
npepc1an1enn amcunx cnoea nek1 6onee 1enyk koxy, ue oc1nLnme xn1enn. ce
peno a 1o, u1o nx npepkn npnunn c kr [acn amHa xaa
nxaan aam kakm c xnmH aaH, a akx c
vmH HynaaH. n n aHa ya arncu rk-
akm cak, aH aam, aram, anyk. ynua caa
yca na yana anacu ackx nnH, a crn Hm aH, v
H cu am cnu acr nHmancu c yrH acaH. Yx a
snvck aHa aaam xaa cvancu naH.].
ceaepe o1nouennn expy kc1n 6mnn ne 1knn, kk n kre. 3pecL 6pxnm
nnue ne o1nnunncL o1 ccm ncenennn, ko1opoe nnkorp ne nopunnnnocL
po6poaonLno caon xpeu, n rny6okoe npespenne k nn co c1oponm nc1nnnmx
nnpycoa, eue 6onLue nx nnskn opnLnm ypoaenL - a1n qk1opm n onpepennnn
aeunoe nksnne no1okoa nnpaoa s nonm1ky pspyun1L 6pxnckyk cnc1ey.
c11n, cnepye1 o1e1n1L, u1o xopouo nsaec1nn knccnqnkunn rpeuecknx
nnc1ene, ko1opme pennnn nnpycoa n 1pn k1eropnn - pm6koa, senepenLuea n
ropuea, - ckopee acero o1nocn1cn 1onLko k rpynn, neaun ouenL no pnckoro
n xnaun n snpnmx okpnnx npnn.
1k, no6epy 6pxnoa np nnpan onpepennn a 6onLue epe unc1o1 pcm,
nexenn opnopopnoc1L a1nnuecknx aneen1oa. Y nepamx ace nnc1nnk1m 6mnn
ynopnpouenm n, ne npo1naopeu ppyr ppyry, nenn oco6me cqepm npnenennn;
a1opme 6mnn o6peuenm upesepnm ceuenne kpoan. nnornunyk cn1yunk m
anpenn a nocnepnn nepnop nc1opnn np.
unnn c a1oro apeenn norouncnennme pnckne npopm okonu1enLno
o1pennnncL o1 nnpncko nunonnLnoc1n n y1p1nnn npexnee poc1onnc1ao n
yaxenne. a1y k1eropnk cnepye1 aknkun1L 6enme nneen, xnaune expy
Cpca1n n nnpykyue, n neko1opme ns 1ex, u1o ncennnn 6eper np, 1. e. acex,
k1o pnn ppeannx rpekoa n pnnnn nannnncL xn1ennn npnn [ kacacn
"naa" (kamHa), nanxax k kac axHaa,
nvacn anmH axcaH, n ncnyxaax aH
yca amrnnn nar x. n ac, kH ranm, nu
"aak", v a nannu nmu caHmH mH kacaH. (
ncuHa . akHa, 1831 r.)]. nxe a1nx npopoa c1onnn norouncnennme
neunc1me xn1enn, eue nnxe - 6opnrenm [acn, c kmH caxancn
nkca nk, mn nnyackH, acn ycm cvan sx
n aanH. 3 mn Hann (Hanaam) nam yca. Manaam
ccaannn vacu axnaka aHc c kcyakaH (n kcakaH).
Maaaa-QxaHa-Uaca an x axHaa a cn
nrr aka. k ycm nnx an yr yra. ank
aHa a, xam a xH, amaan anam am - xaHa
cHa Javana. 3av sr cnaa nc, cn ava
anam am a, ra r cny c k camH xmH
nnHaH. Jawa av araucn. x xaaaaH amaan
aaa. Bn ak Hycn cHm na ca, a akx cnack
ym. a anc Qan Jouha ava camx rka;
ck acr ncnm, xam a nxu, nnyvn s Hn nca
a ca vu ncn r a xn ka. nx ycm
cvan xaaaaH rka. ncnx krax Maxaxaam ak
amaacn akm-Hakm, nvH axacn xamH
yvmH aH.].
kn o6pso, pnn 6pxnoa, c1pornx nornkoa, o6uec1ao pennn ocL n 1pn 6onLune
k1eropnn: unc1o nnpnckn npopnoc1L, aknkukun a ce6n 1pn ocanuennme kc1m
n pononnn1enLnyk kc1y, npnsnaeyk a cnny neo6xopnoc1n; s1e npy1 pnckne
npopm, nnn ap1nn, ko1opme nenn 6onLuoe konnuec1ao ec1no kpoan, nospno
npnnnnn canuennm skon, ne acerp ero co6nkpnn n, coe xypuee, 6mnn ero
npo1nannkn. pnno cnyue cnoao ap1nn, 1. e. aop, rp6n1enL, ksnocL
nc1nnnm nnpyc nepoc11ouno cnnLnm, noa1oy 1knx nkpe nsmann eue
pcny, u1o panocnnLno ockop6n1enLnoy pyr1enLc1ay, ko1opoe a1nonornueckn
6nnsko k senpckoy pnpxy, pkny, pxny - 1k sopoc1pnum nsmann caon
npoannunn.
koneu, nnxe npesnpemx pcny c1onnn 6opnrenm. D1o 6mnn nonnme pnkpn, n nx
uncno 6mno ouenL aennko. 1o6m cypn1L o6 nx opnLnmx kuec1ax, poc11ouno
noco1pe1L ceropnn n nx npnmx no1okoa a [ekne, a ropx nnpxn n a
uen1pnLno necno uc1n nonyoc1poa, rpe onn 6popn1, co6pauncL a ukn. e
co1pn n norne aek, ko1opme npounn c 1ex nop, kk no6epnn xn1ene.
Uenon, a nx o6pse xnsnn nnuero ne nsennnocL. e 6ypy ynonn1L ace nneen
a1o k1eropnn - orpnnuycL neckonLknn.
nen kp-apnnn-rpy, roaopnuee n 1nnLcko npeunn. nn ne nocn1 opexp, cnn1
a neuepx n kyc1x, nn1k1cn kopenLnn, pnknn qpyk1n n xnao1nmn. e
ncknkueno, u1o a1o no1okn nk, xopenne, o ko1opmx roaopn1cn a Bn6nnn [
num anHa nHka aka nnHn, k an a xH
v Hym a nycm Qaaka. 3 mn xck rram, vac
anaaam a xna acka-axHaa.].
1opn, xnayune nop pepeaLnn. nn epn1 xnamx pen1nnn.
yxnpm: ne yek1 pxe sun1n1Lcn o1 pnknx saepe, ko1opme uc1o nx noxnpk1.
npcm: npnnocn1 uenoaeueckne xep1am, kppy1 nnpncknx pe1e nnn nokynk1 nx
y npnea n y6nak1.
D1nn npnepn oxno orpnnun1Lcn.
Bpxnm o6Lepnnnnn nx acex nop o6un nene Mlekhas (a1nonornueckn
cn6me), 1. e. pnkpn nnn apapm (Barbara). ocnepnn 1epnn ykopennncn ao
acex nsmkx 6eno pcm.
Barbara, Varvara osnue1 uenoaek c kypuamn aonocn; 1o xe snuenne
nee1 cnoao papua. Moxno npepnonoxn1L, u1o nepame ne 6enme nkpn, c ko1opmn
c1onknynncL pnum, npnnpnexnn k uepno pce. nn o1nocn1cn n qpnknckne
6ep6epm.
Yun1man orponyk uncnennoc1L 6opnrenoa, nnpnckne nonn1nkn nonnnn, u1o ne1
cmcn nrnopnpoa1L nx n u1o psynee oc1an1L o1apuenne a c1opone n kkn-1o
o6pso npno6un1L nx k pncko unannnsunn. o kkn ny1e? 1o n oxno 6mno
npepnoxn1L? ce 6nr senme 6mnn pcnpepenenm. npoue, 6pxnm 6mnn ro1oam
npepnoxn1L n pxe amcokne npnannernn, ns 1ex, u1o n pnu npnxopnnocL
po6ma1L qnsnuecko cnno: n nek a anpy snk 6oxec1aennoc1n c 1o oroaopko,
u1o ero oxno 6mno nonyun1L nnuL nocne cep1n, aepnee, nocne pnp
nepeaonnouenn. ocne 1oro, kk 6mn yskonen por1 o nepecenennn pyu, nkpn,
axopnaune a k1eropnk Mlekhas, y6epnnncL, u1o ace knccm nnpnckoro o6uec1a
xnay1 corncno noao aepe, n 1kxe npnnnnn ee.
c1nnno aepykun n po6pope1enLnm 6pxn, yepuannkun nno1L, roppnncn 1e,
u1o nocne cep1n on nonpe1 a uncno amcunx cyuec1a. u1pnn snoao poxpncn
6pxno n o6pe1n npexpy n 6onee amcokoe nepeaonnouenne, acn a
cnepykue xnsnn c1noanncn ku1pne, cypp - acne. npoue, oun6kn n
nperpeuennn npnaopnnn k npo1naononoxnoy pesynL11y. k nouey xe 6opnren ne
or c11L cyppo n 1k pnee? norp on nonpn a nocnepnn kncc eue npn xnsnn.
orp kko-nn6ypL npop nunnn rpynnnpoa1Lcn n 1pe6oanocL aknkun1L ero a
cnc1ey nnpnckoro rocyppc1a, neco1pn n por1, npnxopnnocL np1n n 1o, u1o6m
ponyc1n1L 6opnrenoa a cm nnsun ns knccoa.
o cnc1e o6eunn nyuue ponn nocne nepeaonnouennn orn p6o11L nnuL npn
nnnunn po6po aonn 1ex, koro on kcncL. a npnn a1o c1no aosoxnm.
pno6uenne 6opnrenoa k unannnsunn nponcxopnno payn ny1nn. epam 6mn
enee aqqek1nanm n sknkuncn a 1o, u1o aonnm-ku1pnn, coc1annaune
perynnpnyk pnk, ko1opn aknkun a ce6n nexo1y, kanepnk, aoopyxennme
konecnnum n cnonoa, 1kxe acnoor1enLnme uc1n ns 6opnrenoa, o1npannnncL a
noxop n apr. ocne no6epm rpxpnckn n pennrnosnm skon snpeun aoennm
ccnnnnpoa1L neunc1oe ncenenne. u1pnn npoc1o o16npnn anc1L y
nenokopnoro aoxpn, sennnn ero opnn ns ero copopnue n yxopnnn, s6pa po6muy
n ypoane1aopnauncL nenpexnmn o6eunnnn nokopnoc1n n nonnLnoc1n
[Hnu, v H nx aHm na akmaca, vmx Ha,
xamx a r, nnnn nnan aa a ca aka
(n). nu ccn c a aaaa, an Hn ay sr
ankaa ayncn a ca.].
Bpxnm pec1aoann no-ppyroy. nn ne6onLunn rpynnn yxopnnn s npepenm
canuenno senn pLap1 nnn Bpxap1. nn po6pnncL po ryc1mx necoa, po
6ono1nc1mx ec1, rpe 1ponnueckn npnpop ampc1nn cksounme pepeaLn, qpyk1m,
uae1m, rpe xnnn kpcname n1num, 6popnnn rsenn, 1kxe oncnme 1nrpm n sen,
c1ponnn 1 yepnnennme xnnnu n npepanncL 6eckoneunm onn1a, epn1unn
n npocae1n1enLc1ay. nn a nk6yk nny1y ornn c11L xep1ao ec1nmx pnkpe.
onyronme 6pxnm cnpenn y caonx xnxnn, uue acero a opnnouec1ae, nnorp c
yuennkn, 1knn xe 6esopyxnmn, kk onn cn, n c1onL xe 6essun1nmn.
mcnun nccnonepoa norn6nn. c11n, corncno nerenp n noa, cke1m nenn
peno c nkpoepn. o n ec1o opnoro y6n1oro npnxopnnn pecn1L noamx, ko1opme
ocnpnann npao n xnxnny, c1auyk 1enepL can1nnnue, n kononnn pcunpnnncL
n noxnnncL no epe 1oro, kk 6pxnm oanpeann yn caonx pnknx aproa.
1e, nopxennme cyeaepnm c1pxo, nkoneu, sxo1enn ysn1L, u1o xe npepc1annk1
co6o a1n srpounme nkpn, c1onL 6espsnnunme k c1ppnnk n k cep1n, n u1o nx
npnaeno ckp. orp nxope1m anyunn n cnepykuee: Mm cme 6nropopnme ns
nkpe, n ne1 n panmx n sene. Mm nee npao n amcune nouec1n.
npepmpyunx xnsnnx m 6mnn 1knn xe nnu1oxnmn, kk n am. Bnroppn
po6pope1enn m noc1enenno aosamunncL n poc1nrnn 1oro, u1o pxe upn
npecmkk1cn y nunx nor. Mm acerp c1pencn k 1oy, u1o6m c11L 6orn. un
c1ppnnn a a1o kpk nnpanenm n poc1nxenne a1o uenn. m oxe1e y6n1L nc
- m ace pano po6Lecn a1oro. Cnyu1e nc, aepL1e n, nokopn1ecL, cnyxn1e n,
n am c1ne1e 1knn xe, kk m [mak Maaaa-QxaHa-Uaca.].
[nkpn cnyunn, aepnnn n nokopnnncL. pLnap1 saoeaman noame senn.
nxope1m c1noannncL ae1aLk ec1noro 6pxnc1a. [nn ynpanennn n oxpnm
noao 1eppn1opnn npnxopnnn ku1pnn. ue acero ec1nme aoxpn snnnn ec1o a
aonncko kc1e. onannncL noame acnn, npnue unc1o1 kpoan yxe ne nen
snuennn. ne6pexennn unc1o1o ynpeknn pxe 6pxnoa, n a1n ynpekn 6mnn
o6ocnoanm. k, a annueckne apeen onp, ec1nm aoxpL o6puennmx
nrcoa, xennncn n Cn1e, pouepn pnckoro upn opxn. 1o xe nne
roaopn1cn, u1o opn ns xen reponueckoro upn [cp1x 6mn ns npop kek.
oo6ue-1o, a1o1 npop 6mn pnckn, no xnn s npepenn canuenno senn
Cpca1n n cun1ncn ap1nn. k, a VIII a., ao apen nnpncko kononnsunn
seenL xen1mx npopoa k aoc1oky o1 nn, a enne n By1ne, 6pxnm 6pnn a
xenm ec1nmx peayuek, nx no1oc1ao nonyuno npao ac1ynn1L a aonnckyk kc1y.
kn o6pso, ao nn caoero npnnunn, penn a1o1 npnnunn ocnoaononrkun pnn
counnLno oprnnsunn, cke1m-6pxnm cospann cnc1ey, ko1opn o6Lepnnnn
noxec1ao nkpe, 1e 6onee, u1o ee unenm 6mnn pnekn o1 p1nmx 1pypoa n aenn
c1poryk xnsnL. pnko npn ace 1o, u1o a1 cnc1e yxe npeoponen noxec1ao
npenn1c1an, ee a 6ypyue xpnn noame, eue 6onee 1pypnme.
u1pnn anpenn, u1o ecnn npn 1ko counnLno oprnnsunn n 6mn yro1oan
cn axnn ponL, 1o ocnoann anc1L npnnpnexn xpeuec1ay. nn ponxnm 6mnn
amnonnn1L 1o, u1o peunn 6pxnm; nx nsmann upnn, no a rnsx npop onn
6mnn n a1opo ec1e nocne canuennnkoa. ue 6onee nenpnn1nm pnn nnx 6mno 1o
o6c1on1enLc1ao, u1o 6pxnm cnyxnnn aeunmn nocpepnnkn expy anc1n1ennn
n npoc1m npopo n pxe nx conp1n, expy 1e kk 1e xe 6pxnm,
nocpepc1ao 1epnennn n o1ks o1 senmx ppoc1e, c1noannncL o1un pLnap1m,
ncnonLsyn pesynL11m p6o1m caonx yxec1aennmx nccnonepoa cpepn 6opnrenoa.
no nnn nospno 1kn cn1yunn ponxn 6mn npnaec1n k cnruennk c1pornx npann
n k pcu1mannk 6pxncko cnc1em.
Bpxnm, nnpnep, pounn po 1oro, u1o nunn aosaopn1L aoxpe 6opnrenoa a
pnr ku1pnea; 6onee 1oro, onn nponannn eue 6onLuyk 1epnnoc1L k pnu a1o
kc1m, nenno: pann norn yceppnm a pennrnosnoc1n n nykx npao
nopnn1Lcn po 6pxn. k oxno nn1epnpe1npoa1L annsop c ncan1po a
nne. pn a1o cnepye1 npnsn1L, u1o asen onn oroaopnnn pnn ce6n npao
xenn1Lcn n pouepnx ku1pnea n cn c1noan1Lcn upnn. poe 1oro, c1noancL
sn1Lnn anc1n1ene, onn ne nenn nnuero npo1na 1oro, u1o6m pe1n o1 nx 6pkoa
ncknkunncL ns xpeuecko kc1m, cnepyn skony perppunn. o npnannernn
aonncko kc1m, 1kxe upckoro poc1onnc1a, oc1anncL s nnn.
1k, a [peane npnn 6nrocknonno o1nocnnncL k o6Lepnnennk payx kc1, ao
nornx cnyunx 6pxnm c1noannncL conepnnkn ku1pnea a 6opL6e s amcuyk
anc1L 1epnnLnoro nopnpk. Bmno ncno, u1o coxpnenne npnnunnoa ao ace nx
c1poroc1n oxe1 noc1an1L nop yrposy cyuec1aoanne co cnc1em. 1o6m
ns6ex1L a1o oncnoc1n, 6pxnm npnsann n noouL nornky, psy n rn6koc1L.
Bmno aaepeno 1koe npanno: cmn o1 6pk o1u ku1pnn n 1epn-6pxnkn ne
oxe1 6m1L nn upe, nn canuennnko. n or c11L 6ppo nnn upckn konkun.
Bypyun ampopnauncn 6pxno, on or c11L yuenm nc1opnko, nsyu1L cae1ckyk
noasnk, c counnn1L c1nxn, peknnpoa1L nx caoey rocnopnny n co6pauncn n
npspnnk ku1pnn. 1o xe apen on ne nen npa nsyu1L nn1yprnueckne rnnm n
canuennme nykn. Bypyun nenonnm ku1pne, on nen npao nocn1L opyxne,
cpn1Lcn n noupL, ynpann1L konecnnue, cpx1Lcn ao a1opo pnpy, no ne or
npen1Lcn n 1o, u1o6m coy konpoa1L aonnn. y 6mn npepoc1anen
6onLun uec1L: coo1aepxennoc1L. Coaepu1L nopanrn pnn caoero rocnopnn n
aocnea1L ero, ao1 6mn ypen 1koro uenoaek. ro sann cy1. nnpncko anoce
ne1 6onee nrkoro, 6nropopnoro, nexnoro n neunLnoro nepconx. D1o 6mno
onnue1aopenne xencko npepnnoc1n a cypoao ceppue repon-aonn [ya
nn cnyka cacayr man, ana n ana].
pn ace caoe nso6pe11enLnoc1n 1ko nopnpok ponxen 6mn o6epny1Lcn
6ecnopnpko, n xo1n cansnnme c nn konponccm 6mnn nsnunLno ey npncyun,
ne 6mno conennn a 1o, u1o pnn ero coxpnennn 1pe6oanncL cpounme epm -
neo6xopno 6mno skpm1L snnkuyk pny n 1ene counnLno cnc1em. enno c a1o
uenLk 6pxnm npnpynn kncc unpnoa, ko1opm pspyun1enLnm o6pso
saepunn neppxnk neunc1mx kc1.
pp ockop6nenn cmnncn n pnuea-o1c1ynnnkoa n neo6puennmx 6opnrenoa. o
ace onn, aknkun yrposy nsrnnnn ns o6uec1a n pxe cep1n, 6mnn nyc1nko no
cpanennk c 1e, u1o oxnpno necuc1nmx pe1e npepc1an1ene ue1mpex
yskonennmx kc1, snn1naunx ce6n snpe1nm cokso. [xe nopxopn1L k a1n
cyuec1a cun1nocL noc1mpnm peno, nosopo, cm1L ko1opm ku1pnn or, nnuL
y6nan 1ex, k1o 6mn a a1o ynnuen. snpeunocL axopn1L a ropop n pepeann.
Yanpea nx, nk6o uenoaek or cnyc1n1L n nnx co6k. onopeu, ns ko1oporo onn
nnnn, o6Lnannncn ockaepnennm. cnn onn c1ponnn ce6e xnnnue, ero oxno 6mno
pspyun1L. koneu, n sene ne 6mno 6onee epsknx uypoanu, n ko1opmx c 1ko
cnno ononuncL uenn counnLnn n nonn1nueckn 1eopnn. pnue ace a1n
c1punme kpm 6mnn nnpanenm ne c1onLko npo1na necuc1nmx unpnoa, ckonLko
n nx 6ypyunx popn1ene. po npnsn1L, u1o ecnn npespennn kc1 n ncnm1man
n ce6e 1nxec1L kpoaao pnnn skon, 1o 1kne cnyun 6mnn pepkn. pnno
cnyue 1eopnn 6esycneuno 6oponcL c nrknn nnpncknn npan. npnoa
npesnpnn n nenanpenn opnko onn amxnnn. Y nnx 6mnn pepeann, ko1opme oxno
6mno cxeuL, no nx ne xrnn. c1nLnme nkpn pxe ne oco6enno c1oponnnncL nx n
1epnenn nx npncy1c1ane pnpo c co6o. pnn aosoxnoc1L snn1Lcn peecno.
nmneune npnn 1kne neunc1me snn1nn, kk, nnpnep, p6o1 ncnnk,
npnnocn1 6onLuyk npn6mnL unpn. Mnorne ns nnx ps6or1enn n 1oproane
sepno. [pyrne nrpk1 axnyk ponL a nepeaopuecko pene. 6onee amcoknx
c1ynennx counnLno nec1nnum oxno ac1pe1n1L 6or1mx unpnoa - cuc1nnamx,
nesancnmx o1 kc1oao npen n yaxemx. c1L nnpnckne pnnc1nn,
npnnpnexune k neunc1o kc1e, u1o ne eue1 n ne1L coae1nnkoa-6pxnoa.
Cnepye1, npap, o1e1n1L, u1o 1ko nopnpok aeue 6mn pesynL11o no1pncenn,
nunnn c anoxn a1opxenn. 1o kce1cn 1epnnoc1n n npk1nke n nrkoc1n npaoa
nepep nnuo 1eope1nuecko xec1okoc1n skon, onn nenn ec1o ao ace apeen.
onanenne a1o yxcno kc1m neno cepLesnme nocnepc1ann, no n ne coneakcL a
1o, u1o a1oro 6mno nepoc11ouno, u1o6m coxpnn1L a nnpyccko o6uec1ae 6soayk
neppxnk n c11L npenn1c1ane pnn poxpennn noamx kc1, no kpne epe, a
npoannunnx, ko1opme npncoepnnnnncL k pLnap1e.
a1o cmcne 6pxnm, kk n npexpe, cpennn ace, u1o cornn. e c1ny noa1opn1L
cksnnoe amue o By1ne n enne - a ppyrnx sennx nponsouno 1o xe coe. e
ne enee, ne npo s6ma1L, u1o nesancno o1 konnuec1a uyxo kpoan a pnux
n 1o nnn nno 1eppn1opnn pnckoro aneen1 acerp 6mno 6onLue a xnnx
6pxnoa a nepayk ouepepL, ku1pnea ao a1opyk, ue y oc1nLnmx kc1, a1n
o6Lncnne1cn neocnopnoe npeaocxopc1ao, ko1opoe pxe ceropnn, nocne c1onLknx
6ypnmx co6m1n, peonc1pnpye1 6pxnckoe o6uec1ao. cnn a1nnueckn ypoaenL
ace cnc1em cnnsnncn, 1o o6un 6ecnopnpok 6mn 1onLko npexopnun n apeennm.
6Lepnnenne pc any1pn kxpo kc1m nponcxopnno ckopee 1, rpe npnnunnm
oksmanncL cn6ee; unannnsunn ncnm1man asne1m n npennn, no ne
npe1epnean kopennmx nsenenn, no1oy u1o a kxpo k1eropnn ceuenne
nnc1nnk1oa poaonLno 6mc1po yc1ynno ec1o nc1onuey epnnc1ay. nmn cnoan,
ckonLko 6mno kc1, c1onLko n ceunnmx pc, nxopnunxcn a coc1onnnn panoaecnn.
1eropnn unpnoa o1aeun nc1on1enLno no1pe6noc1n a cnc1ee, ko1opn ponxn
6mn noks1Lcn oco6enno nenpneneo pnn aoennmx. Mnoxec1ao skonoa n
orpnnuenn c1onno n ny1n ku1pnea a ocyuec1anennn nx aonncknx n anc1nmx
npa, ynnxno nx nnunyk nesancnoc1L, euno n ypoane1aopn1L caon c1pc1n n
npexpe acero orpxpno o1 nnx pouepe n xen nx noppnnmx. ocne ponrnx
kone6nn onn sco6npnncL caeprny1L nro n, asnaun a pykn opyxne, o6Lnannn
aony xpeu, o1uenLnnk, cke1, qnnocoq, uLn pen ncuepnnn nx 1epnenne.
kn o6pso, nocne no6epm np sopoc1pncknn n npounn epe1nkn, np
xec1oknn neaexec1aennmn 6opnrenn, npeoponea 1pypnoc1n n ny1n cospnnn
pnn kxpo kc1m caoero pycn expy 6epern skon, 6pxnm c1onknynncL c
rpxpncko aono; aono co oncno, no1oy u1o on aencL expy
uenoaeko aoopyxennm n uenoaeko 6esopyxnm.
c1opnn Mn6p coxpnnn p1y - ecnn ne co 6opL6m, 1o, no kpne epe,
opnoro ns ee annsopoa. nnnx a1o c1pnm pccksmae1cn o 1o, u1o 6onLuo
pckon nponsouen expy ku1pnnn n yppeun n ceaepe npnn, u1o ace aonnm
6mnn ynnu1oxenm, no6epn1enn ao rnae c pcy o, snenn1m 6pxno,
ko1oporo ne npo ny11L c repoe nnm, nocne caoe no6epm ykpennnncL n
kxno no6epexLe n cospnn 1 pecny6nnknckoe rocyppc1ao. D1o nponsouno a
1176 r. po n. a. osnenoano nuno n6pcko apm.
D1o nopxenne 6pxnoa 6mno 1onLko opnn ns annsopoa aonm, n 1knx annsopoa
6mno neno. ce yksmae1 n 1o, u1o nx npo1nannkn, nou1n 1kne xe pnum, kk
6pxnm, ne 6mnn nnuenm cnoco6noc1e n ne nonrnncL cneno 1onLko n cnny
opyxnn. u1pnn noako aneppnnncL a cm c1n apr, a ero 1eonornueckyk
un1penL - pnn 1oro, u1o6m nckopenn1L annnnne 6pxnoa n acnea, cypp n
6opnrenoa n pnn 1oro, u1o6m ycnokon1L caok coaec1L n onpap1Lcn o1 ynpekoa a
6esaepnn, u1o 6mno ouenL axno a 1ko rny6oko pennrnosno c1pne.
saec1no, u1o ao apen npe6mannn a Corpnne n nosxe ocnoann cc
sopoc1pncknx n nnpyccknx nneen ncnoaepoan poaonLno npoc1o kynL1. o1n a
ne 6mno 6onLue s6nyxpenn, ue a nepao6m1nmx aepoannnx 6eno pcm, 1e ne
enee on 6mn ne 1ko cnoxnm, kk pennrnosnme nonn1nn nypoxn1, ko1opme
nunnnn c1pon1L 6pxnns. o epe 1oro, kk nnpnckoe o6uec1ao aspocneno n
ace 6onLue uepno kpoan 6opnrenoa snp n kr, 1kxe xen1oro aneen1 c
aoc1ok n ceaep noc1ynno a xnnm npop, nsennnncL pennrnosnme no1pe6noc1n.
Mm yxe anpenn n npnepe nneann n rnn1, kkne yc1ynkn npnxopnnocL pen1L pnn
ypoane1aopennn nyxp uepnoro aneen1. D1o 6mno nuno ynpnnn pncknx
npopoa. nn npoponxnn oc1a1Lcn unc1o 6c1pk1nm nonn1ne,
n1ponoopqns, xo1n on, aosoxno, n npncy1c1aoan a npenx, eue ne nponanncn.
Born 6mnn kpcnam n a1n noxopnnn n pncknx repoea. so6px1L nx eue nnkoy
ne npnxopnno a ronoay.
orp n cuene nonannncL uepnm n xen1m aneen1m, npnunocL nsenn1L cnc1ey,
u1o6m cn 6orn amunn ns npenLnoro np, a ko1opo o6n1nn pnum. esancno
o1 psnnun expy uepnm n xen1m 1nno n nesancno o1 1oro, kko ns nnx
npeo6npn, 6opnrenm 6mnn epnnm a 1o, u1o 6orn ponxnm 6m1L ckopee yxcnmn,
xec1oknn n nenoxoxnn n uenoaek, nexenn kpcnamn n po6pmn, n
o1nnukunncn o1 nkpe 1onLko 6onLun coaepuenc1ao, ue qopo. D1 pok1pnn
6mn ncknkun1enLno e1qnsnuecko, ckypnm onm1 xypoxnnkoa eue 6onLue
s1pypnnn ee pennsunk.
norp o6Lncnnk1 ace a1n o11nknakune nsmueckne nso6pxennn npnn, ccnpnn n
rnn1, ace a1n o1ap1n1enLnme nenpnn1noc1n, nnop aoo6pxennn aoc1ounmx
npopoa, unc1o e1qnsnuecknn npnunnn, 1. e. xennne npepc1an1L aec1o
o6psoa cnaonm, ko1opme pk1 nnuy pnn 1pncuenpen1nmx psmunenn. koe
o6Lncnenne ne kxe1cn ne connpnm. Mne pxe npepc1anne1cn, u1o ono nansmae1
nsapuennm akyc aosamuennm y, ko1opme, xenn nponnkny1L a cme
rny6okne 1nm, 1e ne enee ne uyac1ayk1 a ce6e oc1po neo6xopnoc1n cpen1L
caon qnsnueckne ouyuennn 6onee rpy6mn n 1epnnLnmn. o psae nenLsn 6mno
ncnonLsoa1L ne c1onL o11nknakune cnaonm? sae 1onLko cknpnLnm o6pso
oxno ampsn1L ouL npnpopm, cnnm Boxec1aennoro n ero norouncnennme
1pn6y1m? sae annnnm nso6psnnn nc1nueckyk c11yk 1poc1aenno ek1m c
1pen ronoan, uec1Lk pykn n norn n ncksnnn ee nnu xy1knn
konaynLcnnn? sae onn ycpnnn ee n c1punoro Uep6ep n noaecnnn e n rpypL
oxepenLe ns uepenoa n pnn a pykn opypnn nm1kn co caexnn cnepn kpoan n nnx?
ouno 1k xe xpnc1nnc1ao ne npn6erno k yxc, nso6pxn 6oxec1aennyk 1ponuy.
ne cpenno kpnk1ypy ns can1oro e1p. Dnnnnns n k1onnueckoe xpnc1nnc1ao
npekpcno o6ounncL 6es ypopc1a a ckxe1x, ko1opme 6mnn ne enee
e1qnsnuecknn, ue nnpycckne, ccnpnckne, ernne1ckne por1m. 1k, a
6eso6psnn o6psoa nenLsn annn1L npnpopy 6c1pk1noro munennn, no1oy u1o ace
peno a yc1poc1ae rns, yoa n ceppeu, k ko1opm o6puenm a1n o6psm. epnme n
xen1me 6opnrenm ornn nonn1L 1onLko ypopnnaoe - ono 6mno cospno pnn nnx, n
ono c1no pnn nnx neo6xopnm.
kn o6pso, nnpyc nyxno 6mno ne 1onLko cosp1L 1eonornueckyk
nepconnqnkunk, no n psnoxn1L ee, u1o6m cpen1L 6onee poc1ynno pnn
aocnpnn1nn. enorouncnennmx 6oroa ppeannx apeen - nnpnep, nppm co caonn
cny1nnkn - yxe 6mno nepoc11ouno pnn nepepun npe, ko1opme a nso6nnnn
nopoxpn pcunpnkuncn unannnsunn. orp npen 6or1c1a c1n poc1ynno pnn
cc, ko1opme nyunnncL uenn1L ee npepnocmnkn n cnepc1ann, a1y ounyk
panxyuyk counnLnyk cnny noc1annn nop oxpny ne6ecnoro nokpoan1enn n
npnpynn yaepy, 6ornnk, nonnoc1Lk o1aeuauyk akycy uepno pcm
[BaxHaH an nry uy, nx vH nnu anHH;
aH, Unrnu mn naa, kra ran, v ck naHnk
Hry cnvau n ac c rnckH. nvH, mn naa,
aaa: c ackH.].
Mexpy 1e a 1ko psnoxennn 6oroa cnepye1 anpe1L ne 1onLko upesepnoc1L. o
epe 1oro, kk c1noanncn 1onLue 6pxnckn pyx, on nm1ncn anoaL oanpe1L
ppeane nc1nno, ko1opn korp-1o yckonLsnyn o1 pncko pcm, n, cospan
nnsunx 6oroa n no1pe6y 6opnren nnn anune 1epnn, s1e npnnnn
a1ox1onnme kynL1m, 6pxnns ykpennnn caon nosnunn. n aen nonckn ace amue n
amue, n, pyn o cnnx, o ne6ecnmx cyuec1ax, npeaocxopnunx nppy, rnn, on
nuen Bpxy, npnpa ey cme aosamuennme uep1m, kkne 1onLko 6mnn poc1ynnm
qnnocoqnn; n a 1o1 np aqnpnoro cosnpnnn, rpe nnc1nnk1 npekpcnoro nennn 1koe
aennkoe cyuec1ao, ponycknocL ouenL no 6eso6psnoro.
[onroe apen Bpx oc1ancn pnn 1onnm nensaec1nm 6oro. ro nso6pxenne
nonannocL nosxe. nsune kc1m ne nonnnn n nrnopnpoann ero; on 6mn a
ocnoano 6oro cke1oa, ko1opm 6mn neo6xopn n ko1opme ne co6npnncL ero
caepr1L. nn npounn aecL ny1L amcunx cyuec1aoann, onn cn ysnnn, u1o snun1
6m1L 6oro, n 1enepL eu1nn 1onLko o6 opno: cnn1Lcn c nnn nkoneu o1poxny1L o1
xnsnn, ko1opn 6mn 1nxen pxe pnn nnx, nosnaunx ne6ecnoe cyuec1aoanne.
cnn amcuee Boxec1ao 6pxnoa 6mno nepoc1ynno nonnnnk nnsunx knccoa n,
aosoxno, pxe acnea, ono 6mno poc1ynno aosamuennoy yy ku1pnea: oc1ancL
yuc1nnkn aepnuecknx nyk, onn o6npnn enee k1nanm uyac1ao
pennrnosnoc1n, ue nx conepnnkn, no 6mnn poc11ouno o6psoannm, u1o6m ne
amc1yn1L o1kpm1o npo1na nonn1nn, snuenne ko1oporo onn xopouo nonnnn. nn
nounn a o6xop n npn nooun 1eonoroa ns aonncko kc1m nnn 6pxnoa-
o1c1ynnnkoa 1pncqopnpoann cy1L nuny, a1opoc1enennoro ku1pnckoro 6or,
noc1annn ey e1qnsnueckn 1pon n nopnnnn ero n 1y xe amco1y, rpe npe6man
ne6ecnm nokpoan1enL nx aproa. enepL on 6mn panm Bpxe, n aonnckn kc1
6onLue ne uyac1aoan ce6n yuenenno a cmcne 1eonornuecko pok1pnnm.
D1o 6mn xopouo o6pynnm ur, n on conpoaoxpncn ponro n ynopno 6opL6o; on
yrpoxn anc1n 6pxnoa n kpxo acey nnpnckoy o6uec1ay. opno c1opone
6mn nuny co cao6opnmn n aoopyxennmn ku1pnnn, n ppyro - Bpx co
caonn npnmn xpeun n 6essun1nmn knccn acnea n cypp. 6opnrenm
nenn am6op expy payn cnc1en: nepan npepnrn n pennrnk, 1kyk xe
oprnnsoannyk, kk n npexnnn, 6conk1noe ocao6oxpenne o1 kc1oao 1npnnn n a
nepcnek1nae aosoxnoc1L pnn coro nocnepnero ns nkpe po6n1Lcn acero pxe a
1euenne nmneune xnsnn, ne poxnpncL cnepykuero nepeaonnouennn. [pyro
pexn ne cynnn nnuero noaoro pnn npoc1mx nkpe, on pxe ne or o6annn1L
conepnnkoa a 6es6oxnn, no1oy u1o y nnx 6mn opnn nn1eon - 1onLko aepxoanm 6or
6mn ppyro, - on pxe ne or o6ecneun1L sun1y cn6m nnn nponan1L nn6epnns,
1. k. o1nmne nn6epnns 6mn opyxne 1ex, k1o o6eun ynnxennm ace 6nr. 1k,
ecnn 6pxnm y1p1nnn poaepne uepnmx noppnnmx, 1o kkoe aonnc1ao onn ornn
npo1naonoc1an1L upckn eu?
kne cn1yunn uc1o ac1peuk1cn a nc1opnn. pnko c1on1 o1e1n1L, u1o ns payx
aokkunx nonn1nuecknx np1n enLue oun6ok pennn 6pxnm. x scnyro 6mno
1kxe 1o, u1o onn xep1aoann uc1noc1nn, u1o6m coxpnn1L ocnoay. pesynL11e
ponrnx pcnpe xpeum n aonnm npnunn k cornuennk.
Bpx c1onn n opno c1ynenn c nuny. Cnyc1n norne ropm, nocne peaonkun, o
ko1opmx m roaopn1L ne 6ype, 1. k. onn ne nenn unc1o a1nnueckoro xpk1ep, k
nn npncoepnnnncn Lna [ canucay acca, s xca H
canu c kynuH vmx ara. a r r ran n HH
ra, axHa kra a a xaH, r axcn r
ax.], eue nosxe nonanncL qnnocoqckn pok1pnn, ko1opn
o6Lepnnnn a1n 1pn 6oxec1aennmx cyuec1a a 1ponuy, o6npkuyk cnoco6noc1Lk
1aopennn, coxpnennn n ynnu1oxennn np, n a pesynL11e caen 6pxnckyk
1eonornk k ppeane npee opnoro, epnnoro, 6or, oxa1makuero ack acenennyk.
Bpxnm okonu1enLno o1ksnncL o1 mcnn coxpnn1L amcuyk anc1L, ku1pnn
c1nn cun11L ee caon 1pn6y1o o1 poxpennn. pn a1o kc1oam pexn
coxpnnncn ao ace c1poroc1n n uenoc1noc1n.
npnckoe o6uec1ao, ocnoannoe 6pxnn, c uec1Lk ampepxno opnn ns cmx
oncnmx kpnsncoa a caoe nc1opnn. no aocc1noanno caon cnnm, ono 6mno
opnopopnm, n ero 6ypyuey nnu1o ne yrpoxno. kre ono kononnsnpoano
6onLuyk uc1L nnopopopnmx seenL n am1ecnnno nenpnnpnmx aproa a nyc1mnn n
6ono1, a scnexennme nnn, a ropm nnpxn. no okkynnpoano [ekn, oanpeno
Uenono n npnnecno 1yp caok kynL1ypy. ce canpe1enLc1aye1 o 1o, u1o c 1oro
apeenn ono npopannynocL po pnLnnx oc1poaoa am n Bnn, o6ocnoanocL a nnxne
1euennn nr n no 1euennk Bpxny1pm nponnkno n senn xen1okoxe pcm,
ko1opn po cnx nop 6mn nsaec1n nnpyc no ne6onLun pon n ceaepe,
aoc1oke n n kxnmx oc1poax. c11n, pnum nnkorp ne nenn a npnn konk1no
1eppn1opnn. o nornx ec1x nx nocenennn 6mnn okpyxenm ec1nm ncenenne.
[ekne nx pnLue aoo6ue ne 6mno.
o epe 1oro, kk ocyuec1annncL a1 pen1enLnoc1L, 1e 6onee 1pypnn, u1o noame
1eppn1opnn 6mnn o6unpnee, pcc1onnnn 6onLue, acero 1pypnee 6mnn
knn1nueckne ycnoann, pcunpnncL opckn 1oproann, a uc1noc1n, c n1e, n
eue a 1400 r. po n. a. npnk noc1ynnn uypecnme ppm senn, npopykunn pypnnkoa
n peecnennnkoa: ace, ue cnanncL opne6ecnn nepnn n ppyrne
unannnsoannme c1pnm np. npnckne 1oproaum noceunn n annon
[nmmH HnnaaannH mn aac: a ycck nr
acckamaacn ra, km camn cHu Hckx nymca.
ycm Hrn Hu can c xannH, y kmx mn Hck n (can,
XIII, 14) knn a a a anaH nxu cckr anaa, r
Hna Hc rann c . yvacaaan km ncn
car cxa nca. canmx kr axncn a ry
Manaaa, a ncknuky ack aaan naHmx ya aaa
ayva a cack, a a kackH nmk, sr cny, v amcm
knaccm cam ccnn aa a y snxy, kra ya nxn
kan nHa. akx Hu, v nam knanum
ncnn a r nnancu a HckH nxu, s ykamaa
a , v x caan mn HnnaaannH. nn an, v
aaa nmn k ycu a caan aH nam Hn, anH,
ana.]. no6epexLe Heen onn o6ocnoanncL ocnoa1enLno. pouae1kune
rocyppc1a nonyoc1poa cnannncL cokpoanun, uypecn n ppoc1nn xnsnn -
nnopn unannnsunn, cospnno no c1porn npann aepm n nc1nnm, no
nunonnLnm xpk1ep cpenn ee nrko, nou1n n1epnnnc1cko. o kpne
epe, 1koe aneu1nenne nonanne1cn npn u1ennn aennknx nc1opnuecknx anocoa n
pennrnosnmx nerenp anoxn 6yppns.
Unannnsunn nx orpnnunancL a1nn aneunnn 6nec1nunn aqqek1n. Bypyun
ackopnenno 1eonornuecko nyko, on uepnn ns a1oro nc1ounnk cnnm 1o1
cm renn acero aennkoro: a1o oxno cpann1L c 1e, kk cpepneaekoame nxnnkn
aocnpnnnnn cao aennkn 1pyp, uenL ko1oporo sknkuncL ne 1onLko a nonyuennn
sono1. pn acex caonx poc1nxennnx, npn acex caonx nopxennnx, ko1opme on
nepenocnn c 1kn poc1onnc1ao, n acex no6epx, nnopm ko1opmx on 1k cuc1nnao
ncnonLsoan, nnpnckn unannnsunn pcc1pnan kk neu1o nesnun1enLnoe ace
1o, uero on po6nncL, n a ee rnsx nc1onun n okonu1enLnm 1pnyq npepc1onn a
nno npe.
a1o sknkuncn aennkn cmcn 6pxnckoro pe1nu. spenna nkpe n
k1eropnn, 6pxnm kcnnLno ncnonLsoann a1y cnc1ey pnn coaepuenc1aoannn
uenoaek n nopro1oakn ero k oncnoy ny1n, nuno ko1oporo 6mn ronnn, ko1opm
ponxen 6mn npnaec1n k 6onee amcokoy npepnsnuennk, ecnn uenoaek npoxnn 6es
rpexoa, nnn k 6onee nnskoy ypeny, ko1opm pan aosoxnoc1L nokn1Lcn. ko xe
cnno ponxn 6mn o6np1L a1 npen pnn aepykuero, ecnn pxe ceropnn nnpyc ns
co npespenno kc1m, nn1em npexpo n nyuuee nepeaonnouenne, npesnpe1
rocnopnn-eaponeu, ko1opm nn1n1 ey, nnn ycynLnnn, ko1opm ero 6Le1!
1k, cep1L n nocep1noe ocyxpenne nannk1cn ocnoanmn npnnunnn xnsnn
nnpyc, n cypn no 6espsnnunk, c kkn on o1nocn1cn k senoy cyuec1aoannk,
oxno cks1L, u1o on xnae1 1onLko pnn 1oro, u1o6m yepe1L. 3pecL ec1L oueanpnoe
cxopc1ao c 1e pyxo o1peuennoc1n, ko1opm upnn a rnn1e: ernn1nnnn 1oxe 6mn
yc1penen k 6ypyue xnsnn, anpen ee 6yp1o nnay n a kko-1o cmcne
nopro1annan ee. pnnenL oueanpn, nnn nyuue cks1L, o6e nnnnn npe
nepecekk1cn nop npnm yrno n ncxopn1 ns o6ue aepunnm. anopyune k
senoy cyuec1aoannk n npounn aep a o6eunnn pennrnn npnpk1 nc1opnn nunn
nornky, npno1y, nesancnoc1L n aosamuennoc1L. orp uenoaek mcnenno xnae1
opnoapeenno a payx npx, on asopo n pyuo anpn1 s uep1o ornnm ne pk, no
6neck noao xnsnn, ero no nyrk1 c1pxn, npncyune punonnnc1y, n on cun1e1
konunny 1onLko nepexopo k nnoy cyuec1aoannk. Cme cnanme oen1m
uenoaeuecknx unannnsun cnyuk1cn 1orp, korp xnsnL eue uenn1cn ne 1k
amcoko, u1o6m kpoe ee coxpnennn ne anpe1L nnmx uene. 1kyp xe 6epe1cn 1koe
o1nouenne k xnsnn? cerp n ackpy ono onpepenne1cn konnuec1ao pncko kpoan
a xnnx npop.
kn o6pso, 1eonornn n e1qnsnueckne nccnepoannn 6mnn qynpen1o
nnpnckoro o6uec1a. nnx c1ponnncL nonn1nueckne n counnLnme nykn.
Bpxnns ne pspennn cosnnne rpxpnckoe n pennrnosnoe. n1ckn n
eaponeckn npen pspenennn uepkan n rocyppc1a 6mn pnn nero nenpnene. Bes
pennrnn 6pxnckoe rocyppc1ao nemcnno. C pennrne 6mn cansn kxpm ur a
nnuno xnsnn nnpyc. ennrnn 6mn ace, on nponnkn aespe, pan cmcn
acey; on opnoapeenno n ynnxn n aosamun pxe unpn, n a1o1 nnu1oxnm
uenoaek nonyun ocnoanne pnn roppoc1n n nxopnn cyuec1a 6onee nnsknx, ue on, n
poc1onmx npespennn.
op cenLk nykn n aepm noasnn nun aennknx 1aopuoa a canuennmx o6n1ennx
o1uenLnnkoa. Anaxope1m, cnyc1nauncL c neanpnnmx amco1 epn1unn,
nokpoan1enLc1aoann cae1ckn noa1, nooupnnn nx n pxe conepnnunn c nnn.
nLnkn, a1op nnm, 6mn nou1ennm cke1o. 6 pncop, yco n ao,
ko1opm on nopyunn syuna1L n peknnpoa1L caon c1nxn, 6mnn cmnoaLnn coro
m. upcknx paopux 1enno npnnnnn nn1ennek1ynoa, uc1L 6pxnoa
snnncL 1onLko noncko 1nn1oa. oam, anernn, ppyrne nponsaepennn snnnn
ec1o pnpo c o6Lenc1mn nnopn cypoamx nyk. [p n koepnn, ospennme
cae1o nc1onunx rennea, c 6necko nso6pxnn npam nc1onuero n aennkne
pennnn npounoro. [oc1onoe ec1o a pnpy snenn1mx eypnc1oa snne1
nnpc. o1n npo se1n1L, u1o nonn1ne nnpycoa o6 nc1opnn o1nnue1cn o1 nuero
o1cy1c1ane c1ponoro n nocnepoa1enLnoro nsnoxennn qk1oa n co6m1n.
pnko n ne ory cks1L, u1o 1ko pcuae1 nesancno cao6opno mcnn, kkn
6m ampkuncn on nn ksncn n, ne cnoco6c1aoan nocnepney kpynnoy
aocc1nnk, opnoy ns cmx pspyun1enLnmx, kkne ncnm1n 6pxnns.
npnc1ynk k psroaopy o poxpennn 6yppnc1cknx pok1pnn n o6 nx nonn1nuecknx
cnepc1annx.
III. ByH; r nax; mmnn n
Mm oksnncL a anoxe, ko1opn no cnnrnnckoy ne1oncuncnennk o1nocn1cn k VII a.
po n. a., no ppyrn 6yppnc1ckn knenppn, pcnpoc1pnennm n ceaepe npnn, k
543 r. po n. a. [3 snxa a. x aHa knakc nmn k
3ckHy H nc a 3ana nam can , km
v nca mn kan a. s aHn n nxaana
aca ca ana Hrycaa.]. a1oy apeenn ouenL oncnme
npen nponnknn a ae1aL nnpncko nykn, nsmaeyk qnnocoqne cnkxLn. [a
6pxn, 1npxnn n nnn, nponoaepoann, u1o npnnunnm ep 6ecnonesnm pnn
coaepuenc1aoannn uenoaek n u1o pnn nyuuero nepeaonnouennn poc11ouno
nnpnanpynLnoro, ne ckoannoro npannn, cke1ns. Corncno a1oy yuennk, ace
nkpn nek1 npao, ne c1pucL no1yc1oponnnx nocnepc1an, npesnp1L npnnunnm
6pxnns n pen1L 1o, u1o 6pxnns snpeue1.
kn 1eopnn orn pspyun1L o6uec1ao. pnko on 6mn cnnuko nyuno n ne
nponnkn a nonn1nky. o 1o nn a npenx, nopopnaunx ee, 6mno neu1o 6onLuee, nexenn
cnyunn porpk, nnn ouenL npk1nunme nkpn rny6oko nx aocnpnnnnn, cnyunnocL
1k, u1o opnn npnnu coro sn1noro nponcxoxpennn, npnnpnexaun k ae1an
conneuno pcm, no nenn CkLn, cmn Cyppopxn, upn nnnac1y, nun
npno6u1L ncenenne ko acey, u1o 6mno nn6epnLnoro a a1o pok1pnne.
o npnepy nnnm on yunn, u1o aepnueckne nc1anennn 6ecnonesnm; on cun1n,
u1o nn nn1yprnueckne 1ekc1m, nn cke1nueckne ynpxnennn, nn c1ppnnn ne noory1
npeopone1L npenn1c1ann seno xnsnn; u1o pnn a1oro poc11ouno co6nkp1L
opnLnme skonm, a ko1opmx 6onLue roaopn1cn o nk6an k ppyrn, ue k ce6e.
kuec1ae amcunx po6pope1ene on nponoaepoan cao6opy, aospepxnne, nyky,
aneprnunoc1L, 1epnenne n coc1ppnne. npoue, a aonpocx 1eonornn n kocoronnn
on npnnnn yuenne 6pxnns s ncknkuenne ero upesepnmx o6eunn. n
y1aepxpn, u1o noaepe1 nkpe ne 1onLko a nono Byppm, o1kyp, kk yunn c1pn
1eonornn, a cnyue nepoc11k poc1onnc1a npnxopn1cn anoaL nunn1L pnp senmx
cyuec1aoann, no a cy cyunoc1L coaepuennoro Byppm, rpe nxopn1cn nnpan, 1.
e. nonnoe n aeunoe ne6m1ne. kn o6pso, 6pxnns npepc1annn co6o ouenL
cnoxnm nn1ens, 6yppns eue 6onLue ycnoxnnn ero, poaopn po nponc1n
o1pnunnn.
o kkn o6pso CkLn co6npncn pcnpoc1pnn1L caon npen? n nun c o1pnunnn
1pon; on o6nunncn a rpy6yk opexpy xen1oro uae1, ko1opyk on nxopnn n cankx
n knp6nux nnn unn c. n asnn a pykn nocox n c1n xn1L 1onLko n nopnnne. n
sxopnn a ropop n pepeann n nponoaepoan caok opnL. c1peuncL c 6pxnn,
on pncky1npoan c nnn, n npncy1c1aykune ucn cnyunn a1n cnopm. Ckopo y nero
nonannncL yuennkn. Mnorne 6mnn ns aonncko kc1m, 1kxe ns acnea, ko1opme a
1o apen 6mnn 6or1m, annn1enLnm n nonLsoanncL yaxenne. ue acero on
nxopnn c1oponnnkoa a nnsunx cnonx ncenennn. k npanno, on anyun n, u1o a
npepmpyue xnsnn onn npnnpnexnn k amcun kncc n u1o onn poc1onm
aepny1Lcn 1yp 6nroppn 1oy, u1o cnyuk1 ero. ockonLky on o1aeprn epm, pnn
nero ne cyuec1aoano pspenennn n knccm, n on npnsnan 1onLko npeaocxopc1ao
po6pope1enn.
Moxno npepc1an1L, kk pec1aoann n aoo6pxenne npoc1mx nkpe 1kne peun.
CkLn o6p1nn a caok aepy orponoe konnuec1ao nkpe, nocne ero cep1n aepnme
yuennkn npoponxnn ero peno n pcunpnnn annnnne s npepenm npnn, rpe
6yppnc1n c1nn upn aec1e co caon paopo.
pnko 6pxnckn oprnnsunn oc1ancL nc1onLko ouno, u1o peqopnc1m ne
ocennanncL nponann1L 1kyk xe apxpe6noc1L n npk1nke, kk a 1eopnn.
npnnunne o1pnuncL pennrnosnn neo6xopnoc1L kc1. o6nc1n nonn1nkn peqop
1kxe ne nxopnn pnn ce6n npnenennn, n neco1pn n neko1opme no1pncennn a
o6nc1n por1oa ocnoam o6uec1a oc1anncL nesm6nem.
koe nonoxenne canpe1enLc1aye1 o6 ncknkun1enLno cnne 6pxnns [
ckH ca mn caka a anmx snHax, . k.
num ann nnyvn c knaccm, rnaam Hcnvckx
xa, ram Hnnaaan. ac a cnn nv. ycay
ycckan nra, r vu ann aacck yxya a
snxy, kra Haancn yH. a Hu, v nrm yax
ncaann c ak x cvck c, kak Hm cnmmaaH
k xncanH canmx snx Mara. x cnyvanx y aa-
aka aa-yca Hm aH nnv ncck vac
c aka nx k xnr.]. Cnyc1n paec1n ne1 nocne
cep1n CkLn a c1pne, rpe 6mn 6yppnc1ckn upL npccn, 6pxnm nonLsoanncL
noue1o, n nc1onun aon, ne1epnnoc1L n npecnepoannn nunncL 1onLko a V a.
n. a. kn o6pso, 6yppns a 1euenne no kpne epe 800 ne1 cyuec1aoan pnpo
c ppeane cnc1eo n ne nen poc11ouno cnnm, u1o6m ac1ynn1L a o1kpm1yk 6opL6y.
e 6mno peun o nepoc11ke xennnn. ncno npnaepxenuea 6yppns npoponxno
aospc11L. anyunocL: Cnyu1e, n am nopnnn1ecL amue. pnpx 6pxnoa
6mno neno nkpe neaexec1aennmx, cpepn ku1pnea, aonnoa 6mnn 1kne, k1o ne
yen aoea1L, cpepn acnea ac1peunncL nenname nnn necnoco6nme [ra
axHam ynkan akun a H, v kyxan cn vcmH n
ayH nnx a x, avan: M ak cu ak
Hncn k acH. ak, s ak cnancn vH- a cyn
nr, kan aaana cka c amcmx knacca, c
n, araamx acnvck ravn axHaHa a cny r, v
nuk Ha crc cyac Hx nnyvu n
a mk a mm x cau cmH k nxy a n
amcky cynu. Bycm nxn k sHy n. cyxan
vHm nmn, a a x Hc caan nc ackan na
mk. ca, s nyHan cnau.]. ce a1o penno cek1y
npnanek1enLno pnn amcunx knccoa.
YaennunanocL uncno onc1mpe. yp npnxopnno ace 6onLue aepykunx, pnn
aocxanennn noao pennrnn ncnonLsoanncL nckycc1a, ko1opme cospn n
ycoaepuenc1aoan ppeannn unannnsunn. euepm Mr1nnn, Byr n ny1n a
Ypxenn, rpo1m Dneqn1 - ace a1o 6yppnc1ckne xpm. ecL nn1eon 6pxnns,
yaennunauncn apaoe s cue1 noao nqonornn - acex 6ypp, acex 6opxnc1a n
npounx nnopoa aoo6pxennn, npncyuero a ocnoano uepno pce, - npeap1nncn a
pspyun1enLnyk cnny. Bpxnm nonnnn, u1o nop cnc1L o6uec1ao, cospnnoe nn.
uncL 6opL6 - ee nuno npnxopn1cn n V a., - ko1opn skonunncL 1onLko a
XIV a.
Moxno cks1L, u1o 6yppns scnyxnn caoe nopxenne, no1oy u1o oksncn
6eccnnLnm nepep nocnepc1annn. C coro nun on uepnn cnnm cpepn
o1uenenuea, on nepec1n 6m1L ynnaepcnLno pennrne n skpmn pnn ce6n ace ny1n k
coaepuenc1aoannk. poe 1oro, on ne cor cpsy pspyun1L kc1oayk cnc1ey n
6mn amnyxpen npnnn1L ee n npk1nke, ocyxpn ee 1eope1nueckn [anH,
ycm yaxan, v xcaaaH Hx mn ucn nuk a
cHu axHaa n kma.]. Upn-ku1pnn n o6puennme 6pxnm ponxnm
6mnn, pno nnn nospno, s1ockoa1L o caonx npexnnx npnannernnx.
Byppns no ace nosnunn nponrpman 6n1ay, ao II a. on ncues c 1eppn1opnn
npnn. n nuen npn6exnue a 1knx kononnnx, kk Uenon nnn a, ko1opme 6mnn
1oxe cospnm 6pxncko kynL1ypo, no 1 no6epy opepxnn epe1nkn 6nroppn
a1nnueckoy coc1ay xpeuoa n aonnoa. [nccnpen1ckn kynL1 1kxe coxpnnncn n
ceaepo-aoc1oke npnn, no 1 - nnpnep, a enne, - on ampoxpe1cn n yc1yne1
ec1o 6pxnnsy. opoue roaopn, on cyuec1aye1 1, rpe o1cy1c1ayk1 kc1m: a
n1e, nne, n n6e1e, a Uen1pnLno snn. ckpy on poksmae1 cn6oc1L
cnc1em, ocnoanno 1onLko n opnn n psye.
Byppns, a konue konuoa, sxo1en cosp1L ce6e qynpen1. o, yam, 6mno cnnuko
nospno: on cospn 6cypp. npo1naononoxnoc1L nc1nnno qnnocoqnn a 6yppnse
on1onornn am1eke1 ns npac1aennoro skon, ne no6opo1. pesynL11e m anpn
6espyunyk 1eonornk nckycc1aennoro nopnpk n nony6eccmcnennme 1ekc1m a anpe
pcnpoc1pnennoro y onronoa unnnnpp, ko1opm npnaopn1cn a noc1onnnoe
panxenne cnno aopm n nepepe1 n ne6o copepxnne nuep1nnmx n ne onn1a, o
ue canpe1enLc1aye1 opnn nccnonep ns konrperunn Cen-sp. k xe nnsko nn
specL punonnnc1nueckn 1eopnn, o1pnukun ace ukonm n npe1enpykun n npao
nc1ann1L npopm! ko oksncL cypL6 6yppns.
Bpxnns ne sepnnn aocnonLsoa1Lcn yuep6noc1Lk caoero npo1nannk. n
nponann yppoc1L n a ne6nronpnn1nmx o6c1on1enLc1ax npoaopnn 1y xe nonn1nky,
ko1opn oksncL ycneuno ao apen 6yn1 ku1pnea. n cor no1n n 6onLune
yc1ynkn. n ne c1n ncnnoa1L nnn ynnx1L ym nkpe. onLsyncL cnnkpe1nso,
on cpenn ns CkLn-Mynn aonnouenne nuny. kn o6pso, 6pxnns pn
aosoxnoc1L 1e, k1o xo1en aepny1Lcn a ero nono, noknonn1Lcn caoey npony n
ns6ann nx o1 npespennn. 31e, noc1enenno, a ero nn1eon aounn norne ns
6yppnc1cknx 6oroa c 1o oroaopko, u1o6m onn ne snnnn amcokoro ec1 a
neppxnn. koneu, ey ypnocL cpen1L 1k, u1o o1 6yppns a npnn nou1n ne
oc1nocL cnepoa. o6uec1aenno nennn nn1nnkn, cospnnme a1o cek1o,
nannk1cn peno pyk ee cuc1nnaoro conepnnk [By cva, v Bya, kak
ann my, nnancn aum 1005 r. sm kaHaa, . . 943
r. . s.]. k u1o xe eue oxno cks1L o oryuec1ae, 1epnennn n yppoc1n ukonm,
ko1opn, npocyuec1aoaa 6onee payx 1mcnuene1n, opepxn c1onL y6epn1enLnyk
no6epy? ne anxy nnuero nopo6noro a nc1opnn uenoaeuec1a - nnuero, u1o pene1
1kyk uec1L uenoaeueckoy psyy.
c1L nn a npouno npnepm c1okoc1n, c kko 6pxnns coxpnnn caok cyunoc1L
a 1euenne c1onL pnn1enLnoro apeenn, ne yc1ynna nn nnpn a payx ocnoanmx o6nc1nx:
pok1pnne n nonn1nuecko cnc1ee? C ue oxno cpann1L ero ro1oanoc1L o1p1L
ponxnoe cm uennm npen caoero npo1nannk n o1ks o1 conk6nn a 1nxenme
nny1m caoero nopxennn? , nnpnep, 1knx ne snk. npoponxenne ponro
6opL6m 6pxnns nponann paonyk yppoc1L, ko1opyk amcoko ouennn nrnnckn
pnc1okp1nn, nenno: cyen coxpnn1L npounoe n npncnoco6nncn k 1pe6oannn
nc1onuero. opoue roaopn, on o6npn nc1onun oprnns1opckn pyxo n a
nrppy s a1o nonyunn npnsnnne cospnnoro n o6uec1a.
Caon 1pnyqo on a ocnoano 6mn o6nsn npnnunny nsonnunn, uero nepoc1ano
6yppnsy. ero c1opone 6mn n unc1o1 pncko kpoan, 1orp kk 6yppnc1m
aep6oann c1oponnnkoa rnanm o6pso a nnsunx kc1x n nrnopnpoann skonm
pspenennn n o1pnunn nx pennrnosnoe snuenne. npnn 6pxnns snenoan
co6o npeaocxopc1ao 6eno pcm, xo1n yxe nopaepxenno nsenennn, 6yppnc1m,
nnpo1na, ncknn noppepxkn a nnsunx knccx. Byppnc1ckn 6yn1 ne or yaenu1Lcn
ycnexo po 1ex nop, nok pnckn 1nn, neco1pn n uyxepopnme aneen1m,
coxpnnn, 6nroppn nsonnunn, ocnoanyk uc1L caonx poc1onnc1a n po6pope1ene.
o1n ns a1oro ne cnepye1, u1o ponroe conpo1nanenne 6yppns ne npnnecno caonx
nnopoa. ne coneakcL, u1o aosapuenne a nono 6pxnns norouncnennmx
nneen xpeuecko kc1m n ku1pnea, ko1opme 1k ponro npene6pernn a1nnuecknn
npepnncnnnn, nocenno pypnme ceen. pnko pnckn npnpop 6mn poc11ouno
cnnLn n oc1e1cn cnnLno a nue apen, u1o6m coxpnn1L caok oprnnsunk ao
apen yxcnmx ncnm1nn, amnaunx n ponk npop.
unnn c 1001 r. n. a., npnn nepec1n 6m1L c1pno, skpm1o pnn snpnmx
nun, aennkn saoea1enL nekcnpp pxe ne nopospean o uypecnmx
poc1nxennnx neunc1mx npopoa, snpnmx ap1nea, ko1opmx on no6epnn. Cmn
Onnnnn Mkeponckoro 1k n ne pouen po canuenno senn. Mexpy 1e kk Mxyp
nsneanp, ycynLnckn npnnu ceunno pcm, 6onee 6eno, ue 1, ns ko1opo
amunn 6pxnm n ku1pnn, ao rnae pn, noppepxnaemx ycynLnckn
qn1nso, orne n euo npouen no nonyoc1poay, ynnu1oxn xpm, nc1pe6nnn
canuennnkoa n aonnoa, cxnrn canuennme knnrn - 1k nunncL npecnepoannn,
ko1opme c 1ex nop nou1n ne npekpunncL. [nn nk6o unannnsunn 1pypno yc1on1L
nepep any1pennn n1ncko a pesynL11e nponanennn uenoaeuecknx c1pc1e, no
norokp1no 1pypnee, korp on nxopn1cn nop nn1o uyxkoa-saoea1ene,
ko1opme aosnepnnncL po konu ynnu1oxn1L ee. c1L nn a nc1opnn npnepm c1onL
ponroro n cuc1nnaoro conpo1nanennn cm pspyun1enLnm qk1op? snk
1onLko opnn - a1o neno ec1o a npnn. Co apeen xec1okoro cyn1n nsnn
6pxnckoe o6uec1ao ne snno nn nny1m nokon n nocpepn noc1onnnmx 1k cyeno
am1ecnn1L 6yppns. ocne nepcoa Mxyp npnunn 1ypkn, onronm, qrnum,
11pm, p6m, 6nccnnum, s1e cnoa nepcm pnp-Lx, nop1yrnLum, nrnnune,
qpnuysm. ceaepe, n snpe n kre nponcxopnnn nenpec1nnme n6ern,
uyxesenme oppm 1o n peno naopnnnn npoannunn c1pnm. Uenme npopm, ne
ampepxa a1oro, o1peknncL o1 nunonnLno pennrnn. unpum c1nn
ycynLnn, s nnn cnnpxn, s1e ppyrne nneen Mn6p n no6epexLn
oponpenn. noc1onm Mroe1 noackpy - n ne 6es ycnex - nponoaepoann
oncnme npen. Bpxnns nn n rnoaenne ne cknpman opyxnn - nnpo1na, n
aoc1oke, a ceaepnmx ropx, a uc1noc1n nocne nokopennn enn ropkxcn a XIV a.
on npoponxn caok ycneunyk pen1enLnoc1L. pn1ok nonypncko kpoan a enpx6e
npnaen k nonanennk arnn1pno pennrnn nek. Bpxnns onpanncn o1 a1oro
ypp n ace ycneunee npo1naoc1onn ycynLncko aepe.
Mm sne, c kko nenokone6no yaepennoc1Lk on a 1euenne co1nn ne1
conpo1nanne1cn eaponeckoy n1ncky, n n ne aepk, u1o xo1L opnn uenoaek,
popnauncn a npnn, ponyc1n1 mcnL, u1o a1y c1pny aosoxno 1pncqopnpoa1L n
unannnsoa1L n nu nep. Mnorne n6nkp1enn, ko1opme xopouo snk1 npnk,
y6expenm, u1o 1koe cnyun1Lcn ne oxe1.
pnko 6pxnns nepexnae1 o6un ynpok; ero aennkne nnunoc1n yunn;
6cyppnme nnn nsyaepckne cyeaepnn, 1eonornueckne amaep1m kynL1, o6nsnnme
uepnoy aneen1y, opepxnn no6epy np ppeane qnnocoqne c ee aosamuennoc1Lk
n 6nropopno pepsoc1Lk. erponpnm 1nn n xen1m npnnunn snnnn 6onLuoe ec1o
a amcunx knccx, n ao nornx o1nouennnx 6mae1 1pypno, nopo pxe neaosoxno,
o1nnun1L 6pxnoa o1 npepc1an1ene nnsunx cnoea. o nsapuennn npnpop a1nx
ampopnaunxcn pc nnkorp ne coxe1 npeopone1L npeaocxopnuyk cnny 6enmx
npopoa, npnuepunx ns aponm.
pnko ecnn a cnny o6c1on1enLc1a, uyxpmx xopy ec1no nonn1nkn, n a1nx
o6unpnmx sennx npekp1n1cn rocnopc1ao nrnnun, n c1pn 6ype1 npepoc1anen
co ce6e, no npouec1ann 6onee nnn enee npoponxn1enLnoro apeenn 6pxnns,
epnnc1aennm counnLnm nopnpok, ko1opm nee1 6sy a npnn, a koneuno cue1e
aoc1opxec1aye1.
nune 1epnnLnoe oryuec1ao, npnnpnexuee poxnnn n snpe n cnkx n
ceaepe, okonu1enLno nepepe1 k a1n nneen. e ne enee, ycynLnckn
unannnsunn cnnuko perppnpoan, cnnuko cansn c cmn nnsunn cnonn
ncenennn, u1o6m npoponx1Lcn ponro. Bpxnns 1epnennao ro1oan1 caok no6epy.
onLsyncL kpnao c6ne aproa, yppm ko1opo on 1k c1oko ampepxn, on yxe
o1aoean caon nosnunn y xp11oa n ppxny1oa, s1e o1aoke1 6onLuyk uc1L
no1epnnno 1eppn1opnn. npoue, on ne uyxp nepeen, n ecnn on npne1 a pnr
amcunx kc1 aonnc1aennmx o6puennmx npepc1an1ene pncknx pc ceaep n
npoxpkuncn k1nanm kncc nrnonnpycoa, cyee1 nn 6pxnns ampepx1L
ounm npn1ok nnsunx 1nnoa n ne npeap1n1cn nn a neu1o nocpepc1aennoe? kn
cn1yunn ne ncknkuen. a1o cnyue npo npnsn1L, u1o a1nnueckn 6ecnopnpok
aospc1e1, n npexnee epnnc1ao unannnsunn yxopn1 a npounoe.
pnko a1o ec1L nens6exnoe cnepc1ane snoxennmx a ne npnnunnoa n co6m1n, o
ko1opmx n roaopnn. cnn xe o1aneuLcn o1 rnno1es, oc1an1L 6ypyuee a nokoe, n
orpnnun1Lcn ypokn, ko1opme oxno nsaneuL ns nc1opnn npnn, u1o kce1cn pc,
m nonyun cnepykune neonpoaepxnme qk1m.
pexpe acero, neo6xopno npnsn1L, u1o pnckoe ceec1ao - coe 6nropopnoe,
coe oppennoe a cmcne y n coe aneprnunoe a 6eno pce. rnn1e, rpe m
anepame ac1pe1nnncL c nn, n sene npnn, rpe m 1onLko u1o pcc1pnann ero,
m npnsnnn a ne amcune qnnocoqckne cnoco6noc1n, amcokyk opnL, nrkoc1L a
yc1noanennnx, xnsnec1okoc1L - cnoao, nanoe npeaocxopc1ao np 6opnrenn,
6ypL 1o a ponnne nn nnn n 6eperx np, nr n Bpxny1pm.
rnn1e m yanpenn ero yxe npnnsoannm cnnuko 6onLun konnuec1ao
uepno kpoan, n c 1euenne apeenn ceuenne c1noannocL ace 6onee ampxennm n
okonu1enLno norno1nno ocnoaononrkun npnnunn ernne1cko unannnsunn.
npnn peno o6c1onno no-ppyroy. s ropno ponnnm unp n nonyoc1poa xnmnyn
ounm pnckn no1ok. eco1pn n yxop sopoc1pnuea on acerp oc1ancn
cnnLnm, n kc1oan cnc1e, neco1pn n noc1enennoe psnoxenne, 6mn rnano
npnunno 1oro, u1o amcune knccm nnpycckoro o6uec1a coxpnnnn caon
poc1onnc1a. cnn kkn-1o uc1L uyxo kpoan nop annnnne peaonkun n nonpn
a xnnm 6pxnoa n ku1pnea, a1o o6c1on1enLc1ao ne npnaopnno k pspyun1enLnm
pesynL11. [anxenne pncknx nnn nonypncknx nneen c ceaep nopkpennnnocL
ppeann 6enm npnnunno, n m o1e1nnn, u1o nnpam rny6oko aneppnnncL a
pLnap1y. 31e n ace npo1nxennn ropno rpnnum, noc1onnno nonannnncL ppyrne
6enme npopm n cnycknncL a npnk, npnnocn c co6o 6enyk kpoaL.
1o kce1cn apeponocnoro ceuennn, nnpnckoe ceec1ao c1ppno ne c1onLko o1
cocepc1a c xen1mn npopn, ckonLko o1 npncy1c1ann uepnmx, n xo1n e1ncm ne
ornn noxac11Lcn cnno, npncyue unc1o pce, ono nopoxpe1 no1oc1ao, ne
nnuennoe poc1onnc1a; no1okn ceunanncL c nnpncko kynL1ypo n npnnnnn ee
ocnoanme npnnunnm, xo1n kn1ckne aneen1m nens6exno nponnknn a 6pxnckyk
unannnsunk. knn 6mnn xp1m n 6npnum.
1k, conpo1nanneoc1L npnn uyxesenm n6er, cnn, ko1opn kpenne1, yc1ynn
n1ncky, cocpepo1ouen n ceaepo-snpe, ceaepe n snpe, 1. e. cpepn pncknx
npopoa 6onee nnn enee unc1oro nponcxoxpennn: cnnpxn, poxnnnm, ropum
nnpykyu, cnkxn, ppxny1m, ropkcm enn, s nnn cnepyk1 xp1m n,
nkoneu, 6npnum, ko1opmx n nsman amue. a1o konk1no 1eppn1opnn
npeaocxopc1ao, neconenno, npnnpnexn1 cm pnnnsnpoannm amxopu c
ceaep n ceaepo-snp. ce ceec1a, npncoepnnnaunecn k pncko pce,
o1nnuk1cn neo6muno a1nnuecko c1okoc1Lk. Canpe1enLc1ao 1oy nanne1cn
pennrnn neko1opmx nnsunx npopoa, xnayunx a ceaepnmx ropx. Mec1nme nneen,
oc1kunecn aepnmn caoe ppeane nc1opnn, co acex c1opon okpyxenm xen1mn
npopn, ko1opme am1ecnnnn nx a scnexennme ropm n a yuenLn; a1o nun
nocnepnne n necuc1nme popnun, onn noknonnk1cn a nepayk ouepepL ppeaney repok
no nenn Bxn-Ce. D1o1 cmn npy npepc1anne1 co6o nepconnqnkunk 6eno
pcm ao apen nocnepne cu16no nrpunn, ko1opyk on npepnpnnnn a a1o
uc1n senoro up.
c1e1cn kr npnn, pon, ko1opm npoc1npe1cn aponL nr po nLky11m n
oxa1mae1 o6unpnyk 1eppn1opnk a uen1pe n [ekn. a1nx pernonx o6n1k1
norouncnennme nneen uepnmx pnkpe, 1 orponme nenpoxopnme nec n nou1n
o1cy1c1ayk1 pnnek1m, nponcxopnune o1 cnckpn1. cenenne roaopn1 n nornx
nsmkx, a 1o nnn nno c1enenn o6nropoxennmx neu1Lk canuennoro nsmk:
1nnLckn, n6pckn n co1nn ppyrnx. snouae1Le koxn xn1ene anune
ypnanne1 eaponeu, ko1opm a nx 1enocnoxennn ne anpn1 nnkknx cnepoa
opnopopnoc1n pxe cpepn amcunx kc1. 3pecL 6onLue acero ceuennn c
6opnrenn. 3pecL o1cy1c1ayk1 aneprnn n yxec1ao, specL upn1 cyeaepnn, n ace
roaopn1 s 1o, u1o a1n nkpn ne cnoco6nm k nesancnoy cyuec1aoannk.
Bpxnns ne nee1 noppepxkn a a1nx ec1x, nockonLky ponn uepno kpoan a
caoe cce nnoro npeaocxopn1 1o, u1o m n6nkpe n ceaepe, o1kyp pnckne
nneen nnkorp ne cnycknncL 1k pneko n kr.
pnko ceropnn a a1nx kxnmx ponx npnn nonanncn noam a1nnueckn aneen1,
nekun 6onLuoe snuenne, o ko1opo yxe ynonnnocL amue. euL npe1 o e1ncx,
poxpennmx o1 o1uoa-eaponeuea n 1ysenmx 1epe n cnoa ckpeuennmx c
eaponeun n 6opnrenn. D1 npocnok yaennunancL c kxpm pne n
nponannn oco6me kuec1a n oc1pm xnao y, ko1opme 1k npnaneknn annnne
yuenmx n nonn1nkoa, n a ko1opmx sknkuncL npnunn 6ypyunx no1pncenn a
npnn.
C 1epnncko c1oponm nponcxoxpenne a1nx nkpe 6mno pneko ne 6nec1nun: a1o
6mnn npepc1an1enLnnum nnsunx kc1, cnyxune pnn ypoane1aopennn npnxo1e
no6epn1ene. cnn neko1opme xenunnm npnnpnexnn k 6onee amcokoy
counnLnoy pnry, onn 6mnn ycynLnkn n ne o1nnunncL kuec1ao kpoae. e
ne enee, a a1nx nnpnnkx 6mno enLue uepnoro aneen1, 1k u1o oxno se1n1L
orponyk pnc1nunk expy no1oc1ao 6enrnLcko xenunnm ns nnsue kc1m n
o1npmckn nerpn1nnkn ns nneenn Honyq nnn 66p.
Co c1oponm o1u ory1 n6nkp1Lcn 6onLune psnnunn a konnuec1ae 6enoro
aneen1, nepepaeoro pe6enky. 1uo or 6m1L nrnnunnn, npnnpeu, qpnuys,
n1nLnneu nnn ncnneu - o1ckp nponcxopnnn a1n psnnunn. ue acero
npeo6npe1 nrnnckn kpoaL, ko1opn a apone coxpnnn 6onLue acero pnckoro,
noa1oy e1ncm o6muno 6mak1 kpcnamn n ynmn. a1o n npncoepnnnkcL k
nennk, ko1opoe cansmae1 6ypyuee npnn c a1n noam ncenenne. pnko
cnepye1 se1n1L, u1o a1 ceunnn pc nopaepxen 1o xe oncnoc1n, ko1opn
npnaen k kpxy nou1n ace ycynLnckne nunn. onLko 6pxnns o6npe1
cekpe1o, kk ns6ex1L a1oro.
1k, m knccnqnunpoann nnpnckne pcm n o1e1nnn oen1m, korp npn
6nronpnn1no c1euennn o6c1on1enLc1a 1 oxe1 acnmxny1L xnan, nyc1L n cn6n,
nckp, n 1enepL nop aepny1Lcn k c1onL ponro xnsnn unannnsunn, ko1opn
cyuec1aoan eue po reponuecko anoxn peunn n ko1opn, ecnn ne cun11L
a1nnueckne nkncm, coxpnnn po nunx pne caon npnnunnm n nnkorp ne
caopunan c ny1n, no1oy u1o rnann pc oc1ancL poc11ouno konk1no.
ocne epopo1 a1o1 seu1enLnm konocc rennn, oun, kpco1m nann snpnoy
npy o6ps opno ns caonx xpnu, ko1opn nopsnn eaponeuea caoe kpco1o
neco1pn n nno1nme opexpm. osxe, 6nroppn ycynLnckn saoeannn, nou1n
nensaec1nm a apone, n noam o1kpm1nn, pesynL11m ko1opmx, kk npanno,
npnxopnnn n 3np a nckxenno anpe, a1 srpounn c1pn eue 6onLue
oanpen aoo6pxenne eaponeuea, xo1n snnn ace eue 6mno nepoc11ouno.
o nocne 1oro, kk ao1 yxe papu1L ne1 qnnonornn, qnnocoqnn, c11nc1nk nunn
cnc1e1nueckoe nsyuenne o6uec1a n npnpopm npnn, no-npexney 6es npexpm
nosn1L 1kyk 6or1yk n 6onLuyk 1ey, nponsouno neo6munoe: ue 6onLue m
sne, 1e cnnLnee aocxnuecn, xo1n o6muno 6mae1 no6opo1. pnamkune k
nenpoponxn1enLnoy cyuec1aoannk nunx unannnsun, m 1aeppnnn cnoa o
6pennoc1n acero uenoaeueckoro, korp npnnopnnncn orponm snaec, ckpmaaun
o1 nc snk, korp nun asop npepc1nn npnn n n1 co caonn nesm6nemn
nnc1n1y1n, m ne sne, kk aocnpnnn1L o1kpm1ne, c1onL pnn nc oropun1enLnoe.
co pene, kkoe a1o ynnxenne pnn cnc1e, kxpn ns ko1opmx o6Lnannn ce6n
necpanenno! ko ypok pnn rpekoa, pnnnn, pnn acex nc - yanpe1L c1pny,
ko1opyk a 1euenne aocLnco1 ne1 1epsnn rp6ex, nc1pe6nenne, nnue1, ko1opn
ncun1mae1 6onee c1 copok nnnnonoa xn1ene n, aosoxno, a nopy caoero
pcuae1 kopnn apaoe 6onLue, no ko1opn nnkorp ne nepec1an xpnn1L
6esrpnnunyk aepnoc1L caon pennrnosnm, counnLnm n nonn1nueckn pok1pnn
n pxe a nepnop ynpk coxpnne1 cao nunonnLnm xpk1ep! 1k, noa1opk eue
ps: kko a1o seu1enLnm ypok pnn snpnmx rocyppc1a, o6peuennmx no
npnunne neyc1ounaoc1n pennrnosnmx asrnnpoa n 1o, u1o6m nenpec1nno enn1L
qopm n nnpanenne nopo6no nepeeukuncn pkn n 6epery Ceaepnoro opn!
npoue, ne c1on1 cnnuko c1poro cypn1L opnnx n cnnuko aosnocn1L ppyrnx. [onroe
cyuec1aoanne nnpncko unannnsunn ec1L ec1ec1aennm skon, ko1opm pepko
nponanne1 ce6n c 1ko nonno1o. a1o c1pne acerp ponnnpoan opn pc n
npnnunnm oc1anncL nensennmn, expy 1e kk a ppyrnx ec1x nponcxopnnn
6mc1pme n 6ecnopnpounme nepeenm, ne ycneann cqopnpoa1Lcn nnc1n1y1m n
ennnncL asrnnpm n nnc1nnk1m cennaunxcn nokonenn.
pnko npnn 6mn ne epnnc1aenno c1pno, rpe m oxe aocxnu1Lcn a1n
qenoeno: n nek a anpy n1. op noco1pe1L, ne npnaenn nn specL opnnkoame
npnunnm k opnnkoam pesynL11. ccnepoanne 6ype1 1e 6onee noyun1enLnm,
u1o expy npne n opne6ecno nepne nexn1 orponm n6e1, rpe oxno
ac1pe1n1L xpk1epnme npnsnkn o6enx c1pn. o npexpe ue nonn1L, cansn nn a1
paoc1aennoc1L c a1nnueckn npnnunno, n neo6xopno ysn1L nc1ok counnLno
kynL1ypm a n1e n onpepenn1L, kkoe ec1o cpepn unannnsoannmx nun np
snne1 a1 c1pn.
IV. nan aca
o epe 1oro, kk nnpnckne nneen npopanrnncL n aoc1ok, n nocne 1oro, kk,
npopn no rop nnpxn, onn nepeceknn nr n Bpxny1py n npnunn a c1pny
6npnuea, onn ac1ynnn a kon1k1m c psnnunmn nneenn, eue nesnkomn
pnn nc. snoo6psne a1nx nneen, kk a qnsnuecko, 1k n a opnLno
o1nouennn, canpe1enLc1aye1 o 1o, u1o n cpepn nnx pec1aye1 skon nepaenc1a pc.
oaoe ceec1ao npopoa, o ko1opmx nope1 peuL, aecL xpk1epnoe no o6nnky,
uae1y koxn n nn1ennek1ynLnm kuec1a, npepc1e1 nepep nn, kk 1onLko m,
noknnya Benrnnk, pannynncL n aoc1ok. ockonLky o6une uep1m o6Lepnnnk1 norne
npopm, m ppn n o6uee nsanne, ne o6pun annnnn n oueanpnme psnnunn
expy nnn. 1k, m nee peno c xen1mn npopn, ko1opme coc1annk1 1pe1n
aneen1 ncenennn senn.
cn nnepnn n1n, Cn6npL, acn apon, s ncknkuenne, oxe1 6m1L, cmx kxnmx
ee okpnn - ao1 o6unpnn 1eppn1opnn, ko1opyk ncenne1 xen1n pc a 1o1 nepnop,
korp 6enme nepecenenum c1ynnnn n senn k aoc1oky, ceaepy nnn kry o1
scnexennmx ropnmx ponnn Uen1pnLno snn.
ueno a1o nnskopocnn pc: neko1opme ee npepc1an1enn noxoxn n kpnnkoa.
enocnoxenne n mueunn cnn necpannm c 1e, u1o m anpn y 6enmx nkpe, a
nx nnux ec1L u1o-1o rpo1ecknoe n pxe ypopnnaoe. Cnoao, npnpop a a1o cnyue
peunn ne pc1puna1L caonx cnn n aosoxnoc1e, nnn Cosp1enL orpnnunncn
uepnoam n6pocko. eampsn1enLnm noc n po1, nenLkne rns, ac1anennme a
unpokoe nnockoe nnuo, pepkne, npnme n xec1kne uepnme aonocm (anpoue, y
neko1opmx nneen, nnpo1na, yc1pukuero anp rpna skpmae1 pxe cnnny) -
ao1 xpk1epnm o6nnk xen1o pcm [ sH nakaH kr aann
cyca m. 3a cva ackcm rnaa xaak v,
, aH, cu a yvcu nHcu v ka, naran k
rnaa nHa yry Hy. H kra, a acn aHn
xnan aca acnn a nnm Hr maa. va, nvcnn
ca Hr cHmam ac.].
1o kce1cn nn1ennek1, specL m 1kxe n6nkpe ouenL xpk1epnme
oco6ennoc1n, nc1onLko o1nnukunecn o1 xpk1epnc1nk uepno pcm, u1o ecnn
nocnepnkk n nsan xencko, 1o xen1yk yec1no npnuncnn1L k yxckn.
6conk1noe o1cy1c1ane aoo6pxennn, o6un 1enpenunn k ypoane1aopennk
ec1ec1aennmx no1pe6noc1e, ynopc1ao n nocnepoa1enLnoc1L a o1nouennn
noacepneanmx pen, onpepenennm nnc1nnk1 nnuno cao6opm, ampxkuncn y
6onLunnc1a nneen a npnaepxennoc1n k koueao xnsnn, y 6onee unannnsoannmx
npopoa a yaxennn k pouney oury, cn6n k1nanoc1L, o1cy1c1ane
nk6osn1enLnoc1n n c1pc1n k ykpuennn, c1onL xpk1epno pnn nerpoa - ao1
ocnoanme uep1m acex ae1ae onronLckoro ceec1a. 1ckp rny6oko ykopenennn
roppoc1L s npnsenennme c1penennn n s yenne ypoane1aopn1L nx. ce, u1o ne
axopn1 a kpyr snkomx aeue n nonn1n, kxe1cn n 6eccmcnennm n amsmae1 y
nnx 1onLko xnoc1L n couyac1ane. Xen1me npopm 6onLue poaonLnm cnn co6o,
ue nerpm, uLe nmnkoe aoo6pxenne noc1onnno aneue1 nx s npepenm cyuec1aykunx
aeue.
o npo npnsn1L, u1o a1 o6un 1enpenunn k noacepneanoc1n n ysoc1L munennn,
cnepc1ane o1cy1c1ann aoo6pxennn, npnpk1 xen1m 6onLuyk coun6enLnoc1L, ue y
nerpoa. [xe cme necnoco6nme ns nnx a npoponxenne c1one1n nenn opny-
epnnc1aennyk uenL - npokopn1Lcn, ope1Lcn n n1n xnnnue, n, a koneuno cue1e,
po6nnncL a a1o 6onLunx pesynL11oa, nexenn nkpn ne enee orpnnuennme no
npnpope, no 6es konu o6ypeaeme psmunennnn, ko1opme nopcksmae1 n
neo6yspnnoe aoo6pxenne. oa1oy xen1me npopm 6onee nckycnm ao nornx
penx, n m c ypnanenne nxopn n nx sennx ppeanne cnepm ropnopypnmx p6o1.
D1o oxno nsa1L nepao6m1nm n nunonnLnm npep nsnuenne xen1o pcm.
D1n nnskopocnme nkpn - xopoune kysneum n kaennpm, , cypn no 1oy, u1o onn
nponecnn a1n namkn uepes aek po nunx pne (kc11n, aoc1ounme 1ynrycm n xn1enn
xo1ckoro no6epexLn, pyuepm n ppyrne npopnoc1n nckycnm a kysneuno pene ne
enLue, ue nepnkn a cknpnnacknx necnonennnx), oxno sknkun1L, u1o ao ace
apeen qnnckne npopm coc1annnn nccnanyk uc1L neko1opmx unannnsun.
1kyp xe npnunn a1n npopm? C aennkoro epnknckoro kon1nnen1. ko o1ae1
pk1 qnsnonornn n nnnranc1nk; 1ko amaop oxno cpen1L ns 1oro qk1, u1o c
cmx ppeannx apeen, eue po 1o anoxn, ko1opyk m nsmae nepao6m1no, ccm
xen1oro ncenennn co6pnncL n kpne ceaepe Cn6npn, o11yp pannynncL n
snp.
nn cun1nn ce6n no1okn o6esLnn n ouenL roppnnncL a1n. oa1oy
neypnan1enLno, u1o a nnpncko anoce, rpe peuL npe1 o ec1nmx noounnkx
reponueckoro cynpyr Cn1m a ero noxope npo1na Uenon, a1n nkpn nsmak1cn
npoc1o pne o6esLnn. osoxno, pec1an1enLno aocnonLsoancn noouLk
xen1mx nneen, xnaunx n kxnmx cknonx nnea, u1o6m no6epn1L uepnme
npopm n kre [ekn.
k 6m 1o nn 6mno, a1n nneen 6mnn ouenL norouncnennm, u1o n co6npkcL
npopeonc1pnpoa1L.
Cyuec1aye1 neocnopnm qk1, u1o 6enme npopm acerp 6mnn ocepnmn n noa1oy
nnkorp ne noknpnn no po6po aone caon senn. Coe ppeanee nsaec1noe
c1noanue 6eno pcm nxopnnocL a ropno ponnne Uen1pnLno snn, n ecnn onn
yunn o11yp, 1o no1oy nnuL, u1o nx npornnn. ponyckk, u1o neko1opme ceec1a
ornn oks1Lcn xep1an ncnnnn caonx copopnue. ponyckk a1o a o1nouennn
annnncknx nneen n sopoc1pnuea, no nenLsn npepnonoxn1L 1kyk cn1yunk a
o1nouennn acex 6enmx nepecenenuea. Uenn pc ne ponxn 6mn y1n ns popnmx
ec1 nou1n opnoapeenno, n, 1e ne enee, a1o cnyunnocL nepep 5000 r. po n. a. a1y
anoxy n ao apeen, 6nnskne e, xn1m, cen1m, pnum, kenL1m n cnanne
noknpk1 caon senn. Benn pc ps6pepe1cn a psnme c1oponm, oc1annn popnme
ponnnm xen1m. pnunno orno 6m1L 1onLko ouenL cnnLnoe panenne co c1oponm
pnknx nneen.
C ppyro c1oponm, qnsnueckn n opnLnn cn6oc1L norouncnennmx saoea1ene
nc1onLko oueanpn n poksn, u1o nx a1opxenne n koneunn no6ep o6ycnoanen
1onLko nanm uncnennm npeaocxopc1ao. oa1oy ne1 conennn a 1o, u1o Cn6npL
knuen qnncknn nneenn, o ue nek1cn nc1opnueckne canpe1enLc1a. nnuL
seuy cnepykuee: ponyckn no6epy xen1mx npopoa np 6enmn n pccennne
nocnepnnx, neo6xopno npnnn1L opnn ns payx apnn1oa.
n6o 1eppn1opnn, n ko1opo xnnn 6enme npopm, npoc1npncL pneko n ceaep n
ouenL no n aoc1ok, poc1nrn a nepao nnpanennn cpepnero Ypn, ao a1opo
ne poxopn po yanL-ynn, u1o, no-anpnoy, o6ycnoanno onpepenennoe panxenne a
ceaepo-snpnme c1enn.
n6o a1n npopm, ckonnaunecn n aepunnx Myu1rx, a ropnmx ponnnx a1o uenn n
ao acex 1pex ponx n6e1, 6mnn ouenL nenorouncnennme n nenn nepoc11ouno
nnun.
nune n o6Lncnk, nouey n orpnnunn cn1yunk payn apnn1n. 31e nsnoxy
npnunny, nouey cnepye1 o16pocn1L a1opyk rnno1esy n npnnn1L nepayk.
yxe roaopnn, u1o xen1n pc o6n1n rnanm o6pso a n1e; kpoe 1oro,
uepnm 1nn c kypuao nporn1nuecko ronoao, 1. e. nenrnckn anp,
pcnpoc1pnnncn po yanL-ynn, c opno c1oponm, n po Ooposm, c ppyro [
ay vac caa xay cam vm n. n
nxun nanxa k HanackHy ay nxx a xaaa.
a arH anu Hr rnckx nnH. 3 numan aca
c kyvaamH ancaH, Han ncnmx xn, naancn
nnnH vanH. H, rram Hry 1ncu vamva
acnca Hnackr cHcaa a . Qcanu, s
aravm ak, cn cu r a n ncn cvckx aH,
1ncncn nc, cn cvau, v s cnyvncu a n a
snxy.], a nonnk n pnLue. [xe ceropnn a1o ncenenne oxno ac1pe1n1L a 1ex
pneknx c1pnx.
Yxe 1o1 qk1, u1o nerpm 1k pneko npopannynncL ao any1pennkk snk, cnyxn1
y6epn1enLnm poks1enLc1ao cansn xn1oa n cen1oa c a1nn npopn nnsue
pcm: n nek a anpy ouenL pankk cansL, no1oy u1o on ocn6n eue po
npnuec1ann saoea1ene a ponnny nrp n aqp1.
enepL nepenececn ns ponnn annonnn a n1 n o6p1ncn k pesynL11
noc1enennoro ceuennn uepnoro n xen1oro 1nnoa, 1. e. k e1nc, ko1opme ncennk1
Kn-nL n ko1opmx Mpko ono nsmae1 seppen pm. ue pnLue m ac1pe1n
ppyroe ceec1ao, nekuee ne enLue npnsnkoa ceuennn, ko1opoe xnae1 a
kn1cko npoannunn Oo-LenL n, nkoneu, okxecn cpepn psnoo6psnn a1nx rpynn
a kxnmx ponx opne6ecno nepnn, a npnn k aoc1oky o1 nr, n pxnnenrx
npnckoro oken o1 Mprckp po onnnesnn, o1 onnnesnn po snpnmx
6eperoa epnkn anno1L po oc1poa cxn [kr cva, v aax
Maarackaa nanncn HanaaH.].
kn o6pso, uepnn pc snne1 aecL kr c1poro np n ac1peue1cn pneko n
ceaepe, expy 1e kk xen1n, o6n1kun aec1e c nepao n aoc1oke snn,
pcnpoc1pnnncL n ace oc1poa a nnpanennn Ceaepnoro nonkc. cnn cun11L,
u1o uen1p, nc1ok ennnckoro anp, nxopn1cn a qpnke n u1o nenno o11yp
nunocL ero pcnpoc1pnenne, u1o, kpoe 1oro, xen1n pc opnoapeenno c
e1ncn, xnaunn n oc1poax, 1kxe npopanrncL n ceaep n aoc1ok snn n a
apony, 1orp npnpe1cn npnsn1L, u1o 6enoe ceec1ao, u1o6m ne s1epn1Lcn a 1onne
nnsunx pc, 6mno amnyxpeno npnsa1L n noouL aecL cao renn n yxec1ao n
o6Lepnnn1Lcn.
e 6ype kc1Lcn pspenennn xn1cknx n cen1cknx cc, ko1opme no nepean
pennn cnyc1nnncL a kxnme n snpnme ponm. o s1o pcco1pn ccoaoe
ceuenne c uepno pco, ko1opoe neno ec1o a ponnnx Dqnonnn, n ceaepe no
acey qpnknckoy no6epexLk s npepenn 1nccknx rop n a Cenerne;
pcco1pn nnopm a1oro ceuennn a cnnnn, nnxne 1nnn, n rpeuecknx
oc1poax, n m y6epncn a 1o, u1o 6enn pc ne orpnnunancL neckonLknn
nneenn. Mm 1kxe yanpn, u1o k nepeuncnennm amue cnepye1 npn6an1L
pnckne npopm acex kxnmx ae1ae, n kenL1oa, n cnann, n cp1oa, n ppyrne
enee nsaec1nme, no ne enee snunme npopnoc1n, ko1opme oc1nncL xn1L cpepn
xen1mx.
Cnepoa1enLno, 6enn pc 6mn poc11ouno norouncnenno, nockonLky o6 anp
- uepnm n qnnckn - ne pann e aosoxnoc1n nepe1n Myu1rx n n1 n
aoc1oke n Ypn n snpe, on pannyncL n ceaep po cpepnero 1euennn yp, osep
Bkn n 6n.
ko reorpqnueckn pupy1 nee1 axnme nocnepc1ann, o ue peuL nope1 nnxe.
yxe konc11npoan npk1nueckne cnoco6noc1n xen1o pcm. e ne enee,
npnsnan ee npeaocxopc1ao np uepno pco, n o1ksn e a cnoco6noc1n snn1L
amcokoe ec1o n nec1nnue unannnsunn, no1oy u1o ee nn1ennek1 ne enee
orpnnuen, ue y nerpoa, n no1oy u1o ee nnc1nnk1 nonesnoro cnnuko
ne1pe6oa1enen.
pnko cnepye1 cnrun1L cypoaoc1L 1koro cyxpennn, korp peuL npe1 yxe ne c1onLko
o xen1o 1nne nnn uepno 1nne, no o nux kk nnopx ceuennn o6onx 1nnoa.
[ec1an1enLno, ecnn aosLe, k npnepy, onron, xn1enn onr-6y, n
nenrnckoro nerp nnn ro11en1o1, xn1enn 1oro xe onr-6y, pxe coro
nepsan1oro, nepam nee1 nanoe npenyuec1ao.
npno, nepoc11kn o6enx pc konencnpyk1cn n cnruk1cn a nx o6ue no1oc1ae,
ko1opoe nee1 6onLue cnoco6noc1e k cpanennk, nonnnnk n amaop. senennn
k nyuuey m anpn n a qnsnuecko 1nne. onocm y nuea xec1kne n aonnnc1me,
no ne kypuame, noc 6onee ampxen, ue y knmkoa. Y neko1opmx oc1poan1nn,
nnpnep, n n1n, on nou1n ne o1nnue1cn o1 npnoro noc npepc1an1ene 6eno
pcm. ns yxe ne 1k cnnLno pckocme. Ckynm no-npexney ampk1cn, no a1o
o6un uep1 o6enx pc-nponsaopn1enLnnu. sancnoc1n o1 ponnnpykue kpoan -
uepno nnn xen1o - a 1o nnn nno nneenn npeo6npk1 1e nnn nnme qnsnueckne
n opnLnme uep1m. oo6ue pnn acex a1nx rpynn xpk1epnmn oc1k1cn pa
ampxennmx npnsnk, canpe1enLc1aykunx o paono nponcxoxpennn: nen 6onLue
nn1ennek1, ue y nerpoa n xen1mx, onn yncnepoann o1 opnnx neo6yspnnyk
xec1okoc1L, o1 ppyrnx xonopnyk neaosy1noc1L n 6ecuyac1aennoc1L.
Mm saepunnn pcco1penne npopoa, qnrypnpykunx a nc1opnn oc1ouno snn;
nepexopn k pcco1pennk nx unannnsunn. mcuee ee ampxenne m npe a
n1e. 3pecL ncxopnm nynk1 ee kynL1ypm, specL on poc1nrn nnamcuero psan1nn.
V. am
pexpe acero, xouy se1n1L, u1o n ne corncen c opnn poaonLno pcnpoc1pnennm
nenne. n1ckyk unannnsunk cun1k1 co ppeane n sene, n xe anxy ee
nuno a anoxe nocne pcuae1 6pxnns, nocne cospnnn nepamx xn1cknx,
cen1cknx n ernne1cknx rocyppc1a. ao1 on poaopm. Co co6o psyee1cn, u1o
ne c1on1 6onLue o6cyxp1L xpononornueckne n nc1opnueckne amknpkn
nocnepoa1ene o-Ce. [nn nnx unknm a 300 1mcnu ne1 6conk1no nnuero ne snu1.
D1n aecL npoponxn1enLnme nepnopm coc1annk1 cpepy, a ko1opo pec1ayk1
npan1enn c ronoao ppkon n c 1ynoanue, o6an1o uypoanunmn senn, noa1oy
nyuue oc1an1L a1y 1ey qnnocoq, no ne cnepye1 nn a koe cnyue c1pon1L n ee
ocnoae nosn1nanme sknkuennn [rnac nraH y-Ya, cca 4y- r
acna mna yxH. a aana a n xn rn n nH
aak cnana nar vnaka.].
Co psyno ocnoao p1npoakn pnn pccyxpennn o ppeanoc1n opne6ecno
nepnn nanne1cn upc1aoanne Unn-Ln-ynL-n, ko1opm pnn 1oro, u1o6m
nonoxn1L koneu qeopnLnm sroaop n coxpnn1L epnnc1ao, caoe pe1nue, peunn
nopan1L ppeanne pok1pnnm, cxer 6onLuyk uc1L knnr n oc1ann 1onLko nnnm
pnnc1nn Unn, ns ko1opo nponcxopnn c. D1o co6m1ne cnyunnocL s 207 ne1 po
oxpec1a pnc1oa.
C 1ex nop, corncno kn1cko e1opnke, nc1opnueckne qk1m oxno cun11L anonne
penLnmn. C a1oro apeenn nc1opnn 6onee nnn enee cxopn1cn, uero ne ckxeuL o
6onee pnnnx apeenx: ue rny6xe m s6npecn a npounoe, 1e enLue ncnoc1n.
pnko ace-1kn oxno po6p1Lcn po nnep1op o. n npann c1o opnn rop n
asouen n npec1on a 2357 r. po n. a. 3 npepeno a1o p1m m yxe ne ac1pe1n
konkpe1nmx unqp [ H acca, nun aau kaa na
c a 782 r. . s. x yaxa, v, n ac
anc, avan na ac nxcn a 2205 r. . s. nH
cnyva s caaH c aaH a ckx, rnckx accckx
aanax.]. ponnkn y1aepxpk1, u1o pocpnm npo6en, ko1opm, 6ypyun aocnonnen,
or 6m npnaec1n k nepam pnn cyuec1aoannn np, ec1L cnepc1ane snenn1oro
cxnrnnn knnr, onnknaeoro ns nokonennn a nokonenne n c1auero nsnk6nennm
npepe1o kn1cko pn1opnkn. o no oey nennk, a1o k1c1poqm
nepoc11ouno, u1o6m o6Lncnn1L 6ecnopnpok a nepamx nc1opnuecknx xponnkx. ce
npopm np ory1 noxac11Lcn caonn cropeaunn knnrn, ace no1epnnn uenouky
caonx pnnc1nn, opnko ace onn coxpnnnn poc11ouno ockonkoa caoe nc1opnn,
u1o6m oxnno npounoe nop xnan1enLnm pynoaenne kpn1nkn, u1o6m npounoe
nonenory noksno n cao nc1nnnm nnk. Y kn1uea xe m ne anpn nnuero
nopo6noro. , rpe sknunak1cn apeen nosn1nano nc1opnn, cpsy nc1yne1
1eno1, n m nee peno ne c nqonornuecko anoxo, kk a1o nee1 ec1o y ppyrnx
npopoa, no c npo1naopeunamn xpononornnn, c nc1onun 6cyppo, a ko1opo ne1
nnuero xnaoro.
npo c a1n npe1enunosno srpounm o1cy1c1ane nncLennmx nc1opnuecknx
canpe1enLc1a n6nkpe1cn nonnoe n aecL norosnun1enLnoe o1cy1c1ane
nn1nnkoa. a1o 1kxe xpk1ep kn1cko unannnsunn. ponnkn nk6n1 ccmn1Lcn
n ppeanoc1n, c ppeanoc1nn peno o6c1on1 nnoxo: cme pnnne p1npyk1cn ne
nosxe VIII a. n. a. kn o6pso, nonyue1cn, u1o a a1o, a ocnoano cnokono,
c1pne nn a pesnmx nn1nnkx n c11ynx, nn a asx nnn opypnnx 1pyp ne1 nnuero,
u1o orno 6m cpann1Lcn no aospc1y c 1e, u1o oxe1 npepLnan1L, npnue c
skonno roppoc1Lk, nu 3np, nepexnaun 1kne 6ypnme n pspyun1enLnme
co6m1nn.
1epnnLno cmcne n1 ne coxpnnn nnuero, u1o xo1n 6m o1pnenno noaepno
n o 1ex srpounmx anoxx, a ko1opmx neko1opme yuenme npounoro c1one1nn
nxopnnn nc1opnueckne qk1m, nonLsyncL canpe1enLc1ao osnunmx nso6pxenn
[ s accyx nnaa ram am a acc
yauxs, km, aHx, cncn k vu aaH aHaH. s
naHnk a nnH cHmcn cnaa. 3 cyx, k ncaaancu
Hr a ncn car nnann.].
oa1oy oc1an a c1opone 6ecnnopnme nonckn cxopc1a expy psnnunmn
cnc1en n ocnoae nc1opnuecknx 1ekc1oa n nonm1kn po6p1Lcn po apeen,
npepuec1aykunx Unn-Ln-ynL-n, n o6p1ncn k qk1 ns poc1oaepno nc1opnn
ppyrnx npopoa.
n1um cun1k1, u1o nepam uenoaeko n sene 6mn n-y. o1n on n 6mn cm
nepam, onn noeuk1 ero a 1kne o6c1on1enLc1a, ko1opme npepnonrk1
npncy1c1ane ppyrnx 6onee nnsknx cyuec1a, n aosnnke1 aonpoc, ne 6mnn nn onn
no1okn o6esLnn, 1. e. xen1okoxnn, roppnaunncn c1onL neo6munm
nponcxoxpenne.
a1o1 aonpoc nc1opnn pe1 nonoxn1enLnm o1ae1. Mec1nme nc1opnkn y1aepxpk1,
u1o ao apen nonanennn kn1uea n a1nx sennx yxe o6n1nn nneen no,
ko1opm 6mnn uyxpm cme npoc1me nonn1nn o counnLno xnsnn. nn xnnn a nopx
n neuepx, nnnn kpoaL nonnmx xnao1nmx, npn o1cy1c1ann nx nn1nncL 1pao n
pnkopc1yunn nnopn. 1o kce1cn qopm npanennn, on o1nnuncL kpnn
apapc1ao. Mno cpxnncL ae1kn pepeaLea, no6epn1enL c1noanncn aoxko n
oc1ancn n, nok ne npnxopnn 6onee cnnLnm. nn ne nenn nnkkoro nou1ennn k
ep1am: nx ynocnnn a kyc1m n oc1annnn 1.
Mnoxopo o1e1n, u1o specL m n6nkpe nc1opnueckyk penLnoc1L
npnn1nanoro uenoaek ycco n ero nocnepoa1ene: uenoaek, ko1opm xnae1 a
cpepe panmx ey n noa1oy npnsne1 1onLko apeennyk anc1L, ocnoannyk n
npae py6nnkn. pnko ecnn a1 1opnn nxopn1 nop1aepxpenne y no n y uepnmx
nneen, on uyxp 6enm npop.
1k, cpepn a1nx no1okoa o6esLnn n-y c nonnm npao ponxen 6mn cun11Lcn
nepam uenoaeko. n1ckn nerenp nnuero ne coo6ue1 o ero poxpennn. n
nso6pxe1cn ne 1aopenne, no 1aopuo, 1. k. nopuepknae1cn, u1o nenno on
npnc1ynnn k oprnnsunn uenoaeuecknx o1nouenn. 1kyp xe on asnncn, ecnn, a
o1nnune o1 6n6neckoro p nnn a1ox1onnmx qnnnknu n qnnnnnn, on ne
amuen ns nnon? ce cue1 nerenp xpnn1 onunne; npap, ne o6Lncnnn, rpe
on popnncn, on, ao acnko cnyue, yksmae1, rpe on yep n 6mn noxoponen: a
kxno npoannunn o-nL.
D1o o6c1on1enLc1ao poc1ono annnnn, nnornk ey oxno n1n a Mna-
[xp-Lc1p. D1o1 pennrnosnm kopekc nnpycoa, coc1anennm nocne nonanennn
aennknx noa, no ocnoannm n ouenL ppeannx pokyen1x, ynonne1, u1o Mx-
Unn, 6onLun c1pn n1, 6mn saoean nneenn o1konoaunxcn ku1pnea,
ko1opme nepeunn nr, neko1opoe apen 6popnnn a Benrnnn, s1e npounn uepes
ropm n aoc1oke n pccennncL a kxno uc1n opne6ecno nepnn. k onn
unannnsoann ec1nme npopm.
D1o canpe1enLc1ao 1e 6onee aecooe, u1o ono ncxopn1 o1 6pxnoa, ne ns ppyroro
nc1ounnk. e1 nnkknx ocnoann cun11L, u1o n nLc1nn uec1L unannnsunn uyxnx
seenL, ko1opn npnnpnexn nx conneennnk, o1aeprun skonm nunn. ce, u1o
ne o1aeuno nx npnnunn, 6mno n npo1nano; 1ouno 1k xe, kk onn s6mnn caoe
popc1ao c nornn 6enmn npopn a ppeanoc1n, onn cpennn 6m 1o xe coe n a
pnno cnyue, ecnn 6m o1penenne snun1enLno uc1n nneen, npnnpnexaunx ko
a1opo kc1e, cnyunnocL a 6onee nospnne apeen, korp nnpnckn unannnsunn
yxe ykpennncL. kn o6pso, ace nop1aepxpe1 canpe1enLc1ao skonoa Mny,
o1ckp am1eke1, u1o a anoxy nocne nepamx reponuecknx apeen npnn n1 yxe
6mn unannnsoan npnuenLun nnpyccko pcm - ku1pnnn, 6enmn, pnun, -
cnepoa1enLno, n-y, a1o1 nepam uenoaek, nsmaem skonop1ene a
kn1cko nerenpe, 6mn nn6o opnn ns npepaopn1ene, nn6o nepconnqnkune
6enoro npop, o6ocnoaauerocn a n1e, a o-ne, n amnonnnauero 1y xe ponL,
u1o nrpn pnLue nnpnckn ae1aL a aepxne 1euennn nn [ kackx
kca Hx aknvu, v caa mna anaaa Hxy 30 28
cnnH . s. vyxcaaH, nmmH c ca-anaa, kmx
aaan nuH c vmH ancaH. H r, nkn amaan
c cHca. naanu, kam na, v anam
mn HcmH.].
kn o6pso, nerko o6Lncnn1L ouenL ppeanne kon1k1m npnn n n1n, noa1oy ne1
neo6xopnoc1n npn6er1L k rnno1ese o opcknx ny1euec1annx expy c1pnn.
ponnne Bpxny1pm n no 1euennk pappn nxopn1cn pannnm n norouncnennme
npoxopm a c1pny 6npnuea, no ko1opm 1yp ornn nponnk1L ap1nn ns o-nn n
ko1opmn onn yxe nonLsoanncL npn ncxope ns pLnap1m.
1k, a n1e, kk n a rnn1e n ao acex pernonx, ko1opme m yxe pcco1penn,
uec1L ocnoannn unannnsunn npnnpnexn1 6eno ae1an, 6nrocnoaenno
poanpenne. Becnonesno cun11L konnuec1ao o1uenenuea pncknx nneen, ko1opme
nocne npn6m1nn a o-nL ceunncL c 6opnrenn n y1p1nnn caok unc1o1y, 1e
6onee, u1o a1o ceuenne cnoco6c1aoano nx unannns1opcko nccnn cpepn xen1oro
ncenennn. poe 1oro, onn ne 6mnn epnnc1aennmn npepc1an1ennn cnano pcm,
ko1opme npnunn a a1n pnekne senn.
Ceropnn a aepxnnx ponnnx, rpnnuunx c n6e1o co c1oponm By1n, kk n a
scnexennmx ropx, pcnonoxennmx pnLue n snp, ac1peuk1cn pepkne
nouncnennme nneen, nekune npnsnkn pnckoro nponcxoxpennn. nn xnay1
cpepn uepnoro n xen1oro ncenennn, n nx oxno cpann1L c kycoukn kapu,
copepxuero kpynnnkn sono1, npnnecennoro nspnek. osoxno, nx snecnn ckp
a1nnueckne 6ypn n pcoame k1c1poqm.
o pnLue k ceaepy eue coace nepano, okono 177 r. po n. a., norouncnennme
6enme npopm c 6enokypmn nnn pmxea1mn aonocn n rony6mn rnsn o6n1nn
no snpnm rpnnu n1n. nc1enn opne6ecno nepnn nsmak1 nn1L 1knx
npopnoc1e. pexpe acero cnepye1 o1e1n1L reorpqnueckoe nonoxenne, ko1opoe
onn snnnn a pcc1pnaeyk anoxy.
Cme nsaec1nme ns nnx - ka-un n y-cynn. nn xnnn k ceaepy o1 ynLxa n rpnnue
nyc1mnn o6n.
3 nnn k aoc1oky o1 y-cyne npo ynonny1L xy-1a [ y x c
raH, c H crnac a yHnu, xn, kak H kaxcn, s
H caa nmu a cnnavckH cxca. Y-cy, xamx a
ca-ana an, ynHa s-sky, ck ac au,
amaa x nkxH nuH c mx rnymH rnaaH.
r ac vaH, x mn 120 mcnv cH.].
ue amue, ceaepnee y-cyne, k snpy o1 Bkn, xnnn 1nnL-nnnn.
[nLue s nncee xnnn kLnnL-xynn, nnn xkcm: nnskopocnme nkpn c pmxnn
aonocn, 6enm nnuo, senenmn nnn rony6mn rnsn. nn ceunncL c
kn1cknn conp1n n-nnn a 97 r. po n. a.
koneu, pnLue k kry, n sene nmneunero urp, s nnL-Lne, o6n1nn nnL-
un, cp1m-nnm, uLn 1eppn1opnn npoc1npncL po cnnckoro opn.
kn o6pso, a o1nocn1enLno nepanne apeen - a XI a. po n. a. - nocne aennknx
nepecenenn 6eno pcm, nc1ounaunx ee, a Uen1pnLno snn eue oc1anncL
poaonLno norouncnennme n ounme ae1an, ko1opme scennnn n6e1 n ceaepnyk
uc1L n1n; a opne6ecno nepnn, a ee kxnmx npoannunnx, a nune ee
nc1opnuecko anoxn xnnn pncko-nnpnckne npopm, kpoe 1oro, nornuno
npepnonoxn1L, u1o ppeanne 6enme npopm c ceaep n snp, cncncL o1
xen1okoxnx aproa, uc1o nponnknn a n1 n o6LepnnnnncL c a1ox1onnmn
nneenn. Moxno cks1L, u1o n aoc1oke snn noa1opnnocL 1o xe, u1o nponsouno
n kro-snpe c xn1n, cmnoaLnn Cn, annnnn n sopoc1pnun. 1o n
ppyro cnyue ne1 conennn a 1o, u1o 6enoe ncenenne n aoc1ounmx rpnnux a
ppeaneune apeen npoxnano 6onee konk1no, ue a nune noao apm. D1oro
qk1 poc11ouno, u1o6m noks1L aepon1noc1L n pxe neo6xopnoc1L uc1mx
n6eroa n ceuenn. npoue, kpoaL 6eno nunn noc1ynn a xnnm kn1uea ne
1onLko s cue1 pannx coksoa. 6nnskne k n apeen 1kxe nenn ec1o nopo6nme
qk1m. 1286 r. a upc1aoanne y6nnn a Oo-Lene nonannocL noro nnpycoa n
nuea. oa1oy ncenenne a1o npoannunn snun1enLno o1nnue1cn o1 xn1ene
ppyrnx seenL n1n. pn pnnc1nn xnL (618-907 rr.) c xen1m ncenenne
ceunocL noro ycynLn, ko1opmx ceropnn nsmak1 xoa-xoa. nn c1nn
noxoxn n kn1uea o6nnko, no ne o6pso munennn. nn 6onee aneprnunm, a
cnny uero okpyxkuee ncenenne 6on1cn n yaxe1 nx. koneu, a n1 nponnknn n
ppyrne cen1m npn pnnc1nn ay (c 1122 r. po n. a. po 255 r. n. a.). nn oksnn
ouenL 6onLuoe annnnne n rocyppc1ao n ero cospnne. Ceropnn norne ns nnx c1nn
ycynLnn. pesynL11e ceuennn kpoan nponsounn 6onLune nsenennn a
nsmke. Kxnme pnnek1m cnnLno o1nnuk1cn o1 aepxnekn1cknx, n xn1enL
npoannunn Oo-LenL, yanL-ynL nnn n-nL 1k xe no nonne1 neknnu, kk
6epnnneu uaep nnn ronnnpu.
e ne enee, n ne coneakcL a 1o, u1o npeo6npkun 6mno annnnne ku1pnea
n kre. enno n kre c1pnm spopnncL unannnsunn, o11yp on
pcnpoc1pnnncL pnLue.
syee1cn, ku1pnn ne 6mnn nocn1ennn 6pxnns. pnko onn ycaonnn
rnanoe: npeaocxopc1ao opno kc1m np ppyrnn n cy oprnnsunk kc1. opo6no
ernn1nn, onn o1kononncL o1 ocnoano ccm pncknx npopoa a anoxy, korp
6pxnns eue ne nonnoc1Lk cqopynnpoan caon npnnunnm. oa1oy a n1e m
yanpn no cxopc1a c counnLno cnc1eo nnpycoa, no ecnn nonoxn1enLnmx
npnnene no, s1o noro o1pnu1enLnmx.
orp a cnny 1eonornuecknx psnorncn sopoc1pnckne nneen nopann c
copopnun, onn nc1onLko nx nenanpenn, u1o pnn canuennme nen 6pxncknx
6oroa snm pyx. u1pnn n1n, ceuauncL c xen1mn npopn, pcc1pnann
pec1an1enLnoc1L ckopee c yxcko, nexenn xencko 1oukn spennn, ckopee
nonn1nuecko, nexenn pennrnosno, noa1oy npepc1annnn co6o 1kyk xe
nenpnnpnyk onnosnunk, kk sopoc1pnum. Caoe nenpnn1ne 6pxncko
neppxnn onn ampxnn o1pnunne cmx ec1ec1aennmx npe.
nn ne sxo1enn npnsn1L psnnune pnroa nnn nnnune unc1mx nnn neunc1mx
no poxpennk. [ok1pnny caonx npenmx npo1nannkoa onn sennnn 6conk1nm
paenc1ao. pnko, nockonLky a cnny 6enoro nponcxoxpennn a nnx xnn
nenc1pe6nn mcnL o nepaenc1ae pc, onn aocnpnnnnn nenenyk npek o 1o, u1o
o1uoa o6nropxnak1 pe1n, aec1o 1oro, u1o6m coxpnn1L aepnoc1L ppeaney
nonn1nk o roppoc1n pe1e cnao o1uoa. a1o npee ne1 nnuero o6uero c nonn1nnn
xen1mx npopoa. poe 1oro, a1 npen 6cyppn pxe c 1oukn spennn kn1uea.
Bnropopc1ao - a1o noue1nn npepor1na pnn 1ex, k1o n o6npe1. cnn cansma1L
ee epnnc1aenno c poc1onnc1an, 1orp ne1 neo6xopnoc1n npnpyma1L pnn a1oro
o1penLnyk k1eropnk a rocyppc1aenno cnc1ee pnn 1oro, k1o nonLsye1cn ek. cnn,
nnpo1na, m xo1n o6ecneun1L e npoponxenne a nocnepykunx nokonennnx, ne1
cmcn nennnpoa1L k npepk, no1oy u1o onn ne ory1 nonLsoa1Lcn ek. [pyro
ouenL cnnLnm pryen1: pnn 1ex, k1o nonLsye1cn 1ko npnannerne, ne1
neo6xopnoc1n ykpu1L ek npepkoa, ecnn a c1pne ace npepkn 6es psnnunn
nannk1cn o6Lek1o oqnunnLnoro n nunonnLnoro kynL1 n nonLsyk1cn yaxenne
n pxe noknonenne. kn o6pso, pe1pocnek1nanm 1n1yn 6nropopc1a no u1o
po6anne1 k noue1y, ko1opm nx yxe okpyxe1. oa1oy a kn1cko npee ne npo
nck1L 1o, uero a ne ne1, npo anpe1L 1onLko onnosnunk 6pxnckn pok1pnn,
ko1opme 6mnn nenanc1nm nepecenenu-ku1pnn, c1penuncn cokpyun1L nx. D1o1
qk1 1e 6onee y6epn1enen, u1o npnpy c qnk1nanm npnsnko 6nropopc1a
kn1um yupepnnn ppyro, anonne penLnm, ocnoannm n npepor1nae
nponcxoxpennn. ee1cn a anpy pnc1okp1nn, coc1onun ns cmnoae, anykoa n acex
no1okoa no yxcko nnnnn ns nnep1opcknx pooa, cee onqyunn, ManL-Uey n
ppyrnx yaxemx nkpe. o npape roaopn, a1o1 ouenL norouncnennm kncc
npenen 1onLko 6c1pk1nmn noue1nmn npnannernnn, opnko npn a1o o6npe1
ue-1o nenpepekem n a cnny caoero npnsnnnn poksmae1, u1o 1kn cnc1e
nanne1cn nckycc1aenno n npo1naopeun1 ec1ec1aennm nponanennn uenoaeueckoro
psy.
cnn cun11L o1ks o1 6pxnns n1n6pxncko npee n canpe1enLc1ao
nenanc1nmx aocnonnnn o popnne, nenLsn o6Lncnn1L 1o xe npnunno
n1pnpxnLnyk qopy npanennn Cpepnnno nepnn. 1ko cepLesno cnyue,
kk am6op nonn1nuecko cnc1em, rpe peuL npe1 o 1o, u1o6m n1n coo1ae1c1ane ne
o1penLnm 1eopnn n ne npno6pe1ennm npen, no1pe6noc1n pc, ko1opme, 6ypyun
o6Lepnnenm a opno uenoe, coc1annk1 rocyppc1ao, nenno o6uec1aennm psy
ponxen cypn1L n peu1L, ponyck1L nnn o1aepr1L 1o, u1o ey npepnrk1, n oun6k
pnn1cn 1onLko neko1opoe apen. n1e cnc1e npanennn a 1euenne c1one1n
npe1epnen nnuL uc1nunme nsenennn: ee cnepye1 cun11L coo1ae1c1aykue
xennnn nunonnLnoro rennn.
3konop1enL 6epe1 a kuec1ae a1opn1e1 npao o1u ceec1a. n pene1
neocnopno kcnoo 1o, u1o a1o1 npnnunn 6mn cy1Lk counnLnoro nopnpk n u1o
uenoaek nee1 n pe1e, ko1opmx on nponsaen n cae1, kopnn n aocnn1n, 1kne xe
npa, u1o n npnnu a o1nouennn caonx noppnnmx, ko1opmx, 1k xe kk pe1e, on
6epexe1 n oxpnne1 nx nn1epecm n cy xnsnL. Co a1o nonn1ne a npnnunne ne
nanne1cn kn1ckn nso6pe1enne. no npnnpnexn1 pncko pce, nockonLky
kxpm o1penLnm uenoaek a1o pcm nen annnnne, o kko on n py1L 6m ne
nocen cpepn nnep1nmx xen1mx n uepnmx xn1ene, a1opn1e1 o1u ceec1a n
nannncn npo1o1nno cnc1em npanennn. rnsx pnu-nnpyc, cp1, rpek,
nepc, npnu n pxe kenL1 o1uoackn anc1L ec1L npnnunn nonn1nuecko anc1n,
no aec1e c 1e nenLsn nx o1oxpec1ann1L. na rocyppc1a - a1o ne o1eu: on ne
nee1 nn snn1epecoannoc1n, nn o1uoacknx uyac1a. na ceLn ouenL pepko xene1
sn caoey no1oc1ay, no oxe1 cnyun1Lcn 1k, u1o upL, pxe ne nen snoro ymcn,
npan1 1kn o6pso, u1o a1o nnocn1 apep nn1epec o1penLnoro uenoaek, n
nunnn c a1oro oen1 uennoc1L pnu, ero poc1onnc1ao, ncuese1: pneu
nepec1e1 6m1L cn co6o.
cnny 1knx npnunn aonn 6eno pcm o1ksmae1cn o1 n1pnpx1, noa1oy nepame
upn nnpncknx rocyppc1a nannnncL acero nnuL ns6npemn unnoannk n, o1un
caonx noppnnmx a ouenL ysko cmcne, o6npaunn orpnnuennmn
nonnoounnn. osxe 1 n6pnn cnny ppxn. o a1o cnyunnocL, korp cpepn nx
noppnnmx 6mno enLue pnuea n 6onLue e1ncoa n uepnmx. cyunoc1n,
nonn1nueckoe uyac1ao pncko pcm ne o1aepre1 n1pnpx1: npoc1o pnum
1onkyk1 a1o nonn1ne co nornn oroaopkn.
npoue, 1kyk oprnnsunk o6uec1aenno anc1n m anpn ne 1onLko y nnpncknx
pnuea. rocyppc1ax epepne snn n n 6eperx nn 1kxe npnennncn
n1pnpxnLnm npnnunn. pnko nepaonunLnn npen npe1epnen 1 nsenennn,
ko1opme a kopne o1nnuk1cn o11oro, u1o neno ec1o, kk a n1e, 1k n a npnn.
Bypyun enee nn6epnLnm, ue a npnn, nonn1ne n1epnnnc1ckoro npanennn 6mno
amp6o1no nkpLn, uyxpmn aosamuenno pccypn1enLnoc1n ocnoano pcm. no
ne orno 6m1L ampxenne yepennoro n npnoro pecno1ns, kk a n1e, no1oy
u1o 1pe6oanocL o6ysp1L 1onnm xn1ene, nnoxo nonnaunx nonesnoe n
nopunnnaunxcn 1onLko rpy6o cnne. ccnpnn anc1L 6mn yxcno, 6esxnoc1no:
c euo a pykx on sc1annn nopunnn1Lcn ce6e. n ne 1epnen o6cyxpennn n ne
snn orpnnuenn. rnn1e ne 6mno 1ko xec1oko anc1n. pnckn kpoaL
noppepxnan xo1L kko-1o nopnpok, n kc1m, ne c1onL k1eropnunme, kk a npnn,
oco6enno xpeum, nonLsoanncL neko1opm yaxenne n nenpnkocnoaennoc1Lk, a ue
oxno anpe1L nyc1L n cn6oe, no o1pxenne 6nropopc1a 6enoro anp. 1o kce1cn
uepnoro ncenennn, qponm acerp 1pe1npoann ero, kk p6oun cko1, - 1k xe,
kk o1nocnnncL k nx copopnu n 6eperx aqp1, nrp n Cpepnsenoro opn.
1pnpxnLnm npnnunn npnenn1enLno k nerp cpenncn 6conk1nm
pecno1nso - 6esxnoc1nm, 6esrpnnunm n kpoaam.
n1e a1opn uc1L a1oro npnnunn 6mn coaepuenno ppyro. pnckn ceLn,
ko1opn npnnecn ero c co6o, ne sxo1en o1peuLcn o1 npa n o6nsnnoc1e
no6epn1ene-unannns1opoa. o on ne npnnnn n uepnm npnnunn a cnny 1oro, u1o y
ec1nmx xn1ene 6mn ppyro xpk1ep n ppyrne nknonnoc1n [am amaan
s ack nnHa nuH c nmH nmamH naH.].
Mnckn cecL, 1. e. npopyk1 coepnnennn uepno n xen1o kpoae, nannncL 1e
aneen1o, ko1opm nepecenenu-ku1pnn npepc1onno npncnoco6n1L k caon
nyxp n unannnsoa1L, ceunancL c nn. Moxno cks1L, u1o a 1y anoxy cnnnnne
payx nnsunx pc 6mno ne 1kn nonnm, kk ceropnn, n u1o ao nornx ec1x n kre
n1n, rpe pec1aoann nnpycm-unannns1opm, nneen, oc11kn nneen nnn pxe
o1penLnme nkpn kxpo ns pc oc1anncL poaonLno unc1mn n ycneuno
npo1naoc1onnn npo1naononoxnoy 1nny. pnko a pesynL11e a1oro nenonnoro
ceuennn poxpnncL no1pe6noc1n n uyac1a, ouenL 6nnskne 1e, ko1opme nonannncL
nosxe a pesynL11e okonu1enLnoro ceuennn, n 6enme c1onknynncL 1 coace c
ppyrnn npo6nen, nexenn 1e, u1o c1onnn nepep nx co6p1Lnn-no6epn1ennn a
3npno snn.
Mm yxe onpepennnn cyunoc1L ncko pcm: 6ypyun nnuenno cnnLnoro
aoo6pxennn, on ace-1kn ocosnn npenyuec1a ynopnpouenno oprnnsunn. Y
nee ec1L akyc k 6nrononyunk, kk y ace xen1o pcm aoo6ue, npnue k
6nrononyunk ncknkun1enLno 1epnnLnoy. n 1epnenna, nnep1n, nerko
npncnoc6nnae1cn k skony n k counnLnoy nopnpky.
C 1knn nkpLn ne 6mno nyxpm npn6er1L k xec1okoy pecno1nsy, k ko1opoy
npnaenn rnynoc1L uepnmx n noc1enennoe nop6ouenne xn1oa, cnnuko 6nnsko
nopopnnaunxcn co caonn noppnnmn. npo1na, a n1e, korp ceuenne nuno
6ecnokon1L pnckn pyx, oksnocL, u1o a1o1 6nropopnm aneen1 no epe ero
pcnpoc1pnennn a ccx ann1man a ce6n apoxpennme caoc1a ec1nmx npopoa.
n ne nepepan n caok rn6koc1L, 6nropopnyk aneprnk, akyc k cao6ope. e ne
enee, on ykpennnn nx nnc1nnk1nanyk nk6oaL k nopnpky n n1nn1nk k nspepxk
aoo6pxennn.
Y kn1uea ouenL nposnueckn n1yp, upesepnoc1L yxce1 nx, noa1oy
necnpaepnnam onpx neepnenno 1epne1 a1opn1e1 n yaxenne.
a1o c1pne npnnunno npanennn 6mn n1pnpx1, nockonLky unannns1opn
6mnn pnum, ko1opme xnnn cpepn nnsunx npopoa, no n npk1nke 6conk1ns
anc1n1enn ne nponannncn nn a caepxuenoaeuecko roppmne, nn a o11nknakue
pecno1nse n 6mn orpnnuen ysknn pkn a cnny 1oro, u1o nckn npnpop ne
npoaounpoan akcueccoa, pnckn pyx, ceunancL c ne, nxopnn cpepy,
ocosnkuyk, u1o cncenne rocyppc1a ec1L co6nkpenne skonoa n acex ypoannx
ncenennn.
1k, anc1L a Cpepnnno nepnn oprnnsoancL. UpL - o1eu noppnnmx; on
nee1 npao n nx 6conk1noe nopunnenne n cnyxn1 pnn nnx npoaopnnko
6oxec1aenno aonn, noa1oy npn6nnx1Lcn k ney oxno nnuL n konennx.
eope1nueckn on oxe1 ace, uero sxoue1, no a pec1an1enLnoc1n aosoxnoc1n ero ne
6esrpnnunm. pop ponue1, nppnnm amksmak1 nepoaonLc1ao, nnnc1pm,
nonskune y nor nnep1op, rpoorncno ocyxpk1 neskonnoe noaepenne o1u
nunn, n a1o1 o1eu c1on1 nepep am6opo: nn6o poaec1n caon npnxo1n po kpnoc1n n
1e cm nopa1L co ace canuennm n nenpnkocnoaennm, uey ero yunnn c
pe1c1a, nn6o c1onkny1Lcn c o1kpm1m 6yn1o.
n1ckne nc1opnkn noro nnuy1 o 1o, u1o 6conk1nn anc1L nnep1opoa 6mn
orpnnuen o6uec1aennm nenne n npan, o 1o, u1o 1npnnn a n1e nnkorp
ne nonLsoancL yaxenne, no1oy u1o npnpop noppnnmx ne 6mn k ne
npncnoco6nen. oneuno, nnep1op cun1e1cn anc1n1ene Cpepnnno nepnn n
pxe acero np, o1ckp ace, u1o ey ne nopunnnnocL, pcc1pnanocL kk
nponanenne apapc1a n neunannnsoannoc1n. o ecnn kn1ckn 6kpokp1nn
nsoupne1cn a ampxennnx aepnonoppnnnuec1a no o1nouennk k cmny e6, 1o
o6mu ne nosaonne1 ey o1nocn1Lcn k coy ce6e nopo6nm o6pso. ro peun
ncnonnenm ncknkun1enLno ckponoc1n: upL cun1e1 ce6n nepoc1onm ncnonnn1L
amcune qynkunn, poaepennme ey ero aryc1eun popn1ene. n nou1n1enLno
psroapnae1 co caonn pe1Ln-noppnnmn.
Cnepoa1enLno, anc1L ero orpnnuen, n ne1 nyxpm o6Lncnn1L, u1o a 1ko nnepnn
npnnunnm anc1n a ocnoano nnkorp ne ennnncL. Coe can1oe - 1ppnunn, n
1npnnn yc1pnae1cn pxe a o1xope nnep1op o1 o6muea npepkoa. opoue
roaopn, cmny e6 nosaoneno ace, s ncknkuenne nocnr1enLc1a n ocanuennme
1ppnunn.
oa1oy ec1ec1aenno, u1o kn1ckn unannnsunn, c coro nun onnpauncn n
nckne npopm, nosxe n rnoepunk xen1mx pc, ceunnmx c pnun,
nensenno c1penncL k 1epnnLno nonLse [ yx Hvan, v a anvm
snx nka n ka a acn an mn anu
avnumH. ak numca ccaannna xnan aca: aavan a
ccaannna cay caa, aH nmn Hrnm n ycnn
nu xn acm. anH, na ax aa Hn Hc a 1352 r.
. s. a 398 r. . s. nmna acn .]. cnn a kpynnmx
snpnmx unannnsunnx pnnnc1punn n nonnunn 6mnn n a1opo nnne, 1o a n1e
anc1L npnnpnexn unnoannuec1ay, aon n pnnno1nn, a o1nnune o1 ppyrnx
c1pn, 6mnn o1opanny1m 1kxe n a1opo nnn.
enpenoxnm n aeunm npnnunn sknkuncn a nopnLno qynkunonnpoannn
rocyppc1a, pnn a1oro kxpm uenoaek ponxen 6mn ne1L nnuy, opexpy n kpoa;
cenLckoe xosnc1ao n npomunennoc1L nonLsoanncL nokpoan1enLc1ao
npan1enLc1a. o rnanm ycnoane 6mno cnokoc1ane n 6esn1exnoc1L, n ace epm
npnnnnncL npo1na acero, u1o orno npyun1L nopnpok. cnn uepnn pc n nen
kkoe-1o annnnne a nnepnn, 1o ee npnnunnm ne 6mnn ponroaeunm. npo1na, xen1me
npopm c kxpm pne saoeamann noame nosnunn n, ocosnan nonesnoc1L
yc1noanennoro nopnpk aeue, oxo1no npnnnnn 1epnnLnoe 6nrononyune kk
snor cnokoc1ann. Onnocoqckne n pennrnosnme aosspennn, noc1onnnme nc1ounnkn
noxp a nk6o rocyppc1ae, acerp 6mnn 6eccnnLnm nepep n1nunoc1Lk npop,
ko1opm nen pnc pnn nponn1nnn n xnonok pnn opexpm n ne nomunnn o
conpo1nanennn anc1n ao nn nekoe 6c1pkunn [. Unrnu Hva, v n
cvacun amaxacn a a vamk aar ca kmmH H, a n
anac a a aHyka nank xcH, km ava
nHmaau ayx.].
n1ckoe npan1enLc1ao nosaonnno nponoaepoa1L ace, amcksma1L cme
6cyppnme aeun npn ycnoann, u1o nn opno noauec1ao ne npnaepe1 k counnLnm
cnepc1ann. k 1onLko aosnnkn yrpos nopnpky, pnnnc1punn pec1aoan
6ecnoupno n nopannn no1enunnLnyk oncnoc1L c necnmxnno xec1okoc1Lk,
nonLsyncL noppepxko o6uec1aennoro nennn. Bpn1enLnoc1L kn1cko nonnunn
o6uensaec1n, 1kxe nsaec1no, c kknn 1pypnoc1nn c1nknak1cn pycckne n
nrnnune n kro-aoc1oke c1pnm.
npnn 6pxnns 1kxe cospn pnnnc1punk, c1onauyk amue, ue 1o, u1o 6mno
a xn1cknx, cen1cknx nnn ernne1cknx rocyppc1ax. pnko a1 pnnnc1p1nann
cnc1e ne snnn nepaoro ec1 a rocyppc1ae, rpe cosnp1enLnn pen1enLnoc1L
psy 1pe6oan 6onLuero annnnn. oa1oy ne c1on1 ypnann1Lcn 1oy, u1o
nnpycckn renn a caoe cao6ope n roppoc1n, a caoe c1penennn k aennkn pen n
a caonx caepxuenoaeuecknx 1eopnnx o1aopnn 1epnnLnm no1pe6noc1n
a1opoc1enennoe ec1o. c11n, a1oy cnoco6c1aoan n npnecL uepno kpoan.
n1e 1epnnLnn oprnnsunn poc1nrn coaepuenc1a, n, yun1man psnnunn pc,
ne kxe1cn, u1o a a1o cmcne opne6ecnn nepnn po6nncL nyuunx pesynL11oa,
ue nmneunnn apon. o acnko cnyue, n1 nenLsn cpann1L c ncko
nnepne.
Mexpy 1e nenLsn ne npnsn1L, u1o spennue a1o ne amsmae1 oco6oro aocxnuennn.
Xen1me 1onnm npnme n nokopnme 1onLko no1oy, u1o nnuenm uyac1a, amxopnunx s
pkn qnsnuecko nonesnoc1n. x pennrnn ec1L o1pxenne cn1yunn, ko1opn
nnonne1 snoaepn xeneacknx opnnc1oa, cun1kunx amcun 6nro akononk,
aospepxnnoc1L, oc1opoxnoc1L, yenne sp61ma1L. 3nenn1n kn1ckn
aexnnaoc1L - a1o aonnouenne 1knx npnnunnoa. n ne nee1 nnuero o6uero c
kyp1ysnmn nepn nuero cpepneaekoaLn: c 6nropopnm nou1enne cao6opnoro
uenoaek k nkpn, panm ey, co cpepxnnm yaxenne k 1e, k1o amue no
nonoxennk, n co cnncxopn1enLno nk6oaLk k nnsun. pnno cnyue m anpn
upesepnm arons, ko1opm ampxe1cn a npecmk1enLc1ae nepep amcunn, a
nenenmx uepeonnnx a o1nouennn c panmn n a npenno npespennn k nnsun.
kn o6pso, aexnnaoc1L a n1e - unc1o qopnLnn npouepyp, cnyxun pnn
1oro, u1o6m kxpoy yks1L ero ec1o, ne nponan1L nckpennee uyac1ao.
oacepneanme uepeonnn yc1noanenm a skonop1enLno nopnpke.
co6yk axnoc1L pnn kn1uea nee1 nn1ep1yp. n ne nanne1cn cpepc1ao
coaepuenc1aoannn, kk a ppyrnx c1pnx, no ounm nnc1pyen1o sc1onoc1n.
pan1enLc1ao noksmae1 ce6n ppyro npocaeuennn. Cpepn 300 nnnnonoa xn1ene
nnepnn no nkpe, ko1opme ne yek1 un11L n nnc1L xo1n 6m a 1o epe, kkn
1pe6ye1cn a noacepneano xnsnn, npan1enLc1ao s6o1n1cn o 1o, u1o6m 1kn
o6psoannoc1L pcnpoc1pnnncL kk oxno unpe. poe 1oro, npan1enLc1ao
cnepn1 s 1e, u1o6m kxpm noppnnm snn skonm. nnrn poc1ynnm ace,
o6uec1aennme u1ennn nponcxopn1 a noaonynne, u1o6m anyun1L noppnnm ocnoanme
npann, kk-1o: ponr pe1e nepep popn1ennn n coo1ae1c1aenno rpxpn nepep
nnep1opo n unnoannkn. kn o6pso, a kko-1o cmcne kn1ckn npop
6onee o6psoan, ue eaponeum. ppeane snn, a peunn n ne 1koro nenLsn
npepc1an1L ce6e.
poc1o uenoaek sne1, u1o neo6xopno cp1L aksenm, u1o6m nopnn1Lcn n 6onee
amcokyk c1ynenL. D1o nanne1cn axnm c1nyno. kpn yu1cn 1oy, u1o nee1
nonLsy, u1o snnn npepmpyune nokonennn, co xennne cosp1L u1o-nn6ypL noaoe
pcc1pnae1cn kk npyuenne skon nnn pxe npep1enLc1ao [au k
nccaHy aaa a nn. ack Hc a-
avn s a cnyH k: a a n n cm.
akaan yxm nn r, vm n nxaancu n
cm.].
o6nc1n nsnuno cnoaecnoc1n a noue1e 6ypne n nsnunme 6espenyukn. Dnernn
6eccopepx1enLnm, onncnnn npnpopm ckopee ckpynynesnm, ue xnaonncnm.
Uennoc1Lk o6npe1 1onLko pon. n1um nnuenm aoo6pxennn, no cnnLnm a
n6nkp1enLnoc1n n nsnuec1ae ampxennn. a1o npepmae1cn none1 kn1cko
ysm. [p1yprnn nnock n nocpepc1aenn, noasnn npn1 a o6nkx cpepn
psnouae1nmx ppkonoa, ne nen cnn nopnn1Lcn amue.
Onnocoqnn, oco6enno qnnocoqnn opnLnn, ko1opn ouenL noun1e, coc1on1 ns
ns6n1mx kcn pnpk1nueckoro caoc1a. 31o scnyxnak1 yaxennn ec1ec1aennme
nykn: npexpe acero" s cue1 n6nkp1enLnoc1n, 1ounoc1n n 1epnennn. o
1eope1nuecko nykn no cy1n ne1, 1k xe kk ne1 peun o6 c1pononn. 1o kce1cn
nc1opnn, kn1um cn npnsnk1, u1o nopyuk1 coc1ann1L n ynopnpouna1L caon
xponnkn nccnonep-nesyn1.
cqepe nckycc1a m anpn eue enLue npepe1oa pnn aocxnuennn. Moxno o1e1n1L
1ounoc1L aocnponsaepennn uae1oa n pc1enn, u1o amcoko uenn1cn a apone. c1L
npekpcnme nop1pe1nme nponsaepennn, rpe cxauen xpk1ep uenoaek, ko1opme
npeaocxopn1 nun nnockne preppo1nnnme uepeapm. o1, noxny, n ace. BonLune
xnaonncnme nono1n amsmak1 c1pnnoe ouyuenne, a nnx o1cy1c1ayk1 renn,
aneprnn, akyc. CkynLn1yp orpnnunae1cn 6nnLnmn n uypoanunmn
nso6pxennnn. pxn1ek1ype o1pe1cn npepnou1enne aocLnpnpnm nrop,
ko1opme, kc11n, ne coace nannk1cn ec1nm nso6pe1enne n necy1 n ce6e uep1m
nnpnckoro annnnnn; npap, onn o1nnuk1cn 6or1c1ao pe1ne, n ecnn npn nepao
asrnnpe onn ory1 nponsaec1n aneu1nenne caoe noansno, 1o s1e onn
o11nknak1 akcuen1pnuno ono1onnoc1Lk. poe 1oro, a kn1cknx c1poennnx ne1
nnuero npounoro, u1o oxe1 amc1on1L aek. n1um cnnuko oc1opoxnm n
pcue1nnam, u1o6m anoxn1L a c1pon1enLc1ao 6onLue cpepc1a, ue 1pe6ye1cn c 1oukn
spennn nonesnoc1n; a1o o1nocn1cn n k 6ecuncnennm knn, nepecekkun
nnepnk, n k nno1nn, oco6enno n peke ynLxa.
1epnnLno o6nc1n kn1ckn pnnnc1punn po6nncL ampkunxcn
pesynL11oa, kknn ne oxe1 noxac11Lcn nn opn ppeannn nnn coapeennn
nunn; n yxe roaopnn o pcnpoc1pnennn o6psoannn, o 6nrononyunn npop, o
cao6ope a cqepe pspeuennoro, o poc1nxennn a npomunennoc1n n a rpnkynL1ype, a
uc1noc1n, u1o kce1cn konkypen1ocnoco6noc1n 1knx kn1cknx 1oapoa, kk
xnonok, uenk, nocyp. a1o o1nouennn kn1u ec1L ue roppn1Lcn.
Corncno nc1opnueckn nnn opne6ecno nepnn, 6enn pc, cospaun
kn1ckyk unannnsunk, ne corn npo1naoc1on1L n1ncky xen1mx npopoa, ko1opme
ne npnnecnn nnuero noaoro, kpoe pcnpoc1pnennn 6enmx npnnunnoa cpepn
psnopopnoro ncenennn. Cn onn nerko aocnpnnnnn uyxyk unannnsunk, 1. k. on
6mn 6nnsk nx npnpope.
orp pnum npnc1ynnnn k unannnsunn uepnmx n xen1mx nneen, nnue roaopn
nuea, onn npnnecnn c co6o n1pnpxnLnyk cnc1ey npanennn, o1nnuauykcn
oco6enno rn6koc1Lk. Mm anpenn, u1o 1kn cnc1e y uepnmx npopoa 6mc1po
npeapue1cn a 6esrpnnunm pecno1ns, y nuea, oco6enno y unc1o xen1mx
nneen, a1o1 pecno1ns nee1 6onee nrkne qopm.
epan nonn1nueckn cnc1e a1o c1pnm o1nnuncL qpren1pnoc1Lk anc1n,
pcnmnenno no norn knnxec1a, a 1o nnn nno c1enenn nopunnnauncn
aepxoanoy npanennk. nnornunyk kp1nny m n6nkpnn a ccnpnn, rpe xn1m,
s1e cen1m, cospnn noxec1ao o1penLnmx rocyppc1a, ko1opme a psnme anoxn
nopunnnnncL nn6o annony, nn6o nneann, nocne cy1nmx apeen npn no1okx
Conoon o6psoanncL 32 rocyppc1a n o6nokx saoeann [anp. rnn1e po
Menec c1pn 6mn pspenen n neckonLko knnxec1a; 1o xe coe nponsouno a
npnn, rpe pnckn 1nn coxpnnncn nyuue acero. pn 6pxnx 1k n ne
nponsouno nonnoro 1eppn1opnnLnoro o6Lepnnennn.
n1e peno o6c1onno no-ppyroy, u1o nnunn ps nop1aepxpe1 nenpnn1ne
epnnc1a pnun: nnonn a a1o cansn pnckoe nspeuenne eges et greges.
o6epn1enn pnum, nokopnn nnsune pcm, nnkorp ne oc1annnn anc1L a pykx
opnoro uenoaek. oa1oy a n1e, kk n a ppyrnx saoeannmx sennx, 1eppn1opnn
ppo6nncL n uc1n, nxopnaunecn nop xpynko anc1Lk nnep1op: 1k 6mno
nunnn co apeenn nuec1ann ku1pnea po Unn-Ln-ynL-n (a 246 r. po n. a.), 1o
ec1L po 1ex nop, nok 6enn pc o6npn poc11ouno xnsnecnoco6noc1Lk
[rn kam xay a ycnanx Hnack Hka, a XII a.
. s. y x mn aanaan. a axncn a nnH aca,
n Hn naaa a ccacu, a akx a ac aaa.
ak ac canum am, nnyvn nnvck aaca nuk
ncn cvan kynmx ac.]. o korp nponsouno cnnnnne c nckn n
xen1m ceec1an n ne oc1nocL pxe nnonoanny 6enmx rpynn, qeopnLnn
cnc1e a anpe 6onLuoro konnuec1a ne6onLunx upc1a y1p1nn acnkn cmcn
cyuec1aoannn.
unnn c a1oro oen1 n1 o6pen nmneunkk nonn1nueckyk qopy [ sr
HHa avacn aanuan nnvckan ncn.
xannH anaa Hnack anac mn y
nx Mu-y. 4anH nn x mn H aan, vH nn
nnka mm anm. -U-yau- caHmH srvmH
aH ckymn Hcmx cua. avan c cxran kr: axaa
a canuca x mam cnaam. Bmn Hm anaam
na aaan ax . aa mna aa a 36
aHcaamx naaHa a rnaa c HaaaH, km vac
Hnncu. cny mn na 120 mcnv amx cHca H
mn an nkau .]. pnko peaonkunonnme npeo6psoannn Unn-Ln-
ynL-n 1onLko nonoxnnn koneu ncnepnk 6eno pcm, n epnnc1ao c1pnm nnuero ne
npn6anno k qope npanennn, ko1opn oc1ncL n1pnpxnLno. pesynL11e
nocnepnne cnepm nesancnoc1n n nnunoro poc1onnc1a, npncyune pncko pce,
nacerp ncuesnn a cce xen1oro ncenennn.
c11n, nponsouno 1o xe coe, u1o y nc a 1789 r., korp noa1opckn pyx a nepayk
ouepepL cuen neo6xopnm ynnu1oxn1L c1pme 1eppn1opnnLnme epnnnum. n1e
6mno ynnu1oxeno ace, u1o orno nnonn1L o nunonnLnmx psnnunnx nnn
knnxec1ax. Bmnn cospnm unc1o pnnnc1p1nanme npoannunn n okpyr. pnko
ec1L n psnnune. n1ckne penp1en1m ouenL 6onLune, nun ouenL nenLkne.
M1ynL-nnL npnsne1, u1o 1kn oprnnsunn ne coace ypo6n a cmcne
kon1ponnpoannn.
pnko n nu cnc1e amsmae1 neno kpn1nuecknx seunn.
Cnepye1 o1e1n1L eue opno o6c1on1enLc1ao. KnL-ne nckn pc nonyunn
nepame ypokn y pnuea; nosxe a pesynL11e saoeann n npncoepnnenn
uncnennoc1L xen1oro ceec1a 6mc1po yaennunncL, a pesynL11e uero a 1euenne
kkoro-1o nepnop npyunnocL panoaecne n nonannncL apapckne o6mun.
k, n ceaepe yepunx knnse nepepko xoponnnn aec1e c nx xenn n aonnn:
a1o1 o6mu 6mn naepnnk snc1aoan y qnnnoa. poe 1oro, cun1nocL s uec1L,
korp nnep1op o1npannn nonauey a nennoc1L nppnny c6nk, u1o6m 1o1
nokonunn c co6o. o 1kne xec1okne o6mun npopepxnncL neponro. o epe 1oro,
kk noame xen1me nneen annanncL a kn1ckyk nunk, onn npnnnnn o6mun n
npam kn1uea. 31e, korp a1n npen oanpenn ccn, nc1ynnn sc1o.
XIII a. n. a. sn1ckn np no1pncn yxcnn k1c1poq. MonronLckn xn
eyunn co6pn nop caon snen orponoe konnuec1ao nneen epxne snn n
nun saoeanne n1n, ko1opoe poaepunn y6nn. Monronm c1nn xosnean a
c1pne, n specL oxno 6mno sp1Lcn aonpoco, nouey onn, aec1o 1oro u1o6m
yupepn1L caon nnc1n1y1m, cpsy npnnnnn cnc1ey nppnnoa, nouey onn a a1o
cmcne nopunnnnncL nokopennm, npncnoco6nnncL k nopnpky kn1uea n k nx
unannnsunn n, a konue konuoa, no npouec1ann neckonLknx aekoa, 6mnn c nosopo
nsrnnm o11yp.
o1 o o1ae1: onronLckne, 11pckne n ppyrne nneen, coc1annaune aock
nnrncxn, nou1n uennko npnnpnexnn k xen1o pce. pnko nockonLky
ocnoanme ae1an konnunn, onronm n 11pm, aknkunn a ce6n 6enm aneen1,
nnpnep, xkcoa, unannnsunn 6mn poc11ouno ponroapeenno n cnoco6no
o6Lepnnn1L nop opnn snene psnme nneen n 6pocn1L nx n poc1nxenne opno
uenn. Bes npncy1c1ann 6enmx npnnunnoa a xen1o ncenennn 6mno 6m aoo6ue
neaosoxno cosp1L 6onLuyk no6eponocnyk pnk, ko1opn a psnme apeen
amc1ynn ns Uen1pnLno snn: rynnm, onronm nnrncxn, 11pm nyp - ace
a1n cnnnnme aoepnno, no psnouepc1nme oppm.
a1o konrnoep1e 1on spann rnanme nneen a cnny npncy1c1ann 6enoro
aneen1, ko1opm npnpan n aneprnk, opnko a1oro aneen1 6mno nepoc11ouno
pnn 1oro, u1o6m cosp1L unannnsunk. Moxno cks1L, u1o xen1mx no6epn1ene
6ykanLno onLnnnn npnecL 6eno kpoan n 1e cm o6ecneunan nx
npeaocxopc1ao np conneennnkn unc1o xen1o pcm. o noa1opnk: onn ne cyenn
nocnepoa1L npnepy repncknx npopoa, ko1opme npnnnnn pnckyk unannnsunk n
npncnoco6nnn ee k caoe kynL1ype. o1n npo o1p1L n ponxnoe a 1o, u1o onn
cornn nonn1L 6nro counnLnoro nopnpk n c coro nun c yaxenne o1necnncL
k oprnnsunn o6uec1aennmx o1nouenn kn1uea.
Mexpy 1e, ecnn n ec1L popc1ao nnn cxopc1ao expy nonyapapcknn npopn
Uen1pnLno snn n kn1un, 1o o6 npen1nunoc1n roaopn1L ne npnxopn1cn. Y
nocnepnnx 6enn n, a oco6ennoc1n, nckn npnecL ouyue1cn nnoro cnnLnee
n, cnepoa1enLno, y nnx 6onLue cnoco6noc1n k unannnsunn. Y nepamx ec1L
onpepenennn cknonnoc1L k kn1cko unannnsunn, opnko a enLue c1enenn k
1oy, u1o nee1cn a ne pnckoro, nexenn k onronLckn a1nnueckn kopnn.
oa1oy onn acerp 6mnn apapn a rnsx no6expennmx, n ue 6onLue onn
c1pnncL yun1Lcn y kn1uea, 1e cnnLnee nx npesnpnn. kn o6pso, onn xnnn
nsonnpoanno cpepn co1en nnnnonoa ec1nmx xn1ene, cocpepo1ounauncL a
ykpennennmx nrepnx, n ne o1ksmanncL o1 npnenennn opyxnn. pn a1o
c1penenne nn1npoa1L nsnexennm o6ps xnsnn kn1uea npnaeno k 1oy, u1o
poc11ouno 6mno nerkoro 1onuk, u1o6m nsrn1L nx ns c1pnm, neco1pn n 1o, u1o
onn yxe nyc1nnn 1 kopnn n 6mnn poxpenm o1 ec1nmx xenunn. koa nc1opnn
onronoa. ko m yanpn nc1opnk nLuxypoa.
1o6m noncnn1L caok mcnL o1nocn1enLno cknonnoc1n xen1mx saoea1ene ns
Uen1pnLno snn k kn1cko unannnsunn, nnonk o ppyrnx saoeannnx a1nx
koueannkoa s npepenn opne6ecno nepnn. 6muno cnnuko npeyaennunak1
nx pnkoc1L. npnep, rynnm nnn nneen xLknL-nLk [ y
xuu-u, xy-ku, yrya xs-xs. cva s am kckH.
nvH, ak H H kaxcn cnmH.] 6mnn coace ne 1knn 1ynmn
n xec1oknn acpnnkn, kknn nx npepc1annk1 n 3npe. oneuno, onn c1onnn
n nnsko counnLno c1ynenn, no 1e ne enee y nnx 6mnn poaonLno psan1me
nonn1nueckne nnc1n1y1m, psynn aoennn oprnnsunn, 6onLune nn1ounme
ropop, npouae1kun 1oproann n pxe pennrnosnme can1nnnu. o xe coe oxno
cks1L n o ppyrnx qnncknx npopx, nnpnep, knprnsx - 6onee psan1o pce,
ue ace oc1nLnme, 1. k. a ne 6onLue npnecn 6eno kpoan [kck,
Hrnuck, yrycck Hauvxyck nmk cxa num
knvca rHackx k.]. pnko a1n npopm, ocosnan
npenyuec1a npnoro npanennn n ocepno xnsnn, noc1onnno ononunncL npo1na
acnko unannnsunn, korp c1nknanncL nnn ac1ynnn a kon1k1 c nneenn,
o1nnunmn o1 xen1o pcm. npnn 11pm nnkorp ne ampxnn cknonnoc1n k
6pxnnsy. ppm epnn nocneunnn npnnn1L ncn. nn nnkon o6pso ne
o1ae1nnn n c1penenne cen1cknx npopoa nepep1L n caok aepy. o6epn1enn nn a
ue ne nsennnn caon npam, nepy opea1Lcn n nsmk. nn oc1anncL a nsonnunn n
o1aeprnn ec1nyk 6nec1nuyk nn1ep1ypy, ksauykcn n 6cyppno. nn aenn ce6n
kk 6espsnnunme ko acey xosnea n sene nokopennmx npopoa. ckonLko a1o
uyac1ao npeaocxopc1a pneko o1 nou1n1enLnoro yaxennn, ko1opoe 1e xe cme
xen1me nneen ncnm1nn, c1onknyauncL c kn1cko unannnsune!
yxe npnaopnn npnunnm a1nnueckoro nopnpk, ko1opme noeunn nLuxyp, kk
n onron, cosp1L nc1onuyk nnepnk a n1e. cnn 6m ne cyuec1aoano
pyxoanoro popc1a expy payn pcn, nLuxypm, ne anecune nnkkoro aknp a
npenyk cnc1ey c1pnm, npnnnnn 6m cyuec1aykun nopnpok, ne no6onnncL 6m
cnnnnnn c psnmn cnonn kn1ckoro o6uec1a n cpennncL 6m opnn npopo. o
nockonLky onn nnuero ne pann n ouenL no 6pnn n, neco1pn n c11yc
no6epn1ene, c1onnn n 6onee nnsko c1ynenn, peno skonunnocL 1e, u1o nx npoc1o
nsrnnn.
Moxno sp1L aonpoc: u1o 6m cnyunnocL, ecnn 6m nponsouno nuec1ane 6eno pcm
n ocyuec1anncn 6m pepskn nnn nopp na?
D1o1 aennkn uenoaek cun1n, u1o poc11ouno pnn a 30 1mcnu conp1, u1o6m
nokopn1L ack Cpepnnnyk nepnk. ero pcue1 ne kxe1cn nenenm, ecnn
acnonn1L o 1pycnnaoc1n a1nx 6epnmx nkpe, ne xenkunx o1anek1Lcn o1
6esn1exnoro nepeapnannn nnun, ko1opoe onn cpennn caoe epnnc1aenno uenLk
a xnsnn. pepnonoxn, u1o 1ko nnn ycneuno ocyuec1anncn. kko nonoxennn
oksnncL 6m a1n 30 1mcnu uenoaek? o nennk nopp na, onn ponxnm 6mnn
aec1n rpnnsonnyk xnsnL a ropopx n nop1x n, aosoxno, coaepu1L noxopm a rny6L
c1pnm pnn 1oro, u1o6m o6ecneun1L noannoaenne, cao6opnm o6en 1oapoa n c6op
nnoroa. o1 n ace.
kn cn1yunn ne orn 6m npoponx1Lcn ponro. 30 1mcnu - cnnuko no, u1o6m
rocnopc1aoa1L np 1pen co1nnn nnnnonoa, coc1annkunn opnopopnyk ccy a
cmcne uyac1a, nnc1nnk1oa, no1pe6noc1e.
[xe npn norokp1no yaennuennn pnn, on oc1ancL 6m a nsonnunn n a konue
konuoa 6mn 6m amnyxpen y1n. 1enepL npepc1an ppyroe: nopp na
o1peke1cn o1 6pn1ncko koponm n xene1 upc1aoa1L c, kk nnep1op n1n,
np nokopnm ero euy ncenenne. a1o cnyue peno orno 6m o6epny1Lcn nnm
o6pso.
cnn ace conp1m npnnpnex1 k eaponecko pce nnn ecnn cpepn nrnnun 6ype1
noro nnpncknx nnn ycynLncknx cnnea, 1orp a nepao nokonennn onn npy1 a
ce6e poc11ouno cnn, u1o6m po6n1Lcn noannoaennn. nn 6ypy1 ncnnLno aneppn1L
noame npnnunnm a cnc1ey npanennn. Bypyun eaponeun, onn 6ypy1 aosyu1Lcn
npe1enunosno nocpepc1aennoc1Lk cyuec1aykue cnc1em, nepn1nso ec1no
nykn n 1pycnnaoc1Lk, o6ycnoanenno 6esppnmn aoennmn nnc1n1y1n. cyek1
pennsoa1L, npap, a noao qope rpnpnosnm smcen Unn-Ln-ynL-n.
o a1opo nokonennn nx uncno nnoro aospc1e1. Me1ncm, poxpennme o1 ec1nmx
xenunn, 6ypy1 npexnmn nocpepnnkn expy nnn n 6opnrenn. C opno
c1oponm, e1ncm o6npk1 psyo o1uoa, c ppyro, pspennk1 n1pno1nueckne
uyac1a 1epe n 1e cm cnruk1 nnorp nsnnunkk cypoaoc1L eaponeckoro
munennn n nyuue npncnoc6nnak1cn k ec1noy o6psy xnsnn. 31e, ns
nokonennn a nokonenne, uyxec1pnnm aneen1 6ype1 ace 6onLue pc1aopn1Lcn a
cce ncenennn, nsennn ee coc1a, n ppeannn kn1ckn cnc1e okonu1enLno
o1ope1 a npounoe, no1oy u1o pnckn kpoaL ku1pnea yxe pano nc1ounncL.
pn ace a1o, kk n o1eun amue, cepLesnme nsenennn a kn1cko kpoan ne
ory1 6m1L ocnoao unannnsunn eaponeckoro 1nn. [nn 1oro, u1o6m nsenn1L 1pn
co1nn nnnnonoa pyu, apnp nn poc11ouno acex unannnsoannmx npopoa, co6pnnmx
aec1e, e1ncm, expy npoun, nnkorp ne pk1 no1oc1a, panoro nx o1u.
oa1oy n penk cnepykune amaopm:
1. n1e nuec1ann xen1o pcm ne ennnn n nn korp ne nsenn1 noroaekoaoe
coc1onnne c1pnm.
2. pn onpepenennmx ycnoannx nuec1ane 6enmx oxe1 nsenn1L n pxe cokpyun1L
kn1ckyk unannnsunk, no 1onLko uepes nocpepc1ao e1ncoa.
npk1nke a1 rnno1es apnp nn ocyuec1an, yun1man orponyk uncnennoc1L
ncenennn.
kn o6pso, kn1cko nunn, anpno, cyxpeno po konu coxpnn1L caon
nnc1n1y1m. e oxno nokopn1L, oxno anpmuec1aoa1L np ne, no n ne anxy
nnkkoro cpepc1a npeo6psoa1L ee.
D1o nesm6neoc1n pnnnc1p1nanmx qop on o6nsn 1oy epnnc1aennoy qk1y,
u1o a a1o c1pne npeo6npn opn n 1 xe pc c 1ex nop, kk pnum nnpannn
ee n ny1L counnLnoro psan1nn, n nk6n uyxepopnn npen 6mn 6eccnnLn
caeprny1L n1 c a1oro ny1n.
n1, 1k xe kk n npnn, nanne1 co6o y6epn1enLnm npnep aceoryuec1a
a1nnueckoro npnnunn a cypL6x npopoa. D1 c1pn, 6nroppn cuc1nnam
o6c1on1enLc1a, po6nncL 1oro, u1o ne ypnocL 6pxn co ace nx aneprne.
1o6m sun1n1L caon nopnpkn, nocnepnn npnunocL nckycc1aennmn epn
o6eper1L unc1o1y caoe pcm. c1oan cnc1e, acerp 1pypno pennsyen n uc1o
nnnksopnn, nen 6onLuo nepoc11ok: on am1nknan ns nnpycckoro ceec1a
nornx nkpe, ko1opme nosxe noornn uyxesenm sxa1unk n ycnnnnn
6ecnopnpok. e ne enee, 6pxnns nou1n poc1nr caoe uenn, n cnepye1 o1e1n1L,
u1o uenL a1 6mn 6onee amcoko, nexenn 1, y nopnoxnn ko1opo nxopn1cn
kn1um. npoponxenne ponrnx aekoa n1 npe6man a npe n cnokoc1ann 1onLko
no1oy, u1o a 1euenne ue1mpex 1mcnu ne1 c1nknancn a konqnnk1x c nneenn,
cnnuko nouncnennmn pnn 1oro, u1o6m pc1opoun1L connyk ccy kn1ckoro
ncenennn. oa1oy ono oc1nocL 6onee opnopopnm, ue nnpycckoe ceec1ao,
cnepoa1enLno - 6onee cnokonm n c16nnLnm, no n 6onee nnep1nm.
pnn cnoao, n1 n npnn - kpcnopeuname npnepm 1oro, u1o pcm ne ennk1cn
cn no ce6e, ecnn ennk1cn, 1o nnuL a uc1noc1nx; u1o onn ne ory1
1pncqopnpoa1Lcn n nnkorp ne o1xopn1 a c1opony o1 ny1n, npepnsnuennoro
kxpo ns nnx po ckonunnn aek.
VI. ck n acm
1k, m sne, u1o pnpo c ccnpncko n ernne1cko unannnsunnn qopnpyk1cn
o6uec1a enLue snunoc1n; m sne 1kxe, u1o npnn n n1 okpyxenm
rocyppc1an, opnn ns ko1opmx cnepyk1 npnepy nnpycoa, ppyrne c1pen1cn k
kn1ckoy npeny, xo1n npn a1o 6nncnpyk1 expy payn cnc1en.
nepayk rpynny axopn1 Uenon, a (c1aun ceropnn ycynLncko) [avan
naack sm -aka nxcn a 78 r. . s., snxy axHack
ana, kra a ca xn nnarck rm, km an
nHam a x BaxHack akm a a cx n
ana ncaannH amcmx knacca cu cak, kmc, n,
ryc. axHaH, kak yH, nycn k a sH ca.
avan XII a. . s. naam nnn yH.], neko1opme oc1poa pxnnenr -
Bnn [a Ban cxancu mva nrn axHaa, cHn a
HarHack n anck ann.], Cy1p - s1e n ppyrne.
o a1opyk cnepye1 noec1n1L nonnk, opek, oc.
pe1Ln aknkue1 a ce6n enn, By1n, o6 n6e1, koponeac1ao pkx, rocyppc1a
npnn aoc1ounee nr n uc1L pxnnenr npnckoro oken, o1kyp num
nepeaosn1 kn1ckne nnn nnpnckne 1oapm a onnnesnk.
Mm sne, u1o nneann annnn n np, uepes np n pqren, apoxnoannn
rnnnpn1oa, pe1e spnnn, n y1p1nn ack caok aneprnk a a1o c1pne. Mm anpenn,
kk rnne1 pcnpoc1pnnn unannnsunk n nxnkk qpnky. D1oy xe skony
nopunnnk1cn nme rocyppc1a snn.
Uenon, ay, Bnn nepame nocenenum-6pxnm npnnecnn caok kynL1ypy n
kc1oayk cnc1ey. 3nuenne 1knx nocenenn ocn6eano no epe yenLuennn
konnuec1a nnpncko kpoan.
3ponro po npn6m1nn pnuea kpoaL uepnmx 6opnrenoa nsennncL s cue1
nuec1an xen1mx npopoa, n ao nornx ec1x nckne e1ncm nunn am1ecnn1L
unc1o ennnckne nneen. o a1o npnunne o6uec1a, cospaunecn nosxe nop
annnnne 6enmx e1ncoa, neco1pn n ace ycnnnn o1uoa-ocnoa1ene, o1nnunncL o1
1ex c1pn, rpe ocnoay coc1annn unc1o uepnn pc. Mnckn n1yp, 6onee
xnpnokpoann, 6onee pccypn1enLnn n n1nunn, nnoxo npncnoc6nnancL k
kc1oaoy pspenennk, korp nonanncn 6yppns, ey 6mc1po ypnocL aneppn1Lcn a
nonyxen1me ccm.
D1 pennrnn ne po6nancL 1knx ycnexoa 1, rpe ne 6mno ennncknx npnnunnoa.
Uenon n a ponro oc1anncL 6c1nonn Byppm. ockonLky n o6onx oc1poax
cyuec1aoan pncko-nnpycckn npnnunn, 1 noun1nn kynL1 CkLn; n ae ec1L
kpcname nn1nnkn - Bopo-Bypop, Mpxnxn1, Bp6n, - 1kxe
seu1enLnn nn1ep1yp, a ko1opo nepeeunm npen 6pxnns n noao
pennrnn. osxe n Uenon n ay npnunn p6ckne saoea1enn, ko1opme npnnecnn
ncn, n nckn kpoaL, ps6anennn 6pxncknn, 6yppnc1cknn n cen1cknn
aneen1n, nopnnn ee nocn1ene n c1ynenL amue oc1nLnmx npopoa a1o pcm.
nonnn acn aneunnn c1pyk1yp asn1 y kn1uea, ko1opme a psnnunme apeen
npnnocnnn ee ns opne6ecno nepnn. o 1 ec1L 1kxe coaepuenno ppyrne
a1nnueckne aneen1m, o6ycnannakune snun1enLnme psnnunn. ocyppc1ao ace
eue nxopn1cn a qeopnLno coc1onnnn, n sn1L o1nnue1cn aonnc1aennm
xpk1epo. [aonn cnc1e npanennn - cae1ckn n pennrnosnn - c1nknae1cn c
onpepenennmn 1pypnoc1nn. Y kn1uea 6mn snc1aoan n nonn1nk
nopospn1enLnoc1n k nnoc1pnu, n anc1n penk1 ace, u1o6m nsonnpoa1L
noppnnmx o1 eaponeuea. ueanpno, a1o coo1ae1c1aye1 o6psy munennn nnonuea,
noa1oy npnn npe1 ny1e kn1cko unannnsunn no npnunne 6onLuoro npn1ok
xen1oro ncenennn n opnoapeenno conpo1nanne1cn a1oy 6nroppn nnnunk
a1nnuecknx npnnunnoa, ne npnnpnexunx k qnnckoy aneen1y. nnonux 6onLun
pos uepno kpoan, a amcunx knccx ec1L n 6enme aneen1m [Hn a ca
c n nan acnca a aHn H H,
v ac am ay ncxx cc, nm cny.
ck ncn nna, cHm nm ka amyn aaann kaaucn
Hmcn ncu am caHr a accu n ac Hn:
rk, rm scknaam ymn a any, yr a ky, u a
Hky. x caH cnan yy nnm, cyn n acHy, ncn
nrx ymx caca ancu s ank Hn ,
yaa narnn nnx nn, an s caa
HcH car xnucaa].
epame nc1opnueckne caepennn o c1pne p1npyk1cn anoxo ne pnee 660 r. po n. a.,
noa1oy ceropnnunnn nonnn nxopn1cn a cn1yunn, a kko 6mn n1 nop anc1Lk
npnunmx ku1pnea po anoxn nnep1op Unn-Ln-ynL-n. D1o oxe1 6m1L
nop1aepxpeno 1e qk1o, u1o nepaonunLno 6enme nocenenum unannnsoann
nckoe ncenenne, coc1anauee ocnoay c1pnm, n u1o a nune nc1opnuecknx
apeen a ccnpnn, rnn1e n pxe a n1e cyuec1aoann opnnkoame nqm. epamn
anc1n1ennn senn 6mnn 6orn, s1e nony6oxec1aennme cyuec1a. san1ne
noa1nueckoro aoo6pxennn, ko1opoe nenonn1no pnn nkpe unc1o xen1o pcm, n
o6Lncnnk nnnune ennnckoro aneen1. a1o ne npoc1o rnno1es: nnpnep,
enqep konc11npye1 npncy1c1ane uepnmx n opno ceaepno oc1poae nonnn a
pnekne apeen. k oxno o6Lncnn1L qnsnonornueckne n opnLnme oco6ennoc1n,
onpepennkune co6m1noc1L nnonuea [a ca ccamx an
kr cva nna nkH k nnckH HanaaH a acaH
m nn aHx, v nxa yca a ay aH xn
nnm. ax aaa caa a-. aH cu aa aa,
amaacn Qxa-a Qx-ar. ac, v a ank snx nnm
caman nnaaan n acHy axnnary.].
c11n, a1o1 yronok senn ouenL no nsyuen n xpnn1 a ce6e 6onLue 1n, ue ero
kn1ckn npo1o1nn, ko1opme, a caok ouepepL, ory1 p1L o1ae1m n ynonny1me
amue a1norpqnueckne aonpocm. orp nonan1cn aosoxnoc1L nyuue nsyun1L nonnk
n cocepnne c ne pxnnenrn, m coxe peun1L aonpoc o6 epnkncknx kopnnx.
k xe, kk n nonnn, open nanne1cn konne n1n, xo1n n enee nn1epecno ao
nornx o1nouennnx. ockonLky pnckn kpoaL npnun a a1n ypnennme ponm
onocpepoannm o6pso, m anpn 1 pesynL11m aecL neypunoro noppxnnn.
yxe o1eun, u1o oc c1on1 n 6onee nnsko c1ynenn, eue nnxe oxno noc1an1L
xn1ene pxnnenr Ley-Ley.
e c1pnm, rpe nnpnckn n kn1ckn npnnunnm nonLsyk1cn yaxenne ec1noro
ncenennn, 1kxe uyxpm c16nnLnoc1n - amcuero poc1nxennn unannnsun, ko1opme
onn 1k amcoko uenn1. pen, pok1pnnm, npam o1nnuk1cn 1 upesamuno
nec1po1o. aoc1oky o1 nr npeo6npk1 num, n 1 n6nkpk1cn psnnunn,
onpepennkunecn npeo6npnne xen1mx nnn uepnmx aneen1oa. orp aepx 6epe1
annnnne c aoc1ok, 6pxnckn pyx o1c1yne1, u1o nee1 ec1o a 1euenne nocnepnnx
aekoa ao nornx npoannunnx, rpe oc1nncL aennuec1aennme pynnm n npnncn,
canpe1enLc1aykune o npe6mannn cnckpn1cko pcm nnn, no kpne epe,
nsrnnnnkoa-6yppnc1oa.
norp aepx opepxnae1 6enm aneen1. nc1onuee apen ero annnnne ouyue1cn
a cce, nnn1cknx rocyppc1ax, a Bnpe [ ana ccaHa aHm
axHack Hm. a cva cn nHkaH ra , x
cn avacn nuk c snx kaHaun (200 n . s.). 3cu
cu cnm aax ncn kmaa; aH axHaH a
k aHn ymn a u, vm aucn a XVII cn. aHm,
cH, caHm nHam a a Hn c cnu
anaamx, xn nv ac yH vau ncau. 3 ak
nav vk n arnckx ayckx skHca,
km cva r ynumH kH aacar
nnkyanur yan aa ca, cnm axHaHa Hx
acu ax a k, naaa, a vu ckaxH a.], a enne
nocnepnne 1kxe npnaenn k psan1nk 6pxnns, no a kko qope! Xen1n pc
snc1aoan y nero coe xypuee.
ceaepe, 6nnxe k uen1py nnea, a nenpnc1ynnmx ropx, rpe nxopn1cn
can1nnnu nnc1ckoro 6yppns, m anpn aonnouenne nckxennmx pok1pnn
CkLn - a1o nee1 ec1o po coro no6epexLn epoan1oro oken n Bepnnroa
nponna.
psnnunme apeen pnckne n6ern oc1annn a co uen1pe a1nx rop
norouncnennme nneen, ceuaunecn c xen1o pco. enno specL cnepye1
nck1L nc1ok 1n6e1cko unannnsunn n npnunny ee annnnnn. caoe apen kn1um
o11ecnnnn renn nnpycckoro ceec1a n npn noppepxke 6onLunnc1a a1nnuecknx
aneen1oa saoeamak1 ace 6onee o6unpnyk 1eppn1opnk.
okpyr nccm nnpnckn kynL1yp yxe no1epnen nopxenne [ H
a, nrm a canucay vamvaH
cHm ac. 3cu Hm aH ck nnn, cnm ar
Hcr nnknvcaa, kack ann, a akx snHm
kanHa, ncm a XIV a. anckH HaxaH
navam H r-aa. V a. kanHmk xyram nv
nncu yvxn yH. sr aH, c a acaaa
r-Qa-aH, c caa , . . Byaa nana, avancn nk
ncna. c kaxmH H kack ann yancu ac
cnu. cn xum r-Qa-aH s cHan ar
ncxxn mm ana a. 3 Hax xncn cay
a ayx xax: y aan Qaa-nn, . . nan, a mna
vu anacnn nana; aan, n H Qaa--ra, n
nan, nacu a HnackH a a k. 3 a am
caan naccy, r axkya c a c kacky cky
nva.]. Bnnxe k ceaepy on ncuese1 coaepuenno; a1o cnyunnocL, korp ns c1ene
xnmnynn koueannkn Uen1pnLno snn. a1nx xonopnmx sennx upn1 nckxennme
kn1ckne npen npnpy c peqopnpoannm 6yppnso, nou1n nnuenno nnpyccknx
npnnunnoa.
ouy noa1opn1L eue ps: a1nx no6epn1ene, aonnoa 11nnm, nnrncxn, nyp-
pou, oksaunx 1koe 6onLuoe annnnne n cypL6m np, pxe snpnoro, m
uc1o npepc1anne ce6e a y1pnpoanno anpe - kk 1ynmx apapoa, kknn onn ne
6mnn n co pene. o, o1pan ponxnoe xen1m acpnnk, n npnsnk, u1o a nx
kynL1ype ne 6mno nnuero co6m1noro n u1o c1pon1enn xpoa n paopuoa, pynnm
ko1opmx nex1 a onronLcknx c1ennx, 6mnn kn1un. c11n, seuy, u1o nn opnn
ec1nm npop ne npopannyncn 1k pneko, kk knprnsm. x knnsLn, a uc1noc1n
6n, noc1ponnn a nyc1mne 6yppnc1ckne onc1mpn, o1 ko1opmx ceropnn oc1nncL
psannnm. eko1opme ns a1nx nn1nnkoa eue a npouno aeke, korp nx yanpen
kpenk Mknnep, npepc1annnn co6o 6onLune nyc1mnnme snm, nnonoanny
pspyuennme, ne neaune kpmun, s1o ace onn 6mnn nonnm knnr [Y sr yvr
mna can can Haa ccnaau akHm Hn. nxan a
r n a kyxan cn cynmH kHH. 3aH naannn
a aaky kanana cnka kaaka ckynyn ancmaan ac,
v Hy knamaan.]. D1n knnrn cnyxnnn koueannk pnn 1oro, u1o6m pen1L
nmxn pnn n1ponoa n sknena1L okn.
1kyp xe nonannocL c1penenne k unannnsunn y norouncnennmx aonnc1aennmx
nneen XVI a., ko1opme xnnn a cypoamx ycnoannx n nnopopopno sene? mue yxe
6mno cksno: a pesynL11e ceuennn a1nx pc c oc11kn 6enmx npopoa
[anucaa sHy aky Hx acu a kckx Hrnuckx
nmkax, a yrycckH HauvxyckH. x vu Hr rHackx
k. kacacn nr, Hx Hu, v y kmx
crnmx xn Mrn rnym n nm rnaa, canm n
mxaam ancm.].
Mnoxopo kocnecn npo6nem, ko1opn nanne1cn ouenL axno n
1pypnopspeuno.
npepmpyue rnae m nsann uec1L 6enmx npopoa, nsaec1nmx kn1u, ko1opme
a cpann1enLno nepanne apeen xnnn y ceaepo-snpnmx n aoc1ounmx rpnnu
c1pnm.
[a npop - k-un n y-cynn, - xnaune n neao 6epery ynLxa pnpo c nyc1mne
o6n, nopaeprnncL nnpennk rynnoa n knL-nLk - nneenn 1kpkcko pcm. Yc1ynna
npeaocxopc1ay a uncnennoc1n, o1pesnnme o1 copopnue, k-un yunn n kro-snp,
y-cynn eue pnLue a 1o xe nnpanennn: n ceaepnme cknonm nnL-Lnn.
o npopanxenne apr ne pano n nokon n n noao popnne. epes pecn1ok ne1 k-
un cnoa nnnn n nnx. nn nepeunn nnL-LnL, npounn no noao c1pne y-cyne n
c kr ac1ynnnn a CnxynL, oksauncL a Corpnne. o6n1n npop 6eno pcm,
ko1opm kn1um nsmann uy, rpeueckne nc1opnkn - re11n, nnn
nnpocknqn. D1o ke1m ns Mx6xp1m, nmneunne r1m enpx6,
y1capnm-ke1 3npnoro unp. e1m nop n1ncko k-un o1c1ynnnn a senn
e1ncoa n ampopnaunxcn no1okoa 6k1pnuea-keponuea. Cokpyuna nx, onn
cospnn 1 nnepnk.
a1o apen y-cynn ycneuno o1pxnn n1nck rynnoa. nn pccennnncL no 6eper
pekn nn n ocnoann 1 poaonLno kpynnoe rocyppc1ao. k n nepao6m1nme pnum,
onn 6mnn aonnc1aennmn n ocepnmn cko1oaopn, nx aoxpn nocnnn 1n1yn, ko1opm
a kn1cko 1pnckpnnunn nponsnocn1cn kyanL-n nnn xyanL-o - specL nerko
yrpmae1cn kopenL repnckoro cnoa.
uenL 6mc1po a1o1 xp6pm npop po6nncn pcuae1. 107 r. po n. a., 1. e. uepes 170
ne1 nocne nepecenennn, nx oryuec1ao poc1nrno 1koro ypoann, u1o kn1um
onnpnncL n nnx a 6opL6e npo1na rynnoa. Mexpy nnep1opo n aoxpe y-cyne
6mn sknkuen 1ecnm coks, n ns Cpepnnno nepnn npnaesnn npnnueccy pnn 6enoro
anc1n1enn, ko1opn nonyunn 1n1yn kyanL-1n.
o ouenL ckopo pyx nnuno nesancnoc1n, npncyun pncko pce, peunn yuc1L
onpxnn. pn anyke kn1cko npnnueccm npop pspennncn n pae ae1an,
aosrnanneme psnmn npan1ennn, n a pesynL11e a1oro snononyunoro pckon
ceaepnyk uc1L c1pnm sxa1nnn xen1me apapm, nsmaaune ce6n cnnL-nn,
ko1opme 6nroppn uncnennoy npeaocxopc1ay nsrnnn ec1noe ncenenne. nune
6erneum o1c1ynnnn n snp n ceaep. ocne ue1mpexco1ne1nero npe6mannn n noao
sene nx cnoa npornnn. pn nx uc1L nun y6exnue s peko kcp1, a
pncokcnne; oc1nLnme pounn po p1mu n pnLue po knprnscknx c1ene, rpe a
629 r. n. a. onn nonnn nop anc1L 1kpkoa n ncuesnn, ceuauncL c no6epn1ennn.
1o kce1cn ppyro ae1an y-cyne, ee 1kxe norno1nnn saoea1enn, c ko1opmn on
ceuncL, kk aop osep ceunae1cn c anpkue a nee kpynno peko.
npo c y-cynnn n k-un, korp 1e xnnn n ynLxa, 6mnn n ppyrne 6enme nneen.
nnL-nnnn snnnn senn k snpy o1 osep Bkn, kxy-1e - pannnm n snp o1
y-cyne, uy-ne - 6nnxe k kry, rpe ceropnn nxopn1cn urp, kLnnL-kynn, nnn
xkcm, nopnnnncL k nncek, rpe nosxe ceunncL c knprnsn. koneu, nnL-un, 1.
e. nnm-cp1m, pounn po ceaepno okoneunoc1n cnnckoro opn.
e npo s6ma1L, u1o peuL specL npe1 o 177-200 rr. po n. a. n u1o ace
nepeuncnennme 6enme npopm npn nepao aosoxnoc1n cospann rocyppc1a.
enepL nepepe k pryen1y, am1ekkuey ns amuecksnnoro.
ppeanne apeen po npnxop 6enmx npopoa uepnn pc snnn kxnyk uc1L
senn, rpnnu ko1opo a snn npoxopnn no nnxney no6epexLk cnnckoro opn,
c opno c1oponm, c ppyro, no rop yanL-ynn n nonckn oc1poa; xen1n pc
a 1y xe anoxy npopannyncL po yanL-ynn n no6epexLn epoan1oro oken, a
apone on o6n1n a 1nnn n cnnnn, u1o npepnonre1 ee npncy1c1ane a
ceaepnmx sennx; u1o kce1cn 6enmx npopoa, onn ac1peunncL pxe no rpnnu
ypn n sxa1mann coaepuenno nesnkome n senn, noa1oy anonne oueanpno,
u1o nx nepame nocenennn npo nck1L n nn1o a uen1pe snn. kre rpnnu a1nx
1eppn1opn npoxopn1 o1 pnLckoro opn po aepxnero 1euennn ynLxa n ykynp.
snpe rpnnu npe1 o1 cnnckoro opn po Ypn. aoc1oke on pesko
caopunae1 o1 yanL-ynn k n1k. Ceaepnyk rpnnuy onpepenn1L 1pypnee, n m
noc1pecn cpen1L a1o.
Benn pc 6mn ouenL norouncnenn, u1o nanne1cn neocnopnm qk1o [u,
r a ana, aHa rH ncaca. aH mn cav
n nn Hxcaa n. nax mm Mrn, km
kam amaa 3Hnn ac, cu cka naca, r
nacycn cvcnm caa. xu ac Hx amaaau ank a
ca. amra, , kcy, yv, a m a, amaaa
xnnk mnknn. Qanum k cay, a k, aH, aava,
caa raam ara. 3a cH, k acky ancka, c
a BakanH, u caacn rc n xanc.].
[oks1enLc1a n npepc1ann amue. poe 1oro, on aen ocepnm o6ps xnsnn n,
neco1pn n snun1enLnyk y1euky ncenennn, norne 6enme nneen oc1nncL n
ceaepo-snpe n1n n xnnn 1 eue ponroe apen nocne 1oro, kk xen1m nneen
ypnocL cnon1L conpo1nanenne rnano rpynnm 6eno pcm, nsrn1L ee n
o6ocnoa1Lcn a Kxno snn. kn o6pso, a XI a. n. a. k-un n y-cynn snnnn ne
coace o6munoe reorpqnueckoe nonoxenne n neao 6epery pekn ynLxa,
ampanrncL k aepxne uc1n o6n, 1. e. npno n ny1n xen1mx saoea1ene, n k
uen1py n1n; 1koe nonoxenne oxno 6mno 6m cun11L amnyxpennm, pesynL11o
cnnLnmx yppoa, ko1opme am1onknynn o6e 6enme rpynnm c ppeane n 6onee ypo6no
1eppn1opnn, ecnn 6m o1nocn1enLnoe nonoxenne uec1n ppyrnx npopoa, ynonny1mx
nok, ne roaopnno o 1o, u1o ace a1n nneen 6onLuoro ps6pocnnoro ceec1a
pccennnncL ec1ec1aennm o6pso a coo1ae1c1ann c ppeann 1eppn1opnnLnm
penenne 6eno pcm a anoxy coaec1noro npoxnannn. kn o6pso, 6enme
npopm eue a ppeanoc1n pcnpoc1pnnnncL o1 osep ykynop k aoc1oky, expy 1e
kk n ceaepe a 6onee nospnne apeen onn cocepc1aoann c Bkno n aepxnn
1euenne nncen. enepL, korp m y1ounnnn rpnnum, noco1pn, ne1 nn n a1o
1eppn1opnn 1epnnLnmx cnepoa nunx pneknx copopnue. nonnk, u1o a1o
ouenL 1pypno cpen1L, no spu anonne penLnn, ecnn yuec1L nk6onm1nme n
srpounme o1kpm1nn, ko1opme a npouno aeke npnaneknn annnne e1p ennkoro.
skn, nokopn1enn Cn6npn, a konue XVI a. o6npyxnnn sennnme n kennme
kyprnm nocpepn nyc1mnnmx c1ene no 6eper pek. nn ac1peuk1cn n n cpepne
Ypne. eko1opme, npnuypnnao cnoxennme ns 6nokoa cepnn1nn n num, nenn
nnpnpnLnyk qopy n poxopnnn po 500 uroa o1 nopnoxnn po aepunnm.
o cocepc1ay c a1nn sxoponennnn anpnm oc11kn ccnanmx anoa n ux1,
copepxunx sono1o, cepe6po n epL.
skn n poccnckne anc1n a XVII a., aosoxno, ne o6p1nnn 6m oco6oro annnnn
n a1n 6esaec1nme oc11kn ppeanoc1n, s ncknkuenne, noxny, pypnnkoa, ecnn 6m
ne opno nn1epecnoe o6c1on1enLc1ao. Y knprnsoa 6mn o6mu pcknma1L ornnm,
pnn neko1opmx ns nnx a1o 6mno ue-1o apope npoqeccnn. nn nsaneknn o11yp
sono1me, cepe6pnnme n epnme ykpuennn nnn opypnn 1pyp. Ckopee acero,
xenesnmx aeue 1 ne 6mno. ornnx npoc1mx nkpe uennmx nxopok ne
nonpnocL, noa1oy aopm oc1annnn nx a nokoe, n onn coxpnnnncL po nunx pne.
6or1me sxoponennn 6esxnoc1no pcknmanncL, 1. k. 1 6mno neno uennoro.
skn ne sepnnnn npncoepnnn1Lcn k a1n pspyun1enLnm nonck, no e1p
ennkn, ysna o6 a1o, c1poro snpe1nn ynnu1ox1L nnn npncana1L nnopm
pckonok n npnksn o1npann1L nx a Cnk1-e1ep6ypr. kn o6pso, a c1onnue
nonanncn nk6onm1nm yse uypcknx ppeanoc1e, npepc1annkunx n
1epnnLnyk, n nc1opnueckyk uennoc1L. D1n nn1nnkn ppeanoc1n nonyunnn
nsanne uypckne, nnn pypckne, a uec1L qnncknx npopoa, 1. k. ppyrne nx
a1opm 6mnn nensaec1nm [yck axn yk a ca xn
58, a r 45. acka a ana nycn cr vn
Hya nr acvmx ckna Yana.].
Mexpy 1e o1kpm1nn a1n ne orpnnunanncL. o epe npopanxennn n aoc1ok
nxopnnn ace 6onLue sxoponenn, oc11koa ykpennenn n pypnnkoa. n1e -
o6npyxnnn pxe psannnm ropopoa, n npnuno nonnnne 1oro, u1o a1n srpounme
cnepm unannnsoannoro uenoaek oxa1mak1 orponyk 1eppn1opnk: o1 cpepnero
Ypn po aepxnero 1euennn yp, snnn ack snk n canpe1enLc1ayn o 1o, u1o
nmne nyc1mnnme n 6ecnnopnme cn6npckne pannnm korp-1o 6mnn ec1o psan1o
unannnsunn. Kxnn rpnnu ppeannx nn1nnkoa eue ne yc1noanen.
Cennn1nncke, n p1mue, a ocko ry6epnnn noro 6onLunx sennnmx n
kennmx ncmne. p6r1e n a nnpe npenm konoccnLnme pynnm ppeannx
ropopoa [3 naHnk Hx anu a a rynnm, caHm a
canucay aa ana.].
ce a1o 1epnnLnme qk1m, ko1opme 1pe6yk1 o1ae1 n aonpoc: kkne
norouncnennme n unannnsoannme npopm oc1annn n a1n ykpennennn, ropop,
ornnm, sono1me n cepe6pnnme aeun?
1o6m o1ae1n1L n nero, aocnonLsyecn e1opo ncknkuennn. e1 ocnoann
npnnncma1L ace a1n uypec aennkn nnepnn xen1o pcm epxne snn. nn
1kxe oc1annn cnepm caoero cyuec1aoannn: m xopouo nx sne n ne oxe
cny11L c 1en, o ko1opmx npe1 peuL. nn nek1 ppyro anp n ppyroe pcnonoxenne.
o xe coe oxno cks1L o cnepx kp1koapeennoro pcuae1 o1penLnmx npopoa,
nnpnep, knprnsoa. Byppnc1ckne onc1mpn a 6n-n1k nnkk ne cny11L c
uypcknn coopyxennnn [ cnan Hk aHva: kakH aH
ak xnm am, kak, anH, kanHmk, cam nmm
aaxn, Hrn cau H rax n mu aHacnaH.].
[a1e oc1an a nokoe noame apeen n nonue a pneko ppeanoc1n anoxy, k
ko1opo ory1 o1nocn1Lcn a1n nn1nnkn. n11ep nonre1, u1o xn1enn a1o
srpouno ceaepno nnepnn ornn 6m1L pncnn epopo1.
nosaonk ce6e aospsn1L poc1onou1noy neeukoy apypn1y, ko1opm, ponxno
6m1L, n c ne yaepen a caoe npao1e. 1eu nc1opnn nnue1, u1o ceaepnee nnpycoa
xnay1 pncnm - epopo1 pe1 nx onncnne, - ceaepnee pncnoa xnay1
rpnqonm, eue amue - rnnop-6open. ce a1o nonyqn1c1nueckne npopm, ko1opmn
noa1m npnn scennnn Y11p-ypy [k vnan ca an y aa
anu v aka, nsHy a HrH canaa c
Maxaxaa. Yaa-yy, naman caa kayaaa, n aak
nn, s aaka, nan Hnn. nH c a ckacm c
ckmmH ancaH, vu nxx a aHacna.]. ne anxy nnkknx
ocnoann npnnncma1L a1n npnspunm cyuec1a, s ko1opmn ckpmak1cn
penLnme nkpn neconenno 6eno pcm, 1o, u1o coaepunnn nc1opnueckne npopm nnn
nneen. ornunee anpe1L a ncceponx, pncnx, rpnqonx, rnnep6openx ockonkn
ppeanero 6enoro o6uec1a, npopoa, popc1aennmx sopoc1pnckn pnu,
cp1 [ cH a H, v nam cnr aaan aHacna
cx ykaa a nanxcu k n ac. crn a ca
acvacn ku a. nk amaa cn am, a ca
cay Ha. 3, kv, ava, v ank nanncn ackH
aH, Hry mu HcaH, nHkaH nmx xnmx,
cxaamH aaa m nka. HrnuckH nmk a
ava Hyxva, a a vcm.]. D1o oxno nop1aeppn1L 1e
o6c1on1enLc1ao, u1o po cnx nop reorpqm noeunn a1n nneen n sennx aokpyr
Corpnnm, no nnkk ne n ceaepe Cn6npn. 6 a1o xe peuL npe1 y epopo1. ccksm
o6 pnc1ee ns pokonnec a nsnoxennn epopo1 o1nocn1cn k anoxe, korp 6enme
npopm snn xnnn psppo6nenno n nopaeprnncL panennk cocepe, noa1oy ne
ornn cosp1L u1o-nn6ypL snun1enLnoe n oc1an1L cnepm kpynno unannnsunn n
1knx 6onLunx npoc1opx.
cnn 6m a1n npopm 6mnn nc1onLko cnnLnm, kknn nx nso6pxe1 n11ep, kn1um
nenpeenno nenn 6m c nnn unpokne cansn, rpekn, ysnaune c1onLko noaoro n
nonesnoro o1 kn1uea, a ko1opmx oxno ysn1L 6esaonocmx, coo6psn1enLnmx n
ouenL npnmx prnneea epopo1, npnaenn 6m noxec1ao noppo6noc1e o6 nc1opnn
nn1nnkoa uypcko kynL1ypm. oa1oy n ne cun1k aepon1nm, u1o a VI a. po n. a.
acn Uen1pnLnn snn 6mn ec1o o6n1nnn 6onLuoro unannnsoannoro npop,
pccennauerocn o1 nncen po yp, o ko1opo nnuero ne nsaec1no nn rpek, nn
nepc, nn nnpyc.
cnn ne1 aosoxnoc1n cans1L a1n nn1nnkn c anoxo epopo1 nnn o1nec1n nx ko
apeenn nekcnpp, korp a1o1 saoea1enL pouen po kpn Corpnnm n ne ac1pe1nn
nnuero nopo6noro, 1orp npnxopn1cn norpysn1Lcn a 6onee pnekoe npounoe n
npnsn1L Cn6npL nepam ec1oxn1enLc1ao 6eno pcm, korp ee psnnunme
npopnoc1n xnnn aec1e n y nnx eue ne 6mno npnunn y1n o11yp n pso1ncL a
psnme c1oponm.
D1y rnno1esy nop1aepxpk1 ace nxopkn, po6m1me ns uypcknx, nnn pypcknx, ornn n
psannn. npo co ckene1n nex1 noupnnme uepen, cepn, c6pyn, one1m c
nso6pxenne posm, epnme sepkn, uc1o ac1peukunecn y kn1uea n a1pyckoa,
1kxe a 1ynryccknx kp1x, rpe a1n npepe1m cnyx1 pnn rnuecknx kynL1oa. x
noro pxe a cmx 6epnmx pypcknx ornnx [Y yna Han , r mn
m akx kan. aHa na a x ax Bym, aH nu a x
ay, cnaa a ccy, a kH a y xau canm a.].
ue 6onee snen1enLno 1o, u1o a npouno aeke n opno nn1nnke, neaue
qopy o6ennck, n n nprpo6nmx knnx o6npyxnnn npoc1pnnme npnncn. kn
xe npnncL qnrypnpye1 n ase, nsaneuenno ns opnoro sxoponennn, n rocnopnn
pn y1aepxpe1, u1o expy nnn n repncknn pynnn cyuec1aye1 ecnn ne
nonnoe, 1o xo1n 6m uc1nunoe cxopc1ao [3 mack kana-
nymcak, nam araam vyckx naHnkax, cnan
c aHva a cna a a aHa ncan a mux
kcnx caH kac kack, ak x anvk acvacn y
nHnka, a rax cn, a ckax a a yrx Hcax .].
ue opnn kpcnopeunam qk1: cpepn cmx pcnpoc1pnennmx opnen1oa -
kosLnx, onenLnx n ppyrnx poroa n npepe1x ns e1nn - qnrypnpye1 cqnnkc. n
nso6pxen 1kxe n pyuke sepkn n amceuen n knnx.
[nn 1nnc1aennmx o6n11ene ppeane Cn6npn cqnnkc osnun sun1y no1oc1a. n
ne upn1 ce6n n a konue konuoa aospoxpe1cn. Y nepcoa n c1enx epcenonnc, nnn
a rnn1e, rpe on onunnao asnpe1 n nyc1mnk, nnn y rpekoa n Cnqepone, cqnnkc
kxe1cn nepoc1ynnm n srpounm, y pncnoa, kk sopko nope1nn epopo1, n
ero nneuo yxe oxno nonoxn1L pyky n nsa1L nn ero xosnnn. Ckopee acero, on
npnnpnexn1 ace 6eno pce, nanne1cn ee ncnepne, n xo1n eue ne pckpm1o ero
snuenne, oxno c yaepennoc1Lk snan1L, u1o cqnnkc oxno ac1pe1n1L ackpy, rpe
no6mann pnckne npopm.
1k, ceaepnme sn1ckne c1enn, ceropnn 1kne ynmnme n 6esnkpnme, no ne 1kne
6ecnnopnme, kk cun1nocL pnLue, - a1o n ec1L 1 senn, o ko1opo roaopn1
npnum: pLnneaero, konm6enL nx npepkoa. ccksmae1cn, u1o pnn ncnn n
nee sny, n ne1o 1 npoponxnocL enee payx ecnuea. D1o Y11p-ypy 6pxnoa:
senn, pcnonoxennn n kpne ceaepe, rpe upn1 cn nonnn cao6op pnn
yxunn n xenunn, cao6op nop kon1pone psy, no1oy u1o 1 o6n1k1 pnun,
ppeanne can1me. D1o epnonnn annnnoa, popnn rnnep6opeea, xn1ene kpnero
ceaep, amcunx cyuec1a, uLn xnsnL pnnnn, po6pope1enLnoc1L aennk, snnnn
6eckoneunm, cypL6 cuc1nna. koneu, a1o senn n aoc1oke, o ko1opo repnckne
cyeam pccksmak1 c 6esrpnnunm yaxenne, no1oy u1o on aspc1nn nx
cnanmx npepkoa, cmx poc1onmx ns nkpe, cenonoa.
1k, m nosnkonnncL c ue1mpLn pncknn npopn, ko1opme nocne pckon a
ceec1ae, 6onLue nnkorp ne conpnkcnncL ppyr c ppyro n ko1opme o6ocnoanncL
a ceaepnmx sennx k aoc1oky o1 aponm. cnn o1aeprny1L a1o1 qk1, 1orp n 6onLue
ne snk, u1o oxe1 cnyxn1L npexno ocnoao pnn nc1opnn.
Cn6npL xpnn1 n caonx onunnamx sennx canuennme nn1nnkn anoxn, ne enee
ppeane, ue anox Cenpnpm, ne enee aennuec1aenno, ue anox epop. Moe
aocxnuenne amsmak1 ne rnnn, ne pesno kenL, ne nnanenm e1nn.
psmunnk o 1o, u1o cyuec1aoan unannnsunn a 1e pnekne reonornueckne
apeen, korp n sene eue nponcxopnnn k1knnsm n nyc1mnn o6n 1onLko-1onLko
ocao6oxpncL o1 orponoro opn. XVI a. po n. a. xn1m n nnpycm nonannncL n
nopore kxnoro np. Mno apeenn oc1e1cn po npepen, ko1opm pennrnn n
ec1ec1aennme nykn onpepennnn pnn xnsnn senn - kkne-nn6ypL pa 1mcnuene1nn,
- n nenno a a1o1 nepnop nponcxopn1 ounm pmaok a counnLno psan1nn, ne
oc1annkun nn neuero unc nepao6m1noy apapc1ay. ne ps roaopnn o
coun6enLnoc1n n poc1onnc1ae, npncyun 6eno pce, n npekcL, u1o okonu1enLno
nop1aeppnn a1o1 qk1. [nkoe uenoaekoo6psnoe cyuec1ao, nepaoro uenoaek
qnnocoqoa-1epnnnc1oa, ue npnspk cnyxn1 n pnn 1oro, u1o6m o1aepr1L ace,
u1o poc1ono yaxennn a o6uec1aennmx nnc1n1y1x, m nsrnnn a kpnn
ro11en1o1oa, a 1ynrycckne xnxnnm n neuepm nenrnuea, n 1enepL ponxnm npnsn1L,
u1o nyunme o1kpm1nn nop1aepxpk1 npao1y nnrn Bm1nn.
Canuennn knnr ne ponycke1 pnkpe a anoxy poxpennn np. epam uenoaek
pec1aye1 n pccyxpe1 ne a cnny cnenmx knpnsoa n xnao1nmx c1pc1e,
coo6psno c yc1noanennmn npannn, ko1opme 1eonorn nsann ec1ec1aennm
skono n nc1oko ko1opmx nanne1cn ne u1o nnoe, kk o1kpoaenne, cospkuee
opnL n 6onee npouno ocnoae, ue 6cyppnoe npao n oxo1y n noank pm6m,
npepnreoe nponoaepnnkn counnns. 1kpoe nnry Bm1nn n ao a1opo rnae
ysne, u1o ecnn o6 npepk ronme, 1k nnuL no1oy, u1o onn neannnm nnn ne
aepk r c1mp. k 1onLko pckoe cyuec1aoanne sknunae1cn, ocnoa1enn
6eno pcm ne yxopn1 6popn1L no nyc1mne: onn cpsy ocosnk1 neo6xopnoc1L
p6o11L n cpsy unannnsyk1cn, 1. k. nonn1nn o cenLcko xosnc1ae n cko1oaopc1ae
yxe snoxenm a nnx. Bn6nnn nc1onLko k1eropnun a a1o aonpoce, u1o cosp1ene
nepaoro ropop nanne1cn nn, cmn nepaoro uenoaek, n a1o1 ropop nocn1 nn nox,
anyk p.
e1 cmcn pccyxp1L o 1o, 6ykanLno nnn nnocks1enLno cnepye1 nonn1L a1o1
1ekc1. orpnnuycL konc11une 1oro, u1o, corncno pennrnosno 1ppnunn, ko1opn
n ec1L nn6onee nonnm pccks o nepao nepnope uenoaeuec1a, unannnsunn
poxpe1cn, 1k cks1L, aec1e c pco, n u1o yksmak1 ace qk1m.
ue neckonLko cnoa o xen1o pce. unnn c coro pnnero npounoro n ee ny1n
c1on1 ounn nno1nn a anpe 6eno unannnsunn, n u1o6m npeopone1L ee, xen1m
npnxopn1cn pspenn1Lcn n pa no1ok n s1e xnmny1L a apony n oc1ounyk snk
aponL epoan1oro oken, nonckoro opn n 6eperoa n1n. o yun1man
yc1pukuee konnuec1ao, ko1opoe yc1pennocL n ceaep Monronnn, nenLsn cun11L,
u1o a1n 1onnm nonannncL n npoponxnn noxn1Lcn 1onLko n sennx 1ynrycoa,
oc1nkoa, nky1oa n n u1ke.
Cnepoa1enLno, ncxopnm ec1o npe6mannn xen1o pcm nanne1cn epnknckn
kon1nnen1. s a1oro qk1 n penk cnepykune amaopm.
Benme npopm, anune nsonnpoannme o1 copopnue, npnnpnexaunx k pay
ppyrn anp, a pesynL11e kocnuecknx k1c1poq n eue ne ac1peuaune nn
xen1mx, nn uepnmx nneen, ne ornn ce6e npepc1an1L, u1o n sene ec1L nkpn,
ko1opme o1nnuk1cn o1 nnx. koe nenne npn nepamx ac1peux c qnnnn n nerpn
eue 6onee ykpennnocL. Benme ne ornn ponyc1n1L n mcnn o 1o, u1o a1n cyuec1a -
1kne xe nkpn, kk n onn cn, 1e 6onee, u1o 1e o1nnunncL apxpe6noc1Lk,
xec1okoc1Lk, ypopc1ao n c roppoc1Lk nsmann ce6n pe1Ln o6esLnn. osxe, korp
nunncL konqnnk1m, amcun pc sknenn o6e nnsune, oco6enno uepnme
nneen, cnoao apapm, ko1opoe 1k n oc1nocL snko cnpaepnnaoro
npespennn. o npn a1o ne cnepye1 s6ma1L o 1o, u1o xen1n pc, nnopnc1n
no6epn1enLnnu, oksauncL cpepn 6enmx npopoa, nnonne1 peky, ko1opn n
caoe ny1n psmae1 sono1onocnme neckn n npn a1o o6orue1cn. oa1oy 1k
uc1o a1 pc npepc1e1 a nc1opnn nnonoanny unannnsoanno n cnoco6no k
unannnsunn, nrpkue axnyk, nyc1L n pspyun1enLnyk ponL, expy 1e kk
uepnn pc, nekun no kon1k1oa c 6enmn npopn, po cnx nop npe6mae1 a
rny6oko ne1prnn.

%% +()
I.
Hn yy k y u . Hy
n ym
enepL oc1an a1n xnayune nsonnpoanno npopm, enee ppyrnx nopaepxennme
a1nnueckoy ceuennk, ko1opme a 1euenne nornx aekoa cornn coxpnn1L cao
o6ps xnsnn. koe pepkoe spennue m yxe anpenn a npnn n n1e. pepe1o
nuero pcco1pennn 6ypy1 npopm, ko1opme cansnn caon nn1epecm, npen, pok1pnnm
n cypL6m c nunnn coaepuenno nnoro 1nn n uLn o6uec1aennme nnc1n1y1m ne 6mnn
ponroaeunm. unnn c VII a. po n. a. m 6ype canpe1ennn 6ypno nc1opnn
6onLunnc1a 6enmx npopoa, rpe npeo6npe1 nec16nnLnoc1L n nenoc1onnc1ao
unannns1opcko npen. ccyxpn o co6m1nnx a nnpnn n n1e, m onepnpoann
pecn1kn c1one1n, 1enepL 6ype nsepn1L cpok xnsnn unannnsun a nn1L-uec1L
aekoa. Mm yanpn, u1o cme ampkunecn nonn1nueckne 1aopennn xnay1 pae co1nn
ne1, s1e 1pncqopnpyk1cn nnn ynpk1. c ocnenn1 kp1koapeennm 6neck
peunn n pecny6nnknckoro n, s1e, nepepn k noam apeen, m y1euncn
1e, u1o xo1n nun counnLnme cnc1em xnay1 neponro, onn ace xe oc1annk1
nensrnpnm cnep a nc1opnn, oco6enno nunnn c VII a. po n. a., korp nponcxopnn
nonnn 1pncqopunn ponn 6eno pcm a penx snpnoro np.
3np acerp 6mn npoam uen1po, n a1o snanenne o6ocnoanno, xo1n ace npopm
ory1 a 1o nnn nno epe npe1enpoa1L n a1o pnn nnpycoa pLnap1 - ceppueann
nopnynnoro np, aokpyr a1o canuenno c1pnm pcnonrk1cn panncm,
coepnnennme c uen1po, kk nenec1kn no1oc co c1e6ne 6oxec1aennoro pc1ennn.
[nn kn1uea acenennn cocpepo1ouen aokpyr opne6ecno nepnn. knn xe
mcnnn 1eunnncL rpekn: nx xp a [enLqx 6mn nynko ennko Bornnn. o xe
oxno cks1L o ernn1nnx. onL nunn n sene ne oxe1 onpepenn1Lcn
reorpqnueckn nonoxenne, nn opnn npop ne oxe1 npe1enpoa1L n noc1onnnyk
unannns1opckyk nccnk, n a a1o aonpoce n nosaonk ce6e ocnopn1L snenn1m
1pyp [xo6ep1n. onLko c opnLno 1oukn spennn oxno y1aepxp1L, o16pocna
n1pno1nueckne uyac1a, u1o uen1p 1nxec1n counnLnoro nponopnpk nxopnncn a
npepenx snpnmx seenL, nepeeuncL a psnnunme anoxn expy payn kpnnn
1oukn: annon - onpon, c aoc1ok n snp, n C1okronL - Onam a rnn1e, c
ceaep n kr.
3npnm np a ouepuennmx nok rpnnux npepc1anne1 co6o ux1nyk pocky,
n ko1opo c1nknak1cn cme axnme npoame nn1epecm. D1o osepo, ko1opoe 1o n
peno amxopn1 ns 6eperoa n nsnnae1 caon aopm n oc1nLnyk uc1L senn, nnorp
onyc1oun ee, no acerp onnopo1aopnn. D1o cp, rpe ace pc1ennn - nekpc1aennme n
npoan1me, nn11enLnme n cep1enLnme - nxopnnn caonx cpoannkoa. 3pecL
ckonuen1pnpoanm cme axnme co6m1nn, cme psnoo6psnme qk1m n
konqnnk1m. n1e n nnpnn 1kxe nponcxopnno neno no1pncenn, cnepm ko1opmx
m nxopn c 6onLun 1pypo. Y unannnsoannmx npopoa 3np ne 6mno nn opno
cepLesno 6n1am, peaonkunn nnn cenm pnnc1nn, ko1opme 6m ne pounn po nc ns
rny6nnm a 1pnpu1L c1one1n, npnue c 1knn noppo6noc1nn, ko1opme po cnx nop
ypnannk1 un11enn, ero asop n ceropnn aocxnue1cn y1onuennmn qopn
ckynLn1yp.
e xe o6Lncnn1L 1kyk psnnuy? e, u1o a aoc1ouno uc1n np noc1onnnn
a1nnueckn 6opL6 nponcxopnn 1onLko expy pnckn aneen1o, c opno c1oponm,
n uepnmn n xen1mn npnnunnn, c ppyro. e1 nyxpm nnonn1L, u1o 1, rpe
uepnme npopm aenn 6opL6y expy co6o, rpe xen1me nneen 1kxe 6mnn
nsonnpoanm o1 ppyrnx, n 1, rpe ceropnn npeo6npk1 uepno-xen1me e1ncm,
nc1opnn neaosoxn. kne konqnnk1m 6ecnnopnm, noa1oy nc1onun unannnsunn
1 ne oxe1 nonan1Lcn. pnepo 1oy cnyx1 epnk, 6onLun uc1L qpnkn n
snn. c1opnn aosnnke1 1onLko ns conpnkocnoaennn c 6eno pco.
npnn e npo1naoc1onnn nnsune npopm. 'cn ee aneprnn 6mn nnpanen n
sun1y o1 a1opxennn n o1 uyxepopnmx npnnunnoa. D1 nonn1nk npoaopnncL ouenL
aneprnuno c ocosnnne rposnue oncnoc1n n, oxno cks1L, c uyac1ao
6esnpexnoc1n, ko1opoe oxno 6mno 6m cun11L ue-1o pon1nueckn, ecnn 6m ne
c1onL y6epn1enLnme pesynL11m. o1n npo o1e1n1L, u1o a1 6opL6 ne npnaen k
nonanennk, co6c1aenno roaopn, nc1opnn. Yuc1aykune a ne 6enme npopm, kk
cksno amue, npoxnann konk1no, n epnnc1aenno nx spue 6mno no6epn1L n
amxn1L. Y nnx ne 6mno xennnn qnkcnpoa1L qk1m. poe 1oro, ecnn aepno, u1o y
cuc1nnamx npopoa ne1 nc1opnn, 1o 1k xe aepno, u1o n npoc1o nenn1epecno
pccksma1L o 1o, u1o n 1k nsaec1no n ace. san1ne ynn1pno unannnsunn ne
cansno c 6onLunn noaoaaepennnn n pesknn nepeenn a munennn, pok1pnnx
n npax. oa1oy nnpnckne xponnkn nenn 1eonornueckyk n noa1nueckyk qopy n
6mnn nnuenm xpononornn.
n1e nsppeane snnnncL c6opo qk1oa. D1o oxno o6Lncnn1L 1e, u1o kn1um
pno ac1ynnnn a o1nouennn c npopn, ne cnnuko norouncnennmn, u1o6m
nokopn1L n1, no poc11ouno cnnLnmn, u1o6m noc1onnno 1peaoxn1L nx, n a1n
npopm npnxopnnn ne 1onLko c c6ne a pykx, no n npnnocnnn caon npen. n1
pneko o1 aponm, 1e ne enee, on c1nknancn c cmn psnmn nepecenenun,
n ue 6onLue un1euL kn1ckne xponnkn, 1e 6onLue ac1peueuL a nnx caepenn o
nunx kopnnx, ko1opmx ne pe1 n nc1opnn pLnap1m. Bnroppn n m nsennnn
nenne o rynnx n nnx, ysnnn noppo6noc1n o cnannx, 1kxe o cp1x.
npoue, ppeanne caepennn, coxpnnaunecn a nn1ep1ype opne6ecno nepnn,
6onLue o1nocn1cn k ceaepo-snpnm senn n1n, nexenn k kxnm pon. D1o
cansno c uc1mn kon1k1n kn1uea c 6enmn nnn ceunnmn nneenn,
xnaunn pnpo c nnn.
1k, m nee cnepykuyk kp1nny, u1o kce1cn nc1opnuecknx xponnk: nonnoe
onunne uepnmx nnn xen1mx npopnoc1e; s nnn cnepyk1: npnn c
unannns1opn, y ko1opmx nou1n ne1 nc1opnn, 1. k. onn no o6unncL c ppyrnn
ae1ann caoe pcm; s1e rnne1, rpe 1kxe no nc1opnuecknx caepenn no 1e xe
npnunn; n1 - specL m yxe anpn koe-kkyk xpononornk no npnunne
noc1onnnmx kon1k1oa c pnun; n nkoneu snpnm np - epepnnn snn n
apon, rpe nc1opnn yxe cyuec1aye1 a nonno cmcne a1oro cnoa. 3pecL coaepuenno
nnn kp1nn, nunnn c VII a. po n. a., korp norouncnennme rpynnm 6enmx e1ncoa
konqnnk1oann ppyr c ppyro n 6es konu nsennnn qopy caonx unannnsun a
pesynL11e konqnnk1oa, expy 1e kk uepnme n xen1me nneen oksmann n
6enmx no6epn1ene n1en1noe aospec1ane, ko1opoe nponann ocL 1onLko c 1euenne
apeenn. pnn cnoao, nc1opnn nunne1cn a snpnmx sennx, n c 1ex apeen a
ne 6ypy1 qnrypnpoa1L a ocnoano pnum, cen1m (xn1m yxe cnnnncL c nnn),
kenL1m, cnanne - ace npopm, ko1opme cospann caon unannnsunn n acerp
conepnnunn c ppyrnn. D1o1 rny6okn nenpekpukuncn n1ronns ckpynynesno
pernc1pnpoancn, 1orp kk ppyrne npopm, ne nepexnaaune 1knx 6ypnmx co6m1n,
ne cun1nn nyxnm xpnn1L a nn1n pxe caon no6epm. kn o6pso, snpnn
uc1L snn n aponm npepc1anne1 co6o peny, n ko1opo peunncL cme axnme
aonpocm uenoaeuec1a. enno 1 nponcxopnn nc1opnn.
un noc1onnnn 6opL6 6nun, 1 ocyuec1annnncL rpnpnosnme nnnm a 1o
epe, a kko npeo6npn 6enm aneen1: ne cnepye1 s6ma1L, u1o amcun pc
pano y1p1nn caok unc1o1y n ackpy onnpe1cn n psnopopnyk a1nnueckyk ocnoay,
ko1opn nese1no npnnsye1 ee. anoxn, korp 6enn pc pec1aoan a nonnyk
cnny, m n6nkpe n 3npe, rpe counncL ace unannnsykune 1euennn, asnnoe
o6oruenne psnnunmx ae1ae 6eno pcm. k, a nyuune apeen peunn qnnm
oanpenn amcunn poc1nxennnn ernne1cko nykn n nnpncko qnnocoqnn.
ne yenn ncnonLsoa1L o1kpm1nn, cpennnme a cmx ypnennmx yronkx senn.
cpepnne aek, korp rpxpnckoe o6uec1ao ao nornx o1nouennnx 6mno nnxe, ue
npn Uespnx n aryc1x, 1e ne enee nponcxopnno nkonnenne snnn! Yuenme ace
rny6xe nponnknn a cokpoanunnuy aoc1ouno yppoc1n, 6ecc1punme
ny1euec1aennnkn, nop1nknaeme renne an1kpns, npncyun nx pce,
coaepunn pnekne ny1euec1ann. o psae oxno cpann1L c rnrn1n [peanero
n pxe qpnuysckoro koponn nnn nny XII a., ko1opme nooupnnn 1kne
npepnpnn1nn?
o pa1e aepnecn a VII a. po n. a., anoxy, korp n npoc1opx snpnoro np
nunne1cn nosn1nann nc1opnn, korp rocyppc1a yxe ne ory1 cyuec1aoa1L ponro,
korp c1onknoaennn npopoa n unannnsunn nponcxopn1 uepes kopo1kne nepnopm
apeenn, nepnopm 6ecnnopnn n nnopoan1oc1n a opno n 1o xe c1pne uepepyk1cn
n cennk1 ppyr ppyr a sancnoc1n o1 nponopunn 6enmx aneen1oa a uepno nnn
xen1o cce.
ne co6npkcL noa1opn1L caon pryen1m npo1na 1eopnn o ponn reorpqnueckoro
nonoxennn pnn qopnpoannn unannnsunn, nockonLky pnx, onpon, en, Bepnnn
nnn Mppnp ne yknpmak1cn a a1y cxey, corncno ko1opo aec1o nnx m 6m
yanpenn 1kne 1oproame uen1pm, kk pnkc, n6pn1p nnn nekcnppnn, n nc1opnn
noc1onnno 6m apuncL aokpyr nnx. konue konuoa, a1o pec1an1enLno ec1,
nekune coe 6nronpnn1noe pcnonoxenne pnn 1oproamx o6enoa. o, k cuc1Lk,
peno o6c1on1 no-ppyroy, n y uenoaeuec1a ec1L 6onee axnme nn1epecm, ue
akononk. Bonee aosamuennme panxyune cnnm onpepennk1 psan1ne np, n
poanpenne eue n spe apeen yc1noanno npann counnLnoro npn1nxennn,
nenno: cn axnn 1ouk n seno upe ne o6ns1enLno ponxn ne1L cme
6nronpnn1nme ycnoann pnn kynnn n npopxn, pnn unpkynnunn 1oapoa nnn pnn nx
nponsaopc1a. ko 1ouko acerp 6mno ec1o, rpe a pnnm oen1 o6n1n cn
unc1okpoann uc1L 6eno pcm, cn cnnLnn n cnoco6nn. 1kn ec1o ornn
6m1L xonopnme nonnpnme senn nnn snonme ponm n aka1ope. D1o 6mno ec1o,
rpe cxopnnncL ace npen, 1enpenunn n ycnnnn, n ne 6mno knn1nuecknx nnn
reorpqnuecknx npenn1c1an pnn 1oro, u1o6m 1yp uepes opn, pekn n ropm
noc1ynnn 1oapm ns cmx pnLnnx c1pn.
oc1onnnme nsenennn counnLno snunoc1n 6onLunx ropopoa - a1o y6epn1enLnoe
onpoaepxenne npe1enunosnmx nenn akononc1oa, ko1opme uenoaeueckyk xnsnL a
ueno n pxe xnsnL uenmx npopoa o6ocnoamak1 npnnunno nponsaopc1a n
no1pe6nennn, cnoao uec1L y nnx 1epne1 caoe nckonnoe snuenne. nunyk
akononk onn aosaopn1 a amcuyk po6pope1enL, aocneak1 oc1opoxnoc1L,
6epexnnaoc1L n npnyk xnsnL, 1e cm cun1n npepnnoc1L n aepnoc1L
o6uec1aennm npeno, yxec1ao n c1okoc1L epa nn ne rpexn. 1o6m ne
yrny6nn1Lcn a a1n aonpocm, noa1opk eue ps: nesancno o1 ypo6noro
ec1ononoxennn a cmcne 1oproann, unannnsunn ppeanoc1n acerp c1pennncL k
snpy npoc1o no1oy, u1o cn 6enme nneen nepeeunncL a a1o nnpanennn,
n, 1onLko poc1nrnya nuero kon1nnen1, onn ac1pe1nnncL c xen1mn e1ncn,
ko1opme anyunnn n y1nnn1pnme npen, c oroaopko npnnneme 6eno pco n
o1aepreme cen1n. oa1oy neypnan1enLno, u1o no epe npopanxennn n snp
6enme npopm c1noan1cn ace 6onee npr1nunmn n ace enee p1nc1nunmn. o
a1o nn a koe epe ne o6ycnoaneno annnnne knn1. pnunn 1onLko a 1o, u1o onn
ace 6onLue ceunak1cn c xen1m aneen1o n o1xopn1 o1 ennncknx npnnunnoa.
onpo6ye coc1an1L cnncok, ko1opm nooxe1 nponcnn1L ok mcnL. pnum 6mnn
6onee pennc1nunm n nenn 6onLue yxcknx npnsnkoa, ue cen1m, 1e a caok
ouepepL npeaocxopnnn a a1o o1nouennn xn1oa. 1k, m nee cnepykun
nopnpok:
uepnme,
xn1m,
cen1m,
npnum.
31e cnepye1 onpxnn [pnn, nponn1nnn cen1ckn aneen1o; on nepepe1
ac1qe1y rpek, ko1opme, neco1pn n 1o, u1o yxe npe1epnenn ceuenne ko apeenn
nekcnpp, copepxnn a ce6e enLue ennncknx aneen1oa.
ckope rpekn, oksauncL a cce sn1ckoro ncenennn, a a1nnuecko o1nouennn
onyc1n1cn nnxe pnnnn, ko1opme pspanny1 rpnnum nnepnn eue pnLue n snpe,
neco1pn n pnLneuee ceuenne n cen1nsunk coxpnnnn 6m caoe anpmuec1ao,
ecnn 6m ne nonannncL 6onee 6enme conepnnkn. o1 nouey pnum-repnum cospnn
caok unannnsunk n ceaepo-snpe.
ue ps nnonk, u1o reorpqnueckoe nonoxenne npopoa a nnnnLno c1enenn
annne1 n nx nonn1nueckoe, nn1ennek1ynLnoe nnn 1oproaoe oryuec1ao, kk m
anpenn a1o a n1e, rpe npenyuec1ao nepeuno o1 Kn-nn k e-e-n, n a npnn,
rpe ceropnn ceaepnme ponm 6onee psan1m, xo1n nsnunLno nnL nepaenc1a
npnnpnexn kry. ouno 1k xe n a snpno uc1n np knn1 ne nrpn 6onLuo
ponn. annon, rpe aoo6ue ne1 poxpe; nrnnn, rpe noc1onnno nLe1 c ne6; np, rpe
neue1 connue; Cnk1- e1ep6ypr, rpe canpenc1aye1 xonop, - ao1 kpcnopeuname
pryen1m a nop1aepxpenne amuecksnnoro.
o xe coe oxno cks1L o nnopopopnn. onnnpnn canpe1enLc1aye1 o 1o, u1o
renn npop npeoponeae1 ace 1pypnoc1n, c1pon1 ropop n aope n cospe1
npouae1kuee rocyppc1ao n 6ono1x. [pyroe poks1enLc1ao - eneunn, rpe
aoo6ue ne1 cyun, ne1 pxe 6ono1, no ec1L rocyppc1ao, nopxkuee caon 6necko n
ponroxn1enLc1ao.
1k, oueanpno, u1o 1onLko pcoamn npnunnn oxno o6Lncnn1L xnsnec1okoc1L
npopoa; nc1opnn cospancL n 1aopnncL 1, rpe co6npnncL aec1e neckonLko
rpynn 6eno pcm; nc1opnn c1noan1cn nosn1nano a cpepe 6enmx npopoa, n 1onLko
nn1L o6 nx pennnnx nee1 snuenne pnn uenoaeuec1a. s a1oro cnepye1, u1o
nc1opnn a psnme apeen 6nroaonn1 6onLue k 1o nunn, a ko1opo oc1nocL
6onLue 6eno kpoan.
pexpe ue nepe1n k pcco1pennk nepeen, nponcuepunx a VII a. po n. a.
snpnmx o6uec1ax, nsaneue ypokn ns neko1opmx amuensnoxennmx npnnunnoa,
pnn uero nopaeprne nnnsy a1nnueckn coc1a sopoc1pnuea.
II. 3acm
Bk1pnum, npnum, nepcm coc1annnn rpynny npopoa, ko1opme opnoapeenno c
nnpycn n rpekn o1pennnncL o1 oc1nLnmx 6enmx ceec1a epxne snn. nn
1kxe cnyc1nnncL c ceaepnmx okpnn Corpnnm. Dnnnnckne nneen noaepnynn n
snp uepes ropm aponL kxnoro 6eper cnnckoro opn. npycm n sopoc1pnum
npoponxnn xn1L aec1e n nsma1Lcn o6un nene aryas nnn airyas a 1euenne
ponroro nepnop po 1ex nop, nok pennrnosnme pcnpn ne npno6penn neamnocnyk
oc1po1y n ne npnaenn k o6psoannk o1penLnmx npopoa [ 3-ac,
nnay ncack ak, racn, v a ac aa
mna yr. a amaanacu a ax n, nckaa. n
n vu axHaH. k acr s mna ka, naman
axHaH, kynu nyx, aHx, ax x nmcaka. 3-
aca nc amaa nckaa QaH nuH a nv x,
km xn ackna c ycaH km H m k
cmaunH May, nmr, crnac ra, ca n ackr
acncaa.].
3opoc1pnckne npopm snnnn poaonLno 6onLune 1eppn1opnn, ceaepo-aoc1ounme
rpnnum ko1opmx onpepenn1L ouenL 1pypno. osoxno, onn npoc1npnncL po
Myu1rx n nnxnnx nnockoropn, o1kyp nosxe onn npnunn a apony nop nenn
cp1oa, nnoa n coa. kre rpnnum nsaec1nm nyuue: o1 Corpnnm nx senn
oxa1mann Bk1pnk n c1pny ppoa po npepenoa pkosnn n nrp. o a1n
o6unpnme senn aknkunn a ce6n 6onLune nyc1mnnme 1eppn1opnn, ne
npncnoco6nennme pnn 6onLuoro uncn nkpe. ec1L necunme nyc1mnn,
nepecekeme kennc1mn ropn. pnum ne ornn o6ocnoa1Lcn a 1ex ec1x;
1kn o6pso, renn pcm 6mn nacerp ncknkuen ns pen1enLnoc1n, ko1opn nosxe
npnaen k nonanennk npncknx n nepcnpcknx onpxn. poanpenne yro1oanno n
uec1L cospnnn eaponecko unannnsunn.
[xe o1pennauncL o1 nnpycoa, sopoc1pnum, xnaune n aoc1oke, no ue
o1nnunncL o1 nepamx. e ne enee xn1enn pLnap1m, npnsnan nx kk
copopnue, peun1enLno o1ksmanncL anpe1L a nnx coo1euec1aennnkoa. D1n
npnrpnnunm nneen 6mno 1e nerue oc1a1Lcn nnonoanny sopoc1pnun, u1o
pennrnosnn peqop, onpepennaun cypL6y uenoro cao6oponk6naoro npop, ne
cnoco6c1aoan cospnnk 1knx npounmx counnLnmx canse, kk a npnn. npo1na,
oxno npepnonoxn1L, u1o, nockonLky 6yn1 6mn nnpanen npo1na 1npnnuecko
pok1pnnm, npo1ec1n1ckn pyx, a cnny ec1ec1aennoro skon o6p1no pekunn,
o1aepr c1poryk pncunnnnny 6pxnoa. [ec1an1enLno, sopoc1pnckne npopm
ouenL apxpe6no o1nocnnncL ppyr k ppyry. xpm ns nnx, corncno npnpope 6eno
pcm, aen 6ypnyk xnsnL cpepn 6or1o npnpopm nop anc1Lk ns6npemx nnn
ncnepc1aennmx aoxpe, ko1opme cun1nncL c o6uec1aennm nenne. kxpoe
nnen c1pennocL k nesancnoc1n. 1ko coc1onnnn onn noc1enenno cnyc1nnncL n
kro-snp, rpe ac1pe1nnncL c ccnpnun.
[o a1o ac1peun nepame nocenenum c1onknynncL a okpec1noc1nx epposnn c uepnm
ncenenne nnn xn1n n ceunncL c nnn [4nnr nan Hva
vamva cHm acx av n c ackH n
cHckH, n c ckH snHaH. cn cnnuca H
Hc a aaHnckH nmk, km, n r H, H Hr
r c nmkaH ca vac .].
o a1o npnunne kxnme sopoc1pnum, 1e, ko1opme pspennnn cnay epcnn, ouenL
pno npnnnnn onpepenennyk posy ennncko kpoan. ue po saoeannn annon
ocnoann nx cc, oco6enno cnnLno nponn1nnn a1n aneen1o, onyc1nncL nou1n
po coc1onnnn cen1oa.
6 a1o canpe1enLc1aye1 1o1 qk1, u1o 6k1pnum, npnum n nepcm 6mnn
epnnc1aennmn sopoc1pnun, ko1opme cmrpnn nc1opnueckyk ponL. c1nLnme
oc1nncL copopnun a1nx cnanmx ceec1a.
Moxe1 noks1Lcn c1pnnm, u1o a1n pnum, neaune a xnnx uepnyk kpoaL,
ko1opyk onn nonyunnn nenocpepc1aenno nnn uepes ampopnaunxcn xn1oa n cen1oa,
cyenn snn1L 1koe anpnoe ec1o a nc1opnn. ecnn npepnonoxn1L y acex a1nx
nneen opnnkoayk c1enenL ceuennn, 1orp 6ype1 1pypno o6Lncnn1L c a1nnuecko
1oukn spennn nx anpmuec1ao np ccnpnun.
o u1o6m nonyun1L o1ae1, poc11ouno cpann1L sopoc1pnckne nsmkn, u1o, anpoue,
n yxe penn a npepmpyunx pspenx.
3enpckn nsmk, n ko1opo roaopnnn 6k1pnum, xn1enn Bnk, nsannoro n
oc1oke 1epLk ropopoa [Bakm, n-ck bakhdi, s
axnkacm Maxaxaam. mn nkaH ncnx kyaaa
nay. 3cu na ykamaacn a x ack ncxx. km
yvm canmaa axnkaca c araaH, vu aanu aaa
nymym. aaa Banka, k an ry akm, caH
a. aum r amaancn 3aacn.], cme oryuec1aennme ns
ppeannx sopoc1pnuea, nou1n ne copepxn cen1cknx npnece, s1o pnnek1
epcnn nen nx, xo1n a enLue epe, ue npnckn, a caok ouepepL enee
cen1nsnpoannm, ue nexnan; 1kn o6pso, kpoaL 6ypyunx saoea1ene
epepne snn a caonx cmx 6nropopnmx kxnmx ae1anx coxpnnn poc11ouno
pnckoro, u1o6m o6Lncnn1L nx npeaocxopc1ao.
Mnpnum, n oco6enno nepcm, 6mnn npoponx1ennn ppeane cnam 6k1pnuea,
ko1opme nepamn a ceec1ae c1ynnnn n ny1L rns, s1e y1p1nnn ace caoe
annnnne. x ncnepnnkn oc1anncL pnun, koneuno, a enLue c1enenn, ue
ceaepo-aoc1ounme sopoc1pnum n pxe rpekn, xo1n ne enLue, ue nx coapeennnkn
nnpycm, no a 6onLue, ue nx copopnun n 6eperx nn. BonLun n nenonpanm
nepoc11ko npnuea n nepcoa npn nx amxope n npoayk nonn1nueckyk peny
6mn nx ne6onLun uncnennoc1L n ampxennoe ampoxpenne oc1nLnmx
sopoc1pncknx nneen kr, nx ec1ec1aennmx coksnnkoa. e ne enee, kkoe-1o
apen onn oc1anncL anc1n1ennn. nnx eue oc1anocL koe-u1o o1 nyuunx
npnsnkoa 6eno pcm - pennrnn, 6onee 6nnskn k nc1ok, ue aepoannn cen1oa.
Yxe a pnekne apeen opn npnckn pnnc1nn upnn a ccnpnn. o npnunne
nouncnennoc1n ee nopunnnnn ce6e xnpeckne cen1m, cnyc1naunecn c ceaepo-
snpnmx rop. C a1oro apeenn nsaec1nn pennrnosnn pok1pnn cansmae1cn c
nene 3opoc1p, ko1opoe nocnn nepam upL a1o pncko pnnc1nn; ero ne npo
ny11L c pennrnosnm peqop1opo, no nnnune a1oro nenn a 2234 r. po n. a.
oxe1 yksma1L n 1o, u1o npnum n nepcm a VII a. npnpepxnanncL 1o xe
ono1enc1cko aepm, u1o nx npepkn.
Bk1pnum n pnckne nneen, rpnnunaune c nnn n ceaepe n aoc1oke, cospnn n
psannn a1n pok1pnnm. pneko ppeanoc1n a nx cpepe nonanncn npopok, a1o 6mno
1orp, korp nop anc1Lk knncknx upe sopoc1pnckne npopm, aknkun
nppopnue cp1oa, c1onnn n nopore o1penennn o1 nnpycoa [aaa
kaack ncx a, vacm, nmcay H
Hrx a s acck ac, anH, a-ayc n a-
ca. ckH nmk a H Hy aaa, v aanrv
cackckHy aa (n). mc cncaau s cna c
rnckH 4a. aack a an nam nvk k cnaaHy
aca. nnxn avan HrH anH, km ncam
a UaxaHs.].
a1o apen nunonnLnn pennrnn acnepc1ane peqopm c1n uyxpo kynL1y
nypoxn1 n npeap1nncL a npoc1oe 1eonornueckoe nonn1ne ace 6eno pcm a
ceaepnmx sennx, no, neco1pn n a1o, on 6mn necpanenno 6nropopnee,
npac1aennee n aosamuennee, ue cen1ckn. 6 a1o roaopn1 1o1 qk1, u1o a VII a.
on nonLsoancL 6onLun yaxenne, ue nonn1ens annnncknx npopoa. Bnroppn
e npam ne 6mnn nopaepxenm 1koy ynpky n coxpnnnn caok unc1o1y.
Mnpnum xnnn nneenn a o1penLnmx cenennnx, corncno ppeane oprnnsunn
pncknx pc. nn ns6npnn aoxpe 1k xe, kk nx npepkn ns6npnn caonx ancnea.
c11n, cnoao ancn a Lxna osnue1 upckoe poc1onnc1ao. nn 6mnn
aonnc1aennm n nesancnm, xo1n n ne nnuenm yaxennn k nopnpky, a1o poksmae1
1o1 qk1; u1o onn ncnonLsoann npao ronoc npn cospnnn noc1onnno onpxnn,
ocnoanno n npnnunne ncnepc1aennoc1n, o ue kpcouno noaec1aye1 epopo1. ce
a1o m n6nkpe y ppeannx nnpnuea, y ernne1cknx pnuea, y keponnn,
qeccnnuea, annpo1oa n repncknx npopoa. ckpy qop npanennn
onpepenne1cn am6opo npop, nou1n ackpy o1pe1cn npepnou1enne onpxnn. [nn
acex a1nx npopoa npeo6npkunn nannk1cn pa npnnunn nnn nnc1nnk1 -
ncnepoanne n yc1noanennm nopnpok, ko1opme onpepennk1 counnLnme
nnc1n1y1m. Mnpnum, cko1oaopm n aonnm, oc1anncL cao6opnmn nkpLn a nonno
cmcne a1oro cnoa pxe a 1o1 nepnop, korp no npnunne caoe nouncnennoc1n n
npnunocL nokopn1Lcn xnpen, nocne uero, no npo uec1ann uec1npu1n c1one1n,
onn cnoa oanpenn 1pono ccnpnn.
D1o1 npop, c 1ex nop, kk 6mn nsrnn ns nneann, ne 1epnen nopxenn. n ynopno
npnpepxnancn caoero kynL1, u1o 6mae1 ouenL pepko n ckopee acero o6Lncnne1cn
ero opnopopnoc1Lk. n coxpnnn cao6oponk6ne npn acex npan1ennx, 1. e. npnckn
nunn oc1ncL pncko. ocne 1oro, kk on onpanncL o1 npxnn, ee asopm
o6p1nnncL n cocepnne senn. Mnpnum nunn c 1oro, u1o nokopnnn cocepe,
aknkun nepcoa [ Maxaxaa ncm aaam naackacm, a y
snxy a Hxy naaaaH cmaunH yy s Hanuk a mn
ac. sHy a ck nsH nc ynHacn.], n eue
6onLue ycnnnnn caon nosnunn. 31e, korp onn noc1annn nop caon snen ppyrne
npopm, onn 1koann nnneanckyk nnepnk.
a1nx aonx a epepne snn, a a1nx ckopmx saoeannnx n ckopo cospaemx n
1kxe ckopo ncuesaunx rocyppc1ax norne a1opm anpn1 acero nnuL cnyunme
co6m1nn, ne neaune rny6oko cansn. 6conk1no ne corncen c nopo6no 1ouko
spennn.
ocnepnne cen1ckne nepecenenum yxe cnyc1nnncL c rop pennn n ceunncL c
ccnpnckn ncenenne. npn6pexnmx ponx cnnn n n akse 6onLue ne
oc1anocL no1enunnLnmx anrpn1oa. Dnnnnm saepunnn caoe ny1euec1ane,
cen1oa, oc1aunxcn a a1nx sennx, nnk1o 6onLue ne nsronnn. oa1oy a ccnpnk
yxe noro aekoa ne noc1ynn caexn kpoaL, n npeo6npnne uepnmx aneen1oa
poaepunno ynpok ppeannx pc [3 ynak mn acnuk rnyk acnuk
cana c svck aax, v rnn, H amamcn,
n m, a kak- aHn xan ax a caH aaH
rmH aaraH. VII a. ycnn ca ann a 4k.
Hm aHnn acnnuaaucn sH.].
rnn1e cn1yunn 6mn nnornuno. o nockonLky kc1oan cnc1e, neco1pn n
caon nepoc11kn, eue pepxn o6uec1ao a yc1noanennmx pkx, npan1enn
Meqnc, ouyun caok necnoco6noc1L conpo1nann1Lcn ypp cypL6m, npepnounn
noc1an1L scnon a nnue nenLknx cnpncknx upc1a expy co6o n nnneancko
pepxao, ko1opyk onn 6onnncL 6onLue acero. 3 a1n scnono onn npoponxnn
aec1n npnamunm o6ps xnsnn, ace nnxe onyckncL no nec1nnue unannnsunn no
epe 1oro, kk yaennunanocL npncy1c1ane uepnoro aneen1.
BonLue acero nx nyrnn nnneanum, no ne 1onLko onn. rnn1nne 1kxe oksnncL
6essun1nmn nepep rpeuecknn nnp1n, pnun, nsmaaunn ce6n upn
ope, kk nosxe nsmann nx copopnue cknpnnacknx pnuea, n ernn1nne
npnnnnn peuenne snepe1L yc1Le nn. Bnroppn 1kn upesepnm
npepoc1opoxnoc1n no1okn cec npennncL npopnn1L caoe xpynkoe
cyuec1aoanne.
npo c payn kpynnmn nnepnnn snpnoro np, yxe a snun1enLno epe
ocn6nennmn, annnnm nxopnnncL npnepno a 1ko xe coc1onnnn, a kko 6mnn
npnum nepep cospnne ynn1pno onpxnn. nn o1nnunncL 1ko xe
nenocepnnaoc1Lk, 1kn xe cao6oponk6ne, nenn 1kne xe aonnc1aennme
nknonnoc1n n 6nunn a o1nouennn ppyrnx npopoa n a cnny psppo6nennoc1n ne
ornn npepnpnnn1L cu16nmx noxopoa, ne cun1n ne6onLune nocenennn a yc1Le
pek, anpkunx a Dakcnnckoe ope, a 1nnn n n sn1cko no6epexLe, rpe nx
ropop sancenn a ocnoano o1 nneann n annon, 1e 6onee u1o ccnpnn
nyxpncL a nnx pnn 1oro, u1o6m coc1an1L konkypenunk 1oproam ropop Onnnknn.
enno a 1o1 nepnop, korp nn opn ns kpynnmx nnepn ne 6mn a coc1onnnn
nnc1L n cocepe, npnum c1nn npe1enpen1n n npoaoe rocnopc1ao. n
npepc1anncn ouenL ypo6nm cnyu; npap, opn cnn, coaepuenno neoxnpnno
nonanauncn n cuene, epa ne ceun ace kp1m.
npn1m, knepnum, kn6pm, nnn kenL1m, 6enme nneen, ceunnme c xen1mn,
nneen, n ko1opme nnk1o ne o6pun annnnn, appyr nonannncL a nxne snn ns
apnpm n, psrp6na on1 n ace npnnexune senn, ocpnnn Cpp n asnnn ero.
D1n canpenme saoea1enn cennn n caoe ny1n c1px n yxc. nx 6epy c nnn
nponsouno 1o xe coe, u1o cnyunnocL c ppyrnn. nn 6mnn opnoapeenno n
no6epn1ennn n no6expennmn, npecnepoa1ennn n 6erneun. 3xa1man
1eppn1opnn, onn yxe pynn o 1o, rpe n1n y6exnue. c1ennx, ko1opme nosxe
c1nn Cp1ne, n nnecnn nopxenne norouncnennme nneen onronoa, nnn
cknqoa, n onn o1c1ynnnn a senn cen1oa, nokopnnn nx, no aprn nc1nrnn nx n 1.
kn o6pso, ne ycnen epepnnn snn onpan1Lcn o1 onyc1oun1enLnoro
nuec1ann kenL1oa, kk oksncL nop nn1o xen1mx opp. ocnepnne, npecnepyn
npo1nannk, pspyunnn noro ropopoa n sxa1nnn 6or1yk po6muy.
enL1oa 6mno enLue, ue aproa. nn 6mnn ps6n1m n pccennm. ocne uero cknqm
6ecnpenn1c1aenno npoponxnn cao no6epnm ny1L, nx no6epm 6onLue acero
npyunn nnnm npnuea. a1o apen nkcp ocpnn nneank, nocnepnee
npenn1c1ane nepep 1e, kk saoea1L ccnpnk. c1pe1nauncL c ynopnm
conpo1nanenne, on cnnn ocpy n o6p1nn opyxne npo1na cknqoa. o qop1yn
o1aepnyncL o1 nero; no1epnea nonnoe nopxenne o1 a1nx apapoa - kk on nx
nsman, - on o1c1ynnn, npepoc1ana n aosoxnoc1L npoponx1L pspyun1enLnoe
nuec1ane. nn pounn po rpnnu rnn1, no qponm ynn1nnn amkyn, n sxa1unkn
oc1annn c1pny a nokoe, o6p1na xpnme asopm n ppyrne c1pnm. D1o onronLckoe
nuec1ane 6mno yxcnm, xo1n npoponxnocL neponro: 28 ne1. Mnpnum, neco1pn
n nopxenne, ao nornx o1nouennnx npeaocxopnnn cknqoa n ne ornn ponro
amnocn1L nx nro. a1o1 ps no6ep 6mn n c1opone nkcp, ko1opm nsrnn
xen1mx acpnnkoa n ceaepnoe no6epexLe Dakcnnckoro opn. ocne no6epm npnum
aec1e c ppyrnn nneenn, ceunnmn c qnnckn aneen1o, npnc1ynnnn k
ocyuec1anennk caoero nnn, expy 1e kk sopoc1pnum, ns6anauncL o1
6ecnokonmx copopnue, npoponxnnn caon npepannme pen. nkcp cnoa ocpnn
nneank n sxa1nn ee.
C a1oro apeenn p1npye1cn anpmuec1ao kxno pncko-sopoc1pncko pcm,
ko1opyk n 1enepL 6ypy nsma1L npnun. enepL npepc1onno peun1L, kkn rpynn
a1oro ceec1a aosLe1 aepx. Mnpnum ne o1nnunncL oco6o unc1o1o kpoan,
noa1oy onn ne ornn pccun1ma1L n aepxoaenc1ao, no onn 6mnn 6onee
unannnsoanm 6nroppn kon1k1 c xnpecko kynL1ypo, u1o n o6ecneunno n
npenyuec1ao a co nune. o-nepamx, y nnx 6mn c16nnLnn qop npanennn,
nx npam n o6mun 6mnn 6onee y1onuennmn, ue y ppyrnx rpynn nx ceec1a.
pnko ace a1n poc1onnc1a, o6ycnoanennme nx popc1ao c ccnpnun, o ue
canpe1enLc1aye1 nx nsmk, 6mnn npno6pe1enm ueno esnLnnc, ko1opm ocn6nn nx
a cpanennn c ppyrn npnckn npopo - nepcn. pesynL11e, corncno skony
a1nnueckoro npeaocxopc1a, no1okn nkcp no1epnnn anc1L np sne, n on
nepeun a pykn 6onee pncko ae1an. pon snnn np, no o1uoacko nnnnn
npnnpnexaun k nepcnpcko nunn, no 1epn k nsaec1noy upckoy poy.
npoue, kpy1mx nepeen ao anc1nmx c1pyk1ypx ne nponsouno: o6 npop 6mnn
no npexney 6nnskn, nepcm aoapen ocosnnn neo6xopnoc1L yun1Lcn y npnuea,
6onee onm1nmx a rocyppc1aennmx penx.
Upn ns pnnc1nn np [Ha namx ncckx a ykamaa a
naca acckx aa c ycaH yrH ackH
rynnaH. a xaHa aan yy, kak axn kyaaa, km
kra- a ac aaaan .] ne cun1nn pnn ce6n nosopo c1an1L
n amcokne rocyppc1aennme ponxnoc1n 1nn1nnamx npnuea. kn o6pso,
nen ec1o nc1onun pspen anc1n expy payn nesancnmn nneenn n
ppyrnn 6onee cen1nsnpoannmn npncknn npopn [a nau; v
akm, caHm a anaamx aca, akx
axncu n anacu ac Qan. rnac rn,
xaHm mn aaccanaH ncckx a.]. 1o kce1cn cen1oa n
xn1oa nnn uepnoro ncenennn, ko1opme coc1annnn nopannkuee 6onLunnc1ao
nokopennmx npopoa, onn cnyxnnn 1o ocnoao, n ko1opo snxpnnocL
sopoc1pnckoe anpmuec1ao.
[nn ncenennn ccnpnn, ampopnauerocn, 1pycnnaoro, psap1noro n opnoapeenno
o6npauero p1nc1nunoc1Lk, 6mno poaonLno neo6muno oks1Lcn nop anc1Lk
aonnc1aenno pcm, ko1opn nponoaepoan npoc1yk pennrnk n opnL, 6nnskyk k
npennsy, u1o aoace ne 6mno npncyue nx co6c1aennm pennrnosnm nonn1nn.
C npnxopo npnuea npekp1nnncL yxcnme xep1aennme pn1ynm, 1. k. onn amsmann
oepsenne y c1oponnnkoa rnueckoro kynL1. pnepo 1ko ne1epnnoc1n oxno
nsa1L 1o1 qk1, u1o nosxe [pn, nopunnna ce6e Onnnknk, o1npann nocnnuea k
kpqrennn c snpe1o npnnocn1L uenoaeueckne xep1am nx 6or; a rnsx nepcoa
1kne xep1aonpnnouennn 6mnn 1e 6onee o1ap1n1enLnm, u1o ockop6nnnn nk6oaL k
6nnxney n unc1o1y can1oro nnenn koc1p [Qa akx anan H cu
cavu Hnc. ra cnan ncck ann, y kaarn
aancn kck mva yaau a aHn avckx
H aH c . kaH x yancu yu
kaarn kaaucn cnu vyar yana, km
cycaaan, xn a, a snxy n aHc c cHck
kau acncancn a Hckx knnx.]. osoxno, anepame nocne
nonanennn nonn1ens a upcknx yksx sun peuL o uenoaeunoc1n. a1o 6mn opnn
ns xpk1epnmx npnsnkoa noao cnc1em npanennn a snn. 1nmne aennn ocL a
o6nsnnoc1L yax1L kxpyk nnunoc1L n npekp1n1L ny6nnunme yxcm, nop kkn 6m
npepnoro onn nn 1aopnnncL. e enLuee noauec1ao sknkunocL a 1o, u1o aennkn
upL asnn a caon pykn pnnnc1punk. unnn c a1oro apeenn rpnpnosnoe
nepec1no nonLsoa1Lcn noue1o, n xnsnL c1n npno6pe11L nosn1nanm xpk1ep.
co6oe annnne ypennnocL sun1e acex nn1epecoa. yksx np n ero no1okoa
yxe uyac1aye1cn c1porn pcue1. onn1nky pnk1ye1 sppam cmcn n po neko1opo
c1enenn ycnoknae1 6ypnme c1pc1n, ko1opme npexpe amnnecknanncL uepes kp.
o epe 1oro, kk cnnxe1cn nonesnoc1L anc1n n nporpeccnpye1 1epnnLnn
oprnnsunn, pesko npe1 ypoaenL nckycc1a. n1nnkn nepcnpcko anoxn
npepc1annk1 co6o cn6oe noppxnne ppeaney pnckoy c1nnk. 6penLeqx
epcenonnc yxe ne1 nsmcknnmx ykpuenn. Onrypm 1nxenme, rpy6me, rpoospkne.
D1o yxe ne 1aopenne ckynLn1opoa, nopenkn neyenmx peecnennnkoa, n nockonLky
aennkn upL ne okpyxn ce6n xypoxec1aennmn nponsaepennnn, kk a1o pennn
ero xnpeckne npepuec1aennnkn, cnepye1 npnsn1L, u1o y nero ne 6mno k 1oy nn
xennnn, nn akyc.
c1o roaopn1, u1o nckycc1a acerp pcuae1k1 npn anc1n1ennx, nk6nunx
nonesnoc1L; u1o korp nonLsye1cn cnpoco pockouL, nxopn1cn n 1aopum uepeapoa.
pnko ec1L npnepm, korp onpxn, ro1oame ne ckynn1Lcn n nckycc1ao, 1e ne
enee, xnnn cpepn cn6mx nponsaepenn p1nc1nueckoro rennn caonx noppnnmx.
osoxno ace peno a nnuno aocnpnn1nn npekpcnoro, n nepcnpckne anc1n1enn
poaonLc1aoanncL konne npepmpyunx pnnc1n. Cnoao, nepcnpckn onpxnn 6mn
6or1o, no ne 6onee 1oro.
onpo6ye pso6p1Lcn a npnunnx. Mm yxe anpenn, u1o pnckn nunn, cknonnn k
nosn1nansy, no ne k 6esypepxnoy aoo6pxennk, ne nanne1cn p1nc1nuno.
ccypn1enLnoc1L n pccypounoc1L - a1o a ne ec1L; amcokn ypoaenL nonnnnn n
aocnpnn1nn - 1oxe ec1L; ec1L n cnoco6noc1L pcnosna1L npenyuec1a pxe a
uyxpmx n nesnkomx e aeux, u1o nanne1cn opnn ns cmx nnopo1aopnmx ee
kuec1a. o korp pnckn pc ne nee1 nn knnn uepno kpoan, on nnuen
xypoxec1aennoro rennn. 6 a1o n yxe nncn norokp1no, noxny, pxe cnnuko
uc1o. npepc1ann nppo a1oro ceec1a, c1auee ocnoao 6ypyunx nnpyccknx,
rpeuecknx, npncknx, cp1cknx rocyppc1a, kk a amcue c1enenn necnoco6noe
cospa1L poc1onme 1epnnLnme nponsaepennn nckycc1a; kk 6m nn 6mnn
aennuec1aennm pynnm n 6eperx nncen n n n1e, a nnx ne1 n nek n
xypoxec1aennyk uennoc1L. cnn a rnn1e n ccnpnn nponsouen ounm asne1 a
1epnnLno aocnponsaepennn mcnn, ecnn a npnn 1kxe n6nkpncn nopo6nm
pcuae1, 1o a1o o6Lncnne1cn 1onLko npnecLk uepno kpoan, ko1opo 6mno noro a
ccnpnn, enLue a rnn1e n eue enLue n nnpncko sene, u1o o6ycnoanno
psnnunn expy a1nn c1pnn. nepao cnyue nckycc1ao 6mc1po poc1nrno noren,
s1e, 1kxe 6mc1po, npnuno a ynpok, onyc1nauncL po uypoanunmx nsapuenn
1, rpe 6mno cnnuko cnnLno ennnckoe annnnne. o a1opo pnckne aneen1m,
nc1okn xnsnn n unannnsunn ec1nmx npopoa, 6mnn uncnenno neaennkn, n nckycc1ao
6mc1po norno1nn uepnn cc. e ne enee a1o nponsouno ne 1k 6mc1po,
6nroppn kc1oaoy pspenennk, kk a ccnpnn. npnn, rpe 6pLep nepep
n1ncko nerpn1nnckoro npnnunn 6mn 1kxe poc11ouno npouen, a 6pxncko
cpepe xypoxec1aennm renn psanancn ouenL epnenno. onuko pnn ero psan1nn
nocnyxnno nonanenne CkLn-Mynn: kk 1onLko Byppnc1m npnsann nnsune nneen
pspenn1L c nnn npany n ponyc1nnn nx a caok cpepy, nckycc1a nepexnnn 1ko
xe asne1, kk a nneann, 1kxe 6mc1po poc1nrnn senn1 n no 1e xe npnunn ckopo
annn a 6esyne.
orp a snn anc1L asnnn a caon pykn npnum, onn oksnncL a ryue ncenennn, rpe
nckycc1a nonnoc1Lk perppnpoann nop annnnne uepnmx aneen1oa.
3pecL oxno aospsn1L, u1o, 6ypyun pnun, onn npnnecnn cen1 6enyk kpoaL,
npepnsnuennyk pnn aospoxpennn n, cnepoa1enLno, ponxnm 6mnn yc1noan1L a
ccnpnn panoaecne a1nnuecknx npnnunnoa, kk a1o 6mno y uepnmx xn1oa a nx
nyuune apeen nnn, eue nyuue, y xnpeea anoxn Cenpnp.
o ccnpnckne npopm 6mnn ouenL norouncnennm, uncnennoc1L saoea1ene,
npncknx nneen, neaennk. ce, u1o 6mno nnopo1aopnoro a xnnx npnuea,
no1epnnocL a sn1cknx ccx, no ne corno ycoaepuenc1aoa1L nx, n nonn1nueckoe
annnnne npnuenLuea npoponxnocL neponro.
yxe ynonnn nx ne6onLuyk uncnennoc1L, onnpncL n a1opn1e1 epopo1.
so6pxn a caoe VII knnre nepexop pnn cepkc uepes ennecnon1, nc1opnk
nepeuncnne1 npopm, ac1aune nop snen upn. n onncmae1, kk nepcm nnn
npnum konpyk1 aockn, kk nepexopn1 no pay oc1 uepes Bocqop conp1m,
cornya cnnnm nop yppn xnmc1oa caonx konpnpoa-npnuea. o ckonLko conp1
ncun1mae1 epopo1 cpepn npnuea, ne cun1n aoenunLnnkoa 6nropopnoro
nponcxoxpennn? CkonLko sopoc1pnuea cpepn a1oro nonunu un1oa, ko1opmx
6pocnn a nc1ynnenne cmn [pnn? ncun1n 1onLko24 1mcnun, no u1o a1o snunno
npn uncnennoc1n pnn a nnnnon c nnunn uenoaek? cmcne uncnennoc1n nnuero,
c 1oukn spennn aoenno - ace. cnn 6m a1n 24 1mcnun aonnoa ne npnnsoan
oc1nLnn nnep1nn cc, 1orp no6ep orn 6m1L n ppyro c1opone. k 6mno nn
6mno, ecnn npanun nunn ne orn amc1an1L conp1 a poc11ouno konnuec1ae,
on ne 6mn cnoco6n amnonnn1L spuy aospoxpennn ccm sn1cknx npopoa.
oa1oy y nee 6mn opn yuc1L: s1epn1Lcn a a1o cce.
Mm ne nxopn 1 npexnoro 6pLep expy npnun n nx noppnnmn. D1y ponL
orn 6m amnonnn1L pennrnn, ecnn 6m xpeum-rn ne 6mnn ncnonnenm pyx
nposenn1c1a, npncyuero ace por1nueckn pennrnn, u1o n nanekno n nnx,
neckonLko c1one1n cnyc1n, npm rnea ycynLn. nn sxo1enn o6p1n1L a caok
aepy ccnpnuea. ypnocL o1ap1n1L nx o1 yxcnmx kynL1oa ppeanoc1n, no apnp
nn a1o oxno nsa1L ycnexo: on ne npnnec nnuero xopouero nn nnnun1op, nn
neoqn1, ko1opme ckopo ncnop1nnn npnckyk kpoaL n nsap1nnn noayk pennrnk,
npncnoco6na ee k caon nenc1pe6nm cyeaepnn [anH a s can
a, km cnyH aH ncmaan mva nca:
aan caH raH cay, xaHa, ana. ax cva
yHaH x, k s na. nv rka yHa, v r
nxx a n. ncn Kny xam a caHmx amckx rmx
amax amaa KnH ac . akx ncn xay
cny, ny, Hn, r, a, ay. ak aan k sHy kynu
m c n Ya, km aHcaaan yacca
aaa. y accm amaa Mna, aam na, a ncm Ma.
akH aH, kynu Mm, km nx aan acu aHck
3ana, cavana nnan k ncaH. sH vyacaycn cHckan kau.
H, a acaaa Qan kyca HarH yx cnncn c snnHH
mHH v kynu a.].
1k, ne noro apeenn npouno expy 1pnyqo n konuo npncknx npopoa. e ne
enee, nok nx cyunoc1L ne 6mn 1k cnnLno nopopan uyxo kpoaLk, nx
npeaocxopc1ao a unannnsoanno npe 6mno neocnopno: conepnnkoa onn ne nenn.
cn nxnnn snn noannoancL n. e6onLune koponeac1a s aqp1o - onno1,
1u1enLno o6eperem qponn, - nepeunn nop anc1L c1pnoa. Cao6opnme
ropop qnnnknckoro no6epexLn 6mnn npncoepnnenm k nepcnpcko onpxnn aec1e
c rocyppc1an npnuea. pnuen penL, korp nesancnm oc1ncn 1onLko rnne1,
c1pm conepnnk, ko1opm xnpeckne pnnc1nn ornn 6m cokpyun1L opnn yppo,
neco1pn n 1o, u1o rnne1 copepxn nenme rpeueckne o1pnpm. ao1 nepep a1n
ppnxnm konocco noc1onnno o1c1ynnn cme aonnc1aennme cen1ckne nonkoaopum.
epcm ne o1c1ynnnn. CypL6 6nroaonnn k nn. rnne1ckn ynpok saepunncn. Y
c1pnm n nne 6onLue ne 6mno cnn conpo1nann1Lcn. pap, oc1anncL eue
rpeueckne nennkn, n qpon, kpoe 1oro, sennn rpekn nou1n acex kpnuea n
qnnnc1nnnn. D1n orpnnunnncL ace nonm1kn conpo1nanennn. rnn1nne ne ornn
cpx1Lcn cn n ne ornn onpan1Lcn o1 nopxennn.
epcm nop6o1nnn nx n nppyrnncL np nx kynL1o, skonn k o6munn.
nn1enLno un1n epopo1, nopxeuLcn, c kkn npespenne o6 npop
o1nocnnncL k oc1nLno uc1n uenoaeuec1a, npnue n nepcm n rpekn nsmann ppyr
ppyr apapn, 1o nn s6man, 1o nn nrnopnpyn caoe ppeanee popc1ao. Mne
kxe1cn, u1o n 1e n ppyrne npesnpnn oc1nLnme npopm s o1cy1c1ane
cao6oponk6naoro pyx, s cn6oc1L nepep nnuo necuc1Ln, nsnexennoc1L a nepnop
npouae1nnn n 1pycoc1L a 6ok. rpekn n nepcm neamcoko uennnn ccnpnuea n
ernn1nn. [eno a 1o, u1o o6 npop nxopnnncL a 1o apen n opno ypoane
unannnsunn. eco1pn n psnnunn, pnckn cy1L oksncL cnnLnee npnece, u1o
nosaonnno n opnnkoao nopxopn1L k ocnoanm aonpoc counnLno xnsnn. nn
6mnn kk pa 6p1 c psno cypL6o n oc1anncL 6p1Lnn no xpk1epy n
nknonnoc1n. pnckne pnum snnnn n 3npe ec1o c1puero a ceLe: onn
anc1aoann np npo. pekn 6mnn npun 6p1o, ko1opoy npepc1onno npe1L
cnanyk kopony, n onn ro1oannncL k a1oy amcokoy npepnsnuennk. 1o kce1cn
oc1nLnmx npopoa, xnaunx a none spennn payx pncknx rpynn, pnn nepao onn
6mnn o6Lek1o saoeann, pnn a1opo npepe1o akcnny1unn. e cnepye1
s6ma1L o6 a1o npnnennse, 6es ko1oporo ne nonn1L nepeeuennn uen1p
1nxec1n a 6onee nospnne apeen.
kxe ne npo s6ma1L, u1o npesnpem nn cen1ckn np nen 6or1m onm1
unannnsunn, nen s nneun n 1pypm, n no6epm, n cnay, u1o uepnme xn1m,
cen1m n ernn1nne yxe co6pnn cao ypox. oceam xe payx snpnmx pncknx
rpynn eue cospeann. Bonee 1oro, npen ccnpnn n rnn1 pcnpoc1pnnnncL noackpy,
kyp nponnkn kpoaL nx 1aopuoa: a Dqnonnn, a pann, n cpepnsenoopcko
no6epexLe, n snpe snn n a kxno peunn k sanc1n nocnepykunx rocyppc1a n
o6uec1a, ko1opme 6mnn o6peuenm n 1o, u1o6m cun11Lcn c a1n o6c1on1enLc1ao.
1k, neco1pn n npene6pexn1enLnoe o1nouenne k cen1ckn npop n
nsnexennm xn1enn rnn1, pnum-npnum n pnum-rpekn aounn a 6onLuo
nn1ennek1ynLnm no1ok a1nx npopoa, oksaunxcn n spaopkx no npnunne
a1nnueckoro pnc6nnc n upesepnoro konnuec1a ennncko kpoan. koneuno
cue1e spu roppmx npnuea n k1nanmx rpekoa caopnncL k 1oy, u1o6m 6pocn1L a
6eckpnee c1onuee osepo snn neckonLko xnan1enLnmx aneen1oa.
pnum-npnum, s1e pnum-rpekn pnn ccnpnn n rnn1y 1o, u1o nosxe pnum-
repnum noppnnn ny.
orp acn snpnn uc1L snn nepeun nop anc1L nepcoa, ncuesnn npnunnm c1po
apxpm expy sn1cko n ernne1cko unannnsunnn. Cn6me nonm1kn,
npepnpnnn1me a ponnne nn pnn aocc1noanennn nunonnLno nesancnoc1n,
npepc1annnn co6o konaynLcnn o6peuennoro. 6 ppeannx o6uec1a snpnoro np
1nro1enn k o6Lepnnennk, no1oy u1o nx pcm yxe ne nenn npexnnx nenpeoponnmx
psnnun. cnn 6m nepcm 6mnn 6onee norouncnennm, ecnn 6m, no npnepy 6onee
pnnnx saoea1ene, onn ornn ac1ynn1L a 6opL6y c cen1cknn ccn, 1koro 6m
ne cnyunnocL.
e ycnenn npnum - ropc1k nkpe - sxa1n1L a1n senn, kk co acex c1opon nx
okpyxnn oryun ccnpnckn pyx: on cxa1nn nx n uampnyn a cao aopoaopo1. Yxe
a upc1aoanne cmn np, a anoxy 6ns, anc1no nponanncL n1yp
xn1nsnpoannmx cen1oa: nx c1penenne k nopopnennk, ko1opoe, k cuc1Lk, ne
coc1onnocL. k canpe1enLc1aye1 epopo1, pnckn pyx ampepxn n1nck
any1pennero apr.
3pu sknkuncL a 1o, u1o6m p1L npop nopxopnuyk qopy npanennn.
nkko npo6nem ne 6mno pnn ccnpnuea, ko1opme cpsy ac1nn 6m n c1opony
npoc1oro 6conk1noro pecno1ns, aonnc1aennm saoea1enn npnunocL 6m
xopouenLko nopy1L np a1n. C1onknynncL 1pn nennn: peokp1nn (1n),
onnrpxnn (Mer6ns) n onpxnn ([pn). o6epnn nocnepnnn 1ouk spennn, opnko
noounnkn [pnn 6mnn nc1onLko opepxnm npee nesancnoc1n, u1o, apyun
anc1L ns6pnnoy upk, onn am1oproann pnn 1n n ero ceec1a npao oc11Lcn
ane pec1ann aepxoano anc1n s ncknkuenne o6nsnnoc1n co6nkp1L skonm.
ockonLky npn epopo1e 1knx c1penenn y nepcoa yxe ne n6nkpnocL, aennkn
nc1opnk ns onnn 6nropsyno npepynpexpe1, u1o a1o1 pccks oxe1 noks1Lcn
un11enn aecL nenpaponopo6nm, n on ne oco6enno nc1nae1 n ne.
ocne a1nx co6m1n nnepnn neckonLko ne1 xnn 6nrononyuno, s1e cen1ckn
6ecnopnpok norno1nn npnuea. unnn c upc1aoannn cmn cepkc c1noan1cn
oueanpno, u1o nepcm 6onLue ne ory1 6m1L anc1n1ennn np, n expy ropo asn1nn
nneann npnun n a1o anoxo ocn6nennn ne npouno n nony1op aekoa.
3pecL nc1opnn peunn yxe 1ecno cansn c ccnpnckn npo. 1nmne qnnnne n
cnp1num 6ypy1 qnrypnpoa1L a penx nonncknx kononn. 3pecL m oc1an
npnckyk rpynny n secn noam pnckn npopo, cm poc1onm, aepnee,
epnnc1aennm ee n1ronnc1o.
III. axm rk; cHck ncnm; am-
snnm
Coe ppeanee ncenenne peunn coc1onno nnonoanny ns cen1oa, nnonoanny ns
rpekoa [ acx ax cvkax, kacaxcn 3nnam, ynHacn
aravm Hcm nnHa. c cva aaxmH caH na
acn ka: amaa sx xn nnacraH. 3x, knc
Ha ax aaxmx nnH. axmHc vacn nnacr,
nnrm, kym, kaykm, am, HHkm, ram, akck
m, nm, sm, narm . cn nnann aa-
snna Hr Hcm ac mc cvn. ka,
4yk nnara, v cycaaana snnckan snxa, kra Hmca
Man nHna xn ran a amx nmkax. cn 776 r. . s. a
ac 3nna yx mn ncn aa-snna. kacacn
svck nm ara, cH. cnyy kry, r vu
caHmx ax xnnx anm.]. Upc1ao Cnunon ocnoann cen1m, a1o 6mno
nepaoe unannnsoannoe nocenenne peunn, npannn 1 unc1o cen1ckne nnn
ec1nme pnnc1nn, uLn nen ac1peuk1cn a nerenpx: nk, Oopone, renop,
[n, opp, ekponc. ce, k1o ne npnunn ns snn, cun1k1cn a1ox1onnmn n
coc1annk1 ocnoanyk ccy pcuae1unx rocyppc1a. o ypnan1enLno 1o, u1o a
ppeaneune apeen ne1 nnkknx nc1opnuecknx cnepoa pnuea-annnnoa. nn ne
ynonnk1cn nn a opno nqe. nn coaepuenno nensaec1nm a kon1nnen1nLno
peunn n 1e 6onee n oc1poax. [nn ac1peun c nnn npo o6p1n1Lcn k anoxe
[eaknnon, ko1opm ao rnae nenernuea n kype1oa - ec1nme, 1. e. ne pnckne
nneen - o6ocnoancn a Oeccnnn yxe nocne o6psoannn 1knx rocyppc1a, kk
Cnunon, proc, Onam n qnnm. pnuen on, kc11n, c ceaep.
kn o6pso, nunnn c ocnoannn Cnunon a 2164 r. po n. a. po npn6m1nn
[eaknnon a 1541 r., 1. e. a npoponxenne 600 ne1, m anpn a peunn 1onLko
ec1nme popnckne npopm n xn1o-cen1cknx nocenenuea.
pe xe o6n1nn n ue snnnncL pnum-annnnm a 1euenne a1nx uec1n c1one1n?
[ec1an1enLno nn onn nxopnnncL pneko o1 caoe 6ypyue popnnm? c1opnn onun1
n nx cue1 nc1onLko rnyxo, u1o oxno nopy1L, 6yp1o nx nonanenne cansno c
nene [eaknnon, u1o a1o nponsouno neoxnpnno n u1o po a1oro o nnx nnk1o ne
cnmun. 31e, onn1L-1kn appyr, [eaknnon n nokopenno sene pe1 xnsnL
Dnneny, y 1oro poxpk1cn cmnoaLn - [op, Don, cyq, nocnepnn c1noan1cn o1uo
xen n on; a1n ae1an pcm - popnum, aonum, xeum n nonnum - nunnk1
ocnpna1L 1eppn1opnn, npexpe ncenennme ncknkun1enLno a1ox1onnmn
nneenn n xnnennn. 1k, pnum-annnnm nkoneu o1mcknncL.
e c1on1 ypnann1Lcn o1pmaounoc1n a1nx caepenn. D1o o6munn neonnueckn
qop pccks, korp npopm coxpnnk1 a nsannn caoe nponcxoxpenne. pnko
ne1 nnkknx conenn a 1o, u1o a1opxenne n pccenenne 6enmx nneen nponcxopnnn
coace ne 1k. 6muno rpeccop ponro 6popn1 aponL rpnnu c1pnm, 6ypyue
xep1am, npexpe ue nepeceuL nx. pnum-annnnm ne 6mnn ncknkuenne ns a1oro
npann.
[o nonanennn [eaknnon a Oeccnnn nn ero npop ne ynonne1cn, noa1oy
oc1an nonm1kn o1mck1L ero n noco1pn, ke 6mn c [eaknnon, ko1opm, kk n
Dnnen, oc1ncn a nn1n nocnepykunx aekoa, 1. k. on c1n anonno pcm. une c
ero cmnoae, ocnoa1ene psnnunmx annnncknx nneen [Ha ncax
ack-snnck ranr, va, cHanvck, ava
cay vy kak m 1ncn ra kaxr snHa. 3,
kca, xaak nn acx aa, v kacacn x caan.
akH aH, Qakan nuk canu snnck acm,
naax, 1n a c a kcHrvck acnHan,
canu nna (a cHck-rvck a sy nu ra rrc),
Qakan cacay ry-m, acca, aa, r Hn
ncx ar cnaa, avar a a n, a
ycaam H, kyucn, vnak, km kycn, nuna
ar aa. aa nacn k ac a, . . a H
ayanuc, a xa, nanxaan Hy, k can n
anaan.].
ce onn nponsounn o1 [eaknnon n nppm, pouepn npopm. [op nun pccenn1L
caon nneen aokpyr nnn okono pnc. Don upc1aoan a Oeccnnn. cyq
pouen po enononnec. Dnnen, o1eu a1nx 1ponx repoea, nopopnn nx o1 kno
xenunnm, uLe ec1noe nponcxoxpenne nop1aepxpe1cn ee nene: nerenp nsmae1
ee pcen, 1. e. ropnnk. npop 1oxe ne ns annnnckoro pop. n amun ns nnon
n ne nee1 nnkkoro o1nouennn k pnu: on 6mn a1ox1onno n amun syx s
6p1 caoero cosp1enn. kn o6pso, n1pnpxn annnnckoro ceec1a ne
nannk1cn unc1okpoanmn. 1o kce1cn npopm, on c1n xeno uyxeseu, ee
pouL npp amun s ppyroro uyxeseu, n cynpyrn nocne no1on co1aopnnn nkpe
ns kne: npn a1o nenLsn ne acnonn1L kn1ckn nq o n-y, ko1opm
cc1epnn nepamx nkpe ns rnnnm, xo1n c 6mn uenoaeko. spenennme orponm
pcc1onnne pncko-rpeueckn n pncko-kn1ckn npen nunn npen1nunoe
aonnouenne.
[eaknnon, nepam rpek, nnn nepam npepc1an1enL ceunno pcm, nnonoanny
cen1, 6mn cmno poe1en n nnenm, amuepue ns ken [H av
ncan. cm aa, r a nr cHcaa, kak
cva c nnn. r Hau mna n, v aycHmcn
ykamaa a r svck rravck k. yrH
cvkaH, cm Yaa. sH Hm nraH nx.]. 3pecL nano
uyac1aye1cn o1knonenne o1 nepaonc1ounnk, u1o kce1cn nponcxoxpennn poe1en.
cnn [eaknnon c1n anonno caonx no1okoa, snun1 y nero 6mn nnn a1nnueckn
npnpop, ue y o1u. a1o coaepuenno oueanpno. pnko npnecL cen1cko nnn
ec1no kpoan ne oxe1 onpepenn1L ero popocnoanyk: ee npo nck1L a o1uoacko
nnnnn, nnue [eaknnon ne 6mn 6m nsan npo1o1nno uenoaek a annnncko
nerenpe, a rpeuecknx pccksx cen1ckoro nponcxoxpennn on qnrypnpoan 6m
nocne xnnenncknx repoea, corncno xpononornn. Cnepoa1enLno, [eaknnon
o6nsn oco6m noue1o caoey o1uy, n ero cnepye1 nsma1L no o1uoacko pce.
poe1e 6mn 1n1no, 1k xe kk n ero 6p1 Dnneqe, no xencko nnnnn o1 nnx
nponsounn pnum-annnnm. Cnepoa1enLno, nnk1o ne oxe1 ocnopn1L, u1o pnum-
annnnm po [eaknnon, pnum-annnnm, eue ne 1k 1ecno cansnnme nn c cen1n,
nn c 6opnrenn, - a1o 1n1nm [c na cna a Ha,
avar , k nca yk. ak acck am
amaan cax nka, aHx, caHka aua aa an
n aaa, camx yn a ca- Q cva aa
namH nuH n nnuH. ccanckH av
cxancu cnm s a a y ccana ava
rcn, axu.].
3pecL m anpn oueanpnoe popc1ao.
pnnm oen1 yc1noaneno, u1o rpekn - ceunnme no1okn a1o cnano n
6ecnokono pcm. pnko eue ec1L conennn, 6mnn nn cn 1n1nm a1nn
annnnn, nekorp nopaaunn c pnckn ceec1ao n cknonx yc, uLe
ponroe ny1euec1ane, kk npepnonre1cn, npoxopnno a ropx n ceaepe ccnpnn n
aponL cnnckoro opn. o npape roaopn, ecnn 6m renenornn 1n1noa coaepuenno
s1epnncL a aekx, a1o1 qk1 a nk6o cnyue oxno 6mno 6m nop1aeppn1L
qnnonornuecknn n qnsnonornuecknn pnnmn, no nockonLky n ce cue1 nek1cn
ncnme nc1opnueckne canpe1enLc1a, n ne npenny aocnonLsoa1Lcn nn.
n1nm 6mnn cmnoaLnn ppeanero pnckoro 6or, nsaec1noro a npnn - a
aepnuecknx 1ekc1x ero soay1 pyn, - ko1oporo noun1nn npepkn 6eno pcm n uLe
nn annnnm coxpnnnn a 1euenne ponrnx aekoa: a1o Ypn. n1nm, cmnoaLn Ypn,
coro ppeanero 6or pnuea, 1kxe 6mnn pnun "n roaopnnn n nsmke, ko1opm
nee1 6onLuoe cxopc1ao c cnckpn1o, senpckn, kenL1ckn n ppeanecnannckn.
n1nm, saoea1enn ropnmx o6nc1e ceaepno peunn, nkpn aonnc1aennme n
neykpo1nme, oc1annn a nn1n cen1ckoro ncenennn Dnnpm n a co6c1aenno
no1oc1ae 1y xe cyk nopcksky o caoe nponcxoxpennn, ko1opyk sneu1nenn a
nc1opnn ppyrnx npopoa ppeanne 6enme xn1m, nepame nnpycm, ernne1ckne pnum
n pnum n1n [nn an, v aH akanucaa aa
Hx cvau ana Qaka, anvanm a aka. Yaaxa
cax n, aaaa raH nx a Hn, nvn na
mky. 3 cacay ycckH acckH akaH, a sx
cnaax ack yx. ac, v rk cay kaancu a
nvau mka. ra H nxncu ncu s xa a xay,
ycaaan nannaay H, a k rnaam x, naa
mka, yran, caannn n vnaky, nn kr mn raaa s
cnkaknu.]. x o6oxec1annnn, nx c1annn amue acex uenoaeuecknx cyuec1a, 1e
cm o1pan ponxnoe cm nepam npop 6eno pcm n nx norouncnennoy,
xo1n n ne c1onL cnanoy no1oc1ay.
n1nm snnnn ceaepnyk uc1L peunn. x noxop n kr aosrnannn [eaknnon
aec1e c ec1nmn aonnn, o1nnuaunncn o1 npepaopn1enn no kpoan. npoue, on
n c 6mn e1nco. n1nm ceunanncL c ppyrnn nneenn n noc1enenno 1epnnn
caok cnay a ceaepnmx sennx Dnnpm - a onnn, Dnnpe, Mkeponnn: nepep 1e,
kk ncuesny1L, onn nepepnn caon kuec1a ec1nm npop [ x nmn
am-snnm a kH cHmcn am a, nam ca
sr aH snHaH. c xaakm cc s acm
axm a nr, nnaamcn aH c . 3 mn kynu
3aca.].
D1n npopm ne 6mnn xn1ennn Opknn n apnpm n ne npnnpnexnn k unc1o xen1o
pce. a1oy apeenn kenL1m n cnanne pounn po Dakcnn, po rpeuecknx rop n
ppn1nkn. nn npopannynncL eue pnLue. Mccoaoe nepecenenne ceaepnmx 6enmx
nneen nop cnnLnm n1ncko onronLcknx opp sc1anno pnuea, xnaunx n kre,
n sn1cknx nnockoropLnx, cnyc1n1Lcn aponL xpe61oa nnpy-yu; nepecenennn
nponcxopnnn eue 1orp, korp 1n1nm nonannncL s npepenn Opknn. enL1m a
XVII a. po n. a. n cnanne, ko1opme ac1peunncL a cnnnn eue pnLue, nspan
noknnynn caok popnny a Cn6npn n o1npannncL a ny1L no ceaepnm 6eper on1
Dakcnnckoro. o a1o npnunne a xnnm pnuea-annnnoa nonn xen1n kpoaL uepes
nneen, neaune 1ecnme kon1k1m c qnncknn npopn [nn an, v
rvck nmk cx akck nnck k,
yacnaam kaka aa-snna ax aa c
acnH, raamH a sx avnx. Mnn cnaana Hva,
v snnm ayn akaH x a ns ana. Qnn
nknka n Hnn k cay Ha mna knmnu Hanu
kynuym.].
ocne [eaknnon, nunnn c XVI a. po n. a. [ayxmH rnaH aa
yrcu amx naHnka n caa c , cc,
rnH ax aH Bak. anH, a 2164 r. . s.
ncn xaaan, a am-snnm nmn mcu cn cnycn.],
nneen, o6ocnoaaunecn a Mkeponnn, Dnnpe, kpnnnn, D1onnn, opnn cnoao,
n ceaepnmx sennx, co6pnn a ce6e ocnoanme pnckne uep1m n nepamn c1nn
nsma1Lcn annnnn.
Cpepn a1nx uep1 npeo6npn aonnc1aennm pyx. 6psuo annnncko po6nec1n
nanne1cn xp6pm 6mc1ponorn qeccnneu. nnpe on nso6pxen 6ecc1punm
aonno, npesnpkun oncnoc1L, o6oxkun 6n1am n aepnm ponry. ro oxno
cpann1L c reponn nnpyccko anonen, Lxna n noasnn 1py6pypoa.
oo6ue o1nnun1enLno uep1o a1oro ceec1a 6mn aneprnunoc1L. coepnnennn c
ncnm yo on acerp n ackpy pekoenpye1cn npan1enn. Ceaep peunn ao ace
apeen noc1annn kry cmx c1oknx conp1, npnue a 6onLuo konnuec1ae, n eue
ponroe apen nocne 1oro, kk oc1nLnn 1eppn1opnn c1pnm yxe nxopnncL nop
anc1Lk cen1cknx aneen1oa, n ceaepe 6mnn o1axnme aonnm. C ppyro c1oponm,
npo npnsn1L, u1o ecnn ceaepnne 6mnn cnnLnm a 6ok, a konpoannn, oprnnsunn
n ynpanennn, 1o onn nnkorp ne o1nnunncL cnoco6noc1nn a ppyrnx npnmx penx.
Cpepn nnx ne1 snenn1mx xypoxnnkoa, ckynLn1opoa, k1epoa, op1opoa, noa1oa nnn
nc1opnkoa. pnnc1aennoe, u1o cyen cpen1L nx nnpnueckn renn, - a1o nopopn1L
nnpp, ko1opm 6mn pepkn ncknkuenne a Beo1nn. qnnx upnn kpeckn
pyx, ko1opm ne o1nnuncn nn nsmcknnm nsmko, nn apoxnoaenno mcnLk, s1o
noc1annn nennkoa pnn ace snn n nnorp pan kpynnmx rocyppc1aennmx yxe
pnn Dnnpm. pnnue pcnpoc1pnennn pyx ceaepnmx rpekoa 6mnn Onam [4am
canu cnyxn vkH aanH nn ayx ac. aH
ncxx ra acckamaacn a ayx nrax a ackan,
kan nncmaa vcu can Hy 3acy, aan cHckan,
crnac k namH r aH mn xaaan aH. 3cu
nHmam aack, snnck-ack Hcm a, km
cnan a c Hnr rka nv nnmH.
am aHa sa nyaa nuk acna n annH cHanHa
annr.].
1k, ceaep acerp o1nnuncn nnn1pnc1cknn n suc1yk rpy6mn nnc1nnk1n n
npk1nunoc1Lk, ace a1o o6Lncnne1cn cokso 6eno pcm c xen1mn npnnunnn.
pesynL11e m anpn npko ampxennyk npk1nunoc1L n coace no uyac1aennoro
aoo6pxennn. poe 1oro, a 1ex ponx aponm, rpe eue a rny6oko ppeanoc1n
upnnn annnnm, m n6nkpe a1nnueckyk n opnLnyk n1n1esy 1oy, u1o
nponcxopnno a npnn, epcnn n rnn1e. ko xe kon1pc1 npncy1c1aye1 a npopx
kxno peunn. n c1noan1cn psn1enLnm no epe 1oro, kk m c kon1nnen1
nonpe n oc1poa, c oc1poaoa a sn1ckne kononnn.
yxe ynonnn nnpy pnn 1oro, u1o6m p1L xpk1epnc1nky pncknx n
opnoapeenno qnncknx npnsnkoa y ceaepnmx rpekoa. 1o6m npepc1an1L pncko-
cen1ckn pyx kxnmx rpekoa, poc11ouno npo1naonoc1an1L xnnny n nppy xn1poro
Ynncc. m nonyun 1nnnunoro rpek qnnnkncko sknkn, a popy ko1oporo
naepnnk 6mno 6onLue 1epe xnncknx, nexenn pncknx. p6pm, no 1onLko
a nny1m neo6xopnoc1n, npenyuec1aenno koapnm, o6np1enL uae1nc1oro nsmk
- kk neoc1opoxnm 6mnn 1e, k1o annn ey! nkkn noxL ero ne cyue1, nnkkn
nopnoc1L ero ne oc1nannae1. n sne1 ace. Bmc1po1 ero y ypnan1enLn, n
6esrpnnuno ero ynopc1ao a poc1nxennn uenn. pn ace a1o on - pneu.
pnko npoponxn pncoa1L a1o1 nop1pe1.
ne roaopn1 cen1ckn kpoaL, korp on c1epn1 caoe 6punoe noxe a onnakoao
poue - nc1onun uepeap, nnkpyc1npoannm cnonoao koc1Lk. pcnopeunam,
o6npkun xypoxec1aennm 1nn1o, koapnm n oncnm, conneennnk n
conepnnk 1oproau-nnp1 ns Cnpon, cen1op, ko1opm npann pqreno, noakn
n coo6psn1enLnm, nenokone6nm a caonx asrnnpx, cnoco6nm ynpann1L caonn
c1pc1nn n ycnpn1L uyxne c1pc1n, xnpnokpoanm, korp a1o amropno, ckponm,
no1oy u1o roppmnn ec1L nenoakn knunnaoc1L psy. o1 a nop1pe1 pnu.
nkkoro conennn a 1o, u1o Ynncc ponxen opone1L nkc, nc1nnnoro pnu-qnnn.
peueckn 1nn, k ko1opoy o1nocn1cn cmn ap1, cospn pnn 6onee amcoko n
c1pen1enLno, no 6onee xpynko qop1ynm, ue ero conepnnk. peunn o6nsn caoe
cnao pnckoy aneen1y, o6Lepnnnaueycn c cen1cko kpoaLk, 6onLuoe
aneunee annnnne a1o c1pnm - a1o pesynL11 pen1enLnoc1n onronnsnpoannmx
ceaepnmx nneen.
uenL pano, sponro po 1oro, kk nepame nneen pnuea-rpekoa, nponcxopnaune
o1 coks 6opnrenoa c 1n1nn, npnunn a 11nky n enononnec, xnnckne
nepecenenum yxe nnpannnn caon 6pkn k rpeueckn 6eper. Ceropnn nou1n nnk1o
ne cun1e1, u1o cpepn a1nx uyxeseuea 6mnn ernn1nne. ocnepnne ne 6mnn
kononns1opn, onn oc1anncL y ce6n po, onn ponro ne ornn oanpe1L opckn
no6epexLe pxe caoe senn. nxnkk uc1L penL1m o6nk6oann npopm cen1cko
nnn xn1cko pcm. 3pecL nponern aennkn ny1L a snpnyk qpnky. cnn kkne-
1o o1unnnme ny1euec1aennnkn n npnnnmann a peunk, a1o ne 6mnn ernn1nne,
ckopee acero qnnnknum. ce nen ppeannx npan1ene peunn, ko1opme ne 6mnn
6opnrenn, ncknkun1enLno cen1ckne: nk, se, Oere, no6, renop, p,
opp. cknkuenne coc1anne1 Oopone, ko1oporo ccounnpyk1 c ernne1ckn Op, n
nnc. o Oopone - cmn nk, 6p1 Oeren, o1eu no6. opoue roaopn, po VII a. po
n. a. ne orno 6m1L noc1onnnmx kon1k1oa expy peune n c1pno qponoa.
n nk 6nnsko k cnoay nk [ xaaackH nmk aak ava
anka, . . cnum vnak.], DanLp n ppyrne a6pnc1m npnpk1 a1oy
6onLuoe a1nnueckoe snuenne. cnn 6m a1o nn neno nonn1nanoe snuenne, 1. e.
yksmano n pcoayk npnnpnexnoc1L, 1orp ono canpe1enLc1aoano 6m o popc1ae c
unc1o uepnmn nneenn, nsrnnnmn ns nn n 6popnaunn no nec n
xnaunn a neuepx Cenp. pnko a1o noaepon1no, n ne cnepye1 ny11L nn nk
co cnoao nk, ecnn nck1L expy nnn kkyk-nn6o cansL, 1o on nxopn1cn
ropspo rny6xe, ue a npoc1o cxopc1ae cnoroa.
Cnepoa1enLno, kononnc1m, npnuepune c kr n aoc1ok, coc1onnn ncknkun1enLno ns
uepnmx xn1oa n nepeeunnmx cen1oa. nn nxopnnncL n cmx psnmx ypoannx
unannnsoannoc1n n o1nnunncL neaepon1nm psnoo6psne pcoamx 1nnoa.
1e pnekne apeen nn a opno ppyro c1pne ne 6mno 1knx a1nnuecknx
nep1yp6un n noc1onnnmx nepeeuenn ncenennn. C oc1poaoa nnn c sn1ckoro
kon1nnen1 noc1onnno npn6mann noame 1onnm, ncmuennme uepno kpoaLk, c
ceaep unn ppyrne nneen, nepeeunnme c xen1mn aneen1n, cnanne n
kenL1m - ace onn necnn c co6o caon npnamukn n npam [3 xac kvancn,
amaxancu a Hxca anka. c ax rau H, v x
an a vm rynnm cky, cky, sncky
avcky s ckyccaan cxHa nnra, kan a k H
axa cr nnxn a.].
1o6m o6Lncnn1L 1koe o6nnne nunonnLnoc1e n 1ecno nonyoc1poae, nou1n
nsonnpoanno o1 np, ne npo s6ma1L, kkne rpnpnosnme nepeenm npnnecnn
qnnckne npopm a kxnyk uc1L kon1nnen1. Oeccnnckne n keponckne aonnm a
okpec1noc1nx kpnnnn 6mnn nepamn xep1an yuuaunxcn n6eroa; uepnme
xn1m n cen1m, npn6maune c aoc1ok n kr, 6exnn o1 nnornunmx co6m1n
nck1L cuc1Ln a peunn, nx senn c1nn po6mue eapecknx nnn p6cknx
sxa1unkoa.
D1n 1onnm aoopyxennmx 6erneuoa a enononnece, 11nke, pronnpe, Beo1nn, pkpnn
ac1ynnn a cpxennn ppyr c ppyro. pesynL11e nonannncL noame no6epn1enn n
no6expennme, nsrnnnnkn n yrne1ennme, ko1opme yc1pennnncL n snp, a
Cnunnnk, 1nnk, nnnpnk nnn aosapunncL a snk. Dnnp nnonnn rny6okne
nm n pne pekn, kyp yc1pennk1cn orponme ccm aopm, cospan aopoaopo1m.
ne 6mno 1 nn o1pmx, nn nokon. eponueckne apeen 1onLko nunnk1cn,
nc1opnn, npene6pern nkpLn, coxpnne1 1onLko 6oroa. osxe Mys, nkoneu,
ycnokonncL n sroaopnn psynm nsmko, nso6pxn rpeueckne npopm.
1. Dnnnnm. pnum, ann1aune a ce6n xen1me npnnunnm, coxpnnn, 1e ne enee,
6enyk cyunoc1L n nenoro cen1cko kpoan.
2. 6opnrenm. Cnanncko-kenL1ckoe ncenenne, ncmuennoe xen1mn aneen1n.
3. Opknum. pnum, ceunnme c kenL1n n cnannn.
4. Onnnknum. epnme xn1m.
5. p6m n eapen. Ceunnme cen1m.
6. Onnnc1nnnne. Bonee unc1me cen1m.
7. nanum. ou1n uepnme xn1m.
8. pn1nne n ppyrne oc1poanme nneen. Cen1m, noxoxne n qnnnc1nnnn.
D1 kp1nn pneko ne nonnn [ ann H a cva, v
nnacr ccaann nuy a n acy. acvacn a amx
Hcax vac cam nvacn yr yra. kak x ncmaa
sknnn 3ma ya: nacr s nc u, nman
acnk cvck anuc. 3 "kam", . "a", "nk",
"arm". na "nnacr" mn mv nn a aaa aa
n acm. nrvck ccn k aH aHaH
nnHaH, km kra- an a s ca ykaan a
ncxx. x s aaa can nHnu k nnmH
nnHaH v ak x, kak a nmnH ak cvan, v rm s ckm,
rm . ., ax axn cak sr rHackr aa a mHy.].
ne ne1 nn opnoro unc1oro aneen1. s aocLn - uec1L copepx1 a psno
c1enenn ennnckne npnnunnm, pa - xen1me aneen1, eue pa - 6enm
aneen1, npnan1m k xn1cko pce, 1. e. aecL ocn6nennm, 1pn npop
npepc1annk1 co6o cecL 6eno n cen1cko kpoan, pa o1nocn1cn k pncko ae1an,
1pn o6Lepnnnk1 a ce6e o6 nocnepnnx nc1ounnk. s acero cksnnoro n penk
cnepykune amaopm.
ueno ponnnpye1 6enm npnnunn, pnckn cyunoc1L pspenne1 nepaenc1ao c
cen1cko, nockonLky a1opxennn pnuea-annnnoa 6mnn nn6onee ccoamn n
cospnn ocnoay ncenennn peunn. e ne enee cen1cko kpoan nc1onLko noro,
u1o on oksmae1 snun1enLnoe annnnne. syee1cn, a1o cyxpenne o1nocn1cn k
kxno peunn, 11nke, enononnecy, kononnn, kopoue roaopn, k peunn xypoxnnkoa
n yuenmx. ceaepe ennnckne aneen1m nou1n o1cy1c1ayk1. anoxy ponncko
aonm a1n ponm amsmann 6onLuyk os6ouennoc1L kxnmx rpekoa, ue sn1ckne
npopm.
[eno a 1o, u1o a 1o1 nepnop, korp nncn epopo1, peunn c 6mn sn1cko
c1pno, n ee nonn1nk ocyuec1annncL npn paope aennkoro upn. ce, u1o
nponcxopnno any1pn - ace, u1o oc1nocL aennkn n 6nropopnm a nn1n no1okoa,
- 6mno nesnun1enLnm n a1opnunm a cpanennn c aneunnn co6m1nnn, nn1n
ko1opmx pepxnn nepcm.
ocne 1oro, kk rnne1 npeap1nncn a npoannunk xennpoa, a snpno npe
6onLue ne 6mno payx unannnsun, kk npexpe. Conepnnuec1ao expy aqp1o n
nno npekp1nnocL; ne 6mno nn ccnpnn, nn rnn1, aec1o a1oro aoupnncn
konponcc sn1ckoro 1nn. pnko ccnpnckn npnnunn ace eue coxpnnn caoe
annnnne. Mnouncnennme nepcm ne cornn ero 1pncqopnpoa1L nnn o6noan1L. nn
oksnncL poc11ouno cnnLnm, u1o6m npnp1L ey nnynLc, kkoro onn ne nonyunnn
o1 xnpecknx pnnc1n, n nop 1nxec1Lk a1oro srnnakuero konocc oppnxneaun
rnne1 pyxnyn n npeap1nncn a npx. sene 6onLue ne cyuec1aoano 1pe1Le
unannnsunn, ko1opn orn 6m senn1L c1pme pepxam. epep nnuo ccnpnn
peunn ne npepc1annn co6o 1kyk xe co6m1nyk kynL1ypy, kk ernne1ckn, n
xo1n rpekn o1nnunncL caonn poc1onnc1an, 6onLun uc1L nx coc1anmx
aneen1oa 6mn snc1aoan y cen1cknx npopoa cpepnsenoopckoro no6epexLn.
poksma1L a1o1 qk1 yxe ne c1on1.
Cn rpekn 6onLuoe annnne ypennnn saoeannn unannnsunn - kk onn a1o
nsmann, 1. e. snc1aoannk sn1cknx 6oroa, por1oa, pn1ynoa, a 1o uncne
uypoanunmx qn1sn, npnuepunx o1 cocepnnx npopoa, s6ma o6 pncko
npoc1o1e caonx npepkoa. nn npepnoun1nn sn1ckn o6ps munennn. nn oxo1no
yuc1aoann a penx, nn1epecx, konqnnk1x rpopnoro kon1nnen1; neco1pn n
cosnnne co6c1aenno snunoc1n n n 1o, u1o onn cun1nn acex oc1nLnmx
apapn, rpekn c nou1enne co1penn n snk.
ok ccnpnum 6mnn nesancnm, rpekn 6mnn cn6m n nouncnennm, no korp
annnnm pspennnn cuc1nnayk cypL6y pnuea-npnuea, y nnx nonanncn am6op:
npo1naoc1on1L nnn nopunnn1Lcn rocyppc1a epepne snn. m6op onpepennn nx
cn6oc1L. nn corncnnncL c no6eponocno n nenpepekeo anc1Lk aennkoro upn
n c1nn xn1L nop cenLk ero oryuec1a - ecnn ne a kuec1ae noppnnmx, 1o ao
acnko cnyue a kuec1ae npo1exe.
ouy noa1opn1L, u1o ace cnoco6c1aoano a1oy. opc1ao c sn1n 6mno ouenL
1ecnm, unannnsunn c1onn n sn1cko qynpen1e, nkoneu, 6es noppepxkn
nepcoa n ne ypnocL 6m psana1L caoe rocyppc1ao, 1. k. ccnpnn 1ppnunonno
noppepxnan nonnckne kononnn. 1k, cypL6 kononn sancen o1 cypL6m
e1pononn [13) yvm acr s kamaa na numcaa
rvckx rcyaca a aHn ncck am. a n na
na an x cka caxancu 50 mcnv nmx aa
Hrvcnan snnckan ka. 3 acka ncaan m,
a m, nkm, Hanm, ccanm, . . acn acvan n.
H Hx naau ca. naanu, cnan kaan
nuk nnc ka. x sy ay, r Human vacu
aaana c num, naan a aanuy cnaay.].
Mexpy pnun-rpekn n pnun-npnun 6mno corncne. Cansykun saeno
nannncL cen1ckn cc, ko1opo n 1e n ppyrne npannn a caonx c1pnx n ko1opo
pno nnn nospno npepc1onno norno1n1L nx.
Moxe1 noks1Lcn c1pnnm, u1o n aepy peuL o anpmuec1ae pnuea-rpekoa np
cen1n nocne 1oro, kk noksn, u1o 6onLuyk uc1L nx unannnsunn coc1annnn
cen1m. 1o6m yc1pnn1L a1o npo1naopeune, nnonk npnaepennoe amue seunne.
oaopn o 1o, u1o rpeueckn kynL1yp nee1 a ocnoano cen1ckoe nponcxoxpenne, n
cpenn opny oroaopky, ko1opyk m pcco1pn ceuc; peuL npe1 o 1o, u1o
nepao6m1nn nc1opnn annueckoro annnnns aknkue1 a ce6n 1pn coaepuenno
pncknx aneen1: rocyppc1aennoe munenne, aoennm 1nn1 n nn1ep1ypnm
renn. D1n aneen1m o6ycnoanenm coepnnenne payx pncknx nnc1nnk1oa: psy n
c1penennn k nonesnoy.
cnoao rocyppc1aenno pok1pnnm pnuea-annnnoa 6mn nnunn cao6op. opoun
n skonnm cun1nocL ace, u1o orno o6ecneun1L a1o npao a kcnnLno aosoxno
epe. ce, u1o ero orpnnunano, o1aeprnocL. a1o sknkue1cn ouyuenne repoea
oep, n a1o m anpn 1onLko a co nune pncknx o6uec1a.
spe reponuecknx anox n pxe ponroe apen nocne nnx rpeueckne rocyppc1a
ynpannk1cn a coo1ae1c1ann c npnnunnn, ko1opme nenn ec1o a npnn, epcnn n,
a onpepenenno c1enenn, a co nune c1noanennn kn1ckoro o6uec1a,
nenno: onpxnueckn anc1L, orpnnuennn a1opn1e1o aoxpe nneennmx
ceec1a, cnno 1ppnun n pennrnosnmn yc1noanennnn. 3pecL oxno o1e1n1L
nunonnLnyk psppo6nennoc1L n nanme cnepm qeopnLno neppxnn, c1onL
ec1ec1aenno pnn pnuea n nannkue co6o npexnm un1 npo1na rnanmx
nepoc11koa a1o co psppo6nennoc1n kk cnepc1ane nesancnoro pyx. Mm
anpn pennsunk a1nx npnnunnoa ao anc1n renon, upn upe, 1kxe n
npnepe xp6poro npan1enn 1kn. kpynnmx ropopx npan1 o6uec1aennoe
nenne, xo1n rse1 1 ne 6mno, s1o ne 6mno nepoc11k a 6nunosnmx
kpcnopeunamx op1opx [m a caHH avan ncaannn c
cknn cknukx cn. naa ccnna nn ncn
kra mna rH. x caH Hx ckaau Ma. r
ax Mra aar. kam nr aHn xn a ncnkax, aa
kak snm. kacacn cam H, c H km
amckamaancu na nynn anac ax na caHr
nna.]. 1o6m nyuue nonn1L, ue 6mn rpeueckn upL nepep nnuo noxec1a
1pypnoc1e, poc11ouno acnonn1L paopuoam 6yn1 Ynncc npo1na nk6oannkoa
enenonm. 3pecL m anpn, n kko sm6ko nouae snxpnncL anc1L npan1enn,
neco1pn n 1o, u1o n ero c1opone 6mnn n npao n sppam cmcn.
a1o onopo 6ypnnue o6uec1ae pnckn renn ycneuno apoxnoannn annuecknx
noa1oa. nnm, ppecoannme 6or, copepxnn ckopee nsnoxenne co6m1n, nexenn
xany. pen nnpnkn eue ne npnuno. peueckn repo cpxncn, c1on n pncko
konecnnue, pnpo c aosnnun 6nropopnmx, uc1o koponeacknx kpoae, 1k xe, kk
6pxnckn cy1; ero 6orn 6mnn ckopee pyxoanmn snkn, ne nekunn
onpepenenno qopm, nouncnennmn n nerko caopnmn a rpynny, ko1opn
nponcxopn1 ns okpec1noc1e nnea.
1y ouenL pnekyk anoxy unannns1opckn apoxnoannkun ouL npanrncL c
ceaep: n kre ee ne 6mno. n npnxopnn ns Opknn c pqee, Mysn n nnee.
peueckne aonnm 6mnn amcokn poc1o, 6enokoxn n 6enokypm. nx rnsx o1pxnocL
cnnee ne6o, n a1 uep1 nc1onLko sneu1nencL a nn1n nocnepykunx nokonenn,
u1o, korp uepnm nonn1ens aec1e c pc1yun no1oko cen1cknx nepecenenuea
oxa1nn ace o6nc1n n ace ym n yc1noann caon can1nnnu n ec1e npoc1mx
kennmx nrpooxpenn, ko1opmn poaonLc1aoanncL npepkn, nnamcun
ampxenne npekpcnoro, aennuec1aennoro pnn onnnnuea oc1ancn 1nnnunm
pneu c rony6mn rnsn, 6enokypmn aonocn - amcokn, c11nm, cnnLnm.
1e1n ppyro, ne enee kpcnopeunam npnsnk. rnn1e, ccnpnn, npnn
cun1nocL, u1o 6enme nkpn - a1o 6orn, nnn cyuec1a, cnoco6nme c11L 6orn, n
ponyckncL aosoxnoc1L 6opL6m n no6epm 6enmx aonnoa np ne6oxn1ennn. kne
xe nonn1nn m anpn a nepao6m1nmx o6uec1ax peunn - n yxe roaopnn a1o a cansn
c 1n1nn n noa1opk eue ps a o1nouennn nx npnmx no1okoa, [eaknnonnpoa.
nn xp6po cpxnncL co caepxLec1ec1aennmn cyuec1an n
nepconnqnunpoannmn cnnn npnpopm. [noep pnnn enepy; epkn y6nn
canuennmx n1nu c osep C1nqnnpm, on spyunn rnrn1oa, pe1e 3enn, on naopnn
yxc nop caopn nopsenmx paopuoa; ece, ko1opm npouncn no acey cae1y c
euo a pykx, - a1o nc1nnnm cknpnna. pnn cnoao, pnum-rpekn, kk n nx
nppopn1enn, nc1onLko amcoko uenn1 npa cnnLnoro, u1o pnn nnx ne1 nnuero
neaosoxnoro.
kpn, c1onL xpnme po cnam, nouec1e n nesancnoc1n, ec1ec1aennm o6pso
c1pennncL aosamcn1Lcn ppyr np ppyro n 1pe6oann nenoepnmx nouec1e. 6mno
nepoc11ouno orpnnun1L counnLnyk anc1L n cpen1L ee sancno o1 am6opoa, onn
xo1enn, u1o6m nx noun1nn n cnannn ne 1onLko kk pnuea - cao6opnmx aonnoa, -
no kk ann1y a cce cao6opnmx aonnoa-pnuea. kne 6nunn sc1annnn kxporo
npnnr1L ace ycnnnn, nockonLky pnn 1oro, u1o6m poc1nuL npepnonreoro npen,
ne 6mno nnoro ny1n, kpoe kk 6m1L npenLnm pnue, 6onLuoe annnne
ypennnocL unc1o1e kpoan.
nc1opnueckne apeen a1o nonn1ne ncksnnocL. e ppeanee 6mn ceLn, 1e 6mno
6onLue ocnoann, u1o6m cun11Lcn 6nropopnm. a1o cnyue oxno roaopn1L o6
sn1cknx kopnnx, a 1o uncne neko1opmx nsaec1nmx qnncknx ceec1a. o n spe
qopnpoannn nunn npao nsma1Lcn unc1m pnue 6mno epnnc1aennm snoro
neocnopnoro npeaocxopc1a. pen pcoao unc1o1m cyuec1aoan n y cmx
ppeannx rpekoa n ao acex 6enmx rpynnx. a1o1 nnc1nnk1 ac1peue1cn a nonno epe
1onLko a a1o rpynne n nsenne1cn no epe ceuennn c xen1o n uepno pcn,
ko1opm on acerp 6mn uyxp.
kn o6pso, rpeueckoe o6uec1ao, eue coace onopoe, neppxnsnpoanocL no
6nropopc1ay poxpennn. npo co cao6opo n c oco6enno peannao cao6opo
pnuea-annnnoa ne1 nn 1enn cao6opm expy oc1nLnmn o6n11ennn senn n nx
ypunnamn rocnopn. Cknne1p a npnnunne pancn n am6opx, opnko a cnny
nou1ennn k ppeann pop nensenno nxopnncn a pykx neckonLknx ceec1a. pen
popoaoro npeaocxopc1a npnaopnn pnuea-rpekoa k 1kn xe pesynL11, ko1opme
m anpenn a rnn1e n npnn, 1. e y nnx 1kxe cyuec1aoann kc1oame psnnunn n
nerncnme skonm, snpeuaune ceuenne pc. Bonee 1oro, onn npnennnn a1n
skonm po nocnepnero apeenn caoero nonn1nueckoro cyuec1aoannn. Bmnn
xpeueckne ceec1a, ko1opme popnnnncL 1onLko expy co6o, n rpxpnckn skon
acerp 6mn cypoa k o1npmck rpxpn, cansnnmx 6pko c uyxeseun. Mexpy
1e xouy 1y1 xe cks1L, u1o a1n orpnnuennn 6mnn ne ouenL c1pornn. a1o cmcne
nx nenLsn cpann1L c skonn nn n pLnap1m. pncko-rpeueckn pc, neco1pn
n ocosnnne caoero npeaocxopc1a np cen1ckn ncenenne, ko1opoe okpyxno n
nponn1mano ee co acex c1opon, nen nepoc11ouno onm1 a cpanennn c ppyrnn
ppeannn unannnsunnn. ocnepnne nonLsoanncL caon, 1k cks1L, aneunn
npenyuec1ao, ko1opoe ne nosaonnno nrnopnpoa1L nx n o1ks1Lcn o1 coks c
nnn. c1oan cnc1e acerp oc1ancL a su1ouno coc1onnnn n ne psanancL.
nn1epecx annnnns cnnuko uc1o npnxopnnocL cornu1Lcn n esnLnncm.
a1o o1nouennn cn1yunn cnnLno nnonnn 1y, a ko1opo nosxe oksnncL
repnum.
k 6m 1o nn 6mno, y pnuea-rpekoa upesamuno cnnLn 6mn npen 6nropopc1a
kpoan, rpxpne noppspennnncL 1onLko no poc1onnc1a nponcxoxpennn -
nnpnanpynLnme po6pope1enn c1onnn n a1opo ec1e. oa1opnk eue ps: paenc1ao
npoaosrnunocL a nonno epe. xpm, k1o roppnncn caon nponcxoxpenne, ne
xenn cnn1Lcn c 1onno.
xpm npe1enpoan n 1o, u1o6m 6m1L cao6opnm n nonLsoa1Lcn noue1o n
aocxnuenne, n kxpm c1penncn npn6p1L k pyk kk oxno 6onLue anc1n.
ueanpno, a1o 6mno 1pypno pennsoa1L a 1ko o6uec1ae, n pxe c upL, nc1mpL
npop, npexpe ue amcksma1L caoe nepenne, ponxen 6mn ysn1L, yropno nn ono
6or, xpeu, nkpn amcokoro sannn, aonn, npopno cce. cuc1Lk, eue
oc1anncL ppyrne pecypcm, p6m, nokopennoe ec1noe ncenenne, nkoneu,
uyxeseum. nune noroaopn o p6x.
o-nepamx, p6 nn a koe cnyue ne npnnpnexn ropopy. k6o uenoaek,
poxpennm n a1o sene o1 cao6opnmx popn1ene, nen neocnopnoe npao xn1L
cao6opnm. ro p6c1ao 6mno 6m neskonnm, npec1ynnm n ne orno npoponx1Lcn
ponro. cnn acnonn1L, u1o ppeanerpeueckn ropop sknkun a caonx c1enx nunk
(onpepenennoe nnen) n u1o a1 nunn (a1o nnen) cun1n ce6n ynnknLno, anpen
a ce6e uenm np, 1orp specL oxno npnenn1L cnepykun npnnunn: Benm
uenoaek cospn 1onLko pnn nesancnoc1n n anc1n; on ne ponxen nopunnn1Lcn a
caonx pec1annx ppyrn nkpn.
oneuno, a1o1 skon ne 6mn ec1nm nso6pe1enne. ro oxno ac1pe1n1L a ppyrnx
ec1x, ao acex counnLnmx rpynnx ceec1a. s a1oro n penk amaop, u1o ne
pspeunocL nnsaopn1L po p6c1a 6enoro uenoaek n u1o yrne1enne, kcaueecn
npepc1an1ene uepno n xen1o pcm, ne cun1nocL npyuenne ec1ec1aennoro
skon.
ocne pspenennn psnnunmx 6enmx ceec1a kxpn nunn oksncL cpepn
ec1nmx cc nnn e1ncoa epnnc1aenno npepc1an1enLnnue pop n ne rnyuncL
nnue a ocyuec1anennn caonx npepor1na cnnm ao ace nx nonno1e, pxe a
o1nouennn copopnue, ac1peuaunxcn n ny1n n ne npnsnaemx s 1koamx,
no1oy u1o onn npnnpnexnn k ppyrn ae1an. kn o6pso, xo1n no npann
p6m ornn 6m1L 1onLko xen1mn n uepnmn, cpepn nnx ac1peunncL e1ncm, s1e
n 6enme. D1o nponcxopnno a pesynL11e snoyno1pe6nennn npnnunno, ko1opm pan
npnannernn xn1enn ropop.
pnko a npnnunne a p6c1ao ne 6pnn ncenenne kononn, coksnnkoa, 1ex, c ke
rpekn noppepxnann po6pococepckne o1nouennn, eue nosxe a1o npanno
pcnpoc1pnnnocL n ace rpeueckne npopm.
[eno a 1o, u1o eue a Uen1pnLno snn 6enme npopm ao apeen coaec1noro
npoxnannn ne nosaonnnn ce6e nop6ou1L copopnue, 1. e. 6enmx nkpe, n pnum-
rpekn, cnepyn a1oy ppeaney skony, 1kxe ne noc1ynnn 1kn o6pso co caonn
coo1euec1aennnkn.
31o nonoxenne, a ko1opo nxopnnncL nepame o6n11enn Dnnpm - nno1m n
nenec1m, - nnonnno p6c1ao. Cyuec1aennn psnnu sknkuncL a 1o, u1o a1n
yrne1ennme ne xnnn a poe aonn, kk a1o 6mno c p6n [3 mn H,
anHa kncu mackx aH, kyxm xxaH.
mv aammancn a kyxa Hccu cncn
kaHmx rnm n acr ra cam yH xaaackx
kna. ca, a an s anvann cyxn, amaaHm
nnacrckH, n knnvckH, nr aHn nncmaan
araH. Hcm nnHa aHancu HnnH Hrn
amnnnu aky ay, . vcu x can nanx n aaH-
snnaH, n x aH, aaH. a acH nnyca naHnu
knnvckx cax c canaa c c a. a Mk
s akx snnck cyx.]: onn xnnn nop co6c1aennm kpoao,
aospenmann senk, nn1nnn nop1n n a a1o cmcne 6mnn noxoxn n cepqoa
cpepneaekoaLn. mue nx c1onno cocnoane, nnonnkuee 6ypxysnk, 1kxe
nnuennoe nonn1nuecknx npa, no a1n nkpn 6mnn 6orue n k nn o1nocnnncL nyuue,
ue k kpec1Lnn.
poxnaaune a peunn uyxeseum nenn nnornunme npa, opnko ace onn -
p6m, nenec1m, 6ypxy, uyxeseum - nxopnnncL nop anc1Lk annnnoa.
kn o6pso, pnum-rpekn, c1anaune npeamue acero nnunyk cao6opy,
ocyuec1annnn any1pn rocyppc1a caok anc1L, korp ne 6mno aon nnn
saoea1enLcknx noxopoa. onn a caoe poe-kpenoc1n 6mn nenLkn upLko. ro
npn6nnxennme pnum nonLsoanncL yaxenne pxe co c1oponm nc1mpn npop.
Caon amcokoepne rpeueckn cynpyr 6mn noxox n nn1enec1py. Bypyun
spe1o a caonx uyac1ax, on yen c1n1L, kk pouL nnpp. D1 reponnn ppeannx
apeen n ec1L 1 npennn xenunn c 6enokypmn aonocn, rony6mn rnsn,
6enmn pykn, ko1opyk m yxe anpenn pnpo c nnpan, nosxe ac1pe1n y
kenL1oa n repnuea. okopnoc1L 6mn ne pnn nee [vckan xa y Ha
caaH amm cynyr anaamx n cHaamx snx.
cH a nny ny a cc n a ay aka.
num cyac, cxac cam. 3 nnx a kak- H
cxancu y Haka, cyn n n, ky nHnn ra a nax
nkcaa. H. akx aam a nam.].
D1o - 6nropopnoe cospnne, cnpnuee pnpo co caon aonnc1aennm cynpyro n
pounn ouro a okpyxennn pe1e, po co cep1n nopunnnkunxcn popn1enLcko
aone. o ampn ns po npepkoa, cmn ponxen 6mn cosp1L cao pounn our n
npoponxn1L 1o, uey on nyunncn y popn1ene. nxe pe1e n c1ynennx nopunnennn
c1onnn p6m, xo1n nx nonoxenne nenLsn nsa1L cnnuko 1nxenm. x ornn kynn1L
s cepe6po nnn sono1o, nnn o6enn1L n 6mkoa n ko6mn, nnn onn ornn oks1Lcn
aoennonnennmn - a nk6o cnyue p6m 6mnn ckopee noppnnmn, ne o6Lek1n
nk6o rocnopcko npnxo1n.
npoue, opnn ns xpk1epnmx npnsnkoa onoporo o6uec1a nanne1cn
nenonnnne npopyk1nanoc1n 1o nnn nno nonn1nkn, n a1o cuc1nnaoe nesnnne
penno xnsnL rpeuecknx p6oa poaonLno cnocno [ca, s 1ncncn H
naccykH ackx aa: nn x naa ccac cracn
aaaaH a nn n.].
[eno a 1o, u1o xosnnn po cun1n ponro aexnnaoc1n no o1nouennk k roc1n ne
poaepn1L 6nrononyune po p6. n ne rnyuncn nnkko p6o1o n acerp
1pypnncn npane co cnyrn, p6mnn 1knn aec1e c cynpyro rocnopnn.
poe 1oro, rocnopnn n cnyr o6Lepnnnnn o6une mcnn n o6un nsmk. onn snn o
npe n o xnsnn ne 6onLue caonx p6oa. cnn a po npnxopnn noa1, ny1euec1aennnk,
yppeu, p6m co6npnncL nocne 1pnesm aec1e c xosnean n cnyunn
noyun1enLnme pccksm.
o u1o xe oc1anocL rocnopnny? y oc1anncL ace npepor1nam nonoxennn n 6mn
epnnc1aennm a poe, k1o nen npao npnnocn1L xep1am. n sunun o6unny n,
yaeunnm opyxne, a pockounmx opennnnx, on npnnnn caok ponk o6ue
cao6opm n noue1, ko1opme 6mnn npnannerne acex rpxpn ropop nnn nocenennn.
oa1opk eue ps on ne 6mn xec1okn o1 npnpopm, 1k u1o epnnc1aennm necuc1Le
p6 6mno uyac1ao nopunnennoc1n. ecnn 6orn ppoann p6y 1nn1, kpco1y nnn
y, on c1noanncn coae1nnko - neu1o apope qpnrnu-rop6yn a poe cnq.
kn o6pso, pneu-rpek, cyaepen a caoe poe, cao6opnm uenoaek n nnoupn,
nc1onun qeopnLnm cenLop, 6espspenLno anpmuec1aoan np caonn p6n,
pe1Ln, cepqn n 6ypxy.
ok coxpnnnocL annnnne Ceaep, cn1yunn oc1ancL npnepno opnnkoao no
ace c1pne, no kk 1onLko no1okn nepecenenuea ns snn n aceaosoxnme aonnennn
any1pn c1pnm npyunnn yc1noanennm nopnpok, cen1ckne nnc1nnk1m nunn
n6np1L cnny, ace pesko nsennnocL.
o-nepamx, ycnoxnnncL pennrnosnn cnc1e poc1me pnckne nonn1nn oc1nncL a
npouno. npnnunne onn nsennnncL eue a 1y anoxy, korp 1n1nm nonannncL a
peunn. o npnuepune n n ceny aepoannn, ace eue coxpnnaune pyxoanoc1L,
ace 6onLue ocn6nnnncL. ponoc, corncno 1eonornuecko qopyne, ysypnnpoaaun
cknne1p Ypn, a caok ouepepL 6mn caeprny1 Knn1epo. onannocL noxec1ao
can1nnnu, nensaec1nme pocene nponoaepnnkn nxopnnn caonx c1oponnnkoa, n
o6LnannncL coaepuenno noame pn1ynm. ukonx a1y nnxoppky
npononoknonnnuec1a nsmak1 spe unannnsunn.
npoue, n c a1n ne cnopk, oueanpno, u1o sn1ckn renn 6mn nc1onLko xe
spenm n pxe npornnaun, nckonLko neonm1nm n ne snkun caoero 6ypyuero
6mn renn pncko-rpeueckn. ocnepnn eue ne npnuen a ce6n nocne ponroro
ny1euec1ann, npopennnoro ero cosp1ennn uepes noxec1ao seenL n 1peaonnenn.
c11n, n ne coneakcL, u1o ecnn 6m y nero 6mn nepepmuk, npexpe ue on
oksncn nop ccnpnckn annnnne, on cyen 6m yckopn1L nc1ynnenne
eaponecko unannnsunn. on anec 6m 6onLun aknp a cypL6m annnncknx
npopoa. osoxno, ne 6mnn 6m c1onL aneu1nnkun nx no6epm a o6nc1n nckycc1a,
no nonn1nueckn xnsnL 6mn 6m 6onee poc1ono yaxennn n 6onee ponro.
coxnennk, pnuea-rpekoa 6mno nnoro enLue, ue sn1cknx nepecenenuea
[ayka cnana num nrcc a nHa snnck Hnr
Ycaan vk anv Hxy rHaaH, kynuaH yanaH,
nmmH , H, km ncxn anckr
can. cacn caH y , a x aHn, caH c
ac, v kack nukck Hc cHckr
ncxxn v ck akyn, ck acr, cana c
camH nnaH. nu a nu acky cycu
ckx nHc nn anvmx nrmx snHa
cHckr, ackr, ckr y vmH ccaaH ka rka.].
ne p1npyk 1pncqopunk nnc1nnk1oa rpeuecknx npopoa 1e pne, korp
nunocL ceuenne c cen1n, nnn korp popnum o6ocnoanncL a enononnece,
nonnum a 11nke. nuny c oen1, korp pesynL11m acex a1nx qk1opoa
nsennnn pcoaoe coo1nouenne. enno 1orp npnuen koneu onpxnueckoy
npanennk. kn qop anc1n, ypanoaeuennn unpoko nnuno cao6opo,
6onLue ne ypoane1aopnn 1enepen1 - ropnun n neo6yspnnm - ceunno
pcm. 1nmne ncenenne 1pe6oano uero-nn6ypL noaoro. sn1ckn pyx nansn
oc11k pnckoro psy konponcc, amropnm ey, n oc1ann caoey coksnnky
nnuL anpnoc1L cao6opm, u1o6m 1onLko ypoane1aopn1L a1y no1pe6noc1L 6eno pcm.
ceny yepennoc1n npnun upesepnoc1L. enn Cn npnaen k nonnoy
6conk1nsy, n a1o1 npouecc 6mn neo6p1n, o1nmne aonpoc sknkuncn a 1o, a
uLnx pykx nxopnncL anc1L. epep1L ee upk nnn rpxpnnny, aosamcnaueycn
np oc1nLnmn, - a1o osnuno no1pe6oa1L neaosoxnoro o1 psnopopnoro
ncenennn, ko1opoe ace eue ne orno c11L epnnm pxe n ne6onLuo 1eppn1opnn.
D1 mcnL npe1nn cao6oponk6nam 1ppnunn pnuea. Co caoe c1oponm,
cen1ckn pyx 1kxe ne 6mn cknonen k a1oy, on npnamk k pecny6nnknckn qop
npanennn n 6eperx nn. Bypyun necnoco6nm nopunnn1Lcn npnnunny
pnnc1nuecko ncnepc1aennoc1n, on o1aeprn nnc1n1y1, ko1opm nnkorp ne 6mn
o6ycnoanen cao6opnm am6opo npop, no acerp nopoxpncn saoeanne n
ncnnne. cknkuenne ne nanne1cn n eaponeckoe upc1ao. oa1oy a peunn
npnpynn nckycc1aennoe nonn1ne o1unsn [ Haxvck aHa cna,
k ancnca can avau r, aH rcyaca,
avan acr nmu aHk ar vnaka. anuy snxy cna
va nv ynnnncu, amn a x, kra rannHam
knn avan rau aaxy nu a nnk. nuk ncn x nm
naH can cvaucn nu.], n rpxpn 6mno npepnncno -
skono, npeppccypko, o6uec1aennm nenne - xep1aoa1L ppn a1o
6c1pkunn caonn akycn, npenn, npnamukn, cmn nn1nnmn o1nouennnn
n cmn ec1ec1aennmn no1pe6noc1nn, n 1koe coo1pnunne cpennocL
psenno one1o ppyroro o6ns1enLc1a, ko1opoe 1pe6oano 6esoroaopouno
o1pa1L caoe poc1onnc1ao, nyuec1ao n caok xnsnL ppn o1unsnm.
1unsn s6npn uenoaek ns ceLn eue a kno aospc1e n no1pe6y
ppeccnpoaunkoa a rnnsnn. orp on aspocnen, on xennn ero no caoey
yco1pennk. orp e 1pe6oanocL, on o16npn y uenoaek xeny, u1o6m nepep1L
ppyroy, nnn aennn ey s6o1y o uyxnx pe1nx, nnn nepepan ero co6c1aennmx
pe1e a ppyrne xnpekune ceLn. cnn kko-1o npepe1 a poe ne npanncn popnne,
on ero konqnckoaman n xec1oko kpn ero anpenLu. cnn a aue nnpe 6mno
pae nnunnx c1pynm, ac oxnpn ccmnk. koneu, ecnn kko-1o neoc1opoxnm
rpxpnnn ocennancn cun11L ce6n cnnuko uec1nm uenoaeko, o1unsn, no1epna
1epnenne, o1npannn necuc1noro a pnLnne senn c snpe1o aosapu1Lcn poo!
ecnn xep1a ampxn nepoaonLc1ao, npnroaopo 6mnn cep1L, uc1o
conpoaoxpen nm1kn, nosop, psopenne ace ceLn, ko1opn ponxn 6mn
ppoa1Lcn, u1o ypnocL ns6ex1L 6onee cypoaoro nksnnn co c1oponm n1pno1oa.
o kkn o6pso aosnrpxpn o1unsn uenoaek s 1kne xep1am?
[ec1an1enLno, kxpoy panocL npao c roppoc1Lk nsma1L ce6n qnnnnnno,
nnn nkepeonnnnno, nnn prnue, nnn kopnnqnnnno. pnko a cocepne kpk
s a1o oxno 6mno nonyun1L n nopky kny1o. Cnoao, a1o roppoe nsanne
rpn1npoano noue1 a opno c1pne n npespenne nnn nenanc1L a ppyro. o
npeamue acero rpxpnnn or roppn1Lcn 1e, u1o on - cao6opnoe cyuec1ao, no1oy
u1o y nero ne1 rocnopnn n no1oy u1o npecmkncn on 1onLko nepep o1unsno.
pe1Ln n nocnepnnn npnannernn: ecnn on nopunnnncn skon caoero o6uec1a,
nesancno o1 nx cnpaepnnaoc1n, on nen npao nsma1Lcn o6psuoam n
necpanennm. a1o sknkuk1cn ace npenyuec1a, xo1n n npnaen pneko ne
nonnm nepeuenL nksnn.
kn o6pso, cnoao o1unsn 6mno unc1o 1eope1nueckn nonn1ne: ono ne
osnuno nnuero, a ue ec1L nno1L n kpoaL. no ne orno nn roaopn1L, nn xopn1L;
korp ono rneanocL, nenLsn 6mno pxe nonpocn1L y nero npouennn. Mnoroaekoao
nc1opnueckn onm1 noksmae1, u1o ne1 xypue 1npnnn, ue 1, ko1opn pec1aye1
o1 nenn qnkunn - nn k uey ne uyac1an1enLno, panopyuno, 6esxnoc1no n
nencm1no a caonx npe1ensnnx. [eno a 1o, u1o qnkunn, 6ypyun necnoco6no 6nkc1n
caon nn1epecm, poaepne1 nx co6nkpenne xnam ynonnoouennm nnu. nn,
nockonLky pec1ayk1 ne a cnny caoero arons, npno6pe1k1 orponme npa. nn
acerp npam, korp nnocn1 ypp o1 nenn npon, uLnn xpeun ce6n nsmak1. o
ec1L o1unsne nyxnm npepc1an1enn. pnckn pyx, ko1opm yc1ynnn n1ncky
uypoanunmx xnncknx npnnunnoa, 6nrocknonno npnnnn npepnoxenne nepep1L
6pspm npanennn cm sn1nm ceec1a rocyppc1a, u1o anonne o1aeuno ero
ec1ec1aennm nonn1nn. o npape roaopn, a anoxn, korp on 6mn npepoc1anen
coy ce6e, on ne npnsnan, u1o noue1nm npnsnk nponcxoxpennn pe1
ncknkun1enLnoe npao n anc1L np conneennnkn. 1nmne xe on 6mn a
poc11ouno c1enenn nsapuen, u1o6m npnnn1L 6conk1nme pok1pnnm, n nesancno
o1 1oro, un nn peuL o amcunx ponxnoc1nmx nnux, nsmaemx upnn nnn
pxon1n, nnn ncnonnn1enLnn anc1L nxopnncL a pykx coae1 6nropopnmx
rpxpn, o1unsn ocyuec1annn caoe aceoryuec1ao uepes rna sn1nmx ceec1a;
opnn cnoao, cnc1e npanennn a rpeuecknx nocenennnx 6mn ckonnpoan c
npanennn qnnnkncknx ropopoa.
pexpe ue npoponxn1L, n ponxen cpen1L opno ouenL axnoe seunne. ce
amuecksnnoe o1nocn1cn k yueno, unannnsoanno peunn, 6onee ue nnonoanny
cen1nsnpoanno. 1o kce1cn ceaepno peunn, xpnn1enLnnum ppeannx yc1oea, a
1e apeen nxopnauecn a 1enn, a1o ne nee1 k ne nnkkoro o1nouennn. D1 uc1L
1eppn1opnn, oc1auncn 6onee pncko, ue kr, xnn no nnm skon.
Kxnn rpnnu nepeeuncL n ceaep nop panenne cen1ckoro ncenennn. e
amue k ceaepy, 1e unue 6mn ppeanerpeueckn kpoaL. o a ueno yxe n Oeccnnn
6mn s1pony1 nepyro, n c1pme 1ppnunn oxno 6mno ac1pe1n1L 1onLko a
Mkeponnn n Dnnpe.
ceaepo-aoc1oke n ceaepo-snpe a1n npoannunn 1kxe cocyuec1aoann c
apxpe6nmn aneen1n. Opknum n nnnnpnum, nokopennme n
1pncqopnpoannme kenL1n n cnannn, 6onLue ne nannnncL pnun. pnko
kon1k1m c 6enmn n pxe xen1mn aneen1n ne nenn pnn ceaepnmx rpekoa 1knx
nry6nmx nocnepc1an, kk a1o 6mno n kre a pesynL11e ceuennn c sn1n.
1k, keponum n annpo1m coxpnnnn 6onLue aepnoc1n nnc1nnk1 ppeane pcm. Y
nnx coxpnnncL upckn anc1L, pecny6nnkncko qopm npanennn onn ne snnn,
kk ne snnn n upesepnmx nponanenn anc1n 6c1pk1noro 1npn no nenn
o1unsn a1nx nonsaec1nmx sennx ne 6mno 11nueckoro aennkonennn, s1o
npanenne 1 snxpnnocL n 6nropopnmx nonn1nnx cao6opm, a ko1opmx ne 6mno
knunnaoc1n. pnn cnoao, a 1y anoxy kxnme rpekn, nou1n ne ocosnaune,
nckonLko onn y1p1nnn unc1o1y kpoan, coneanncL a 1o, u1o keponuea n nx
coksnnkoa cnepye1 cun11L coo1euec1aennnkn, ne nonyapapn, xo1n onn
npnsnann s a1nn npopn amcokyk aonnckyk po6nec1L. D1n npopm nenn eue
opno poc1onnc1ao, ko1opoe a 1y nopy ne seunocL: ecnn cen1ckn peunn,
neco1pn n no1okn nponn1o kpoan, ne orn coepnnn1L aoepnno psnopopnme
nneen, keponum o1nnunncL cnnnnoc1Lk n ace 6onLue pcunpnnn cqepy caoero
oryuec1a, aknkun a nee cocepe. a1o cmcne, cnepyn ppeann a1nnueckn
1ppnunn, onn noa1opnnn cypL6y npepkoa, npncknx pnuea, ko1opme a caoe apen
o6Lepnnnnn popc1aennme npopm, s1e pannynncL n saoeanne ccnpncknx
rocyppc1a. kn o6pso, 1, a keponcknx ropx, ropen pnckn qken -
qken a nonn1nuecko cmcne.
pnko aepnecn n kr, rpe 6conk1nn anc1L o1unsnm aepunncL pnc1okp1n,
nyuunn ns nkpe, no rpeueckoy ampxennk. syee1cn, onn aepunnn ee c
xec1okoc1Lk, poc1ono sn1ckoro pyx. cnn 6m ec1noe ncenenne coxpnnno
pnckne kopnn, a pesynL11e nponsounn 6m aennkne no1pncennn, n cnyc1n neko1opoe
apen pc o1aeprn 6m uyxpyk e cnc1ey. o nonycen1ckn 1onn n a1o 6mn ne
cnoco6n. enno noa1oy po nmneunero apeenn a peunn nn pnc1okp1nn, nn
npop ne aocc1ann npo1na nponsaon. ce npo1naopeunn caopnnncL k aonpocy, koy
ponxn npnnpnex1L anc1L.
pnc1okp1m, ocnpnan npao nepaonocenenuea, nopkpennnnn caon npe1ensnn
1ppnunnn n npn a1o cn ouyunn, nckonLko 1pypno o1c1na1L a1y pok1pnny
nepep nnuo noc1onnno oncnoc1n, snoxenno a co cnc1ee 6conk1ns.
cnkoe ncnnne copepxn1 a ce6e cneunqnueckyk cnny: a1 cnn no npnunne
nckxenn n pxe npoc1oro ee yno1pe6nennn, nopoxpe1 pspyun1enLnme
nocnepc1ann, ns6ex1L ko1opmx oxno nnuL noc1onnnm nnpnxenne acex cpepc1a.
oa1oy epnnc1aennn aosoxnoc1L po6n1Lcn c16nnLnoc1n - a1o konuen1punn ace
aneprnn ncenennn. oa1oy neorpnnuennme nonnoounn acerp cocpepo1ounanncL
a pykx opnoro uenoaek. 1o6m ns6ex1L nenpnn1noc1e, npnxopnnocL npn6er1L k
ppyroy oncnoy, npesnpeoy n npoknnneoy nkpLn cpepc1ay - 1npnnn.
pnunnm n ocnoam 1npnnn 1k xe nerko o6npyxn1L n npepanpe1L, kk neaosoxno
nx ns6ex1L. orp a pesynL11e aeunoro conepnnuec1a ropopoa o1unsn
oksmancL a oncnoc1n, coae1 sn1nmx rpxpn yxe 6mn ne a coc1onnnn cnpan1Lcn
c kpnsnco - nyxen 6mn opnn rpxpnnn, asnaun a caon pykn ack anc1L. C a1oro
oen1 xn1enn npennncL, u1o, korp nnye1 oncnoc1L, cncn1enL o1euec1a
po6poaonLno o1kxe1cn o1 anc1n. Yam, 1koro ne cnyunocL.
pap, ouenL uc1o 1npnm, neco1pn n ack nenk6oaL k nn co c1oponm rpekoa,
npannn c 6onLue nrkoc1Lk n yppoc1Lk, ue nonn1nueckne co6pnnn. o a nk6o
cnyue nx npanenne conpoaoxpnocL sroaopn n penpeccnnn. epko onn ynpnn
caoe cep1Lk, eue pexe 1pon snnnn nx ncnepnnkn. 1k, cpene cnepykun
amaop: konnek1nanoe npanenne 6mno npanno, 1npnnn - ncknkuenne, n
ncknkuennn 6mnn 6onee uc1mn, ue npann.
o epe 1oro kk rpeueckne rocyppc1a c 1pypo coxpnnnn nnn snoao saoeamann
cao npaoao c11yc, no1ok cen1oa n nonyoc1poa ace ycnnnancn. n rposnn
kpy1mn nsenennnn, nnornunmn 1e, u1o m anpenn a qnnnkncknx ropopx.
a1 1enpenunn ace cnnLnee a1nrnan a ce6n annnnckne c1pnm kxno uc1n. pnko
nepamn xep1an oksnncL nonnckoe no6epexLe n 11nk.
oneuno, kpynnme nepecenennn n ccoan kononnsunn pano npekp1nnncL, no
aec1o nnx nunocL neanpnnoe no cu16y nnpnanpynLnoe pccenenne nkpe
psnmx knccoa n cocnoan. opop yxe ne ornn cpepxna1L a1o1 no1ok, nnun
anoaL npn6maunx nonn1nuecknx npa - nnu1o ne orno oc1noan1L nuec1ane uyxo
kpoan. n 1mcnun psnmx ny1e npocunancL a xnnm rpxpn peunn. Cme
6nropopnme ceec1a, yxe a snun1enLno epe ceunnme, ace 6onLue 1epnnn
caon renenornueckne npnnunnm. BonLun nx uc1L ncuesn, oc1nLnme o6epnenn n
ceunncL c cco ncenennn. ono 1e apeene ace yaennunanocL 6nroppn
psan1nk 1oproann.
pnc1okp1nn 6esnpexno ocn6en. BonLuyk cnny n6pnn cpepnne knccm.
a opnn npekpcnm penL ac1n aonpoc: nouey 1onLko pnc1okp1m npepc1annk1
o1unsny, nouey 6or1me rpxpne nnuenm a1oro npa?
oneuno, 6nropopnme rpxpne 6onLue ne ornn npe1enpoa1L n npexnkk
ncknkun1enLnyk sn1noc1L, no1oy u1o norne nx coo1euec1aennnkn 1kxe oanpenn
a1o npnannerne. Cen1ckn kpoaL npeo6npn a xnxnnx - 1enepL on
saoeaman n paopum.
1 a1oro nponcxopnnn 6onLune no1pncennn, n ackope 6or1me opepxnn no6epy. o
kk 1onLko onn nonyunnn npao peu1L cypL6m o1unsnm n sunu1L nopnpok o1
rnycno 1npnnn, noame ccm corpxpn cnoa c1nn spa1L ce6e 1o1 xe aonpoc
ouey? n a caok ouepepL saoeann 1koe xe npao, npo6na 6peuL a c1ne
1nokp1oa. C1no oueanpno, u1o cnepo s 6epnmn rpxpnn npnpy1
nonyrpxpne, nocennaunecn a c1pne uyxeseum, s1e p6m n npoun c6pop.
c1noancn neponro n a1o aonpoce n pcco1pn ero c ppyro c1oponm.
pnnc1aenno n uc1o rnano npnunno pnn1enLnoro cyuec1aoannn coynpanoro
n xec1okoro pexn cnyxn1 neo6xopnoc1L ne1L poc11ouno cnn, u1o6m
npo1naoc1on1L aneunn nnn any1pennn apr. o npnaopnn nn k 1koy pesynL11
rpeueckn cnc1e? epep peune c1onnn 1pn npo6nem: nepan cansn c ee
cn1yune o1nocn1enLno oc1nLnoro unannnsoannoro np, 1. e. snn; a1opn -
o1nouennn rpeuecknx rocyppc1a expy co6o; 1pe1Ln - any1pennnn nonn1nk
kxporo cyaepennoro ropop-rocyppc1a.
Mm yxe sne, u1o o1nouenne ace peunn k aennkoy upk acerp onpepennnocL
ynnxennm nopunnenne. s Ona, Cnp1m, qnn - o1oackpy a Cysy n o6p1no
cnoann nocnm, npnnpn k c1on anc1n1enn epcnn c npocL6o peun1L a nx nonLsy
cnopm expy ropopn. ue acero po upn onn ne poxopnnn. po1ekunn c1pn
no6epexLn 6mno poc11ouno, u1o6m po6n1Lcn npenyuec1a nepep conepnnkn.
nccqepn pan pcnopnxennn, n nepenyrnnme rocyppc1a-pecny6nnkn
noannoanncL nccqepny. n1ore a1 amcun anc1L ne npenn1c1aoan rpeuecko-
cen1ckoy aneen1y nrp1L ocnoanyk ponL a sn1cko cce. nnekcnn
snspman 1onLko no1oy, u1o oc11kn pncko kpoan ace eue cnyxnnn
poc11ounm ocnoanne nunonnLno psppo6nennoc1n. o n kre a1oro yxe ne
6mno, n oxno 6mno npepnonoxn1L, u1o opnxpm Dnnp n epcnn o6Lepnnn1cn.
e ne enee, rpeueckne ropop, yuennauncL s caon kpoxo1nme n1pno1nueckne
pecno1nn, urnn apspes c pncknn 1ppnunnn: onn ne 6mnn snn1epecoanm a
o6Lepnnennn rocyppc1a. o, u1o nponcxopnno a Mkeponnn, kon1pc1npoano c
cn1yune a oc1nLno uc1n peunn. n opnn ropop ne npe1enpoan n anc1L np
6onLuo 1eppn1opne. ce xo1enn yaennun1L caon cu16m, n a1o rposnno cocepn
ynnu1oxenne. k, korp noxopm nkepeonnn saepunncL ycnexo, no6expennme
nononnnnn c1p p6oa. erko npepc1an1L, u1o kxpm ropop sununcn po
nocnepnero. 6Lepnnenne 6mno neaosoxno. 3nenn1me nsmcknnme rpekn anoxn
epnkn aenn ce6n n aone kk pnkpn. ce no6epm sknunanncL ccoam
no6onue.
enepL noco1pn, k uey npnaopnn any1pennnn nonn1nk? Mm anpenn, u1o ns
pecn1n ne1 a 1euenne uec1n 6mn 1npnnn, oc1nLnoe apen yuno n cnopm n
pspopm expy pnc1okp1n n 6or1mn rpxpnn, expy 6or1mn n npopo.
orp a kko-nn6ypL ropope aepx 6pn opn np1nn, ppyrn nckn y6exnu y
cocepe n n6npn 1 c1oponnnkoa pnn 6opL6m c ypunnamn conepnnkn.
peueckn rpxpnnn noc1onnno nn6o aosapuncn ns ccmnkn, nn6o ro1oanncn 1yp
o1npan1Lcn. uey xe eue orn npnaec1n 1kn cn1yunn - noc1onnnoe
npo1naoc1onnne a o6uec1ae, npenne npaoa n nonn1nueckn cnc1e, ne yaxkun
npa uenoaek? 1oy, u1o nenpepmano n 6ecnpenn1c1aenno aospc1no nepcnpckoe
annnnne, cyuec1aoan nunonnLnn psppo6nennoc1L, cansnnn c nepanoepnm
coue1nne a1nnuecknx aneen1oa n eukun rpeueckn npop psana1Lcn a
pano c1enenn. o a1n npnunn o6Lepnnenne pcm 6mno neaosoxno.
koneu, ocn6nenne aneunero annnnnn conpoaoxpnocL necnoco6noc1Lk o6ecneun1L
any1pennkk c16nnLnoc1L. epep nn rpyc1nm n1or, n 1pe6ye1cn ncknkun1enLnoe
kpcnopeune nc1opnkoa, u1o6m roppn1Lcn n. D1n noakne xypoxnnkn cnoa ne nenn
npa nn o6cyxp1L n, 1e 6onee, nn ocyxp1L aonnkun pecno1ns caoe o1unsnm.
1onLko amaepny1n nnsnnky nornk n snonepennoc1L ory1 pekoenpoa1L
qnnckyk npxnk a kuec1ae npnep pnn nunx rocyppc1a.
npncoanno nok kp1nne oc1nocL po6an1L neckonLko cnoa o neko1opmx
pspyun1enLnmx nocnepc1annx n1pno1nueckoro 6conk1ns pnn npaoa.
openna nckycc1aenno roppoc1Lk rpxpnnn skonnoe uyac1ao poc1onnc1a
mcnnuero uenoaek, rpeueckn cnc1e coaepuenno psap1nn opnL: ace, u1o
pene1cn n 6nro o1unsne, - a1o xopouo. ce aonpocm coaec1n oc1k1cn
nepeuennmn, nok uenoaek ne ysne1, kko o6ps mcne npepnncmae1 o1unsn.
npnep, kk o6c1onno peno c yaxenne k co6c1aennoc1n? npnnunne on
cun1ncL nenpnkocnoaenno, no ecnn aopoac1ao conpoaoxpnocL xn1poc1Lk,
koapc1ao nnn ncnnne, ono cun1nocL po6nec1Lk. po nn xpnn1L cynpyxeckyk
aepnoc1L? o npape roaopn, nsen ne cun1ncL npec1ynnenne. o ecnn cynpyr
cnnuko cnnLno npnansmancn k xene n 6onLue apeenn npoaopnn c ne, ue a
o6uec1aennmx ec1x, ey orno rposn1L nksnne.
yxe ne roaopk o npepc1anennnx o6nxennmx peayuek n c1pnone: koneuno, nx
uenL sknkuncL a 1o, u1o6m npopeonc1pnpoa1L qnsnueckyk kpco1y, no kk
o1nocn1Lcn k 1oy, u1o nponcxopnno nocne 1knx npepc1anenn, korp necuc1nme
c1noannncL xep1an cmx pnknx npnxo1e. npoue, u1o6m nonyun1L o6 a1o
npepc1anenne, un11enL oxe1 nosnkon1Lcn c pnnorn [eoc co caonn
cnyrn y pnc1oqn.
peueckn npop, 6ypyun pnckn, nen poc11ouno sppaoro cmcn, 6ypyun
cen1ckn, o6npn poc11ounm psyo, u1o6m ne nonn1L, u1o ero nonoxenne ne ns
nyuunx n u1o a a1o annoa1 nonn1nueckn cnc1e. o kk copepxnoe cocyp ne
oxe1 oxa1n1L c cocyp, 1k n rpekn ne ornn amnes1n ns cnx ce6n n ne
ocosnann, u1o nc1ounnk sn sknkue1cn a 6conk1nse npnnunn anc1n. nn
ncknn nekpc1ao a ppyro. nyuuyk anoxy, expy Mpqoncko 6n1ao n
enononneccko aono, ace sn1nme nkpn cknonnnncL k 1oy neonpepenennoy
nennk, ko1opoe ceropnn m nsann 6m koncepa1nso. nn ne 6mnn
pnc1okp1n a c1poro cmcne a1oro cnoa. n Dcxnn, nn pnc1oqn ne xennn
aocc1noanennn aeunoro nnn pxe pecn1nne1nero npanennn pxon1, no onn aepnnn,
u1o a pykx nkpe 6or1mx anc1L oxe1 qynkunonnpoa1L nyuue, ue a pykx
1pocoa ns npen.
nk1o ne seun nc1nnnoro sn n ne or ero se1n1L, no1oy u1o a1o sno
rnespnnocL a co npnpope annnncknx npopoa. ce cosp1enn noamx cnc1e,
nunnn c n1on, npoxopnnn no a1oro qk1; 6onee 1oro, onn pxe cun1nn ero
rnanm aneen1o caonx peqop. Cokp1, aosoxno, 6mn epnnc1aennm
ncknkuenne. m1ncL o1penn1L npek o1 nopok n po6pope1enn, o1 nonn1nkn n
aosamcn1L any1pennero uenoaek po rpxpnnn, a1o1 pn1opnk, no kpne epe,
npepanpen neno 1pypnoc1e. 1unsn ne noupnn ero, n n yaepen, u1o ao acex
o1unsnx acerp npy1cn nkpn - kc11n, k nn necnpaepnnao npnuncnnk1
pnc1oqn, - ko1opme no1pe6oann 6m ero ocyxpennn. Cokp1 6mn n1ronnc1o
6conk1noro n1pno1ns. a1o kuec1ae on scnyxnn caok yuc1L. pnko 6mno
u1o-1o nc1onLko unc1oe n 6nropopnoe a ero pok1pnne, u1o uec1nme nkpn, nono
caoe aonn, noppnncL ee aospec1ank. orp on yep, npop onnknan ero,
co6pauncL a 1e1pe kx, korp xop ns 1prepnn apnnnp nep ncnonnnn
neunLnyk necnL: pekn, am nocnnn n cep1L coro ypporo conoaLn Mys,
ko1opm nnkoy ne cpenn sn, coro ypporo uenoaek a peunn. cnn 6m ne6o
aockpecnno ero, nnk1o 6m ne c1n ero cnyu1L. 1enepL a1o 6mn conoae Mys,
kpcnopeunam op1op n nornk. ro onnknan xypoxec1aennm pnne1n1ns, ero
onnknann ceppue; u1o kce1cn nonn1nuecko c1oponm pen, on 6mn 1e, ue on
6mn: neo1Leneo uc1Lk co npnpopm pc, o1pxenne nx nepoc11koa n
poc1onnc1a.
npopeonc1pnpoan no yaxennn k annnn, u1o kce1cn o6uec1aennmx
nnc1n1y1oa, 1enepL n nek npao ampsn1L 6esrpnnunoe aocxnuenne a1n
npopo, konL ckopo peuL sxopn1 o ero pyxoanoc1n n psye. cknonnk ronoay
nepep nckycc1an, ko1opme on aosnec 1k amcoko.
cnn caon nopok rpekn 6mnn o6nsnm cen1cko uc1n caoe kpoan, 1o nenno
on onpepennn nx ampkuncn 1nn1 aneu1nn1enLnoc1n, akyc k nponanennn
qnsnuecko npnpopm, nx noc1onnnyk no1pe6noc1L k yc1aennm ncnxpennn.
e rny6xe n nponnkk a nc1okn - nnonoanny 6enme - ccnpncko n1nunoc1n,
1e 6onLue nxoxy kpco1m n 6nropopc1a, 6onLue cnnm a nponsaepennnx
nckycc1a. a rnn1e nckycc1ao c1on1 1e amue, ue 6onLue pnckn kpoaL
nponn1n uyxepopnm aneen1o. k n a peunn renn poc1nr amcuero
coaepuenc1a ao apeen, korp npeo6npn cen1ckn kpoaL, no ne coace
norno1nn pnckyk: a1o 6mno npn epnkne n n 1o 1eppn1opnn, kyp 6onLue
nponnknn a1n aneen1m, 1. e. a nonncknx kononnnx n a qnnx.
Ceropnn yxe ne1 conenn a 1o, u1o nopo6no 1oy, kk ocnoam opnLno n
nonn1nuecko cnc1em npnunn ns ccnpnn, 1k n xypoxec1aenno-p1nc1nueckne
npnnunnm 6mnn snc1aoanm o11yp xe. a1o o1nouennn pckonkn n o1kpm1nn a
opc6pe, yc1noana oueanpnyk cansL expy 6penLeqn nnneanckoro c1nnn n
nponsaepennnn ns xp Drnnm n ukonm Mnpon, coaepuenno nponcnnnn a1o1
aonpoc. o nockonLky rpekn 6mnn 6onee npnaepxenm 6enoy pnckoy npnnunny,
ue uepnme xn1m, a nnx 6mno 6onLue oprnnsykue cnnm, n rpekn ycneuno
conpo1nannnncL nsnnuec1a, ko1opm npepanncL nx no6epn1enn. nn 1e 6onee
scnyxnak1 yaxennn s 1koe conpo1nanenne, u1o a nnx xnno nckyuenne
nopp1Lcn n: n annnnm cospann nep1nueckne kyknm c nopanxnmn unenn n
ppyrne uypoanunme npepe1m ckpnLnoro nsnuennn. cuc1Lk, nsmcknnm akyc
npop ne npnnnn a1nx nsapuenn. peueckoe nckycc1ao a ueno ne npnnnno nn
o1ap1n1enLnmx n aosy1n1enLnmx cnaonoa, nn npnn1nanmx onyen1oa.
ro ynpeknn a enLue cnnpn1ynnse, ue m anpn a can1nnnux snn. D1o1
ynpek necnpaepnna nnn, no enLue epe, amsan ny1nnue nonn1n. cnn
cnnpn1ynnso nsa1L coaokynnoc1L nc1nuecknx 1eopn, 1orp ace npannLno, no
ecnn - u1o coo1ae1c1aye1 nc1nne - cun11L, u1o nc1okn a1nx 1eopn cnepye1 nck1L a
aoo6pxennn, nnuenno psy n nornkn n nopunnnkuecn 1onLko uyac1aennoc1n,
1orp npo npnsn1L, u1o nc1nuns ne ec1L cnnpn1ynns n u1o nenLsn o6annn1L
rpekoa a 1o, u1o onn anpnn a cqepy uyac1aennoc1n, o1aeprn ee. npo1na, onn a
6onLue c1enenn, ue sn1m, 6mnn nnuenm ocnoanmx nepoc11koa 1epnnns, n
kynL1 Knn1ep nnnnckoro 6nropopnee, ue kynL1 n. npoue, n yxe roaopnn
o6 a1o.
Mexpy 1e n rpekn ne 6mnn cnnuko nanmn cnnpn1ynnc1n. Y nnx 6mn cnnLn
cen1ckn npen: on ampxncL a oun canuennmx nc1epn, ko1opme npoaopnnncL
a xpx. cenenne npnnnno a1n pn1ynm, xo1n nnorp cnruno nx, ecnn
qnsnueckoe ypopc1ao anyuno cnnuko 6onLuo yxc. 1o kce1cn opnLnoro
ypopc1a, m yxe anpenn, u1o k ney a peunn o1nocnnncL 1epnnee.
D1o pepkoe coaepuenc1ao p1nc1ns onnpnocL n yepennoc1L pnckoro n
cen1ckoro aneen1 n neko1opme xen1me npnnunnm. koe panoaecne, 1o n peno
npyueoe ouepepnm npn1oko sn1oa a nonnckne kononnn n kon1nnen1nLnyk
peunk, a konue konuoa ncuesno, yc1ynna ec1o ynpky.
Moxno npn6nnsn1enLno nopcun11L, u1o xypoxec1aenno-nn1ep1ypnn pen1enLnoc1L
cen1nsnpoannmx rpekoa nuncL a VII a. po n. a., korp 6mn nnk cnam pxnnok,
s 718 ne1 po oxpec1a pnc1oa, n cnam payx cosp1ene 6ponsoamx c11y -
Oeopop n ekyc - s 691 rop po n. a. Ynpok nuncn nocne keponcko anoxn,
korp sn1ckn aneen1 aoc1opxec1aoan okonu1enLno - a konue IV c1one1nn po n.
a. D1n ue1mpec1 ne1 o1euenm nenpepmanm poc1o sn1ckoro annnnnn. C1nnL
Oeopop a Knone Coccko 6mn npoc1m aocnponsaepenne c11y, nocanuennmx
npy n Cnpony. 1o6m n1n nc1ok peaonkunonnoro asne1 nckycc1a, cospauero
unc1o rpeueckn c1nnL, cnepye1 aepny1Lcn a anoxy Onpnn, ko1opm nepam
ocao6opnncn o1 ccnpnckoro annnnnn, cnnLno se1noro y arnne1oa n ao ace
peunn, n o1 noppxnn ccnpnckoy nckycc1ay, pcnpoc1pnennmx n
qnnnkncko no6epexLe.
Onpn skonunn Mnnepay pnn pqenon a 438 r. po n. a. ec1e c nn nuncL ero
ukon, npexnnn cnc1e npoponxn cyuec1aoa1L kk 6m n o6ounne. kn
o6pso, rpeueckoe nckycc1ao 6mno cen1ckn, nok ne nonanncn aennkn xypoxnnk,
ppyr epnkn. Cnepoa1enLno, c nun VII po V c1one1nn a peunn ne 6mno
opnrnnnLnoro nckycc1a, nunonnLnm renn 1aopnn nnuL c 420 po 322 r., rop
cep1n pnc1o1enn. syee1cn, a1n p1m ne o1nnuk1cn 1ounoc1Lk n yksnm specL
1onLko pnn 1oro, u1o6m o6Lepnnn1L pyxoanoe panxenne - psan1ne n nn1ep1ypm n
nckycc1a - a o6un apeenno npoexy1ok. o acnko cnyue 420 r., korp 1aopnn
Onpn, n 322 r., korp yep nc1annk nekcnpp, o1penenm ppyr o1 ppyr co1ne
ne1.
nmn cnoan, anox npekpcnoro 6mn kp1koapeenno n coann c panoaecne
acex coc1anmx pcoamx npnnunnoa nunn. orp a1o apen npouno, ncuesno
1aopuec1ao, oc1ana nocne ce6n nn1unk - uc1o ouenL ypunyk, no acerp
p6ckyk, nn1unk neaosap1noro npounoro.
Moxe1 cnoxn1Lcn aneu1nenne, 6yp1o n 6conk1no nrnopnpyk nyuuyk uc1L
annnnns, oc1annn a c1opone anoxy annuecknx nponsaepenn. n npepuec1aye1
pxnnoky, 1. k. oep xnn a X a. po n. a.
o n nnuero ne ynyckk, xo1n noa1opk eue ps: cnano anoxo nn1ep1ypm n
nckycc1a peunn 6mn nepnop, korp yenn c1pon1L, an1L, o1nna1L a 6ponse,
pncoa1L, nnc1L nnpnueckne necnn, qnnocoqckne n nc1opnueckne knnrn. o
opnoapeenno n npnsnk, u1o po a1o anoxn - sponro po nee - 6mn nepnop, korp
pnckn renn, ne 6ypyun ckoan cen1cknn o6Ln1nnn, nocan1nn ce6n annueckoy
1aopuec1ay n npopeonc1pnpoan aennkonennme nenoppxeme poc1nxennn a a1o
o6nc1n, xo1n n oksncn neaexec1aennm n necnoco6nm ao acex oc1nLnmx
o6nc1nx 1aopuec1a. c1opnn rpeueckoro pyx coc1on1 ns payx nou1n
npo1naononoxnmx no cyuec1ay a1noa: anoc, amuepun ns 1oro xe nc1ounnk, u1o n
epm, n nn, n Mx6xp1, n crn, n Lxna, n necnn 1py6pypoa - 1.
e. ns pnckoro nc1ounnk. osxe nc1ynnn anox cen1ckoro apoxnoaennn, korp
annueckoe nckycc1ao c1no pxnso, sn1ckne nnpnueckne n nso6psn1enLnme
nckycc1a okonu1enLno asnnn aepx.
oep - neaxno, opnn konkpe1nm uenoaek, nnn o6un nceaponn neckonLknx
cksn1ene - 1aopnn a 1o1 oen1, korp n no6epexLe snn o6ocnoanncL no1okn
pncknx nneen, npnuepunx ns peunn. Cypn no nc1opnueckn canpe1enLc1a, on
popnncn expy 1102 n 947 rr. Donnum npnunn a pok a 1162 r., nonnum a 1130 r.
pnepno n 1o1 xe nepnop npnxopn1cn 1aopuec1ao ecnop, popnauerocn a 944 r. a
Beo1nn, c1pne, ko1opn ns acex kxnmx okpnn peunn ponLue coxpnnn
npr1nueckn pyx, o6ycnoanennm pnckn annnnne.
nepnop, korp oco6enno cnnLno ouyunocL a1o annnnne, 6mno cospno noxec1ao
nponsaepenn, n eue 6onLuee konnuec1ao y1epnno 6eccnepno. Mm xopouo sne
nnpy n pnccek, no ne sne 1prepnk Dqnonkn pk1nnnn, MnenLkyk
nnpy ecknn, nnpckne c1nxn, osapuenne no6epn1ene pon, Onanpy,
Dnnronoa, pncnoa [c xanu n s nsHm. Hm
Hrn m Hr yau aax anu .] n nornx ppyrnx.
ko 6mn nn1ep1yp co [peane peunn: pnpk1nuecko n noaec1aoa1enLno,
nosn1nano n punonnLno, nok on oc1ancL pncko. osxe ounm npn1ok
ennncko kpoan nnpann ee a pycno nnpns, nacerp o1ap1na o1 npexne
poc1ono poporn.
e1 cmcn pnLue roaopn1L n a1y 1ey. [oc11ouno npnsn1L npeaocxopc1ao
annnnckoro apoxnoaennn np ace, u1o 6mno cpenno anocnepc1ann. oepoacknx
amco1 nnkoy ne ypnocL poc1nrny1L. ce, u1o 1aopnnocL nosxe, nanne1cn
npekpcnm, no ne aosamuennm. oneuno, n nospnne 1aopennn oc1k1cn
nenpeasopennmn, 1. k. 6onLue ne 6mno a nc1opnn 1koro coue1nnn pc, nopo6noro
1oy, u1o c1no nx npnunno.
IV. Hck rk
nnoro onepepnn apen n nonm1ncn oxa1n1L nc1opnk annnncko peunn ao ace
ee cu16e nocne 1oro, kk npopeonc1pnpoan npnunnm ee nonn1nueckoro
ckypoynn. enepL aepnecn nsp k aonpoc rocyppc1aennoc1n n npocnepn, kk
coc1a kpoan annne1 n xnsnL a peunn n ppyrnx npopoa 1o anoxn.
Mm onpepennnn pnnson xypoxec1aennoc1n, 1enepL cpene 1o xe coe a
o1nouennn psnnunmx c1pn a psan1nn cnc1em npanennn. Mm yanpn, k kkn
yxcnm no1pncennn a cypL6e o6uec1a npnaopn1 ceuenne pc.
cnn nu1L c npn6m1nn pnuea-annnnoa ao rnae c [eaknnono n p1npoa1L a1n
co6m1ne nuno reponuecknx apeen, korp rpekn xnnn corncno npepnncnnn
npepkoa ns Corpnnm a ycnoannx orpnnuenno nnpnanpynLno cao6opm n ouenL
rn6knx skonoa, 1orp a1o nuno aocxopn1 k 1541 r. po n. a.
epao6m1nn anox a peunn osnenoan 6opL6o expy 6opnrenn, cen1cknn
kononn, nspan nocennaunncn specL n npn6maaunn ckp exepneano, n
pncknn saoea1ennn.
Kxnme 1eppn1opnn co1nn ps nepexopnnn ns pyk a pykn. konue konuoa, pnum-
annnnm, yc1ynaune a uncnennoc1n n unannnsoannoc1n, oksnncL nsrnnnmn nnn
nnonoanny nornouennmn a cce 6opnrenoa, nnonoanny pccennnmn a
cen1cknx cenennnx: 1kn o6pso, cqopnpoancL 6onLun uc1L rpeuecknx
npopoa [3nnck am vac cvan cn aaxmH,
aHanu yv nkamaa, v nmn xcaa n
Hc Hm. naH cnyva nanH Hx mu a n
cH, a aH ynua cHmn c araH. akH aH,
Hx acnHu xaaackr naa aka, cma kaa m.
ammn Hn. anHH, v Qaa mn cmH Kna n 3aca,
ackr ra. cu caH mn aH ncx aHak,
ka n ax an H cnaH, c aa. ak n
ckH amcaH acvacn nnyaaxm am vc
ack, vc cHck acxn k nxy Hc H
nxa.].
Bnroppn a1opxennk repknnpoa n popnuea onronnsnpoannm pnckn npnnunn
n kopo1koe apen asnn aepx, no, a koneuno cue1e, cnoa o1c1ynnn nop n1ncko
xnnenn, n yepennoe npanenne upe nacerp yc1ynnno ec1o 6conk1noy
pecny6nnknckoy pexny.
752 r. qnnn npann nepam pxon1, ns6pnnm n 10-ne1nn cpok. Cen1ckoe
npanenne nunocL a co qnnnkncko ns rpeuecknx ropopoa. konu1enLno ono
y1aeppnnocL nosxe - y popnuea Cnp1m n Ona. eponueckn anox aec1e c ee
nocnepc1annn, 1. e. yepennm onpxnueckn npanenne, npoponxncL 800 ne1.
ne aepy peuL o 6onee pncko anoxe 1n1noa: poc11ouno nnonn1L o6 nx
cmnoaLnx, annnnx, u1o6m noks1L, u1o a nx pykx ponroe apen nxopnncL anc1L.
pnc1okp1nueckn cnc1e ne o1nnuncL 1kn ponroxn1enLc1ao. uauncL a
Cnp1e a 867 r. n qnnx a 753 r., on skonunncL nenno a nocnepne ynonny1o
ropope, aennuec1aenno n cnano; on npeap1nncL a pxon11 crop, cmn
ncnpp, a 508 r., npocyuec1aoaa 245 ne1. C 1ex nop, anno1L po kpx annnncko
nesancnoc1n, aepx uc1o opepxnan pnc1okp1nueckn np1nn, ko1opn pxe
npecnepoan caonx npo1nannkoa, no a cyunoc1n a1o 6mno neu1o apope qpkunonno
rpynnnpoakn, nepnopnueckn cennauecn 1npnn. C 1ex nop nopnLnm
coc1onnne o6uec1a, ecnn aoo6ue cnoao nopnLnoe oxno npnenn1L k xocy n
ncnnnk, 6mn peokp1nn.
Cnp1e oryuec1ao pnc1okp1nn nop cenLk oc11koa onpxnn 6mno ropspo
c16nnLnee. ncenenne 6mno a 6onLue epe pnckn [naam mn
cvaH ccana. ka H, anaam amaan cn
raknaH, kak a nam, cycay num cxca Hxy
canu ccH na naka, c cm, ca,
na Hara, c yr Qm, a canuH m
nacxam canum snnck nnHa, cncu k ncn
an Hra ax ynHacn a na. 3H nxx a
naaaa. va, axaan nnc c Hn, ak x kak am-
ycm nnancu a r . c Hu, v am,
ncxam kanumx Hnu, nrk caancu
ccammH yHnmH HxaH.]. 3konm nkypr okonu1enLno
y1p1nnn cnny 1onLko a 235 r., npopepxauncL 632 rop.
1o kce1cn cn1yunn a qnnx, oxno cks1L cnepykuee: a ne c1onLko
noc1mpnmx nonn1nuecknx nanenn pnpo c nenpeasopennmn nn1ennek1ynLnmn
poc1nxennnn, u1o n nepam asrnnp oxno nopy1L, 6yp1o pnn a1oro
no1pe6oanncL c1one1nn. pnko, ecnn p1npoa1L nuno a1oro pexn pxon11o
crop (508 r.), ero okonunne oxno cans1L c 6n1ao npn epone a 339 r. Cnc1e
npanennn, koneuno, n nosxe npoponxn nsma1Lcn pecny6nnko, no coe rnanoe
- kpnc1nnnueckoe coo1ae1c1ane nunn - 6mno y1pueno, n korp rpxpne qnn
asnnn a pykn opyxne, u1o6m npo1naoc1on1L anc1n keponuea, 1e pcc1pnann nx
ne kk aproa, no kk 6yn1oaunkoa. C 508 no 339 r. npouno 169 ne1.
s a1oro nepnop cnepye1 amuec1L ropm, korp npannn 6or1me, s1e ropm, korp y
anc1n 6mnn 1o nncnc1p1npm, 1o 1pnpu1L 1npnoa, noc1anennmx nkepeonnnn.
Ckp ne axopn1 1kxe onpxnn epnkn, ko1opn pnnncL okono 30 ne1. kn
o6pso, n peokp1nueckoe npanenne npnxopn1cn o1 cnnm nonoann a1nx 169 ne1,
npnue n a1o1 nepnop 1o n peno npepmancn oen1n oun6ok n npec1ynnenn
anc1nmx nnc1n1y1oa. cn aneprnn nunn yxopnn n 1o, u1o6m npnaec1n peunk k
p6c1ay.
prnnsoannoe n ynpanneoe 1kn o6pso annnnckoe o6uec1ao okono 504 r.
oksnocL a xnko coc1onnnn nepep nnuo npnckoro oryuec1a. on1nnen1nLnn
peunn 1pene1n a c1pxe. onnckne kononnn nn1nnn pnL nnn 6mnn noppnnmn
aoc1ounoro cocep.
onqnnk1 ponxen 6mn acnmxny1L no npnunne ec1ec1aennoro npn1nxennn
nonycen1cko peunn k sn1ckoy no6epexLk, k ccnpnckoy uen1py, o1
no6epexLn snn, a onpepenenno c1enenn npnnsnpoannoro, k Dnnpe. ckope n
npepc1on1 yanpe1L nepayk ycneunyk nonm1ky nnekcnn. a1oy ace yxe 6mno
ro1oao, no, k aceo6uey ypnanennk, co6m1nn psaopunanncL npo1naononoxno
1oy, u1o cnepoano oxnp1L.
epcnpckn nnepnn, pspocuncn caepx acnko epm n upesamuno oncnn,
noaen nenpannLnyk nonn1nky. cepkc, o6ynnnm nenc1oam knoueckn nmno, ne
cnyun coae1oa yppmx npnpaopnmx. eco1pn n 1o, u1o rpekn npepann ppyr
ppyr, coaepunn nenpoc1n1enLnme oun6kn n nponannnn neaepon1nyk 1pycoc1L,
upL, aec1o 1oro, u1o6m o6pyun1L n nnx perynnpnme aock, noxenn no1eun1L
asop caon oryuec1ao. C a1o uenLk on co6pn 1onny a 700 1mcnu aonnoa n nornn
nx uepes ennecnon1, coopypna rnrn1ckyk nepenpay, psrneancn n 6ypnoe ope n
a pesynL11e, k aceo6uey nsynennk, no1epnen nopxenne o1 nkpe, eue 6onee
ypnanennmx 1ko neaepon1no ypue.
peueckne nnc1enn ouenL npko n aonnykue onncmak1 1o, u1o nponsouno npn
Oeponnnx, Mpqone, n1ee. koe kpcnopeune ec1ec1aenno pnn c1onL
cnnpn1ynLno nunn. o, no npape roaopn, a1n ampkunecn no6epm 6mnn acero
nnuL cnyunoc1Lk, n ec1ec1aennm xop co6m1n, 1. e. nens6exnoe cnepc1ane
a1nnuecko cn1yunn, o1 a1oro nnuy1L ne nsennncn [Baa n na nmna
22 nn 479 r. . s., a nun rka s nm nmn
crn. kH r, v numan vacu mna a c c ncaH,
naa, caHm cnum x aara, ncnmna aknvu cnaam H
a 477 r., . . aa ra cnycn ncn nm. cn m num
cnannncu sHy nmay, nuk nHy, v s mn H amr.
xaak s nnk Hx cyu n ykay kna, crnac
kHy ack a kamaancn aaau v cnnuaa
x cca rvck nr.].
ocne 6n1am npn n1ee m anpn cnepykuee nonoxenne.
Cn oryuec1aennn nnepnn ponxn norno1n1L cyk cn6yk; kk a caoe apen
cen1nsnpoannm rnne1 nopunnnncn nepcnpcko onpxnn, ynpanneo pnckn
pyxo, 1k n peunn, rpe pano aoupnncn cen1ckn npnnunn, ponxn npnsn1L
npeaocxopc1ao ceec1a, ns ko1oporo amunn 1epn ee npopoa, nockonLky a
qnnx, Onax n pxe a kepeone ne 6onLue unc1mx pnuea, ue a Cyse, n a
pec1ane ac1yne1 skon uncnennoc1n n psepoa 1eppn1opnn.
D1o 6mn ppk payx 6p1Lea. Dcxnn ocosnan kpoanoe popc1ao, korp aknpman a
yc1 1epn cepkc 1kne cnoa:
Mne kxe1cn, n anxy payx peac1aennnu a pockounmx opennnnx. pn ope1 no
nepcnpcko ope, ppyrn no o6muk popnuea. 6e npeaocxopn1 c11Lk oc1nLnmx
xenunn. pco1 nx 6esynpeun. 6e onn - cec1pm opno pcm [cm,
3cxn.].
eco1pn n neoxnpnnm ncxop nepcnpcko aonm, peunn, a cnny cen1ckoro
aneen1 a caoe kpoan, pno nnn nospno 6mn amnyxpen pspenn1L cypL6y snn.
Ckpnpnsm n a1o ne skonunnncL, n cnoa n1or oksncn ne 1kn, kkn cnepoano
ero oxnp1L.
Cpsy nocne o1c1ynnennn nepcoa aocc1noannocL annnnne paop a Cysx n
annnnckne ropop; kk n npexpe, upckne nocnm pann npnksm, ko1opme
6ecnpekocnoano amnonnnnncL. Mec1nme npopm npoponxnn nenanpe1L ppyr ppyr,
ne ynycknn nn opno aosoxnoc1n napepn1L ppyr ppyry; npn6nnxncn oen1,
korp nc1ouennn peunn ponxn 6mn cpen1Lcn nepcnpcko npoannune n,
aosoxno, aosppoa1Lcn a1oy o6c1on1enLc1ay kk snory nokon n np.
Co caoe c1oponm, nepcm, yun1man caon nepanne nopxennn, aenn ce6n nc1onLko
xe oc1opoxno n cpepxnno, nckonLko 6espccypno aenn ce6n nx nme cocepn.
caoe pnn onn pepxnn norouncnennme acnoor1enLnme o1pnpm annnnoa, onn n
xopouo nn1nnn n ocmnnn nouec1nn. nn uc1o ncnonLsoann nx npo1na nonnuea
n co snoppnm ypoane1aopenne anpenn, u1o coaec1L nx nennkoa ne amksmae1
nnkknx npnsnkoa npo6yxpennn.
srnnnnkn ns 11nkn, Beo1nn, enononnec noc1onnno nononnnnn nenme o1pnpm,
n nx aonnckn 1nn1 n po6nec1L a nepayk ouepepL 6mnn nnpanenm npo1na nx
popnmx ropopoa. koneu, korp opnn snenn1m nsrnnnnk, nsaec1nm
rocyppc1aennm pen1enL, npocnanennm aonn, noun1em nnc1enL n op1op,
nonpocnn y aennkoro upn sun1m, ey 6mno oksno neanpnnoe pnee
roc1enpnnc1ao; korp kpy1o nonn1nueckn noaopo1 aepnyn a1oro uenoaek a
popnyk c1pny, on npnnec c co6o, a rny6nne caoe coaec1n, koneu uenn, ppyro
koneu ko1opo 6mn npnkoan k nopnoxnk nepcnpckoro 1pon. koam 6mnn
o1nouennn expy payn npopn. a 1aeppo psyno npanennn nepcoa m
anpn 6onLue pncknx npnsnkoa, ue a cnc1ee anc1n ropopoa kxno peunn,
ko1opme yxe 6mnn nknyne 1oro, u1o6m snn1n1L ropLkyk ueny s caon nppnme
no6epm, korp cypL6 onn1L ynm6nyncL n.
ok kxnme rpekn perppnpoann n npocnannnn ce6n, xn1enn ceaep, ko1opme
oc1anncL a 1enn n cun1nncL nonyapapn, c ue onn, kc11n, ne cnopnnn, xnnn a
caoe onpxnuecko cnc1ee, n a opnn npekpcnm penL onn poc1nrnn 1koro
oryuec1a, u1o oanpenn ace peune n npepc1nn nepep sn1n a noao cae1e, a
kuec1ae poc1onoro npo1nannk. orp keponum saoeann peunk, a a1o
nponanncL cyunoc1L nx kpoan. o6epn1enn psn1enLno o1nnunncL o1 kxnmx rpekoa,
n a1o poksnn nx nonn1nueckne nnc1n1y1m.
Kxnme annnnm nocne ouepepnoro saoeannn qsy npnnnnncL s pspyuenne. o
neuey noaopy onn ornn cnec1n c nnu senn ropop n o6p1n1L ero xn1ene a
p6c1ao. ouno 1k xe aenn ce6n cen1ckne xnpen a anoxy caonx no6ep. apen
ncnm1nn a1o n ce6e ao apen amnyxpennoro nepecenennn a annon; 1o xe coe
pennn cnpnum, coaepun n6ern n aks. ko xe 6mn nonn1nk kpqrennn.
3aoea1enn-cen1m a nepayk ouepepL pynn o pspyuennn n 1onLko no1o
npnnnnncL s npeo6psoannn. epcm anpenn amropy no6ep a ppyro. syee1cn,
n y nnx oxno n1n neno npnepoa noppxnnn ccnpnu, opnko a ueno onn
orpnnunanncL 1e, u1o nnunn anc1n ec1nme pnnc1nn, oc1annn
rocyppc1aennyk oprnnsunk ne1pony1o. Upc1ao coxpnnno onpxnueckne
qopm, pecny6nnkn oc1anncL pecny6nnkn, nokopennme c1pnm nnunncL 1onLko
nesancnoc1n, 1. k. nepcm pspennnn nx n c1pnnn pnn ypo6c1a ynpanennn: a
1ko nonoxennn nxopnnncL nonnckne kononnn ao apeen aon [pnn n
saoeann nekcnpp.
Mkeponum oc1nncL aepnm pnckoy pyxy. ocne 6n1am npn epone Onnnnn nnuero
ne pspyunn, nnkoro ne o6p1nn a p6c1ao, ne nnunn saoeannme ropop nx
npexnnx skonoa, rpxpn nx o6muea. n npoc1o yc1noann caok anc1L c 1e,
u1o6m ynpo1aopn1L nokopennme npopm n noc1an1L nx n cnyx6y caon nnn.
Cnoao, ceaepnme rpekn nopunnnnn ce6e oc1nLnyk uc1L peunn, ne ennn
cyuec1aoaaunx 1 counnLnmx yc1noanenn. pypno npnaec1n 6onee
y6epn1enLnoe poks1enLc1ao o1nocn1enLno unc1o1m 6nropopno kpoan. D1o 6mn
aonnc1aennm n npr1nunm npop, ne o6npaun nn xypoxec1aennmn, nn
nn1ep1ypnmn 1nn1n, no o1nnuauncn rny6okn nonn1nueckn uy1Le.
pnepno 1y xe kp1nny m n6nkpe y npncknx nneen neko1opmx anox.
npoue, ne cnepye1 pen1L noaepxnoc1nme sknkuennn: ecnn cpann1L pae nunn a
nepnop nx c1noanennn, korp nepan nop anc1Lk Onnnnn oanpen peune,
a1opn nenoro pnLue, nop npepaopn1enLc1ao Opop1 nun caon saoeannn, 1o
npnum nokxy1cn n 6onee oryuec1aennmn n poc1onmn aocxnuennn.
D1o aneu1nenne cnpaepnnao. o1nouennn pennrnn pyxoanme nnn cnnpn1ynnc1ckne
pok1pnnm npnuea n nepcoa npeaocxopnnn keponckn nonn1ens, xo1n n
nocnepnn, a caok ouepepL, 6ypyun npnansn k 1oy, u1o n kre nsmann c1pmn
6oxec1an, 6mn enLue nponnkny1 cen1cknn npenn, ue qnnckn nnn
qnanckn 1eonornn. 1o6m 6m1L 1ounm, neo6xopno npnsn1L, u1o pennrnosnme
pok1pnnm Mkeponnn 6mnn nou1n nnuenm amaep1oa aoo6pxennn, s1o
konencnpoann a1o nnonoanny qnncknn cyeaepnnn, ko1opme no nenonn1noc1n n
punoc1n ne yc1ynnn cnpnckn qn1snn. ueno, keponckn pennrnn
yc1ynn nepcnpcko, 1. k. copepxn a ce6e kenL1ckne n cnannckne aneen1m.
1o kce1cn ypoann unannnsunn, specL 1kxe nee1 ec1o o1c1anne. pnckne
npopm, c opno c1oponm, conpnkcnncL c ap1nnn n o1c1ynnnkn-nnpycn,
ko1opme necnn n ce6e o16neck 6pxnns, c ppyro - c ccnpncknn npopn
n, nxopncL expy payx npko ropeaunx ouroa, conpnkcnncL c psan1mn
kynL1ypn.
Bypyun copopnun ap1nea, aoc1ounme npnum ne 1epnnn canse c nnn. Bypyun
pnnnkn ccnpnuea, snpnme npnum 1kxe ncnm1mann annnnne a1o pcm.
Mkeponum nxopnnncL a enee amropno nonoxennn. nn ne conpnkcnncL c
psan1mn npopn, ne cun1n kxnmx rpnnu. C oc1nLnmx c1opon nx okpyxnn
apapm. oa1oy onn ann1nn a ce6n pyx unannnsunn a enLue c1enenn, ue
npnum, ko1opme nonyunnn ero a pesynL11e paonoro 6pk n nepepennn ero n
cao nep.
poe 1oro, a snk c1eknncL cokpoanu co acero np, Mkeponnn nxopnncL a
c1opone o1 1oproamx ny1e: npnum c1noannncL 6orue, nx 6ypyune saoea1enn
npe6mann a 6epnoc1n.
o, neco1pn n 1kne npenyuec1a, poc1aunecn npnu npn Opop1e, ncxop
6opL6m expy nx no1okn, 1. e. noppnnmn [pnn, n aonnn nekcnpp, ne
amsman conenn. o6ep no npay poc1ncL nocnepnn, no1oy u1o korp
nuncL aon, psnnum a unc1o1e nx pncko kpoan nou1n ne 6mno. pnum,
ko1opme yxe ao apen asn1nn annon nkcpo, 6mnn a enLue c1enenn 6enmn,
ue keponum, n 6onee cen1nsnpoannmn, korp 269 ne1 cnyc1n, cmn Onnnnn
c1ynnn n 1eppn1opnk snn. Bes rennn nekcnpp, ko1opm yckopnn co6m1nn, a1o
ace pano 6m nponsouno - nyc1L n nosxe, - yun1man orponyk psnnuy a
uncnennoc1n payx npopoa-conepnnkoa, no conenn a ncxope 6m1L ne oxe1.
sn1ckn kpoaL spnee 6mn o6peuen, 1ouno 1k xe, kk korp-1o on oksncL
nop nro npnuea, ko1opme c 1ex nop ccnnnnpoanncL c ampopnaunncn pcn
nokopenno c1pnm.
3pecL cnoa ac1yne1 a cnny npnnunn nepaenc1a pc. Cen1ckn pc a caonx
norouncnennmx nokonennnx 6onLue onnopo1aopnn xn1ckoe ncenenne, ue
npnckoe a1opxenne. orp rpekn nokopnnn snk, onn 6mnn nenorouncnennm, n nx
no6ep ne npnaen k kononnsunn. x ne6onLune rpynnm, oksauncL a nsonnunn a
orpono nnepnn, cpsy annnncL a ccy ec1noro ncenennn. ennkn nekcnpp
ocosnn, u1o ero 1pnyq osnue1 koneu Dnnpm, u1o ero eu poaepunn peno [pnn n
cepkc, u1o ecnn peunn ne nn, nxopncL nop anc1Lk aennkoro upn, 1o on nn
1enepL, korp ee norno1nn co6c1aennn no6ep. Cen1ckn kpoaL nornoun ace, u1o
ac1peunocL n ny1n. Mpqon n n1en no1ycknenn n c1epnncL a nn1n nocne
p6enn n ccm, n rpek-no6epn1enL, keponckn upL, c cpenncn aennkn
sn1ckn upe. e 6mno 6onLue nn ccnpnn, nn rnn1, nn epcnn, no ne 6mno n
Dnnpm: snpnm np c 1ex nop cnnncn a epnnyk unannnsunk.
nekcnpp yep, ero cop1nnkn pspyunnn nonn1nueckoe epnnc1ao; onn ckaosL
nnLum co1penn n 1o, kk acn peunn aec1e c Mkeponne, saoeanno cen1ckn
aneen1o, npeapue1cn a npnp1ok sn1ckoro no6epexLn. pnnoe o6uec1ao,
psnoo6psnoe a caonx nkncx, no o6Lepnnennoe o6unn qopn,
pcnpoc1pnnnocL n a1o uc1n senoro up, ko1opn o1 Bk1pnn po rop pennn
oxa1man ack nxnkk snk, c1pnm n nne, nx kononnn a qpnke, pqren,
oc1poa Cpepnsenoro opn, cnnnk, Oocnckyk nnnk, annnnnsnpoannyk
1nnk, annnnckne senn. [onrn 6opL6 1pex popc1aennmx unannnsun, ko1opme
po nekcnpp cnopnnn s npao nsma1Lcn co poc1ono, saepunncL
cnnnnne cnn, a pano epe nc1ouennmx 6onLun konnuec1ao cen1cko kpoan,
npnnecue c co6o 6onLuyk posy uepnmx aneen1oa, n ns a1oro rpnpnosnoro
o6Lepnnennn aosnnkn noan cn1yunn.
oaoe o6uec1ao ne o6npno uyac1ao aennuec1aennoro, xpk1epnoro pnn ppeane
ccnpnn n rnn1, n a 1o xe apen ne o1nnunocL n c1penenne k qnsnueckoy n
opnLnoy 6eso6psnk, npncyuey a1n cnnuko ennnckn npop. a po6pe
n ao sne ono onyc1nnocL n c1ynenL nnxe s cue1 paonoro annnnnn npnuea n
rpekoa. 1 nocnepnnx ono yncnepoano yepennoc1L a o6nc1n nckycc1a, u1o
ampsnnocL a konnpoannn annnncknx e1opoa n qop, no, c ppyro c1oponm, ono
necno n ce6e neu1L cen1ckoro akyc - nk6oaL k ycnoxnennoc1n, k y1onuennoy
nc1nunsy, npe1enunosnoy norocnoank n 6esynm qnnocoqckn pok1pnn.
nonckx ampxennn ono poc1nrno nnorp 6nnc11enLnmx amco1, no ne o1nnunocL
rny6nno n apoxnoaenne rennn. cnoanm ero poc1onnc1ao 6mn aknek1ns: ono
acerp roppnnocL 1e, u1o sne1 cekpe1, kk npnnpn1L nenpnnpnme aneen1m -
ockonkn o6uec1a, uLe cep1Lk ono nn1nocL. ne xnn nenc1pe6nn nk6oaL k
p6n1pxno pccypounoc1n. D1 1enpenunn uyac1aye1cn a nn1ep1ype, qnnocoqnn,
opnn, a cnc1ee npanennn. Dnnnnckoe o6uec1ao yno1pe6nnno ack caok aneprnk
n c6nnxenne n o6Lepnnenne pneknx ppyr o1 ppyr npe n nn1epecoa, u1o co no
ce6e ouenL xopouo n nonesno a 1ko cpepe, no coaepuenno nennopo1aopno, 1e
6onee u1o a1o npepnonre1 o1ks o1 caoero npepnsnuennn.
Yuc1L 1knx nenpoponxn1enLnmx o6uec1a, coc1anennmx ns nocky1koa, a 1o, u1o6m
nc1ou1L caon ckypnme cnnm 6es nonLsm: ne mcnn1L, nockonLky y nnx ne1 caonx
npe, ne np1n anepep, no1oy u1o y nnx ne1 uenn, no cuna1L n nepeuna1L, ropec1no
aspmxn, nsnouennme nec1pme nocky1kn, ko1opme noc1onnno pcnonsk1cn. epam
xe cnnnnm opnopopnmn aneen1n npop, oxe1 nerko psopa1L a1y nenpounyk
1knL.
oam np c1penncn k epnnc1ay. n xo1en ampsn1L ace 1epnnLnoe a cnoax.
1o6m ampsn1L npek kcnnLno aosoxnoro nn1ennek1ynLnoro coaepuenc1a,
c1nn yno1pe6nn1L 1epnn 11nueckn. D1o 6mn npen, n ko1opm ne ornn
npe1enpoa1L coapeennnkn n coo1euec1aennnkn epnkn. enoro nnxe c1onno
cnoao annnn, eue nnxe 1kne nponsaopnme o1 a1oro cnoa, kk annnnckn,
annnnnsnpoannm, ko1opme xpk1epnsyk1 c1enenL unannnsunn. enoaek,
poxpennm n 6epery pcnoro opn, a Bk1pnn, a c1enx ernne1cko nekcnppnn,
n no6epexLe ppn1nkn, cun1n ce6n - n ero cun1nn - nc1onun annnno.
enononnec npeap1nncn a o6munyk nonsaec1nyk 1eppn1opnk, ero xn1enn 6mnn ne
6onee unc1mn rpekn, ue cnpnum nnn nnpnum, n a1o nonoxenne onpapmanocL
coc1onnne pc.
pn nepamx npeennkx nekcnpp ao ace peunn ne oc1anocL nn opnoro npop,
ko1opm nen 6m npao o1peuLcn o1 popc1a c conn1enLnmn annnnnsnpoannmn
aneen1n ns n6nn nnn [ck. papckn kpoaL norno1nn ace. ceaepe
ceuenne co cnannckn n kenL1ckn ncenenne npnaeno annnnnsnpoannme pcm k
rpy6oc1n n xec1okoc1n, ko1opme upnnn n 6eperx [ynn, expy 1e kk n kre
6pkn c cen1n o6ycnoannn perppunk, noxoxyk n 1y, u1o m anpenn n
sn1cko no6epexLe, xo1n a cyunoc1n a1o 6mnn nosnun1enLnme qk1opm,
noppmakune pnckn pyx. cnn 6m no6epn1enn pon amunn ns p, onn nunn 6m,
n a Mnkenx n a Cnp1e, opnnx ampopnaunxcn rpxpn.
k 6m 1o nn 6mno, ocnoam epnnc1a unannnsoannoro np 6mnn snoxenm. D1oy
npy 6mn nyxen skon, no n u1o or onepe1Lcn 1ko skon? 1kyp on or
nonan1Lcn, ecnn aec1o rocyppc1a neno ec1o nrpooxpenne pynn, a ko1opo
ncuepnnn xnsnennme cnnm ace ppeanne nneen? k nsaneuL ns ennncknx
nnc1nnk1oa, ko1opme nponn1nn ace, anno1L po cmx rny6oknx cknpok counnLnoro
nopnpk, ynm n 1aeppm npnnunn n cpen1L ns nero nenpepekeoe npanno? D1o
6mno neaosoxno; a nepam ps a npe nonanncn qenoen, ko1opm c 1ex nop
noa1opnncn eue pa ps: ccm nkpe, ne o6Lepnnennmx nn nonn1nuecko
pennrne, nn 1aeppmn counnLnmn npnnunnn, ne nekunx nno uenn, kpoe kk
amxn1L. peueckne upn, s nenenne nyuuero, npnnnnn aceo6uyk 1onepn1noc1L
ao ace n orpnnunnn caon nonnoounn 1pe6oanne nou1ennn k caoey oryuec1ay.
ocyppc1a, ko1opme xo1enn 6m1L pecny6nnkn, oc1nncL 1koamn; opnn ropop
coxpnnn pnc1okp1nueckne qopm, ppyro am6pn unc1yk onpxnk. 1ko
cn1yunn anc1n1enn nnuero ne o1aeprnn n nnuero ne y1aepxpnn. n 1oneen, nn
Ceneaknpm ne aeunanncL a pen rpxpn nnn noppnnmx, ecnn a1n pen ne
s1prnann upckne skonnme nnn caepxskonnme poxopm n npnannernn.
1euenne ponroro nepnop, nok cyuec1aoan a1 cn1yunn, ac1peunncL n
ampkunecn nnunoc1n, no onn ne nonLsoanncL nk6oaLk nnn noue1o, noa1oy ne
ornn nsenn1L nonoxenne aeue. c1o aosnnke1 aonpoc, nouey neko1opme anoxn
ne poxpk1 nnuero ampkuerocn. 1ae1, kk npanno, 6mae1 1kn: no npnunne
nepoc11k cao6opm nnn no1pe6noc1n. pnn o1pk1 ponxnoe qnncko npxnn s 1o,
u1o on nopopnn Coqokn n n1on, n y1aepxpk1, u1o ne 6ypL nenpepmano cy1m
a 1nnn, e1ppk, Bokkuo n [n1e ne ypnannn 6m np caonn aennknn
nponsaepennnn. [pyrne, nnpo1na, o6Lncnnk1 aennune aek epnkn 6nropopc1ao
a1oro rocyppc1aennoro pen1enn, asne1 n1nLnncko ysm - npo1ekune Mepnun,
knccnueckn aek nue nn1ep1ypm - 6nronpnn1nm annnnne oponn-Connu,
kpoank XIV. kn o6pso, a okpyxkue cpepe oxno n1n o6Lncnenne n
onpapnne acey - n npxnn n pecno1nsy.
Cyuec1aye1 eue opn 1ouk spennn: npam 1o nnn nno anoxn oxno o6Lncnn1L
npepnou1enne, ko1opoe coapeennnkn o1pk1 1e nnn nnm snn1nn - aone,
nn1ep1ype, nckycc1a. 6m pspennn a1o nenne, ecnn 6m ono 6mno po konu
o6ocnoannm; k coxnennk, korp npn a1o aosnnke1 aonpoc o6 ocnoano npnunne,
onpepennaue coc1onnne npaoa n npe, ero c1oponnnkn ne o1aeuk1, u1o on
uennko sknkue1cn a panoaecnn a1nnuecknx npnnunnoa. Mm yxe roaopnnn o6
onpepennkue npnunne ypoann npop.
orp snn pspennncL n neckonLko rocyppc1a ncxopn ns psnoro coc1a kpoan nx
ncenennn, a kxpo c1pne - a rnn1e, peunn, ccnpnn, n npncknx sennx -
nonanncn o1na nnn no1pe6noc1L k konkpe1noy anpy unannnsunn, k 1oy nnn nnoy
nnpanennk psan1nn, k konuen1punn nn1ennek1ynLnmx cnn o6uec1a n
konkpe1nmx uennx, n ace a1o 6mno o6ycnoaneno coue1nne a1nnuecknx aneen1oa.
1o kce1cn nunonnLnoro xpk1ep, on onpepennncn orpnnuennm uncno a1nx
aneen1oa n pone kxporo ns nnx a o6ue cce. rnn1nnnn XX a. n. a., 6maun
npn6nnsn1enLno n 1pe1L pnue, n 1pe1L 6enm xn1o n n 1pe1L nerpo, ne
noxox n ernn1nnnn VIII c1one1nn, uLn npnpop 6mn nnonoanny ennncko, n
opny pecn1yk 6eno xn1cko, n 1pe1L cen1cko n a oc1nLno pncko. e1
nyxpm nnonn1L, u1o peno aoace ne a 1ounoc1n a1nx unqp - a1n n xouy nnuL
nopuepkny1L caok mcnL.
o ernn1nnnn VIII a., pxe ampopnauncn, 1e ne enee nen caok nunonnLnoc1L.
oneuno, a ne yxe ne 6mno kuec1a caonx npepkoa, opnko a1nnueckoe coue1nne, ns
ko1oporo on amuen, oc1anocL npncyun ey. unnn c V a. cn1yunn nsennncL.
a1y anoxy pnckn aneen1 nc1onLko psppo6nncn, u1o y1p1nn ack caok
k1nanoc1L. ro ponL orpnnunancL 1e, u1o6m nnu1L unc1o1m oc1nLnme
aneen1m, 1. e. nnu1L nx cao6opm pec1an.
e xe cme amaopm oxno cpen1L a o1nouennn rpekoa, ccnpnuea, npnuea. o
specL oxno sp1L aonpoc: nouey a anoxy c1noanennn epnnc1a pc ne nonannocL
nn opno epnno nunn, o6npaue acen poc1nxennnn ppeannx unannnsun,
co6pnnmx aoepnno? ouey acn epepnnn snn, o6Lepnnennn c peune n rnn1o,
6mn ne a coc1onnnn ocyuec1an1L nyk uc1L 1oro, u1o cpenn kxpn ee uc1L,
6ypyun o1penLno, 1e 6onee, u1o kxpn 6mn pspnpe any1pennnn
konqnnk1n?
pnunn a1oro nppokc sknkue1cn a 1o, u1o epnnc1ao pec1an1enLno neno
ec1o, no c o1pnu1enLnm snko. snn aneune o6LepnnnncL, no ne c1n epnno.
oco1pn, nouey nponsouno o6Lepnnenne. onLko no1oy, u1o 6onee cnnLnme
a1nnueckne npnnunnm, ko1opme yxe cqopnpoann a psnmx ec1x co6m1nme
unannnsunn nnn, nonyuna a1n unannnsunn, 1k cks1L, a ro1oao anpe, nsennnn
nx nnn pxe ycoaepuenc1aoann, oksauncL a psnrkue cce cn6mx
aneen1oa n no1epna aneprnk, npepoc1annn nunonnLnm pyx coy ce6e - 6es
nnpanennn, 6es nnnun1nam, 6es cnn. oackpy 1pn rnanmx npnnunn -
xn1ckn, cen1ckn n pnckn - o1peknncL o1 npexne nnnun1nam n nepec1nn
6nro1aopno nn11L kpoaL ncenennn. Mexpy 1e nnsune a1nnueckne npnnunnm
npoponxnn nopnn1ma1Lcn 1, rpe npexpe nxopnnncL ppeanne unannnsunn. pek,
ccnpneu, ernn1nnnn, npneu V a. no nnonnn caonx npepkoa, xnaunx a XX a.:
onn ace 6onLue noxopnnn ppyr n ppyr panm nepoc11ko k1nanmx npnnunnoa;
a1oy cnoco6c1aoano 1o, u1o onn cocyuec1aoann a noxoxnx ccx ncenennn, xo1n
nx pspennnn nopo nose1nme psnnunn. nn ne xo1enn enn1L cyuec1aykuee
nonoxenne aeue, no ne ornn o6Lepnnn1Lcn expy co6o; noa1oy, amnyxpennme
xn1L aec1e, cnnuko cn6me, u1o6m nans1L caok aonk, ace onn cknonnnncL k
cken1nunsy n 1epnnoc1n n cun1nn co nonesno po6pope1enLk 1pkcnk,
kk nsan 1koe coc1onnne pyun Cekc1 Dnnpnk.
Y nouncnennmx npopoa a1nnueckoe panoaecne yc1nannae1cn 1onLko nocne
ncuesnoaennn acex unannns1opcknx npyxnn, nockonLky unannns1opckn npnnunn,
nenpeenno nouepnny1m a 6nropopno pce, acerp cnnuko nesnun1enen, u1o6m
ero oxno 6mno 6esnksnno pspenn1L. pnko nok on coxpnne1 o1nocn1enLnyk
unc1o1y, on nrpe1 ocnoanyk ponL, cnepoa1enLno, npenn1c1aye1 yc1noanennk
panoaecnn c nnsunn aneen1n. 1o oxe1 cnyun1Lcn, ecnn o6Lepnnenne
nponcxopn1 1onLko expy pcn, ko1opme, npopn uepes nepayk 1pncqopunk,
oksmak1cn nc1ouennmn? oaoe panoaecne, anpno, oxe1 yc1noan1Lcn (n
cksn anpno, no1oy u1o a nc1opnn 1koro eue ne 6mno) 1onLko ueno
ampoxpennn, k 1oy xe o6muno a1o aneue1 s co6o nou1n nonnm aosap1 k coy
nnsuey a1nnueckoy aneen1y, ko1opm acerp cm norouncnennm.
snn a1n cm norouncnennm aneen1o 6mn uepnm. n1m, c coro nun
caoero nuec1ann, ac1pe1nnncL c nn n ceaepe; aosoxno, n cen1m ac1ynnnn c nn
a kon1k1 a 1o xe apen.
[a nepamx ceec1a Uen1pnLno snn, 6onee norouncnennme, ue ace npexnne
aonnm 6eno nrpunn, cnyc1nnncL 1k pneko n snp n n kr qpnkn, u1o eue ne
nsaec1no, rpe nck1L npepen nx npopanxennn. pnko nnns cen1cknx nsmkoa
nosaonne1 y1aepxp1L, u1o uepnm npnnunn noackpy opepxn aepx np 6enm
aneen1o xn1oa n nx coksnnkoa.[nn rpekoa, 1k xe kk n pnn nx co6p1Lea
npnuea, pnckne nuec1ann 6mnn no nnopo1aopnm a cpanennn c ncenenne,
ennnsnpoannm 6onee, ue n pae 1pe1n, a cpepe ko1oporo onn oksnncL.
oa1oy, kk n cnepoano oxnp1L, nsenna a 1euenne onpepenennoro apeenn
coc1a ncenennn, c ko1opm onn conpnkcnncL, onn cn s1epnnncL a cpepe
pspyun1enLnoro aneen1, ko1opm eue pnLue norno1nn nx 6enmx
npepuec1aennnkoa. D1o nponsouno ao apeen keponuea n nponcxopn1 ceropnn.
op anc1Lk rpeuecknx nnn annnnnsnpoannmx pnnc1n cn1yunn 6mn ne c1onL
nnueano, kk nmneunnn. konu1enLnoe, q1nLnoe, nens6exnoe n ace
ycnnnakueecn npenyuec1ao ennnckoro npnnunn - ao1 n1or cyuec1aoannn
epepne snn n cocepnnx c ne 1eppn1opn. Moxno cks1L, u1o c 1oro pnn, korp
nepam xn1ckn saoea1enL o6Lnann ce6n rocnopnno nepao6m1nmx uepnmx
nneen, no6expennme ne 1epnnn nn nny1m, u1o6m aepny1L caon senn n o1nn1n1L
saoea1enn. so pnn a penL onn po6nanncL caoe uenn - 1epnennao n neyknonno,
kk acerp npnpop ocyuec1anne1 1kyk nccnk.unnn c keponcko anoxn ace,
u1o nponcxopn1 ns epepne snn nnn peunn, cnyxn1 pcunpennk ennnckoro
annnnnn.
Mm aenn peuL o psnnunn expy nry6nm epnnc1ao sn1oa n annnnnsnpoannmx
npopoa: o1ckp nponc1ekk1 pae npo1naononoxnme 1enpenunn, ycnnnakune
npxnk a1oro o6uec1a. nk1o ne 1epnn1 nopxenne, nnk1o ne 1opxec1aye1 no6epy:
ace poaonLc1ayk1cn xpynkn, 1o n peno ennkuncn npanenne, ko1opoe xnae1 s
cue1 6ecnnopnoro konponcc. pnnn onpxnn neaosoxn, no1oy u1o nn opn
pc ne a coc1onnnn nn11L ee. nrpe ne1 ue1koro nponanennn nunonnLnoc1n.
ckpy nponcxopn1 noc1onnnm nepepen 1eppn1opnn. e1 c16nnLnoc1n, ne1 panxennn.
nc1opnn nsaec1nm 1onLko pa ncknkuennn ns a1oro npann: nuec1ane rn1oa n
nonanenne npqnn [ ran a nmk nxna, aH nmn a nac, a
kH num cHckx k ynua nrr nmaan
acaka a c nak. H csa, cxmH
HaanH mn ckck, ckm ran a ackH ank.
Maxaxaa ynHacn nan n HH naaa. 3nnn
y x c cakaH, . . HrnaH. 3vck ccaa nan
s r nnuc Hrx yackx ac.], pnckoro npop, ceunnoro
c xen1o pco, ko1opm 6mn cen1nsnpoan, kk n ero npepuec1aennnkn, s1e
1kxe pc1aopnncn a nec1po cce.
pnko n rn1m n npqnne 6mnn cnnuko nouncnennm, u1o6m nponro nsenn1L
cn1yunk a snn. cnn 6m n cuene ne nonanncL noan ounn n k1nann 6enn
cnn, 1kn yuc1L noc1nrn 6m npoayk unannnsunk. ok a epepne snn
aoupnncL npxnn - npepaec1nnk okonu1enLnoro ynpk, - npnn epnenno, no
1kxe neo1ap1no, un k 1oy xe ncxopy. onLko n1 npoponxn panr1Lcn caon
ny1e, yeno ns6ern o1knonenn n 6onLunx oncnoc1e. o n1 ne npepc1annn
co6o np, on oc1ancn a nsonnunn, xnn c no ce6e, os6ouennm nnuL
nponn1nne caoero ncenennn.
ko 6mn cn1yunn, korp a s1epnnno yronke cpepnsenoopckoro nonyoc1poa
s6pesxnn cae1. nune cn6m, on psropncn ace cnnLnee, pcnpoc1pnnncL ace
pnLue n pnLue, n appyr ospnn snpnyk uc1L senoro up. D1o nponsouno 1,
kyp pnn rpekoa kxpm aeuep cnyckncn ennoc - n noxe nnqm ken.
asoun saesp noao unannnsunn. 31py6nn a qnqpm no6ep, o6Lnana nn
1ny, n n peny amuen n.

, ' %%
I. Qa xn anm
[onroe apen cun1nocL, u1o neaosoxno o6npyxn1L expy qpknckn Bocqopo n
ope, rpnnuun c nnune, n o1 3ynp po Cnunnnn nn opnoro ec1, rpe nkpn,
npnnpnexauee k xen1o, onronLcko, yropcko, qnncko pce, 1. e. nkpn c
ysknn rnsn, ne6onLun nnockn noco, neamcokoro poc1, korp-nn6o
qopnpoann noc1onnnme nunn. Dro nenne, ko1opoe c1nn a kko-1o epe
o1pnu1L 1onLko a nocnepnne ropm, ne nop1aepxpnocL nnkknn poks1enLc1an.
ero ocnoae nexno nou1n 6conk1noe nesnnne qk1oa. euL npe1 o cmx psnmx
qk1x, ko1opme a coaokynnoc1n coc1annk1 y6epn1enLnoe poks1enLc1ao
[Uaak H namx kaan vu aa acnca
aackx a a an, accHaaan nuk cam Hn
yaxan, v xnan aca cnycnacu ra anum a ack r, vH
mv nnnaracn. Mnn Hva cnm nanckx ncn a
caH x vac kaaa annu Ua. nncmaa
aack ncxx acH ckH nnHaH anm nnara, v
s cHca nayncu ank a r.].
npepenennn rpynn ouenL ppeannx n 6ecqopennmx nn1nnkoa, ac1peukunxcn
nou1n ao acex ponx aponm, nspan npnanekn annnne yuenmx. C ppyro
c1oponm, c nnn cansno neno nerenp. D1o nn6o neo1ecnnme knn a anpe
o6ennckoa, cnoxennme nocpepn nonnnm nnn n 6epery aopoe, nn6o neu1o,
nnonnkuee rpnn1nme caopm ns neckonLknx 6nokoa. D1n 6nokn o1nnuk1cn
rnrn1cknn psepn n ne necy1 n ce6e cnepoa o6p6o1kn. 1o xe k1eropnn
o1nocn1cn nrpooxpennn kne nnn anynoa, ynoxennmx 1kn o6pso, u1o onn
an6pnpyk1 npn neue 1onuke. D1n nn1nnkn, 6onLue uc1Lk ncknkun1enLno
aneu1nnkune pxe pnn neann1enLnoro asop, naenn yuenmx n npepnonoxennn,
cansnnme nn6o c nnknun, nn6o c pnnnnn, aosoxno c rpekn, nnn kenL1n,
nnn pxe co cnannn. o kpec1Lnne, xpnnune aepoannn o1uoa, o1aeprk1 1kne
nennn n npnnncmak1 a1n srpounme o6Lek1m qen n kpnnk. nxe m yanpn,
u1o kpec1Lnne npam. Corncno neen1y nekcnppnckoy, o nnx cnoxenm
npepnnn c1onL xe nerenppnme, kk rpeueckn qnnocoqnn. D1o1 o1eu Uepkan
cpannae1 nx c opexn, no npnanek1enLnmn no aneuney anpy pnn
xpnc1nnnn, no ecnn pckono1L nx, m npe any1pn akycnme n nn11enLnme
nnopm.
pxn1ek1yp qnnnknuea, rpekoa, pnnnn, kenL1oa n pxe cnann ne nee1 nnuero
o6uero c ynonny1mn nn1nnkn. Mm sne nponsaepennn a1nx npopoa psnmx
anox; m sne, pnn uero onn cnyxnnn, no a pnno cnyue nnu1o ne yksmae1 n
nsnuenne a1nx o6Lek1oa. poe 1oro, knn, noc1anennme aep1nknLno, nnpnpm
ns kne n ponLenm ac1peuk1cn a 1ex ec1x, rpe nnkorp ne npoxopnnn
no6epn1enn np n n, nnn 1oproaum ns Mpcenn, nnn kenL1ckne aonnm, nnn
1pyponk6name cnanne. oa1oy k a1o npo6nee cnepye1 nopo1n no-noaoy.
cnn ncxopn1L ns o6uenpnsnnnoro qk1, u1o ace ppeanoc1n 3npno aponm, o
ko1opmx specL npe1 peuL, no caoey c1nnk npepuec1ayk1 pnckn saoeannn,
1orp m nee npexnyk xpononornueckyk 6sy n knku k peuennk npo6nem.
nc1nak n a1o o6c1on1enLc1ae, xo1n peno kce1cn 1onLko p1npoakn c1nnn, no nn
a koe cnyue ne p1m coopyxennn 1oro nnn nnoro konkpe1noro nn1nnk. nune
neo6xopno pcco1pe1L aonpoc a o6unx uep1x, s1e konkpe1nsnpoa1L.
ockonLky pnn Uespe sxa1nnn ack nnnk n uc1L Bpn1ncknx oc1poaoa a I
c1one1nn po n. a., rnnLckne n 6pn1nckne ppeanoc1n aocxopn1 k 6onee pnnn
apeen. o a cnnnn 1kxe ec1L nn1nnkn, npen1nunme yksnnm.
nnnne oanpenn a1o sene sponro po 1oro, kk npnunn a nnnk, po nnx ckp
npnnecnn caok kpoaL n caon npnnunnm kpqrennne n qnnnknum. Cnepoa1enLno,
npopm, ko1opme coopypnnn ncnnckne ponLenm, ne ornn cpen1L a1oro nocne
nepamx nepecenenn qnnnknuea. npoue, ne 6ype yrny6nn1Lcn pnLue III a. po
oxpec1a pnc1oa.
Bonee onpepenennn cn1yunn - a 1nnn. nk1o ne coneae1cn a 1o, u1o
coopyxennn, noxoxne n rnnLckne. ncnnckne, ne npepuec1ayk1 pnckoy n, 1e
6onee, a1pycckoy nepnopy. . e. nx npo nepenec1n ns III a. no kpne epe, a VIII
a. po n. a.
o nockonLky coopyxennn n Bpn1ncknx oc1poax, a nnnn, cnnnn n 1nnn
o1nocn1cn k 1oy xe 1nny, onn ec1ec1aenno naopn1 n mcnL o 1o, u1o nx c1pon1enn
npnnpnex1 k 1o xe pce. pn a1o aosnnke1 xennne onpepenn1L o6nc1L
pcnpoc1pnennn a1o pcm ncxopn ns Mec1ononoxennn nn1nnkoa, ko1opme
canpe1enLc1ayk1 o ee npncy1c1ann. oa1oy yuenme nunnk1 aec1n nonckn s
npepenn a1nx ue1mpex c1pn, n pesynL11 nonyue1cn nopsn1enLnm.
eppn1opnn, oksauncn a uen1pe annnnn, npoc1npe1cn o1 o6onx kxnmx
nonyoc1poaoa aponm, oxa1mae1 Laeupnk, nnnk, Bpn1nckne oc1poa, ack
epnnk, [nnk, kr Laeunn, onLuy n occnk, nepexopn1 uepes Ypn, npoxopn1 no
ceaepno Cn6npn, nepeceke1 Bepnnroa nponna, aknkue1 a ce6n npepnn n nec
Ceaepno epnkn n sknunae1cn a aepxne 1euennn Mnccncnnn, aosoxno, n
eue nnxe.
Cnepye1 npnsn1L, u1o ecnn oc1an1L a nokoe qnnnknuea, rpekoa n pnnnn n
coo1nocn1L c1onL o6unpnme 1eppn1opnn c kenL1n nnn cnannn, 1orp npo 6m1L
ro1oamn k 1oy, u1o6m o6npyxn1L n ppyrne nnornunme coopyxennn. BypL onn
kenL1m nnn cnanne, 6opnrenm ponxnm 6mnn noackpy oc1an1L cnepm caoe
kynL1ypm, cpannme c 1en, u1o m anpn ao Opnunn, nrnnn, epnnn, [nnn,
occnn, ko1opme oxno npnnnc1L 1onLko n. o peno a 1o, u1o a1 1eopnn nnue ne
nop1aepxpe1cn.
1ex xe sennx, rpe cyuec1ayk1 coopyxennn ns kennmx rnm6, ac1peue1cn
noxec1ao noc1poek psnmx 1nnoa, canpe1enLc1a uenoaeueckoro 1nn1, ko1opme,
ppnknLno o1nnuncL ppyr o1 ppyr a psnnunmx ec1x, co ace oueanpnoc1Lk
yksmak1 n cyuec1aoanne o1nnunmx ppyr o1 ppyr npopoa. k, a nnnn ec1L
pynnm, coaepuenno ne noxoxne n cnannckne, ko1opme, a caok ouepepL, o1nnuk1cn
o1 cn6npcknx, 1e o1 epnkncknx.
kn o6pso, c1noan1cn ncno, u1o eue po kon1k1oa c psan1mn nunnn c
no6epexLn Cpepnsenoro opn, qnnnknun, rpekn n pnnnnn, a apone xnnn
psnme norouncnennme nneen. pnn ns nnx snnnn 1onLko neko1opme ponm
kon1nnen1, expy 1e kk ppyrne oc1annn cnepm noackpy, npnue sponro po VIII
a. po n. a.
enepL npepc1on1 onpepenn1L, kkne ns ynonny1mx coopyxenn cme ppeanne,
kkne ac1peuk1cn a orpnnuennmx ec1x n kkne pcnpoc1pnenm noackpy.
e, u1o ac1peuk1cn pepko, o1nnuk1cn onpepenennm c1epc1ao, 6onee amcokn
1exnnueckn coaepuenc1ao n counnLnm npepnsnuenne, ue nn1nnkn,
pcnpoc1pnennme ao nornx ec1x. 1oy xe nocnepnne pepko necy1 n ce6e cnepm
e1nnnuecknx nnc1pyen1oa, neko1opme o1nocn1cn k pay anox, rpe 6pons n
xeneso npepc1k1 a cmx npnuypnnamx qopx, n a1n qopm ne oc1annk1 nn
neuero conennn a 1o, u1o onn ne npnnpnex1 nn kenL1, nn cnann, no1oy
u1o a1o nop1aepxpe1 knccnueckn nn1ep1yp.
Cnepoa1enLno, nockonLky kenL1m n cnanne 6mnn nocnepnnn xosnean aponm po
VIII a. po n. a., o6 nepnop, ko1opme nsanm pxeonorn 6ponsoam n
xenesnm aek, o1nocn1cn n k a1n npop. nn oxa1mak1 nocnepnne apeen
ppeane n1nunoc1n nunx c1pn, n 6onee pnnn nepnop oxno nsa1L no nnornn
kennm aeko. enno k a1o anoxe o1nocn1cn nn1nnkn, o ko1opmx m aepe
peuL.
3pecL ec1L opnn nencnm aonpoc. pnamuk nnuero ne seu1L a apone
pokenL1oackoro n pocnannckoro nepnop y6expe1 neko1opmx mcnn1ene a 1o, u1o
1pn aek - kennm, 6ponsoam n xenesnm - snenyk1 acero nnuL rppunn a
kynL1ype opnnx n 1ex xe pc. o a1o nornke a1o 6mnn eue pnkne npepkn yenmx
pypokonoa, 1nn1nnamx 1aopuoa, uLn nponsaepennn amsmak1 nue aocxnuenne. x
apapc1ao o6Lncnnk1 nepnopo counnLnoro pe1c1a, korp 6mnn nensaec1nm
1exnnueckne aosoxnoc1n, nonanaunecn nosxe.
D1y rnno1esy, nenpneneyk n no norn ppyrn npnunn, 6esycnoano onpoaepre1
opno aospxenne [ma nm: cn ncnu ax ayk
ckyccaa a an, r Hm yaH n cn r aan, a ck
knan, n kmx ccn n nyckacn n aammacn
n HckH anaH. km cnnucaa cnccay
nrccy, yr ynaky. aHx ayxu nx acn
kx aa k ca ckaa n xka, aH cnmx n,
ak, Hnnua Hcnka. ak m rnyk Hm nkan
a namm aHa, a nnm aH rvckx, Hm acvaH
nuk cnm canum am, naa sH
cnccnH.]. Mexpy 6ponsoam n xenesnm aekn psnnu 1onLko a
konnuec1ae ncnonLsyemx 1epnnoa n a coaepuenc1ae pesynL11oa 1pyp.
[anxyun mcnL ne nsenne1cn: on npoponxe1cn, opnqnunpye1cn,
coaepuenc1aye1cn, panxe1cn o1 xopouero k nyuuey. 31o expy kennm n
6ponsoam aekn anpnm 6pockunecn a rns kon1pc1m, n a cyunoc1n ne1
nepexop opnoro a ppyro: cosnp1enLnm pyx npeo6psye1cn nso acero ao ace.
oa1oy kennm n 6ponsoam aek cansmak1 coace ne 1e o1nouennn, ko1opme
nek1 ec1o expy 6ponsoam n xenesnm aekn. nepao cnyue cyuec1aye1
nepexop o1 opno pcm k ppyro, ao a1opo m anpn npoc1o nporpecc any1pn pc,
ecnn ne nonnoc1Lk npen1nunmx, 1o no kpne epe ouenL popc1aennmx. oa1oy ne1
conenn a 1o, u1o cnanne o6ocnoanncL a apone kk nnny 14 1mcnu ne1 1oy
nsp. C ppyro c1oponm, kenL1m yxe cpxnncL n ponne a XVIII a. po n. a. 1k,
m npnunn k cnepykuey amaopy, 1e1nueckoy pesynL11y acero
amuecksnnoro: nn1nnkn kennoro aek, u1o kce1cn nx c1nnn, npepuec1ayk1
2000 r. po n. a. c, noc1ponaun nx, nspan o6n1n n a1nx sennx, nockonLky
onn ac1peuk1cn ace uue no epe npopanxennn k ceaepo-snpy, ceaepy n ceaepo-
aoc1oky, a1 xe cn pc snnn c cmx ppeannx apeen n a1n pernonm. cnn
xo1n 6m npn6nnsn1enLno onpepenn1L aepon1nyk anoxy ee pcuae1, 1orp oxno c
yaepennoc1Lk npnnn1L nepnop s 3000 ne1 po n. a., kk npepnre1 opnn p1ckn
yuenm [ v nm Hcaa: cn knum Hn cnm xna a
ana anm n ayx mcnv n Hy aa, acknuk a nx
mu a, km xn cu knua? Mr n nmn, nx vH
knum acncancu n 3ana an cnan Hn
nn. sHy acnkr nyanvn Hx c n
3000 n Hy aa k kaHHy aky.].
enepL oc1e1cn onpepenn1L a1nnueckyk npnpopy a1nx ppeannx npopoa, a 1ko
6onLuo konnuec1ae pcnpoc1pnennmx a nue nonyupnn. nn, koneuno,ouenL
6nnskn psnnunm rpynn xen1oro anp - neamcokne, npnsenc1me, nekpcname
nkpn orpnnuennmx yc1aennmx cnoco6noc1e, no o6npaune npk1nunm yo n
npko ampxennmn yxcknn nnc1nnk1n [ cav ran
vckx xaakckax xn acm.].
epano a [nnn n opaernn o6p1nnn annnne n orponme nrpooxpennn
pkyuek, ceunnmx c koc1nnmn n kpenneamn noxn ouenL rpy6o p6o1m.
c1peuk1cn oc1nkn ckene1oa onene n k6noa c ypnennmn any1pennoc1nn.
ocnopnn opca, nnnsnpyn a1o o1kpm1ne, coxnee1, u1o nnornunme nxopkn
po cnx nop ne ac1peunncL n no6epexLe Opnunn. n cun1e1, u1o nx cnepye1 nck1L
npexpe acero a Bpe1nn, po6annn: ce nsaec1no, kk noro 1knx ckonnenn
pkyuek n koc1e a epnke. nn copepx1 a ce6e rpy6me opypnn n nopo6ne 1ex,
ko1opme o6npyxenm a [nnn n opaernn, u1o canpe1enLc1aye1 o nocenennnx
ppeannx nneen.
D1n nn1nnkn nc1onLko neo6munm n nopxk1 aoo6pxenne, u1o c1noan1cn
nonn1nm, nouey onn 1k ponro ckpmanncL o1 rns. e uennee a1o1 noppok pnn
nykn, 1. k. a1o poksmae1, u1o n ceaepe aponm ec1L cnepm, nnornunme 1e,
kkne nxopn1 po cnx nop n no6epexLe noaoro np a okpec1noc1nx Bepnnroa
nponna. poe 1oro, a1o pe1 aosoxnoc1L nn1epnpe1npoa1L ppyryk nxopky 1koro
xe pop, eue 6onee nn1epecnyk, cpennnyk coace nepano nop kpo.
BenLrnckn yuenm Cnpnnr nsanek ns rpo1 rpypy o6nokoa, sanennmx cnoe
c1nrn1 n cnoe nn, copepxunx qpren1m knLunnnpoanno rnnnm,
oprnnueckoro yrnn, koc1n 6mkoa, 6pnoa, canne, kos, onene, suea, 1kxe
xenunn, knoue n pe1e. n1epecnm qk1, o1euennm a [nnn n opaernn: ace
osroame koc1n psppo6nenm - kk uenoaeueckne, 1k n xnao1nme, n Cnpnnr
cnpaepnnao sknkue1, u1o a1o 6mn knpoan nkpoepoa. D1o - uep1, coaepuenno
uyxpn ace nneen 6enoro ceec1a, pxe cm canpenm, no uc1o
ac1peukuncn y epnkncknx npopoa.
1o kce1cn ppyrnx qk1oa, o6npyxenm nn1epecnme sennnme kyprnm, ko1opme no
ne6pexnoc1n ncnonnennn ne nek1 nnuero o6uero c pncknn sxoponennnn
epxne snn, 1kxe nmunmn ornnn a peunn, poe, npnn, nec1nne,
ko1opme canpe1enLc1ayk1 ecnn ne o xypoxec1aenno akyce cosp1ene, 1o, no
kpne epe, o nonnnnn rpnpnosnoro n aennuec1aennoro. Mexpy 1e ynonny1me
amue nn1nnkn - a1o npoc1me nrpooxpennn senn n rnnnm. op nnn nxopn1cn
ne coxxennme 1pynm, pnpo c ko1opmn o6npyxenm cnepm nenn. c11n,
o1cy1c1ane npnsnkoa coxxennn koc1e cun1e1cn opno ns oco6ennoc1e qnncknx
sxoponenn, 1. k. kenL1m n cnanne cxnrnn caonx nokonnkoa. c1o ep1ame 1en
nex1 n noxe ns ae1ok. D1o o6c1on1enLc1ao nnonne1 norpe6nLnme ansnkn
6opnrenoa n1n. knx npnn1nanmx sxoponenn noro no ace apone.
nnornunme coopyxennn ec1L a aepxne 1euennn Mnccncnnn, n upesamunn
xpynkoc1L ckene1oa, ko1opme npn neue npnkocnoaennn pccmnk1cn a nmnL,
yksmae1 n nx ppeanoc1L.
D1n kyprnm, acerp noxoxne ppyr n ppyr, ncmnnnme a epnke, n ceaepe snn
n a apone, nop1aepxpk1 nenne, u1o korp-1o n a1nx 1eppn1opnnx xnn opn n 1
xe pc n a1 pc 6mn xen1o. oackpy kyprnm cocepc1ayk1 c pnnnnmn
sennnmn ann, nnorp paonmn nnn 1ponmn, ko1opme 1nny1cn no npno n
neckonLko nnL. nn ac1peuk1cn expy ncno n DnL6o, a nLpen6ypre, a
nnoaepe.
kn o6pso, ns a1nx poc11ouno norouncnennmx n corncykunxcn expy co6o
qk1oa cnepye1 1ko amaop: xen1me nneen, npnuepune ns epnkn n
ckonnaunecn n ceaepe snn, a pneko npouno snonnnnn ack apony, n nenno
n npnnpnex1 a1n rpy6me nn1nnkn ns senn nnn neo1ecnnmx kne. op
o1ksma1Lcn o1 co6nsn anpe1L a nnx pesynL11m cnoppnuecko kynL1ypm
kenL1cknx n cnanncknx npopoa. enepL, yc1noana a1o1 qk1, pannecn acnep s
qnncknn nneenn n snp n pcco1pn ann1enLnee pesynL11m nx
pen1enLnoc1n, ko1opme ceropnn ypnannk1 nc. pnoapeenno m ysne, xo1n 6m a
o6unx uep1x, kko 6mn counnLnn xnsnL nepamx xn1ene aponm.
Mepnenno panrncL uepes scnexennme c1enn n 6ono1 ceaepnmx pernonoa, nx oppm
6onLue uc1Lk unn poanm n nerkn ny1e. nn unn no 6eper opn n 6onLunx
pek, am6npn enee necnc1me poporn n ypo6nme nepexopm a ropx n cknx. nn
6mnn nepoc11ouno psan1m n aneprnunm, u1o6m nponoxn1L ny1L uepes
1pypnonpoxopnme npenn1c1ann, n epnnc1aennm nx nnc1pyen1o 6mn kpeneam
1onop, koe-kk npn ansnnm k 1onc1o ae1ke pepea. [nn nepenpam uepes pekn nnn
6ono1 onn nonLsoanncL npnn1nanmn nopkn ns 1onc1oro c1aon cpy6nennoro
pepea, ampon6nennoro nnn amxxennoro orne. kne cyp, poxopnune po 10
pnnno, o6npyxenm a 1opqnnnkx nrnnn n Lo1nnpnn. eko1opme nek1
pepeannnme pyukn c o6onx konuoa, o6neruaune nepenocky.
orp 1pe6oanocL cann1L pepeao, qnnnm npnennnn cnoco6, ko1opm po cnx nop
pcnpoc1pnen y pnknx nneen nx popnoro kon1nnen1. penneam 1onopo onn
ampn6nnann ne6onLune yrny6nennn a c1aone py6 nnn cocnm, s1e ponro n
1epnennao nopknpmann a pynno pcknennm ppeaecnm yronL.
Cypn no coxpnnauncn npnsnk, xen1me nneen yc1pnann c1onnkn n opcko
nnn peuno 6epery, xo1n qnnckne cnepm ac1peuk1cn n a rny6nne 1epnk, a
noaopno ec1noc1n. c11kn nx nocenenn ec1L a uen1pe Opnunn: a ponnne osx,
Kp, en. eko1opme ceropnn oksnncL n pne uaeupcknx osep.
pnaepe kp1kn o6sop rnanmx nxopok, ko1opme ory1 npnnpnex1L 1onLko
6opnren xen1o pcm n ko1opme ace pxeonorn o1nocn1 k kennoy aeky. yxe
ynonnn nrpooxpennn cLepo6nmx pkyuek, koc1e ue1aeponornx n nkpe
anepeexky c noxn ns knn, koc1n n por, kpenneame 1onopm n ono1kn, nopkn
ns c1aonoa pepeaLea, oc11kn xnnnu n canx, ko1opme anepame o6npyxenm n
6eperx osep enLaeunn. nn cnepye1 npn6an1L nkoneunnkn c1pen ns oc1pmx
kne nnn pm6Lnx koc1e, nkoneunnkn konn n rpnynm ns 1knx xe 1epnnoa,
nyroanum pnn koxnmx opexp, kycoukn nn1pn c o1aepc1nnn nnn cnnounme,
rnnnnnme upnkn, amkpuennme a kpcnm uae1, ko1opme nnnsmanncL n nn1L n
cnyxnnn oxepenLnn. koneu, a1o cocypm uc1o ouenL aec1n1enLnme, 1. k.
neko1opme ncnonLsoanncL kk rpo6m.
o coe 6onLuoe aneu1nenne nponsaopn1 pxn1ek1onnueckne coopyxennn. x
ocnoann uep1, onpepennkun nx oco6m c1nnL, sknkue1cn a 6conk1no
o1cy1c1ann knpkn. a1nx noc1pokx ncnonLsoanm 1onLko uenLnme n ouenL
kpynnme rnm6m. koam enrnpm nnn neynLaenm, nsmaeme no-neeukn
unensteine [na huns aac ava rym, kak mv
cva. ncx knuckr hen, . . a, cam, n
hun cnn. nmn a ck c avH Ham.
Hunensteine nacn kak kaHu ax, cnnx n
Hamx, . . H kakr mn k ryaH.] - o6ennckn ns
neo1ecnnoro knn snun1enLno amco1m, n ue1aep1L akonnnme a senk,
kponexn, nnn unenbette, - knn, cnoxennme a kpyr nnn kapp1 poaonLno
6onLuo nnoupn. ue ec1L ponLenm - 1nxenme kopo6u1me coopyxennn ns 1pex-
ue1mpex qpren1oa nopopm, ynoxennmx nop npnm yrno, nkpm1me caepxy nn1o
ccnano rnm6o; any1pn onn amouenm nnocknn, noxoxnn n nnn1kn knnn,
nnorp k nn npnc1poen kopnpop 1koro xe 1nn. c1o a1n uypoanunme c1poennn
o1kpm1m c opno c1oponm, nnorp aoo6ue ne nek1 axop. D1o, naepnnk,
ornnLnme coopyxennn. neko1opmx ponx Bpe1nn onn pcnonoxenm rpynnn
u1yk no 1pnpu1L, ne enLue nx a nnoaepe. BonLun nx uc1L copepxn, korp nx
o6npyxnnn, necoxxennme ckene1m.
k no caoe ccnanoc1n (a1o cme kpynnme nponsaepennn qnncko pcm), 1k n
no caoey copepxnoy! ponLenm cnepye1 cun11L opnn ns cmx y6epn1enLnmx
canpe1enLc1a npncy1c1ann xen1mx npopoa a 1o nnn nno ec1noc1n. eco1pn n
cme 1u1enLnme pckonkn a nnx ne nunn nn opnoro e1nnnueckoro npepe1,
kpoe cmx npnn1nanmx opypn n nnc1pyen1oa - npnn1nanmx kk no qope, 1k
n no 1epnny. [onLenm ac1peuk1cn no ace apone.
epepe k kepn nnn nnpnpnLnm coopyxennn, ko1opme pcnpoc1pnenm ne
enLue. D1o ckonnennn kne psnmx psepoa. ny1pn neko1opmx nxopn1 1pynm,
npnue acerp ne o6ropeaune, pnpo c ko1opmn sxoponenm koc1nnme nnn
kpenneame npepe1m. norp ep1aoe 1eno nokon1cn nop ne6onLun ponLeno,
coopyxennm a uen1pe kepn. ue acero 1eno nexn1 n c1ene, no nnorp ronoa
npnx1 k corny1m konenn. ocnepnn o6mu unpoko pcnpoc1pnen y
epnkncknx 6opnrenoa. c1peuk1cn cnnounme rpypm kne, oueanpno
cnyxnaune npoc1m nn1nnko nnn opnen1npo. npnep, a pnnpnn
ac1peuk1cn orponme ccm 1koro 1nn.
Coue1nne ponLen n kepn uc1o nopcksno 1nno ec1noc1n, 1k xe kk
coue1nne ponLen n kyprn [m cyxancu a kaHc Hcc.
x Hr a r-ana Ua, a a Qa.]. kne npnepm oxno
o1e1n1L nou1n noackpy: a unye, okono nan1-ekknn nepneko o1 n, a6nnsn
ppeanero nLuny n Cn1-Mp1nnenn. nn ec1L a Lkse n okono p1nnm, n
ec1e annnn [rnac ay, ac nranum cyxn, H
nak nuHa, mv acmnancu Hn a a kyraa, km
nx aymancu. 3 nm canuca ncycan ckx
nnH a an.].
Ckene1m, nsaneuennme ns ponLenoa, nosaonnk1 konc11npoa1L nnnune y nepamx
xn1ene aponm onpepenennmx 1nn1oa, ko1opmx a nnx npexpe ne npepnonrnn.
nn yenn pen1L xnpyprnueckne onepunn. epnkncknx kyprnx o6npyxenm
uepen co ac1anmn sy6n. opno ponLene aosne Mn1yn npen 1pyn aspocnoro
yxunnm, y ko1oporo cnon 6epuoan koc1L, n nepeno nckycno sneuen.
[nn nc 1e 6onee ypnan1enLno o6npyxn1L y xen1o pcm 1kne snnnn, u1o nnuero
nopo6noro ne o1eueno y unc1mx nnn ceunnmx no1okoa ennncko rpynnm.
ocnepnne 6conk1no nnuero ne snk1 o uenoaeuecko oprnnse n ero c1poennn.
D1o cansno c yxco, ko1opm anyuk1 n ep1aeum: a1o1 yxc nopoxpen
cyeaepnnn, ko1opme ponroe apen ne pann n aeuna1Lcn a a1y oncnyk cqepy.
Mexpy 1e kk xen1me npopm, sunuennme caon qner1nunm xpk1epo o1
nopo6nmx amaep1oa aoo6pxennn, anonne 1pesao n pxe 1opxec1aenno nopxopnnn k
oc1nk no6expennmx aproa. n1ponoqrnn pan n 6or1me aosoxnoc1n
nsyun1L c1poenne uenoaek n npnenn1L a1n snnnn n npk1nke. opo6nmn
namkn o1nnuk1cn nmneunne o6n11enn kxno Cn6npn. x n1onueckne snnnn
nc1onLko xe unpokn, nckonLko rny6okn.
c1e1cn acero nnuL ur o1 npnamukn anpe1L ckene1m, ppo6n1L koc1n a nonckx
osroao uc1n po yennn amneun1L cnonnm uepen nnn snonnn1L nLaeony. 3pecL
ne 1pe6ye1cn nn ampkuerocn y, nn 6onLuo kynL1ypm. e ne enee nn1epecno
o1e1n1L, u1o qnnnm yenn pen1L 1kne aeun, ko1opme po cnx nop oc1k1cn
srpko, nnpnep, nno6npoanne 6onLnmx sy6oa y cmx ppeannx pnnnn, o ue
ec1L ynonnnne a opno ns nynk1oa skonoynoxennn [aenpu1L 16nnuek. D1o1
epnunnckn e1op, nensaec1nm xn1enn aennko peunn, snc1aoan y c6nncknx
nneen, nnn pcenoa, 1e ornn nepenn1L ero 1onLko y nepamx xen1okoxnx xosnea
nonyoc1poa. o1 1k ns sn poxpe1cn po6po, 1k oc1eonornn 6epe1 nc1ok a
n1ponoqrnn.
cnn m anpae cpen1L nopo6nme amaopm ns nnns ckene1oa, o6npyxennmx a
ponLenx, 1orp m nee npao oxnp1L o1 nnx pononnn1enLnmx pnnmx pnn
qnsnonornuecko xpk1epnc1nkn a1nnueckoro xpk1ep nkpe, ko1opm
npnnpnexnn a1n oc1nkn. coxnennk, nonyuennme pesynL11m ne onpapnn
oxnpnnn, no1oy u1o onn upesamuno ckypnm.
epan 1pypnoc1L a 1o, u1o coxpnnn ocL ouenL no uenmx 1en. ue acero peuL
npe1 o 1pynx, nopaepxennmx nens6exnm nsenennn a pesynL11e ponroro
npe6mannn a sene. poe 1oro, ouenL uc1o nccnepoa1enn, no npnunne neaexec1a
nnn nenoakoc1n, neoc1opoxno o6punncL c oc1nkn. pnn cnoao, n pnnm
oen1 qnsnonornn ne npn6ann nnuero noaoro k pesynL11 ppyrnx pncunnnnn,
nsyukunx npe6manne qnnnoa n ace eaponecko kon1nnen1e. D1 nyk po cnx
nop ne poksn 1nnnunyk npen1nunoc1L ckene1oa, npennmx a psnmx ec1x, n
pxe ne oxe1 n noouL a onpepenennn uncnennoc1n nepao6m1noro ncenennn.
1o6m cqopynnpoa1L 1ouky spennn n a1o1 cue1, neo6xopno aepny1Lcn k
canpe1enLc1a nn1nnkoa, uncno ko1opmx ypnan1enLno aennko.
C qk1 unpokoro pcnpoc1pnennn ponLenoa nosaonne1 y1aepxp1L, u1o
sxa1unkn pounn po uen1p, po ropnmx ponoa nue uc1n np. Y nnx ne 6mno
poc11ounmx 1epnnLnmx cpepc1a pnn 1knx saoeann, noa1oy onn ponxnm 6mnn
ncnonLsoa1L nopannkuee npenyuec1ao a uncnennoc1n, n nenno 6onLun
uncnennoc1L amnyxpn nx pcnpoc1pnn1Lcn arny6L kon1nnen1.
D1o1 cnnLnm pryen1 nop1aepxpe1cn eue opnn 1epnnLnm qk1o,
nononnnaun cnncok qnncknx nn1nnkoa.
o1pnnrnn, a ponnne CenL, rpe ceropnn pcnonoxenm 1kne ropop, kk [nes,
MpcenL, Myenank n nk, a nepao6m1nme apeen, korp ckp eue ne c1ynn nor
uenoaek, npoc1npnocL orponoe n 6esponnoe 6ono1o, o6psoannoe
norouncnennmn conenmn nc1ounnkn. okpyxennn xonoa a1o1 yronok 6mn
1pypnopoc1ynen.
Onnckoe nnen o6nk6oano ero kk npexnoe y6exnue o1 aproa n cyeno co1aopn1L
n ero ec1e yc1ounayk cyuy.
epecenenum ncnonLsoann rnnny c okpec1nmx aosamuennoc1e n apyunyk cnennnn
orponoe konnuec1ao oc1poakoa cyun. ue ceropnn n qpren1x, nsanekemx ns
nn, nxopn1 psnnunme cnepm uenoaeuecknx nnLuea. 31e a1n qpren1m
o6xnrnncL n orne n npeapunncL a poanme knpnnun psepo npnepno 25x25 c.
x kk nonno 6pocnn a rpnsL 6es acnkoro ueen1npykuero aeuec1a. kn
o6pso, n 6ono1e o6psoancL ounn kopk, ko1opn noc1enenno o1aeppen po
1ko c1enenn, u1o6m ampepxna1L norne ropop c ncenenne po 30 1mcnu uenoaek.
cnn ocyuec1an1L cu16nme pckonkn n a1o 1eppn1opnn, oxno oxnp1L
o1kpm1nn aneu1nnkunx canpe1enLc1a npe6mannn qnncknx nneen.
oneuno, a1n ppeanne xn1enn, uLn cnepm m nxopn rnanm o6pso n 6eperx
ope, pek, osep n pxe nocpepn 6ono1, u1o yksmae1 n nx npepnou1enne aope,
ponxnm 6mnn o1nnu1Lcn rpy6mn akycn, opnko n nenLsn o1ks1L a
coun6enLnoc1n nnn a aneprnn, pxe ecnn onn 6mnn nnuenm uyac1a npekpcnoro.
cno, u1o nckycc1ao ne neno nnkkoro o1nouennn k a1n npop, cypn no
npnn1nanm o6psu, ko1opme onn n oc1annn.
ponLenx uc1o ac1peuk1cn ykpuennme opnen1o rnnnnnme cocypm. ou1n
noc1onnno m anpn npoc1eune cnnpnLnme nnnnn - paonme nnn 1ponme, nnorp
pononnneme san1kn. D1n p6eckn nopsn1enLno noxoxn n ysopm, ko1opmn
epnknckne 6opnrenm ykpuk1 caok nocypy: D1n cnnpnn kxy1cn npepeno
aoo6pxennn qnnnoa, onn amnonnenm ne 1onLko n ropukx n asx, no n n
neko1opmx pxn1ek1ypnmx coopyxennnx. nonne aepon1no, u1o a1n coopyxennn
o1nocn1cn k 6onee nospnn apeen, korp y 6opnrenoa nonannncL
coo1ae1c1aykune opypnn n nnc1pyen1m nnn n noornn kenL1m, u1o nepepko
cnyue1cn a nepexopnme nepnopm. k, 6onLuo ponLen a Lk-pnx, a pnnpnn,
ykpuen ne 1onLko cnnpnLnmn nnnnnn, no nee1 axop a anpe c1penLu1o pkn.
ppyro, nenopneky o1 [y1, nso6pxen kpec1, anncnnm a okpyxnoc1L. ysee
nknn xpnn1cn koc1L c amrpanpoannm nso6pxenne noupn. ce a1o pypno
amnonneno n o1nnue1cn npeaocxopc1ao aoo6pxennn np coaepuenc1ao
ncnonnennn, u1o xpk1epno pnn nponsaepenn ennnckoro 1nn. npoue, ne1
yaepennoc1n a 1o, u1o peuL a pnno cnyue npe1 o qnncko ncnepnn, xo1n a1o1
npepe1 o6npyxen a rpo1e, ko1opm oxno o1nec1n k ouenL ppeaney nepnopy.
[o cnx nop m o6ocnoamann npncy1c1ane xen1o pcm a apone a pneko ppeanoc1n
1onLko e1opo cpanennn n ncknkuennn, no a1o1 e1op ne coace y6epn1enen.
oa1oy specL nyxnm 6onee y6epn1enLnme n npnme poks1enLc1a. cuc1Lk,
nepoc11k a nnx ne1.
Cme ppeanne 1ppnunn kenL1oa n cnann, nepamx 6enmx npopoa, o6n1aunx n
ceaepe n snpe aponm, ko1opme nyuue acex coxpnnnn a nn1n ace, u1o
nponcxopnno n a1o kon1nnen1e, 6or1m npepnnnn o neknx cyuec1ax,
coaepuenno o1nnunmx o1 nnx. D1n pccksm, nepepaeme ns yc1 a yc1, ns
nokonennn a nokonenne, nens6exno y1p1nnn qk1orpqnueckyk 1ounoc1L n
npe1epnenn snun1enLnme nsenennn. xpm aek u1o-1o 1epnn ns ncnepnn
npepmpyuero, n qnnnm, ko1opme npexpe npepc1annnn co6o 1onLko o1penLnm
nc1opnueckn qpren1, npeap1nnncL a nepconxn cksok, a caepxLec1ec1aennme
cyuec1a.
nn pano nepeunn ns np penLnoc1n a 1ynnyk cqepy nqonornn nuero
kon1nnen1. nn c1nn kpnnkn - uue acero 6ecqopennmn, knpnsnmn,
sno6nmn n oncnmn, nnorp, nnpo1na 1oro, po6pmn, nrknn, cnn1nunmn n
oupoa1enLnmn [H. a n vu By Ukcna. H.
aaxm y a ca Haca (, 1847 r.).
ank ryy a c acx aa anm. cn kank
xam, m, av, cu cu ann ckaaackx Ha n
acvmx ckak. anckx, knuckx cnaanckx nanx
m k H cacH .], no a nk6o cnyue kpnnkn, ko1opme xnay1 a
nn1nnkx kennoro aek, ko1opme pne cnn1 nop ponLenn, a nopseenLnx,
nouLk 6popn1 no nnp, no 1pypnopoc1ynnm 1pon, no 6eper osep n pek, a
uux pou n necoa.
pec1Lnne Lo1nnpnn, Bpe1nn, epnnn cun1k1, u1o kpnnkn aopyk1 pe1e n
nopennk1 nx caonn npenun. 1 nnx ouenL 1pypno y6epeuLcn: epnnc1aennm
cnoco6 - s6n1L po cep1n kpoueunoe cyuec1ao, ko1opoe nopnoxnnn necuc1no
1epn. UenL a1nx kpnnkoa - p1L aosoxnoc1L caoey no1oc1ay xn1L cpepn
nkpe, n, corncno nerenp, ykppennoro npenu ncnonLsyk1 pnn ynyuuennn
nopopm a1nx nnsunx cyuec1a.
nepam asrnnp oxe1 noks1Lcn, u1o nn panxe1 ne coace o6Lncnnn sanc1L k
nuey popy, 1e 6onee, u1o a cmcne ponroxn1enLc1a n caepxLec1ec1aennmx
aosoxnoc1e onn npeaocxopn1 no1okoa p. o aonpoc c1on1 1k: nn6o
npnnn1L npepnnn 1knn, kkne onn ec1L, nn6o o1aepr1L nx. o asrnnp,
psynee nocnepnee: a1nnueckne 6nunn kpnnkoa - a1o ne u1o nnoe, kk
ouyuenne, ko1opoe 6m1ye1 ceropnn cpepn nnonoa.
Bypyun yaepenm a caoe ypopc1ae n caoe nnu1oxnoc1n, npepc1an1enn a1nx nneen
nonyuk1 ypoane1aopenne o11oro, u1o onn 6ypy1 ne1L o1 xenunn amcue pcm
o1npmck, ko1opm 6ype1 npeaocxopn1L nx ao ace.
n1L o kpnnkx nyuue acero coxpnnncL a 1ex c1pnx aponm, rpe 6onLue
kenL1cknx kopne. D1o - Bpe1nL, pnnpnn, Lo1nnpnn, epnnn. D1 1enpenunn
enLue ouyue1cn n kre: ao Opnunn, cnnnn, 1nnn. n coxpnne1cn y cnann,
ko1opme nopaeprnncL neckonLkn nuec1ann n nep1yp6unn, xo1n a1 1ppnunn
nponn1ncL uyxepopnmn nonn1nnn. kn cn1yunn o6Lncnne1cn ouenL npoc1o.
Ceaepnme n snpnme kenL1m, nopaepxennme rnanm o6pso repnckoy
annnnnk, ne ornn ns6an1Lcn o1 ppeannx aocnonnnn. o xe coe oxno cks1L
o cnannx. o cen1nsnpoannme xn1enn kxno aponm nspan nosnkonnncL c
nerenpn, npnuepunn ns snn, ko1opme o1nnuk1cn o1 npepnn ppeane aponm
n, 1e ne enee, oksnn n nnx orponoe annnnne.
D1n kpnnkn, noxn1n1enn pe1e, y6expennme a caoe nnu1oxec1ae no cpanennk c
6eno pco n a 1o xe apen o6npkune neaepon1nmn 1nn, oryuec1ao,
yppoc1Lk, 1e ne enee ne cun1k1cn cyuec1an yuep6nmn. nn - p6o1nnkn,
uue acero pypokonm [Unack rm nncmaa nca-knuck
naHnk ca cam acaHy ay, xamHy a x Hn
anr x, km amaa drinnach, . . ak.]. nn
ory1 6m1L qnLunaoone1unkn. neppx senn onn ory1 nsro1anna1L
npeaocxopnoe opyxne, npepnsnuennoe ne pnn nx pcm, no pnn 1ex, k1o oxe1 n
nonLsoa1Lcn.
ccksmak1, u1o pepeaenckne ysmkn1m, aosapuaunecn co capL6m nocne
nonynoun, anpenn a none n ckpeuennn payx popor 1onny kpnnkoa. [pyrne oueanpum
anpenn nx pnpo c ponLenn, nx o6munm o6n1nnue - kpnnkn 1cknn
rpnn1nme rnm6m n, anpno, nsaneknn ns senn sono1yk pypy. kne cnyun uue
acero pccksmak1 a epnnn. ou1n acerp o1eunocL, u1o a1n 1pyponk6name
uenoaeukn coaepuenno nmcme. po cks1L, u1o ne6onLuoe konnuec1ao aonoc - a1o
cneunqnueckn uep1 6onLunnc1a qnnnoa.
norp s nouno p6o1o sc1ann yxe ne pypokonoa, npuek, ko1opme c
yceppne c1npnn 6enLe n 6epery osep nnn 6ono1. pnnpckn, uo1nnpckn,
6pe1onckn, neeukn, cknpnnackn nnn cnannckn kpec1Lnn neo6ns1enLno
6mno amxopn1L ns po nouLk, u1o6m yanpe1L 1koe spennue. Mnorne kpnnkn
p6o1nn n qepe, n kyxne, a konkune y cennn. nn o1nnunncL c1p1enLnoc1Lk,
unc1onno1noc1Lk, ncnonnn1enLnoc1Lk n noornn amnonnn1L cme 1nxenme n
uepnme p6o1m. o y nnx ec1L nepoc11kn, n nenme. pnnkoa o6muno cun1k1
nxnamn, koapnmn, 1pycnnamn, xec1oknn, ncknkun1enLno npoxopnnamn,
nLkunn po 6ecnn1c1a n noxo1nnamn, kk kosm Oeokpn1. a1o cmcne ouenL
y6epn1enLnm nc1opnn o ank6nennmx pycnkx - ecnn oc1an1L a c1opone
nn1ep1ypnm opnen1, - ko1opme unpoko nsaec1nm n a epnnn, n a Lo1nnpnn,
n a Bpe1nn.
oa1oy kpnnkn no caon poc1onnc1a n nopok nannk1cn 1ounm nop1pe1o
npop p6ckoro pyx, a1n 1ppnunn cqopnpoanncL a anoxy, korp on 6onLue
uc1Lk oksncn nop nro nepecenenuea 6eno pcm. D1o nop1aepxpe1cn, pano kk
n poc1oaepnoc1L nerenp n npepnn, oueanpnmn n nepaycmcnennmn qk1n ns
nc1opnn kpnnkoa. Onnonornn, nqonornn n pxe nc1opnn rpekoa, a1pyckoa n
c6nnnn canpe1enLc1aye1 o6 a1o.
apone kpnnkn nsaec1nm nop ue1mpLn rnanmn nenn, 1knn xe ppeannn,
kk n npe6manne 6enmx npopoa n nue kon1nnen1e. opnn nx npnnpnex1 k
qonpy coro ppeanero nsmk 6nropopno pcm. cnn o16pocn1L a c1opony
nesnun1enLnme nsenennn a qope, peuL npe1 o cnepykunx cnoax: pigmee,
fad, gen n nar.
epaoe m ac1peue a nnpe, rpe noa1, onncman kpnk n uy a c1ne 1ponnuea,
ro1oanunxcn k 6n1ae, nnue1: ouno 1k xe nopnnk1cn a ne6o kpnkn xypane,
korp, cncncL o1 snm n nenpec1nnmx poxpe, onn ne1n1, kypnmu, k peke ken n
necy1 cep1L n norn6enL nnren.
D1o cpanenne, xpk1epnsykuee noaepenne 1ponnuea, roaopn1 o 1o, u1o ao apeen
oep nnren 6mnn xopouo nsaec1nm. D1n nenLkne cyuec1a o6n1nn n 6epery
pekn ken k snpy o1 c1pnm annnnoa, nockonLky xypann a konue snm ne1n1 n
ceaep, nnren xnnn n a ceaepnmx sennx, 1. e. a 3npno apone. enno 1 m n
nxopn nnopm nx 1pypoa. ppeanoc1n o nnx ynonnn ne 1onLko oep. nnx nnue1
ek1e Mnne1ckn kk o kpoueunmx 1pyponk6namx uenoaeukx, ko1opme xny1 npn
nooun 1onop. acrxn noeue1 nnreea a ceaepnme senn, npnepno n unpo1e
ynm. o ero onncnnk, a1o ncknkun1enLno nenLkne nkpn, ko1opme xnay1 ouenL
ponro. koneu, n c pnc1o1enL ne o6ouen nx annnne. n aoace ne cun1e1 nx
cyuec1an cksounmn, nx nenLkn poc1 o6Lncnne1, kk a1o nn neneno,
ne6onLunn psepn nx noupe. ockonLky qnnocoq xnn a anoxy, korp;
corncno nyuno ope, ace nponcxopnno ns rnn1, on nsmae1 nx popnno ponnny
nn. C ero nerko pykn n C1p6on n anpn pk1 o6 a1nx cyuec1ax coaepuenno
qn1c1nueckne caepennn, o ko1opmx roaopn1L m ne 6ype.
Cnoao nnre osnue1 pcc1onnne o1 nponn po nok1n. koa ponxen 6mn 6m1L
poc1 nenLkoro uenoaeuk, no ne1pypno npepc1an1L, kk nckxnocL a nerenpx
ace, u1o cansno c aennunno n konnuec1ao. [xe cn 1ounn nc1opnn ne
o6xopn1cn 6es npeyaennuenn n oun6ok 1koro pop. nre - a1o nLunk-c-
nnLunk qpnuyscknx cksok n Daumling neeukoro qonLknop. epao6m1nn
y1puennn qop cnoa nnre aocxopn1 k cnckpn1ckoy pit (a xencko pope
pa), u1o snun1xen1m, n k ec1onennm qop cnckpn1ckoro, senpckoro n
rpeueckoro nsmkoa - aham, azem, ampxkun 6c1pk1noe nonn1ne
cyuec1ao, o1 ko1oporo nponcxopn1 ro1ckoe guma, 1. e. uenoaek). 1k,
nnre - a1o snun1 acero-nacero xen1m uenoaek.
C1on1 o1e1n1L, u1o ec1onennm kopenL cnoa guma a cnanncknx nsmkx
c6nnxe1cn c cnckpn1ckn gan, u1o coxpnnnocL a neeuko a anpe gnome. .
e. nk - a1o 1o xe coe, u1o nnre n no nsannk n no cy1n.
s6epe cnoao fad a kenL1cko nsmke. nnm 1k nsmann nkpe - yxunn n
xenunn - opepxnmx. D1o 1o xe coe, u1o vates y n1nncknx npopoa
okkynL1nn cnoco6noc1L nponnk1L a 1ny, 1. e. a fatum. ceropnn ao nornx
qpnuyscknx pnnek1x 1k nsmak1 uenoaek, o6npkuero caepxLec1ec1aennmn
cnoco6noc1nn, no no1epnauero pccypok. ada, fadet - opnoapeenno n konpyn
n npno1, 1. e. a nk6o cnyue cyuec1ao q1nLnoro nopnpk.
Cnepyn a1o nornke pccyxpennn, m nxopn 1e xe cme o6o6uennme nonn1nn a
ppyro nekcnkonornuecko qope - y 6enmx 6opnrenoa 1nnn. D1o faunus nnn
fauna xenckoro pop. span yuenme o1eunn nk6onm1nm qk1: a1n nnsune
6oxec1a-cynpyrn soay1cn opnn n 1e xe nene, uey ne1 a1oporo 1koro npnep
a knccnuecko nqonornn. pnnc1aennoe o6Lncnenne a 1o, u1o peuL npe1 ne o
nkpnx, o npopnoc1nx. peueckn npnnenL cnoa qan) - a1o n, nnn
npopnoc1L arnnnm, 1o xe coe, u1o qanm. 3en n n q uc1o
ac1peue1cn a a1nx nsmkx.
Oan, 1k xe kk n n, - a1o rpo1ecknme, ypopnname cospnnn, c1onune 6nnxe k
xnao1nm; onn nLnnnum, pe6ounpm, rpy6nnnm, xec1okne, xo1n snk1 6ypyuee n
npepcksmak1 ero. 3pecL ne1pypno ysn1L opnLnm n qnsnueckn nop1pe1 xen1o
pcm, kko ee yanpenn nepame 6enme nepecenenum. - enckopennn cknonnoc1L
ko acnkoro pop cyeaepnn, npnaepxennoc1L k rnn, konpoac1ay - ao1 xpk1epnme
uep1m qnncko pcm ao acex c1pnx, rpe on ac1peue1cn. enL1m-e1ncm n cnanne
a anoxn ynpk nens6exno ann1mann a ce6n pennrnosnme npen no6expennmx n nx
nene nsmann caonx roa - ncnepnnkoa nnn nn11opoa apapckoro kynL1.
noxo1nnaoc1n ynpnn pycnok anpen 1o1 nopok, a ko1opo acerp npeycneann
xenunnm xen1o pcm n ko1opm, no neko1opm rnno1es, o6ycnoann o6mu
yaeun1L norn kn1cknx peaouek, 1, rpe ne1 o6uec1aennmx orpnnuenn, kk,
nnpnep, n u1ke, on amnnae1cn a oprnn, ko1opm npepanncL enpm
Opknn nnn nenc1oame xenunnm, y6naune pqen. Oanm o1nnuk1cn neyepennm
no1pe6nenne ann n o6xopc1ao, u1o xpk1epno pnn onronLckoro ceec1a, n y
nnx npko ampxennn cknonnoc1L k cenLckoxosnc1aennm n pounn snn1nn n k
1epnnLnoy npy.
6e qopm - faunus n pan - a1nonornueckn popc1aennm 1kn cnoa, kk
knorrigan n knoridwen 1k popnknckne kpec1Lnne nsmak1 roa-kpnnkoa a
caonx c1pnx [ra kraa amaa duz, . . r, v
ncx ackr sam.]. nnm nsmak1 nx gwrachan). Y n1nnnn
a1o genius, y qpnuysoa genie.
a1nx rennnx, nnsunx pyxx, ne1pypno pcnosn1L qnnnoa. [peanoc1L a1oro nonn1nn,
ero o6o6uennm xpk1ep n noaceec1noe pcnpoc1pnenne ao acex eaponecknx
sennx - faunus, pan, gen, genius, fee, knorrigan, fairy - ne
oc1annk1 nnkknx conenn a 1o, u1o ono onnpe1cn n poc1oaepnme nc1opnueckne
qk1m.
sknkuenne ps6epe cnoao nar. no npen1nuno c nanus n kenL1ckn nn
(kpnnk) n a nmneunnx ppeanerepncknx pnnek1x osnue1 cycuepun. D1o
1pyponk6naoe cyuec1ao, o6npkuee rnueckn ppo, no rnynoe, orpnnuennoe,
neo6yspnnoe n xec1okoe; ono acerp o1nnunocL ne6onLun poc1o n nou1n nonnm
o1cy1c1ane aonoc.
s kan1nnn o1pancn a c1pny cknqoa, 1. e. a aoc1ounyk uc1L aponm, ko1opn
npoc1npe1cn o1 on1 Dakcnnckoro po Bn1nkn. epopo1 pccksmae1 o 1o, u1o a
a1nx c1pnx ec1L konpynm, ko1opme nonLsyk1cn orpono nonynnpnoc1Lk, k nn
npncnyunak1cn, y nnx npocn1 coae1, n nsmak1cn onn neures. c11n, 6enme,
ko1opme xnnn cpepn 6opnrenoa, neco1pn n ouenL 6onLuoe poaepne k nx
npepcksnnn, o1nocnnncL k nn c kpnn npespenne, nnorp c ncknkun1enLno
xec1okoc1Lk. cnn
npepcksnnn ne c6manncL, necuc1nmx cxnrnn xnaLe. Cn neapm cun1nn,- u1o
nx pp o6ycnoanen qnsnueckn coc1onnne, 6nnskn k xencko nc1epnn. osoxno,
a1o nnonnno konaynLcnanme panxennn npopounu-cnannn. knn nepyrn uue
c1ppk1 xen1me npopm, ue ppyrne pcm. oa1oy n oco6enno nopaepxenm
pycckne no cpanennk c oc1nLnmn ceunnmn npopn aponm.
1k, a1o cyuec1ao, ac1peukueecn y acex ppeannx nun 6eno rpynnm a apone n
nsmaeoe nnre, renn, qp nnn np, nee1 opnn n 1e xe qnsnueckne n
opnLnme kuec1a, opnn n 1e xe nopokn n po6pope1enn; ono pec1an1enLno
cyuec1aoano a panne apeen. eaosoxno npnnnc1L konnek1nanoy
aoo6pxennk c1onLknx npopoa, ko1opme nnkorp ne nenn kon1k1oa c
nesnn1noro nepnop nocne nx pspenennn a epxne snn, 1ko poc1oaepnm
o6ps. D1o npepnonoxenne o1aepre1cn aneen1pnm sppam cmcno. D1o
o1aepre1 n nnnranc1nk. c11n, a cnny popc1a neko1opmx saykoa - rncnmx,
nonyrncnmx n corncnmx - oxno coc1an1L cnepykun nnnranc1nueckn pnp:
pit gen, fit gen, fi gen, fi ouen, gan, fiun fen.
nocnepne cnoae ne1 nnuero nqnueckoro. D1o ppeanee nsanne nc1onunx
qnnnoa, o ue canpe1enLc1aye1 un1: Y qnnnoa m n6nkpe ypnan1enLnyk
pnkoc1L n o1ap1n1enLnyk nnue1y: nn opypn, nn noupe, nn xnnnu. s nnun -
1onLko 1pa, ns opexp - ukypm, aec1o kpoa1n - senn. pnnc1aennm nc1ounnk
cyuec1aoannn - c1penm c koc1nnmn nkoneunnkn s nenenne xenes. xo1o
snnk1cn n yxunnm, n xenunnm, n kxpm nee1 caok ponk po6mun.
pnnc1aennn sun1 o1 pnknx saepe - ae1kn pepeaLea.
Ceropnn cnoao qnnn y1p1nno nepaonunLnm cmcn, cn qnnnm - a1o
6onLue uc1Lk repnckne nnn cnannckne e1ncm. 1k, m nso6psnnn
6opnrenoa aponm co acen nx qnsnuecknn n opnLnmn xpk1epnc1nkn.
ce ps y nc ne 6mno nepoc11k a caepennnx. Moxe1 6m1L, n nepoc1e1
qnsnuecknx nop1pe1oa a1nx roa-kpnnkoa? pnko onn 1kxe coxpnnnncL.
Mexpy Xeneao n ropo Cnea, n ec1ec1aenno aosamuennn, nxopn1cn
neo6p6o1nnm kennm 6nok, ko1opm nece1 n ce6e rpy6m 6penLeq c ue1mpLn
c1onunn qnrypn - crop6nennmn, 6es aonoc, c 6onLunn nnocknn nnun; a
o6enx pykx onn pepx1 unnnnppnueckn npepe1. D1o1 nn1nnk cansmak1 c
oc11kn neko1opmx ppeannx uepeonn, ko1opme npk1nkoanncL ao acex kn1onx,
rpe 6mno kenL1ckoe ncenenne.
Y a1oro 6penLeq ec1L nnornn - rpy6me c11yn, nsmaeme 66n, ko1opme
ceropnn oxno anpe1L n xonnc1mx 6eperx nncen, p1mu, Cpkn, soackoro
opn, no acey kry occnn. o6onx cnyunx nepep nn nanm onronLckn 1nn.
Mepnn uu, npennn a kyprne a pen6yprcko ry6epnnn, ykpuen nnornuno
qnrypo, u1o6m ne oc1nocL nnkknx conenn o1nocn1enLno nso6pxennmx
nepconxe, nnonk, u1o a ockoacko ysee xpnn1cn opn ns 1knx 66 c
ronoao xnao1noro - o6ps neapoa, ko1opme o6npnn cnoco6noc1Lk npeapu1Lcn a
aonkoa. D1n nso6pxennn - unc1o onronLcko npnpopm, o ue canpe1enLc1ayk1 ne
1onLko nn1nnk n rope Cnea, pycckne kennme nsannnn, no n 1o1
unnnnppnueckn npepe1, ko1opm m o1eunn amue. 6pe1oncknx nerenpx
ocnoanm 1pn6y1o koppnrnoa nsmae1cn ne6onLuo euok, a ko1opo nxopn1cn
konckne aonocm, noxnnum n ppyrne npepe1m rnuecknx kynL1oa. cnn o1o6p1L y
nnx a1o1 euok, 1orp ne1 npepen nx ropk, n onn penk1 ace, u1o6m aepny1L ero.
1knx eukx nmneunne unm xpnn1 caon rnueckne npnnpnexnoc1n.
kn o6pso, n kennme 66m n xeneackn kenL a1o neonpoaepxnm
1epnnLnm nop1pe1 nepamx xn1ene aponm, ko1opme npnnpnexnn k qnnckn
nneen.
II. 4akm; nnm; syck; m
koneu, a kxno apone nonannk1cn ue1mpe npop, poc1onme a1oro c11yc,
ko1opme ocnpnak1 y qnnnoa anpenne a1o sene. eaosoxno onpepenn1L, pxe
npn6nnsn1enLno, anoxy nx nonanennn. Moxno nnuL npepnonoxn1L, u1o nx cme
nepame nocenennn npepuec1ayk1 2000 r. po oxpec1a pnc1oa. 1o kce1cn
nsann, nx coxpnnn rpeueckn n1nunoc1L n o1o6psnn a pennrnosnmx nqx.
D1o qpknum, nnnnpnum, a1pyckn n n6epnum. caonx nc1okx n, aosoxno, ao
apen nx npe6mannn a snn, qpknum npepc1annnn co6o 6onLuo n cnnLnm
npop. 6 a1o canpe1enLc1aye1 Bn6nnn, rpe onn nsanm a uncne cmnoae qe1 [
Bn ryy kak 4m. yaxa, v ncn
a akm caHm Hrvcnm a a Hn.]. Xen1me
nneen, korp onn coxpnnnn caok pcoayk unc1o1y, a ueno ne 6mnn
aonnc1aennmn, npnue aonnc1aennm pyx yenLue1cn no epe yaennuennn nx
kpoan a 1o nnn nno ncenennn, noa1oy ec1L ocnoannn cun11L, u1o qpknum ne
coc1onnn c nnn a 6nnsko popc1ae. pekn uc1o ynonnnn o nnx a nc1opnueckne
apeen. nn nnnnn nx aec1e c amxopun cknqcknx nneen a kuec1ae
nonnuecknx n nnrpe ne1 ynonnnnn o6 nx aneune ypopc1ae, xpk1epno pnn
qnncko pcm. cxopn ns a1oro, n npnxoxy k amaopy, u1o qpknum ne 6mnn
qnnnn. D1nnueckn aonpoc peuncn 6m npoue, ecnn 6m coxpnnnncL nn1nnkn,
cansnnme c nnn - xo1n 6m oc11kn nx nsmk. pnko a a1o cmcne m nnue ne
pcnonre. Cypn no ckypnm nnnranc1nueckn cnep, qpknum nponcxopn1 o1
pnuea. C ppyro c1oponm, y nnx 6mno 6onLuoe pcnonoxenne k rpeueckn npa n
o6mun. 6 a1o nnue1 epopo1, ko1opm ne coneae1cn a 1o, u1o qpknum -
a1o re1m, 1. e. neconennme pnum. peueckne xponnkepm c rny6okn yaxenne
o1smak1cn o ppeannx qpknux, 1kn o6pso, oxno cks1L, u1o, neco1pn n
nenonpanm ynpok, amsannm ceuenne, a1n qpknum 6mnn e1ncn 6enmx
n xen1mx npopoa; anune ponnnpoan 6enm aneen1, s1e, c 1euenne apeenn,
on yc1ynnn ec1o ounoy kenL1ckoy nc1ynnennk n cnannckn aneen1.
e enLue 1pypnoc1e npn onpepenennn a1nnueckoro xpk1ep nnnnpnuea, opnko,
onn coace ppyroro pop n 1pe6yk1 nnmx cpepc1a pnn nx npeoponennn. nnnpnum
ceropnn nsmak1cn pny1n, nnn n6nun, 1. e. o1 nnx oc1nncL n npop, n ero
nsmk.
pexpe acero, noroaopn o qnsnuecko nnpnanpynLnoc1n. n6neu a caonx unc1o
nunonnLnmx uep1x snun1enLno o1nnue1cn o1 ncenennn cocepnnx c1pn. n ne
noxox nn n ceropnnunero rpek, nn n cnannnn. Y nero oc1nocL no cxopc1a c
anxo. Mnorouncnennme coksm, qnsnonornueckn c6nnxkune ero c cocepnn,
cnnLno nsennnn ero nepaopopnm 1nn, opnko ne cornn ynnu1oxn1L cme
xpk1epnme uep1m. o-nepamx, y nero amcokn poc1, xopouee 1enocnoxenne,
koc1nc1oe nnuo, o1nnukueecn o1 knmkckoro 1nn, xo1n n nece1 n ce6e ero cnepm.
Moxno cks1L, u1o n6neu nee1 1koe xe o1nouenne k onrony, kk nocnepnn k
1ypky n oco6enno k aenrpy. mc1ynkun noc, 6onLuo, ue1ko ouepuennm
nop6opopok, kpcname, xo1n neckonLko rpy6oa1me uep1m, kk y pLnp, 1. e.
nnkkoro cxopc1a c y1onuennm rpeueckn 1nno. nockonLky poksno, u1o pLnp
nee1 a caonx xnnx onronLckyk kpoaL, 1. k. nponcxopn1 o1 rynnoa, n y1aepxpk,
u1o n6neu - a1o pesynL11 nnornunoro ceuennn.
coxnennk, nsyuenne nsmk ne oxe1 nop1aeppn1L a1y 1ouky spennn, 1. k. on
cnnLno nckxen n po cnx nop no nccnepoan. pexpe acero ns nero cnepye1
ncknkun1L cnoa, snc1aoannme ns 1kpkckoro, coapeennoro rpeueckoro,
cnanncknx npeun, ko1opme nponnknn a nnnnpnckn nepano n a 6onLuo
konnuec1ae. 31e npnunocL 6m o16pocn1L annnnckne, kenL1ckne n n1nnckne kopnn.
c1e1cn ocnoa, ko1opyk ace pano 1pypno nnnsnpoa1L n o ko1opo po cnx nop
nenLsn cks1L nnuero onpepenennoro, s ncknkuenne 1oro, u1o a1o1 nsmk ne
popc1aenen ppeanerpeueckoy. oa1oy nenLsn o1nec1n ero k pncko rpynne. o
1orp, aosoxno, u1o on nee1 kkoe-1o o1nouenne k qnnckn nsmk. D1o1 aonpoc
ne peuen n nonmne. k u1o a nc1onun oen1 nyuue o1ks1Lcn o1 nocneunmx
qnnonornuecknx amaopoa n orpnnun1Lcn 1en, ko1opme m yxe cpennn a o6nc1n
qnsnonornn. 1k, n snannk, u1o n6num - a1o 6enm npop, pnum,
nenocpepc1aenno ceunnme c xen1mn, ecnn on n npnnnn o1 cocepe nsmk, ne
nannauncn pnn nero popnm, 1o a a1o ne1 nnuero neo6munoro: 1koe cnyunocL co
nornn npopn n nneenn [nnn vu vac Hnna aHm ca
ca ram. axn caHm am am,
1m H aaaH. caHH avan s mna caa a ry
ak, Hxy a Q a r. a ack a ravna c
annaH. 3aH n acmnacu 3na Mak.
cn II a . s. a aknvana a cn Hr na, a H vcn
4ak. ca cknvn 4ak Msc, a aknvn
Mak, 4ccan, xa, a 3na, saannc acr 16
na Hx, n s nv ra cva aka
nna H aH.].
Opknum n nnnnpnum a poc11ouno c1enenn coxpnnnn caon pnckne kopnn,
nepame npnnnnn k1nanoe yuc1ne ao a1opxennn pnuea-annnnoa a peunk.
1opme, ceuauncL c rpekn-annpo1n, keponun n qeccnnun, noornn
n oanpe1L epepne sne. cnn a nc1opnueckne apeen o6e rpynnm - qpknum
n nnnnpnum, - neco1pn n caok aneprnk n y, snnnn nopunnennoe nonoxenne
n orpnnunanncL 1e, u1o noc1annnn (a oco6ennoc1n a1opme) noxec1ao caonx
nyuunx npepc1an1ene anune a peunk, s1e pnnnn n ansn1nu n,
nkoneu, a ypunk, a1o o6c1on1enLc1ao cnepye1 o1nec1n s cue1 nx psppo6nennoc1n,
o1nocn1enLno cn6oc1n rpynn n npe6mannn a cpepe nnopoan1mx nneen, ko1opme
am1ecnnnn nx n ropnme n nennopopopnme 1eppn1opnn. nk6o cnyue qpknum n
nnnnpnum, ecnn pcc1pna1L nx o1penLno o1 npnece, npepc1annnn co6o pae
ae1an uenoaeuec1a, oppennme, cnnLnme n 6nropopnme, a ko1opmx ue1ko
npocnexnae1cn pnckn cyunoc1L.
enepL o1npancn n ppyro koneu kxno aponm k n6epnu, 1orp m yanpn,
u1o nc1opnueckn 1yn neckonLko pccenae1cn. e c1on1 ynonn1L, ckonLko cnn
6mno no1pueno pnn 1oro, u1o6m onpepenn1L nponcxoxpenne a1oro srpounoro
npop, npepc1an1ennn ko1oporo - cnpaepnnao nnn necnpaepnnao - cun1k1cn
nmneunne ackpnum, nnn 6ckn. sanne a1oro npop ac1peue1cn n akse, n
6mnn nonm1kn n1n popory, ko1opo on npouen ns snn a cnnnk. c11n, DanLp
nonre1, u1o kaksckne n6epnum ponxnm npnnpnex1L k a6pncko ae1an. o ace
a1n rnno1esm cnnuko sny1nm n neoqopnenm. yuue nsaec1en 1o1 qk1, u1o
n6epnckoe ceec1ao naopnnno nonyoc1poa, ncennno Cppnnnk, opcnky,
Bnepckne oc1poa, neko1opme o6nc1n n snpno no6epexLe 1nnn. x pe1n
oanpenn kro nnnn anno1L po yc1Ln ponnm, aknkun kan1nnk n uc1L
nrepok.
6epnum ne oc1annn nn opnoro 1epnnLnoro nn1nnk, n 6mno 6m aecL
1pypno onpepenn1L nx qnsnonornueckn xpk1ep, ecnn 6m ne un1 [cu yr
canucaa H, v xn cna nm. a ckaau, v a
Hcky snxy a cna mn caH aa acn, yx
ra mn y acu a vc acm.]. o ero nennk, onn 6mnn
cyrnme n nnskopocnme. mneunne 6ckn ne coxpnnnn a1nx uep1. ocnoano a1o
6enme e1ncm, nnonnkune cocepe. a1o neypnan1enLno. nu1o ne orno
rpn1npoa1L unc1o1y kpoan ropuea a npenenx, n n ne co6npkcL nonyun1L ns
pcco1pennn a1oro aonpoc 1kne xe pesynL11m, kk a cnyue c n6nckn aonno.
ne n anxy peskoe o1nnune o1 cocepnnx npopoa. eaosoxno cny11L pny1oa c
1ypkn, rpekn, 6ocnnun. nnpo1na 1oro, ouenL 1pypno cny11L ackpnu c
qpnuyso n ncnnue. nnue 6ck ne1 nnuero npneu1enLnoro. Y nero
aennkonennn kpoaL, xopoun anepre1nk, no a ne oueanpn cecL, aepnee, uenoe
coue1nne cece. ne o1cy1c1aye1 uep1 opnopopnmx pc - cxopc1ao nkpe, - u1o
a amcue c1enenn xpk1epno pnn n6nuea. [ n kk nnpeneckn n6epneu or 6m
npnnpnex1L k unc1o pce? Uenn nunn 6mn nornouen kenL1cknn, cen1cknn,
pncknn, ro1cknn aneen1n. 1o kce1cn npp, ykpmauerocn a amcokoropnmx
ponnnx, nsaec1no, u1o 1yp xe nepnopnueckn yxopnnn a nonckx y6exnu
norouncnennme rpynnm no6expennmx. oa1oy ono ne orno yuene1L a 6onLue
epe, ue kan1num n pyccnnLonum.
smk ackp ne enee srpouen, ue n6nckn [Hnn vu ankaana r
rycu.]. Yuenmx nopxno ynopc1ao, c kkn on conpo1nannncn kkoy 6m 1o nn
6mno aospec1ank. ne ne1 nnuero xn1ckoro n no pnckoro. ne, anpno,
ec1L popc1ao c xen1mn nsmkn, no ono ckpm1oe n onpepennoe 1onLko
npn6nnsn1enLno [ nmk sckaa axn cknuk ckx k.].
pnnc1aennm poc1oaepnm qk1 a 1o, u1o caon nonncnn1e1nso, caoe
1enpenune k nepexopy cnoa ns opnoro a ppyroe on 6nnsok k epnknckn nsmk.
D1o o1kpm1ne npnaeno k nonanennk nenoro konnuec1a ponoa - opnn
qn1c1nunee ppyroro. kpn c 6ynm aoo6pxenne nocneunnn acnep s
n6epnun nepenpan1Lcn uepes n6pn1pckn nponna, nnpan1L nx aponL
snpnoro no6epexLn qpnkn, co1aopn1L pnn nnx 1nn1npy n nocn1L 6epnnr n
6eper noaoro kon1nnen1. xe cun1k, u1o epnknckne uep1m nsmk ackp nek1
caon nc1ounnko exnns, nspan o6un pnn acex qnncknx nsmkoa. o nockonLky
a1o1 aonpoc eue nepoc11ouno psLncnen, n npepnoun1k ne kc1Lcn ero.
oa1oy o6p1ncn k 1oy, u1o oxe1 pccks1L n nc1opnn o6 o6munx n npax
n6epncko nunn. 3pecL m npe 6onLue ncnoc1n. c1opnn canpe1enLc1aye1, u1o
n6epnum ne 6mnn apapn, onn nenn skonm n cospann oprnnsoannme
o6uec1a. nn 6mnn nenorocnoanme n cpepxnnme nkpn. peanncL a 1enme
opexpm n ne nn1nn c1pc1n k npnp, kk ennnum. x nonn1nueckn
oprnnsunn ne o1nnuncL yc1ounaoc1Lk: sxa1na snun1enLnyk uc1L c1pnm, a1n
npopm, nsrnnnme ns 1nnn n c oc1poaoa, nnunnncL 6onLuo 1eppn1opnn cnnnn
nop panenne kenL1oa, nosxe nx 6es oco6oro 1pyp nsrnnn qnnnknum n
kpqrennne [ snxy aa Hr rancu nnkyanuH
aa xn Bk, H, v y ya mn nsHm akm,
cam 6000 n aa. an n Hx nncmaau aH sy
aHvanuy nayy. a nanacu a vu a
cHaay cay ncaann c kn xaaackx n
nyvckx na.].
koneu, cm rnanm pryen1: onn o1nnunncL 6onLun 1nn1o a ropnopypno
pene. pneko ppeanoc1n cnnnn s neckonLko ne1 nonyunn 400 nypoa sono1, 1.
e. c1onLko xe, ckonLko 6mno po6m1o a Bpsnnnn n n Ypne, aec1e asn1mx, a cme
nnopo1aopnme nepnopm.
syee1cn, a1 o6nc1L pen1enLnoc1n 1pe6ye1 o1 uenoaek 6onLuoro nckycc1a. n
opnn uepnm npop ne cnoco6en n a1o. s 6enmx npopoa a1n o1nnunncL 1e,
ko1opme, xnan a snn, 6onLue conpnkcnncL c xen1mn. nn oxno o1nec1n
cnann.
onyue1cn, u1o n6epnum 6mnn cnannn. ue ps npnaepy caon pryen1m:
ennxonnunme nkpn: npepnoun1kune 1enme opexpm, noaonnc1aennme,
xopoune pypokonm, o6npkune npr1nunm xpk1epo. ce a1n npnsnkn m
anpn ceropnn y ncenennn ceaepo-aoc1ok aponm [ack cva a
aH camaa ca vky n nrack.].
epexopn k pcen [3 caHaaa ar aa, n H .
Mnna. Qc, ana, yaxa, v s aaa ccn k
nnnH-aH. cva s yax caamH.] nnn,
nnue roaopn, k a1pyck nepaoro nokonennn. pesynL11e nuec1an nencroa a1o1
npop, scnyxnakun oco6oro pcco1pennn, a anoxy, npepuec1aykuyk X a. po
n.a., coc1onn ns payx rnanmx aneen1oa, opnn ns ko1opmx, npnuepun nocnepnn,
npnpn nunn unannns1opckn 1onuok. nok ne 6ypy kc1Lcn a1oro a1oporo
nepnop. Mm pcco1pn 1onLko cyk 6onLuyk ponk kpoan, ko1opn opnoapeenno
nanne1cn co ppeane, n 1onLko on a a1o kuec1ae ponxn yun1ma1Lcn y
ppeannx xn1ene - qpknuea, nnnnpnuea, n6epnuea.
syee1cn, pcenoa 6mno nnoro 6onLue, ue nx unannns1opoa. npoue, a1o
o6munn cn1yunn npn nk6mx saoeannnx. x nsmk 1kxe opepxn aepx np nsmko
saoea1ene n c1ep a ne nou1n ace nepaopopnme uep1m. D1pycckn nsmk a 1o anpe,
a kko on coxpnnncn a ppeannx npnncnx, poaonLno pnek o1 rpeueckoro n pxe
n1nnckoro. nnnne nsmann ero apapckn, uero onn ne roaopnnn nn o
c6nncko, nn o6 ockcko, oxe1 6m1L no1oy, u1o ne nonnnn ero. D1pycckn
o1nnue1cn rop1nnmn saykn n rpy6oc1Lk. [o cnx nop 6espesynL11nm ace
nonm1kn nn1epnpe1npoa1L 1o, u1o o1 nero oc1nocL. y6onLp1 cknonen cun11L ero
ue-1o nepexopnm o1 n6epnckoro k oc1nLnm n1nnckn npeunn. D1o nenne
pspenne1 Mknnep.
eko1opme qnnonorn amcksnn mcnL o 1o, u1o ero oc11kn oxno n1n a
poncko pnnek1e, n ko1opo roaopn1 a e1cknx ropx. osoxno, onn npam;
opnko ace 1pn pnnek1, ncnonLsyeme a kn1one pnson a Laeunn, coc1on1 ns
n1nncknx, kenL1cknx, neeuknx, n1nLnncknx ockonkoa. nn copepx1 nenoro cnoa
ns ppyrnx nc1ounnkoa, ncknkun reorpqnueckne nsannn.
c1nocL noro a1pyccknx nn1nnkoa psnmx anox. kxpm penL nxopn1 noame.
poe psannn ropopoa n skoa, uennme qnsnonornueckne caepennn pk1 ornnm.
ceneu, nso6pxennm n kpmuke cpkoqroa ns knn nnn o6oxxenno rnnnm, -
uenoaek ne6onLuoro poc1, c 6onLuo ronoao, 1onc1mn kopo1knn pykn, rpysnm
1eno, ysknn rnsn, cyrnm, cae1noaonocm. op6opopok cnnLnm, ampe1cn
anepep, nnuen pc1n1enLnoc1n. nuo nonnoe n kpyrnoe, noc kopo1kn,
npnnnkcny1m. ennkn n1nnckn noa1 kp1ko npncoan nop1pe1 a1pyckoa
cnepykun o6pso: besos et pingues Etrusos [rn: m
ckam syck.].
pnko xpk1epnc1nk noa1 n nso6pxennn, o ko1opmx cksno amue, o1nocn1cn ne
k unc1m pcen, k a1pyck pncko anoxn, 1. e. k e1nc. D1o eue opno
poks1enLc1ao 1oro, u1o unannns1opckoe annnnne 6mno nesnun1enLnm, no1oy
u1o ono nnuL nenoro nsennno nepao6m1nyk npnpopy ncenennn. [oc11ouno a1nx
payx qk1oa - coxpnenne nsmk, uyxporo 6eno rpynne, n qnsnonornueckn
konc1n1yunn, - u1o6m cpen1L cnepykun amaop: kpoaL no6expenno pcm
oksncL cnnLnee kpoan no6epn1ene. 6 a1o canpe1enLc1aye1 kynL1yp a1pyckoa.
onn1L n ne nek a anpy pcencko-1nppenckyk cecL - peuL npe1 o6 nc1nnno
npnpope nepao6m1noro pcenckoro ncenennn.
Y nnx 6mn caoeo6psnn pennrnn. x 6orn, a o1nnune o1 6oroa cen1nsnpoannmx
annnnoa, nnkorp ne cnycknncL n senk. nn nnkorp ne noksmanncL nkpn n
coo6unn caok aonk snkn nnn uepes nocpepc1ao 1nnc1aennmx cyuec1a [
H Mnna, syck an kynua Hcmx ra, n sHy y x
mn snHa, kak y x aaaan, a n rka. mm acx
cax xca, ax caH ank r , nvan
cax1ccamx cyca, kmx Hnn amaan dii involuti, . .
ckmm r.]. Cnepoa1enLno, ocnoanm snn1ne xpeuoa 6mno 1onkoanne
nenonn1noro ampxennn amcue aonn. pepcksnnn n snnne npnpopnmx nanenn,
1knx kk rpos, onnnn, e1eopm, 6mnn a uen1pe annnnn xpeuoa n cnyxnnn
ocnoao cyeaepn, eue 6onee 1enmx, nsoupennmx n 6cyppnmx, nexenn c1ponornn
cen1oa, ko1opn, no kpne epe, nen peno c o6unpnm npo n c 1nn
amcuero nopnpk. cnn xnpeckn canuennnk, s6pauncn n opny ns 6uen,
ko1opmn ue1nnnnncL annon n nneann, cnepnn nm1nnam asopo s panxenne
6ecuncnennmx saesp, pccennnmx a ne6e, n noc1enenno nosnan 1nm nx op6n1, 1o
cyeaepnm a1pyck - 1onc1m, nnskopocnm, unpokonnum, punm n nyrnnam, - c
yxco npncnyunancn k uyy nec; 6nepnekun o1 acnmukn onnnn, ppoxun o1
uy nnc1Lea n o1 npone1aunx n1nu, nm1ncn nc1onkoa1L ace none1nme
panxennn okpyxkuero np. Mmcnn cen1 nny1nn a 6c1pk1nmx pe6pnx, no
oxa1mann npnpopy ao ace ee uenoc1noc1n n ynocnnn ero aoo6pxenne n kpmnLnx
apoxnoaennn. cen nnpannn ace caon nomcnm n cme aneen1pnme oen1m
cyuec1aoannn, ero n1nnop nm1ncn cans1L xop nnne1 c knpnsno nrpo
co6m1n, ko1opme onpepennnn ero noacepneanyk xnsnL. a1o sknkue1cn
psnnune expy nnpycckn munenne, amcun ampxenne pnckoro rennn,
ceunnoro c uepno kpoaLk, n kn1ckn o6pso mcnn, 1nnnunm pnn xen1o
pcm, nopaepxenno aospec1ank 6enoro aneen1. Cnepyn a1o nornke, ko1opn
naopn1 a koneuno cue1e n mcnL o cn6oynn nepamx n o ckypoynn a1opmx, m
anpn, u1o pcenm nonpk1 a 1y xe k1eropnk, u1o n xen1me npopm, n o1nnuk1cn
cn6m aoo6pxenne, pe1ckn aocnpnn1ne n 6onsnnaoc1Lk.
Cn6oc1L aoo6pxennn nop1aepxpe1cn 1e, u1o a1pycckn nunn, ko1opyk a ue-1o
c1an1 a npnep n ko1opn o6npe1 cnoco6noc1nn k nc1opnorpqnn [3yck an
HnnaH a cvckx aana, s ck acr nmu
kaanr aka, nmm xnrvck ncnaanuc
nacaaanur anaa. 4nakk Hna naa
cnnuaan sycck xk nn cax cv.], nnuero ne pn
nn1ep1ype, kpoe 1pk11oa npopoueckoro xpk1ep. cnn npn6an1L ckp pn1ynm,
a ko1opmx ckpynynesno cqopynnpoan npouecc pennrnosno cnyx6m, a1o 6ype1 ace,
u1o snnno nn1ennek1ynLnm pocyr a1oro npop, nponn1nnoro pyxo
qopnns. o6nc1n noa1nuecko on poaonLc1aoancn rnnn, a ko1opmx 6onLue
nen 6oxec1a, ue nckpennnx nsnnnnn pyun. 6onee nospnkk anoxy a a1pyccko
ropope Oecenn m anpn o6psunkn counnenn, nnncnnmx a anpe pp, ko1opme
ponro aocxnunn pnnnn. o pxe a1n ypoaonLc1ann yksmak1 n rpy6me akycm.
Oecennckne c1nxn - a1o neu1o apope npoc1opeunoro k1exnsnc, n6op nnaek1na,
epnnc1aennm poc1onnc1ao ko1opmx nanne1cn nsan1enLnoc1L, n a nnx nonnoc1Lk
o1cy1c1aye1 none1 mcnn. koneu, pxe a1o1 ckypnm o6psunk noa1nueckoro
1nn1 nenLsn uennko o1nec1n n cue1 pcenoa, no1oy u1o nx ropop a ocnoano
6mnn ncenenm uyxec1pnun, a uc1noc1n cnkynn.
kn o6pso, poc1onnc1a pcenoa npo nck1L a ppyro o6nc1n. nn 6mnn
nennoxnn senepenLun, peecnennnkn, opnkn, c1pon1ennn kaepykoa,
popor, kpenoc1e n ppyrnx nonesnmx coopyxenn. poc1me ypoaonLc1ann n
1epnnLnme nn1epecm - ao1 u1o a ocnoano s6o1nno, nx. pneko ppeanoc1n
onn 6mnn snenn1m c1pc1Lk k epe n k uyac1aennm ncnxpennn [3yck
cnnuaan cax x a kynuamx nax Hnx. 3 akx
ck mva.]. nn ne 6mnn reponueckn npopo, no ceropnn onn nepamn ns
npopoa npounoro nonnnn 6m y1nnn1pnyk c1opony nue nmneune xnsnn n
6mc1pee acex npnamknn 6m k ne. eue 6onLue a1oy cnoco6c1aoano
npncoepnnenne k qnncko nnepnn.
o acnko cnyue, a1pyck kxe1cn o1npmcko a1oro npop. npnep, y nero npko
ampxen xpk1epnn uep1 xen1o pcm - rny6okoe nou1enne k unnoannky. no
coue1e1cn co c1penenne k nnpnanpynLno cao6ope a 1o epe, a kko a1o
o1nocn1cn k unc1o 1epnnLno cqepe. o xe coe oxno cks1L o6 n6epnux,
expy 1e kk nnnnpnum n qpknum nonnnn nesancnoc1L no-nnoy: pnn nnx
on ponxn 6mn 6m1L 6conk1no. cenm acerp nxopnnncL nop anc1Lk
pnc1okp1oa ppyro pcm n ne yuc1aoann a npanennn. pnko y nnx ne1 npnepoa
kpnero n xec1okoro pecno1ns, kk a1o neno ec1o a cen1cknx rocyppc1ax, n
noppnnme nonLsoanncL o1nocn1enLnmn npnannernnn, a uc1noc1n,
1epnnLnmn 6nrn n npao n o6psoanne. kko-1o epe a1o o6ycnoaneno
c1penenne qnnnoa k nsonnunn a o1nnune o1 1enpenunn uepno pcm k
konnek1nanoy npoxnannk.
cxopn ns amuecksnnoro, n cun1k, u1o pcenm, ecnn y6p1L uyxepopnm aneen1,
npnanecennm 1nppennun, 6mnn nou1n uennko xen1m npopo, nnn, ecnn
xo1n1e, cnannckn nneene c ne6onLuo npnecLk unc1o 6eno kpoan [3ycka
mv amaan nnacraH, acmamaan s nnm H
kak nHam snnm. cvan Hcmx sycka nckH
aH, c H crnac numca cka. . Mnn a a x
nuy acy c anckx nnH. H ncyca, x
ccaamH snHH mn yHck nnHa, km xan, a
kvH cv, ax a caH aaaannH-nnacraH can a
svck cva, kr ammn syck. s YnunH BxsH
yan, v acm, m km yr rynnm acr nmu
am-nak. an a nuk knua, . k r aava a H,
vm nu c naaH s aHm am.].
koe xe sknkuenne n penk a o1nouennn n6epnuea, o1nnukunxcn o1 a1pyckoa
uncnennoc1Lk n c1enenLk ceuennn. nnnpnum n qpknum, o6npkune
cneunqnuecknn npan, nek1 6onLuoe cxopc1ao c qnnnn. D1o nnunn ps
poksmae1, u1o nepaopopnn ocnoa ncenennn 6mn xen1o. cno, u1o a1o1
a1nnueckn aneen1 ne ac1peue1cn a unc1o anpe nn y n6epnuea, nn pxe y
a1pyckoa nepaoro nokonennn. CounnLnm nporpecc, nyc1L n poaonLno ckponm,
kkoro poc1nrnn a1n npopm, yksmae1 n npncy1c1ane unannns1opckoro spopmu,
ne nekuero o1nouennn k qnnn, n u1o qnnckn aneen1 cnoco6c1aoan a1oy a
no c1enenn.
1k, n6epnuea, s1e pcenoa, nnnnpnuea n qpknuea - ace 6onee nnn enee
onronnsnpoannme npopm - cnepye1 cun11L anrppo 6eno pcm a ee
panxennn k apone. nn nenn npnme kon1k1m c qnnnn n npno6penn
xpk1epnme uep1m, ko1opme o1nnuk1 ncenenne nuero kon1nnen1 o1 xn1ene
kxnmx pernonoa senoro up.
epan n a1opn aonnm anrpunn - n6epnum n pcenm, amnyxpennme panny1Lcn n
kpnn snp, nockonLky kr snn yxe 6mn snn1 pnun, - unn ckaosL nno1nme
cnon qnncknx nneen. pesynL11e nens6exnoro ceuennn onn ckopo cpennncL
e1ncn, n a nnx c1n ponnnpoa1L xen1m aneen1.
nnnpnum, s1e qpknum, a caok ouepepL panrnncL aponL epnoro opn.
oa1oy y nnx 6mno enLue pspyun1enLnmx kon1k1oa c xen1mn oppn. 1ckp
nx 6onee anyun1enLnm anp n 6onLun aneprnunoc1L. cnn n6epnu n pcen
6mno c pnnnx apeen npepnuep1no p6c1ao, 1o qpknum ponro a1oy
conpo1nannnncL n nospno annnncL a ccy okpyxkuero ncenennn, npnue cpennn
a1o c poc1onnc1ao. 1o kce1cn nnnnpnuea, onn po cnx nop oc1k1cn yaxem
npopo.
III. annm
ockonLky nepecenenne n6epnuea n pcenoa, nnnnpnuea n qpknuea
npepuec1aoano nonanennk acex ppyrnx rpynn 6enoro ceec1a n kre aponm,
nyxno cun11L poksnnm 1o1 qk1, u1o korp n6epnum npounn nnnk c ceaep n
kr, pcenm pounn po nnonnn n kpn e1cknx nLn, n nx ny1n ne 6mno nn opnoro
npop 6nropopno pcm. 6epnum n pcenm nannnncL nnuL o1pnpn,
o1konoaunncn o1 ocnoano ccm cnann, yxe o6ocnoaauecn n ceaepe
kon1nnen1, ko1opme nunnnn 1peaoxn1L ppyrne popc1aennme npopm, a uc1noc1n
rnnoa.
Cnanne ne nrpnn 6onLuo ponn a n1nunyk anoxy, noa1oy nok ne1 cmcn
roaopn1L o nnx. [oc11ouno o1e1n1L nx npncy1c1ane a cnnnn n 1nnn n po6an1L,
u1o onn ykpennnncL n no6epexLe Bn1nkn, a ponx expy pnkcknn ropn n
Ypno, nenoro nosxe neko1opme ns nx nneen annnncL a kenL1ckn no1ok. 3
ncknkuenne a1nx pe1ne, o ue m noaepe peuL nosxe, a1o1 npop oc1ne1cn a
1enn po 1oro oen1, korp nc1opnn amaepe1 ero n cueny.
npepenn1L, pxe npn6nnsn1enLno, anoxy npopanxennn rnnoa n ceaep n snp
npk1nueckn neaosoxno. o1 u1o oxno cks1L o6 a1o: a XVII a. po n. a. rnnm
nm1k1cn nepe1n npenen, sunueme n6epnun. D1o nepaoe nc1opnueckoe
canpe1enLc1ao o6 nx nonanennn n snpe. pnko onn yxe snnnn senn expy
ponno n eno n 6epero [ynn sponro po a1o anoxn. C ppyro c1oponm, ne1
conennn a 1o, u1o, noknpn snk, onn pannynncL n snp, xo1n a1o1 ny1L 6mn
enee npnanek1enen, ue n kr, no1oy u1o kxnme poporn 6mnn pnn nnx skpm1m
pnun, nepeeuaunncn k npnn, epepne snn n peunn. oa1oy nx
nonanenne a 3npno apone nponsouno nocne nonanennn pnuea n rnncknx
xpe61x n cen1oa a pennn. enepL m npn6nnsn1enLno yc1noannn apen a1oro
nonanennn - okono 5000 r. po n. a. a npoexy1ke expy a1o p1o n npnepno
2000 r., 1. e, n npo1nxennn 3000 ne1, cnepye1 nck1L anoxy pccenennn kenL1oa n
snpe.
on expy n6epnun n rnnn n 6eperx ponnm a XVII aeke c1n npepe1o
nepao nc1opnuecko xponnkn snpnoro np. D1o nnunee nop1aepxpenne 1oy, u1o
nc1opnn acerp poxpe1cn 1onLko ns c1onknoaennn nn1epecoa 6enmx npopoa.
6epnum, 1pyponk6name, no cpann1enLno cn6me nneen, c1onknynncL c
xp6pmn aneprnunmn aonnn, ko1opme ponroe apen spann 1on a nue uc1n
senoro up.
sanne a1nx aonnc1aennmx nneen nponcxopn1 o1 cnoa gall, 1. e. cnnLnm.
no cansno c ppeann kopne nsmk 6eno pcm, ko1opm oc1ncn a cnckpn1e -
wala nnn walya - n nee1 1o xe snuenne. Cp1ckne nneen, s1e ro1m,
coxpnnnn aepnoc1L a1o qope n nsann rnnoa walah. Cnanne nepepennn a1o
cnoao a wlach. pekn nponsnocnnn ero kk kenL1m, a1o nponsnouenne
snc1aoann y nnx pnnnne - eltae. koneu, ono npnnnno nmneunkk qopy -
alli. poe a1oro nenn y rnnoa 6mno eue opno - omer, sneu1nennoe a
6n6necko renenornn kk nn opnoro ns cmnoae qe1.
kuec1ae o1c1ynnennn 6ype1 yec1no o1e1n1L cnepykune nn1epecnme qk1m.
pnne, anncman a1o cnoao a caon xponnkn, npeap1nnn ero a amer. ne ory
cks1L, o1kyp ono y nnx nonannocL, no, aosoxno, cn onn 6mnn popc1aennnkn
kenL1oa. D1oy oxno n1n kocaennoe nop1aepxpenne a Bn6nnn, rpe pnne
nsmak1cn nneene, o1konoauncn o1 a1nx roepoa nnn rnpoa. Bm1nn (X,
3) onn soay1cn Oorp - cmnoaLnn oep. 6p1ncn k nqe1cko renenornn.
po cks1L, u1o on aecL qpren1pn, a ne ne1 peun nn o sopoc1pncknx
npopx a nx coaokynnoc1n, nn o6 nnpycx. Cm nepam ns cmnoae qe1 -
oep. o 6n6neckn epk, a1o cm snun1enLnm npop, amuepun ns
ceec1a qe1, n no uncnennoc1n, n no oryuec1ay. o apeen eseknnnn on
eue nxopn1cn a epycnne. kn o6pso, pnn eapeea npopo qe1 nannnncL
kenL1m, coepnnnaunecn c pnnn. (popok nx nsmae1: oep co acen
o1pnpn ero, po Oorp, o1 npepenoa ceaep, co acen o1pnpn ero, norne
npopm c 1o6ok. eseknnnL, XXXVIII, 6). 31e npe1 Mror. D1o - npopm aks,
aosoxno, pnum: og - cen1ckn 1pnckpnnunn pnckoro kogh. Canuennoe
ncnne c1an1 nx a onnosnunk k oepy, 1. k. aoxpL, ko1opm ponxen aec1n
knepnckne pnn, nsmae1cn or. Mexpy oro n Mroro apxpm ne1
(eseknnnL, XXXVIII, 2, 3,4). Mrore n anxy npop, reorpqnueckn 6nnskn k
knepnu, 1. e. cnann. 3 a1nn npopn cnepye1 Mp: a1o npnum, cn
ppeannn rpynn sopoc1pnuea n epnnc1aennn, kkyk snnn uepnme xn1m n
nepame cen1m. c1ec1aenno, u1o nnr Bm1nn ynonne1 1onLko nx. ocne Mpn
npe1 an. o oey nennk, an ne osnue1 nn nonnuea, nn rpekoa, npoc1o
xn1ene snpno uc1n nec1nnm, u1o oxno nonn1L n kk ceaep, n ceaepo-
snp, n npoc1o snp. 3 ano cnepye1 Oy6n. oen11opm anpn1 a ne
ne6onLuo npop a on1e - 1n6peuea. o xe coe oxno cks1L o Meue-ue -
a1o npop, xnaun expy 6epne, penne n onxnpo. Cnncok nepaoro
nokonennn qe1 saepue1 Onpc, 1. e. qpknum. 3 nnn cnepyk1 cmnoaLn
oep n an, 1. e. cme nonsaec1nme ae1an ceec1a. CmnoaLn oep - a1o
Orp, ukenc n nq1. ukenc nok ne noppe1cn nc1onkoannk. eko1opme
anpn1 a ne nnen, xnauee expy penne n epnm ope. ockonLky ukensm
- cmnoaLn oep - nc1onune kenL1m, nx nornunee noec1n1L n snpe:
aosoxno, a1o cnanne. 1o kce1cn nq1, xn1ene nqecknx rop, - a1o 1oxe
kenL1m, ko1opme n pn1x ceunak1cn c ukensn.
Y an ue1mpe cmn: Dnnu, xn1enn kon1nnen1nLno peunn, Dnnpm nnn Dneacnn,
ne annnnm, ckopee acero 6opnrenm - kenL1m n cnanne (c. noppo6nee rnay IV);
Opunu, n6epnum cnnnn n, aosoxno, cocepnnx c ne oc1poaoa; n11n, xn1enn
nnp n rpeuecknx oc1poaoa. nkoneu, [opnn, xn1enn Dnnp, 1. e. nnnnpnum.
s a1oro o1c1ynnennn cpene cnepykune amaopm. eorpqnn qe1npoa a nnre
Bm1nn, ocnoannn n ppeannx caepennnx xn1oa n xnpecknx cen1oa, ne
oxa1mae1 ace 6enme npopm Ceaep. pnum npepc1anenm 1onLko npnun,
npopn aks, qpknun n nnnnpnun, a1opoc1enennmn npepc1an1ennn
ceec1a. [oc1oaepno oxno cks1L cnepykuee: 1) oep, Mror, Oy6n, Meueu,
Onpc n ukenc - a1o popoame nsannn npopoa; 2) an, n11n n [opnn -
a1o co6np1enLnme nsannn npopoa, nonyuennme nn nocne nepamx nepecenenn;
3) Mp, nq1, Oorp, Dnnu n Opunu - reorpqnueckne nsannn seenL.
kn o6pso, m yc1noannn ppeankk neppxnk oryuec1aenno ae1an 6enoro
ceec1a. 1y ouenL ppeankk anoxy cen1m eue o6n1nn aec1e a ropx pennn,
, nxopncL a6nnsn aks, onn, koneuno, ornn ne1L npnme cansn c kenL1n nnn
oepn, norouncnennme nneen ko1opmx xnnn 1orp n ceaepno no6epexLe
epnoro opn. pnko anonne aepon1no, u1o kenL1m nenn kon1k1m c cen1n eue
po a1o anoxn. epk1opm nnrn Bm1nn onnpnncL a ocnoano n kocoronnueckne n
nc1opnueckne caepennn xnnenn, no ornn pononnn1L nx 6onee 6nnsknn n
aocnonnnnnn, nc1okn ko1opmx aocxopn1 k nepnopy, korp ace 6enoe ceec1ao
npoxnano coaec1no a rny6nne epxne snn.
D1n oepm, nspan nsaec1nme xnnckn nneen kr, eue nyuue 6mnn
nsaec1nm ccnpnu. konue XIII a. expy payn npopn nenn ec1o n
konqnnk1m n coksm. enL1m ne oc1annn no1ok nn1nnkoa caoero 1pnyq n
s6mnn nx, no nx 6onee kkyp1nme conepnnkn ns snn coxpnnnn cnepm nopanroa,
ko1opme onn npnnncmann ce6e. opnonkoannk oynnncon a knnnonncnmx npnncnx
uc1o ac1peun nsanne rynpnum (umiris), a uc1noc1n, a Bncy1yne. 3nun1,
nenno a 3npno snn ac1peuk1cn nepame ynonnnnn o npope, ko1opoy
npepc1onno pcnpoc1pnn1Lcn a apone.
poe Bn6nnn n ccnpncknx canpe1enLc1a, o knpncko a1opxennn ao apeen
cnkcp roaopn1 n rpeueckn nc1opnn. unnn c a1oro apeenn, m npocnepye s
knpnun, nnn rynpnun, s Dakcnn, nopnnecn c nnn k snpy n ceaepo-
snpy, ne 1epnn nx 6onLue ns anpy. nn nponnknn a senn, cocepc1aykune c
epnm ope, n npnnecnn 1yp caoe nn kn6pm [nuckan aanucu
amx kHa cnHa. k a, a ry kr xn,
amaan M-Maya. 3 aa cnaa ava Ma H. ra
anan a Mayca, r x ax aan Bkc, . . ck
axu, a m mn acnH rannaH. nH c sH BkcH
ryy k y, n yk: s Hn, xm ac nanaH,
nmn k H yHa-knua anckr nnycaa, . .
mn rannuckH.]. nn snnnn nnnk, n a1 senn ysnn knpnuea. nn
nocennnncL a ponnne o n pcnpoc1pnnnn 1 cnay y6pnuea, nnn 6ponoa [
knuckx nmkax crnacm k g ncncn aka.].
npnep, a Lo1nnpnn cyuec1aye1 knn epon, a nrnnn - a6pn, ao Opnunn
- ropop anep, 6pa. Cun1nocL, u1o cnoao rynpm (knpm, kn6pm)
oxe1 osnu1L ae1aL kenL1ckoro ceec1a, o1nnukuykcn o1 rnnoa, a kenL1x ne
npnsnann nocnepnnx. o poc11ouno acnonn1L, kk uc1o o6 a1n nsannn -
rnn n knpneu - yno1pe6nnk1cn pnn o6osnuennn opnnx n 1ex xe nneen n
npopoa, u1o6m o1aeprny1L a1o psnnune. c11n, o6 cnoa nek1 ouenL 6nnskoe
snuenne: rnn snun1 cnnLnm, knpneu - o1axnm.
pec1an1enLnoc1n ne cyuec1aye1 nnkko npnunnm penn1L kenL1ckne npopm n pae
psnnunme uc1n, no ne enLue oun6ko 6mno 6m cun11L, u1o o6e ae1an 6conk1no
cxoxn expy co6o. D1n ccm nkpe, co6paunecn n 6eperx Bn1nkn o1 Ceaepnoro
opn [ yaxa, v knuck nk caancn a Qa. Hcaas
cva, v knum xn a x kaaa, a HH
cvckx ca ra nya yx, yn y a ykamn
m na, am a camx kyraax, c axkaH, cnamH
a rn 4a. 3 H ann ack ck.] po
n6pn1pckoro nponna n o1 pnnpnn po occnn [Uaak, ncmaan
nHn cnaanckr cHcaa, a vy xaakcky
accn knua, camx cnka aa. naam ama
aknvacn a H, v a Hrx Hcax vu y anvu s a
rynnm.], snun1enLno o1nnunncL ppyr o1 ppyr, n c1enenL psnnunn sancen o1
1oro, c ke y nnx 6mno 6onLue popc1a: co cnannn, qpknun, nnnnpnun n,
a oco6ennoc1n, c qnnnn. c1okn acex a1nx nneen nex1 a opno ae1an, no uc1o
m n6nkpe y nnx o1pnennoe cxopc1ao a nsmke, u1o cansno c 6eckoneunmn
nsenennnn a pnnek1x. npoue, nnorp onn aenn ce6n kk conepnnkn n aprn,
nosxe ac1psnckne qpnkn c oxec1ouenne aoeann npo1na neac1pncknx qpnkoa.
nn noc1onnno cospann nonn1nueckne coksm, nnpanennme ppyr npo1na ppyr
[3nm Hm, km vkan knuck rcyacaa, Hn
xx nuk a kkr aa. n s aHva
ccn k IV a. . s., k snx nn aacHc knuckx aa,
n cva, v a H cxcn nm nax c amx
kHckx aa.].
o noa1opnk, ne1 nnkknx conenn a 1o, u1o ace onn npnnpnexnn k 6eno pce
no co caoe cy1n. x aonnm o1nnunncL amcokn poc1o, oryun 1enocnoxenne,
y nnx 6mnn rony6me nnn cepme rns, 6enokypme nnn pmxea1me aonocm. D1o 6mnn
nkpn neo6yspnnmx c1pc1e, nx ncknkun1enLnn xpnoc1L n nk6oaL k pockoun
uc1o sc1annnn nx 6p1Lcn s opyxne. nn o6npnn 6mc1pm yo, nencm1nm
nk6onm1c1ao, rn6koc1Lk nepep nnuo 1pypnoc1e n, a poaepuenne acero, oncnm
nenoc1onnc1ao nc1poennn - pesynL11 oprnnuecko necnoco6noc1n k ponro
npnansnnoc1n k uey 6m 1o nn 6mno [akH x cnaaH au ncmaa
ranna. a n ccxn k H. ax ranna
xnanumH cxcmH nuH, nynnnH
ca cn nrk naHcn yx.]. en 1kne uep1m, rnnLckne
npopm ouenL pno noc1ponnn poaonLno psan1oe counnLnoe rocyppc1ao,
poc1onnc1a n nepoc11kn ko1oporo o1pxnn n 6nropopnme nc1okn, n qnnckyk
npnecL, nsennauyk nx npnpopy [Uaak cva knua namH nmH
aH, km caancn a an, aann, v c anaHnmx
aH mn nuk vu ram Hrycam,
vamva anaam. aHan u anm c III n II a.
. s. mn, c cm, cnm, a c yr, acnn x
v Qyan caHr Qca.].
x nonn1nueckn oprnnsunn npepc1anne1 co6o 1kyk xe kp1nny. Mm anpn y nnx
unc1o qeopnLnyk cnc1ey n cn6oe npanenne a nnue ns6pnnoro aoxpn nnopo6ne
1o, u1o nen ec1o y ppeannx nnpnuea, npnuea, roepoacknx rpekoa, cmx
ppeannx kn1uea. eyc1ounaoc1L anc1n n roppmnn aonnoa uc1o npnnsoann
pen1enLnoc1L ncnonnn1enLnoro oprn. cnc1ee npanennn rnnoa, kk n y
oc1nLnmx npopoa ceec1a, ne1 n cnepoa 6ecnpepenLnoro pecno1ns,
xpk1epnoro pnn cen1cknx pecny6nnk. 3konm 6mnn poaonLno sm6knn n
ncnonnnnncL nnoxo. pnn cnoao, kenL1ckn renn coxpnnn 1e npa
nponcxoxpennn, ko1opme uepnme npopm ynnu1oxnn ackpy, kyp onn nponnknn.
ne co6npkcL npnnncma1L a1n nnc1nnk1m n a1y neyc1ounayk oprnnsunk nx
apapc1ay. C1on1 6pocn1L asrnnp n nonn1nueckyk cn1yunk nmneune qpnkn,
u1o6m y6epn1Lcn a 1o, u1o coe nanoe apapc1ao ne ncknkue1 coro
uypoanunoro pecno1ns.
Bm1L cao6opnm n 6m1L p6o opnoapeenno - uc1o a1n uep1m a npope
nponc1ekk1 ns uepepm ponrnx nc1opnuecknx ko6nnun, no ec1ec1aennn
npeppcnonoxennoc1L k cao6ope nnn k p6c1ay acerp snoxen a a1nnuecko
cyunoc1n. 6 a1o canpe1enLc1aye1 pcnpepenenne counnLnmx npe cpepn
psnnunmx pc.
npo c nonn1nuecko cnc1eo ec1ec1aennm o6pso c1on1 cnc1e aoennn. Y
rnnoa 6mno nc1onuee aonnckoe nckycc1ao. x pnn no npnepy pn pnuea-
nnpycoa coc1onn ns ue1mpex aneen1oa: nexo1m, ycnnenno nckycnmn nyunnkn,
konnnum, 6oeamx konecnnu [a a knc rHackx rka
yca, kak y acca, axncn a, ynaannn av ac
a, Hya ca k knu, cxn a Hn caxancn
ayknamy. v akan x akka nHnnacu a .] n 6oeamx co6k,
snnaunx ec1o cnonoa. oneuno, nx c1p1ernn yc1yne1 1oy, u1o m anpn y
pncknx nernonoa, no ne nee1 nnuero o6uero c epnnm nopmao 1onnm, payuecn k
po6mue. 6 a1o oxno cypn1L no oprnnsunn kpynnmx kenL1cknx noxopoa n no
cnc1ee pnnnc1punn, ko1opyk saoea1enn yc1nannann a nokopennmx c1pnx.
co6enno a1o oueanpno y rnno-rpekoa.
npnum o6muno cpxnncL opyxne ns e1nn; ecnn onn nnorp yno1pe6nnnn
kennoe opyxne, ono 6mno nckycno o6p6o1no 6ponsoamn nnn xenesnmn
nnc1pyen1n. Ckopee acero kennme eun n 1onopm, npennme a ornnx, necnn
a6ne1nueckn cmcn nnn npepnsnunncL ne pnn cpxenn, pnn ckpnLnmx
uene. a1o xe k1eropnn o1nocn1cn eun ns o6oxxenno rnnnm, 6or1o
ykpuennme n nckycno amnonnennme. npoue, anonne aosoxno, u1o cme 6epnme
nonLsoanncL nk6m opyxne, poc1ynnm pnn nnx. o a1o coaepuenno ne osnue1,
u1o rnnm ne yenn nonyu1L n o6p61ma1L e1nnm, no1oy u1o a nx nsmkx ec1L
cnoa, o1nocnunecn k a1oy popy pen1enLnoc1n n ne snc1aoannme nn ns
rpeueckoro, nn n1nnckoro, nn qnnnknckoro. cnn neko1opme cnoa nek1 cxopc1ao
c annnncknn akananen1n, a1o ne snun1, u1o nx npnnecnn ccnno1m. D1o
cxopc1ao poksmae1, u1o annnnckne pnum, o1um qocnuea n npepkn kenL1oa,
amunn ns opno n 1o xe pcm.
npnep, cyuec1ayk1 unc1o rnnLckne nsannn e1nnoa, ko1opme
canpe1enLc1ayk1 o 1o, u1o knpnum a ppeanoc1n snnn ropnopypnoe peno. npoue,
6mno 6m c1pnno, ecnn 6m 1kn 1nn1o ne o6npnn rnnm, ko1opme nocnepnnn
npnunn n a1n senn c ceaepo-aoc1ok - n senn, rpe a1n peecno ycneuno
snnnncL n n6epnum, n ec1nme a1pyckn.
n1nnkn 6ponsoaoro n xenesnoro aekoa copepx1 orponoe konnuec1ao psnnunmx
nnc1pyen1oa n opypn 1pyp, yksmakunx n amcokn ypoaenL amnnakn e1nnoa
y kenL1cknx npopoa. D1o eun, 1onopm, nkoneunnkn konn, ne6ppm, unem n
norne ppyrne npepe1m, cpennnme ns sono1, 6ponsm, cepe6p, cannu, unnk.
nnm aenn ocepnyk xnsnL. nn xnnn a 6onLunx cenennnx, ko1opme 6mc1po
npeapunncL a ropop. [o pncko anoxn neko1opme c1onnum kenL1cknx npopoa
c1nn aecL annn1enLnm. npnep, Bypx a 1e apeen ncun1man 40 1mcnu
xn1ene [num Byxa a avan car accan a u cxrn
aaau cax ra, km Hrn aau.]. Moxno 1kxe
nsa1L 1yn, ec, Besncon a nnnn, ppopyny a onLue n ppyrne
[ayyH axncn nH c akaH. Qyr knuck r
a amaacn ayyH a naHnu nnH kaya.].
1nnckn n1nunoc1L oc1ann n noro pxn1ek1ypnmx nn1nnkoa n ao Opnunn,
n a kxno epnnn. eko1opme poc1nrk1 c1 uroa no nepne1py. 6muno onn
kpyrno qopm n acerp cpaoennme: opn nonoann cnyxnn xnnnue, a1opn
6po. c1L ns nnx, anpno, 6mn okpyxen kenno c1eno, n ko1opo
aosamuncL noc1pok ns pocok n cn, uc1o ou1yk1ypennn. c1pon1enLc1ae
rnnm oxo1no coue1nn kenL n pepeao. D1n c1pme po, unpoko pcnpoc1pnennme
nou1n ao acex nunx npoannunnLnmx ropopx, 1kxe a epnnn, c kpkcnmn
c1enn, npoexy1kn ko1opmx snonnenm kne nnn sene, noc1poenm no
kenL1ckoy 1nny.
e1 nnkknx yksnn n 1o, u1o kenL1ckne c1poennn nenn neckonLko a1xe nnn
o1nnunncL pockouLk. enL1m uennnn 6nrononyune 6onLue, ue kpco1y. Y nnx
6mn po6po1nn, kkyp1no cpennnn e6enL, 6m1oame npepe1m ns koc1n n
kpcnoro pepea - rpe6nn, skonkn, noxkn, nrpyukn, ky6kn ns por, konckn c6pyn,
ykpuennn epnmn n 6ponsoamn nnc1nnkn, cn psnoo6psnn nocyp n 1.
p. nn unpoko nonLsoanncL c1eknnnnmn npepe1n - npospunmn, pcnncnmn,
okpuennmn a cnnn, xen1m n opnxeam uae1. s uae1noro c1ekn onn pennn
6ycm n ckpnLnme ykpuennn pnn ppynpoa. unpokyk nory 6mno noc1aneno
nsro1oanenne 1kne. ornnx nxopn1 oc11kn nLnnnmx nokpman 1onko p6o1m, a
uc1noc1n, xopouo coxpnnaunecn uo1nnpckne 1knn - 1p1nm, o ko1opmx nnue1
un1.
kn nk6oaL k 1epnnLnm ppoc1n cpenn kenL1oa xopounn p6o1nnkn,
1pyponk6ne, a caok ouepepL, o6ycnoanno akyc k 1oproane. Mccnno1m npouae1nn
no1oy, u1o okpyxaune nx nneen o1nnunncL 1knn xe cnoco6noc1nn k
1oproam o6en. nx pcnopnxennn 6mnn npexnme 1pncnop1nme cpepc1a.
enL1m nenn opcko qno1. D1o ne 6mnn y1nme qnnckne nnporn, po6po1nme cyp c
amcokn 6op1o, ocnuennme u1n n npycn ns nckycno ampennnmx kox. o
canpe1enLc1ay Uespn, onn 6mnn nyuue npncnoco6nenm k opckn nnannn, ue
pnckne rnepm. onkoaopeu ncnonLsoan nx pnn saoeannn Bpn1nckoro oc1poa n
nen aosoxnoc1L no poc1onnc1ay ouenn1L nx a aone npo1na aene1oa.
kn o6pso, kenL1m nenn n ope ounm nnc1pyen1 pnn npoaepennn caoe
nonn1nkn. oa1oy nx ropop, ne o1nnuaunecn oco6m 6necko, 6mnn 6onLunn,
noronkpnmn, sanennmn aceaosoxnmn 1oapn. Mnorne ns nnx 6mnn xopouo
ykpennenm, n ne 1onLko nocpepc1ao orppm nnn pa, no no ace 1orpunn knon
qop1nqnkunonnoro nckycc1a. UespL o1pn ponxnoe 1nn1y rnnLcknx
kan1nuea, ko1opme ncnonLsoann nopkonm npn ocpe ropopoa. nonne ec1ec1aenno,
u1o kenL1m, kk n n6epnum, nckycnme a pypokonc1ae, yno1pe6nnnn caon snnnn n a
aoenno pene. e spn UespL o1ksncn o1 u1yp Cyccon, yanpea unpokne pam n
ounme kpenoc1nme c1enm. a Bypxe kpenoc1nme 6unn pnn npounoc1n 6mnn
nokpm1m koxe.
ue 6onee ppeanne nk6onm1nme nxopkn o6npyxenm a neko1opmx ec1x a
Lo1nnpnn n Opnunn. euL npe1 o 1onc1mx c1enx, noaepxnoc1L ko1opmx 6mn
cneunnLno o6oxxen orne, a pesynL11e uero o6psoancL oc1ekneneaun kopk
neo6muno npounoc1n. [onroe apen coneanncL, u1o a1o - peno pyk
uenoaeuecknx, n npnnncmann a1n c1eknoanpnme noaepxnoc1n pec1ank aynknoa,
s6ma o 1o, u1o a pnno ec1noc1n nnkknx aynknoa ne cyuec1aoano. pnue ace
a1o o1nocn1cn k ouenL rny6oko ppeanoc1n. op1aepxpenne n anxy a 1o qk1e, u1o
ao apeen pnnnn Lo1nnpnn nxopnncL a ynpke, n nopo6nme coopyxennn yxe
6mnn e ne nop cnny. Cnepoa1enLno, nx npnpe1cn o1nec1n k 6onee pnne anoxe,
korp kneponckoe ncenenne eue ne 6mno a 1ko pspyun1enLno epe ceuno c
qnncknn nneenn. I a. po n. a., co6c1aenno roaopn, nrnnn nen pa 1nn
kenL1ckoro ncenennn: opno, cun1auee ce6n a1ox1onnm n xnauee a rny6nne
oc1poa, n ppyroe, ko1opoe 6mno cansno c nepecenenne 6enLrnuea n
repnnsnpoannmx rnnoa. enno a1n saoea1enn npnnpnex1 kenL1ckne
one1m nrnnn, nnornunme 1e, u1o ac1peuk1cn o1 LenLpm po ec n Cyccon.
enL1m, o6n1aune ao any1pennnx sennx nrnnn, npeap1nnncL a apapoa. nn
opeanncL a saepnnme ukypm, y nnx 6mn pcnpoc1pnen nonnnppnn, 1. e.
noroyxne. Y 6enLrncknx nepecenenuea onn nepennnn o6mu pckpuna1L caoe
1eno, xo1n nocnepnne c1onnn ropspo amue nx ao acex o1nouennnx. 6onee nnsko
c1ynenn c1onnn npnnpum. Moxno npepnonoxn1L, u1o a ouenL panne apeen n nx
oc1poae nonannncL qnnnknum n kpqrennne. ppeanenpnnpcko rnnLcko nsmke
ec1L cen1ckne aneen1m. Mexpy npoun, cun1e1cn, u1o a1o1 nsmk 6mn
epnnc1aennm, ko1opm 1k n ne cor amyun1L pLnaon. osoxno, nen ec1o 1kxe
n6epnckn, aepnee, kenL1n6epnckn, nnrpunn. k 6m 1o nn 6mno, C1p6on
cun1e1 npnnpuea knnn6nn, ko1opme noepnn caonx npec1penmx popn1ene. 6
a1o nnuy1 [nopop Cnunnnckn n Can1o Xepo. ce a1n nc1opnn, cansnnme c
pqonno, nn1m no1oko Mror, cmn qe1, c nno n enxnpo,
popn1ennn a1oro repon, c Onp-Bonrn, amxopun ns Opknn, nkoneu, c
Mnnecnnun, cmnoaLnn Mnnep, npnuepunn ns rnn1 a cnnnk, ns cnnnn a
pnnpnk, cnnuko npnykpuenm 6n6necknn n knccnuecknn a1opn, u1o6m
o1nocn1L nx k pneko ppeanoc1n n, cnepoa1enLno, cun11L poc1oaepnmn. D1o
nopo6no nc1opnn o Opnunn, ko1opn nuncL c Opnkyc, cmn ek1op. o ace
oueanpnoc1n, oc1poa nun amxopn1L ns apapc1a 1onLko a IV a. n. a. enno 1orp
y npnnpuea nonanncn opcko qno1.
pnko aepnecn k poc1nxennn kenL1oa. x kennme noc1pokn pk1 ocnoanne
npepnonr1L y nnx snnne ocnoa pxn1ek1ypm. o1nnune o1 xen1mx nneen, kenL1m
ne npoc1o cknpmann ppyr n ppyr orponme rnm6m: onn yknpmann nororpnnme
6nokn, oc1annn nx neo6p6o1nnmn, u1o6m coxpnn1L npounoc1L. a1o nc1ok
cnc1em, nsaec1no kk nenrnckn n unknonnueckn. kne nn1nnkn ac1peuk1cn
ao Opnunn, peunn, 1nnn. nn o1nocn1cn psannnm, o6npyxennme a
npoannunnx Opnunn, n norpe6nLnme noeuennn ao nornx kyprnx, ko1opme
6conk1no o1nnuk1cn o1 qnncknx noc1poek, rpe 6nokn ne o6psyk1 c1eny.
eqepu1n o1eue1, u1o a nrnnn n Cknpnnann ouenL no kenL1cknx
coopyxenn, amnonnennmx e1opo knpkn. D1o seunne coanpe1 co cnoan
Uespn o 1o, u1o 6pn1num, xnayune a rny6nne oc1poa (ne ny11L c 6enLrncknn
nepecenenun), nsmak1 ropopo nocenok, coc1onun ns xnxnn, cpennnmx ns
ae1ok n c1onunx n canx.
1k, a1n kennme coopyxennn ampepxnn ncnm1nne apeene. nnnne
ncnonLsoann nx kk ocnoay pnn caonx noc1poek. osxe cpepneaekoame pmupn
aosaopnnn n nnx caon skoame 6unn. poe knn n pepea, rnnm npnennnn
knpnnu. nn coopypnnn anyun1enLnme 6unn, uc1L ns ko1opmx coxpnnncL po cnx
nop. pn ns nnx c1on1 n ype: aosoxno, on ncnonLsoancL a kynL1oamx uennx.
opop, npexno noc1poennme n sunuennme, co snun1enLnm ncenenne,
neaun a caoe pcnopnxennn e6enL, y1apL, npepe1m pockoun, coo6unncL
expy co6o nocpepc1ao xopounx noc1onnnmx popor n oc1oa. nnnne ne nepamn
oprnnsoann coo6uenne a knpncknx c1pnx: onn yanpenn ro1oame poporn,
o1peon1npoann nx n noppepxnann a xopoue coc1onnnn. 1o kce1cn oc1oa,
UespL c o1eue1, u1o ne ace onn noc1poenm pnnnnn [Hc Hck Hn
a 4a nnuaancu knuckH nu. nuck Hcm mn a na
ax.].
ono o6munmx ny1e coo6uennn, kenL1m oprnnsoann akc1pennme cnoco6m cansn.
Y nnx 6mn nc1onun 1enerpq. nn pcc1annnn nkpe, ko1opme kpnko nepepann
axnyk noaoc1L. kn o6pso, coo6uenne, amuepuee n aocxope connu ns
pnen, noc1ynno a aepnL okono 9 ucoa aeuep, npopn pcc1onnne a 80 nLe.
[epeann 6mnn ncenenm ne enLue, ue ropop. 6 a1o oxno cypn1L no 6onLuoy
konnuec1ay knp6nu, o6npyxennmx a psnmx ponx kenL1cko aponm. x
psepm o6muno poc11ouno aennkn. orpe6nLnmx kyprnoa ne ac1peue1cn.
opo6nme coopyxennn, ecnn onn pononnenm ponLeno, npnnpnex1 nepam
xn1enn, 1. e. qnnn, n ne o nnx ceuc peuL. cnn a sxoponennn ec1L
norpe6nLnoe noeuenne c amnoxennmn ns kne c1enn, snun1, ono
npepnsnunocL pnn knnse, sn1n n 6or1mx nkpe. knp6nu cnyxnnn
nocnepnn npnc1nnue npoc1oro npop. D1o o6munme ornnm, nnorp c
ncmnnnm xonnko. Mep1ame 1en nou1n acerp cxnrnncL. a1o sknkue1cn
psnnu expy sxoponennnn cmx nepamx xn1ene, ko1opme nn cxnrnn
yepunx, n kenL1cknn. o acnko cnyue a kyprnx c norpe6nLnmn
noeuennnn, nenrncknn n unknonnuecknn, aosoxno, coapeennnkn
knp6nu, nnkorp ne ac1peuk1cn uenme ckene1m, 1onLko oc11kn coxxennmx
koc1e a ypnx.
Moxno o1e1n1L eue opno psnnune expy sxoponennnn, ko1opme o1nocn1cn k
nunonnLno anoxe, n 1en, ko1opme nonannncL a pnckn nepnop: npepe1m,
o6npyxennme a nocnepnnx, nek1 ceunnm xpk1ep, rpe acerp nerko yanpe1L
n1nnckne annnnnsnpoannme aneen1m. koe knp6nue ec1L nepneko o1 Xeneam.
6nnne unc1o kenL1cknx knp6nu ne 1onLko canpe1enLc1aye1 o 6onLuo konnuec1ae
ncenennn, ko1opoe nn nonLsoanocL, no naopn1 n neko1opme ppyrne mcnn.
36o1, c kko o6opypoanncL knp6nu, pcxopm, cansnnme c nnn, nx konnuec1ao
n 6or1c1ao npepe1oa, copepxunxcn a ornnx npoc1mx nkpe, - ace a1o
canpe1enLc1aye1 o6 o6ue 6nrononyunn npop. 1k, apnp nn oxno corncn1Lcn c
pann nenne o6 6conk1no apapc1ae rnnLcknx nneen, npnue a1o nenne
6mno ocnoano n noxno npepnonoxennn, u1o qnnckne nn1nnkn - peno pyk
kenL1oa.
cksnnoy cnepye1 po6an1L, u1o kenL1m, nckycnme a cmx psnmx o6nc1nx, ne
ornn ne nonn1L uennoc1n uenoaeueckoro 1pyp n ne aosnrpxp1L caonx 1aopuoa.
nn nenn cnc1ey cue1 n s 1pnc1 ne1 po npnxop Uespn ueknnnn penLrn pnn
aneunnx 1oproamx canse. Y nnx 6mnn one1m ns sono1, cepe6p, cnna sono1,
cepe6p n epn, ns epn n cannu, ns xenes, ns unc1o epn; kpyrnme, kapp1nme,
ppnnLnme, aorny1me, cqepnueckne, nnockne, 1onc1me, 1onkne, c apanennm n
penLeqnm pncynko. uenL norne one1m necy1 n ce6e ccnno1ckyk,
keponckyk nnn pnckyk neu1L. o ppyrne ne pk1 nnkkoro noaop snopospn1L
1koe popc1ao. oneuno, a1o cme ppeanne: onn aocxopn1 k rny6oko ppeanoc1n.
c1L ppnnLnme one1m, nekune nnorn a D1pypnn: nn6o ec1nme xn1enn
nonyunn nx o1 y6pnuea, xnaunx no cocepc1ay, nn6o nen ec1o oxnanennn
1oproann expy payn npopn, a ue ne1 nnkknx conenn, yun1man 6onLuoe
konnuec1ao nn1pn a 1ockncknx ornnx ppeanero nepnop [ak aanum
Hm sycckr ncxxn c axH knca am a
akc aHc c srckH ackH HannH VIII a. . s.].
pnpy c penexno cnc1eo kenL1m nenn nncLennoc1L. pnncn n
kenL1n6epncknx epnnx, po cnx nop ne pcunqpoannme, yksmak1 n ouenL
o1pnennyk anoxy.
Co caoe c1oponm, un1 o1eue1 opnn qk1, o1nocnuncn k 1koy xe nou1ennoy
aospc1y. ero apen cun1nocL, u1o a epnnn n a e1cknx nLnx cyuec1ayk1
n1nunme nn1nnkn, nokpm1me rpeuecknn npnncnn. Cun1nocL, u1o a1n
nn1nnkn aospanr Ynncc ao apen caonx ceaepnmx ny1euec1an, o ko1opmx ne
oc1nocL nnkknx canpe1enLc1a. Coo6un o6 a1o, un1 ampxe1 nornunoe
conenne a 1o, u1o cmn ap1 aoo6ue korp-nn6o ny1euec1aoan a nLnx nnn no
6eper en, no qk1 nnnunn npnnce oc1e1cn qk1o [Qkaa, v
Hck snx ncuHcu mna acncaa a nnH nun
m annu Qyan.].
a1n cnoa un1 cnepye1 po6an1L canpe1enLc1ao Uespn, ko1opm nocne
no6epm np xn1ennn enLaeunn nuen a nx nrepe noppo6nm nepeuenL npnunoro
ncenennn, aknkun aonnoa, xenunn, pe1e n c1pnkoa. n1epecno 1o, u1o on 6mn
nnncn no-rpeueckn.
ppyro ec1e oen1pnea pnk11op nnue1, u1o ao acex caonx o6uec1aennmx n
uc1nmx penx kenL1m nonLsoanncL rpeuecknn 6ykan. o neo6Lncnno npnunne
ppynpm nnuero ne snncmann - nn caon pok1pnnm, nn pn1ynm - n sc1annnn
yuennkoa yun1L nx nnsyc1L.
D1o npanno c1poro co6nkpnocL. Cypn no a1n caepennn, npexpe ue oks1Lcn nop
pnckn annnnne, kenL1ckne npopm npnamknn k rpqnueckoy nso6pxennk caonx
mcne, n u1o coe nn1epecnoe, nx cnc1e pesko o1nnuncL o1 1oro, u1o n
oc1annn aennkne sn1ckne npopm ppeanoc1n. Y nocnepnnx nncLennoc1L
npepnsnuncL rnanm o6pso pnn xpeuoa n cun1ncL ue-1o apope
pennrnosno 1nm, noa1oy on c 1kn 1pypo nponnkn a o6nxop, n anno1L po
anoxn ncnc1p1 ne snncmanncL pxe noam oep, xo1n onn n amsmann
aceo6uee aocxnuenne. Y kenL1oa npo1na nqan1 amc1ynnn canuennnkn, a
uc1no n rocyppc1aenno xnsnn on yno1pe6nnncn, nnpnep, pnn 1oro, u1o6m
o6osnu1L poc1onnc1ao pener. pnn cnoao, y kenL1oa nncLennoc1L, nnuennn
acnko pennrnosno 1nm, nanne1cn cae1cko nyko.
o n un1, n UespL po6annk1, u1o a1o1 pcnpoc1pnennm nqan1, no noaopy
cyuec1aoannn ko1oporo a epnnn yxe ne1 nnkknx conenn [3 ccn k
acH HnnH a QyaH.], 6mn a xopy n n nennnnx, n a nnnn, n a enLaeunn,
n a ne ne1 nnuero nunonnLnoro, 1. e. on nonnoc1Lk snc1aoan y rpekoa.
6Lncnnn a1o1 qk1, yuenme, ko1opme cknonnm anpe1L noackpy 1onLko npnnecennme
nsane unannnsunn, o6puk1cn k ccnno1. D1o nx epnnc1aennm pryen1,
korp onn ne ory1 skpm1L rns n penLnoc1L - n qk1m, ne yknpmakunecn a
nnnune apapc1a a kenL1cknx c1pnx. o nx rnno1es ne ampepxnae1 nnkko
kpn1nkn.
cnn 6m ccnno1m ornn aospec1aoa1L n npen rnnLcknx npopoa po 1ko
c1enenn, u1o6m pcnpoc1pnn1L n nnx cao nqan1, 1orp onn 1e 6onee nepepnn
6m n co6nsnn1enLnme qopm caoero opyxnn n caonx opnen1oa. 1kn no6ep
6mn 6m y6epn1enLnee acero. pnko onn a a1o ne npeycnenn. orp npopm nnnn
peunnn konnpoa1L rpeueckne penLrn, nn panrn 1onLko npr1ns n oueanpnoe
npenyuec1ao penexno cnc1em, no u1o kce1cn nckycc1a, y nnx a1o nonyunocL
neyknkxe n rpy6o. orp opn pc snc1aye1 y ppyro nqan1, on 6epe1 y nee
eue u1o-nn6ypL - pennrnosnme aosspennn, nnpnep; ppynpm ne xennn n
cnmu1L o nncLennoc1n. Mexpy 1e y kenL1oa nncLennoc1L ne necn a ce6e
nnkko porm. norp, s nenenne 1eonornuecknx pok1pnn, npepe1o
snc1aoannn oxe1 6m1L nn1ep1yp. o cnepoa a1oro m ne anpn nn y opnoro
nnc1enn n1nunoc1n [a yaxa, v rannm ncan ca kcm a
rvckH, nvH nuk rvckH ykaaH, a nmk 3nnam.
, cHn a aa aa, c sH an n Hx crnacucn.
cn m y knua mn acnuk yxcam mn c rkaH,
vm cnan rvck nmk caH nacamH cyHH, x
amaan m aaaaaH k acr a n k- yr an y
Haccanckx raa kak- rvck kcm.]. koneu, kkn
o6pso a1o1 pcnpoc1pnennm nqan1, ykopennauncn pxe a npax rnnLcknx
npopoa, ko1opme nou1n ne nenn kon1k1oa ppyr c ppyro, or nepe1n o1 xn1ene
enLaeunn k ncenennk enL1n6epnn? cnn 6m kenL1 npnuno a ronoay
snc1aoa1L y uyxkoa cpepc1ao xpnn1L nn1L o qk1x n co6m1nnx, onn, koneuno
xe, o6p1nnncL 6m k qnnnknu. 1k, snkn, amrpanpoannme n ec1nmx
epnnx, pcnpoc1pnennmx n nonyoc1poae, ne nek1 nnkkoro o1nouennn k
xnnckoy nnn rpeueckoy nqan1y.
a1o skonun pnckyccnk o 1epnnLno npen1nunoc1n payx nqan1oa. ecnn
a1o ne poksno pnn kenL1n6epnuea, 1orp nenLsn a1oro y1aepxp1L a o1nouennn
6onLunnc1a oc1nLnmx knpncknx nneen. e ne enee, n ne xouy cks1L, u1o y
nnx 6mn opnn n 1o1 xe nqan1. c11n, Mocen ncun1n po pean1n psnnunmx
nqan1oa, ko1opme on co6pn n ceaepe 1nnn n a nLnx. n npnaopn1
cnepykun 1onorpqnueckn nepeuenL: opn, poanc, D1pypnn, ne, nponL,
C1npnn, onxennno, epon, pyn. Y nnx npen1nunn cnc1e c1poennn, xo1n
psnnunn expy nnn anonne oueanpnm.
Moxno sp1Lcn aonpoco, kk orno oks1Lcn, u1o UespL, xopouo snkun
rpeueckne nponsaepennn, oun6cn a 1ekc1x ns enLaeunn n yanpen rpeueckne 6ykam
1, rpe nx ne 6mno? ao1 o o1ae1: UespL, aosoxno, pepxn a pykx a1n
nyckpnn1m, no nx copepxnne o6Lncnnn ey nepeaopunk. o canpe1enLc1ay
oueanpu, onn 6mnn nnncnm rpeuecknn 6ykan, 1. e. 6ykan, ouenL noxoxnn
n rpeueckne, no nsmk 6mn rnnLckn. 3aoea1enn o6nyno aneunee cxopc1ao,
nockonLky on 6mn yaepen, u1o n1nnckne n a1pycckne nqan1m nponcxopn1 ns
rpeueckoro, on npnuen k oun6ounoy amaopy. c11n, a1oy ec1L nop1aepxpenne: n
nepano o6npyxennmx nn1nnkx ec1L 6ykam, ko1opme eue po pnnnn
yno1pe6nnnncL cnccn poanc, kenL1n Cen-Bepnp, ropun eccnn n
ko1opme 1onLko o1pnenno nnonnk1 rpeueckn nqan1.
[peanerpeueckn nqan1, ko1opm no nennk cneunnnc1oa nepam ncnonLsoancn
pnun-annnnn, coc1onn ns 16 6yka. nn pec1an1enLno nocn1 cen1ckne
nsannn n ouenL noxoxn n xnnckne n eapeckne 6ykam, no ne1 nnkknx
yksnn n 1o, u1o n 1e n ppyrne nponsounn ns ec1noro nc1ounnk, ne 6mnn
snecenm c ceaepo-aoc1ok nepamn nepecenenun 6eno pcm. oo6ue aonpoc o
nponcxoxpennn nqan1oa pneko ne peuen. n 1ecno cansn c a1nnuecknn
aonpocn, kpoe 1oro, ocnoxnen opno npnopno konuenune, nonanauecn a
XVIII a. o nennk 1k nsmaemx qnnocoqoa nc1opnn, nncLennoc1L nuncL c
pncynk, o1 pncynk nepeun k cnaonnueckoy nso6pxennk, n 1pe1Le c1pnn
nopopnn qone1nueckne cnc1em. o npape roaopn, a1o c1ponn 1eopnn, n xnL,
u1o on rpnnun1 c 6cyppo. Onryp1nanme cnc1em, nnpnep, y ekcnknuea n
ernn1nn, c nepamx pne caoero nso6pe1ennn c1nn npeorpqnuecknn, no1oy u1o,
o1pxn qopy pepea, nnop nnn xnao1noro, 1pe6oanocL ampsn1L rpqnueckn
1epnnLnyk npek, ko1opn o1nanpoan nso6pxenne a1nx aeue. kn
o6pso, amnpe1 opnn ns a1noa nepexop. 1o kce1cn 1pe1Lero, on ne
npepc1anne1cn neo6xopnm, nockonLky nn ekcnknum, nn kn1um, nn ernn1nne ne
cospnn n 6se caonx nepornnqoa co6c1aenno roaopn nqan1. Cnoco6, ko1opm
ncnonLsoann pa nocnepnnx ns nsannmx npopoa pnn nepepun nen co6c1aennmx,
cnyxn1 y6epn1enLnm poks1enLc1ao 1oro, u1o npnnunn, n ko1opo c1pon1cn nx
cnc1e aocnponsaepennn nsmk, ne a coc1onnnn npeopone1L neanpnme npenn1c1ann.
oa1oy npeorpqnueckn nncLennoc1L o6ns1enLno ponxn 6m1L cnaonnuecko,
c ppyro c1oponm, on ne nee1 nnkkoro o1nouennn k e1opy aneen1pnoro
psnoxennn n 6c1pk1noro npepc1anennn saykoa. o oxno nn 1kxe cks1L, u1o
qone1nueckne nqan1m, ko1opmn m nonLsyecn, ne nponcxopn1 o1 s6m1mx
npeorpqnuecknx cnc1e? nonnk, u1o c noc1noak 1koro aonpoc ec1L
nocnr1enLc1ao n yskonennme kcnom. 6muno qnnnknckn 1nn 6epy1 s
nppnry, s nc1ounnk acex qone1nuecknx cnc1e nncLennoc1n n c1pon1
coo1ae1c1ann expy nso6pxenne n o6osnuenne, 1koamx npn xennnn oxno
n1n ckonLko yropno.
c11n, nocnepnne nccnepoannn ccnpncknx nqan1oa o1kpmnn noam
rpqnueckn e1op, ko1opm, c kko 6m c1oponm k ney nn nopxopn1L, nnkk nenLsn
cans1L c cnaonnueckn nso6pxenne. poe 1oro, oxno nsa1L 1kne anpm
nncLennoc1n, ko1opme ne nannk1cn nn npeorpqnuecknn, nn qone1nuecknn, nn
cnnn6nuecknn, npoc1o neonnuecknn, rpe aneen1m ne nek1 nnoro snuennn,
kpoe 1oro, kkoe n pn a1op. koa, nnpnep, nennnnennckn cnc1e.
1k, m nee 4 k1eropnn rpqnuecknx cpepc1a, yno1pe6nnemx nkpLn pnn
coxpnennn caonx mcne. nn coaepuenno psnme no caoey poc1onnc1ay, u1o
cansno c oco6mn cnoco6noc1nn nx cosp1ene ko6nnnpoa1L panxennn mcnn n
qopynnpoa1L o1nouennn expy aeun. x nsyuenne oxe1 npnaec1n k
nn1epecnm pesynL11 n p1L noro nnqopunn n o6 o6uec1ax, ko1opme nx
ncnonLsyk1, n o pcx, ns ko1opmx coc1on1 a1n o6uec1a.
pnko aepnecn k coy ppeaney rpeueckoy nqan1y. pekn nncnn 1o cnpa
nneao, 1o cnea nnpao, n nmneunn e1op y1aeppnncn ne cpsy [ckck,
yHck sycck anc akx y cnaaa ana, a cannck
anaa, acm n ayH kcaH, H Hay Hy.]. a a1o
ne1 nnuero neo6munoro. npnep, pynm snncnm psnmn cnoco6n: cnpa
nneao, cnea nnpao, cnnsy aaepx nnn no kpyry.
16 6yka rpeueckoro nqan1 ne nepepann ace saykn ceunnoro nsmk, a ko1opo
npncy1c1aoann ec1nme, cen1ckne n pncko-annnnckne aneen1m. D1n 6ykam
ckopee ornn ypoane1aopn1L no1pe6noc1n npeun epepne snn. o, aosoxno, eue
nyuue onn nopxopnnn pnn npeunn 1ex nepamx xn1ene c1pnm, ko1opmx o6muno
nsmak1 nencrn n ko1opm n npnnncn kenL1ckoe nnn cnannckoe
nponcxoxpenne. [oc1oaepno opno: ceaepnme pynm, ko1opme pn ne cun1e1
nekunn o1nouennn k 1ea1onckn pnnek1, 1kxe coc1on1 ns 16 6yka, nx
nepoc11ouno pnn nepepun acex opynnun ronoc y ro1oa. Cpannan pynm co
snkn, o6npyxennmn n pncknx nn1nnkx n nncee, pn anpn1 a nnx
nepaonunLnm 1nn. n cansmae1 c konm6enLk 6eno pcm nc1okn acex nunx
coapeennmx nqan1oa. ne coneakcL a 1o, u1o a1 1ouk spennn a 6ypyue
c1ne1 ncxopno pnn nsyuennn ppeane nc1opnn.
Cnepyn ny1e pn, eqepu1n nponnu1enLno snanne1, u1o a pynx o1cy1c1ayk1
neko1opme 6ykam, ocnoanme a ro1cknx pnnek1x. cxopn ns a1oro n6nkpennn on
sknkue1, u1o pynm - a1o nop1pe1 nqan1oa, ko1opmn nonLsoanncL kenL1m.
ynnueckne snkn a 1ko cnyue qsy nxopn1 nnor y npop 1o xe pcm: a1o
ouenL ppeann npnnpckn nqan1, nsmaem bobelot nnn beluisnon. k n
ppeanne npo1o1nnm, on coc1on1 1onLko ns 16 6yka n nopsn1enLno nnonne1 pynm.
e cnepye1 s6ma1L, u1o cnc1e acex a1nx 1nnoa nncLennoc1n 6conk1no 1kn xe,
kk a ppeanerpeuecko, n u1o o6unoc1L nx qop nnkorp ne nepec1an
cyuec1aoa1L. 1nnckne nqan1m - y6pnckn, aarneckn, eccnnckn n
a1pycckne nqan1m, 6nnskne k rpeueckoy no qope, aocxopn1 k ouenL pnney
nepnopy n, neco1pn n psnnunn, o1nnuk1cn o6un cxopc1ao. nn nek1 6ykam, a
ko1opmx ne1 nnuero annnnckoro, n 1kn o6pso o6npk1 caon nunonnLnm
nnuo. ce onn, kpoe a1pycckoro, nannk1cn kenL1cknn, kk m yanpn nnxe.
n1nnkn, ko1opme coxpnnnn nx pnn nc, 6onLue uc1Lk npepuec1ayk1
a1opxennk annnnoa n n1nnckn nonyoc1poa. oa1oy oxno cks1L, u1o a1n
eaponeckne nqan1m, popc1aennme ppyr ppyry, popc1aennme rpeueckoy, ne
cqopnpoanncL no 1nny nocnepnero. nn, kk n rpeueckn, nek1 6onee ppeanee
nponcxoxpenne. k n kpoaL 6enmx pc, onn 6epy1 nc1ok a nepao6m1nmx nocenennnx
a1nx pc a rny6nne epxne snn. k n npopm, ko1opme nonLsoanncL nn, onn
coaepuenno co6m1nm n coaepuenno cao6opnm o1 nn1unn rpeueckoro nqan1 n
eaponecko 1eppn1opnn; nkoneu, kenL1ckne npopm ne snc1aoann caok
counnLnyk kynL1ypy, pennrnk n caok kpoaL y rpekoa n 1kxe ne o6nsnm n caonn
rpqnuecknn cnc1en [an, v knum nnuaancu rvckH
ykaaH, au caH kamaa vcu sx ca.
acckamaa H, kak ancan ncuH Hy cax
aavanuka, caxHy nuraH, a rvckH nmk,
rvckH ykaaH, vm r cHrn nvau n r.
naanu, rvck ykam mn acm r aaraH.].
BonLue acero nopxe1 y1nnn1pnoe ncnonLsoanne ampxenno n nncLe mcnn.
Mm ne ac1peunn nnuero nopo6noro y xencknx o6uec1a, poc1nrunx onpepenennoro
ypoann unannnsunn. pnno cnyue m nee peno c nkpLn, ko1opme o6npk1
6onee cyxo pccypounoc1Lk n nopunnnk1cn npnsenennm no1pe6noc1n.
enL1ckne npopm 6mnn, koneuno, aonnc1aennmn, no ne a 1ko c1enenn, kk a1o
o6muno cun1e1cn. x aonnckn cna onnpe1cn n neckonLko ypunmx noxopoa n
cocepnne npopm. pnko a1o 6mnn pepkne cnyun, a 1euenne ponrnx aekoa
kenL1ckne rocyppc1a xnnn c cocepnn a npe. [eno a 1o, u1o nx counnLnn
oprnnsunn c nyxpncL a o1pmxe pnn caoero psan1nn. nanm o6pso onn
6mnn senepenLun, npomunennnkn n koepcn1n. norp n cnyunocL, kk
anpoue ace nunn n sene, aec1n c ke-nn6ypL aony. ue acero onn ncnn
caon orponme c1p kopoa n canne n npoc1opnmx nonnnx cpepn py6oamx necoa,
nokpmakunx c1pny. nn ne nenn panmx a konuennn n sconke nc, nx okopok
6mnn nsaec1nm pxe a peunn. 3ponro po npnxop pnnnn onn 1oproann n
n1nncko nonyoc1poae n n pmnkx Mpcenn nLnnnmn 1knnn n koxn. poe
1oro, onn 1oproann conLk, p6n, eanyxn, oxo1nnuLnn co6kn; onn cun1nncL
npnsnnnmn c1epn a kpe1no pene. pnn cnoao, knpnum, kk n yxe
roaopnn, axopn1 a k1eropnk npr1nuecknx npopoa, 1. e. o1nocn1cn k yxckoy
1nny. C aonncko 1oukn spennn, onn npeaocxopn1 n6epnuea, no ne a cmcne
yc1aennmx ynpxnenn. ockouL y nnx caopnncL k y1nnn1pnm aeu: kpcnaoe
opyxne, po6po1nn opexp, xopoune noupn. c11n, nocnepnee yaneuenne poxopnno
y nnx po c1pc1n, n onn npno6pe1nn popornx ckkynoa ns sopcknx seenL.
pnko npn ace a1o y nnx, oueanpno, 6mn n nn1ep1yp, nockonLky cyuec1aoann
n 6ppm, n necnn. a1nx necnnx nsnrk1cn snnnn, npno6pe1ennme nx pco, n
xpnn1cn kocoronnueckne, 1eonornueckne n nc1opnueckne 1ppnunn. Coapeennn
kpn1nk ne pcnonre1 nccnepoannnn a1nx nncLennmx nponsaepenn,
aocxopnunx k anoxe nunonnLnoro cocosnnnn. o a o6ue cokpoanunnue y
repncknx npopoa ec1L oco6oe ec1o pnn kenL1oa. ponsaepennn a npose n a
c1nxx, nnncnnme n ec1nmx pnnek1x, ec1L y npnnpuea, ropuea ceaepno
Lo1nnpnn n y 6pe1onuea popnkn.
Cneunnnc1m ann1enLno nsyuk1 a1n nponsaepennn npopno ysm, n nnorp n
nonpk1cn cnepm knpnuea. coxnennk, ne ace onn o1nocn1cn k pneko
n1nunoc1n. Coe nospnee nx oxno p1npoa1L V a., noa1oy n 1pypno cypn1L o
kenL1cko nn1ep1ype npeppncko anoxn, korp n pyx, n nonn1nk a1oro npop
6mnn nesancnm. poe 1oro, npo o1e1n1L, u1o xo1n nopnnnnoc1L counnenn
rnnLcknx, popnkncknx, npnnpcknx nnn renLcknx 6ppoa ne amsmae1 conenn,
nopxe1 nx cxopc1ao c pncknn n repncknn counnennnn 1oro xe nepnop. D1o
6poce1cn a rns npn co noaepxnoc1no cpanennn: npen1nunm n xop mcnn, n
1epnnLnme qopm noasnn. o1 xe akyc k srpounoy, k cen1enunosnoc1n,
npopouecko nenonn1noc1n, nnn1epunn n npnuypnnaoy coepnnennk qk1oa. D1n
xpk1epnme uep1m oxno o1nec1n k pnney annnnnk, ko1opoe oksn
npoxpauncn repnckn np n kenL1ckn renn. ce canpe1enLc1aye1 o 1o, u1o
a o6nc1n opnn pnum-repnum nnoro npeaocxopnnn knpnuea. o, npnnnn
a1y ncxopnyk 1ouky spennn, oxno ponyc1n1L, u1o nn1ep1ypnme qopm n o6mun,
c1aune k 1oy apeenn o6unn, ornn ao1n a o6nxop kenL1oa a pesynL11e
aoennmx noxopoa a V a.
npnum ue1mpex nepamx c1one1n xpnc1nnc1a pc1epnnn noroe ns 1oro, u1o
nenn. nckoe annnnne ncknkun1enLno cnnLno nsennno nx nn1ennek1ynLnyk
xnsnL, nnunno ee co6m1noc1n, 1k xe kk n kpoaL 6onLunnc1a a1nx npopoa.
nnnn m n6nkpe nnyk kp1nny. Counnennn oa1oa ncuesnn nou1n 6eccnepno.
C nnn ne nponsouno 1oro, u1o nponsouno c counnennnn a1pyckoa, ko1opme,
neco1pn n 1o, u1o ppeanne c6nnnne cun1nn nx nsmk apapckn, coxpnnnn n
caoe snuenne, n caoe poc1onnc1ao 6nroppn aknpy a nc1opnk. C nnn amnyxpenm
cun11Lcn n nc1opnkn, n n1nkapm, nx nepeaopn1 n aknkuk1, nyc1L pxe c
nsenennnn, a cokpoanunnuy ppeane nn1ep1ypm. nnnn a a1o o1nouennn ne
noaesno. e npopm nokopno o1ksnncL o1 caoero npounoro n 6mc1po nyunnncL
npesnp1L ero: onn acen cpepc1an c1pnncL cpen1Lcn n1nnnnn. XnL, u1o a
nn1n npop ne coxpnnnncL ppeanne necnn - 1o1 qonp, ko1opm 6mn kenL1ckn,
no c nn1ep1ypno 1oukn spennn nepec1n 6m1L 1koam, no1oy u1o amxnn nnuL
6nroppn o1ksy o1 caonx qop. oa1oy, nunnn c pncko anoxn, kenL1ckne
npopm nnnn, epnnn, enLaeunn, e1nn y1p1nnn ppeann pyx n coxpnnnn a
ce6e 1onLko neko1opme 1ppnunn, oc1aunecn a noao a1nnuecko cpepe a 1o epe, a
kko oc1ancL knpnckn kpoaL, n cmrpaune caok ponL a 1o cmcne, u1o noame
nokonennn opnxpm acnonnnn pyx rnnLcko pcm.
1k, kon1nnen1nLnme kenL1m oksnncL n o6ounne nc1opnn sponro po nonanennn
repnuea, n n oc1e1cn noco1pe1L, u1o coxpnnnocL y kenL1oa Bpn1ncknx
oc1poaoa n pnnpnn o1 nn1ennek1ynLnoro 6or1c1a nx ceec1a n u1o onn cornn
nepep1L caoe popnkncko kononnn.
UespL cun1e1 6opnrenoa 6onLuoro oc1poa ouenL neaexec1aennmn. o eue
6onee neaexec1aennmn n rpy6mn 6mnn npnnpum. oo6ue a1n senn nsmanncL
canuennmn, n ec1nme can1nnnu amcoko noun1nncL ppynpn. o nep1nueckn
nyk n cae1ckn nyk - a1o psnme aeun. nxe n o6Lncnk, nouey n cun1k, u1o
1eonornn 6pn1nuea nspan y1p1nn caon poc1onnc1a. 1o kce1cn cae1cknx nyk,
onn no kynL1nanpoanncL: ne no1oy, u1o a1n oc1poan1nne xnnn a necx a xnxnnx
ns ae1ok, ne no1oy, u1o nx rpy6me npam pspeunn nkpoepc1ao, no no1oy, u1o nx
nckonnme 1ppnunn nek1 ouenL no co6m1noro. Y nnx oueanpno npeo6npnne
knccnuecknx npe. D1o1 qk1 6poce1cn a rns, n a ne ne1 nnuero n1nnckoro. D1n
npen nek1 xpnc1nnckyk qopy a repno-poncko pyxe. [o6pocoaec1nm
n6nkp1enL ne oxe1 ne npnsn1L, u1o n6oxnme ceno6n1m VI a. ecnn n ne counnnnn
cn, 1o noro cnoco6c1aoann counnennn pxe nsmueckoro xpk1ep. o acex nx
knnrx pnpo c Uespe n ero aonnn ac1peuk1cn 6n6neckne nc1opnn: Mror n
cmnoaLn qe1, qponm n senn rnne1ckn, o1pxenne coapeennmx co6m1n:
ckconum, aennune onc1n1nnononn, oryuec1ao 1nnnm. ne xouy a1n cks1L,
u1o a nx nn1ep1ype aoo6ue ne1 cnepoa ppeanero npounoro, no acn a1 nn1ep1yp no
caon qop n no caoey qonpy o1nocn1cn k anoxe, korp n a1nx sennx xnnn yxe
ne 1onLko ec1nme nneen, korp nx pc nepec1n 6m1L unc1o kenL1cko, korp
xpnc1nnc1ao n repnckn ouL saoeamann ace 6onLue nosnun n nopunnnnn ce6e
cmx npmx npo1nannkoa.
ce a1o poksmae1, u1o npopm, roaopnaune c nun xpnc1nncko apm n
kenL1cknx pnnek1x, yxe pano y1p1nnn co6m1noc1L. D1o 1kxe poksmae1, u1o
ecnn repnckn renn c coro nun o6or1nncn knpnckn aneen1o, 1o
nenno 6nroppn ey, 6nroppn ero annnnnk n renLckne, rnLckne n 6pe1onckne
npopm, k V a. cqopnpoancL nn1ep1yp, ko1opn c 1ex nop nee1 npao
nsma1Lcn coapeenno. n nanne1cn npopyk1o nornx 1euenn, 1. e. ne
opnrnnnLno. ne 6ypy acnep s qnnonorn noa1opn1L, u1o kenL1m nrnnn n spe
qeopnLno anoxn nenn necnn n ponm, o6ouepune ack apony, nnpo1na, n xouy
cks1L, u1o, nopo6no npnnpckn onx, cknLpm 6mnn 6nec1nunn 1eonorn n
o6npnn nonc1nne nposenn1cko aneprne, uyxpo aronc1nunm npnamuk
rnnLcknx nneen, nx noa1m, ncnm1maaune 1koe xe uyxesenoe annnnne, a
c1onknoaennn npe n npaoa, a 6or1c1ae cmx psnmx 1ppnun, nkoneu, a
ckpono n 1eno ncnepnn, ko1opoe poc1nocL n o1 o1uoa, uepnnn apoxnoaenne
pnn nponsaepenn, ko1opme pec1an1enLno nonyunnn npnsnnne no ace apone, no
ko1opme o6nsnm caon ycnex nenno 1oy, u1o onn ampxnn cyunoc1L ne kko-
1o opno pcm, ack coaokynnoc1L kenL1cko, poncko n repncko npe -
o1ckp nx orponn nonynnpnoc1L.
koe nenne, koneuno, npo1naopeunno 6m ace nonoxennn pnno knnrn, ecnn
6mn 6m poksn pcoan unc1o1, ko1opyk npnnncmak1 ncenennk, ace eue
roaopnuey n kenL1cko nsmke. o epnnc1aennm pryen1o a pnno cnyue
cnyxn1 coxpnnoc1L nsmk. Mm yxe ne ps o1eunn, a uc1noc1n n npnepe 6ckoa,
nckonLko noy6epn1enLnm 1kne pccyxpennn. Xn1enn npeneea ne cun1k1cn
amxopun npnn1nano pcm, eue enLue unc1o pcm: a1oy npo1naopeu1
cme aneen1pnme qnsnonornueckne qk1m. ouno 1k xe ne1 ocnoann cun11L
npnnpuea, uo1nnpcknx ropuea, rnnoa, xn1ene nrnnckoro opnyan n 6pe1onuea
1nnnunmn npopn, ne nekunn npnece. syee1cn, cpepn nnx, oco6enno
cpepn 6pe1onuea, ac1peuk1cn nnu, o1euennme cneunqnuecko neu1Lk, no nnrpe
ne anpno o6uero cxopc1a uep1, u1o npncyue ecnn ne unc1m pc, 1o no kpne
epe pc, uLn aneen1m pano cnnnncL a neu1o opnopopnoe. ne nc1nak n
6onLunx psnnunnx, ko1opme o6npyxnak1cn npn cpanennn neokenL1cknx rpynn.
Cnepoa1enLno, coxpnnoc1L nsmk - a1o eue ne rpn1nn unc1o1m kpoan. D1o
pesynL11 ec1nmx o6c1on1enLc1a, a oco6ennoc1n reorpqnueckoro nonoxennn.
o, u1o pcu1mae1 qnsnonornn, nnsaepre1 nc1opnn. opouo nsaec1no, u1o
nnannn n pccenenne p1un n nopaexuea aokpyr ennko6pn1nnn n pnnpnn
nunncL ouenL pano. npnep, un1 y1aepxpe1 nnnune repncko pcm cpepn
xn1ene neponnn, xo1n a1o ne snun1, u1o ace kneponum 6mnn repnun.
[y6nnn npnnpnexn xn1enn n koponn p1cko pcm, n opnn a1opn1e1nm a1op
poksn, u1o a cpepneaekoaLe aoxpn n sn1L uo1nnpcknx knnoa nponcxopnnn o1
p1un, u1o nx 6opL6y c kopono noppepxnann p1ckne koponn ns pnnc1nn pkpoa,
nx nopxenne a XII a. nocnepoano s nopxenne a1o pnnc1nn.
[nqqen6x o1eue1 nnnune cknpnnacknx n pxe ue1ko ampxennmx ckconcknx
aneen1oa y uo1nnpcknx ropuea. [1ckn aneen1 npncy1c1aye1 a neko1opmx
ec1nmx npeunnx, a nsmke opno npoannunn, ncenenne ko1opo cun1nocL a
ocnoano kenL1ckoro nponcxoxpennn, o6npyxenm c1onL oueanpnme n
norouncnennme cnepm ckconckoro, u1o ero nsann ckconnsnpoannm
kenL1ckn.
o-oey nennk, a1n qk1m poc11ouno y6epn1enLno noksmak1, u1o nenLsn
cun11L, u1o counnennn n rnnLcko, npnnpcko-renLcko n 6pe1oncko nsmkx
o1pxk1 npen nnn npam knpnckoro ncenennn eaponeckoro 3np. 1o6m
pso6p1Lcn a a1o aonpoce, nyuue npn6erny1L k 6c1pkunn. osLe ponckne n
repnckne 1pypm a ueno, s1e noco1pn, u1o nnuy1 nc1opnkn n nnnranc1m o
kenL1x, n 1onLko 1orp npnpe k cnepykun amaop.
n1ep1yp rnnoa ne o1nnuncL aksnL1une, kk a1o 6mno n oc1oke. a
nc1opnuecknx counnennnx, n a nqx on npepnoun1n 1ounoc1L, npn ee
o1cy1c1ann - y1aeppn1enLnme n 1ounme qopm n 6onLue snnncL qk1n,
nexenn ouyuennnn, n, a o1nnune o1 cen1cko, c1penncL amsa1L aounn 1onLko
uepes copepxnne n 6mn nosn1nano, onnc1enLno n, u1o anonne ec1ec1aenno,
yun1man qnnckyk kpoaL, annnn1nuecko n nkonnuno. kn c1poroc1L qopm
npnpan e cy1nyk ennxonnk, ko1opn coc1anne1 npenec1L npopno noasnn a
nunx c1pnx.
npekcL, u1o 1kn ouenk onpapnn, ecnn acnonn1L, u1o nn1ep1yp acerp
ec1L nop1pe1 npop, ko1opm cospe1 ee, pesynL11 ero a1nnueckoro coc1onnnn, ecnn
cpann1L am1ekkune ns a1oro amaopm co acen poc1onnc1an n nepoc11kn
kynL1ypm kenL1cknx npopoa.
syee1cn, knpnum nenn coace ppyro nn1ennek1, ue kxnme
ennnsnpoannme npopm. D1o o1nocn1cn n k nn1ep1ypnm nponsaepennn n k
nnc1nueckn nckycc1a. Mm aocxnuecn psnoo6psne, 6or1c1ao n po6po1nm
coaepuenc1ao 1oro, u1o n oc1annn rnnm a a1o o6nc1n n u1o npeno a nx
ornnx, no qop ne amsmae1 oco6oro aocxnuennn. n aynLrpn n nano ne
c1pen1cn nonpan1Lcn 1pe6oa1enLnoy akycy n asopy. k6onm1no, u1o UespL,
ko1opm 6nroxen1enLno o1smae1cn o6o ace, u1o yanpen y rnnoa, n amcksmae1
6ecnpnc1pc1nme cyxpennn, oc1e1cn panopyuen k xypoxec1aenno uennoc1n
yanpennoro. n anpn1 ropop c 6onLun ncenenne n ypuno spynnme n
c1epckn amnonnennme ykpennennn, no nn psy ne ynonne1 nn opnoro kpcnaoro
xp [ ak, v knum ycaaan ca canna a rax, a
vacc, a yny, kamaa, v nuHm nanxan k x
kynuy.]. 1o kce1cn can1nnnu, ko1opme on anpen a cenennnx, onn ne amsann y
nero nn noxanm, nn pocpm, nn nk6onm1c1a. Ckopee acero, a1n coopyxennn, kk n
norne ppyrne, 6mnn npepnsnuenm pnn onpepenenno uenn n ne 6onee 1oro. Mne
kxe1cn, u1o 1koe xe 6espsnnune ncnm1mae1 noc1oponnn n6nkp1enL npn anpe
nunx coapeennmx spnn, ko1opme ne ckonnpoanm nn c rpeueckoro, nn c
pnckoro, nn c ro1ckoro, nn c p6ckoro n nnkkoro nnoro c1nnn.
poe opyxnn n nocypm o6npyxeno coace nenoro qnrypnmx nso6pxenn
uenoaek n xnao1nmx. ueanpno, xypoxnnkn ne ncnm1mann akyc k 1kn aeu.
pnen1 n asx, npepe1x ns 6ponsm nnn xenes, n sono1mx n cepe6pnnmx
ykpuennnx 1kxe nnuen acnkoro akyc, ecnn 1onLko peuL ne npe1 o rpeuecknx nnn
pncknx konnnx. [o pncko anoxn y kenL1oa 6mn unpoko pcnpoc1pnen pncynok ns
npoc1mx n paonmx cnnpnLnmx nnnn. Mm anpenn, u1o 1ko pncynok uue acero
ac1peue1cn n pesnmx ykpuennnx cmx kpcnamx ponLenoa qnncko noc1pokn.
o xe coe m anpn n nornx pox kenL1ckoro nepnop a okpec1noc1nx
Opnkqyp1-n-Mne. opo6nme snc1aoannn nek1 ec1o 1onLko cpepn
popc1aennmx npopoa, 1k u1o oxno cks1L, u1o nono xen1o npnecn, ko1opyk
kenL1m nonyunnn ao apen caoero nepecenennn uepes ack apony, onn nenn 1ecnme
kon1k1m c cosp1ennn ponLenoa a 6onLunnc1ae c1pn, rpe onn oc1nannanncL.
6 a1o canpe1enLc1ayk1 y6epn1enLnme qk1m.
Cyuec1ayk1 n ppyrne canpe1enLc1a, 6onee axnme, ue npoc1me pe1nn
xypoxec1aennoro nopnpk. c1noancn n nnx noppo6nee. oaopn o 1o, u1o y
rnnoa 6mn pnc1okp1nueckn cnc1e, n ne o1e1nn, u1o a 1ko cnyue y nnx
ponxno 6mno cyuec1aoa1L n p6c1ao. x cnc1e npanennn 6mn poaonLno cnoxno
n scnyxnae1 o1penLnoro psroaop: ns6npem aoxpL, sn1L - nnonoanny
xpeum, nnonoanny aoennme, - cpepnn kncc n a co nnsy cepannLnoe
ncenenne.
nonk, u1o a npnn a ppeanne apeen p6m y pnuea 6mnn uepno pcm.
rnn1e nnsune kc1m nou1n uennko coc1onnn ns nerpoa, 1. e. onn 1kxe oksnncL a
p6c1ae a pesynL11e saoeann. xn1o-cen1cknx rocyppc1ax, a npe,
pqrene, peno o6c1onno 1k xe. peunn nkepeonnnckne nno1m, qeccnnckne
nenec1m n ppyrne k1eropnn kpec1Lnn, npnnpnexunx k nne6cy, 6mnn amxopun ns
saoeannmx 6opnrenoa. D1n npnepm noksmak1, u1o cyuec1aoanne cepannLnoro
ncenennn, neco1pn n psnoe o6puenne c nn, acerp o1pxe1 ncxopnme
psnnunn expy ec1nmn pcn.
6c1ao, 1k xe kk n ace oc1nLnme nnc1n1y1m, ocnoano ne 1onLko n ncnnnn, no n
n ppyrnx qk1opx. oneuno, a1o1 nnc1n1y1 oxno cun11L pesynL11o
snoyno1pe6nennn npao; psan1n unannnsunn oxe1 ne1L qnnocoqckne
ocnoannn, nono a1nnuecknx, u1o6m ynnu1oxn1L ero, no nsaec1no, u1o a
onpepenennme anoxn p6c1ao nee1 caoe onpapnne, nnpnep corncne p6 n
opnLnoe nnn qnsnueckoe npeaocxopc1ao rocnopnn.
eaosoxno, u1o6m expy payn nkpLn, panmn no nn1ennek1y ne aosnnkno 6m
npo1ec1oa npo1na 1koro nenornunoro nonoxennn aeue. o m nee nonnoe npao
cks1L, u1o 1kne o1nouennn aosnnkk1 expy cnnLnm n cn6m, npnue o6
ocosnk1 caoe nonoxenne n y6expenm a ero cnpaepnnaoc1n 6c1ao nnkorp ponro
ne npopepxn1cn a o6uec1ae, a ko1opo psnnunme aneen1m xo1L kk-1o cansnm
ppyr c ppyro. 3ponro po 1oro, kk npope1 nonnoe nx cnnnnne, cn1yunn enne1cn,
s1e nckopenne1cn. ue enee aosoxno, u1o6m opn nonoann pcm sc1ann
ppyryk noannoa1Lcn, 1 corncnncL 6m c a1n. 3pecL oxno aospsn1L,
cocnauncL n npnep occnn n onLun, rpe p6c1ao nonannocL nepano. o peno a
1o, u1o, ao-nepamx, nonoxenne kpec1Lnnnn occncko nnepnn apnp nn oxno
nsa1L p6c1ao, ao-a1opmx, ono noc1enenno panxe1cn k nonno cao6ope:
canpe1enLc1ao 1oy cnyxn1 1o, u1o ono acerp amsmano npo1ec1. Cnepoa1enLno,
a1o nnuL neu1o npexopnuee, ec1ec1aennm pesynL11 cocyuec1aoannn pc,
oppennmx a psno c1enenn. ue peno a 1o, u1o a onLue, 1k xe kk n a occnn,
sn1L npnnpnexn k uyxesenm saoea1enn. Ceropnn a1nnueckn
pepkunonnn nnnnn c1npe1cn nnn yxe c1epncL, n p6c1ao 6onLue ne nee1
ocnoann pnn caoero cyuec1aoannn
1k, po6poaonLnoro p6c1a ne 6mae1, n ackpy, rpe cyuec1aye1 p6c1ao,
cyuec1ayk1 n pcoame psnnunn. c1L no6epn1enn n no6expennme, n yrne1enne 1e
1nxenee, ue 6onLue o1nnuk1cn pcm ppyr o1 ppyr. Y rnnoa p6n,
no6expennmn 6mnn qnnnm. ne 6ypy 1epn1L apen n 1o, u1o6m aospsn1L 1e, k1o
anpn1 a cepannLno ncenennn nnnn co6c1aenno roaopn n6epnckne nneen. e1
nnkknx yksnn n 1o, u1o a1o ncnnckoe ceec1ao npoxnano ceaepnee ponnm.
poe 1oro, expy rnnn n xosnean cnnnn ne 6mno 1knx 6onLunx psnnun,
u1o6m nocnepnne corncnnncL n ponL p6oa. orp knpnckne n6ern n
nonyoc1poa npyunn npexnne o1nouennn, nponcxopnno ceuenne, n uc1L ec1noro
ncenennn yxopnn a ppyrne ec1, no kk 1onLko aocc1nannancn np, o6e
c1oponm yc1nannann o1nouennn, onn1L-1kn ocnoannme n onpepenenno
paenc1ae [num, cHcu ayx aa, aHx, nacxn
cax nka yx Hvan, v ak mv cnyvacn a ynua
cHmn mx n cnx a c cyn nnH].
ouno 1ko xe 6mn cn1yunn a ppyrnx nnonoanny 6enmx rpynnx ncenennn,
6nnsknx popc1aennnkoa n6epnuea, s1e rnnoa D1n rpynnm coc1onnn ns cnann,
ko1opme xnnn ao acex kenL1cknx c1pnx pnpo c knpnun. e xe cme npnunnm,
ko1opme noeunn ncnnckn n6epnu, saoeannm kenL1n, cpen1Lcn p6n,
noornn aenp, oksauncn pneko o1 ocnoano ccm caoe pcm, coxpnn1L
nesancnoc1L. popnke onn cqopnpoann oco6yk npopnoc1L n nepepnn e
caoe popoaoe nn aene1m. c1pne rnnoa y aene1oa 6mn caon 1eppn1opnn -
enepo1nn. pno ns rnnLcknx nneen, popc1aennnkoa aene1oa, - ocncnn - neno
nop1 nop nsanne nnpn [-ck a n aH, r snnm
caan raHHy, a mm rk ykay , knum, nan cnaan
ynnn rckx ankax ax a cack aHc
ynnnn rn a 4a ku a cxancn a Hrx
rravckx aaanx a ana aH, an . a
amaa aa, xamx nH c aH, cnaanu, ank
aa ak.] [neko o1 a1nx ec1, a ppn1nke, no cocepc1ay c
arnncknn kenL1n, xnnn aene1m n ane1m, uLn nunonnLnn npnnpnexnoc1L
nanne1cn nc1opnueckn qk1o, no xo1n onn n roaopnnn n oco6o nsmke, y nnx 6mnn
6conk1no 1e xe npam, u1o y nx cocepe rnnoa. [pyrne cnannckne nneen,
kenL1nsnpoannme a psno epe, xnnn n ceaepo-aoc1oke epnnn n aponL
pnkcknx rop pnpo c rnnLcknn npopn.
ce a1n qk1m poksmak1, u1o cnanne nnnn n 1nnn, kk n n6epnum cnnnn,
nxopnnncL n poc11ouno amcoko c1ynenn psan1nn n coc1annnn uc1L ncenennn
knpncknx rocyppc1a. 1k, p6ckyk, 1. e. cepannLnyk pcy, npnxopn1cn ace-1kn
anpe1L a qnnnx. on1k1m c nnn acerp oksmann n saoea1ene, nx copopnue,
o1pnu1enLnoe annnnne. pnepoa 1oy poc11ouno. nepayk ouepepL cnepye1
nsa1L uenoaeueckne xep1aonpnnouennn a 1o qope, a kko onn npk1nkoanncL,
n c 1e cmcno, kko n npnpancn. cnn nnc1nnk1 pspyuennn nanne1cn
neo1Leneo uep1o acero uenoaeuec1a, p n ace npnpopm, 1o npue acero on
nponanne1cn y cmx nnsunx psnoanpnoc1e uenoaeueckoro pop. a1o cmcne
xen1me npopm o6npk1 n a 1o xe epe, u1o n uepnme. o, yun1man, u1o nepame
nponannk1 ero oco6m o6pso, a1o1 nnc1nnk1 y rnnoa, nopxennmx qnncko
kpoaLk, ampxncn nnue, ue y cen1cknx npopoa, ceunnmx c ennnckn
aneen1o. kenL1cknx kn1onx ne 6mno 1oro, u1o nponcxopnno n 6eperx aqp1.
ppynpckne pn1ynm yepuanennn nkpe nnkorp ne coaepunncL n nooc1x, a
uen1pe ropopoa, snn1mx npkn conneunm cae1o, npn 6onLuo ckonnennn ny6nnkn,
n nnkorp 1kne k1m ne 6mnn ue-1o npoc1no-1opxec1aennm n amsmakun aoc1opr
spn1ene. Mpunm kynL1 eaponecknx xpeuoa ne c1penncn nopsn1L aoo6pxenne
xec1okn cnek1kne. kpn, snaun 1onk a nckycc1ae nm1ok, ne nyxno 6mno
nnopncen1oa. Y, sny1auncn a cyeaepnnx n npepnoun1aun yepnnennme
xec1okoc1n, 1pe6oan 6onee 1nnc1aenno, no o1 a1oro ne enee 1prnuecko, cuenm.
[nn a1o uenn ace nnen yaopnnn a uuy nec, rpe nouLk, nop kkonneen1
nc1ounmx samann neanpnoro xop, nop caopo nnc1am, nokue o1 poxpn,
uepes ko1opyk c 1pypo npo6nancn cae1 1yckno nynm ceaepo-snpnoro nonyupnn,
xpeum nopaopnnn xep1ay k rpnn1no rnm6e, snc1aoanno ns ppeannx apapcknx
pn1ynoa, n a nonno onunnn aonsnn e a rpypL nnn a 6ok 6ponsoam knnxn.
norp xpeum n6nann rnrn1ckne nekenm, cnne1ennme ns nam, nnennnkn nnn
npec1ynnnkn n cxnrnn nx n 6onLuo nonnne.
D1n yxcm coaepunncL kk 6m a 1ne, n ecnn xn1 noknpn 1kne nep1nueckne
6onn, nLnnm o1 yanpennoro, opypeaun o1 snx kpoan, ko1opm ueko1n ey
nosppn n 1ynnn osr, 1o rnn aosapuncn c 1knx oky1nnmx 1no uepeonn,
no1pncennm yxco. a1o n sknkue1cn psnnu: a opno cnyue k1nann
o6xnrkun xec1okoc1L ennnuea, a ppyro xonopnoe n punoe nsyaepc1ao
xen1o pcm. erp y6nae1, no1oy u1o npnxopn1 o1 a1oro a akc1s, n npnxopn1 a
akc1s, no1oy u1o y6nae1. Xen1okoxn y6nae1 6ecc1pc1no, pnn 1oro, u1o6m
ypoane1aopn1L none1nyk no1pe6noc1L y. yxe roaopnn o 1o, u1o a n1e
nonanenne neko1opmx xec1oknx o6muea, nnpnep, sknma1L xenunn n p6oa
aec1e c yepun rocnopnno, coanno c npn1oko noamx xen1mx nneen a nnepnk.
Y kenL1oa acn kynL1oan cnc1e 1kxe yksmae1 n a1o annnnne. [eno ne a 1o, u1o
porm n neko1opme pn1ynm 6mnn coaepuenno nnuenm 1oro, ue onn ponxnm 6mnn
6m1L a co nune cyuec1aoannn 6enoro ceec1a. nqx ac1peuk1cn
nopsn1enLnme nnornn c nnpncknn npenn, oco6enno kocoronnuecknn.
Xpeueckn kc1, snnauncn cosepunne n nykn, npnamkun k cypoam
6ypnn n 1pyp, ne 6paun a pykn opyxne, c1onaun a c1opone o1 cae1cko xnsnn
nnn np ne, neaun npao pykoaopn1L ek - ao1 1nnnunm o6ps nypoxn1. o
nocnepnne ne rnyunncL nnkko nyko n acen cnoco6n coaepuenc1aoann cao
y. ppynpm npepnoun1nn nykn, nepoc1ynnme nenocanuennm n pnekne o1
1ppnunonnmx qop. poe a1oro, onn nnuero ne xo1enn sn1L n 1e 6onee nnuero ne
xo1enn coo6u1L ppyrn, n xy1kne npepe1m, ko1opmn onn okpyxnn caon
can1nnnu, 6mnn ace-1kn ne 1knn o11nknakunn, kk 1e 6pLepm, ko1opme onn
aospanrnn npo1na 1ex, k1o xo1en nponnkny1L a nx snnnn. p nnn poanenn 1e xe
qk1opm, ko1opme npnaenn k perppunn xn1cknx xpeuoa.
nn 6onnncL nncLennoc1n. cn nx pok1pnn 6mn pccun1n n 1o, u1o6m xpnn1Lcn
a nn1n. 1nnuaunecn o1 nypoxn1 a a1o kppnnnLno aonpoce, onn oncnncL
acero, u1o orno o1kpm1L nenocanuennm nx npen. nn cun1nn ce6n epnnc1aennmn,
k1o or anpe1L 6ypyuee. mnyxpennme npnsn1L pennrnosnoe neaexec1ao
nop6ouennmx cc, nosxe okpyxaunx nx e1ncoa, onn ne oc1epernncL, u1o a1o
neaexec1ao kocne1cn nx cnx, no1oy u1o cn onn 6mnn e1ncn. nn ynyc1nnn ns
anpy 1o epnnc1aennoe, u1o orno noppepx1L nx a1opn1e1 n anc1L nepep nnuo
cae1cko xnsnn, 1. e. onn ne oprnnsoanncL a nc1onuyk kc1y n ne o6punn
annnnn n a1nnueckyk unc1o1y caonx pnpoa. o npouec1ann neko1oporo apeenn
apapc1ao, o1 ko1oporo onn npennncL orppn1Lcn rnyxn onunne, norno1nno nx,
n ace rnynme n xec1okne npnnunnm nx p6oa nponnknn a can1nnnu, c1onL 1u1enLno
oxpnneme, n ann1nncL a nx co6c1aennyk kpoaL. . e. cnyunnocL 1o, u1o ponxno
6mno cnyun1Lcn.
opo6no ace oc1nLnm counnLnm nnc1n1y1 pennrnn npop qopnpye1cn a
coo1ae1c1ann c a1nnueckn coc1onnne. k, k1onnunsy npnunocL npncnoco6n1Lcn k
nnc1nnk1, npen, akyc caonx npnaepxenuea. ennrnn perppnpye1 aec1e c
ncenenne n ckopo nunne1 6nrocnoann1L o6une oun6kn, nenenoc1n n pxe
npec1ynnennn. nunn ps peonc1pnpyk1 a1y nc1nny uenoaeueckne
xep1aonpnnouennn, ko1opme npk1nkoann ppynpm.
Cpepn rnnLcknx nneen kon1nnen1 6onLue acex 6mnn npnaepxenm a1oy
uypoanunoy pn1yny popnknum. popnk - a1o c1pn, a ko1opo 6onLue acero
qnncknx nn1nnkoa. ee pannnx, n 6eperx ee pek n norouncnennmx 6ono1
ponro coxpnnncL nesancnoc1L ec1nmx xn1ene xen1o pcm. pnko a a1o
cmcne eue 6onLue noaesno nopnpckn oc1poa, ennko6pn1nnn, pnnpnn n
oc1poa pxnnenr [nn an, v a aHa an caa a
ycu a acnnn vc ck nnHa. au ncmaa x
cknvnu rymH xckH nuH, km nacn nuk
m nvuH naH raa knua anamx caa Hx
cyu n Hy, v km Hcm nnHa amaan cn
aH, . . xnm H. cHm canucay akx
xaak Hn 4ran.].
nnxnnx pernonx nrnnn kenL1ckoe ncenenne ao acex o1nouennnx c1onno nnxe
rnnoa [a nm, v km am nka, Hn Hr
Hnka, yHn nau r cm. 3 anu, xaakan nn xn
acm.], s1e uc1L a1nx xn1ene nepecennncL a popnky, n a1 kononnn
coxpnnn nsanne c1pnm knpnuea. neko1opmx nnxne-6pe1onux, cypn no nx
neamcokoy poc1y n kopenc1o qnrype, kpyrnoy nnuy, cepLesnoy n o6muno
rpyc1noy anpy, no uc1o pckocm yskn rns, nk6o n6nkp1enL oxe1
se1n1L cnnLnyk posy qnncko kpoan. enno a1n ceunnme nneen, kk a
nrnnn, 1k n a popnke, ponLue acex pepxnncL s kpoaame cyeaepnn caoe
nepao6m1no pennrnn. c1nLnme rpynnm ceec1a pano o1ksnncL o1 1knx
pn1ynoa n s6mnn nx. [xe ceropnn y a1nx nneen coxpnne1cn npao rp6n1L cypno,
no1epneauee kop6nekpyuenne, nouepnny1oe ns opnLnoro kopekc nx ppeannx
coo1euec1aennnkoa, knepnuea apnpm.
e cnyuno ppynpm oxo1nee acero xnnn cpepn popnknuea n nxopnnn a nnx
cmx aepnmx yuennkoa [ H ya, ac knum ncxn
nya. 3y nxaan Hnn annn a cax Hax.
ca, a nka ay x a, kcnmx n, canamx c
ckanaH, naH, ykaH.]. opunnnncL coy c1okoy nnc1nnk1y 6eno
pcm, onn ponyc1nnn xenunn a nepame pnpm 1onkoa1ene 6oxec1aenno aonn. D1o
6mno 6m neaosoxno cpen1L a Kxno snn, rpe npeo6npnn ennnckne nonn1nn,
no oksnocL ocyuec1ano a apone. Onnckne npopm, o6pekn caonx 1epe n
pouepe n 6esmcxopnoe p6c1ao, oxo1no ncnonLsoann nx - n ceropnn ncnonLsyk1 -
pnn rnuecknx pn1ynoa. epanoc1L n psppxn1enLnoc1L a1nx cospnn pene1 nx
nesennmn a 1knx penx. yxe roaopnn, u1o ns acex 1pex pc, coc1annkunx
uenoaeuec1ao, a1n xenunnm 6onLue acero nopaepxenm anyuennk n nc1epnn. oa1oy
a pennrnosno cnc1ee acex kenL1cknx npopoa m anpn xenunn-ppynpoa,
npopounu, ko1opme nn6o yepnnnk1cn a kenno 6une, nn6o co6npk1cn n
oc1poake, s1epnnno a ceaepnmx opnx, kyp ne1 poc1yn nenocanuennm, nn6o
ac1ynk1 ao apeennme 6pkn nnn snnk1cn npoc1n1yune, n ace a1o pnn 1oro,
u1o6m nopsn1L aoo6pxenne nkpe n anc1aoa1L np nnn nocpepc1ao c1px.
pn nooun 1knx cnoco6oa xpeum, npoaosrnun npeaocxopc1ao xen1oro
npoc1onpopLn np enee perppnpoannmn knccn, noppepxnann caok anc1L,
onnpncL n nnc1nnk1m, ko1opme onn nooupnnn n npennsnpoann. oa1oy
neypnan1enLno, u1o a npopno 1ppnunn nn1L o ppynpx ccounnpye1cn c
kponexn n ponLenn. Y knpnuea pennrnn 6mn ouenL 1ecno cansn co
c1pon1ennn a1nx punmx nn1nnkoa. poe 1oro, nepao6m1noe neaexec1ao
nponn1no npam kenL1. k y n6epnu, a1pyck, qpknu n cnannnn,
uyac1aennoc1L kenL1, nnuennn aoo6pxennn, o6muno 1onkn ero k o6xopc1ay n
nLnnc1ay, 6nroppn uey kenL1 ouyun ns6m1ok qnsnueckoro 6nrononyunn. e ne
enee, kk canpe1enLc1ayk1 pokyen1m, a1 npnamuk oco6enno nponanne1cn a
rnnx, npnnpnexunx k nnsun kncc [ak nynn cny
nyau c nau k HaanuHy mky, kmH cnaancu am-
snnm ckaaam. Y ncnx s mn nakH cnm ra. r
ykaa a , v ynuaH sr mn nunca n v nunca
nnncu.]. mcune knccm a1n ne snoyno1pe6nnnn. npopx, cnnLno
ccnnnnpoannmx c p6ckn ncenenne, uc1o ac1peunncL nkpn, ko1opme no
npnunne noc1onnnoro nLnnc1a anpnn a nonnm npno1ns. ue a nun pnn y
xen1mx npopoa ec1L nopsn1enLnme npnepm a1o xnao1no npnamukn. ueanpno,
rnnm npno6penn ee uepes cansn c qnnnn, n on nponannncL y nnx a sancnoc1n
o1 c1enenn ceuennn [ aa mm anm nunca c
acnca y cnaan, caka kHck acm, cnaanaamx
Ha xmx aa ckaaaa, cHmaamxcn c aH.
naca nanx nanaH.].
a1n opnLnm nnn nnm cnepc1ann npo npn6an1L 1o, u1o nponsouno a nsmke
knpnuea a pesynL11e canse c nsmkn xen1o pcm. eco1pn n 1o, u1o aneunn
o6nnk rnnoa, 6nnskn k 1oy, u1o m anpenn nosxe y repnuea, coxpnnn a ce6e
nensrnpnyk neu1L popc1a c 6eno pco, nnnranc1nk ouenL nospno npnun k
1koy xe amaopy. enL1ckne pnnek1m nc1onLko ynopno conpo1nannnncL
ccnnnnunn c pncknn nsmkn, u1o neko1opme yuenme pxe sroaopnnn o 1o,
u1o onn nponcxopn1 ns ppyroro nc1ounnk. pnko nocne 1u1enLnoro nsyuennn
nepame 1pypnoc1n 6mnn pspeuenm. Ceropnn yc1noaneno, u1o 6pe1onckn,
rnnLckn, ppeanenpnnpckn renLckn, uo1nnpckn renLckn - ace a1o ae1an
opnoro 6onLuoro pnckoro pepea n popc1aennnkn cnckpn1, rpeueckoro n ro1ckoro
[vacn, v knuck nmk nacx ac anck nmk n
n cna rHackr ncxxn. nn avn
raHHavckx m H amx, rHackx H,
vr nn a sH cHmcn y nmka, vyxmx cacky. ac
nmkam cc ycnanm nuk ckaxnH nnH.]. o
nckonLko xe ponxnm 6mnn ncksn1Lcn kenL1ckne nsmkn, ecnn no1pe6oanocL c1onLko
ycnnn pnn poks1enLc1a a1oro qk1! CkonLko psnopopnmx aneen1oa
npneunocL k nx ocnoano cyunoc1n, ecnn nx aneunnn qop nc1onLko o1nnue1cn
o1 qopm acex oc1nLnmx nsmkoa ceec1a! Mounm npn1ok uyxnx cnoa,
norouncnennme n npnuypnname nsenennn - ao1 npnunnm co6m1noc1n kenL1cknx
nsmkoa.
koam pspyun1enLnme nocnepc1ann pnn kpoan, aepoann, npnamuek, nsmk
kenL1oa annnnnn xen1oro ncenennn, ko1opoe onn anune nopunnnnn n ko1opoe
s1e aoanekno nx a caoe perpeccnanoe panxenne. D1o ncenenne neponro oc1anocL
opnnokn a caoe npennn. enL1m no npnunne 6punmx canse c xen1o pco pno
ac1ynnnn n ny1L perppunn n, aosoxno, 6nroppn a1oy cqopnpoann noame
cnoco6noc1n, ko1opme a caok ouepepL cnyxnnn n 6ypy1 cnyxn1L opno ns panxyunx
cnn nc1opnn uenoaeuec1a. C1onknoaenne n ceuenne a1nx rn6pnpnmx cnn
cnoco6c1aoano n counnLnoy nporpeccy n apeennoy nnn okonu1enLnoy ynpky.
k xe, kk a qnsnuecko npnpope, kpynnme c1onknoaennn amnocn1 n noaepxnoc1L
oco6me kuec1a xen1o-6eno cecn n qopnpyk1 aneprnunoe npo1naopec1ane
nnop ceuennn 6eno n uepno pc. , rpe nee1 ec1o 1koe ceuenne, y
nopnoxnn pockounmx 1ponoa, ace nopxe1 aoo6pxenne - n nckycc1a, n noasnn,
n nx 1aopuoa cmnnk1cn amcune nouec1n. poncxopn1 aceo6un ronoaokpyxn1enLnm
kpnan 6esyc1a, oprn, xec1okoc1e. a cqepe ceuennn 6enoro n xen1oro
aneen1oa asrnnpy ne n ue oc1noan1Lcn - specL ace cnokono n 1nxo. 3pecL upn1
pccypounoc1L - kk cpepn yxunn, 1k n cpepn xenunn. 3pecL pepko ac1peue1cn
6esrpnnunm pecno1ns, ko1opm y cen1oa pxe ne cun1n nyxnm cknpoa1Lcn
nnn onpapma1Lcn. 3pecL ne1 yc1penennn k aosamuennoy. enoaeueckne 6nunn
no-npexney nencm1nm, no ace onn nnpanenm n enkne noacepneanme pen. o,
u1o soae1cn ncnxpenne n cuc1Le, caopn1cn k aeu cyry6o 1epnnLnm.
oproann, nponsaopc1ao, cpepc1a o6oruennn n nkonnennn pnn ypoane1aopennn
no1pe6noc1e ncenennn - ao1 ocnoann pen1enLnoc1L 6eno-uepno psnoanpnoc1n.
psnme anoxn aon n ncnnne, ee cnepc1ane, npyunn psepennyk xnsnL a1oro
o6uec1a n cnokoc1ane n cuc1Le a1nx y1nnn1pnmx pc. [nn nnx 1kn cn1yunn
acerp 6mn ne1epnn. po1na a1oro aocc1ann ace nnc1nnk1m n o6nnnsoanncL
ace cnnm.
kn o6pso, 6ypyun coaepuenno psnnunm no caoe npnpope, o6e kpynnme
ceunnme rpynnm onpepennnn caok cypL6y k1nanoc1L, konuen1punn cnn,
npk1nunoc1L pec1an, c1penenne k no6epe n oprnnsoannoc1n, a konue konuoa,
c1nn pec1aennmn nnc1pyen1n a pykx nkpe, ko1opme nenno 6nroppn
caoey yskoy kpyrosopy 1pesao co1penn n aeun, ko1opme ao acex caonx penx
pykoaopc1aoanncL pcue1o, npnsenennm, no 1ounm n aepyun npno k uenn, n
ynopno po6nanncL ee, expy 1e, kk nx conepnnkn 1eunnn caoe 1uecnane
6esynmn n 6eccmcnennmn npenn.
cnn o6p1n1Lcn k cm nonynnpnm opnnc1 o6enx rpynn, nopxeuLcn
orpono pnc1nunn expy nx 1oukn spennn. [nn sn1cknx qnnocoqoa nc1nnnn
yppoc1L sknkue1cn a 1o, u1o6m nopunnn1Lcn cnnLnoy, ne npo1naopec1aoa1L
nens6exnoy, poaonLc1aoa1Lcn 1e, u1o ec1L. enoaek xnae1 a caonx mcnnx nnn a
caoe ceppue, on npnxopn1 n senk nopo6no 1enn, npoxopn1 no ne panopyuno n
noknpe1 ee 6es coxnennn.
Mmcnn1enn 3np ne nponoaepyk1 1kne nc1nnm caon yuennk. nn npnsmak1 nx
akyu1L senoe cyuec1aoanne a nonno epe n kk oxno ponLue. enpnn1ne
nnue1m - ao1 nepaoe nonoxenne nx skon. 1opm nannk1cn 1pyp n pen1enLnoc1L.
c1eper1Lcn 6esyc1a ceppu n y - rnann kcn; ncnxp1Lcn - nepan n
nocnepnnn snoaepL.
Cen1ckn qnnocoqnn pene1 ns 6or1o senn nyc1mnk, uLn neckn, kxpopneano
nc1ynn n nnopopopnyk nouay, aec1e c nc1onun nornouk1 n 6ypyuee
po1naononoxnn pok1pnn rncn1, 6opospn senk nnyrn, ope kop6nnn,
s1e, a opnn npekpcnm penL, npespea psy c ero npnspunmn ppoc1nn,
co1aopn p specL, n sene n, a konue konuoa, copn a nee.
IV. axm anck am
npepmpyunx rnax noksno, u1o ocnoanme aneen1m eaponeckoro ncenennn -
xen1m n 6enm - eue a ppeanoc1n nepennenncL expy co6o a cmx npnuypnnamx
ko6nnunnx. cnn npoc1o yks1L n ponnnpykune rpynnm, nsa1L qnnnoa,
qpknuea, nnnnpnuea, n6epnuea, pcenoa, rnnoa, cnann, coaepuenno
neaosoxno onpepenn1L nkncm, o6npyxn1L oco6ennoc1n, y1ounn1L nponopunn
cecn a o1penLnmx npopnoc1nx. pnnc1aennoe, u1o oxno konc11npoa1L co ace
yaepennoc1Lk, - 1k a1o 1o1 qk1, u1o 1knx npopoa 6mno yxe aennkoe noxec1ao a
ponc1opnueckne apeen, n opnoro a1oro anonne poc11ouno, u1o6m nonn1L,
nckonLko ec1ec1aenno, u1o nnnranc1nueckn neps6epnx o1pxe1 a1nnueckyk
npxnk kpoan, ns ko1opo onn amunn, nenno a1o o6c1on1enLc1ao nckxe1 nsmkn
rnnoa n s1pypnne1 knccnqnkunk ackp, nnnnpnckoro, oc11koa qpknckoro,
a1pycckoro n pxe n1nncknx pnnek1oa
D1 npo6ne1nunn cn1yunn c nsmkn eue 6onee ocnoxnne1cn npn pcco1pennn
cmx kxnmx o6nc1e aponm nrpn1m, panrncL a a1o nnpanennn n ckopo
ac1pe1nauncL c ope n c neaosoxnoc1Lk np1n pnLue, aosapunncL nsp no
caon cnep, ac1ynnn a cxa1kn n kon1k1m ppyr c ppyro n, a konue konuoa,
nepeeunncL a a1nnuecko n nsmkoao cmcne
Mm yxe n6nkpnn 1kyk cn1yunk a kon1nnen1nLno peunn. o cm 6onLun
1ynnko a a1o o1nouennn 6mno cyxpeno c11L 1nnn. cnn a cnnnn nponcxopnno
c1onknoaenne npopoa, 1o a1o 6mnn kpynnme n a1nnueckn uenLnme nneen, expy
1e kk a 1nnn peuL npe1 o psnouepc1nmx rpynnx, co6paunxcn co acex c1opon.
s 1nnn onn nponnknn a cnnnk, no poaonLc1aoanncL 1 ne6onLunn pepknn
kononnnn. s cnnnn a 1nnk nepeeunncL 6onLune ccm, 1k xe kk ns
nnnn, enLaeunn, pyncknx seenL, nnnpnn, ne roaopn yxe o kon1nnen1nLno n
oc1poano peunn. o caon psep 1nnn 6mn ypo6nm ec1o pnn acex
eaponecknx npopoa, ko1opme ornn n1n specL y6exnue, n a1n o6c1on1enLc1a,
ckopee acero, onn unpoko nonLsoanncL
orp saepunncn nepnop, o1aepennm pnn anpmuec1a qnncknx rpynn, n cuene
nonannncL pcenm, acnep s nnn ppyrne nneen, ko1opme cqopnpoann nepam
cno 6enmx e1ncoa n c1nn xosnean seenL o1 nLn po Meccnnckoro nponna. nn
pspennnncL n neckonLko rpynn psnnuno uncnennoc1n, coc1onaunx ns psnmx
nneen. neen, kk n rpynnm, nocnnn psnme nen, cpepn ko1opmx ampennnncL
nencrn ns [peane peunn. ckope s nnn npnunn ppyrne nencrn, amxopum ns
Dnnpm. kn o6pso, nn a kko ppyro ec1e ne1 1ko 6nronpnn1no
aosoxnoc1n rny6oko nsyun1L a1n nneen, ko1opme a rnsx rpekoa n pnnnn
npepc1annnn co6o nopsan1m, koueao n aonnc1aennm npop.
sanne nencrn ne nece1 a ce6e a1nnueckoro cmcn n ne npepnonre1
o6ns1enLno o6unoc1n nponcxoxpennn, ko1opyk n npnnncmak1. osoxno, 1kn
o6unoc1L n cyuec1aoan, no on ne o1nocnncL ko ace nencr a ueno,
cnepoa1enLno, a1o ne nsanne konkpe1no nunn [ncmaan nnacra Qa,
Hva, v r nn x mn nc mHnmH
rynyH cnaH acn, kak aaH. sH
vyacaycn ack ayanH. nnacr, aH, mn
nnaH-aaH.]. pnko c onpepenenno 1oukn spennn ono nee1
kuec1aennm cmcn. k n ero cnnonn 6opnren, ono yno1pe6nnnocL ppeannn
nc1opnkn kk nsanne 6enoro nnn nnonoanny 6enoro ncenennn peunn n 1nnn,
cun1auerocn a1ox1onnm [3a aca nanncn caH a a an, a
3nna, vH canucay nuk caa x nmka, km
vu nk yr yry, naHnk caH a axkym.].
oa1oy a ne copepxn1cn reorpqnueckoe snuenne, u1o orno 6m nponcnn1L aonpoc
o nponcxoxpennn a1o pcm. npoue, ono no u1o nponcnne1" n a a1o o1nouennn.
peunn nenrnckoe ncenenne nxopnnocL a yrne1enno nonoxennn: cnun
nepep nnuo cen1cknx kononns1opoa, s1e pncko-annnncknx nepecenenuea, xo1n
a1o nenLsn nsa1L nonnm p6c1ao. okopennm n yrne1em 6opnren nannncn
npoc1o cenLckn xn1ene c1pnm. n aospenman senk pnn caonx no6epn1ene n
p6o1n n nx 6nro. o on oc1ancn xosnnno uc1n caonx 1pypoa n a poc11ouno
epe coxpnnn caok nnpnanpynLnoc1L. eco1pn n 1koe nopunnenne, ero
nonoxenne ao nornx o1nouennnx 6mno necpanno c rpxpnckn nc1pe6nenne
xen1mx npopoa. poe 1oro, nencrn peunn ne 6mnn skpenouenm: 6onLunnc1ao
cen1oa, s1e pnum-annnnm, o6ocnoaauncL a ec1nmx cenennnx, uc1o
coxpnnnn nx ppeanee nsanne n aec1e c nokopennmn xn1ennn uepes neko1opoe
apen cospann noayk npopnoc1L. kn o6pso, nencrn ne cun1nncL pnkpnn.
p nnn rocnopc1aoann, no nx ne nc1pe6nnnn. o1aopnnocL ec1o,
coo1ae1c1aykuee nx snnnn n 6or1c1a, ko1opme onn anocnnn a o6uyk konnnky
o6uec1a. a1o1 aknp 6mn coace nenm: peuL npe1 o cnoco6noc1nx k cenLckoy
xosnc1ay n o cenLckoxosnc1aennmx 1pypx. D1nx 6opnrenoa aocnean ecnop,
ko1opm ne nen o1nouennn k nx pce. D1n cko1oaopm yenn 1kxe c1pon1L 6onLune
c1enm n norpe6nLnme noeuennn n aosaopn1L aneu1nnkune coopyxennn ns kne,
ko1opme ne cnepye1 ny11L c pncko-annnncknn noc1pokn ns o6p6o1nnmx
kne. nnornunme nn1nnkn cyuec1ayk1 ao acex kenL1cknx c1pnx, a 1o uncne
ao Opnunn n nrnnn, ko1opme cospnm pykn nepamx 6enmx e1ncoa.
peueckne a1opm, ko1opme nccnepoann pennrnosnme npen 6opnrenoa, o1euk1 nx
rny6okoe nou1enne k py6y, pepeay ppynpoa, ko1opoe ponro coxpnnnocL y cenLcknx
xn1ene pkpnn. 6opnrenm aepnnn a npoanpueckyk cnny a1oro n1pnpx necoa n a
ero senenn ncknn 6oxec1aennoe nuno. D1o unc1o rnnLckne o6mun n nonn1nn. Y
nencroa 6mn eue o6mu aepn1L npepcksnnn nocanuennmx xenunn, npopounu,
nopo6nmx npyn, ko1opme ocyuec1annnn 6conk1nyk anc1L np nkpLn. D1n
npopounum 6mnn 1epnn cnannn, n 6onee nnsko ypoane - npepkn
qeccnncknx konpynn. e cnepye1 s6ma1L, u1o cyeaepnn, enee acero npncyune
sn1ckoy pyxy, acerp 6mnn pcnpoc1pnenm 1onLko a ceaepnmx ponx peunn
rpm, neypm, axop a p1p - acn a1 punn qn1cropnn orpnnuen Dnnpo
n onne, 1eppn1opnnn, kyp cen1ckn kpoaL nponnkn ropspo nosxe n rpe
6opnrenm ponLue acero coxpnnnn caok unc1o1y. o ecnn nocnepnnx oxno
npnuncnn1L k kenL1ckn npop, a1oro nenLsn cks1L o ppyrnx nneenx.
epopo1 pccksmae1, u1o a poannnnckyk anoxy expy Mne n nnno ncenenne
roaopnno n neckonLknx nsmkx. c1opnk nenorocnoaen n a1o1 cue1, n ero cnoa
pk1 aosoxnoc1L psnoro 1onkoannn. osoxno, on nen a anpy, u1o n a1o
1eppn1opnn cyuec1ayk1 xnnckne n knpnckne pnnek1m. e ne enee, 1koe
1onkoanne nanne1cn rnno1e1nueckn n oxe1 ne1L ppyro, ne enee
npaponopo6nm cmcn.
ennrnosnme o6mun co [peane peunn o1nnuk1cn neko1opmn oco6ennoc1nn,
coaepuenno uyxpmn knpnckn, nnpnep, 1e, ko1opme cyuec1aoann a epre,
n Coce, a nnnnn: xep1aennnkn c1ponnncL ns nenn xep1a, ceunnoro c
oc11kn o6oxxennmx koc1e. norp a1n nn1nnkn poc1nrnn 6onee 30 e1poa
amco1m. n a snn y cen1oa, nn a apone y kenL1oa m ne ac1peunn 1koro o6mun.
31o on ec1L y cnanncknx npopoa. Y nnx ne1 nn opnoro xp, rpe ne 6mno 6m
pn1ynLnoro nenn, n uc1o can1nnnue cnyxn1 kyu nenn, okpyxennn c1eno n
pao. nonne aepon1no, u1o cpepn knpncknx 6opnrenoa xnnn n cnanne. D1n pa
npop, uc1o ac1peukunecn pnpo, snnnn ec1o qnnnoa, ceuauncL c nnn a
psno nponopunn [amx xnHa cnaanckr ncxxn Hr
caH cn ya cva, v cncn nuk k VVI a.
. s. acnkH cnyva, s vu a cyxn, anHa
xak a nHn a aHc.]. oa1oy n ne anxy nnuero neaepon1noro
a 1o, u1o ao apen nep1yp6un, amsannmx nonanenne cen1cknx nocenenuea n
pncknx 1n1noa, s1e pnuea-annnnoa, ec1nme xn1enn cnanncko pcm ornn a
psnnunme anoxn npn1n a snk n npnnec1n 1yp aenpckoe nsanne ane1m. D1n
nencrn, cnanne, kenL1m, nnnnpnum nnn ppyrne ceunnme 6enme nneen nop
panenne npeaocxopnunx cnn, anrpnpoann ao ace c1oponm n, a caok ouepepL,
c1noannncL rp6n1ennn nnn, ecnn yropno, saoea1ennn, ko1opme naopnnn yxc
n c1pnm, kyp snocnn nx aonnc1aennm pyx.
1nnckyk senk ncennnn nkpn, nopo6nme n n 1kxe nsmaeme nencrn nnn
6opnrenn, ko1opme cun1k1cn 1aopun ccnanmx coopyxenn ns
neo6p6o1nnoro nnn rpy6o o6p6o1nnoro knn nn snnnncL a ocnoano
cenLckoxosnc1aennmn p6o1n, annnn npopounu nnn cnannn, 1. e. ao acex
o1nouennnx noxopnnn n nencroa. ueno a1n n1nnckne 6opnrenm, anpno,
npnnpnexnn k kenL1ckoy ceec1ay. e ne enee, ne 1onLko onn o6n1nn n
rpeuecknx sennx. ono pcenoa, uLn npnnpnexnoc1L k cnann oueanpn, 1
6mnn n ppyrne rpynnm aenpckoro nponcxoxpennn, nnpnep, aene1m. Mexpy npoun,
epopo1 ny1e1 nx c nnnnpnun. x 1eppn1opnn n kre npoc1npncL po yc1Ln Du,
n snpe po aosamuennoc1n, ko1opn 1nne1cn o1 a1o pekn po BunnLone. enepL
ec1L ace ocnoannn npnnnc1L nnnnpnckoe nponcxoxpenne nennnnu.
pnko anpn aknkue1 a1o1 npop a uncno c6nnnncknx nneen. 6e 1oukn spennn
npaoepnm, nennnnum, kk n 6onLunnc1ao n1nncknx npopnoc1e, ory1 6m1L
pesynL11o norouncnennmx ceuenn, n a a1y k1eropnk oxno noec1n1L
nnnnpncknx anrpn1oa, aosoxno, nn6ypnnuea. 1o6m npopeonc1pnpoa1L,
nckonLko 1epnnc1 ny1L a1norpqnn nunn, n ko1opo npnxopn1cn ne o16pcma1L,
ckopee npnnpn1L pxe cme pnekne ppyr o1 ppyr 1ppnunn, nnonk 1o, u1o
un1 nnue1 o eapenx, korp nm1e1cn po6p1Lcn po nx nc1okoa (c. knnry V, rnay II
ero c1opnn). n npnaopn1 ue1mpe 1oukn spennn. epan: eapen npnunn c pn1,
o1ckp nypen o1 nsannn ropm p. C1oponnnkn a1o rnno1esm aknkuk1 acex
xn1ene a opny pcy, a1o cnpaepnnao no o1nouennk k qnnnc1nnu, no ne kce1cn
apnpoa. 1opn: eapen npnunn ns rnn1, 1. e. a1o no1okn npokxennmx,
ko1opmx nsrnnn ns a1o c1pnm. a1o rnno1ese ne1 nnkko nornkn, ecnn oc1an1L
a c1opone exnunonnLnyk apxpy. pnko on ne ncknkue1 npaponopo6ne
1pe1Le rnno1esm, corncno ko1opo eapen npepc1annk1 co6o xn1ene aqnoncko
kononnn. onLko un1 nop a1n cnoao nonne1 6nccnnuea, m sne, u1o a
pneko ppeanoc1n 1k nsmann ccnpnuea. s a1oro am1eke1 ue1aep1n rnno1es,
ko1opyk un1npye1 pnckn nc1opnk: eapen nponcxopn1 o1 ccnpnuea. D1o
coo1ae1c1aye1 pec1an1enLnoc1n, yun1man, u1o onn xnpen.
a1oy xe ceec1ay, ckopee acero, o1nocnnncL nnnrnum, npnuepune n kro-aoc1ok
enonn1nckoro upc1a okono 1186 r. po n. a. Co caoe c1oponm, nnLrenL qon
y6onLp1 npnaopn1 nornunme pryen1m o 1o, u1o n6epnckoe ncenenne
nopaeprnocL snun1enLnoy aospec1ank. 1o kce1cn 1ponnuea Dnen, aonpoc eue
6onee sny1n. xe1cn anonne aepon1nm, u1o mcnL o popc1ae c nerenppno
ae1aLk npnun pnnnn nnuL a pesynL11e nx canse c rpeuecko kononne y.
1k, c coro nun m anpn specL 6onLuoe psnoo6psne a1nnuecknx aneen1oa.
o cm pcnpoc1pnennm ns nnx - a1o, koneuno, knpnum nnn 6opnrenm,
ko1opme, no nennk a1norpqoa, npnnpnexnn k opno n 1o xe pce. orp rpekn
peunnn p1L a1n 6opnren nn, npnansnnoe k reorpqnn, onn cnun nsann
nx aconnun. nn coc1onnn ns psnmx npopnoc1e: ano1pnuea, ockoa,
n1nnnn, 1e, a caok ouepepL, noppspennnncL n rpynnm. k, nsanne ockn
o6Lepnnnno cnn1oa, nyknnuea, nynnuea, kn6pnuea, knnnuea. o
nockonLky rpekn nepaoe apen noppepxnann cansn 1onLko c kxno 1nne, 1epnn
aconnum o6osnun coaokynnoc1L ncenennn, xnauero a a1o uc1n c1pnm, n ne
pcnpoc1pnnncn n xn1ene cpepne uc1n. ocnepnn poc1nocL nn c6ennnnm.
[nLue k ceaepy xnnn n1nnnne, s1e pcenm n y6pnum.
k 6m nn 6mn nponsaonLn a1 knccnqnkunn, ee poc1onnc1ao sknkue1cn a 1o,
u1o on snun1enLno orpnnunae1 yno1pe6nenne pcnnmau1oro 1epnn
6opnren. nk6o cnyue peuL npe1 ne o npopx, yxe knccnqnunpoannmx -
aconnux, c6ennnnx, pcenx, n1nnnnx n y6pnux, - n a oco6yk k1eropnk
axopn1 1e, ko1opme oc1nncL 6opnrenn 1onLko no1oy, u1o c nnn ne
noppepxnanocL 1ecnmx kon1k1oa. nx uncno axopnnn akn, aonckn n neckonLko
c6nnnncknx nneen.
D1 cnc1e o1nnue1cn oueanpnmn nepoc11kn. Cnn1m, aknkuennme a opny
rpynny aec1e c ockn, n cn ockn aec1e co acen amuensannmn
npopnoc1nn, 1kxe epn1nnum n ppyrne ne 6mnn uyxnn pnn c6ennnnoa. D1n
rpynnm 1nro1enn k c6nnnncko ae1an. Cnepoa1enLno, onn 6mnn a popc1ae c
xn1ennn cpepne 1nnn n, u1o npneu1enLno, ace onn nepecennnncL ns ceaepno
uc1n nennnncknx rop.
kn o6pso, ecnn oc1an1L a c1opone pcenoa n nepeeu1Lcn c kr n ceaep
nonyoc1poa, m nopope k rpnnue y6pnuea. nLue nonrnn, u1o y6pnum
nonannncL n nonyoc1poae 1onLko nocne nokopennn Bennoaese n u1o onn am1ecnnnn
ncenenne, nocnauee o1nnunoe o1 nnx nn. Ceropnn a1 1ouk spennn o1aeprny1.
Y6pnum snnnn ponnny. o n kxnme cknonm nLn sponro po a1opxennn knpnuea
ns nnnn. pcoao o1nouennn onn 6mnn 6nnskn npop, ko1opme npoponxnn
nsma1Lcn 6opnrenn nnn nenrnun, 1. e. nencrn, 1k xe kk ockn n
c6ennnnm, n nx pxe cun1nn ae1aLk, ns ko1opo amunn c6nnnne, aec1e c
nocnepnnn n ockn.
kn o6pso, y6pnum - a1o nc1okn c6nnnn, 1. e. ockoa n aconnuea, onn
npnxopn1cn 6nnsknn popnun c6ennnn n ppyrn nneen, nsmaem
6opnrenn, noa1oy oxno y1aepxp1L, u1o acn cc 6opnrenoa, cnyc1naunxcn c
ceaep n kr, o1nocnncL k y6pncko pce, onn1L-1kn ncknkun a1pyckoa,
n6epnuea, aene1oa n uc1n nnnnpnuea. nn pcnpoc1pnnnn n nonyoc1poae opnn n
1o1 xe pxn1ek1ypnm c1nnL, ncnoaepoann opnnkoayk pennrnk, nenn opnn n 1e xe
npam - npnamuky k senepennk, cko1oaopc1ay n p1nm 1pyp, - 1k u1o
amuensnoxennn pryen1unn connpno o6ocnoan, n ne c1on1 nopaepr1L ee
conennk. pnko a1o eue ne ace: nocnepnne conennn n a1o1 cue1 cnne1 nnns
n1nncknx nsmkoa.
Mocen cun1e1, u1o nsmk 6opnrenoa nee1 c1pyk1ypy, ko1opn nonanncL pnLue
rpeuecko, n o6Lepnnne1 a opny rpynny y6pnckne, c6ennnnckne n cnn1ckne
npeunn, ko1opme on o1penne1 o1 a1pycckoro, rnnLckoro n n1nnckoro. npoue, on
po6anne1, u1o expy a1nn oco6mn nsmkoamn rpynnn cyuec1aoann
norouncnennme pnnek1m, ko1opme, nponnkn ppyr a ppyr, qopnpoann noxec1ao
canse n o6Lepnnnnn nx a epnnoe uenoe. cxopn ns a1oro npnnunn, on anocn1
nonpaky: ockn roaopnnn n nsmke, ouenL 6nnsko n1mnn. c11n, a1o1 nsmk
yno1pe6nnncn a ne n 1e1pnLno cuene neckonLko pecn1koa ne1 nocne nun
xpnc1nncko apm, o ue canpe1enLc1aye1 C1p6on. ckckne npnncn ac1peuk1cn
1kxe n psannnx one.
Mknnep o1eue1 a a1o coc1ano nsmke nopsn1enLnoe cxopc1ao c y6pnckn,
amuensannm p1ckn pxeonor o6Lncnne1 a1o1 qk1 1e, u1o ns acex n1nncknx
nsmkoa ockckn oc1ncn 6nnxe ppyrnx k nc1ok, n kpoe ockckoro, 6onLue acero
popc1aenen y6pnckoy onLckn nsmk. [pyrnn cnoan, ockckn, kk n
n1nnckn, aepe1 caok popocnoanyk ns 1ex apeen, korp nponcxopnno nn1encnanoe
a1nnueckoe ceuenne, expy 1e kk reorpqnueckn cn1yunn pan aosoxnoc1L
y6pnckoy oxpnn1L ce6n o1 rpeuecknx n a1pyccknx aneen1oa, noa1oy on
coxpnnn 6onLuyk unc1o1y. Cnepoa1enLno, on oxe1 cun11Lcn npo1o1nno
n1nncknx pnnek1oa.
Cpene cnepykun amaop: 6opnrenm 1nnn, s yksnnmn amue ncknkuennnn,
a ocnoano nannk1cn y6pnun, cn y6pnum, kk yksmae1 nx nsanne,
npepc1annk1 co6o amxopuea ns knpncko ae1an, aosoxno, npnnnaunx
onpepenennyk posy qnncko kpoan. pypno xp1L o1 y6pnckoro nsmk
nop1aepxpennn a1oy qk1y. 1 nero no u1o oc1nocL, 1o, u1o ypnocL
pcunqpoa1L, o1nocn1cn k rpynne nsmkoa 6eno pcm, nckxennmx nok eue
nensaec1nmn qk1opn. pexpe acero, o6p1ncn k reorpqnueckn nsannn,
s1e k epnnc1aennoy n1nnckoy nsmky, poc1ynnoy pnn nc - n1mnn.
D1nonornk cnoa 1nnn cnepye1 nck1L a kenL1cko - talamh, tellus, 1. e.
senn. [a y6pncknx npop - aarnnum n 1apnckn - nocn1 unc1o kenL1ckne
nen. 6e ropnme cnc1em, pspennkune n orpnnunakune 1nnk - nennnnm n
nLnm, - nek1 nsannn, snc1aoannme ns 1oro xe nc1ounnk, pen gwin -
6enn rop, alb nnn alp - aosamuennoc1L, xon [na (Albany)
ran caa a Una, nan nnck rm, nan vacu
aakaa, nu ca c amckH ckanaH. Alb ava akx
nm.]. knx npnepoa oxno npnaec1n noxec1ao n ne 1onLko ns o6nc1n
reorpqnn. c1noancn 1onLko n cnoae py6, 1. k. y kenL1oa Kxno aponm, y
6opnrenoa peunn n 1nnn a1o pepeao nrpno 6onLuyk ponL n a caoe pennrnosno
cmcne ono o1pxe1 cme cokpoaennme npen acex 1pex rpynn: 6pe1onckoe cnoao
cheinigen, yun1man asnosenneoc1L n n r, c1noan1cn chergen, o1
ko1oporo nepneko po n1nnckoro quercus.
e yrny6nnncL a nnnranc1nky, o1e1n cnepykun poksnnm qk1: n1nnnne,
uc1nuno nponcxopnune o1 y6pnuea, - 6nnskne copopnun rnnoa, kk yksmae1 nx
nsanne, n 6opnrenm 1nnn a 1o xe epe, u1o n nepaopopnme rpekn, 6onLue
uc1Lk npnnpnex1 k a1o rpynne npopoa. onLko 1kn ny1e o6Lncnne1cn 1o1
opnopopnm nne1, ko1opm a reponueckne anoxn nokpmae1 ace, u1o n nsaec1no o
pennnnx nkpe, nsmaemx nencrn, o 1ex, uLe nc1onuee nn - knpnum.
1nnckne pcm 6mnn ne a coc1onnnn coxpnn1L caok unc1o1y. 6epnum, a1pyckn,
aene1m, nnnnpnum, kenL1m, a1nrnancL a nenpepmanme aonm, exenny1no 1epnnn
nnn saoeamann nosnunn. D1o 6mno o6munoe nonoxenne aeue. cn1yunn
yxypuncL nop pec1ane coaokynnoc1n counnLnmx npaoa, ko1opn o6ycnoann
ounyk npnunny a1nnueckoro cnnnnnn, nsaec1nyk kk ecn canuennn. cnny
onpepenennmx o6c1on1enLc1a 1o nnn nnoe nnen apyuno kkoy-1o 6ory caonx
knoue, aknpmano n a pykn opyxne n o1npannno n saoeanne noao popnnm.
6or ponxen 6mn noor1L n. 1ckp nenpekpukunecn konqnnk1m, ko1opme, a
konue konuoa, saepunnncL aennknn co6m1nnn, nekunn nc1ok pneko n
ceaepo-aoc1oke kon1nnen1.
ecnokonme rnnLckne nneen, aosoxno, am1ecnennme ppyrnn rnnn, ko1opmx
1o n peno 1peaoxnnn cnanne, a caok ouepepL 1ecnnme pnun nnn xen1mn
npopn, nepeunn 6onLuyk norpnnunyk peky, nannnncL n caonx copopnue,
oanpenn uc1Lk nx 1eppn1opnn n a pesynL11e c1muek n 6n1a pounn po ponnm, rpe
nx anrpp cnno aneppnncn a cpepy nokopennmx npopoa. ocnepnne, ne xenaune
1epne1L ace 6onee ycnnnakueecn panenne, pannynncL 6onLuo cco k npenen,
nepeunn uepes nnx n aponL ckonckoro snna o6pyunnn n n6epnuea 1ouno 1koe
xe panenne, kkoe po a1oro ncnm1nn cn.
caok ouepepL ackonmxnynncL n nepoaonLnme n6epnum. ocne neponroro
conpo1nanennn, uc1nuno ceuauncL c saoea1ennn, onn nonnnn, u1o 1eppn1opnn
nepoc11oun pnn aospocuero ncenennn, n yunn, aec1e c kenL1n6epnun, n
ppyryk c1opony rop no 6epery Cpepnsenoro opn n okono 1600 r. po n. a.
pcnpoc1pnnnncL no npnopckn senn yccnnLon n poanc. 31e nponnknn a
1nnk uepes renyasckoe no6epexLe, nonannncL a ockne n, nkoneu, pccennauncL
ackpy, rpe ornn, onn pnn a1n 1eppn1opnn caon nsannn - nrypnn n Cnkynm.
o1o, ceuauncL c psnnunmn ec1nmn nneenn, cqopnpoann aneen1 nnn,
ckopee, a1nnueckoe coue1nne, ko1opoy 6mno cyxpeno cmrp1L snun1enLnyk ponL a
6ypyue. kn o6pso, onn nannncL eue opnn saeno, coepnnnaun k 1oy
apeenn n1nnuea c 1pncnLnnckn ncenenne.
x nonanenne npnaeno k 6onLuoy cn1ennk ao acex yronkx nonyoc1poa. D1pyckn,
nsrnnnme n y6pnckne senn, ac1ynnnn a kon1k1m c ec1nmn nneenn. xe
yuc1L noc1nrn nornx c6ennnnoa, nnn c6nnnn, n aconnuea, n nnrypnckn
kpoaL pcnpoc1pnnncL noackpy, 1e 6onee, u1o ccm a1nx nepecenenuea
o6ocnoanncL rnanm o6pso a pone n n ne cornn cosp1L pnn ce6n
c16nnLnyk popnny. nn 6mnn amnyxpenm xn1L a neyc1ounao coc1onnnn n
sennx, rpe ykpennnncL 6opnrenm n a1pyckn. nrypnum, a konue konuoa,
ceunncL c ocnoano cco. ok onn ynxnann caon o1nouennn c ec1nmn
npopn, ue nokon onn npyunnn, n ppyro konue, n co kre nonyoc1poa,
nponcxopnn ppyrn, nou1n nese1nn peaonkunn. X a. po n. a. cen1nsnpoannme
annnnm nunn cospa1L 1 caon kononnn, n xo1n a cpanennn c nnrypnun nnn
cnkynn nx uncnennoc1L 6mn neaennk, onn nc1onLko npeaocxopnnn n nepannx
npnuenLuea n 6opnrenoa a unannnsoannoc1n, u1o n spnee 6mn o6ecneuen
no6ep. nn cnonn aocnonLsoanncL ek. nn ocnoann ropop. nn o6punncL c
n1nncknn nencrn 1k xe, kk nx o1um o6punncL c popn1ennn nocnepnnx a
Dnnpe. nn nokopnnn nx nnn sc1annnn y1n, ne ceunancL c nnn. ckn, pno
ac1ynna a kon1k1 c cen1nsnpoannmn annnnn, coxpnnnn nn1L o6 a1o
nepnope a o6munx n a nsmke. Mnorne nx nneen ncuesnn, aepnee, nepec1nn 6m1L,
co6c1aenno roaopn, 6opnrenn. C nnn nponsouno nou1n 1o xe coe, u1o nosxe, a
cepepnne II a. po n. a., nponsouno c xn1ennn poanc, nonaunn nop anc1L
pnnnn. D1o co6m1ne nsmak1 a1opm nonanenne ockoa.
o 6onLun uc1L nenrncknx npopoa npe1epnen 6onee cypoame ncnm1nnn.
Dnnnnckne kononns1opm nsrnnn nx c popnmx seenL, n n nnuero ne oc1anocL,
kpoe kk panny1Lcn n cnkynnckne nneen, xnaune ceaepnee, a unye, c
ko1opmn onn ceunncL [km aam yaxa, v arm
ayHa mn knuaH.]. 3knkuennm expy nnn coks noc1enenno ykpennnncn
s cue1 noamx rpeuecknx kononoa. konue konuoa, a1n ccm nkpe, 1ecnnme co
acex c1opon rnanm o6pso c6nnnnn, ko1opme oc1anncL knpnun a
6onLue c1enenn, nexenn oc1nLnme, n, cnepoa1enLno, npeaocxopnnn a aoenno
nckycc1ae n cen1nsnpoannmx ockoa, n nonyn6epncknx cnkynoa, n nnonoanny
qnncknx pcenoa, pannynncL, nesponro po nun xpnc1nncko apm, a nonckx
y6exnu a Cnunnnk.
koam 6mnn cme nepame nepeeuennn ppeanero ncenennn 1nnn, ko1opoe a
ueno nenLsn ynpekny1L a apapc1ae, no ko1opoe no npnepy ceaepnmx kenL1oa
orpnnunanocL noncko 1epnnLno nonLsm. Mnoxec1ao aon pspennnn nx,
opnko onn npoponxnn aospenma1L senk n ampuna1L xne6. eco1pn n
1pypnoc1n, cansnnme c nepexopo uepes ropm, nec n pekn, onn psanann 1oproame
cansn c cmn ceaepnmn ponn kon1nnen1. nx ornnx uc1o ac1peuk1cn
kycoukn nn1pn, rpy6me nnn o6p6o1nnme, cxopc1ao expy neko1opmn
pcencknn n rnnLcknn one1n neonpoaepxno poksmae1 nnnune noc1onnnmx
canse expy payn rpynnn [ H cnn, cycaaan nyu
an a cay knua cna.].
1y pnekyk anoxy nx c6nnxnn eue caexne a1nnueckne aocnonnnnn eaponecknx
pc, cxopc1ao no1pe6noc1e n npnamuek, 1kxe 1o1 qk1, u1o onn ne snnn o
cyuec1aoannn kxnmx c1pn. 1 Bn1nkn po Cnunnnn unannnsunn npe6man a
nesaepuenno coc1onnnn, opnko on 6mn penLn n ackpy opnnkoa, s
ncknkuenne a1nnuecknx nkncoa, o6ycnoanennmx cnoppnuecknn 6pkn expy
rpynnn payx ae1ae - 6eno n xen1o. D1y opqnyk cnc1ey no1pncnn sn1ckne
1nppennum; onn noornn nocenenu aennko peunn npno6un1L apony k
unannnsunn, ko1opyk cospnn npopm, xnaune n aoc1ouno no6epexLe
Cpepnsenoro opn.
V. ck syck. 3ycck H
nepam asrnnp kxe1cn noaepon1nm, u1o nc1opnueckne aocnonnnnn o6
D1pypnn aocxopn1 1onLko k nuny X a. po n. a., a1o nenLsn nsa1L rny6oko
ppeanoc1Lk. D1o1 qk1 oxno o6Lncnn1L payn o6c1on1enLc1an, ne ncknkukunn
ppyr ppyr. o-nepamx, nonanenne 6enmx npopoa a snpnmx sennx np neno
ec1o nosxe nx npnxop a kxnme c1pnm. o-a1opmx, ceuenne 6enmx c uepnmn
npnaeno k cospnnk unannnsunn, ko1opyk oxno cun11L oueanpno, 1orp kk coks
6enmx c qnnnn amnnncn a neu1o n1en1noe, ckpm1oe, y1nnn1pnoe. nn ponro
npnnnnn anpnoc1L s penLnoc1L n anpenn counnLnm nporpecc 1onLko ao
aneunnx qopx. o nockonLky neaosoxno o1pnu1L, u1o n6epnum n kenL1m nek1
npao cun11L, u1o y nnx 6mno unannnsoannoe o6uec1ao, npo npnsn1L nx skonnoe
ec1o a neppxnn kynL1ypnmx npopoa n snpe n ceaepe nepao6m1no aponm.
e ne enee, n ne cknonen nrnopnpoa1L 1o, u1o m nsann aonpoco qopm: n
ne ory asn1L s 1nn uenoaek counnLnoro nn ypunnaoro npomunennnk, nn
1oproau, n acerp 6ypy c1an1L amue nnx nn6o canuennnk, nn6o aonn, xypoxnnk,
pnnnc1p1op, nn6o 1o, u1o ceropnn nsmak1 cae1ckn uenoaeko, noa1oy n
acerp npepnou1y Can1oro Bepnp nany nnn 11y, Boccka puny kpenny,
pnoc1o nnn opnenn ace npocnanennm qnnncnc1; 1ouno 1k xe n ne ory
nsa1L k1nano unannnsune, unannnsune amcuero nopnpk, 1koe o6uec1ao,
ko1opoe ne poaonLc1aye1cn nposn6nne nnn ypoane1aopenne 1epnnLnmx nyxp
caonx rpxpn n no epnenno cnnpnn panxe1cn k ycoaepuenc1aoannk, kk a1o
nponcxopn1 a n1e. [o 1ex nop, nok 6enm npop orpnnunae1cn ceuenne c
xen1m aneen1o, on noneaone aoaneke1cn a o6un no1ok xencknx aneen1oa n
c1pen1cn 1onLko k npexopnuey.
cnn 6m snpnme npopm orpnnunnncL coue1nne nx nepamx a1nnuecknx
npnnunnoa, 6onee ue aepon1no, u1o onn ornn 6m poc1nuL coc1onnnn opne6ecno
nepnn, opnko ne o6penn 6m 1oro xe nokon: cnnuko noro psnnunmx no1okoa
annnncL a nx pycno, oco6enno 6enmx aneen1oa. oa1oy y nnx 6mn 6m neaosoxen
yepennm pecno1ns kn1cknx nnep1opoa. onnc1aennme c1pc1n 6es konu
no1pncnn 6m a1o o6uec1ao, o6peuennoe n neamcokyk kynL1ypy n ponrne
6ecnnopnme konqnnk1m.
pnko a1opxennn c kr npnnecnn eaponeckn nunn 1o, uero n nepoc1ano. e
pspyun nx co6m1noc1L, a1 cuc1nnan npnecL aocnnennn nx pyuy, c1n
qkeno, ko1opm ocae1nn n ny1L n npnaen nx a nono ppyrnx npopoa np.
3 250 ne1 po ocnoannn n rpynnm cen1nsnpoannmx nencroa nponnknn ope a
1nnk n, noc1pona nocpepn saoeannmx a1pyccknx seenL ropop pkannn,
cpennn ero uen1po caoe pepxam. 1ckp onn nunn pcnpoc1pnn1Lcn no acey
nonyoc1poay. D1n unannns1opm, nsmaaune ce6n 1nppennum, nnn
1npcennum, npnunn c nonnckoro no6epexLn, rpe onn noroe snc1aoann y
nnpnuea, c ko1opmn 6mnn 1ecno cansnm [a sycckx kaax s
m na nanxa k nHy ny. mn nxx a knua
rka, s cxca H n aHanu, v c H cHmancu
a acm, cncn k ckHy ny.]. nn npepc1nn nepep
pcenn skoannmn a pnckne pocnexn, ac1ynkunn a 6n1ay nop saykn 1py6,
nekunn qne1m pnn yaecenennn n snc1aoaaunn norne aneen1m nesnkomx
pocene npopoa.
ec1o 1oro, u1o6m nn1npoa1L ounme, no rpy6me coopyxennn n1nncknx nneen,
npn6maune oksnncL 6onee yenmn, 1. k. nponcxopnnn o1 6onee psan1mx npopoa,
n nyunnn caonx noppnnmx aec1n c1pon1enLc1ao n aosamuennoc1nx n n rpe6nnx
ropnmx xpe61oa; a1o 6mnn xopouo ykpennennme ropop, nenpnc1ynnme kpenoc1n, ns
ko1opmx nx anpmuec1ao pcnpoc1pnnnocL n cocepnne 1eppn1opnn [Hx,
s caHm nk x ana 1ncn x Hn m, ku
kr cny ckau a cna turs, . yknn ncx
"tur" n "ton", . . aammcu, ra.]. nn nepamn n 3npe,
nonLsyncL o1aeco, o61ecmann kennme 6nokn, ko1opme yknpmann ppyr n ppyr,
nonyun 1kn o6pso ounme c1enm, nepexnaune c1one1nn.
Cospa rnrn1ckne ykpennennn, nyraune n noppnnmx, n aproa, 1nppennum
ykpcnnn caon ropop xpn, paopun, xpm n paopum - c11ynn n asn ns
1eppko1m: ace a1o nsmae1cn ppeanerpeueckn c1nne, 1. e. c1nne, npnuepun c
sn1ckoro no6epexLn. kn o6pso, nenrnckn rpynn uepes caon kon1k1m c
cen1cko kpoaLk npnnecn pcen 1o, uero y 1ex ne 6mno.
osoxno, u1o uncnennoc1L 1nppennuea 6mn neaennk no cpanennk c pcenn.
oa1oy no6epn1enn npnpnn o6uec1ay aneunne qopm, opnko n ne ypnocL
npnaec1n nx k nonno ccnnnnunn c annnnnso. c11n, onn cn o6npnn
annnnckn pyxo a cn6o epe, nockonLky 6mnn ne annnnn, acero nnuL
knpnun, cnannn nnn rpeuecknn nnnnpnun. 31e onn 6es 1pyp nepepnn
n neko1opme npen, ko1opme ne ynnu1oxnn a nnx cen1ckn aneen1, copepxauncn
a nx kpoan. 1ckp y1nnn1pnm pyx a a1pyccko pce, o1ckp npeo6npnne
n1nunoro kynL1 n ppeannx aepoann np noao nqonorne, o1ckp xnayuec1L
cnanncknx npnamuek n o6muea. cnoa npop, s ncknkuenne nesnun1enLnmx
psnnun, oc1ncL 1o xe, u1o po saoeannn. pnko saoea1enn, neco1pn n
yc1ynkn n nocnepykune coksm c ec1nm ncenenne, 1k n ne cnnnncL c nn, n
uc1me psnorncnn expy nnn ro1oannn nouay pnn pckon.
nppennum, ko1opme nsmann ce6n npcm [3 cna sycckr nmka.
r aHcaaan knuckr n caH m, n nmn k
H v aca anckx kHa.], nykyonm, 1. e.
6nropopnme, s6mnn cao popno nsmk, sennnn ero n nsmk noppnnmx n
ceunncL c nnn, nepec1a cyuec1aoa1L kk o1penLnm npop, opnko, 6ypyun
6nropopnmn, coxpnnnn akyc k rpeueckn npen n oc1annn s co6o ropop
pkannn aka cnn a ckanax y Hn, mn nHckH
rH- nH, ncnH cnyxn cn aacks nr ncn
kaxa 3y cnnuaancn HckH nH, a vacc, a aHn
yvck am.]. D1o1 ropop cnyxnn cpepc1ao o6uennn c rpeuecknn
npopn [ a nnara, v H akan H snnck
ncxx ycay Hrvcnm cnm accckr annn a
aaax, a acmx cncnx arnx, s ann Hrn
cycannucn nuk v snna.]. ro oxno cun11L onno1o noao
kynL1ypm n pnc1okp1nn D1pypnn.
[o 1ex nop, nok pcenm oc1anncL a nneny co6c1aennmx nnc1nnk1oa, onn ne
npepc1annnn yrposy pnn oc1nLnmx n1nncknx nneen. nn npepanncL
cenLckoxosnc1aennm n npomunennm pen n c1pennncL k npy c cocepnn. o
korp nx aonnc1aennn sn1L pn n a pykn opyxne n noc1ponn ounme kpenoc1n,
pcenm ac1ynnnn n an1kpnc1nueckn ny1L cnam n npnc1ynnnn k saoeannn
1nnn eue ne c1n cnokonm pernono. nepnop nenpec1nnmx c1muek
n1nncknx 6opnrenoa, nnnnpnuea, nnrypnuea, cnkynoa, a anoxy nepeeuennn
nneen a pesynL11e kononnsunn aennko peunn a1pyckn amunn n ancueny
nc1opnn. ocnonLsoaauncL cy1o, onn yaennunnn caoe annnnne n pcunpnnn caon
1eppn1opnn a ponnne o s cue1 y6pnuea. c1opnn npnnncmae1 n cospnne
1pexco1 ropopoa no ace c1pne. 31e onn noaepnynn caon aock c ceaep n kr,
o16pocnnn a ropm oc11kn ec1nmx nneen n pounn po nnLn, cpena caon
snpnm npepeno nnxnee 1euenne n6p. kn o6pso, onn amunn k o6on
opn. nppennckne nn1nnkn cyuec1ayk1 n opcnke n a Cppnnnn, 1kxe n
kxno no6epexLe cnnnn. cenckoe rocyppc1ao c1no cm oryuec1aennm n
nonyoc1poae n opnn ns cmx annn1enLnmx a unannnsoanno npe 1o anoxn. no
ne orpnnunnocL kon1nnen1nLnmn saoeannnn: pcenm sxa1nnn neckonLko
oc1poaoa n kononnsnpoann 6eper cnnnn. o npnepy qnnnknuea n rpekoa, onn
snonnnnn opn 1oproamn n nnp1cknn kop6nnn.
pn 1knx aneu1nnkunx ycnexx a1pyckn, yxe 6ypyun e1ncn a snun1enLno
c1enenn, 1e ne enee ne y6epernncL o1 pnLneuero ceuennn. nn pspennnn
cypL6y acex saoea1ene n a pesynL11e kxporo no6eponocnoro noxop ac1ynnn a
noame kon1k1m c no6expennmn ccn: c nnn ceunanncL y6pnum, c6nnnne,
n6epnum, cnkynm, aosoxno, norouncnennme rpekn n noc1onnno nsennnn npnpopy
n nknonnoc1n poxpkuerocn o6uec1a.
o1nnune o1 1oro, u1o m n6nkpe a ppyrnx cnyunx, a1pycckn npnpop
nsennncL k nyuuey. C opno c1oponm, kpoaL n1nncknx knpnuea, ceunancL
c pcencknn aneen1n, c1noanncL 6onee k1nano, c ppyro,
cen1nsnpoannn pnckn ocnoa, ko1opyk npnnecnn c co6o rpekn, npnpan
o6uec1ay pyx an1kpns, nyc1L n cnnuko cn6m, u1o6m aoaneuL ero a 6esyc1a
annnnckoro nnn sn1ckoro 1nn, no poc11ounm pnn 1oro, u1o6m konencnpoa1L
upesepnm npr1ns, npncyun snpnm o1na. coxnennk, a1n
1pncqopunn nponcxopnnn rnanm o6pso a cpepnnx n nnsunx knccx n ne
cnoco6c1aoann noppepxnnk nonn1nueckoro panoaecnn n 6conk1noro oryuec1a
pnc1okp1nn.
poe 1oro, 1koe ccoaoe ceuenne a1nnuecknx aneen1oa npnaopnno k
o6psoannk noxec1a qpren1pnmx coksoa n ne6onLunx o6oco6nennmx rpynn.
o6uec1ae nonanncn n1ronns, nnornunm 1oy, u1o nen ec1o a peunn, n
a1pycckn nnepnn 1k n ne corn o6pec1n epnnc1ao. D1pyckn 6mnn nc1onLko
nckycnm a aoenno pene n neykpo1nm a 6n1ax, u1o nosxe pnnnne ne nunn nnuero
nyuuero, kpoe kk snc1aoa1L y nnx oprnnsunk caonx nernonoa n aoopyxenne,
no y nnx nnkorp ne 6mno uen1pnnsoanno anc1n. kpn1nueckne oen1m onn,
cnepyn kenL1ckoy o6muk, poaepnnn anc1L nnep1opy, ko1opm konpoan
o6Lepnnennmn o1pnpn, o6npn 6conk1nmn, no apeennmn nonnoounnn.
cnokonme apeen onn nenn konqepepunk ocnoanmx ropopoa, a op6n1y ko1opmx
po6poaonLno aknkunncL nme cenennn. xpm nonn1nueckn uen1p cnyxnn
pesnpenune neckonLknx kpynnmx rpynn, ynpannaunx kynL1o, o6uec1aennmn
penn, 1onkoaaunx skonm, aepaunx aoennmn penn n pcnopnxaunxcn
ksno. orp opno ns ceec1a npno6pe1no nanoe npeaocxopc1ao np conepnnkn,
o6psoamancL cnc1e, nnonnkun koponeac1ao, ko1opn acerp necn n ce6e
neu1L nec16nnLnoc1n, u1o coc1annno rnanm nopok 1npnnn a peunn. 1euenne
npoponxn1enLnoro apeenn nepoc11kn 1koro qepep1nanoro yc1poc1a
konencnpoanncL 1o aepyue ponLk, ko1opyk ace a1pycckne ropop po6poaonLno
nepepnn pkannnk. o a1o ne orno npoponx1Lcn 6eckoneuno, n cnc1e pyxnyn
o1 nepaoro 1onuk. popm, kk npanno, ponLue coxpnnk1 yaxenne k pnnc1nn,
nnunoc1n, nenn, nexenn k ec1y, oropoxennoy kpenoc1nmn c1enn. kn
o6pso, 1nppennum ykopennnn a 1nnn neko1opme nopokn, xpk1epnme pnn
pecny6nnkncknx rocyppc1a cen1ckoro np. o nockonLky y nnx ne 6mno
aosoxnoc1n nonnoc1Lk peqopnpoa1L pyx ncenennn no 1koy 1nny, onn ne
cornn nckopenn1L qnnckn aneen1, ko1opm, a uc1noc1n, nponannncn a 1o, u1o
a1pyckn nn1nn 6esrpnnunoe nou1enne k aoxpn n unnoannk.
n y pnuea, nn y cen1oa ne 6mno nnuero nopo6noro. epepne snn anc1L
noun1k1 6esepno, pxe npeapuk1 ee a npon, xn1enn ro1oam amnocn1L ace
knpnsm n npn1ecnennn, ocanuennme skono. cnn peuL npe1 o upe nnn popnne,
nkpn ro1oam noxep1aoa1L ppn nnx ace. [eno a 1o, u1o onn 6on1cn ncnnnn n
npoc1npk1cn nnu nepep 6c1pk1nm npnnunno 6conk1no anc1n. 1o xe
kce1cn nnunoc1n, o6neuenno anc1Lk n npepor1nan a1oro npnnunn, on ne
nee1 nnkkoro snuennn. D1o o6uee nonn1ne y acex cepannLnmx npopoa: onn
cun1k1 unnoannk npoc1m nocn1ene anc1n, n korp on nnue1cn caoero noc1, on
cpsy nnsaopn1cn po nonoxennn nocnepnero ns nkpe n 1epne1 npao n noun1nne.
1ckp aoc1ounm npnnunn, corncno ko1opoy ace poc1e1cn cyn1ny xnaoy n
nnuero - ep1aoy, 1ouno 1k xe nmneunne peaonkunonepm ampxk1 noksnoe
yaxenne k npepc1an1enk anc1n, ocmnn ero s rns pyr1enLc1an n
npoknn1nnn.
npo1na, a1pyckn cypoao ocypnnn 6m pnc1oqn s nnpkn n neon,
pykoaopn1enn rocyppc1a, nnn n x, npepaopn1enn pnn. nn o1nocnnncL k
co nepcone, npepc1annkue skon, kk k uey-1o nc1onLko canuennoy, u1o
c npnpop rocyppc1aennmx qynkun 6mn o1 nero neo1penn. nopuepknak
a1o1 oen1, no1oy u1o 1koe noun1nne 6mno nc1ounnko po6pope1enn, ko1opm
nosxe - n cnpaepnnao - aocxnunn nc pnnnne.
D1 cnc1e npepnonre1, u1o c no ce6e anc1L nc1onLko 6nro1aopn n
scnyxnae1 noknonennn, u1o pe1 1kne xe npepor1nam ee nocn1enk. oa1oy ee
npepc1an1enL nnkorp ne or 6m onyc1n1Lcn po ypoann npoc1oro cep1noro: on
yuc1aoan a ynpanennn nkpLn n no a1o npnunne nacerp oc1ancn amue nx.
pnsn1L 1ko npnnunn osnuno aknkuenne rocyppc1a a cqepy 6eckoneunoro
noknonennn n cnyxenne ey po coo1peuennn.
D1pycckn nunn poc1nrn amcokoro ypoann cenLckoro xosnc1a n npomunennoc1n,
pcunpnn caon saoeannn, ykpennncL n payx opnx [m ycnm
aHancu nacaH xan n, cncm cnvau c
rvckH raH. s nv Haccanm nncu nnaaau n
anamH HnH nan s nuk n cnu xa 3yn
aknvna c aarH ram aara ran, km
caaan a snxy cnn, . . v 430 n ncn caan
Ha.] n 1enepL uepes ropop pkannn n kxnme rpnnum ann1man a ce6n
nn1ennek1ynLnyk ouL annnncko pcm, ncnonLsyn ace caon 1epnnLnme
poc1nxennn n 6nro nckycc1a, npap, ne nopnnncL a a1o o1nouennn amue
konnpoannn. D1pyckn, ncnonnennme c1penennn k uyac1aennm ypoaonLc1ann,
coc1annnn cnay 1nnn, n n, ksnocL, nnu1o ne yrpoxno, ecnn ne cun11L nsLnn
qepep1nanoro yc1poc1a n panennn ccm kenL1cknx npopoa, uLn aneprnn a
6ypyue ponxn 6mn npnunnn1L a1pyck orponme nenpnn1noc1n.
cnn 6m peuL un 1onLko o6 a1o yrpose, anonne aepon1no, u1o onn c ne cnpannncL
6m, kenL1m nnnn nocne neckonLknx nonm1ok, a konue konuoa, yc1ynnnn 6m 6onee
psan1oy npopy.
ueno a1pyckn cospnn nunk, npeaocxopnuyk knpnuea, no1oy u1o xen1m
aneen1 y nnx 6mn o6nropoxen coksn ne acerp nyuuero caoc1a, no, no kpne
epe, 6onee nporpeccnanmn a cmcne kynL1ypm. oa1oy epnnc1aennm pryen1o
kenL1oa 6mn nx uncnennoc1L. D1pyckn saoeann nou1n aecL nonyoc1poa n nenn
poc11ouno cnn pnn conpo1nanennn, 1k u1o n 6mno 6m ne1pypno o1psn1L nnpenne
ns-s nLn. 1ko cnyue m pnLue 6m yanpenn 1o, u1o cpennn pnnnne. ce
n1nnckne nneen, ac1a nop cenL a1pyccknx opnoa, s neckonLko aekoa po Uespn
nepeunn 6m ropm, n nokopenne nnnn ocyuec1annocL 6m pnLue. o 1kn cna ne
6mn cyxpen npopy, ko1opm nopopnn a caoe cpepe cen, ackope nory6nauee ero.
D1pyckn, onLnnennme ouyuenne co6c1aenno oun, xo1enn npoponx1L caoe
psan1ne. nn anpenn n kre npkn cae1, ko1opm rpeueckne kononns1opm psoxrnn
ao nornx aennkonennmx ropopx, n 1yp c1pennncL nomcnm 1nppenncko
konqepepunn. nn ncknn 6onee 1ecnmx kon1k1oa c popc1aenno unannnsune
opckn ny1e. ykyonm yxe pannynn caon pnn n nnLk n npopannynncL
pneko n aoc1ok. snpe onn oc1noannncL nepep n6po. enepL onn
nnnnpoann qopcnpoa1L peky n nopo1n k nponnay, u1o6m oanpe1L yo n
yn1ypnyo. D1o 6mno nenerkoe npepnpnn1ne. neao 6epery nxopnnncL senn
n1nnnn, o1nocnaunxcn k c6nnnncko konqepepunn. 1nnnne poksnn, u1o onn
cnoco6nm n npoc1noe conpo1nanenne, n o1kpm1n cnn apnp nn orn cnon1L nx.
oa1oy, npexpe ue nu1L aony, a1pyckn npepnpnnnnn xn1pyk 1k1nky, snkoyk
ace unannnsoannm npop, xpnm po uyxoro [anck acn
nncu, v syck ny ky. a s cv cycaaan ra
Hxy nanaH aH.].
[nn a1oro onn aocnonLsoanncL payn n1nnnnn-an1kpnc1n, no neko1opm
caepennn neskonnmn pe1Ln pouepn npepaopn1enn opnoro ns nneen. x sann
oyn n e. conpoaoxpennn a1pyccknx coae1nnkoa n ne6onLuoro a1pycckoro
o1pnp onn o6ocnoanncL a 1pex rnyxnx cenennnx, cyuec1aoaaunx n neao 6epery
n6p [rn amaan s Hc uscum iberim. n, nm
yknncu a ackH xnH aH c nanckH cnH. Qyr
nanck ncn axncu a am anaa. x syck
anan snH.], ne n 6epery opn, 1. k. n ne nyxen 6mn nop1 a aepxne
1euennn pekn, no1oy u1o onn ne co6npnncL cospa1L 1oproam uen1p, ko1opm
nosxe or 6m cans1L ceaep n kr Uen1pnLno 1nnn, a nk6o ppyro ec1e,
ko1opoe 6mno nerue sxa1n1L - rnanoe sknkunocL a 1o, u1o6m nepe1n peky.
31e onn ornn psan1L cao nepam ycnex [Mr ck cnaana
amaa H ckH rH.].
ockonLky 1enepL 1pe6oanocL pcunpn1L 1pn nocenk, ko1opm 6mno cyxpeno
npeap1n1Lcn a ropop, ocnoa1enn c1nn cosma1L co acex c1opon an1kpnc1oa, ne
neaunx nn kon, nn paop. D1o 6mnn a ocnoano 6popnrn-c6nnnne n cnkynm,
ko1opme n coc1annn nppo noamx rpxpn. o ocnoa1enn ne ornn ponyc1n1L, u1o6m
uyxec1pnum oanpenn oc1o, nepe6pouennm a uny. onn noc1annn ao rnae
a1oro ckonnu 6popnr a1pycckyk sn1L. ennrnosnm aneen1 coue1ncn a nnx c
aonncknn 1nn1n, u1o o1aeuno nonn1nn cen1nsnpoannmx 1nppennuea,
kppnnnLno o1nnuaunxcn o1 rnnLcknx npe. koneu, a pykx n1pnpx1
nxopnncL n kpnpnueckn anc1L, n, corncno smcny ocnoa1ene, y upcknx
pnnc1n, kpoe apeennoro pecno1ns a kpnsncnme anoxn, oc1nncL 1onLko
pnnnc1p1nanme qynkunn [a nanu mn amxaH
ra.].
cnn cnc1e npanennn 6mn oprnnsoan a unc1o a1pyccko pyxe, 1ko xe 6mn n
aneunnn qop unannnsunn n pxe o6nnk noaoro ropop. D1pyckn noc1ponnn no
1nppennckoy 1nny kennyk kpenoc1L, nn1onn, cnc1ey c1ounmx kna n
o6uec1aennme spnnn, kknx ne snno n1nnckoe ncenenne. [nn 6oroa, npnnecennmx
c co6o, onn coopyxnn xpm, ykpuennme 1eppko1oamn asn n c11ynn.
onanncn kncc unnoannkoa, nocnaunx 1e xe snkn o1nnunn, u1o n a pkannnn,
Onepnn, onL1eppe. oxpkuncn ropop nonyunn a6nem, c1npp1m, aonnckne
1n1ynm n, a konue konuoa, kynL1 - opnn cnoao, n o1nnuncn o1 pcencknx
ropopoa 1onLko 1e, anpoue, axnm qk1o, u1o ero ncenenne neno ppyro
coc1a n 6mno aneprnunee n k1nanee [vu a yk, kackH xn
cna kc c axH na, axamx amax . .
H a an, camH sycckH xcaH mn
nkanu ra nua. nvH, ck ay ck acr H a
ay anum kynu, . k. n amx ac, acnnam H, xan a
xnax cax aanumx ra.].
Mec1nm nne6c coace ne nnonnn npnyk n nop1nnayk ccy, ko1opyk npexpe
nokopnnn 1nppennum, nnue kononns1opm ocyuec1annn 6m caon xn1poynme nnnm.
a1o ncenennn, aosoxno, cneunnLno nepeeunno, u1o6m cpen1L ero cn6m
s cue1 o1cy1c1ann opnopopnoc1n, cyuec1aoan eue opnn aneen1. cnn 1ko
smcen pec1an1enLno 6mn a ocnoae qopnpoannn ncenennn, 1orp nonn1nk
a1pyckoa un apspes c nx xennne o6ecneun1L pnn ce6n 6onee cnokonoe
anpmuec1ao. o1oy u1o nenno on snoxnn a nepamx xn1ene nnc1nnk1m
cao6opm, ceen 6ypyuero aennunn ropop, npnue a1o nponsouno coaepuenno
ynnknLnm o6pso, ko1opm ne noa1opne1cn a nc1opnn paxpm.
uncne 6popnr ns psnnunmx nneen, npnsannmx c11L xn1ennn ropop, 6mnn
cnkynm. pepc1an1enn a1oro ceunnoro, nonykoueaoro npop nenncL noackpy.
neko1opmx ropopx D1pypnn onn coc1annnn 6onLunnc1ao nne6c, a 6onLuo
konnuec1ae onn xnnn a unye n a c1pne c6nnnn. kko-1o c1enenn a1n nkpn
cnyxnnn ny1eaopno nn1Lk, ko1opn aen annnnckn aneen1, 6onee nnn enee
cen1nsnpoannm, a noam ropop. enno onn, ceua cao nsmk c c6nnnnckn,
cospnn co6c1aenno roaopn n1mnL, nunn npnpa1L e cnnLnm rpeueckn o11enok
n, 1kn o6pso, npenn1c1aoann nponnknoaennk a1pycckoro nsmk uepes n6p
[c, v sycck nmk, acra cvaamcn nn Hnn nx, a
snxy Hnaa, canmH, ak acncancn c x.
ak a aHa Kna na yvan r a kavca
cyHa ana, nx r cnnuaan nan.
kra mn nnynnmH.]. oaoe npeune, 6ypyun un1o o1 nuec1ann nsmk
sxa1unkoa, acerp pcc1pnanocL pncknn rp1nkn kk 1nn, apnn1n
ko1oporo c1nn ockckn n c6nnnnckn, no pnnnne c1oponnnncL nsmk nykyonoa,
cun1n ero apapckn. kn o6pso, cnkynm, coc1annaune nnsune cnon n,
oco6enno conpo1nannnncL rennk ocnoa1ene, nockonLky pcnpoc1pnenne nx nsmk
npepc1annno co6o nn6onLuyk noexy npnnn1nk pcenckoro pnnek1.
oneuno, ne1 nyxpm nopuepkna1L, u1o peuL npe1 1onLko o6 nnc1nnk1nano
oprnnuno n1ronnse expy cnkynn n a1pyckn, no ne o6 o1kpm1o apxpe,
1e 6onee u1o on ne nen nnkknx uncoa n ycnex. C D1pypnn neaonLno
nnpannn poxpkuncn n n ny1L nonn1nuecknx no1pncenn. C coro nepaoro
pnn nenLkn kononnn 6mn o6Lek1o nenpnkpm1o nenanc1n co c1oponm xn1ene
uny. eco1pn n 1o, u1o a1pycckn oprnnsunn n unannnsunn nx n1pnunea
npnaneknn a ropop neko1opme cn6o psan1me nneen, a uc1noc1n, n6nuea,
nc1nnnme xosnea c6nnnncko senn koco co1penn n n. nn cun1nn ero
ocnoa1ene nkpLn, ne nekunn popc1a n nnkkoro npa n noayk popnny,
ko1opyk onn npno6penn aopoac1ao n cnno. kn o6pso, n oc1ancn a
opnnouec1ae ane konqepepunn, rnanm ropopo ko1opo 6mn n1epny, n neao
6epery n6p, nop yrposo aosoxnmx nnpenn, ko1opme on ne or 6m o1psn1L 6es
noc1oponne nooun.
o a1o npnunne on nso acex cnn uennnncn s a1pycckyk konqepepunk, n korp
any1pn a1o nonn1nuecko cnc1em nunncL rpxpnckne pspopm, ny ne
npnunocL coxpnn1L ne1pnn1e1: on ac1n n c1opony caonx k1nanmx coksnnkoa.
D1pypnn nxopnncL n 1o nonn1nuecko c1pnn, korp unannns1opckne nneen
nunn perppnpyk1 a pesynL11e coksoa c nokopennm ncenenne, nocnepnee, a
caok ouepepL, nopnne1cn n c1ynenL amue. c1ynnenne kpnsnc yckopnno npn1ok
6onLuoro konnuec1a knpncknx aneen1oa, a 1o nnn nno c1enenn
annnnnsnpoannmx n cnoco6nmx ocnpna1L anc1L y amxopuea 1nppenncko pcm.
cnepc1ane a1oro a pcencknx ropopx aosnnkno nn6epnLnoe panxenne, ko1opoe
o6Lnanno aony pnc1okp1nueckn nnc1n1y1 c uenLk senm popoamx npnannern
po6nec1Lk n ppyrnn poc1onnc1an.
6munn uep1 nk6oro counnLnoro psnoxennn sknkue1cn a o1pnunnn
npeaocxopc1a no poxpennk. onLko n1ex npnnne1 psnnunme qopm a
sancnoc1n o1 ypoann unannnsunn 6yn1pe. Y rpekoa as6yn1oanncL 6or1me n
snnnn ec1o sn1n, y a1pyckoa nopnnnncL cme xp6pme n o1unnnme. ceno-
1nppennckne e1ncm, ceuauncL c nne6co, c y6pnun, c6nnnnn,
cnn1n, cnkynn, no1pe6oann pspen aepxoano anc1n. eaonkunonnme
pok1pnnm saoeann 6onLuee uncno c1oponnnkoa a ropopx uen1pnLno uc1n
c1pnm, rpe npeo6npno ppeanee nokopennoe ncenenne. nno1o 6yn1oaunkoa c1n
ropop onLcnnn, pkannn npeap1nncn a un1penL pnc1okp1oa, no1oy u1o
1nppennckn kpoaL oc1ancL 1 6onee opnopopno. C1pn pspennncL n pae
np1nn. nonne aepon1no, u1o a kxpo cenennn 6mnn nkpn, noppepxnakune n 1y n
ppyryk np1nn. k1nanoe yuc1ne a a1o panxennn npnnnn n.
e1pypno porp1Lcn, n uLk c1opony ac1n 6ypyun aennkn ropop. pk1ep ero
xn1ene kk nenLsn nyuue coo1ae1c1aoan nn6epnLnm asrnnp. D1pycckn cen1,
a ko1opo, anpoue, scepnn n c6nnnne, oksncn ne a coc1onnnn cknonn1L
o6uec1aennoe nenne n c1opony pnc1okp1oa pkannnn. 6nunosnm n n1exnm
pyx cnkynoa, kanpn1oa n n6nuea nponanncn a nonno epe. BonLunnc1ao
noppepxno peqop1opoa, n upL Cepan ynnn nonm1ncn ocyuec1an1L
peaonkunk, nop1onknya n k n1npnc1okp1nueckn pok1pnn. exn Cepann
ypoane1aopnn 1pe6oannn cc, npnsaa nop caon snen acex, k1o or nocn1L
opyxne. oneuno, sn1nm nkpn npnunocL koe-ue nopenn1Lcn, opnko ne a 1ko
epe, kk a1o 6mno npn 1nokp1nn n rpeueckn nep. Ckopee, peuL un o uense
nnopo6ne 1oro, u1o a cpepnne aek 6mn yc1noanen pnn 6ypxy. nocnepne cnyue
uenL coc1onn ne a 1o, u1o6m p1L rpxpn rpn1nk oryuec1a nnn annnnnn,
1onLko a o6ecneuennn nonn1nuecko opnn. 1o kce1cn nne6eea n, spu
6mn eue npoue: n6p1L aonnoa, ko1opme ornn cn ce6n aoopyxn1L n nkopn1L a
noxope.
kn oprnnsunn, nonLsykuncn aceo6ue cnn1ne, snnn ec1o pnpo c
1nppenncknn nnc1n1y1n, no cokpyun1L nx ne corn. Cnnuko cnnLn 6mn cansL
aoennmx n xpeuoa c skonop1ennn. 1oy xe a1o1 n1nck npoponxncn
nepoc11ouno ponro, u1o6 o1o6p1L anc1L y 6nropopnmx pc. osoxno, a1oro
ypnocL 6m po6n1Lcn nocpepc1ao rpy6oro ncnnnn. o, oueanpno, aprn ne xo1enn
ncnonLsoa1L 1koe cpepc1ao npo1na nkpe, ko1opm xpeuec1ao npnpno canuennm
xpk1ep. k1nanoe o6uec1ao 6onLue acero ne 1epnn1 6es6oxnoc1n n ponLue acero
ns6ere1 6oroxynLc1a.
Cepan ynnn n ero c1oponnnkn, ne nen poc11ounmx cnn pnn nonno no6epm np
a1pyccko sn1Lk, ypoane1aopnnncL 1e, u1o pnpo co c1pm aonnckn kopekco
yc1noannn noam, npepoc1ana ppyrn pcenckn ropop coc1on1enLno
npopanr1Lcn pnLue a a1o nnpanennn. D1n npexp ne cyxpeno 6mno c6m1Lcn.
ckope nn6epnLnn onnosnunn a D1pypnn, ps6n1n pnc1okp1nuecko np1ne,
amnyxpen 6mn cnpn1Lcn. onLcnnn 6mn asn1 u1ypo, opnn ns cmx anpnmx
aoxpe 6yn1oaunkoa, enn, 6exn a nonckx y6exnu pnn ce6n n cmx npepnnmx
caonx cop1nnkoa. D1n y6exnue or 6m1L 1onLko a1pycckn ropop, ko1opm nocne
onLcnnnn nponann 6onLue npepnnoc1n peny peaonkunn n 6mn pcnonoxen a rnyun,
n ppyro 6epery n6p, o1kyp 6mno nerue nponoaepoa1L n ocyuec1ann1L pok1pnnm.
1k, a ne ykpmnncL Mc1pn n ero nkpn, n ropop, npnk1na nsrnnnnkoa,
pcunpnn caon rpnnum n npeap1nncn a ykpennennm nrepL, o1kpm1m pnn acex,
k1o nckn ce6e popnny n o1pnun acnkyk nunonnLnyk npnnpnexnoc1L.
o nonanenne Mc1pnm a ne enLue c1enenn, ue peqop Cepann ynnnn
[ack ncxx an, yynan H sycck ac,
armaa c aH ran H, v yHn cnnuaan ac, v
mn aax ckHy rcncay.], amsano nepoaonLc1ao
no6epnaue pekunn. ykyonm ne xo1enn, u1o6m ropop, npnsannm o1kpm1L n
ny1L a kro-snpnyk 1nnk, c1n kpenoc1Lk nx any1pennnx aproa. 3n1L
pkannnn peunn spyun1L n1exnm pyx a ero nocnepne npn6exnue. nn 6mnn
kopnqenn np1nn, ko1opn ocnoan unannnsunk n cospn nunonnLnyk cnay, n
onn oc1anncL cmn unc1mn npepc1an1ennn n cmn pLnnmn no6opnnkn
caoero a1noc. Bnroppn noc1onnnm cansn c peune n Mno sne onn
npeasounn oc1nLnmx a1pyckoa 6or1c1ao n kynL1ypo. npepc1onno saepun1L
npnnpenne n ynnu1oxn1L peno ypann1ene kononnn s n6po. a1o ypnocL.
Cnc1e Cepann ynnnn 6mn caeprny1, c1pm pexn aocc1noanen. C6nnnnckn
np1nn a cen1e n ceunnoe ncenenne, coc1annauee nne6c, aepnynncL a
nccnanoe coc1onnne, a ko1opo ero acerp xo1enn anpe1L a1pyckn [a mn
an, a r ax, aavm ynnH, ram. n caa
kaancu cnaamH, kak nx.], n 1pkannnum npoaosrncnnn ce6n
aepxoanmn p6n1pn n aepun1ennn aocc1noanennoro npanennn. k npnuen
koneu nocnepney onno1y nn6epnns [an, kan amna na a
aka, mna caH cnu a sycckH H. a xana a ykax
cny, H, c, , a, yckynyH, yH, a a r
nnuaanacu nxk yHa, snnck kn, kan
yanucan cHna a ycnn, nnHaHm nn cxan
cHaa ana a nnyca.].
Mm no sne o nocnepykue 6opL6e a1o np1nn n oc1nLno pcencko
1eppn1opnn. pnko oueanpno, u1o on nopnnn ronoay nocne nepnop ynpk.
D1nnueckne npnunnm, ko1opme o6ycnoannn nonanenne a1o np1nn, c1noannncL ace
6onee onpepennkunn no epe 1oro, kk nokopennme pcm saoeamann noame
nosnunn n noc1enenno nopannnn 1nppennckyk kpoaL. e ne enee, nockonLky
pcenckn pc ne nrpn 6onLuo ponn a nunonnLno coc1ae, no1pe6oanocL 6m
noro apeenn pnn 1oro, u1o6m ocyuec1anncn arnn1pns, pxe npn nnnunn
nokopennmx nneen y6pnuea, cnn1oa n ppyrnx. kn o6pso, a ppeannx
ropopx pnc1okp1nueckoe conpo1nanenne neno ace uncm npoponx1Lcn
neonpepenennoe apen [ak mn a caHH n, ax a aHn am
c aanH anacu a numca sycckx ra caaanacu a ykax
a. nuc, nHyca Hkavck r, cyHn
cxau an naan a ykax nnca, avan c kaHna
a annu a yvck am.].
o a ne m anpn o6p1noe. poe 1oro, u1o a1pycckn sn1L, ypoxenum ropop,
pxe npn noppepxke 1pkannnuea coc1annn enLunnc1ao, npo1na nnx 6mno
ncenenne, ko1opoe c1onno 6eckoneuno amue pcenckoro nne6c. eaonkunonnme
npen npoponxnn no6epnoe uec1ane, onnpncL n npen nesancnoc1n, n n uen k
nens6exnoy caepxennk nr. cnn 6m onynonnn, ns nnn nk6o ppyro a1pycckn
ropop, rny6oko nponn1nnme ne 1onLko 1nppenncko, no n pcencko kpoaLk,
opepxnn no6epy np pnc1okp1nuecknn npnnunnn, 1orp nk6o ns a1nx
no6epnaunx ropopoa orpnnunncn 6m nsenenne any1pennero nonn1nueckoro
yc1poc1a, a oc1nLno coxpnnn 6m aepnoc1L caoe pce, o6ue popnne n
a1pycckoy npy.
1o kce1cn n, y nero ne 6mno nnkknx ocnoann oc1nanna1Lcn n a1o.
o6Ln1nn nn6epnLno np1nn ero 1onknn 1e xe npnunnm, ko1opme sc1annn xn1ene
ocyuec1ann1L nn6epnLnme npen n cpen1Lcn onno1o peaonkunn; a1n npnunnm a
cnny caoe aecooc1n aenn ero pneko s npepenm npoc1o nonn1nuecko peqopm.
cnn on ne npnsnn anc1L npcoa n nykyonoa, 1o npexpe acero no1oy, u1o 1e, nen
6onLue npa cun11L ce6n ero ocnoa1ennn, aocnn11ennn, xosnean,
6nrope1ennn [ a Hxy HynH canaH ayHa Hckr
an km nxaana sycckan aHn n kHaaaH nykyHa
nn.], ne nenn npa cun11Lcn pncknn corpxpnn. C cmx nepamx
pne on anpen 6onLuyk nonLsy n pxe neo6xopnoc1L a nx noppepxke, opnko kpoaL
pnnnn ne ceuncL c nx kpoaLk, nx npen ne c1nn poc1onnne n, nx nn1epecm
ne 6mnn ero nn1epecn. cyunoc1n on 6mn c6nnnnckn nnn cnkynnckn, on 6mn
annnnnsnpoannm, kpoe 1oro, on 6mn reorpqnueckn o1penen o1 D1pypnn, 1. e.
uyxn pnn nee, noa1oy pekunn 1nppennuea nen specL 6onee kp1koapeennm
ycnex, ue a oc1nLnmx no-nc1onuey a1pyccknx ropopx, noa1oy nocne caepxennn
1nppenncko pnc1okp1nn cnepoano oxnp1L, u1o a ne nuny1cn 1kne co6m1nn,
kknx ne npepnonrnn nn6epnm D1pypnn. Ckopo m yanpn, kk ancnnnpoannm
ropop aepnyncn k nn6epnLnm 1eopnn, k nc1ok caoe nesancnoc1n, n
pnc1okp1nn aocc1noann a nonno o6Lee caon npa n npnannernn. npoue,
peaonkunn nonnm 1knn neoxnpnnmn co6m1nnn.
kn o6pso, n nocne anpmuec1a 1pkannnuea cyen nopnn1Lcn c konen
[, anamvca a ncn numy nnuy Hy.
x can kam, cn an vmxyrnumx kaHmx
nka Ha. acmn yknn ra
aan ca yHnmx Haca acx ra 3y. ncaan H
a rnaa nanck ka, kan acnanacu ncn naxn
ackavck na.]. nnnne nsrnnn nx aec1e c cen1o, ko1opm 6mn c
nnn sopno. C 1ex nop 1nppennckn aneen1 nun noc1enenno ncues1L ns caoe
kononnn, n o1 nero oc1nocL nnuL opnLnoe annnnne. n nepec1n 6m1L opypne
a1pyccko nonn1nkn, c1penuecn ynnu1oxn1L nesancnoc1L oc1nLnmx n1nncknx
npopoa. c1ynnn nepnop, korp ropopy npepc1onno xn1L coc1on1enLno. 1nmne
ero o1nouennn c ocnoa1ennn 6ypy1 cnyxn1L ero aennunk n cnae, o ko1opmx a 1y
anoxy nnk1o n ne nopospean.
VI. anck H
yxe o1eun, u1o ecnn 6m a1pycckn pnc1okp1nn coxpnnn caoe annnnne n
nonyoc1poae, ace pano nponsouno 6m 1o, u1o nponsouno: n nek a anpy nckyk
nnepnk. pkannn, a konue konuoa, nnunn 6m nesancnoc1n oc1nLnme ropop
qepepunn, nockonLky nnc1pyen1m ero panennn n cocepnne c1pnm, 1kxe n
cnnnk, nnnk, peunk, npopm snn n ceaepno qpnkn, 6mnn 6m 1en xe, u1o
nosxe ncnonLsoan n, koneunm pesynL11 oksncn 6m 1kn xe. onLko unannn-
sunn cqopnpoancL 6m pnLue.
e npo s6ma1L o 1o, u1o nepam cnepc1ane nsrnnnn 1nppennuea 6mno
snun1enLnoe cnnxenne counnLnoro ypoann a ne6nroppno ropope [ aHn
anan Ha ravaancu kynH. c canu mn nn.
a ann a a 30 nnH, a 271 r. caan ra x
caaancu n 20.].
oco1pn, k1o snnncn nykn, nonn1nko, kpncnpypenune, aoennm peno,
pennrne, npepcksnnnn? onLko a1pyckn 6nropopnoro nponcxoxpennn n 6onLue
nnk1o. nn pykoaopnnn c1pon1enLc1ao a nnep1opcko ne, n norne coopyxennn
c1on1 po cnx nop n nnoro npeaocxopn1 ace, u1o ec1L a c1onnux oc1nLnmx
n1nncknx npopoa. nn aosaopnnn xpm, amsmaaune aocxnuenne
coapeennnkoa, onn aaenn pn1ynm noknonennn 6or. Bes nnx a pecny6nnkncko
ne ne 6mno 6m nn pooa, nn skonoa, nn xpoa. 1o kce1cn noacepneano n
counnLno xnsnn, nx aknp oc1ncn nc1onLko 6ecuennm, u1o pxe npn
nnep1opx, korp yxe pano ne 6mno D1pypnn, korp pnnnne, nponn1nnme
rpeuecknn npenn, s6mnn a1pycckn nsmk, ero ace eue yno1pe6nnnn xpeum.
srnnne ocnoa1ene rocyppc1a nnunno ero axneunx aneen1oa o6uec1aenno
xnsnn, n nocne nnkoannn no noaopy npno6pe1enno cao6opm ncenennk npnunocL
npnamk1L k nnue1e n aocxann1L ee ao nn po6pope1enn. ec1o 6or1mx opexp,
ko1opme nocnnn sn1nme nkpn nnep1opckoro n, n1pnunn n
pecny6nnknckoro saopunanncL a rpy6me 1knn. ec1o kpcnao e1nnnuecko
nocypm n pockouno epm onn poaonLc1aoanncL ckypnm nponn1nne n ckponm
c1onoam y6pnc1ao.
ec1o aennkonennmx spnn ncenenne, aknkun koncynoa n cen1opoa, o6n1no a
y6ornx xnnnux aec1e co cannLnn n kypn [ca, num acr Hck
xn raan a akan nknnr a , v cnnuaan
vu nn cnucaa aa, xaHa nka, H caHmH, ykaman
r.]. pnn cnoao, u1o6m nonn1L, nckonLko pecny6nnknckn n yc1ynn
caoey npepuec1aennnky, poc11ouno acnonn1L, u1o, korp nocne a1opxennn rnnoa
nnn snoao o1c1pnan coxxennm ropop, nkpn yxe ne pynn o ero aennunn n
ncnex, koe-kk c1ponnn noame po, ne o6pun annnnn n c1ounme knam,
noc1poennme ocnoa1ennn. nn pxe s6mnn, u1o cyuec1aoano 1koe nonn1ne, kk
cloaca maxima, n u1o nx ropop ocnoan a1pycckn sn1L. kn o6pso,
6nroppn noam npa, ko1opme amsmann aceo6uee aocxnuenne coapeennnkoa,
pnnnne 1o anoxn c1onnn nnoro nnxe caonx o1uoa.
1k, unannnsunn oc1ncL a npouno aec1e c xn1ennn pkannnn. o, oxe1
6m1L, y pnnnn oc1ancL 1 cao6op, ceen ko1opo 6mnn 6pouenm a cnc1ey
Cepann ynnnn cpepnnn knccn D1pypnn? Yam, n o1 nee nnuero ne oc1nocL.
ocne nsrnnnn 1nppennuea ncenenne a ocnoano coc1onno ns c6nnnn, nkpe
rpy6mx, nenpnaepepnnamx, aonnc1aennmx, cknonnmx k 1epnnLnoy, cnoco6nmx
oks1L poc1onoe conpo1nanenne rpeccop n cnno nans1L ppyrn caon
npnnunnm, n onn ne 6mnn pcnonoxenm k 1oy, u1o6m qsy yc1ynn1L caoe
npeaocxopc1ao 6onee pyxoanm, no 6onee cn6m cnkyn, pcen, no1ok conp1
Mc1pnm, kopoue, noxec1ay pc, npepc1anennmx n ynnux n. s6anauncL o1
a1pycckoro aneen1 nunn, nn6epnm pcnonrnn c6nnnnckn aneen1o, ko1opm
n npn6pn k pyk ack anc1L.
k y acex 6enmx npopoa, y c6nnnn 6mn ouenL psan1 kynL1 ceLn, n, neco1pn n
6epnme opexpm, ckypnyk nnuy n neaexec1ao, nx sn1L o6npn ne enee pnc1ok-
p1nuecknn npnnunnn, ue cme roppme nykyonm. nepnum, q6nnnne,
knapnum - ace amxopum ns c6nnnncko pcm - ne c1ppnn o1 1oro, u1o n ppyrne
penn1 c nnn anc1L. npoue, onn, cnepyn npnepy caeprny1mx rocnop,
ckonuen1pnpoann a caonx pykx ace counnLnme npnannernn. Mexpy 1e y nnx ne
6mno 1koro nonnoro npeaocxopc1a, ko1opoe nenn 1nppennum, cen1nsnpoannme
nencrn, a o1nouennn pcenoa, noa1oy nne6en ne npnsnann skonnoc1L nx anc1n
n noc1onnno ampxnn nepoaonLc1ao. pypnoc1n a1n ne orpnnunanncL: neco1pn
n nponcxoxpenne n oryuec1ao, onn cn xpnnnn a nn1n aennkonenne upcko
anc1n, onn a1ne xxpnn ee n 6onnncL, u1o nx onepepn1 conepnnkn. o1 a kko
coc1onnnn pecny6nnk nunnn caoe cyuec1aoanne: ouenL nnskn ypoaenL
unannnsunn, 6nunn pnc1okp1nn, yrne1em n nepoaonLnm npop, copypc1ao
n1pnunea, oueanpnoe 6poxenne a ccx, noc1onnnme o6annennn a ppec acero, u1o
6nroppn 1nn1y nnn yceppnk aosamunocL np o6un ypoane,
nenpekpukunecn nonm1kn c6pocn1L 1ex, k1o naepxy, n snn1L nx ec1o.
D1o 6mno xnkoe nonoxenne. nckoe o6uec1ao, oksauncL a 1ko coc1onnnn,
npoponxno cyuec1aoa1L nnuL s cue1 noc1onnnoro nnpnxennn acero ncenennn.
1ckp 6esrpnnunm pecno1ns, ne upnaun nnkoro, n 1o1 nppokcnLnm qk1,
u1o a rocyppc1ae, a ko1opo ocnoaononrkun npnnunno 6mno o1cy1c1ane anc1n
opnoro uenoaek, ko1opoe npoaosrnuno peanoc1nyk npnaepxennoc1L k skonnoc1n,
ocnoanno n o6ue aone, n o6Lnannno acex n1pnunea panmn, 6eckon1ponLno n
epnnonnuno upnn pnk11op, uLn coynpann anc1L, neco1pn n 1k nsmaem
apeennm xpk1ep, ocyuec1annncL c 1ko xec1okoc1Lk, kkn 6mn nensaec1n
nk6oy onpxnueckoy pexny.
e ne enee, cpepn 1koro psryn ypnan1enLno n6nkp1L, u1o n 1o anoxn 6mn
nnuen nepoc11koa, ko1opme m anpn y rpekoa. cnn a ne c1pc1L k anc1n kpyxn1
ace ronoam, 1o y acex - n1pnunea n nne6eea - on ampxe1cn a c1penennn
sanpe1L skono pnn 1oro, u1o6m nsenn1L ero a caok nonLsy, no ne1 1oro o11nkn-
akuero spennu, ko1opoe m noc1onnno anpn n qnncknx nnoupnx, rpe nkpn,
kk cycuepune, npepk1cn npxnueckoy psryny. nnnne 6mnn nkpn uec1nme,
onn uc1o nenpannLno nonnnn po6po n coaepunn rnynoc1n, no, no kpne epe,
onn npn a1o aepnnn, u1o noc1ynk1 xopouo. nn o1nnunncL 6eckopmc1ne n
aepnoc1Lk. cco1pn a1o1 aonpoc noppo6nee.
1pnunn cun1k1 caon npao no poxpennk aepun1L anc1L a rocyppc1ae. nn a
a1o ne npam. D1pyckn ornn npe1enpoa1L n a1o - no 1onLko ne c6nnnne, no1oy
u1o onn ne o6npnn nanm a1nnueckn npeaocxopc1ao np oc1nLnmn n1nno1n,
okpyxaunn nx n c1aunn nx coo1euec1aennnkn. pecny6nnkncko ne ne
6mno payx nepanmx pc - npoc1o cyuec1aoan opn rpynn, 6onee
norouncnennn, ue oc1nLnme. kn neppxnn 6mn neponroaeuno. nopxenne
pnckoro n1pnun1 ne 6mno amsano ncnnLc1aenno peaonkune, a1o 6mno sno-
nonyunoe n neoxnpnnoe co6m1ne, kkoe o6muno cnyue1cn co acnko pnc1okp1ne.
BopL6 rpeuecknx np1n noc1onnno aencL aokpyr kpnnx pok1pnn. Bor1me xn1enn
qnn c1pennncL 1onLko k 6espspenLno anc1n n ace ee npnannernn; qnnckn
npop xo1en 1onLko opnoro: onyc1oun1L ksny o1 nenn peokp1nn. 1o kce1cn
nkpe ne1pnLnmx, onn nxopnnncL a nneny aoo6pxemx pok1pnn n xo1enn pe-
nnsoa1L nx, u1o6m ncnpan1L penLnoe nonoxenne pen. ce np1nn, ace xn1enn
xennn nnuL c1epe1L ace po ocnoannn, 1ppnunn n nc1opnn ne nek1 nnkko
cnnm a c1pne, rpe o1cy1c1aye1 nonn1ne yaxennn k uey 6m 1o nn 6mno. Ypnann1Lcn
a1oy ne npnxopn1cn. pn 1ko a1nnuecko 6ecnopnpke, ko1opm coc1annn ocnoay
qnnckoro o6uec1a, npn nonno pc1aopennn pcm, ko1opn o6Lepnnnn a ce6e
cme psnme aneen1m, no 1k n ne cyen cnn1L nx aoepnno, npn aepxoaenc1ae
pyxoanoro, no 6esypepxnoro a qn1snnx cen1ckoro aneen1, nnoro ncxop 6m1L ne
orno. p ace a1o npxne nonn1n amcnncn 6conk1ns anc1n, aonnouennm a
cnoae popnn.
a ne cn1yunn 6mn coaepuenno ppyro, n nonn1nk npo1nao6opc1aykunx np1n
ocyuec1annncL nnue. cm a ocnoano o1nnunncL npr1nso, uyxpm rpe-
ueckoy aoo6pxennk; pnnnne, pxe a nmny c1pc1e no noaopy 1oro, u1o cun11L
6nro pnn rocyppc1a, ncnm1mann opnnkoam c1px nepep npxne. enno a1o
uyac1ao uc1o npnaopnno nx k pnk11ype kk nocnepney cpepc1ay, xo1n npo
npnsn1L, u1o onn 6mnn nnoro 6onee nckpennn, ue rpekn, a caoe npo1ec1e npo1na
1npnnn. Bypyun 6eno-xen1mn e1ncn, onn o6npnn akyco k cao6ope, n,
neco1pn n nou1n noc1onnnme xep1am, npnnocnme a a1o o1nouennn ao nn o6ue-
c1aennoro cncennn, y nnx oxno n1n neu1L apoxpenno nesancnoc1n a 1o,
kkoe snuenne a nx cnncke nonn1nuecknx po6pope1ene neno uyac1ao, ko1opoe onn
nsmann nk6oaL k popnne.
D1 c1pc1L, npncyun ace annnnckn npop, ne npnaopnn k ampxennoy
pecno1nsy. e nonnoounn, ko1opmn o6npn popnn, npnpann pnckoy
kynL1y a1oro 6oxec1a neko1opyk yepennoc1L. oneuno, popnn upc1aoan, no
ne npann, n a o1nnune o1 rpekoa nnk1o ne co6npncn onpapma1L ee knpnsm n
6esynme npen qpso nnopo6ne: k nyxno pnn popnnm. [nn rpekoa skon,
noc1onnno nepekpnaem n acerp o1 nenn amcue anc1n, ne nen nn
a1opn1e1, nn cnnm. npo1na, a ne skon no cy1n nnkorp ne o1ennncn: on
acerp oc1ancn a cnne, c nn c1nknanncL noackpy, 1onLko on ynpannn ace
xnsnLk o6uec1a, popnn 6mn 6c1pk1nm, xo1n n noun1em nonn1ne n ne
nen npa ksnn1L kkoro-nn6ypL ouepepnoro 6yn1oaunk.
1o6m nonn1L aceoryuec1ao skon a pncko o6uec1ae, poc11ouno acnonn1L,
kko cnno nonLsoanncL npepcksnnn anno1L po konu cyuec1aoannn pecny6nn-
kn. n1n o 1o, u1o ao apeen Unuepon poc11ouno 6mno o6Lnan1L npepcksnne
nnoxo noropm, u1o6m o1enn1L 1e1pnLnoe npepc1anenne nnn scepnne cen1,
xo1n nonn1nkn cennncL ne 1onLko np npepcksnnnn, no n np cnn 6orn, m
anpn neonpoaepxnm qk1 rny6okoro yaxennn k skony. sc1mnoc1n pncknx
npe xopouo nnue1 rocnopnn Dku1en, npap, nen a anpy pennrnk: Mm xnae a
cuc1nnao neaepennn kc1enLno nocnepc1an nunx pen n mcne, expy 1e kk
ppeanne npopm poaopnnn ouyuenne nocnepc1an po 6cypp... onLko rpekn ornn
po neko1opo c1enenn c1pnxny1L c ce6n a1y 1npnnk pxe a cme pennrnosnme cao
apeen, no pnnnne oc1anncL 6conk1nmn p6n caonx pn1ynoa n caoero
canuennoro Oopy.
kn o6pso, pnnnne c1nn nepam npopo n 3npe, ko1opm o6p1nn n peno
caoe c16nnLnoc1n n opnoapeenno cao6opm oprnnunme nnn amsannme ns-
enenne npaoa nopokn skonop1enLc1a. nn npnunn k amaopy, u1o a
nonn1nuecko oprnnsunn cyuec1ayk1 pa neo6xopnmx aneen1 - penLnn
pen1enLnoc1L n cnek1knL, - u1o xopouo ycaonnn nrnnune. nn konencnpoann
nepoc11kn caoe cnc1em 1epnenne n yenne nxopn1L nekpc1ao o1 nonn1nuecknx
n skonop1enLnmx nopokoa, oc1annn nesm6nem npnnunn 6esrpnnunoro
noknonennn nepep caon nnpnyo, u1o canpe1enLc1aye1 o sppaomcnnn.
snnunn expy rpeueckn n pnckn nonn1nnn cao6opm nyuue acero oxno
ampsn1L cnepykun o6pso: pnnnne 6mnn nkpLn nosn1nanmn n npk1nunmn,
rpekn - xypoxnnkn no caoe npnpope; pnnnne amunn ns yxcko pcm, rpekn
qennnsnpoanncL. o1 nouey pnnnne yksnn caon ncnepnnk ny1L k
cospnnk npoao nnepnn n pnn n ace cpepc1a pnn 1oro, u1o6m saepun1L
rpnpnosnme saoeannn, rpekn npocnannncL a nonn1nke 1onLko 1e, u1o poaenn
psnoxenne anc1n po coc1onnnn apapc1a, n c1pn oksncL nop nro
uyxec1pnuea.
epnecn k a1nnueckoy coc1onnnk pnckoro npop nocne nsrnnnn a1pyckoa n
pcco1pn pnLneuyk cn1yunk.
k m yxe sne, c6nnnne coc1annnn cyk norouncnennyk n annn1enLnyk uc1L
a1o cnyuno cqopnpoaauecn nunn. s nnx amun pnc1okp1nn, onn aenn
nepame ycneunme aonm, a ko1opmx - npo o1p1L n ponxnoe - onn ce6n ne
upnnn, 6ypyun npepc1an1ennn knpncko ae1an, onn 6mnn xp6pmn no npnpope
n nerko nepenocnnn 1nro1m p1no xnsnn. nn cospnn pecny6nnky, ko1opn
amsman nenanc1L, nnn, no kpne epe, nepo6poxen1enLnoc1L cocepe.
nnnne, amxopum ns n1nncko n c6nnnncko pcm, 1kxe 6mnn o6Lek1o
rny6oko apxpm n1nnnncknx nneen, ko1opme cun1nn a1y 1onny aonnoa o16pocn
acex npopoa nonyoc1poa, nkpLn 6es uec1n n coaec1n, 6npn1n,
scnyxnakunn ynnu1oxennn, n nx eue 6onLue npesnpnn no1oy, u1o onn 6mnn
6nnsknn copopnun. kn o6pso, ace 6mnn npo1na n.
anoxy upe a1pycckn konqepepunn noc1onnno sunun caok kononnk, no
nocne nsrnnnn 1pkannnuea, ko1opme, kc11n, opnxpm amc1ynnnn npo1na pnnnn
kk pener1oa D1pypnn, cn1yunn kpy1o nsennncL. Y n 6onLue ne 6mno
coksnnkoa n o6onx 6eperx n6p, n, neco1pn n xp6poc1L xn1ene, on no1epnen
6m nopxenne, ecnn 6m ne cuc1nnam cnyu. 1k, m nopounn k opnoy ns 1ex
aennknx nepnopoa a nc1opnn uenoaeuec1a, ko1opme, no nennk 1knx pennrnosnmx
mcnn1ene, kk Boccka, nannk1cn uypecnm pesynL11o ponrnx n 1nnc1aennmx
ko6nnun poanpennn.
s-s nLn nonannncL rnnm, neoxnpnno sxa1nnn ceaep 1nnn, nokopnnn c1pny
y6pnuea n nunn aony c a1pyckn. cn6eaun pcenckn konqepepunn c
1pypo o1pxn n1nck norouncnennmx aproa, n n aocnonLsoancn a1n
o6c1on1enLc1ao, u1o6m pso6p1Lcn co caonn npo1nannkn n neao 6epery. D1o
ey ypnocL a nonno epe. 31e, korp c a1o c1oponm cnn opyxnn o6ecneunn
ey ne 1onLko noko, no n anpmuec1ao, on o6p1nn a caok nonLsy 1nxenyk
cn1yunk, a ko1opo oksnncL ero npexnne anc1n1enn a pesynL11e a1opxennn
rnnoa, n opepxn np nnn y6epn1enLnyk no6epy, ko1opn a nnmx o6c1on1enLc1ax
apnp nn 6mn 6m aosoxno.
ok a1pyckn, 1ecnnme rnnLcknn rpeccopn, a nnnke 6exnn po co
nnLn, pnckn pnn, o1nnuno aoopyxennn n npekpcno oprnnsoannn,
nepeun peky n sxa1nn ace, u1o oxno 6mno. nnnne, k cuc1Lk, ne c1nn
coksnnkn rnnoa, no1oy u1o n neuero 6mno c nnn penn1L, n acn po6mu
poc1ncL n. o onn kooppnnnpoann caon pec1ann c rnnn n nnocnnn yppm
opnoapeenno c nnn. 1ko cn1yunn pnn n 6mn eue opn amrop.
nppennum-pcenm, ocxpennme co acex c1opon, sununn caok nesancnoc1L po
konu. o korp ncuesn nocnepnnn npexp, n npnunocL peu1L, kkoy no6epn1e-
nk nyuue cp1Lcn. nnm, kk nsaec1no, ne 6mnn apapn. ocne 1oro, kk a nmny
nepamx no6ep onn psrp6nnn norne y6pnckne ropop, onn, a caok ouepepL,
noc1ponnn ppyrne, nnpnep enonL n Mn1yk. nn npnnnnn nsmk nokopennoro
ncenennn n, aosoxno, nx o6ps xnsnn. pnko a ueno onn 6mnn uyxnn n a1o
sene n o1nnunncL nunoc1Lk, rpy6oc1Lk n xec1okoc1Lk. oneuno, a1pyckn
npepnounn nro npop, ko1opm 6mn o6nsn n caon nonanenne. D1pycckne ropop
o1kpmnn aopo1 nepep koncynn n o6Lnannn ce6n noppnnmn nnorp n coks-
nnkn pnnnn [cn ax aacH 3y nmncn a n
kcyna Man 4nnna, km nmn k anac a H a 471 r. ak
an nxanacu ynnm. cn vr s ka aan cay
cHckH knnH. kaaa amn r n, a an ym can
kH sycck acm.]. D1o 6mn pnn nnx nyuun amxop. Cen1 noksn ce6n
psynm n pcue1nnam n ponroe apen upnn roppoc1L nokopennmx npopoa.
k 1onLko D1pypnn oksncL npncoepnnenno k pecny6nnke n 1 xe yuc1L noc1nrn
cmx 6nnsknx cocepe n, coe 1pypnoe pnn n oksnocL nospn, korp
rnnm 6mnn o16pouenm o1 c1en nn1onnn, nokopenne acero nonyoc1poa c1no nnuL
peno apeenn, ko1opoe npepc1onno saepun1L ncnepnnk nnn.
Mexpy npoun, ecnn 6m 1orp n 3npe xnn aneprnunm n cnnLnm npop,
amuepun ns pncko pcm, cypL6m np cnoxnnncL 6m nnue: pnckoy opny
6mc1po 6m noppesnn kpmnLn. o n kp1e aponm 6mnn 1onLko 1pn npop,
cnoco6nmx npo1naoc1on1L pecny6nnke.
enL1m. nn nokopnnn ceunnmx knpnuea Y6pnn n pcenoa cpepne 1nnn n n
a1o oc1noannncL.
enL1m 6mnn pspenenm n noxec1ao nneen, ko1opme 6mnn cnnuko
nouncnennm, u1o6m npepnpnnn1L kpynnme noxopm. ononnsunn Benoaese n
Cnroaese 6mn nocnepne anno1L po enLaeunn npn Uespe.
pekn. nn yxe ne cyuec1aoann kk pnckn npop, n ounme pnn npp ne
ornn 6m nnec1n 1koe nopxenne knpnu, kk a1o cpennn pnnnne. oa1oy
onn nnuero ne ornn npepnpnnn1L npo1na n1nnuea.
pqrennne. D1o1 cen1ckn npop, copepxun a ce6e uepnm aneen1, nnkk ne
or 6opo1Lcn c knpnun.
kn o6pso, pnnnn 6mno spnee o6ecneueno npenyuec1ao. nn ornn
no1epne1L nopxenne 1onLko a 1o cnyue, ecnn 6m xnnn n oc1oke pnpo c 1orpu-
ne 6pxncko unannnsune, nnn ecnn 6m n npo1naoc1onnn repnum, ko1opme
nonannncL 1onLko a V a.
ok n urn nac1peuy caoe aennko cnae, onnpncL n cnny caonx skonoa,
any1pn nero nponcxopnnn cepLesnme kpnsncm, npap, ne s1prnakune ero ocnoay
a nnue skonoa. k6me 6yn1m nnuL anponsennnn co spnne, no ne pspyunn ero,
n1pnun1, nenanpnm nne6co, nocne ncuesnoaennn a1pyckoa npocyuec1aoan
ponro, aknkun anoxy nnep1opoa, a 1ko xe coc1onnnn: npesnpem,
ocn6nennm nenpepmanmn yppn, no ne ynnu1oxennm, 1. k. a1oro ne nosaonnn
skon [ny anHu, v naa nnxan xu, yx
nar canck acm, k caaancu nuk cnm. x
ncn amcnn nnck cHcaa, c s mn aH
n .].
ny6nnnme npnunnm a1nx konqnnk1oa sknkunncL a a1nnuecknx nsenennnx,
amsmaemx npn1oko ropopckoro ncenennn, 6opL6 cnruncL s cue1 popc1a
npn6maaunx aneen1oa. nmn cnoan, nsenennn nponcxopnnn, no1oy u1o
ennncL pc, no c cy1L ne ennncL, nockonLky peuL un 1onLko o pcoamx
nkncx, ne amxopnunx s npepenm opnoro kpyr. D1o ne snun1, u1o a rocyppc1ae
ne ouyunncL noc1onnnme kone6nnn. 1pnunn o1pann ce6e o1ue1 a 1o,
nckonLko noppmak1 nx anc1L npn1okn uyxec1pnuea, n acen cnnn
npo1naopec1aoann a1oy, expy 1e kk npop, nnpo1na, nonnn caok amropy a
1o, u1o6m pepx1L paepn o1kpm1mn pnn noamx xn1ene, ko1opme yaennunann ero
uncnennoc1L n cnny. D1o 6mn 1o1 npnnunn, ko1opm korp-1o ykpennnn poxpkuncn
ropop n ko1opm sknkuncn a 1o, u1o6m npnsma1L n cao npspnnk 6popnr co
acero nsaec1noro a 1y nopy np. nockonLky a 1e apeen 6mn 6onen aecL np,
counnLnmx nepyroa ne ns6exn n n [aum nuk Hck raxa Hrn
acynau a nrm, a a aHn yvck am nHan
aau nmamx xn.].
kn neyepennn xxp 1eppn1opnnLnoro pcunpennn 6mn 6m nppokcnLno
pnn rpeuecknx ropopoa, no1oy u1o 1e cm nnocnncn 6m cnnLnm ypp no pok1-
pnne ncknkun1enLnoc1n popnnm. onnm, acerp ro1oame apyun1L anc1L a ropope
nk6oy ac1peunoy, ne o1nnuk1cn peannam n1pno1nso. c1opnkn
nnep1opcko anoxn, c roppoc1Lk onncmakune n1nunoc1L n ee npam, 6conk1no
npam. nn aocneak1 pnckoro n1pnunn, no ne uenoaek ns npop, 1. e. nne6en, n
peuL npe1 o n1pnunncko paenc1ae, corncno ko1opoy ec1L 1onLko nnsune, no ne1
rocnop. orp onn nk6oano onncmak1 nou1ennoro rpxpnnn, ko1opm ack caok
xnsnL o1pn cnyxennk opnne, ko1opm nocn1 n 1ene upm, cnepm nornx 6n1a c
aprn pnckoro aennunn, ko1opm xep1aoan ne 1onLko caoe xnsnLk, no n
6nrononyune caoe ceLn, nnorp pxe co6c1aenno pyko y6nan caonx pe1e s
nenocnyunne cypoam skon rocyppc1a; korp onn nso6pxk1 1koro uenoaek
ppeannx apeen - ope1oro a opexpy aonn-no6epn1enn, koncyn, c6opunk nnoroa,
ncnepc1aennoro cen1op, ne rnyukuerocn npnro1oan1L ce6e yxnn, c1onL
nonesnoro pnn pecny6nnkn, ckpynynesno nopcun1makuero caon npn6mnn,
npesnpkuero nckycc1a n nn1ep1ypy n 1ex, k1o nn snne1cn, 1kxe rpekoa,
ko1opme o1 nnx 6es y, m sne, u1o nepep nn nop1pe1 npenLnoro nou1ennoro
rpxpnnn - acerp n1pnunn, acerp c6nnnnnn. npo1na, uenoaek ns npop -
aneprnunm, xn1pm, ynm, cenm; u1o6m c6pocn1L caonx rocnop, on c1pe1cn
nnun1L nx onononnn n skon, ncnonLsyn pnn a1oro ne ncnnne, koapc1ao n
aopoac1ao. nckn nne6e - a1o uenoaek, ko1opm 6onLue nk6n1 penLrn, ue cnay,
enLue cao6opy, ue ee aosoxnoc1n [ra vu anckH H,
a amaau narHavc r acnn. 3akm nxkax,
cavca, an mv nkmx ca a caa r
Hmmnn r kcy nva nnvckx an.]; a1o
nnc1pyen1 aennknx saoeann n pcnpoc1pnennn pnckoro skon n uyxne
senn; opnn cnoao, npk1nueckn nonn1nk 6ype1 nosxe nonn1Lcn kk
ypoane1aopenne nnep1opckoro pexn. Y nc1opnkoa nnkorp ne 6mno nepenn
aocxann1L nne6en, aronc1nunoro a caoe nk6an k rynnoc1n n nocpepc1aennoro a
caonx c1penennnx.
[o 1ex nop, nok n1nnckn, nnn pxe rnnLckn, nnn rpeueckn kpoaL cnyxnn
ypoane1aopennk no1pe6noc1e nne6eea, a 6onLuo konnuec1ae noc1ynn a n n
cocepnne ropop, pecny6nnknckn n pnc1okp1nueckn konc1n1yunn ne y1p1nn
caonx rnanmx kuec1a. ne6e c6nnnnckoro nnn cnn1ckoro nponcxoxpennn xo1en
noamcn1L caok snunoc1L 6es nonnoro yc1pnennn n1pnun1, uLn a1nnueckne npen
o6 o1nocn1enLno uennoc1n ceLn n psynme pok1pnnm o cnc1ee npanennn
npepc1annnncL ey amropnmn. [os annnncko kpoan eue ne ycnen c11L
npeo6npkue a ne.
ocne okonunnn nynnuecknx aon cn1yunn nsennncL. pexnee pnckoe
munenne nuno snun1enLno enn1Lcn. cnep s qpnkncknn aonn
skonunnncL aonm a snn. ecny6nnk saoean cnnnk. ennkn peunn n
Cnunnnn aounn a ee coc1a, n 1enepL 6nroppn kopmc1noy nne6eckoy
roc1enpnnc1ay a ropop xnmnynn yxe ne kenL1ckne, cen1ckne nnn
cen1nsnpoannme aneen1m [Ha u nm: v, mn m
cnaana anu nuk naacky na a acx rxax.
3H nvancu am Haccm, ncknuky an a aaca
aan a nnuy amxa na nv acra cxn x
cm, . k. s an num Hm, nnuaancu
nxk na. Mxy H ycaancu can an x,
km cn aa kn a yavy nnn akxa. Mx
acnHu a s can, c kakH rHH cnan aana ncnx
ax na Man. aH aana acan n aHa.
QHkavckan nan a H, nHH r, v a a caH
cHnacu k yvx cnynkack Hm, v mn cna,
ncaannna c , v crn amaa "vyxH na".].
esko yckopnncn pcnp. Bnnskoe snkoc1ao n c aoc1ounmn npenn,
yaennunano ne 1onLko uncno ero coc1anmx aneen1oa, no n ace 6onLue s1pypnnno
nx nonnoe cnnnnne. 1ckp neo1ap1nn 1enpenunn k unc1o npxnn, pecno1nsy,
aonnennn n, a koneuno cue1e, k apapc1ay; o1ckp pc1yun nenanc1L k 1oy,
u1o 6mno c16nnLnoro, nocnepoa1enLnoro n psynoro a npexne cnc1ee
npanennn.
o cpanennk c peune y c6nnnnckoro n 6mn caon o1nnun1enLnn uep1,
1enepL ero xpk1epnme npen n npam noc1enenno c1npnncL. n c1noanncn
annnnckn ropopo, kk korp-1o a1o cnyunnocL c Cnpne n rnn1o, xo1n specL 6mnn
caon oco6ennoc1n. pexpe on ne o1nnuncn oco6m nn1ennek1ynLnm psan1ne,
1enepL, korp ero pnn xosnnnunn a npoannunnx, n acnonnn, u1o a1pyckn
npepc1annk1 co6o snenn1m npop a 1nnn, n npnnnncn nsyu1L nx nsmk,
konnpoa1L nx nckycc1a, ncnonLsoa1L nx yuenmx n xpeuoa, pxe ne nopospean o
1o, u1o ao nornx o1nouennnx D1pypnn cnepoan nnoxo ycaoennoy npnepy
peunn, cn rpekn yxe cun1nn yc1peaun 1o, ue a1pyckn npoponxnn
aocxnu1Lcn. oc1enenno n o1kpmn rns n penLnyk cn1yunk n nepeco1pen
caoe o1nouenne k nop6ouennm no1ok caonx o1uoa-ocnoa1ene. n 6onLue ne
xo1en nnuero cnmu1L o6 nx scnyrx n c1n camcok o1nocn1Lcn ko acey, u1o
c1ponnn, annn, nncnn n pynn a a1o uc1n Cpepnsenoro opn. [xe ao apeen
aryc1 a caonx o1nouennnx c peune n oc1ancn ps6or1eaun npoannunno-
amckouko, ko1opm xoue1 npocnm1L s sn1ok.
Myn, no6epn1enL kopnnqnn, o1npannn a n kp1nnm n c11yn c nkso
senn1L noapexpennme a ny1n uepeapm. Myn 6mn nc1nnnm pnnnnnno, n
npepe1 nckycc1a nen pnn nero 1onLko npopxnyk c1onoc1L. osppn xe
ponxnoe a1oy poc1onoy n o1axnoy amxopuy ns n1epny. n ne 6mn pnne1n-
1o, no o6npn pncknn po6pope1ennn, n a rpeuecknx ropopx 1ko cennncL
np nn.
1nnckn nsmk ace eue coxpnnn 6onLuoe cxopc1ao c ockcknn pnnek1n. n
6onLue cknonnncn k rpeueckoy, npnue a1o nponcxopnno 1k 6mc1po, u1o nsenennn
nenn ec1o nou1n c kxpm nokonenne. osoxno, a nc1opnn ne1 ppyroro npnep
c1onL c1pen1enLno nopanxnoc1n a nsmke, n ne1 ppyroro npop, 1k cnnLno ns-
ennauero caok kpoaL. Mexpy nsmko [aenpu1n 16nnuek n 1e, n ko1opo
roaopnn Unuepon, psnnu 6mn 1k aennk, u1o snenn1m op1op ne cor 6m
nonn1L ero. ne nek a anpy c6nnnnckne necnn: specL psnnunn eue psn1enLnee.
ocne Dnnnn n1mnL ne copepxn1 a ce6e nnuero n1nnckoro.
kn o6pso, o1cy1c1ane nc1nnno nunonnLnoro nsmk, ace 6onLuee 1nro1enne k
nn1ep1ype, qnnckn n nekcnppnckn npen, o6nnne annnncknx ukon n yuenmx,
spnnn, noc1poennme no sn1ckoy 1nny, cnpnckn e6enL, rny6okoe npespenne k
ec1nm o6mun - ao1 ue c1n ropop, ko1opm, nunnn c a1pycckoro anpmuec1a,
psanancn nop c6nnnnckn annnnne, n apen cen1cko peokp1nn 6mno ne s
ropn. onnm n pncknx ynnux 6mnn rny6oko nponn1nm a1n aneen1o.
3aepuncL anox cao6opnmx nnc1n1y1oa n skonnoc1n. c1ynn aek nepeaopo1oa,
kpoaonponn1nmx co6m1n, aennko pcnyuennoc1n. opop nnonnn np ao apen
ero ynpk, 1onLko a pnno cnyue pcnp nponcxopnn n 6onLue 1eppn1opnn:
konqnnk1 cmx psnmx pc, ko1opme ne ornn cnn1Lcn a opny, no nn opn ns
ko1opmx ne orn aoso6np1L np oc1nLnmn, n epnnc1aennm am6op sknkuncn
expy npxne n pecno1nso.
nopo6nme apeen, a anoxy o6uec1aennmx 6epc1an, uc1o nxopn1cn yppeu,
ko1opm npnpymae1, kk nonoxn1L n koneu. Y rpekoa 1kn 6mn n1on. n nckn
nekpc1ao npo1na qnncknx nepyroa n 6oxec1aennm nsmko nsnoxnn caon
npekpcnme eu1nnn. ppyrnx cnyunx 1ko mcnn1enL no poxpennk nnn no aone
o6c1on1enLc1a oksmae1cn ao rnae o6uec1aennmx pen. cnn on nckpenne ckop6n1
npn anpe necuc1n, uue acero on ne xene1 caonn pec1annn eue 6onLue
yaennun1L nx n o1c1yne1. kne nkpn - a1o apun, no ne xnpyprn; onn nokpmak1
ce6n cnao, nnuero nonesnoro ne cpena. o nnorp a nc1opnn npopoa, nepe-
xnakunx ynpok, nonanne1cn uenoaek, ko1opm rny6oko aosyuen nponcxopnun,
ko1opm ckaosL neneny o6nunaoro npouae1nnn nponnu1enLnm asopo anpn1
nponc1L, kyp o6un ynpok yaneke1 c1pny, n ko1opm, nen aosoxnoc1n
pec1aoa1L, o6npn amcokn nponcxoxpenne n nonoxenne, 1nn1o, k1nanm
1enepen1o, ne o1c1yne1 nepep npenn1c1annn. ko xnpypr, ncnnk, ecnn
yropno, 1ko aryc1eun 1npn, ecnn a1o npepnou1n1enLno, 1ko 1npn nonanncn a
ne a oen1, korp pecny6nnk, onLnnea o1 npec1ynnenn n nc1ouna ce6n a
1pnyqx, nsLepennn nsao acex nopokoa, 6mc1po ck1mancL k nponc1n. nek a
anpy yunn opnennn Cynny.
D1o 6mn nc1onun pnckn n1pnun, nopn1opeaun a nonn1nuecknx
po6pope1ennx, nnuennm po6pope1ene nnunmx; on ne ncnm1man c1px nn s ce6n,
nn s ppyrnx n ne nponannn cn6oc1n nn k ce6e, nn k ppyrn. n nnuero ne anpen
nepep co6o, kpoe uenn, ko1opyk npo poc1nuL, npenn1c1an, ko1opme npo
npeopone1L, n aonn, ko1opyk npo pennsoa1L. pn a1o on ne npnnnn a pcue1,
u1o ey npnpe1cn pspyu1L cyuec1aykun nopnpok aeue nnn uenoaeueckne xnsnn.
Becnoupnoc1L, npncyun ero pce, eue 6onee ycnnnncL acnepc1ane 1oro, u1o ero
nnn npo1naoc1onn npopnn np1nn a puno nnue conpqon Mpnn.
Cynn ne c1n kon1Lcn a 6c1pk1nmx 1eopnnx, u1o6m psp6o11L caok nporpy.
n npoc1o xo1en aocc1noan1L ao ace uenoc1noc1n n1pnunnckyk anc1L n c ee
noouLk ykpenn1L pecny6nnky, yc1noana a ne nopnpok n pncunnnnny. n ckopo
yanpen, u1o coe 1pypnoe - ne a 1o, u1o6m nnec1n nopxenne 6yn1oaunk-
nne6en, a 1o, u1o6m n1n pnc1okp1oa, poc1onmx aennko uenn. y 6mnn
nyxnm O6nn n opunn, no nx ne 6mno nnn onn ne xo1enn noknp1L caon pockounme
po; 1orp, aepnm npnamuke nn nepep ue ne oc1nanna1Lcn, on peunn cosp1L
nx c.
orp on c1n 6onee oncen pnn ppyse, ue pnn aproa: 1k 6esxnoc1no on 1ecn n
o61ecman pepeao noao pncko sn1n. n py6nn ronoam co1nnn, psopnn n ccmnn
ccm nkpe, npnue a 6onLue c1enenn a1o kcnocL ne nne6eea, nanmx aproa,
sn1n, 6ecnoounoc1L n nnkuenoc1L ko1opo npepc1annnn co6o npenn1c1ane.
6py6n 6ecnonesnme ae1kn, on oc1annn onopme no6ern, npencL npo6ypn1L a nnx
noayk xnsnennyk cnny. kn ny1e on pccun1man cqopnpoa1L korop1y cnnLnmx
n nenokone6nmx aoxpe. pnko c 1euenne apeenn on n c nepec1n aepn1L a
cao ycnex. konue caoe ponro xnsnn, nocne c1onLknx ycnnn n xec1okoc1e,
Cynn yc1n n o1unncn, c1n punm n o1noxnn a c1opony pnk11opckn 1onop. n
ypnnncn n noko cpepn 1ex cmx n1pnunea n nne6c, ko1opmx npnaopnn a 1pene1
c ero anp. o kpne epe, on noksn, u1o ne 6mn aynLrpnm amckouko, u1o,
y6epnauncL a 6ecnepcnek1nanoc1n caonx nunnnn, on ne c1n uennn1Lcn s
nenyxnyk yxe anc1L. ne xouy ne1L Cynne pnqnp6m, ocyxp1L ero s
nperpeuennn npepoc1ank 1e, koro ne 1pore1 qnryp a1oro 1n1n, no1epneauero
nopxenne. npoue, no6epn1L on n ne or. pop, ko1opm on xo1en npnaec1n k
npa n nopnpky npexnnx apeen, nnue ne nnonnn npexnnx rpxpn
pecny6nnkn. 1o6m nonn1L a1o, poc11ouno cpann1L a1nnueckne aneen1m a anoxy
Unnunnn1 n aennkoro pnk11op Cynnm.
Dnox Unnunnn1
pnc1okp1nn: 6onLue uc1Lk c6nnnne; a1pyckn; n1nno1m. D1o - 6onLunnc1ao,
coc1onauee ns e1ncoa 6eno n xen1o pc.
ne6c: c6nnnne; cnn1m; c6ennnnm; cnkynm; annnnm a ne6onLuo konnuec1ae.
D1o - eue cn6m cen1ckn aneen1.
Dnox Cynnm
pnc1okp1nn: n1nnum, ceunnme c annnnn [ra, a aHn a, a
ca nnn anc H, vm ravu naaa anunyka,
s acn naca c cm naa. Yx n
aan mva nyckau aa a an ncn mc n ynv cnyxm
n xmH na. avan c sr aH, ram Hnn
cvan caH nrH n cHu aaau cay ac vnn. 3
akm ran H, v ynak acaa a n ca ncx
aH c cHmH ac ncca cana c avmH
caH Hxy rcnaH cnyraH.]. D1o - cen1nsnpoannoe 6onLunnc1ao.
ne6c: n1nnum; rpekn ns aennko peunn n Cnunnnn; annnnckoe ncenenne ns
snn. D1o - pnckoe enLunnc1ao. sn1ckne cen1m; qpnknckne cen1m; cen1m
ns cnnnn. D1o - amcuee nponanenne xen1oro npnnunn.
k u1o neaosoxno noc1an1L n opny pocky pa npop, ko1opme, nsmancL opnn
nene, 1k no noxopnnn ppyr n ppyr. e ne enee, nnopm pen1enLnoc1n Cynnm
scnyxnak1 6onLuero yaxennn, nexenn nnunoc1L nx a1op. eypnan1enLno, u1o
pnk11op ann a o1unnne, cpanna pesynL11m c nnnn. y ypnocL npn nooun
1o1nLnoro 1eppop npnp1L c1pne kkyk-1o cnny n aneprnk, n 6nroppn a1oy
pecny6nnk npocyuec1aoan neckonLko ponLue, ue, ecnn 6m Cynnm ne 6mno. ocne
cep1n peqop1op np cen1o eue neko1opoe apen an1n 1enL opnennn, uLe
annnnne npekp1nnocL, korp Unuepon, c1aun koncyno, 1k kocnonsmuno sunun
o6uec1aennoe 6nro o1 qpkun. 1k, Cynne ypnocL nperppn1L ny popory k
6eckoneunm npeo6psoannn. osoxno, 6es nero anox nocne cep1n Uespn 6mn
6m 1onLko uepepo expoyco6nu n rp6exe. a1o sknkue1cn ero ponL. e1
conennn a 1o, u1o cm 6ecnoupnm renn ne a coc1onnnn nponro oc1noan1L
pec1ane ec1ec1aennmx skonoa, 1ouno 1k xe, kk nkpn ne pno noeu1L nry
kpon1L n nepekpna1L oc1poakn a ero npoc1opno pycne.
enepL nop o6p1n1Lcn k ny, ncenennoy noam npopo. oco1pn, ue on
c1n, korp ceunnn kpoaL npnpn ey noam xpk1ep n noaoe nnpanenne.
VII. Hck H
unnn c nokopennn Cnunnnn po xpnc1nncknx apeen, 1nnn ne nepec1an
npnnn1L ounme no1okn cen1ckoro aneen1; aecL kr oksncn annnnnsnpoan,
panxenne sn1cknx pc n ceaep npekp1nnocL 1onLko ao apen repnckoro
a1opxennn [cnH snnckH anaH, kaamHcn
annackr knacaa, n x an, mn aam
aam. 1461, 1552 1744 rr. a n ana nxn
anam]. o nnnnn, n ko1opo oc1noannocL nuec1ane c kr, oksncL ceaepnee
n. D1o1 ropop nenpec1nno y1punan cao npexnn xpk1ep. oneuno,
perppunn nponcxopnn noc1enenno, no neo1ap1no. Cen1ckn pyx nopannn
caoero conepnnk, ne oc1annn ey nnkknx uncoa. nckn renn c1n uyxn pnn
n1nncknx nnc1nnk1oa, nonyuna noppepxky a nnue sn1ckoro aneen1.
uncne snun1enLnmx nponanenn a1oro snc1aoannoro nsane pyx oxno nsa1L
poxpenne nn1ep1ypm, o1euenno oco6o neu1Lk, ko1opn nrn n1nnckoy
nnc1nnk1y cn qk1o caoero cyuec1aoannn.
n a1pyckn, kk n yxe o1eun, nn kkoe ppyroe nnen nonyoc1poa, nn, 1e 6onee,
rnnm ne nenn nc1onue nn1ep1ypm, no1oy u1o nenLsn nsa1L a1n cnoao
pn1ynm, npopnunnn, ne6onLuoe konnuec1ao annuecknx necen, xpnnaunx
nc1opnueckne aocnonnnnn, co6pnnn qk1oa, c1npm, 1pnannLnme qpcm. D1n
npr1nunme npopm, cnoco6nme nonn1L uennoc1L noasnn c nonn1nuecko n
counnLno 1ouek spennn, ne nenn k ne apoxpenno cknonnoc1n, n nok onn ne
npe1epnenn 6onLunx nsenenn a pesynL11e cen1cknx npnece, n nepoc1ano
neo6xopnmx pnn a1oro kuec1a. kn o6pso, 1onLko korp a xnnx n1nnnn
aoso6npn annnnnc1nueckn kpoaL, cme nnsune nne6en nnn 6ypxy, oco6enno
nopaepxennme cen1nsnpoannm npn1ok, nopopnnn aennknx rennea, ko1opme
coc1annn cnay n. oneuno, Myun Cueaon apnp nn c1n 6m yax1L p6
na1, n1ynu eprnnnn n opunn ns eneunn, ko1opm 6pocnn cao un1 ao
apen 6n1am n pccksman nekpo1m, u1o6m noceun1L onen p. D1o 6mnn
6onLune mcnn1enn, no onn ne 6mnn pnnnnn.
k 6m 1o nn 6mno, nn1ep1yp popnncL, aec1e c ne po6pn uc1L nunonnLno
cnam. co pene, nenLsn ne npnsn1L, u1o cen1nsnpoannn cc, ns ko1opm
amunn n1nnckne noa1m n nc1opnkn, 6mn o6nsn caon 1nn1 1onLko npnecn a
caoe kpoan, n nenno yuenme amcksmannn e1ncoa-aonLnoo1nyuennnkoa
sc1annk1 nc aocxnu1Lcn 1pypn npepkoa, ko1opme, srnnnn onn a caok
renenornk, nocneunnn 6m o1peuLcn o1 c1onL yaxemx no1okoa [ kacacn
racaa nack c am Hxy c rka,
Hx Hu, v snnckan Ha ncaann c nx
ycckx ncckx snca, nmmx acnk xnr
Haanu vc, k anckH nanH, km naa
nuk ayHn ncnH kavcaaH.].
ec1e c knnrn nonanncn akyc k pockoun n nsnunoy, ko1opm canpe1enLc1aoan
o6 nsenennnx any1pn pcm. 1on npesnpn nx, no ne o1aeprn. e a o6npy 6ypL
cksno pnn a1oro yppeu, 1k nsmaeme pnckne po6pope1enn, ko1opmn on
xac1ncn, 6mnn a 6onLue epe npncyun ppeann n1pnunn, xo1n 1e 6mnn 6onee
ckponmn. nx apen ne 6mno nyxpm amc1ann1L po6pope1enn nnoks: ace 6mnn
yppm no-caoey. npo1na, npnnna kpoaL poc1onmx 1epe n rpeuecknx nnn
cnpncknx amckouek, 1oproaeu, c1aun 6nropopnm n 6or1m, nnuero ne cmcnnn
a poc1onnc1ax ppeane cypoaoc1n. n xo1en ncnxp1Lcn a 1nnn 1e, u1o cospnn
y ce6n ero kxnme npepkn. n okpyxnn ce6n pockouLk. k n c1pn [pnn, ey
nyxnm 6mnn cepe6pnnme n sono1me asm pnn 1onknx ann, npepnsnuennmx pnn ero
y1po6m, n xpyc1nLnme 6nkp pnn qpunpoannmx k6noa n pepknx akso1nuecknx
n1nu, cnyxnaunx ero nsmcknnoy rypnc1ay. n yxe ne poaonLc1aoancn spnnnn,
ko1opme npepkn nxopnnn anonne koqop16enLnmn pnn caonx 6oroa, ey
1pe6oanncL orponme paopum c popnmn, rpnn1nmn, nopqnpoamn kononnn,
c11ynn, o6ennckn, cpn, 1ennc1mn paopnkn, 6ccenn. Cpepn ace a1o
pockoun ykynn xnn a okpyxennn 1onnm 6ecnpanmx p6oa, aonLnoo1nyuennnkoa n
npsn1oa, uLn kopmc1nn cepannLnoc1L ne nen nnuero o6uero c npepnnoc1Lk n
sancnoc1Lk cnyr ppyro anoxn.
o nocpepn a1oro pockounoro xoc cyuec1aoano opno coe 1enoe nn1no, ko1opoe
pxe n asrnnp coapeennnkoa neaepon1no ypopoano ace oc1nLnoe: cna n anc1L,
6or1c1ao n c1penenne nonLsoa1Lcn n 6esrpnnuno 6onLue uc1Lk o1nocnnncL k
nkpn, po cnx nop 6esaec1nm. nk1o ne snn, o1kyp onn asnnncL, na rnsx
o6uec1aennoro nennn pnnLcnon e1ponnn npepc1an nn6o uenoaeko
nou1ennm, nn6o nnskn, a sancnoc1n o1 1oro, k1o ampxn a1o nenne. poe
1oro, ace a1o 6nec1nuee o6uec1ao 6mno ckonnue neaexp n noppx1ene.
cyunoc1n, ono nnuero ne cospano n uepnno snnnn a annnncknx npoannunnx. kpn
opeanncL n rpeueckn nnn qpnrnckn nep, nocnnn npnueckn a anpe nepcnpcko
n1pm n k aennkoy neypoaonLc1ank xann1ene npounmx aekoa pxe nocnnn
sn1ckne knLconm nop nerko 1oro. ce 6mno snc1aoano ns annnnns. e
nonannocL pxe noamx 6oroa: a ncknx xpx npnxnnncL cnp, Cepnnc, c1p1,
nosxe Mn1p n Dner6n. Co acex c1opon n nponn1mancn pyxo npnunoro
sn1ckoro ncenennn, ko1opoe npnnecno a c1pny caon o6mun, npen, npeppccypkn,
nennn, c1penennn, cyeaepnn, e6enL, nocypy, opexpm, npnueckn, pprouennoc1n,
nnuy, nnn1kn, knnrn, kp1nnm, c11yn.
1nnckne pcm cnnnncL c a1o cco, snecenno n nonyoc1poa, n n 6mno
cyxpeno nn6o pc1aopn1Lcn a ne, nn6o oks1Lcn a nonoxennn 6nropopnmx
c6nnnn, ko1opme onyc1nnncL n coe pno n ynpnn c ronop n ynnux ropop,
npocnanennoro nx npepkn. osoxno, n no1okn pkxoa pspennnn nx cypL6y n
sp61mann xne6 ncyunm a kuec1ae nespnnkoa a unpke. nep1op nspn
skon, corncno ko1opoy 1ponm ns ppeannx ceec1a ne nenn npa snn1Lcn
npoc1n1yune. 1oy apeenn cenLckoe xosnc1ao npnuno a ynpok, senn ne pan
xne6. n npeap1nncL a cp c pon-ycpL6n n paopun pnn yaecenenn.
pn6nnxncn penL, korp n1nnu 6mno snpeueno ne1L opyxne [ aHn
am c 4naaH nnu cncn k naaH, . .
nxannH, kmx aan n: Hn a ay, v ncu
a an, nsHy mn kcunaH a nv nra ca
aH, rHaa n ranna. Qn a H, v anm cnyxn a
Hnack k nnuaancu yxH. nx
Hnam x aHn acnH cnaaH, aamH a camx
Hnnx.]. pnko ne 6ype 1oponn1L co6m1nn.
orp, nkoneu, sn1m, npepc1annaune 6onLunnc1ao ncenennn aennkoro ropop,
npnunn k neo6xopnoc1n epnnonnuno anc1n. UespL o1npanncn nokopn1L nnnk.
ycnex ero knnnn nen a1nnueckne nocnepc1ann, npo1naononoxnme pesynL11
ppyrnx aon n. ec1o 1oro u1o6m npnaec1n rnnoa a 1nnk, saoea1enn
o1npannn sn1oa no ppyryk c1opony nLn, n xo1n neko1opme ceec1a kenL1cko
pcm anecnn cao aknp a 6ecnopnpounm n ccoam npouecc ceuennn,
nponcxopnaun a e1pononnn, a1o1 nrpunonnm pyueek ne uen nn a kkoe
cpanenne c cen1cko kononnsune 1pncnLnncknx npoannun.
nnnn, 6ypyun po6mu Uespn, 6mn snun1enLno enLue nmneune Opnunn,
kro-aoc1ok nnn poannunn, kk nsmann a1y 1eppn1opnk pnnnne, ponroe apen
nxopnncn nop nro pecny6nnkn n ne nannncn uc1Lk nnnn.
ocne no6epm Mpnn np kn6pn n nx coksnnkn poannunn n nrepok
npeap1nnncL a qopnoc1m 1nnn npo1na rpeccnn c ceaep. Cen1 npepnpnnnn a1o1
ur a nepayk ouepepL no1oy, u1o ccnno1m aec1e c nx kononnnn - ynono,
n1n6o, nuue - nop1aeppnnn 1kyk neo6xopnoc1L. e cm onn npennncL n
nepepmuky, nyxnyk pnn nx 1oproann.
e npnxopn1cn conea1Lcn n a 1o, u1o ncenenne, nsnunLno qocennckoe, no
cnnLno cen1nsnpoannoe, xnauee a yc1Le onm n a ero okpec1noc1nx, a koneuno
cue1e, nsennno rnnoa n nnrypnuea, caonx nenocpepc1aennmx cocepe.
pesynL11e xn1enn a1nx seenL oksnncL nnenee k1nanmn npepc1an1ennn
caoe pcm. nckne rocyppc1aennme pen1enn npexno npncoepnnnnn a1n
1eppn1opnn k pecny6nnke, ocnoaa 1 kononnn, nocenna a nnx ae1epnoa-
nernonepoa, 1. e. noc1pnncL cqopnpoa1L noaoe o6uec1ao, kcnnLno noxoxee
n pnckoe. npoue, a1o 6mn pnn nnx nyuun cnoco6 yaekoaeun1L caoe rocnopc1ao.
o ns kknx xe aneen1oa cospanncL xn1enn poannunn nnn, kk onn cn ce6n
nsmann, nc1onune pnnnne? 3 pa c1one1nn po a1oro nx oxno 6mno cosp1L ns
n1nncko cecn. o 1enepL a1o1 aneen1 nou1n nonnoc1Lk pc1aopnncn a
cen1nsnpoannmx nepecenenux, ko1opme n coc1annn noaoe ncenenne. C nnn
nepeeunncL 6maune conp1m, pekpy1npoannme a snn nnn peunn. nn npnunn
aec1e c ceLnn, cornnn ec1nmx xn1ene c o6xn1mx seenL, o1o6pnn y nnx
xnnnu n c1nn cospa1L 6ypyuyk ae1aL uec1nmx rpxpn. nnLckn ropop onn
npnpnn kcnnLno aosoxnm pnckn o6nnk, snpe1nnn oco6enno xec1okne
ppynpckne pn1ynm, sc1annn ec1noe ncenenne aepn1L a 1o, u1o nx 6orn 6mnn ne
ue nnm, kk 6orn pncknn nnn rpeuecknn, xo1n n nocnnn apapckne nen, n
c1nn xenn1L kenL1cknx knoue n pouepnx nocenenuea n conp1; 1kn o6pso,
uepes neko1opoe apen nonannocL nokonenne, ko1opoe c1mpnnocL nocn1L nen
npepkoa n nxopnno n1nnckne nen 6onee 6nrosayunmn.
poe cen1nsnpoannmx rpynn, nepecenennmx a nnnk no npnoy yksnnk
npan1enLc1a, 1 6mnn n cnyunme rpynnm, ko1opme 1kxe anocnnn caok nen1y a
kpoaL rnnoa. oennme n rpxpnckne nepecenenum npnnecnn c co6o neyppenme
npam n ao noro cnoco6c1aoann o6noanennk pcm. C nnn npnunn 1oproaum n
ppyrne npepnpnnuname nkpn, onn a ocnoano 1oproann p6n, n a1o
o6c1on1enLc1ao yckopnno opnLnoe psnoxenne rnnoa, u1o m n6nkpe ceropnn
n npnepe epnkncknx 6opnrenoa, c1onknyaunxcn c uyxpo n unannnsune.
enepL rocnopc1ao nepeuno k pnnnn nnn pnckn e1nc. enL1m nn6o yunn n
nonckn 6nnsknx copopnue a uen1pnLnyk uc1L nnnn, nn6o oksnncL a co
nnsy counnLno nec1nnum - kpnpnueckn onn 6mnn cao6opnmn, no n pene aenn
xnsnL p6oa. 1euenne neckonLknx ne1 poannunn npeo6psnncL n
cen1nsnpoancL a 1ko xe c1enenn, a kko oqpnuysnncn s 20 ne1 ropop nxnp.
Ceropnnunn rnn - a1o yxe ne ppeann rnn, acero nnuL xn1enL c1pnm, ko1opo
korp-1o anpenn rnnm: 1ouno 1k xe nop nmneunn nrnnunnno m yxe ne
noppsyeae npnoro no1ok ckconoa, pmxe6opopmx nokopn1ene 6pe1oncknx
nneen; a1o - uenoaek, npopyk1 ceuennn 6pe1onuea, qpnsoa, nrnnun, p1un,
nopnnoa, 1. e. a 6onLue c1enenn e1nc, u nrnnunnn. nn, xnaun a
poannunn, npepc1annn co6o cen1nsnpoannoro e1nc, coc1onauero ns cmx
psnmx aneen1oa, on ne 6mn nn n1nnue, nn rpeko, nn sn1o, nn rnno - on
6mn n 1e, n ppyrn, n 1pe1Ln, n ue1aep1m nonenory, on o1nnuncn noronnkn
xpk1epo, co6pnnm ns psnmx ampopnaunxcn pc. Moxe1 6m1L, xn1enL
poannunn 6mn cm xypun o6psunko ns acex e1ncoa ncko nnepnn n ao
noro yc1ynn ncenennk ncnnckoro no6epexLn. e, no kpne epe, 6mnn 6onee
opnopopnmn, n6epnckn ocnoa coepnnnncL c ounm npn1oko cen1cko kpoan,
a ko1opo npncy1c1aoan cnnLnm ennnckn aneen1. rnyun npoannun,
ko1opme c1nn kenL1cknn a pesynL11e npepmpyunx nuec1an, annnnnsnpoannn
unannnsunn aocnpnnnncL cn6o, s1o n no6epexLe a1o1 npouecc uen 6mc1pee.
nckne kononnn, ncenennme amxopun ns snn n peunn, aosoxno n ns
qpnkn, 6mc1po pn1npoanncL a noao cn1yunn, n ncnnckn rpynn, coxpnna
caok co6m1noc1L 6nroppn n6epncko-kenL1cko cecn, nopnnncL n amcokyk
c1ynenL a pono-cen1cko unannnsunn. onpepenennm nepnop on pxe
onepexn 1nnk a o6nc1n nn1ep1ypm, no1oy u1o a1oy cnoco6c1aoano
cocepc1ao c qpnko. oa1oy ne1 nnuero ypnan1enLnoro a 1o, u1o kxnn cnnnn
npeaocxopnn poannunk n coxpnnn a1o npeaocxopc1ao po 1ex nop, nok
cen1nsnpoannn unannnsunn ponnnpoan a snpno npe.
o no epe cen1nsunn pncko nnnn kenL1ckn kpoaL, aec1o 1oro, u1o6m
konencnpoa1L ypon, nnecennm n1nnckoy nonyoc1poay sn1ckn xenckn
npnnunno, 6mn npnnyxpen o1c1ynn1L, n a1o o1c1ynnenne ne npekpunocL.
c11n, a a1y anoxy yxe ne 6mno nesancnmx kenL1cknx npopoa s eno.
Cnepoa1enLno, knpnckn pc, 6ypyun 6onee nnn enee cao6opno, snnn
1onLko uc1L nnnn ceaepnee poannunn, enLaeunk n Bpn1nckne oc1poa. D1n
ponm 6mnn ryc1o ncenenm, no ne ornn cpann1Lcn a a1o o1nouennn c nepne.
58 r. po n.a. a ne 6mno ne enee payx nnnnonoa xn1ene, a nekcnppnn 600
1mcnu. 58 r. po n.a. epycnn no1epnn 1 nnnnon 100 1mcnu uenoaek, 97 1mcnu
6mnn asn1m pnnnnn a nnen. pn n1onnn ncenenne nepnn coc1annno 100
nnnnonoa, , no nennk n66on ao ace apone ncun1manocL 107 nnnnonoa.
oa1oy oxno npepc1an1L ce6e, kkoe conpo1nanenne ornn oks1L rnnLckne
nneen npeaocxopnun cnn n.
UespL ncnonLsoan a kuec1ae nnupp nou1n nonnoc1Lk ponnsnpoannyk
poannunk n npepnpnnnn yaenuaueecn ycnexo saoeanne aepxne nnnn [
snxy Hnaa nyHan H, avaam ay
cakyncu Hckr Ha romanitas, a nv barbaria,
xaamaaamr a am, xam a nnaH sr Ha, aknvan
nan rHaa.]. e apeene kenL1m npoponxnn nxopn1Lcn nop nn1o
kxno unannnsunn. ce norouncnennme kononnn npeap1nnncL a nc1onune
kpenoc1n c rpnnsonn, ko1opme ycnnenno pcnpoc1pnnnn sn1ckyk kpoaL n
kynL1ypy. 1knx rnnLcknx nocenennnx, rpe ace, nunnn c oqnunnLnoro nsmk po
opexpm n y1apn, 6mno pnckn, rpe 6opnrenoa cun1nn apapn, n ynnux,
sc1poennmx pon a rpeuecko n n1nncko c1nne, noackpy ac1peunncL
nernonepm, popnaunecn a Cnpnn nnn rnn1e, acpnnkn ns Oeccnnn, nerkn nexo1 ns
ynpnn n 6nepckne npunnkn. ce a1n uyxesenme conp1m psnnunmx o11enkoa
koxn, anno1L po uepnoro, noc1onnno panrnncL o1 en k npenen n nsennnn
pcoam coc1a ncenennn.
oaopn o 6eccnnnn kenL1cko kpoan n ee nccnanoc1n a pncko npe, nenLsn ne
npnsn1L annnnne knpncko unannnsunn n nnc1nnk1m e1ncoa. pr1ns
rnnoa, nyc1L n ne c1onL ampxennm, cnoco6c1aoan psan1nk cenLckoro xosnc1a,
1oproann n npomunennoc1n. a1nx o6nc1nx uenoaeuecko pen1enLnoc1n nnnn
noc1onnno po6nancL ace noamx ycnexoa. nnLckne 1knn, e1nnm, konecnnum
nonLsoanncL 6onLun cnpoco. Yno1pe6nnn cao nn1ennek1 n 1epnnLnme pen,
kenL1m coxpnnnn n pxe ycoaepuenc1aoann caon npexnne kuec1a. poe 1oro,
onn 6mnn xp6pmn conp1n, ko1opme cnyxnnn a rpnnsonx a peunn, ypee, n
6eperx aqp1, rpe ceunanncL c ec1nm ncenenne. o npn1ok rnnLcko
kpoan a 6ecuncnennme ccm, xnaune 1, ne or nsenn1L a1nnueckn xoc n
konencnpoa1L aospec1ane ennncknx aneen1oa.
e cnepye1 s6ma1L, u1o n aepy specL peuL o nnnn 1onLko pnn 1oro, u1o6m
noks1L, u1o rnnLckn kpoaL ne orn noeu1L cen1nsunn n n 1nnn:
o6un pnckn no1ok npoponxn caoe panxenne. nc1mx n1nncknx pc yxe ne
cyuec1aoano a 1nnn a anoxy onen, n c1pn npeap1nncL a no1pe6n1enLnnuy.
pnko eue neko1opoe apen korp-1o nokopennme ccm ne ocennanncL
npe1enpoa1L n npoaoe rocnopc1ao a nnue caonx npepc1an1ene. ue coxpnnn
caoe annnnne nepam unannns1opckn nnynLc. k npanno, rocyppc1aennoe
yc1poc1ao sancn1 o1 a1nnueckoro coc1a ncenennn. 1nnn c1n nsma1Lcn
pncko c1pno 1onLko nocne nonnoro saoeannn n n1nnun. D1o nponsouno
nocne 1oro, kk 6ecnopnpok a aennko ropope n n ace nonyoc1poae okonu1enLno
caen n ne1 ponL sannn pnckoro rpxpnnn.
e ne enee, npexpe ue cn1yunn poun po 1koro coc1onnnn, skpennennoro
skono, a1nnueckn 6ecnopnpok n ncuesnoaenne n1nncknx pc nunn caoe
ampxenne a axno nonn1nuecko k1e - n nek a anpy npnnunn am6op
nnep1opoa. 1o kce1cn o6uec1a, nxopnuerocn n 1o xe c1pnn, u1o
ccnpnckn nnepnn, nepcnpckoe upc1ao n keponckn pecno1ns, ko1opoe
c1pen1cn 1onLko k nokok n, no aosoxnoc1n, k c16nnLnoc1n, ypnan1enLnm kxe1cn
1o, u1o c nepaoro pnn nnepnn ne npnnnn cnc1ey onpxnuecko ncnepc1aennoc1n.
oneuno, a1o nenLsn o6Lncnn1L cnnuko cnnLno nk6oaLk k cao6ope. pnunnm
cnepye1 nck1L a ppyro.
nneanckne n aannonckne upc1a nenn pnnc1nn, no1oy u1o nxopnnncL nop
anc1Lk uyxesenmx saoea1ene, ko1opme nansnn nokopennm npop
onpepenennyk qopy npanennn, 1. e. konc1n1y1nanm skon snxpnncn ne n
corncnn, n cnne. D1o 1e 6onee aepno, u1o pnnc1nn cennnn ppyr ppyr 1onLko
no npay no6epn1enn. nepcnpcko onpxnn 6mno 1ouno 1k xe. Mkeponckoe
o6uec1ao, nnop coks psnnunmx npopoa peunn, c coro nun norpysnaueecn a
npxnk sn1cknx npe, qynkunonnpoano 1kn xe o6pso. no ne orno cosp1L
nnuero ynn1pnoro nnn c16nnLnoro, n pnn 1oro, u1o6m amxn1L, ey npnxopnnocL
pcnmnn1L caon xnsnennme cnnm. e ne enee, ero annnnne n sn1oa oc1anocL
poc11ouno cnnLnm, u1o6m 6m1L ocnoao neckonLknx upc1a a Bk1pnn, y nrnpoa n
ceneaknpoa. ne 6mnn pnnc1nn, nyc1L n ne c1onL oprnnsoannme n
ynopnpouennme a cmcne npnnunn ncnepoannn, no, no kpne epe, yc1ouname
a ncnepoannn 1pon n nonLsoaaunecn yaxenne ec1noro ncenennn. D1o
noksmae1, nckonLko npnsnanocL a1nnueckoe npeaocxopc1ao no6epn1ene n nx
npa. oa1oy ne1 conenn a 1o, u1o keponcko-pnckn aneen1 cyen
coxpnn1L caoe annnnne a snn n, neco1pn n nopxenne no norn nosnunn
npoponxn pa1L axnme npk1nueckne pesynL11m [3nnH naan ak
amax caHmcu, v aan cnaka caH nmnH
ncnaan aa.].
nnnne oksnncL a coaepuenno nno cn1yunn. ockonLky n sene nnkorp po 1ex
nop ne 6mno pncko nnn poncko pcm, a ropope, o6Lepnnnaue uenm np,
nnkorp ne 6mno npeo6npkue pcm. D1pyckn, ceunnme c xen1mn, c6nnnne, y
ko1opmx knpnckn npnnunn yc1ynn pncko cyunoc1n annnnoa, n, nkoneu,
cen1ckn cc no ouepepn opepxnann aepx a ropopcko ncenennn. 3npnme
npopm o6Lepnnnn n1nnckn nsmk, no ue 6mn a1o1 nsmk, ko1opm pcnpoc1pnnncn
n qpnky, cnnnk, nnnk, ceaep aponm? n ne 6mn ae1aLk rpeueckoro,
pcnpoc1pnennoro a epepne snn po co Bk1pnn n pxe enpx6; on 6mn
nnuL 1enLk nsmk un1 nnn nnnnn, rn6kn npeune, nsaec1nm kk lingua
rustica, ceunnm c ockckn a opno ec1e, 6nnskn k oc11k y6pnckoro a
ppyro, eue pnLue on snc1aoan y kenL1ckoro norne cnoa n qopm, a yc1x
nkpe, npe1enpykunx n nsmcknnoc1L peun, on c6nnxncn c rpeueckn. ko nsmk
kk nenLsn nyuue nopxopnn o6nok npopoa, amnyxpennmx xn1L aec1e n
o6u1Lcn. enno no a1o npnunne n1mnL c1n ynnaepcnLnm nsmko 3np, 1k
u1o 1pypno peun1L, am1ecnnn nn on nsmkn 6opnrenoa, ecnn a1o 1k, 1o nckonLko
on no1epnn nnn amnrpn o1 a1oro. onpoc a1o1 nc1onLko nencen, u1o a 1nnn
6m1oano nenne, expy npoun cnpaepnnaoe ao nornx o1nouennnx, u1o
coapeennm nsmk acerp cyuec1aoan npnnenLno nsmky Unuepon n eprnnnn.
kn o6pso, a1 nunn, a1o ckonnenne npopoa, o6Lepnnennmx o6un nsanne,
no ne pco, ne nen n ne orn ne1L ncnepc1aenno onpxnn, n ckopee 1onLko
6nroppn cnyunoc1n, ue a pesynL11e pec1ann a1nnuecknx npnnunnoa, ceec1ao
Knnea n nx popc1aennnkoa yupepnno nopo6ne 6conk1no pnnc1nuecko anc1n.
Cnyunoc1Lk a nocnepnne ropm pecny6nnkn 6mno 1o, u1o nekn sn1nm uenoaek
n1nnckoro, sn1ckoro nnn qpnknckoro nponcxoxpennn nonyun oco6me npa
[anck nar acn avan cvau Ha a aHn
yvck am. rHm nck n kHncaancu a
cv vyxHa nnckx cHca. snxy namx a cam
canck Ha n nn.]. oa1oy nn saoea1enL nnnn, nn
aryc1, nn n6epn, nnk1o ppyro nnkorp ne pynn o ponn ncnepnoro onpx.
ace npoc1pnc1ae nnepnn, ne cun1n n, ne 6mno ec1, rpe nonLsoancL 6m
yaxenne c6nnnnckn pc. , no6opo1, a snn eue npnsnann no1okoa
keponuea n npnsnann s nnn npa n anc1L.
pnnunn1 ne nen npounmx scnyr n or noxac11Lcn 1onLko nmneunn
6or1c1ao, ero noppepxnan 1ko xe 6espopnm koncyn1, nenoepnme 6nunn
6mnn y 1pn6ynoa, xpeueckne, cype6nme, uensopckne n npoune qynkunn nxopnnncL a
pykx ccm nkpe, 1ko xe psnouepc1no, kk n ace ncenenne. orp xe k
nonesnoy sxo1enn po6an1L aosamuennoe, anc1n1enn npeapunn a 6oxec1ao,
opnko 6mno neaosoxno nocpn1L n 1pon ero ncnepnnkoa. orp peuL un o 1o,
u1o6m yaenu1L ero neanpnnmn nouec1nn, cknonn1Lcn nnu y ero nor, o1p1L a ero
pykn ace, u1o cospnn nonn1nueckne nykn, pennrnosnn neppxnn, pnnnc1p1nann
yppoc1L, aoennn pncunnnnn, ace 6mnn corncnm, no a1n nouec1n n a1 anc1L
npepnsnunncL opnoy uenoaeky, ne ero ceLe nnn pce. kko-1o oen1 npn
nepamx n1onnnx cospnocL aneu1nenne, u1o qopnpye1cn pnnc1nn, ocanuennn
caonn 6nropennnnn. pnko o6Lnanncn pknn, n anoaL y npop aosnnknn
conennn. nep1opc1ao oc1nocL am6opnm. D1o 6mn epnnc1aenno aosoxnn
qop npanennn, no1oy u1o 1koe o6uec1ao 6es yc1ounamx npnnunnoa n
no1pe6noc1e, rnanoe 6es kpoano opnopopnoc1n, orno cyuec1aoa1L 1onLko npn
ycnoann, u1o 6ype1 o1kpm1 paepL pnn nepeen, ne sc1on [Mr racn
H, v a cacu aa nannn am, km nan k cy
axcaa Hma cHaau , cacayy x yxaH.
a n Hxy a n kyH cHu HHa a Hn
camH amH cnkaH mna aa 4naaa c nnH.
c Haanum yau x, anacu caaanacu ycva, a
aam naan.].
nu1o nyuue ne yksmae1 n a1nnueckoe psnoo6psne ncko nnepnn, ue
nepeuenL nnep1opoa. nune, a cnny cnyunoc1n, ko1opn o6muno c1an1 rennn
nnxe nk6oro peokp1-n1pnunn, nepame anc1n1enn amxopnnn ns c6nnnncko
pcm. Cae1onn xopouo onncmae1, kk cyuec1aoan anc1L 6es penLno qopm
ncnepoannn. Knnn, napnn, eponm 6mnn knnqn n uc, onn 6mc1po cxopnnn
co cuenm, nx ec1o snnno n1nnckoe ceec1ao Onanea, no n ono 6mc1po ncuesno.
1o npnuen ey n ceny? cnnum. 3 nnn npnunn qpnknum, repoe ko1opmx
6mn Cen1nn Ceaep, nx cennnn cnpnum, ckopo caeprny1me noamn qpnknun,
nx, a caok ouepepL, am1ecnnn p6, caeprny1m nnnonnue. e 6ype
npoponx1L cnncok, 1onLko npn6an, u1o nocne nnnonnu ouenL norne no6mann
n pncko 1pone, s ncknkuenne amxopuea ns ropopcko ceLn.
C1on1 1kxe acnonn1L, kkn o6pso pnckn np 1aopnn caon skonm [au
xn cau kkc, caam a yaH nn. ycnn.
H, acan aHn nn sr.]. sae on o6puncn k ppeaney
nnc1nnk1y - n ne roaopk pnckoy, nockonLky nnkorp ne 6mno nnuero pnckoro,
- no, no kpne epe, a1pycckoy nnn n1nnckoy? nckonLko. y 1pe6oanocL
konponccnoe skonop1enLc1ao, n on nckn ero 1, rpe, ne cun1n aeunoro ropop,
xnno a amcue c1enenn ceunnoe ncenenne: n cnpncko no6epexLe. 1o
kce1cn pennrnn, a nnepnn ponro 6m1oan unpokn ps6poc asrnnpoa
[cnynkam canckr Ha mn Han yanm H, v
aan ayn na x nr. aarn ncan a a
ancna Mnm H s xaaack r avan aymau
anck xaHm acnnaannu Hannvckx na.]. [o 1oro, kk
nonanncn pnckn nn1eon, pecny6nnknckn n nckn pnn ce6n 6oroa ao acex
yronkx senn. c11n, pe pe Lepn amcoko o1smae1cn o6 ppnne s 1o, u1o 1o1
coaepun ny1euec1ann no nnepnn, nsyun ace pennrnn n annkn a nx cy1L. pnuen
penL, korp a cnny aknek1ns npnpynn ne coace nonn1noe cnoao poanpenne,
ko1opoe uc1o yno1pe6nnk1 nunn, mcnnune no-ppyroy, no ns6erkune pspopoa.
poanpenne cpennocL oqnunnLnm 6oxec1ao nnepnn [Q r kak
nnancu nn a, cHaam rk cnmmaan y
x ncu, v Hnn, n H x nvaH, a H: 1u
ac nam kynum a c nnk; aHc r, vm nnu
x, avan c H ccucn. m can ac Hm k aanuHy
1nc. 3axH n x, caaa nuk mvm naanu
nnm n ckaxm akm, a ac nr caan snHamH
nmH nannH. aH y r can naaH an a, cxaamH
a B c aH, kan rana a n nn r x Haxa.].
kn o6pso, npopm 6mnn ns6anenm o1 neo6xopnoc1n s6o1n1Lcn o caonx
nn1epecx, aepoannnx, nonn1nnx o skone. Cospe1cn aneu1nenne, u1o y nnx ne
6mno nepoc11k a ner1nanmx npnnunnx. pnn pennrnk, ne cansnnyk nn c
opnn ns nnx, pnn uyxpme n skonm, nx npan1enn nop6npnncL cnyuno n
npannn kopo1kn cpok.
nocnepnkk anoxy cyuec1aoannn pecny6nnkn noknonenne nepep rpeueckn nsmko
n nn1ep1ypo, nepep cnanm npounm peunn pouno po kpnoc1n. o apen
Cynnm ace c1nn cun11L n1mnL rpy6m npeune. pox sn1nmx nkpe roaopnnn
n rpeuecko.
ocne cospnnn nnepnn annnnns eue 6onee ycnnnncn c npnxopo epon. [peann
repon ropop npepnoun1nn nekcnpp Mkeponckoro n npounx aoenunLnnkoa
Dnnpm. pap, nosxe nponsouen oaopo1 k c1pm n1pnunnckn 1ppnunn n
n1pnpxnLnoy o6psy xnsnn, no. Ckopee acek, a1o 6mno nnuL pnLk ope.
ny6nnk a ocnoano 1nro1en k rpeueckoy nnn cen1ckoy. Cen1nn Ceaep,
yroxpn 1kn akyc, aospanr nn1nnkn a uec1L nnn6n, ero cmn n1onn
pknn noc1ann noxec1ao 1pnyqnLnmx c11y no6epn1enn npn nnx. yxe
roaopnn o 1o, u1o ecnn 6m opnenn Cunnnon no1epnen nopxenne npn 3e, a1o ne
nsennno 6m ec1ec1aennoro xop nc1opnn, kpqrennne ne c1nn 6m rocnopc1aoa1L
np n1nncknn pcn. ouno 1k xe 1pnyq pnnnn ne noeun a1n cn pc
pc1aopn1Lcn a cen1cko cce, n necuc1nm pqren, opn ns aonn a1oro oken,
poxpncn-1kn caoero uc ao aceo6ue no6epe np c1pm no.
osoxno, a 1o1 penL, korp o6ae1unme o6psm O6nea n Cunnnonoa c nsynenne
yanpenn pnpo c co6o opnornsoe nynpnckoe 6oxec1ao, nsannnoe a pope, a
nnepnn ne oc1nocL nn opnoro uenoaek, ockop6nennoro a caonx uyac1ax: kxpm
rpxpnnn or cao6opno cnaocnoan1L caonx nunonnLnmx repoea. e1yn n Map
aocxannnn [o6pope1enn Mcnnnccm, ncnneu - nenen Cron1m n ync, rnn
amue ne6ec npeaosnocnn po6nec1L epcnnxe1opnkc. enepL nnk1o ne 6onncn, u1o
cna ropop nopaeprne1cn ockop6nennk co c1oponm nkpe, nsmaaunx ce6n
rpxpnn, n coe nn1epecnoe a 1o, u1o a1n rpxpne, pnnnne, e1ncm n
neskonnopoxpennme a rnsx c1pmx pc yxe ne nenn npa npncana1L scnyrn
repoea-apapoa nnn 1peaoxn1L aennkne 1enn n1pnunea uny.
c1ancn o1kpm1m aonpoc o rnaenc1aykue nonoxennn eunoro ropop. o a1oy
aonpocy, kk n no ace oc1nLnm, nokopennoe ncenenne, nxopnueecn nop
kpmnLnn nnepckoro opn, ne neno nnkknx aospxenn.
D1pyckn, c1pon1enn n, ne nn1nn nnnksn a o1nouennn amcokoro npepnsnuennn
caoe kononnn. nn am6pnn a1o ec1o ne pnn 1oro, u1o6m cpen1L ero uen1po
acenenno. unnn c upc1aoannn n6epnn c1no ncno, u1o nockonLky
nnep1opckn anc1L asnn n ce6n o6nsnnoc1L co6nkp1L nn1epecm co6pnnmx a
nnepnn npopoa, pesnpenunk cnepoano psec1n1L 1, rpe 6mno 6onLue
k1nanoc1n. kn uen1po ne orn 6m1L nnnn, ne nekun annnnnn, nn 1nnn c
ee pepkn ncenenne - a1o 6mn snn, rpe xnpekun, no eue pmuaun
unannnsunn n cpepo1oune orponoro ncenennn 1pe6oann noc1onnnoro kon1ponn.
n6epn ne xo1en cpsy nopa1L c ppeannn 1ppnunnn n peunn anune
o6ocnoa1Lcn n okpnne nonyoc1poa. 1oy apeenn yxe 6onee c1 ne1 cypL6
aennknx rpxpncknx aon aepunncL n oc1oke nnn, no kpne epe, a peunn.
epon, 6onee peun1enLnm, ue n6epn, ouenL ponro npoxnn a a1o c1pne
knccnkn, c1onL nno ceppuy 1koro noknonnnk nckycc1a. ocne nero 1nro1enne
anc1n1ene k oc1oky c1no cnnLnee. pnn n Cen1nn Ceaep npoaenn xnsnL a
noc1onnnmx nepeespx, ppyrne, nnpnep ennor6n, pepko noceunn eunm
ropop. pno apen c1onnue np 6mn n1noxnn. orp cn1yunn n ceaepe
npno6pen oco6oe snuenne, pesnpenune nnep1opoa c1n pnp. 31e a1o1 1n1yn
nepeuen k enonk. u1o xe n? n coxpnnn cen1 n nrpn xnkyk n nccnanyk
ponL a nnepcknx penx. norp k cen1y o6punncL c npocL6o oqnunnLno
npnsn1L nnep1op, ns6pnnoro no aone nernonoa. 3konm snpeunn unen
kypnn nocn1L opyxne n ocao6oxpnn n1nnuea o1 aonncko cnyx6m, noa1oy
npnnexnme cen1opm, y ko1opmx ne 6mno nnuero o6uero c skonop1ennn npounmx
anox, ne nonLsoanncL nnkkn a1opn1e1o a pnn. oxny, nnk1o, kpoe nnx
cnx, ne cun1n cen1 axnm oprno. orp, no aone sno cypL6m, kko-nn6ypL
anc1n1enL ncnonLsoan cen1 a caonx nn1pnrx, cen1opm acerp oc1anncL a
pypkx. D1n necuc1nme pen1enn, npec1penme amckoukn, nk6nnn kpcoa1Lcn n
caonx ckyunmx scepnnnx n 6nnc11L kpcnopeune pxe a cme kpn1nueckne pnn
nnepnn nepnopm. poe 1oro, y cen1opoa 6mn eue opn cn6oc1L - nn1ep1ypnme
snn1nn. ne aoo6ue ne 6mno nepoc11k a nkpnx 6nunosnmx, no on 1k n ne
c1n ouro n1nncko nn1ep1ypm.
s rennea, nk6nuea Mys, noa1oa, nposnkoa, nc1opnkoa nnn qnnocoqoa, nunnn co
c1pnk Dnnnn n na1, nenorne popnnncL a c1enx ropop nnn amunn ns
ropopcknx ceec1a. D1o 6mn neu1L npoknn1nn n ropope, 6maue aoenno nrepe,
ko1opm - npo npnsn1L a1o - acerp npnnnn acex, k1o or cnoco6c1aoa1L ero
pcuae1y. Dnnn, nann, npponnk, kyan, na1 n epenun ne 6mnn pnnnnn.
n ne 6mnn eprnnn, opun, n1 nann, anpn, n1pyan, opnenn eno1,
1ynn, nepn Onkk, nnnn. ue a enLue c1enenn oxno nsa1L pncko
cnanyk ncnnckyk nnenpy, npnuepuyk a n aec1e nnn nocne op1nn 1po,
ceec1ao Cenek - o1u n 1pex cmnoae, Cnnnn 1nnk, ann1nnnn, Mpunn.
Onop, yknn n nornx ppyrnx.
opopckn nypnc1 6mno uey noyun1L cmx 1nn1nnamx nnc1ene. Mnorne ns
nocnepnnx o1nnunncL ec1nm, 1. e. npoannunnLnm, konopn1o. 6onLue epe
a1o o1nocn1cn k ncnnu. ocnepnnx ynpeknn a 1o, u1o n nsmak cen1ckn
xpk1epo: a uae1nc1oc1n, a npnc1pc1nn ko acey rpnpnosnoy n aenepeunaoc1n.
npoue, ace a1o npncyue rennk ennnsnpoannmx npopoa, n m roaopn o
pcuae1e noasnn n nn1ep1ypm n n6epncko nonyoc1poae 1onLko 1, rpe 6mn
cnnLn uepnn kpoaL, - n kxno no6epexLe, 1kxe a qpnke.
, aokpyr pnckoro pqren, aoo6pxenne nannnocL o6muno no1pe6noc1Lk.
nsmueckn nepnop cnay qpnke npnnecnn 1kne qnrypm, kk Cen1nn Ceaep,
CnLan Knnn, nynpneu opnenn Opon1on, npepuec1aennnk Mpk apennn, n,
nkoneu, nyne, expy 1e kk nnnrn1ckn UepkoaL o6nsn a1o sene
poxpenne 1knx poc1ocnanmx nonore1oa, kk eprynnn, Mnnyun Oennkc,
nnpnn n aryc1nn. amuecksnnoy oc1e1cn po6an1L, u1o korp repnum
ccn xnmnynn n snpnm np, pnckn kynL1yp nun nocnepnee npn6exnue
1, rpe 6mn cnnen cen1ckn aneen1. D1o 6mn qpnk, a1o 6mn pqren nop
anc1Lk upe-anpnoa.
kn o6pso, n nnkorp, nn npn nnepnn, nn pxe npn pecny6nnke, ne 6mn
can1nnnue n1nncknx ys. n uyac1aoan a1o n a caonx c1enx pxe ne o1pan
npepnou1ennn caoey popnoy nsmky. [nn npocaeuennn ncenennn ropop copepxn
kk n1nncknx, 1k n rpeuecknx rp1nkoa. poe 1oro, a n npnrnunn
annnncknx nnc1ene: npnepn cnyx1 ny1px ns eponen, ppnn ns nkoepnn,
epop 11nk ns Mpqon, acnn ns npnn, ko1opme npocnannncL y uopnoxnn
nn1onnn.
e pnLue m npopanrecn, 1e 6onLue nxopn poks1enLc1a 1oro, u1o y n ne
6mno nnuero caoero: nn pennrnn, nn skonoa, nn nsmk, nn nn1ep1ypm. nyn a
ne6m1ne n1pnunnckn n1nunn cao6op, ko1opn, npnpy c nepoc11kn, nen n
xopoune c1oponm. o1epnnn caok co6m1noc1L nunonnLnoc1n. nn spxnn ppyr
ppyr anpyco xoc, n kxpn c1penncL k 1oy, u1o6m noeu1L ppyrn am6p1Lcn
ns nyunnm aceo6uero ynpk.
C s6aenne pc, c yrcnne cnanmx ceec1a, ko1opme korp-1o cnyxnnn
npnepo oc1nLno cce ncenennn, c poc1o cnnkpe1ns a 1eonornn nonannncL
ne npoc1o nanme nnunme nopokn, ko1opme cyuec1ayk1 ao ace apeen, nc1ynnno
aceo6uee npenne opnn, ocn6nenne acex npnnunnoa, nckxenne acex nonn1n o6
o6uec1aenno 6nre, cken1nuns, 1o nceunnam, 1o punm, nnpanennm n
ace, u1o ne npepc1anne1 noacepneanoro nn1epec, nkoneu, c1px n o1apuenne
nepep 6ypyun - ao1 rnanme 6nun o6uec1a. 1o kce1cn nonn1nuecko xnsnn,
pnn pncko 1onnm ne 6mno nnuero 6onee o1ap1n1enLnoro. nkoro ne nn1epecoano,
k1o cnpn1 n 1pone. Ceropnn a1o 6mn p6, sa1p - 6maun nnnonnckn nc1yx.
nckn rpxpnnn nnnn nnn qpnkn y1euncn mcnLk, u1o nonn1nk ne
kce1cn ero, u1o nk6o npan1enL - cm nyuun, u1o nyuue nonn1nuecko
cnc1eo nanne1cn 1, npn ko1opo on c nnn, a kpne cnyue, ero cmn oxe1
1kxe c11L nnep1opo. kn 6mno aceo6uee munenne a III a. n a 1euenne 16-
1n c1one1n, n ace mcnnune nkpn - nsmunnkn n xpnc1nne - ne ornn c nn
npnnpn1Lcn. onn1nkn n noa1m, nc1opnkn n opnnc1m knennn 6ecuec1nyk 1onny.
o ue co6c1aenno onn 6mnn nepoaonLnm? oco a aonpocx pennrnn? o ns nero
nponc1ekn aceo6un 1epnnoc1L. cn6nenne oqnunnLnoro kon1ponn s
pennrne? o a a1o ampxncn 1ens, pspeuennm skono. C a1o 1oukn spennn
ynpok n ncuesnoaenne sn1nmx ceec1a n, cnepoa1enLno, nunonnLnmx 1ppnun,
ko1opme onn xpnnnn, c ppoc1Lk aocnpnnnnn cpepnne knccm. ocyppc1ao 6es
sn1n - a1o eu1 nornx anox. nuero c1punoro a 1o, u1o nunn 1epne1 yc1on,
caok npac1aennyk nc1opnk, caok nc1opnueckyk nn1L - rnanoe, u1o6m nonLc1n1L
1uecnank cpepnero uenoaek. u1o snun1 nunn c no ce6e? Moxe1 6m1L, nyuue,
ecnn ncuesny1 ace rpnnum expy psnnunmn rpynnn nkpe? a1o o1nouennn
nnepnn 6mn npenLnm yc1poc1ao.
epexopn k ppyrn poc1onnc1a. pexpe acero, peuL nope1 o noc1onnno n
ynn1pno cnc1ee anc1n. cnn 1koe nenne cnpaepnnao, 1orp a1o pec1an1enLno
poc1onnc1ao. pnko y enn ec1L conennn n ce cue1. nonnk, u1o a npnnunne
ace uno k nnep1opcko anc1n, u1o cme enkne rpxpnckne n aoennme
unnoannkn eu1nn o npnksx c npec1on, n n ace 1eppn1opnn rocyppc1a cnoao
nnep1op 6mno peukun. o u1o necno a1o cnoao? onLko opno: penLrn, n korp
penLrn noc1ynnn, anc1L 6onLue nnue ne nn1epecoancL, 1e 6onee
npoannunnLnmn ropopn n nocenennnn, ko1opme 6mnn oprnnsoanm no c1poy
ynnunnnLnoy npnnunny n ynpannnncL kypne, nponn1nno koppynune.
a1opm-peokp1m amcoko o1smak1cn o sannn pnckoro rpxpnnn, ko1opoe n
aecL np npocnann n1onn pknn. ne pspennk 1koro an1ysns. pn ace
1o, u1o ace xn1enn nenn npao nsma1Lcn rpxpnn, u1o nnepne ynpannn
opnn uenoaek, ropop nonLsoanncL a1onone, ueknnnn caok one1y, aosaopnnn
no caoey yco1pennk c11yn, n ne anxy o1 a1oro nonLsm pnn koro 6m 1o nn 6mno.
epoc11ouno cocpepo1oun1L ace amcune anc1nme qynkunn a opnnx pykx, u1o6m
o6ecneun1L ynn1pnoc1L anc1n: nyxno, u1o6m pen1enLnoc1L anc1n
pcnpoc1pnnncL perynnpnm o6pso n cme pnLnne yronkn nonn1nueckoro
oprnns. orp kxpn o6nc1L ynpanne1cn 1k, kk e s6nropccypn1cn, n
nopunnne1cn pnekoy uen1py 1onLko a qnnncoao n aoenno o1nouennn, ne oxe1
6m1L n peun o nc1onue epnnc1ae. kpne cnyue, a1o oxno nsa1L
onpepenenno konuen1pune nonn1nuecknx cnn.
c1L eue opno neo6xopnoe ycnoane pnn epnnc1a anc1n: amcun pnnnc1punn
ponxn nxopn1Lcn a opno ec1e, o1kyp on ocyuec1anne1 ynpanenne acen
ropopn n npoannunnn. onLko a a1o cnyue rocyppc1aennme nnc1n1y1m - nnoxn
onn nnn xopoun - p6o1k1 kk ue1ko o1nxennn unn. cnopnxennn
unpkynnpyk1 6ecnepe6ono, n apen, a1o1 aennkn n neo6xopnm panr1enL acex
npoueccoa n cae1e, p6o1e1 n 6nro rocyppc1aennoro oprnns.
enno a1oro ycnoann n nepoc1ano nnepnn. nep1opm nepenocnnn caok
pesnpenunk 1o n cyk kxnyk okoneunoc1L 1nnn, 1o a snk, 1o n ceaep nnnn,
neko1opme ny1euec1aoann a npoponxenne acero upc1aoannn. Mnoro apeenn
yxopnno n nonckn anc1n1enn pnn peuennn 1oro nnn nnoro aonpoc, n cnyunocL, u1o
roneu, npn6man ns pnx a n1noxnk s npnkso, ysnan, u1o nnep1op
o1npanncn a nekcnppnk. ecnn, nnpnep, nnep1op ynpn a snn, ero
ncnepnnk o6Lnannncn a nnnpnn, qpnke nnn n Bpn1ncknx oc1poax. xpn
npoannunn nen cao nenLkn paop, ko1opm o6npn aepxoano n 6conk1no
anc1Lk n caoe 1eppn1opnn, 1onkoan skonm n nnorp pxe konqnckoaman
co6pnnme nnorn, ne s6o1ncL o rocyppc1aenno ksne. corncen c 1e, u1o nopo
n ronoay nrneu o6pyunancL onnnn cep1noro 6or, no a1o, kk npanno,
cnyunocL nocne ponroro 1epnennn, u1o nopoxpno ccy snoyno1pe6nenn. epepko
npoannnauncn, o1aopn ypp, npoaosrnun ce6n nnep1opo. sknkuenne n xouy
nopuepkny1L, u1o c no ce6e pexn, npoaosrnuennm aryc1o, ne 6mn nn
xopoun, nn nnoxn - on 6mn epnnc1aenno aosoxnm a 1ex o6c1on1enLc1ax.
cn6oc1L rocyppc1aenno anc1n ne ero ann, ann - nnn 6ep - npopoa,
co6paunxcn nop kpmnLnn pnckoro opn. 6 a1o 1ouno cksn rpq pe Mec1p:
xpm npop nee1 npan1enLc1ao, kkoro on scnyxnae1. [onrne psmunennn
n 6onLuo onm1, poc1auncn poporo ueno, y6epnnn enn a 1o, u1o a1 nc1nn
cnpaepnna, kk c1porn 1e1nueckn noc1yn1. k6o skon 6eccnnen n pxe
apepen, ecnn npop ne poc1onn ero n ne cospn pnn nero.
a1o cansn eue ps nnonn, u1o ocnoanme coc1anme aneen1m nnepnn -
ccnpnckn, ernne1ckn, rpeueckn, kenL1ckn, kpqrenckn, a1pycckn, ne cun1n
ncnnckne, rnnLckne n nnnnpnckne kononnn - a caok ouepepL coc1onnn ns
neaoo6psno cecn pc n kpoae. cnn nepam coks uepno n 6eno kpoan nopopnn
xn1ckn 1nn, 1o cme ppeanne cen1m 6mnn npopyk1o 1poc1aennoro coks -
uepnoro, 6enoro n cnoa uepnoro aneen1oa, - o1kyp amun oco6n pc, ko1opn
ann1n a ce6n noam npn1ok uepnmx, nnn 6enmx, nnn xen1mx aneen1oa n
cqopnpoan noaoe coue1nne. D1o1 npouecc 6mn nenpepmanm, n nc1ynnn oen1,
korp uenoaeueckn pop yxe nenLsn 6mno pspenn1L n onpepenennme k1eropnn.
1nmne on npepc1annn co6o coaokynnoc1L nnpnanpoa, ne o6Lepnnennmx nnkkn
o6un uyac1ao, ko1opme ornn panr1Lcn a opno nnpanennn nnn pxe
cocyuec1aoa1L 1onLko nop pec1ane cnnm.
nsan nnep1opckn nepnop n cen1ckn. o a1o ne osnue1 konkpe1nyk
psnoanpnoc1L uenoaeuec1a, npen1nunyk 1o, u1o nonanncL a pesynL11e ppeanero
coks xnpeea n xn1oa. npoc1o xo1en yks1L, u1o ocnoann uc1L ncenennn
seenL, saoeannmx Uespnn, copepxn a ce6e snun1enLnyk posy uepno kpoan,
n noa1oy ee oxno cun11L coaokynnoc1Lk, ne akananen1no, no nnornuno
cen1cko cecn. eaosoxno nopo6p1L poc11ounoe konnuec1ao cnoa, u1o6m
o6osnun1L 6ecuncnennme nkncm a1o rpnpnosno coaokynnoc1n. pnko,
nockonLky uepnm aneen1 npncy1c1aoan a 6onLue konnuec1ae a npopyk1x a1oro
ceuennn, a ncenennn npeo6npnn neko1opme ns xpk1epnmx kuec1a
ennncko rpynnm, , kk n yxe nsaec1no, ecnn pepx1L a1n kuec1a a
onpepenennmx pkx n po6an1L k nn caoc1a 6eno pcm, 1o onn cnoco6c1ayk1
pcuae1y nckycc1a n nn1ennek1ynLnoy coaepuenc1aoannk o6uec1a, xo1n no
npnropnm pnn cospnnn yc1ounao unannnsunn.
o ceuenne pc ne 1onLko euno cospnnk noc1onnno cnc1em npanennn s cue1
ynnu1oxennn o6unx nnc1nnk1oa n cnoco6noc1e, ko1opme onpepennk1 c16nnLnoc1L
o6uec1aennmx nnc1n1y1oa, no n o1pnu1enLno annnno n spopoaLe o6uec1aennoro
oprnns, a pesynL11e uero nonannocL noxec1ao k1nanmx nkpe, pspyun1enLno
pec1aykunx n ccy ncenennn. 6uec1ao ne orno coxpnn1L c16nnLnoc1L, korp
noc1onnno ennkueecn coo1nouenne a1nnuecknx aneen1oa nopoxpno ao acex cnonx
ncenennn, oco6enno a nnsunx, 1knx an1kpnc1oa.
anoxy, korp pcm nxopn1cn a rponnuno coue1nnn, 1nn1nname nkpn pepkn,
noa1oy oco6enno se1nm, n a 1o xe apen onn uepnk1 caon npen n cnoco6noc1n ns
o6ue ccm. nn noksmak1 oc1nLnm ec1ec1aennme ny1n psan1nn, n npop
cnepye1 a1n ny1n; onn ne cospk1 nnuero aennkoro, s1o npnnocn1 6onLuyk nonLsy
acey o6uec1ay. pesynL11e 1ko a1nnuecko rponnn, oco6enno a reponueckne
anoxn, nn aoxpn oc1e1cn a nc1opnn nepspmano cansnnm c nsanne ero npop.
npnep, rpeueckne nqm o epkne aoace ne ynonnk1 cny1nnkoa repon, s1o
aoxpn nornx npopoa nannk1cn nepconnqnkune a1nx npopoa, n nx nen s6m1m.
orp cnnuko cnnLnm o1cae1 nc1opnn eue1 pcco1pe1L pe1nn, acerp 1pypno
o1nnun1L nnunm aknp ampkuerocn pen1enn o1 poc1nxenn npop. 1kne
oen1m xnsnn o6uec1a ouenL 1pypno 6m1L aennkn pen1ene, no1oy u1o a1oy
npo1naopec1aye1 opnopopnoc1L kpoan nunn: u1o6m ampenn1Lcn ns 1onnm, nyxno ne
6m1L nenoxoxn n nee, , nnpo1na, nnue o1 nee ne o1nnu1Lcn n opnoapeenno
npeaocxopn1L ee ao acex o1nouennnx. s6pnnnkn acerp noxoxn n amcokne pepeaLn
cpepn kyc1pnnk. o1oc1ao anpn1 nx nspnek n aocxnue1cn nn eue 6onLue,
ecnn ne nxopn1 nnornn a anoxx, korp cnnuko norouncnennme n psnopopnme
a1nnueckne npnnunnm penLeqno ampennk1 o1penLnme nnunoc1n.
nocnepne cnyue aennkn nsmak1 uenoaek ne 1onLko ns-s ero ampkunxcn
kuec1a. 6munoro epnn ne cyuec1aye1, kk ne cyuec1aye1 opnopopnoro anpennn.
ennkn uenoaek ponxen yxa1n1L cy1L no1pe6noc1e caoero apeenn nnn, nnpo1na,
no1n npo1na 1euennn n 1e npocnan1L ce6n. epam npnepo oxno nsa1L
Uespn, a1opm - Cynny. cnny cnoxnoc1n a1nnuecko cn1yunn uenoaeueckne
nnc1nnk1m n cnoco6noc1n o6pc1k1 psnnunmn nkncn. opnopopno o6uec1ae
konnuec1ao se1nmx nnunoc1e orpnnueno, a psnopopno, nnpo1na, ouenL
aennko, nunnn c ampkuerocn aonn, ko1opm c1pen1cn pcunpn1L pkn caoero
annnnnn, po ysmkn1, ko1opm xoue1 coepnnn1L pae necoaec1nme no1m. cn a1
1onn nopnne1cn np o6ue cco, nxopnuecn a noc1onnno panxennn, kue1
ee 1o anpao, 1o aneao, nansmae1 e caok aonk, c1an1 caon nc1nnm npeamue acero
n yaennunae1 6ecnopnpok. nc1L ne a coc1onnnn noeu1L a1oy: on nn6o
onycke1 pykn, nn6o e ype1cn po6n1Lcn apeennoro ycnex.
cen1cko ne ne1 nepoc11k a aennknx nnunoc1nx. n6epn snn, yen, xo1en n
penn. o xe coe oxno cks1L o ecncnne, Mpke apennn, pnne, ppnne.
o ace onn, aknkun Cen1nnn Ceaep, ne ornn nckopenn1L sno a nnue
6ecnopnpouno ccm, nnuenno ue1ko onpepenennmx nnc1nnk1oa n nknonnoc1e, ne
xenkue nopunnn1Lcn n a 1o xe apen xxpyue nnpanennn. pn a1o ne
cnepye1 s6ma1L pae npo1nao6opc1aykune np1nn: rpxpnckyk n aoennyk. c11n,
n o asrnnp, nocnepnnn scnyxnae1 6onLue noxanm c 1oukn spennn
o6uec1aenno nonLsm. Mne ory1 aospsn1L, u1o a nnepnn uc1o aosnnknn aoennme
6yn1m, opnko pxe a 1knx cnyunx, nnpnep, ao apen kpoaao c1mukn
nernonepoa epnnn n Onann a ne, conp1m nponannnn ce6n c nyuue c1oponm a
o1nnune o1 rpxpnckoro ncenennn. [eno a 1o, u1o pnn pepxn1cn n payx
npnnunnx: neppxnuecko c1pyk1ype n nopunnennn. pn nk6o a1nnuecko npxnn
o6uec1a pnn amnonnne1 ynopnpounakuyk ponL. npnxopn1 penL, korp on
oc1e1cn epnnc1aenno spopoao uc1Lk nunn. orp npop c1noan1cn pne,
pnn npopo.
ncko nnepnn nernonm 6mnn epnnc1aennm cncenne, epnnc1aenno cnno,
ko1opn ne nosaonne1 unannnsunn npn1n a ynpok a pesynL11e a1nnueckoro xoc.
ernonm noc1annnn amcunx ponxnoc1nmx nnu rocyppc1a, nonkoaopuea, cnoco6nmx
noppepxna1L nopnpok, nopann1L 6yn1m, sunu1L rpnnum; ns nonkoaopuea
amxopnnn nnep1opm, o1nnuaunecn nepkxnnnmn 1nn1n. k npanno, onn
amxopnnn ns nnsunx pnpoa nnnunn n nopnnnncL naepx 6nroppn caon nnunm
kuec1a nnn ypue.
1k, pnn 6mn ne 1onLko nocnepnn cpepc1ao, nocnepnn onno1o n pyuo
o6uec1a - on ampanrn ns caoe cpepm aoxpe. cnny nsaeunoro npnnunn
nk6o aoenno oprnnsunn, ko1opm ec1L ne u1o nnoe, kk necoaepuennoe
aonnouenne nopnpk, o6ycnoanennoro pcoao opnopopnoc1Lk, pnn ncnonLsoan
n o6uee 6nro cnoco6noc1n caonx nyuunx npepc1an1ene n cpepxnan
pspyun1enLnoe pec1ane ppyrnx s cue1 neppxnn n pncunnnnnm.
rpxpncko o6uec1ae pen o6c1onnn coace no-ppyroy: nk6o npoxopneu,
ko1opm a pesynL11e cnyunmx ko6nnun a1nnuecknx npnnunnoa a caoe popy
poc1nrn amcokoro nonoxennn, npnnnncn, uue acero, pec1aoa1L a caonx nnunmx
nn1epecx, nrnopnpyn o6uec1aennoe 6nro. Dronc1nueckne 6nunn oco6enno
qopnpoann rpo1noc1L: pnn 1oro u1o6m as6ypopxn1L 1onny n npnaneuL k ce6e
annnne, poc11ouno 6mno nnc1 6yrn, nep n koe-kknx snnn. cnnLno
o6uec1ae 1koro ne cnyue1cn: nnk1o ne c1ne1 cnyu1L nkpe cnyunmx, 1. k. ace
npnpepxnak1cn npnepno opnnkoamx asrnnpoa n xnay1 a cnokono, xo1n n
cypoao, nn1ennek1ynLno 1ocqepe. o apen o6uero ynpk nnk1o ne sne1, u1o
py1L, ao u1o aepn1L, ue aocxnu1Lcn; nkpn oxo1no cnyuk1 npoxopnuea, npnue
axno ne 1o, u1o onn roaopn1, kk onn a1o nopk1. kn o6pso, pnn 1oro u1o6m
nonyun1L npnsnnne, poc11ouno amcks1L nppokcnLnme neoxnpnnme cyxpennn.
o npnepy perppnpykue peunn, a ne cen1cko anoxn nk6o or c11L
rp1nko: counnn1L c1nukn pnn 6or1mx, amc1yn1L n nnoupnx, c1poun1L
ne1nunn n yropnnueckne npocL6m. o6uec1aennmx 6nnx, a ny6nnunmx pox 6mno
nonno nponoaepnnkoa, nn1kunxcn nopukn. nn aenn o6ps xnsnn, ko1opm
ceropnn nsmak1 6orenm. nn nponnknn a 6or1me po a kuec1ae nc1annkoa
n uc1o npenopann caon aocnn1nnnk conn1enLnme npac1aennme ypokn.
osxe neko1opme, cme noakne ns a1nx aocnn11ene c1noannncL
npoqeccnonnLnmn yun1ennn xnsnn, nnn pn1opn. nn ypuno xennnncL n
aneppnnncL a cqepy noamx 6ypxy. o6nc1n npaoa ceunncL ace ukonm. C1pny
snonnnnn qnnocoqm:
6opop1me nkpn, ope1me a rpeueckyk 1ory. [xe a apn1ncknx ropx 1or 6mn
nenpeennm 1pn6y1o yppeuoa. npoue, onn nponoaepoann psnme yuennn:
nn1onns, nnpponns, c1onuns, knnns. BonLunnc1ao a1nx qnnocoqoa, ko1opme
amsmann yaxenne y ropoxn n nenpnnsnL y conp1, 6mnn y6expennmn 1enc1n.
eko1opme, oco6enno kpcnopeuname, po6nanncL npnsnnnn y rocyppc1aennmx
yxe, xnnn s nx cue1 n annnnn n nx peuennn n y6expennn. [pyrne c1noannncL
noun11ennn Mn1pm nnn ppyrnx sn1cknx 6oroa, 1kxe npnpynnmx nn cnn.
amcue o6uec1ae 6mno opno noknonn1Lcn po1one nensaec1noy 6oxec1ay, no1oy
u1o nunonnLnm kynL1 nepexnan ne enLun ynpok, ue nunonnLnme
1ppnunn. ue acero a1n qnnocoqm, pn1opm, yuenme 6mnn nkpLn nernynmn. Y
nnx acerp 6mn npnncen npen o6uec1aennoro cncennn: acn 6ep a 1o, u1o 1knx
npe 6mno c1onLko xe, ckonLko cncn1ene, n o6uec1aennn xnsnL ace rny6xe
norpyxncL a xoc.
o npnunne a1nnueckoro ynpk n ocn6nennn cnnLnmx pc c kxpm pne npn
ypoaenL xypoxec1aennmx n nn1ep1ypnmx cnoco6noc1e. nckycc1ax upnn
nn1unn ppeannx. [xe 1nn1 npnxopnnocL konnpoa1L 1o, u1o npnsnanocL
knccnko, koepnk am1ecnnnn nm, s1e kpo61m, rnpn1opm n nppnme
amespm konecnnu. kn xe yuc1L noc1nrn ckynLn1ypy n xnaonncL, nc1opnk nncnn
aoenunLnnkn. pap, aceo6uey ynpky conpo1nannnncL o1um Uepkan.
ne o1pnuk, u1o nocpepn a1oro xoc eue oc1anncL amcune po6pope1enn n
amcokne ym, nopoxpennme cuc1nnam coue1nne a1nnuecknx aneen1oa. nn
ac1peunncL n a cen1e, n a noxopnmx nrepnx nernonepoa, n npn paope. onnm
yuennkoa caoe nponn1o kpoaLk canpe1enLc1aoann o 1o, u1o 6opL6 c Copoo
npoponxncL. ne o1pnuk a1o1 qk1, no xouy cnpocn1L: kkyk nonLsy
o6uec1aennoy oprnnsy npnnocnnn a1n po6pope1enn, a1n poc1onnc1a, a1n acnmukn
rennn? Mornn nn onn oc1noan1L nnn xo1n 6m sepnn1L pcnp? oneuno, ne1: cm
6nropopnm y ne pno o6p1n1L 1onny, apoxny1L a nee pyuy. oa1oy a amcue
c1enenn c1pnno cnmu1L, u1o unannnsunk pspyunnn npnuepune c ceaep
apapm. x, yx a1n apapm! V a. nx nso6pxnn kk ronopnmx aonkoa, ko1opme
n6pocnnncL n npeaocxopnyk pnckyk cnc1ey, psopann ee a knouLn n ne
oc1annn o1 nee n cnep!
o pxe ecnn npnsn1L, u1o y repnuea 6mnn 1kne pspyun1enLnme nnc1nnk1m, ne
npo s6ma1L, u1o a V a. pnckoe o6uec1ao y1p1nno ace, ue ono orno roppn1Lcn a
npouno, n pouno po nonnoro 6eccnnnn. 1 y1nnn1pnoro rennn a1pyckoa n
knpnuea, o1 nmnkoro n xnaoro aoo6pxennn cen1oa oc1nocL 1onLko yenne
c1pon1L npounme, no 6esakycnme onyen1m n 6espyno konnpoa1L ace nyuuee, u1o
6mno co1aopeno a npouno. nc1ene n ckynLn1opoa sennnn nepn1m n
kenunkn, 1k u1o apap yxe 6mno neuero ynnu1ox1L, nockonLky 1nn1m,
1aopueckn pyx, 6nropopnme nopmam - ace panm-pano ncuesno [ aHa
ana yx mn mvan ncnaannu caHka. Qnn sr nc
Hnn rnam, H caHmH, aannn cn nmx ya. H., anH,
cay na a ya. ynak ckycca, c xanc, Hr
nm .]. 1o npepc1annn co6o pnnnnnn III, IV n V aekoa a qnsnuecko
n opnLno o1nouennn? Cpepnero poc1, ckopee cn6oro 1enocnoxennn uenoaek, a
uLnx xnnx 1ekn kpoaL acex mcnnmx pc; on cun1n ce6n nyuun npepc1an1ene
uenoaeuec1a: nxnLnm, koapnm, neaexec1aennm, aopoa1m, psap1nm,
ro1oam npop1L cec1py, pouL, 1L, xeny, c1pny, nyue acero 6onuncn 6epnoc1n,
c1ppnn, 1pyp n cep1n. npn a1o on nnuy1L ne coneancn, u1o n 3enn, n
nnne1m cospnm pnn nero opnoro.
enepL noco1pn, u1o npepc1annn co6o apap n qone a1oro xnkoro cospnnn.
enoaek c 6enokypmn aonocn, 6eno-posoao koxe, unpokonneun, amcokn,
cnnLnm kk nknp, opepxnnm kk ece, noakn, rn6kn, 6ecc1punm pxe
nepep nnuo cep1n. D1o1 eanqn, nekun npannLnme nnn nenpannLnme, no
acerp o6ocnoannme, cyxpennn o6o acex npepe1x. n ann1n a ce6n cokn cypoao
n y1onuenno pennrnn, yppo nonn1nkn, cnano nc1opnn caoe pcm. n nonnn,
u1o pnckn unannnsunn 6orue, ue ero co6c1aennn, n nckn 1oy o6Lncnenne. n
ne 6mn noxox n nepsynoro pe6enk, kkn ero o6muno pncyk1: a1o 6mn
noppoc1ok, nn1epecykuncn ace nosn1nanm, yekun anpe1L, cpanna1L,
amcksma1L cyxpennn n o1pa1L npepnou1ennn. 1o opepxnan no6epy:
copoaonLnm pnnnnnn nnn cypoam apap? o6expn nocnepnn. ro yaecnc1m
kynk o6pyunancn, kk xenesnm ono1, n uepen 6epnoro no1ok e. 1o xe
penn a 1ko cnyue noaepxennm pnnnnnn? n asman n norne aek anepep k
ec1n s unannnsunk, nopyrnnyk a ero nnue. n 1k xe noxopnn n eprnnnn n
aryc1, kk Lenok n upn Conoon. nnnnnn nrn, n ero necnpaepnname cnoa
noa1opnnn 1e, k1o nmnn rneao k nun repnckn kopnn n nx nnop,
amspeaun a cpepnne aek.
pnuenLum c ceaep ne pspyunnn unannnsunk, , nnpo1na, cncnn 1o nenoroe,
u1o o1 nee oc1anocL. aocc1noannn a1o nenoroe, n npnpnn ey 6neck.
Unannnsunn poun po nc 6nroppn nx nm1nnaoy yy, 6nroppn nn m
noc1ponnn nuy kynL1ypy. Bes nnx nc 6m ne 6mno. 3 nn1L c1one1n po 1oro, kk
nonunu 11nnm, kk cneno n pnkn no1ok, o6pyunnncL n 3np, onn 6mnn
epnnc1aennm un1o pnn pnckoro o6uec1a, ko1opoe srnnano c kxpm pne. Bes
nx nooun, 6es nx cnnLnmx pyk n 1nn1oa on oksncL 6m a xnko nonoxennn
yxe ao II a. e 6ypL ceaepnmx apapoa, cen1ckn n ne coxpnnn 6m
nnep1opckyk qopy npanennn, ko1opn oc1ancL rpn1ne unannnsunn.
opoue roaopn, nou1n ace poc1onoe a nnep1opcko ne nee1 repnckne kopnn.
D1 nc1nn nop1aepxpe1cn 1e, u1o cme p6o1nune nkpn a nnepnn, cme
yenme peecnennnkn 6mnn nn1n, 1. e. apapn, 6onLun uncno npnuepune a
nnnk n a ceaepnme npoannunn.
orp, nkoneu, ro1m npnunn k anc1n, ko1opn norne aek npnnpnexn nx
coo1euec1aennnk, ponnsnpoannm a no c1enenn, onn yppo pcnopnpnnncL
pesynL11n 1pypoa npepuec1aennnkoa. pnxop repnuea 6mn amsan
nc1opnuecko neo6xopnoc1Lk: ampmxkuncn peokp1nn cyuec1aoan 1onLko
6nroppn 1oy, u1o anc1L nxopnncL a pykx conp1. o a1oro yxe 6mno
nepoc11ouno, nockonLky cn1yunn poun po kpn1nueckoro npepen. orp Bor, u1o6m
cnc1n UepkoaL n unannnsunk, nocnn npy yun1ene a nnue noamx npopoa.
nc1opnn uenoaeuec1a ne1 6onee cnano c1pnnum, ue pennnn ceaepnmx npopoa,
no npexpe ue pcco1pe1L nx nc1opnueckyk ponL, eue ps 6pocn asrnnp n
coue1nne c1pmx a1nnuecknx aneen1oa, co6paunxcn n 3npe, n 6onLuo
1eppn1opnn ponckoro np. 3ppncn aonpoco: or nn pnckn noceneneu
cqopnpoa1L po1one nensaec1nme npnnunnm n, cnonLsyn ncnepne npexnnx
unannnsun, cosp1L 1o, u1o oxno no npay nsa1L pncko unannnsune?
D1o ouenL o6unpnn 1e, nop c11L reorpqnueckn npoc1pnc1a, ko1opme on
oxa1mae1. 1k, nune c 1oro, u1o n, ne neaun ncxopno pcm, ne or
cqopnpoa1L n coo1ae1c1aykuyk npek. Y ccnpnn, 1k xe kk y rnn1, peunn,
npnn, n1n, 6mn co6m1nn ocnoa. orp-1o nepcm cospnn oco6me npnnunnm a
o1nouennn npopoa, nokopennmx nn. enL1m, n1nnckne 6opnrenm, a1pyckn 1kxe
nenn ncnepne - nyc1L n ne c1onL cnanoe, s1o penLnoe n nosn1nanoe. ny
npnxopnnocL no kycouk, no nocky1k cospa1L ocnoay, npnue a 1o apen a1n
qpren1m yxe 6mnn nspnpno nsnouennmn n yc1peaunn. ero c1enx aec1o
our unannnsunn cqopnpoanocL neu1o, nnonnkuee cknp c1pLeaunk.
sxauennmx sennx n oc1ann pennrnk, npam, skonm, nonn1nueckne nnc1n1y1m a
1o anpe, a kko onn nxopnnncL pnLue, n nepec1ponn 1onLko 1o, u1o orno
s1pypnn1L ocyuec1anenne ero anc1n.
3aoeannme 1eppn1opnn 6mnn poaonLno o6unpnm, n 6mn nenLkn ropopo,
noa1oy on asnn n ce6n ponL cpoannk, ko1opm no epe aosoxnoc1n nopc1pnre1
kyc1m, ampannae1 kny6m, u1o6m npnp1L cpy npnnnunm anp, ne pyn o
ec1ec1aennmx skonx, perynnpykunx poc1 pc1enn. Oynkunn n caopnncL k
pnnnc1pnpoannk n rpxpnckoy npay no npnnunny: onn pnnnnnn: 1m
npanuL npopo nnepnn! ne snk, kk oxno 6mno nocpepc1ao a1nx payx
qynkun snoxn1L no-nc1onuey unannns1opckne ocnoam a unpoko cmcne a1oro
cnoa. 3kon - a1o acero nnuL snncnnoe n 6yre coc1onnne npaoa. D1o - opnn
ns ocnoanmx npopyk1oa unannnsunn, no ne c unannnsunn. 3kon ne o6orue1
o6uec1ao nn a 1epnnLno, nn a nn1ennek1ynLno cmcne: on pernen1npye1
npnnoxenne cnn, n ero ponL a 1o, u1o6m nnnyuun o6pso pcnpepenn1L nx. . e.
skon ne cospe1 a1n cnnm. koe onpepenenne ropn1cn pnn opnopopnmx nun. o
ono ne coace npnenno pnn pnckoro skon. kpne cnyue, aneen1m a1oro
kopekc, co6pnnme o1 acex ppnxnekunx, no nekunx onm1 npopoa, ory1 6m1L
o6o6uenm, n, ncxopn ns 1ko 1eope1nuecko aosoxnoc1n, oxno npepnonoxn1L, u1o
on ocyuec1anncL a pncko skone nnn npae. pn a1o npo o1e1n1L, u1o
nnepckoe npao am1eke1 ns konuenunn 6c1pk1noro paenc1a. Onnocoqnn
pnckoro npa, kk n acnkn qnnocoqnn aoo6ue, 6mn cqopnpoan
noc1epnopn. n 6snpoancL rnanm o6pso n nonn1nnx, 6conk1no uyxpmx
ppeaney onm1y.
qopnpykuykcn pnckyk kpncnpypenunk annnnn nnn1nueckne pok1pnnm, no
cn a1n pok1pnnm npepc1annnn co6o anunk n1nnckoro pyx nnn
annnnnc1nueckoro aoo6pxennn n ne ornn npn6an1L k ney nnuero cyuec1aennoro.
1o kce1cn xpnc1nnc1a, kpnc1m-skonop1enn nou1n ne npnnnnn ero ao annnne,
no1oy u1o onn aoo6ue o1nnunncL pennrnosnm 6espsnnune. oneuno, a1o
npo1naopeun1 yc1noak Uepkan, ko1opn nponsaen peqopy pnckoro npa,
cpena ero knonnueckn.
n, kk uyxk a caonx co6c1aennmx c1enx, c coro nun or nnuL snc1aoa1L
skonm. nepao a1ne ero skonop1enLc1ao c1ponnocL n openn uny,
korp no1pe6oanocL yuec1L asrnnpm pc1yuero psnopopnoro ncenennn, nonannncL
[aenpu1L 16nnuek, a ko1opmx coxpnnnncL neko1opme c1pme nonoxennn c
po6anenne pnp c11e, asn1mx ns onm1 aennko peunn. o ace a1o ne orno
ypoane1aopn1L nyxpm nunn, ko1opn kxpm penL nsennn cao xpk1ep n,
cnepoa1enLno, caon uenn. Mnorouncnennme nnrpn1m a ropope npo1nannncL acey,
u1o ne coo1ae1c1aoano nx nunonnLnm nonn1nn o cnpaepnnaoc1n. C1pme
npnamukn ne ornn nsenn1Lcn 1k xe 6mc1po, kk coc1a kpoan, noa1oy 6mn
yupexpen cneunnLnm rnc1p1 no yperynnpoannk konqnnk1oa expy
npnuenLun n pnnnnn. ro npa n qynkunn amxopnnn s pkn yc1noanenn
[aenpu1n 16nnuek.
eko1opme a1opm, c6n1me c 1onky c11yco, ko1opm a nocnepnee apen
cyuec1aoannn pecny6nnkn nonLsoanncL pnckne rpxpne no cpanennk c ppyrnn
xn1ennn, nonrk1, u1o 1ko rnc1p1 cyuec1aoan eue pnLue. D1o cepLesnn
oun6k. onoxennn n1nnckoro nnn n1nnckoro npa c coro nun ne 6mnn
skpennenne nnsuero nonoxennn nokopennoro ncenennn. npo1na, a1o 6mn k1
pennk1noro o1nouennn k npop, ko1opme xo1enn npnnn1L nonn1nueckyk anc1L
n, no ne pnckyk kpnpnueckyk cnc1ey. nn npnpepxnanncL caonx o6muea, n
n ne npenn1c1aoann pen1L a1o, 1k u1o ec1nm skon nm1ncn poc1nuL nekoero
npenLnoro paenc1a, yun1man nosn1nanme npnnunnm n1nnuea, rpekoa,
qpnknuea, ncnnuea, rnnoa.
orp ponnsnpoannn cecL poc1nrn amcue 1oukn caoero psan1nn,
skonop1enLc1ao npeap1nnocL a konnnnunk cmx psnopopnmx npaoamx
aneen1oa, asn1mx y acex npopoa, coc1annaunx nnepnk, n c6nnnnckn pyx,
ko1opm eue npncy1c1aoan a [aenpu1n 16nnukx, noc1enenno amae1pnncn.
3pecL cnepye1 se1n1L, u1o cme aennkne skonop1enn ne cornn 6m po6n1Lcn
6onLuero, no1oy u1o pnn a1oro n npo 6mno am1n ne 1onLko s caon co6c1aennme
npepenm, no n s npepenm o6uec1a, a ko1opo onn xnnn. eaepno cun1k1, u1o
uenoaek 6onee aennk, ue ero anox: nnkoy ne pno srnnny1L s ropnson1, n coe
6onLuee, u1o oxe1 cpen1L renn, - a1o psrnnpe1L ace, u1o nxopn1cn no a1y
c1opony ropnson1.
o ne ory1 nnonn1L o 1o, ckonLko aoc1opxennmx noxan scnyxnno pnckoe
npao 6nroppn caoe ynnaepcnLnoc1n. 1o n ory o1ae1n1L n a1o? [, ono 6mno
ynnaepcnLnm a npepenx nnepnn. [, ono nonLsoanocL, n ceuc nonLsye1cn,
yaxenne ceropnnunnx ponnsnpoannmx npopoa. o s npepenn a1oro kpyr
npnsnnne a1oro qk1 konue1cn. [xe korp ono ocyuec1annnocL ao ace nonno1e
nop cenLk pnckoro opn, ero annnnne ne amxopnno s rpnnum nnepnn. epnum
ne npnnnnn ero, xo1n ncnonLsoann a o1nouennn caonx noppnnmx. ro nsyuk1, no
ne npnennk1 n 6onLue uc1n nmneune aponm n a epnke. k u1o o1nouenne k
ney npo1naopeunaoe, xo1n ao nornx ec1x a nrnnn n Laeupnn, 1kxe
epnnn, ono nano npo1naopeun1 ec1nm o6mun. [xe ao Opnunn n 1nnn ero
npnennk1 a cnnLno nsenenno anpe. pnn cnoao, a1o skon ec1noro snuennn,
kk n ace oc1nLnme skonm. ero nenLsn nsa1L ynnaepcnLnm n cun11L
panr1ene unannnsunn a 6onLue epe, ue ace oc1nLnme.
cnn npao 6mno nnueno nunonnLnmx uep1, 1o a1o xe oxno cks1L o6
pnnnc1punn: a pecny6nnkncko n nnep1opcko ne, 1k xe kk n a nmneunnx
sn1cknx nnepnnx, m anpn rny6okoe 6espsnnune k noppnnm. Mm anpn n 1
n 1y1 nnornunoe o1nouenne unnoannkoa, no1oy u1o pnnnne uue, ue o6muno
cun1e1cn, cnepoann sn1ckn npnep. npoue, kc1nunn, kk n pnnnc1punn,
n npk1nke acerp 6mn npnansn k o6uenpnnn1m nop opnn.
yxe roaopnn, u1o a skononocnyunmx n uec1nmx pnnnnx nepoc11k ne 6mno. o
a nk6o o6uec1ae 1kne nkpn nek1 nepep co6o konkpe1nm npen,
cqopnpoannm unannnsune, a ko1opo onn xnay1. [o6pope1enLnm nnpyc,
nocnyunm kn1eu, po6ponpanm qnnnnnn noxoxn ppyr n ppyr caon nckpennn
xennne co6nkp1L yc1noanennme skonm n npann. pnckoe o6uec1ao
cnepoano caoey skony. Y nero 6mn npen xopouero. o n a a1o cnyue npen 6mn
snc1aoan y ppyrnx npopoa, 1ouno 1k xe, kk qnnocoqnn 6onLue uc1Lk 6mn
asn1 y rpekoa. ne anxy a pncko o6uec1ae nn opnoro uyac1a, nn opno
npac1aenno npen, nc1okn ko1opmx ne ac1peunncL 6m a ppyrnx ec1x: nnpnep,
ppeannn cypoaoc1L 6opnrenoa, npr1nueckn kynL1yp a1pyckoa, y1onuennoc1L
cen1nsnpoannmx rpekoa, cnnpn1ynLnn xec1okoc1L kpqrennn n ncnnuea.
pepnsnuenne n coc1onno aoace ne a 1o, u1o6m nan1L npy 6yke1 noauec1a.
rponn ouL, cocpepo1ouennn a ero pykx, ne amsman nnkkoro ynyuuennn,
ckopee no6opo1. u1o kce1cn unpokoro ps6poc nonn1n n aepoann, specL
coace nnoe peno. a1o o1nouennn ny ec1L ue noxac11Lcn. onLko cen1m n
kn1um ory1 conepnnu1L c nn. a1o ec1ec1aenno: n ne npocaeun n ne
aosamun npopm, oksaunecn a ero op6n1e, s1o on nnoro yckopnn nx cnnnnne.
ennune n oxno o6Lncnn1L 1onLko aceo6un noknonenne ppeannx npopoa.
npoue, nyc1L pnckn 6ecqopennn 1onn oc1e1cn n nLepec1ne: a1n on ao
noro o6nsn apap, ko1opme a 1euenne nonoannm nepnop cyuec1aoannn n
noppepxnann ero n qopnpoann npnnunnm, nc1okn ko1opmx m ne npe nn a
ppeane snpno npe, nn a pok1pnnx coo1euec1aennnkoa epnkn, nn a
ccnpncknx pynnx, nn y nepamx kenL1oa.
D1o1 npouecc nuncn pano n npoponxncn ponro. Bmn n a1pycckn, n
n1nnckn, n cen1ckn. enepL nop nepe1n k ny repnckoy.
U
- %%
I. naan. 3nxa anamvcaa rHackx aa
ack acm
unnn c IV a. po oxpec1a pnc1oa po 50 r. pernonm, ko1opme cun1nn ce6n
amcoko unannnsoannmn - n m pspenne a1o nenne, - 1. e. c1pnm, rpe
cyuec1aoan annnnckn nnn n1no-cen1ckn kpoaL n annnnckne nnn n1no-
cen1ckne o6mun, nenn pepkne kon1k1m c nneenn, xnaunn no ppyryk c1opony
nLn. Cospe1cn aneu1nenne, u1o ns acex, k1o npepc1annn cepLesnyk yrposy pnn
Kr, 1onLko o rnnx nou1n nnuero ne 6mno nsaec1no cocepn. ce6e pann sn1L
1kne nneen, kk, ckxe, ccnno1m, a1nny1me a expoyco6nuy, nnn nocnponm,
ny1euec1aoaaune a a1n senn, ncenennme ckopee qn1c1nuecknn, ue
penLnmn cyuec1an.
enL1ckne nuec1ann 6onLue ne aoso6noannnncL, nx pspyun1enLnm no1ok, ko1opm
korp-1o norno1nn rn1ckne rocyppc1a, nccnk. mxopum ns Cnroaese xnnn cnpno,
nx psposnennme rpynnm, ko1opme nponnknn a epxnkk 1nnk c nepenne
aospenma1L 1 nyc1ykune senn, 6mnn ampaopenm no aenennk cen1.
onoxenne a c1pne rnnoa 6mno necnokonm. pexco1ne1nn nepnop,
npepuec1aoaaun noxopy Uespn, 6mn pnn nnx 1nxenm n cy1nm apeene. nn
nepexnann cm rny6okn nonn1nueckn ynpok. pnc1okp1nn, 1eokp1nn,
ncnepc1aennme nnn am6opnme upLkn, 1npnnn, peokp1nn, perornn - acero
a1oro y nnx 6mno a ns6m1ke. x pcnpn ne npnnocnnn po6pmx nnopoa. pnunn a 1o,
u1o kenL1ckne nneen pounn po 1ko c1enenn ceuennn, ko1opn ncknkun
pnLneuee psan1ne. nn npounn kynLnnunonnm nynk1 caoero ec1ec1aennoro
coaepuenc1aoannn n o1nmne ornn 1onLko cnyck1Lcn no nec1nnue psan1nn. Mexpy
1e peuL npe1 o ncenennn, ko1opoe nocnyxnno ocnoao pnn nuero nmneunero
o6uec1a aec1e c ppyrnn, ne enee snun1enLnmn nneenn, kk nnpnep,
cnanne n aenpm.
1y anoxy a 6onLunnc1ae c1pn cnanne n aenpm 6mnn yrne1em a 6onLue epe,
ue oc1nLnme, n yrne1enne npoponxnocL ponLue. Cypn no reorpqnueckoy
nonoxennk, ko1opoe snnnn n snnk1 ceropnn nx rnanme ae1an, onn nannk1cn
nocnepnnn ns kpynnmx 6enmx npopoa, ko1opme xnnn a epxne snn n no1o
o1c1ynnnn nop n1ncko qnncknx opp, oco6enno 1ex, u1o uue c nnn
kon1k1npoann. pn a1o n ne nek a anpy nx psposnennme rpynnm, aoaneuennme a
o6un no1ok kenL1oa, nnorp pxe onepexaune ero: n6epnum, pcenm, aene1m ns
psnmx ponoa aponm n snn. o u1o kce1cn ocnoano ccm a1nx nneen,
nsrnnnmx c popnmx seenL nocne yxop rnnoa, onn yunn n ceaepo-aoc1ok nuero
kon1nnen1 n 1 ac1ynnnn a pspyun1enLnoe cocepc1ao c qnnnn [amH
aH a an, r ncnncu cnaan, cvacn n Hxy
H, cn, HaH, ByrH, QnH, QcH QyaH, xn
ram vu vac Hnncu.]. C 1euenne apeenn onn c1nn coc1ann1L
6onLunnc1ao ec1noro ncenennn. npnep, cnannckn nsmk, nekun o6une
popoame npnsnkn pncknx nsmkoa, nopaeprcn cnnLnoy qnnckoy aospec1ank.
u1o kce1cn aneunnx npnsnkoa, onn 1kxe npn6nnsnnncL k qnnckoy 1nny.
o xe coe oxno cks1L o opnLnmx kuec1ax. xpk1epe ponnnpye1
c1penenne k 1nunne n nokok, no1pe6noc1n neaennkn n orpnnuenm 1epnnLno
cqepo. k xe, kk xn1, no1ook uepno n 6eno pc, yncnepoan o1 6ypnoro
xpk1ep nerp cnoco6noc1L k nnc1nueckn nckycc1a, aenp, cecL 6enoro n
qnnckoro aneen1oa, 1pncqopnpoan akyc xen1o pcm k 1epnnLnm ppoc1n a
npeppcnonoxennoc1L k npomunennoy, cenLckoxosnc1aennoy n koepueckoy
peny. Cme ppeanne npopm, amuepune ns 1koro coks, nopoxpnn qnnncnc1oa n
penLuoa, koneuno, ne 1knx npepnpnnunamx, nunmx n noaknx, kk xnnenne, no
c1onL xe npeycneakunx 6nroppn 1pyponk6nk.
pneko ppeanoc1n ns cnanncknx c1pn a 6ccen epnoro opn, a norouncnennme
cen1ckne n rpeueckne kononnn, no1oko unn psnoo6psnme 1oapm. n1pL c
6eperoa Bn1nkn, ko1opm qnrypnpoan a 1oproane rnnoa, 1kxe noc1ynn k nn o1
aenpoa. Ln oxnanennn 1oproann nuennue, ko1opyk ampunann n sennx
Cknqnn, 1kxe kxnee pn1, rpe xnno aenpckoe nnen nsonoa. kn o6pso,
oxno cks1L, u1o nn kenL1m, nn cnanne ne scnyxnak1 ynpek a apapc1ae.
e ne enee, a1n npopm ne ornn cun11Lcn amcokounannnsoannmn a 1e apeen.
sancnoc1n o1 c1enenn ceuennn c 6opnrenn onn y1punann ppeanne
nnc1nnk1m 6eno pcm. o1nouennn pennrnn onn c1onnn n c1ynenL nnxe rnnoa.
nnLckn ppynpns, xo1n on 1oxe nocnn cnepm qnnckoro annnnnn, 6mn enLue
nponn1n nx n1ypnnso, ue 1eonornn cnann, a amcue c1enenn cyeaepnmx.
koe cyeaepnoe o1nouenne k npnpope, a pano c1enenn npncyuee kk ceaepnm
cnann, 1k n nx copopnu, n1nLnnckn pcen, snnno 6onLuoe ec1o a
cnc1ee nx xnsnennmx nonn1n. nn oc1annn noro nn1nnkoa, canpe1enLc1aykunx
o 6onLuo c1epc1ae, 1epnennn n 1pyponk6nn, no a1n nn1nnkn ao noro
yc1ynk1 1oy, u1o m anpn y kenL1cknx npopoa. nn nou1n ne snnn
saoea1enLcknx noxopoa n pxe ne cyenn cosp1L no-nc1onuey cnnLnoe
nonn1nueckoe rocyppc1ao.
ueno a1 pc 6mn nnopoan1o, no kk 1onLko kkoe-nn6ypL nnen yenLunocL
a uncnennoc1n, ono ckopo ncuesno. onn1nueckne asrnnpm aenpoa ampxnncL
cnoppnueckn n ne nosaonnnn n ocosn1L nnn cosp1L cnoxnyk cnc1ey ynpanennn,
neo6xopnyk a kpynno c1pne. oa1oy onn c1pennncL xn1L ne6onLunn
o6unnn. oneuno, y nnx ne 6mno c1penennn nans1L caoe rocnopc1ao ppyrn
nneen, oco6enno a1o kce1cn cnann. oamuenne nnunoro 6nrococ1onnnn,
sun1 nnopoa caoero 1pyp, noouL a ypoane1aopennn 1epnnLnmx no1pe6noc1e
- ace a1o pan n o6unn c ee cao6opo n ee aosoxnoc1nn, ko1opme
neaosoxnm a 6onee psan1o counnLno cpepe. ko o6ps xnsnn scnyxnn n
noxanm opnnc1oa, nonn1nkn, 6onee 1pe6oa1enLnme a a1o o1nouennn, nxopnnn
ero npnn1nanm. [peannn cnc1e npanennn 6enmx pc, ko1opn o6ecneunan ace
aneen1m nesancnoc1n, 6mn necoaec1n c 1ko nnep1noc1Lk. nnoannkn, o1um
o6unnm, nonyunn anc1L nnuL n neko1opoe apen n 6mnn orpnnuenm a pec1annx
peuennnn acex rna ceec1a. ueanpno, u1o a1n cenLckne pnc1okp1m cospann
pecny6nnkn, nnenee nopaepxennme ysypnunn anc1n, kkne snn nc1opnn 6enmx
npopoa, no a 1o xe apen a1n pecny6nnkn 6mnn n cmn cn6mn nepep nnuo
any1pennnx aonnenn n aneune yrposm.
nonne aepon1no, u1o no npnunne norouncnennmx neypo6c1a 1ko nsonnpoanno
cnc1em nnorp pxe ee npnaepxenum xennn nepeenn1L cn1yunk n oks1Lcn nop
anc1Lk 6onee aneprnunoro npop. D1o pano n aosoxnoc1L skpm1L rns n
no1epn nesancnoc1n s cue1 o6pe1ennn noamx npenyuec1a. uncne nocnepnnx
oxno nsa1L yaennuenne 1epnnLnoro poc11k kk cnepc1ane yaennuennn
1eppn1opnn n ncenennn. sonnpoannn o6unn nee1 ne6onLune aosoxnoc1n, pae
o6Lepnnnaunecn o6unnm nonyuk1 nx 6onLue. Cnn1ne nonn1nuecknx 6pLepoa
cnoco6c1aye1 yc1noanennk canse expy cocepnnn c1pnn. pn a1o
pcunpne1cn 1oapoo6en, pc1y1 npn6mnn n aosoxnoc1n pmnk, 1oproaum k1nano
npnae1c1ayk1 1koe nonoxenne aeue, expy 1e kk nkpn 6onee 6nropopnme n
nponnu1enLnme npepanpn1 ckonnenne acex uenoaeuecknx nopokoa n nonanenne
aceaosoxnmx noamx qop nop6ouennn.
o a ppeanne apeen saoea1enn cnann ne poaopnnn 1koe ckonnenne po
kpnoc1n. x uncnennoc1L 6mn neaennk, y nnx 6mnn ckypnme nn1ennek1ynLnme
nnn 1epnnLnme aosoxnoc1n, u1o6m coaepu1L 1kne kpynnme oun6kn. nx
noppnnme ornn nonLsoa1Lcn pcunpenne akononuecknx o1nouenn.
poe 1oro, nx xnsnL a ycnoannx orpnnuenno cao6opm 6mn o6ecneuen nyuue,
1orp kk nsonnunn noc1onnno rposnn n aneune rpeccne. oa1oy no norn
npnunn aenpm cknonnnncL k 1oy, u1o6m cnpn1Lcn c nonn1nueckn nopunnenne, n
ne nm1nncL ocao6opn1Lcn o1 nero. o epe 1oro, kk coaec1noe npoxnanne
uyxesenmx rocnop n ec1nmx noppnnmx npnaopnno k nens6exnm cansn,
nponcxopnno c6nnxenne yoa. 1nouennn expy nnn 1epnnn npexnkk cypoaoc1L n
oc1po1y, sunuennoc1L ouyuncL ace 6onLue, panenne ace enLue. o npape
roaopn, saoea1enn, xep1am 1koro noaopo1 co6m1n, noc1enenno npeapunncL a
cnann n a caok ouepepL oksmanncL nop uyxn nro, ko1opoe onn npnnnnn c 1o
xe nokopnoc1Lk. o a peno ac1ynnn 1e xe npnunnm n c neyonnoc1Lk n1nnk
npnaopnnn k nnornunm cnepc1ann, n aenpckne nneen ne cosnann n, pxe
6ypyun pnnnsnpoannmn, ne ornn ocosn1L neo6xopnoc1L cosp1L cnc1ey
npanennn 6onee cnoxnyk, ue o6unn. nn ne nrpnn oco6o ponn a n1nuno
npe, n, 6ypyun cmn ampopnaunncn ns acex 6enmx rpynn aponm, onn 6mnn
nese1nm n a nc1opnueckne apeen: nx ccm noc1onnno nxopnnncL nop anc1Lk
ypunnamx an1kpnc1oa. pnn cnoao, a pesynL11e 6onLuo nponopunn xen1o
kpoan, o6ycnoanaue nx nccnanoc1L, onn, c opnLno 1oukn spennn, nxopnnncL a
enee amropno nonoxennn, ue kenL1m, ko1opme, no kpne epe, a uepepe ponrnx
aekoa snnn npkne oen1m pcuae1 n cnam.
pnko nopunnennoe nonoxenne cnann a nc1opnuecko kon1ekc1e ne o1psnnocL n
nx xpk1epe. 6muno, korp opnn npop nonpe1 a sancnoc1L o1 ppyroro,
nxopn1cn nkpn, snannkune, u1o nepam yc1yne1 a xp6poc1n a1opoy. orp opn
nunn nnn pc snn1 ncknkun1enLno npnmn 1pypn, ppyrn, aonnc1aennn,
cun1e1 aony caon rnanm npepnsnuenne, 1e xe cme nkpn y1aepxpk1, u1o
nepan - nennan n 1pycnnan, a1opn - yxec1aennn. o a1o noaepxnoc1nme
amaopm - nenenme n ne o1aeukune pec1an1enLnoc1n.
Opnuysckn kpec1Lnnnn, nn1kun o1apuenne k aoennoy peny n npepnoun1kun
xopn1L s nnyro, koneuno, ne o1nnue1cn repockn xpk1epo, no, no cy1n, on
xp6pee, ue aonnc1aennm p6 ns oppnnn. cnyue neo6xopnoc1n on 6ype1
nponann1L uypec xp6poc1n a sun1e caoero our, a1opo acerp pec1aye1
oc1opoxno n o1c1yne1 nepep npeaocxopnue cnno, ne ncnm1man npn a1o nnkkoro
c1mp n noa1opnn nk6nyk npncksky sn1ckoro aonn: Cpx1Lcn - a1o ne snun1
p1L ce6n y6n1L. o1n npn a1o aon - ero npoqeccnn, no1oy u1o, no ero nennk,
a1o epnnc1aennoe snn1ne, poc1onoe yxunnm, u1o, anpoue, ne eue1 ey aekn
nxopn1Lcn nop uyxn nro.
ce npopm xp6pme a 1o cmcne, u1o ace onn a pano epe cnoco6nm
npo1naoc1on1L 1pypnoc1n n necuc1Ln n ne xne1L xnsnn, u1o6m sun1n1L ce6n.
kn xp6poc1L ec1L a nk6o npope, n ne c1on1 cun11L ee npnsnko
nunonnLno aneprnn n 1e 6onee npnnn1L ee s cy aneprnk. poe 1oro,
xp6poc1L ne nanne1cn cnepc1ane aneprnn npop. cnn ace npopm o1nnuk1cn
xp6poc1Lk, 1o ne ace nek1 cnnLnyk aneprnk, kpoe 6eno pcm. onLko y nee
oxno ac1pe1n1L 1aeppoc1L aonn, ocnoannyk n sppaoc1n cyxpenn. Dneprnunn
n1yp c1pen1cn k uenn, no1oy u1o ue1ko nonne1 caok amropy nnn
neo6xopnoc1L. npnmx penx a1o kuec1ao ampxe1cn a 1ko xe c1enenn, kk n
a penx p1nmx. cnn 6enme pcm, a ue ne1 nnkknx conenn, 6onee yxec1aennme,
ue oc1nLnme, 1o onn nponannk1 1kne xe kuec1a n a 1pype, n a nckycc1ae, n a
nyke. x yxec1ao ne cansno c aos6yxpenne nepano cnc1em, kk a1o nee1
ec1o y ppyrnx npopoa, ko1opme ne nenn nnn y1p1nnn a1o kuec1ao.
nepayk ouepepL a1o; seunne o1nocn1cn k cnann, upesamuno cnnLno
ceunnm c ppyrnn aneen1n. pnue, ceropnn a1o ouyue1cn 6onLue, ue
npexpe. nn nponannnn amcokne kuec1a a 6ok, korp a1o 6mno nyxno, no nx
nn1ennek1, ocn6nennm qnnckn annnnne, ne amxopnn s npepenm yskoro kpyr
nonn1n n uc1o ne nosaonnn n ocosn1L aennkne no1pe6noc1n cnnLnmx nun. orp
cpxenne 6mno nens6exno, onn ceno ac1ynnn a nero, opnko pennn a1o neoxo1no,
6es an1ysns, c opnn xennne ns6ex1L ne oncnoc1n, ckopee 6ecnonesnmx n
nx asrnnp xnono1 n ycnnn. 3konuna p1nm 1pyp, onn ppoanncL, aosapuncL k
caon noacepneanm pen.
D1 pc ne amkpnc1nnnsoancL okonu1enLno, nockonLky kpnc1nnnsunn
nponcxopnn a cnnuko no cu16e, u1o6m c11L anpno ckaosL 1Ly aekoa, n
o6 ee poc1onnc1ax n nepoc11kx oxno cypn1L 1onLko no cansn pcm c 6onee
psan1mn saoea1ennn. Cnpenne n ponro1epnenne, corncne n a1opoc1enennyk
ponL a noamx rocyppc1ax, cospaemx a pesynL11e saoeann, 1pyponk6ne -
ao1 kuec1a, 6nroppn ko1opm cnanne coxpnnnn s co6o npao n caok senk,
yc1ynna aepxoaenc1ao. Cme xec1okne saoea1enn 6mc1po o1ksmanncL o1 mcnn
psopn1L nokopennyk c1pny, nonnn, u1o a1o nnuero n ne pc1. 1npana
neckonLko 1mcnu nnennnkoa n pmnkn p6oa a peunk, snk n n1nnckne kononnn,
onn ycnoknanncL nepep nnuo nokopnoc1n ec1noro ncenennn. nn pxe
nponnknncL couyac1ane k a1n 6espono1nm p6o1nnk n oc1annnn nx a nokoe.
cnannckn nnopoan1oc1L 6mc1po konencnpoan nonecennm ypon.
kn o6pso, 6ypyun nepspmano cansnnme c sene, o1 ko1opo nnu1o ne orno
nx o1opa1L, cnanne amnonnnnn a aoc1ouno apone 1y xe qynkunk ponroro n
onunnaoro, no neo1ap1noro annnnnn, kkyk a snn asnnn n ce6n cen1m.
opo6no nocnepnn, onn cospann c1onuee 6ono1o, a ko1opo, nocne
kp1koapeennmx no6ep, 1onynn ace 6onee psan1me a1nnueckne rpynnm.
enopanxnoe kk cep1L, neyonnoe kk cep1L, a1o 6ono1o nornouno a caoe
rny6oko 1eno1e cme nmnkne n 6nropopnme npnnunnm, ne npe1epnean npn a1o
nou1n nnkknx nsenenn n nocne pepknx acnneckoa k1nanoc1n anoaL aosapuncL a
npexnee coc1onnne cnnukn.
D1 6onLun ceunnn rpynn uenoaeueckoro pop, nnopoan1n, 1epnennan nepep
nnuo rpeccnn, ynopnn a caoe npnansnnoc1n k sene, 1nn1nnan a 1o, u1o6m
nokopn1L a1y senk, a 1euenne nc1opnueckn kopo1koro apeenn pcnpoc1pnnncL n
orpono 1eppn1opnn. 3 pae 1mcnun ne1 po oxpec1a pnc1oa aenpckne nneen
aospenmann noy nnxnero [ynn n ceaepnme 6eper epnoro opn, coc1annn
konkypenunk qnnckn cc n 1eppn1opnn nmneune onLun n occnn. 1k, m
ysnnn nx nc1nnnyk npnpopy n nc1opnueckyk spuy, 1enepL npepoc1an nx npnm
pen n nepepe k nx saoea1enn.
nepayk ouepepL pcco1pn kenL1oa. ouenL ppeankk anoxy, korp a1n npopm
snnnn apnpy n aoeann c ccnpnun, n pxe a anoxy [pnn, onn nenn
noppnnmx cnann a a1nx ponx [3y cya v ncan : kra
ckm anan a kHHa, can yHau, v nau. kck a
nnaran cnannucn, a xn nc-anc y a yr
Hca. k ka, ncn xakx cna Hxycmx
kannmx cmvk, a, . . cnaan, xan ny a au,
nxn Hamx cynn. yrH Hc acckamaacn H, kak
ckm, aakaam QaH, nncn nH y cc. ra cancu
a aaa, araca, aa, aara, Hnaxna, rna,
ya caaHaa. aH cnyva cna a ava
narm nnHa vyxaka, km anacaaan a knuckH
aaaH, cnaanckH aracaH, aaH aaraH, ckH
HnaxnaH, rnaH, yaH cnaanckH caHaaH. a
Hu, v ncn ccaannn caHm m cn acnn, xn
nnn aaa cax rcn cncu k ack ac.
x a cn ack Hn: naran.]. osxe onn nokopnnn kpnkoa n
npnunn a nmneunkk onLuy n a ponnny pep. o epe nx nepeeuennn ns nnnn
onn oc1annnn a ponnne [ynn n n sennx qpknuea n nnnnpnuea
norouncnennme rpynnm caoe sn1n, ko1opme ac1ann ao rnae aenpcknx nneen n,
a koneuno cue1e, ceunncL c nnn. Yuenme nonrk1, u1o a 1y xe anoxy kenL1m
pounn po Cam n [pam n aoc1oke n po nc1okoa ncnm n [nec1p n ceaepe.
npnum ne ps oksmann - yxe a konue III a. po n. a. - cnnLnoe panenne n
cnannckne npopm.
pnko m nepamn nsann kenL1oa 1onLko pnn ypo6c1a: onn ne 6mnn nn cmn
oryuec1aennmn, nn cmn nsaec1nmn nnn ppeannn saoea1ennn, cpepn
ko1opmx xnnn cnanne. pnno cnyue npnopn1e1 cnepye1 o1p1L ppyrn
snenn1m npop pncko pcm. D1n npopm nponannnn oco6yk k1nanoc1L a
non1ncknx sennx n po cmx ceaepnmx 1eppn1opn. enno onn coxpnnnncL a
nc1opnn a1o c1pnm, n o nnx m 6ype roaopn1L oco6o" eue n no ppyrn, 6onee
aeckn npnunn.
eco1pn n ceuenne, ko1opoe onpepennno cnun ynpok, s1e ncuesnoaenne
nornx ns nnx, a1n npopm ncxopno npnnpnexnn k co 6nropopno 6eno ae1an;
a1o o6c1on1enLc1ao yxe onpapmae1 cm xnao nn1epec k nn, , kpoe 1oro,
cnepye1 o1e1n1L 1o1 qk1, u1o ns nx cpepm amunn repnckne nneen. cansn c
npnnpnexnoc1Lk k nc1ok coapeennoro o6uec1a onn 6onee nn1epecnm pnn nc a
nc1opnuecko nnne, nexenn cosp1enn ppyrnx npoamx unannnsun.
epamn ns a1nx npopoa, npnuepunx a apony a 1e pnekne apeen, korp qnnnm,
aosoxno, 1kxe kenL1m n cnanne, yxe snnnn senn n ceaepe peunn, anpno,
6mnn nnnnpnum n qpknum. nn naepnnk nopaeprnncL snun1enLnoy
ceuennk, noa1oy oc1nocL enLue cnepoa nx npncy1c1ann. Mm roaopn o nnx pnn
1oro, u1o6m npopeonc1pnpoa1L npn6nnsn1enLnoe pcnpoc1pnenne pnuea ns
npnn n pn a cyk ppeankk anoxy. snpe nnnnpnum n qpknum
rocnopc1aoann a ponnnx n n pannnx o1 Dnnpm po [ynn, onn pounn po 1nnn
n Beccp6nn n oco6enno ocnoa1enLno o6ocnoanncL n ceaepnmx cknonx eyc.
Ckopo s nnn npnun ppyrn rpynn ceec1a - re1m, ko1opme cennnncL pnpo,
uc1o aec1e c nnn, n npopannynncL pnLue n ceaepo-snp n ceaep. e1m, kk
nnue1 epopo1, nsmann ce6n 6eccep1nmn. nn cun1nn, u1o nepexop a nnxnn
np npnaepe1 nx ne k ne6m1nk nnn c1ppnnn, a ne6ec, a o6n1enL conkcnc.
D1o unc1o pnckn 1ouk spennn [ y ra c
akaH, v cnyx H naxH ackr
ncxxn ncnx. sH x canucay Han Hm.
, v nanxa aaH, xamH k cay Hyca k anay
acnckr Hn, nvacn rymH cnnH; numan x vacu
ackr ncxxn, acvacn cnaanck,
ckr na. anH, Hm ca V cnaanckr na, n Hm
ra akann ackr na.].
o nonanenne re1oa a apone o1nocn1cn k c1onL ppeann apeen, u1o apnp nn
aosoxno npocnepn1L nx nc1okn. 3nun1enLnn uc1L nx nneen, ko1opme
ynonnk1cn a c1pmx xponnkx, a 6onLuo c1enenn ceuncL co cnannn,
knpnun n pxe c xen1mn npopn. Onccre1m, nnn re1m-rnrn1m, npre1m,
npnnpnexaune k qnnckoy nneenn epn, core1m ns Cyon, kk nsmak1 ce6n
qnnnm, - ace a1o e1ncnme nneen, ao6paune a ce6n cyk unc1yk kpoaL 6eno
pcm n onronLckn aneen1 n 1e cm onyc1naunecn nnxe caonx copopnue. K1m
Cknpnnann, no1ynm, ecnn aocnonLsoa1Lcn 1epnno ns Dppm, oueanpno, 6mnn
cmn ceaepnmn n c opnLno 1oukn spennn cmn perppnpoannmn a re1cko
ceec1ae. Onsnueckn onn 6mnn ouenL cnnLnmn n kpynnmn, o1ckp nx cpanenne c
rnrn1n. x cun1k1 pesynL11o ceuennn kenL1oa n qnnnoa.
Bnnxe k snn n cnnckoy opk xnnn n ppyrne ae1an a1oro npop, ko1opmx
rpeueckne n pnckne nc1opnkn nsmak1 ccre1n [am amaan x
am, . . num rm. H r, kam ynHa yr
rck nnHa, aHx, n Hrvcnm: m n -v.
aan Ha nka k ckaaackHy aaa ym. cm
c ck c Hn ynnn ackH aaH ncn
II a. . s.; s av, v a y snxy, . . aHr nx ncn cxa
nnH, kmx ammn ckaaam, aH rHam, a ana an
ac xn num Haccm n acm v cn nv ak x
Ha, v x anck cv, ncnaaam x a Qya.
Mx ncaau, kak nara ckaancn x nx a xnmx n
Hanackx acax an.]. osxe nx nsmann cknqcknn re1n nnn nnpo-
re1n. n1um nsmann nx xy-1a, u1o nxopn1 o1knnk a 6onee ppeane anoxe a
nnpncknx noax: xe1, xe1m - a1o ap1nn, npnaepxenum 6pxnns,
neconenno pnum, xnaune k ceaepy o1 nnea.
o II a. po n. a. re1ckne nneen, ko1opme oc1nncL a aepxne snn, nepepannynncL a
Cnxyn, s1e 6nnxe k Corpnne n ocnoann n ec1e 6k1pncko-keponckoro
rocyppc1a caok nnepnk. pnko a1o co6m1ne ne neno 6onLunx nocnepc1an a
cpanennn c 1o nsaec1noc1Lk, kkyk npno6peno nx nn a IV n V aa. a apone. pn
rpynn nx co6p1Lea noknnyn aoc1ounme 6eper Bn1nkn n kxnme ponm
Cknpnnann n c1epn ace, u1o cospnn nx npepuec1aennnkn. BonLun konqepepunn
re1oa nponecn caon no6epnme snen a occnk, n [yn, a 1nnk, a kxnyk
Opnunk n n aecL ncnnckn nonyoc1poa. a 6conk1no npen1nunoc1n payx qop
- ro1m n re1m - ne1 nnkknx conenn.
npo c re1n, nenoro nosxe, a ponon1npe n a cocepnnx ponx nonanncn
ppyro, 1kxe pnckn npop. D1o 6mnn cknqm - ne 1e nsaec1nme 1pyponk6ne
cknqm, nc1onune cnanne, cknqm aonnc1aennme, neno6epnme, upckne cknqm.
o nennk yuenmx, onn roaopnnn n pncko nsmke n nponoaepoann kynL1 cmx
ppeannx aepnuecknx, annnncknx, npncknx nneen. nn 6oro1aopnnn ne6o, senk,
oronL, aospyx. a1o sknkue1cn o1nnun1enLnn oco6ennoc1L a1oro
o6oxec1anennoro n1ypnns ppeannx 6enmx npopoa. a1oy cnepye1 po6an1L
noknonenne 6oxec1ay cpxenn. pnko onn, no npnepy npepkoa, ne 1epnenn
n1poopqns n cnaonnsnpoann caon npen nso6pxenne eu, ao1kny1oro a
senk.
eppn1opnn cknqoa a apone npoc1npncL a 1o xe nnpanennn, u1o n re1ckn
1eppn1opnn, noa1oy n1nnum n rpekn uc1o ny1nn nx [3anr nHn
cam Bank 4ckr anaa amaancu k.]. enL1ckne cknqm n
qpknckne cknqm - 1onLko o nnx snnn reorpqm Dnnpm, n ne npo nx ynpek1L s
a1o. pnko cnepye1 npnsn1L, u1o nx 1epnnonornn 6mn ne1ouno, xo1n n
o1nocnncL k penLno cyuec1aoaaun npop.
aoc1oke aonnc1aennme cknqm npo1nnynn pyky caon co6p1Ln, nneen,
xnaun n ceaepe Mnpnn, ko1opmx rpekn oun6ouno cun1nn nppopn1ennn acex
cknqoa, xo1n onn n 6mnn nx popc1aennnkn. nn npopannynncL po pnncknx rop,
rpe nsmann ce6n ckcyncm. 31e n ceaepe Bk1pnn onn ceunncL c nnpo-
cknqn, ko1opmx kn1um nsmann cuy. Bk1pnn onn nonyunnn ppyroe nn -
ckn; corncno nncLennm canpe1enLc1a opne6ecno nepnn, nenno a1n
ckn nocennnncL a pnekne apeen n 6eperx nncen [na caka cny
vau c ayHn k, v aHn rnyx ayk c, kr ncm
Hn. cu cak xakacm s a, ynHaHm a kackx
xkax.]. D1o ckn ns nnm n Mx6xp1m, ynonneme a 3konx
Mny, 6yn1oaunkn-ap1nn pLnap1m, neconennme popnun pnuea npnn n pn,
1k xe kk n ke1m. 1o6m ne oc1nocL nnkknx conenn no noaopy 1oro, u1o cknqm
- nespnnkn snn n aponm, cknqm, ko1opme 6popnnn no 6eper ynLxa n a
ponnnx o6n, cknqm, ko1opmx pnne npnsnann 1k xosnea neko1opmx caonx
seenL, 1e, ko1opmx 6onnncL xn1enn 6n1nckoro no6epexLn n knpnum, n 1e,
ko1opme o6n1nn a ypne n a on1e n nsmann ce6n ckono1m, 1. e. rneanname
nnn xp6pme ckn, nek1 o6uee nponcxoxpenne. nonk y6epn1enLnme
canpe1enLc1a, npennme a epcnn: xennp 6mnn nsaec1nm pa ckcknx
nneenn - opno xnno pnpo c kcp1o, ppyroe - no cocepc1ay c qpknun.
k xe cun1k1 epopo1, nnnn n C1p6on, xo1n nocnepnn ny1e1 ckoa c
ccre1n n pxn. n nonre1, u1o xnaune n 6eperx cnnckoro opn pxn n
cknqm npepc1annk1 opnn npop, u1o k aoc1oky o1 cnnn n ccre1m, n ckn a
pano epe 6mnn cknqn. ponro pspyman, npexpe ue aknkun1L cknqoa,
ckono1oe a uncno ne onronLcknx, pncknx rpynn, xo1n a1o 1oukn spennn
npnpepxnanncL 1kne a1opn1e1m, kk n11ep n . y6onLp1, n c pxe pccyxpn
a coo1ae1c1ann c 1ppnunonnm nc1opnueckn asrnnpo. o, a konue konuoa, n
corncnncn c nnn. 1o6m o6Lncnn1L npnunnm 1ko nepeenm asrnnpoa, o1euy
cnepykuee. ou1n acn coapeennn nyk cun1e1 cknqoa-ckono1oa qnnnn,
6snpyncL n 1pex pryen1x: ao-nepamx, qnnnn nx nsmae1 nnnokp1, ao-
a1opmx, rpekn nsmann Cknqne aecL ceaep aponm n ne pennn nnkknx psnnun
expy ncennaunn ero nneenn, a-1pe1Lnx, ps yx nyk amcksncL a 1ko
cmcne, on ne oxe1 o1 a1oro o1c1ynn1L. c1an a c1opone 1pe1n pryen1 n
secn payn nepamn. [ec1an1enLno, nnnokp1 onncmae1 xn1ene 6eperoa
ponon1npm kk qnnckyk pcy n nsmae1 nx cknqn. o ncno, u1o npn a1o on
nee1 a anpy 1onLko nkpe, nocennaunxcn a Cknqnn pnpo co nornn ppyrnn,
nenoxoxnn n nnx. o apeen nnnokp1, 1. e. uepes paec1n ne1 nocne epopo1,
xen1me nneen ornn cnyc1n1Lcn po co ponon1npm n xn1L 1 anepeexky c
ppyrnn npopn; rpekn nsann nx cknqn, u1o 6mno anonne ec1ec1aenno. a1o
ne snun1, u1o a npepmpyuyk anoxy a1n nkpn yxe nxopnnncL 1. cknqx nnue1
epopo1, ko1opm noceun nx n xopouo snn nx nc1opnk.
o on nnrpe ne ynonne1, u1o y nnx 6mnn kkne-1o qnnckne uep1m, nnpo1na,
onncman npam rpnnnuea, on npnsne1, u1o ne anpen cpepn nnx nkpe
6esaonocmx, c nnockn noco, ypnnnennm nop6opopko. n nsmae1 nx xopounn
1oproaun n ny1euec1aennnkn. n nnrpe ne ynonne1, u1o cknqm ue-1o aneune
o1nnunncL o1 rpekoa nnn qpknuea; kpoe 1oro, ns cknqoa coc1onn nou1n acn
nonnunn qnn. oaopn o Cknqnn, epopo1 aospxe1 npo1na o6mun caonx
coo1euec1aennnkoa cun11L, u1o a1y c1pny ncenne1 opnn npop, n nsmae1 noro
ppyrnx, nnue ne noxoxnx n cknqoa. o ero nennk, onn anpenn non1nckn
no6epexLe n roaopnnn n npncko nsmke, 1. e. n nsmke pncko pcm. ce a1o
roaopn1 o 1o, u1o nenLsn co1pe1L n c1pny noaepxnoc1nm asrnnpo n anpe1L a
ne 1onLko opny pcy. koneu, o1e1n cknqckne epnn, n ko1opmx ne1 nn opnoro
onrononpnoro nnu.
anoxy repncknx nrpun cnoao ckn yno1pe6nnnocL a ocnoano no o1nouennk
k xn1enn 6nropopno senn kanzia, 1. e. Cknpnnann, oc1poa nnn nonyoc1poa
ckoa. koneu, o1e1n eue opno 1pncqopnpoannoe cnoao, ko1opoe nmnue c
roppoc1Lk nponsnocn1cn a epnke, pnLue 6nnc1no a aepxne epnnn n n
Bpn1ncknx oc1poax: ckcn, ckconm, nc1nnnme ckcyncm, no1okn ckoa
[Hn cakc mv nan cnaa sa x. akan
sHnrn nHnHa, H n, v y cakca mn nm nxnm
Hv, a va acr nnuaancu amH naH.].
Ckn n ke1m coc1annnn opny ae1aL ppeannx pncknx npopoa. eco1pn n
a1nnueckyk perppunk o6onx nneen, a1o 6mn cnann rpynn 6enoro ceec1a,
ko1opo noaesno enLue, ue pnu npnn n pn, a 1o, u1o npn pspene np
n poc1nncL yxe ryc1o ncenennme n cypoame senn. ponro eunn o6ocnoa1Lcn
noc1onnnme amnskn qnnnoa c ceaep n any1pennne pcnpn, noa1oy 6onLunnc1ao
a1nx npopoa ncuesnn c penm nop yppn oryuec1aennmx cocepe, 1k n ne cospa
yc1ounamx rocyppc1a. o1n npo npnsn1L, u1o a a1nx nenLknx rocyppc1ax 6mno
neno ropopoa, rpe xnnn ouenL ppeanne ceec1a, 6mn psan1 rpnkynL1yp,
oco6enno annorpppc1ao, "ampunann nopopnc1mx noupe, xn1enn cnannncL
xp6poc1Lk n yenne 1oproa1L, n nono acero npouero 1 cyuec1aoann
nunonnLnn nn1ep1yp n nqan1. o canpe1enLc1ay kn1uea, xn1enn o1nnunncL
rony6mn rnsn, 6enokypmn aonocn n 6opopo n amc1ynkun noco. Cnepm nx
npoxnannn n 6eckpnnx npoc1opx ypn n non1ncknx pannnx, nsmaaunxcn
eaponeckn ypno, canpe1enLc1ayk1 o6 nx yxec1ae, c1pc1n k ny1euec1ann, a
ko1opo 6mno 6onLue npenns, ue npk1nunoc1n. ono npopoa, ko1opme noro
nosxe c1nn xosnean nuero kon1nnen1, o1e1n npqnn, eue opny se1nyk
rpynny snpnmx pncknx nneen [Man c axnH amx
cakckx a, km ckymn rk-Hakcky Hn,
caann cH a H, v aaaan ran a ackH nmk,
cnaaan ack kynu Hn amcu, nvy nn ackr
cHcaa.].
1k, ke1m, ckcm (ckn) n pnum coc1annk1 opny rpynny. cnn nponnnsnpoa1L
ace 1pn nsannn, m nonyun opnn pesynL11, 1. e. ace onn nannk1cn cnnonnn:
poc1onme nkpn. Yc1noana a1o1 qk1, npocnepn nc1opnk cnx ns6pnnmx
nneen 6eno pcm, ko1opme no aone poanpennn oksnncL cpepn npopoa c1poro
cae1, npexpe acero cnann.
Cpepn nnx 6mn poaonLno norouncnennn rpynn npopnoc1e ouenL unc1o pcm -
no kpne epe, a 1o1 oen1, korp onn npnunn a apony, n a1o1 qk1
nop1aepxpe1cn pokyen1n. nek a anpy cp1oa. k cun1nn non1nckne
rpekn, onn nponcxopnnn o1 coks ckoa n sonok, 1. e. 1epe coa nnn
pnuea [Mau n-cackck aHaa. 3cu Hm anaH
ykvy anky Hy. YHc anHu a s can aHy
r s a ackx nmkax. ca Hx nnnx1, v rya
Asa H x av, . . n s caa aa.].
Cp1m, nopo6no ace oc1nLnm npop nx ceec1a, cun1nn ppyr ppyr
6p1Lnn, ac1peuncL a cmx pneknx c1pnx. eko1opme ns nnx xnnn n ceaepe
ponncm, ppyrne, nsaec1nme reorpq opne6ecno nepnn nop nsannnn
cy1m, cy1nm, ncm n nnL-xcn, ao II a. po n. a. npnunn n aoc1ounoe
no6epexLe cnnn. pnum ne ps ac1peunncL c nx aonnn a 6ok, n c1px nepep nx
npoc1nm ynopc1ao nepepncn a 6k1pnckne n corpnckne 1ppnunn. 11yp n
nouepnnyn Onppoycn caepennn pnn caoe noam [x cma 4ya aan
x, y xaa. 3 ncaam aaan x nmx
aa c, aa, aH ac , ak, anar
Ha. ca sx x rynn cav kaa. H xaa
Hx ayxu ackn ar H aaa.].
D1n o1axnme nneen, anepame npnuepune a apony s 1mcnuy ne1 po oxpec1a
pnc1oa, npnnecnn n snp npam, noxoxne n npam n o6mun ckoa, nx
copopnue n ocnoanmx conepnnkoa.
c11n, epopo1 npnaopn1 1pn nerenpm o nponcxoxpennn cknqoa n opny - cp1oa.
Corncno nepao, cknqm - a1ox1onnm npop, nocnepnne o1npmckn acex npopoa
senn, nonanaunecn s nn1npu1L c1one1n po n. a. 1opn, npyun o1 non1ncknx
rpekoa, aepe1 nx popocnoanyk o1 epkn n ec1no nnqm n yc1nannae1 apen
nx nonanennn nnuL s 1pnnpu1L c ne6onLun c1one1n po n. a. 1pe1Le,
cansnno c pnc1ee ns pokonnec n ero ny1euec1annn a Uen1pnLnyk snk, ne1
nnuero nqnueckoro: a ne npoc1o roaopn1cn, u1o cknqm npnunn c aoc1ok, o1kyp
nx nsrnnn ncceponm, a caok ouepepL 6exaune o1 pncnoa. e1pypno se1n1L
o6uee a a1nx 1pex pccksx o6 opno qk1e. poxpennn cp1oa o1 cknqoa n
sonok n yxe nncn. nn roaopnnn n pncko pnnek1e, o1nnuauecn o1 nsmk
ckono1oa. nnnn n ppyrne nc1opnkn cun1k1 cp1oa 6onee onopm npopo, xo1n
n 6onLue cknonnkcL k nennk epopo1. nn nonrk1, u1o nepamx cp1oa
nocennnn n [ony cknqm a konue II a. po n. a., aosapuncL ns noxop a snk.
pnko a1o noaepon1no no pay npnunn: 1) cp1m - psnoanpnoc1L ckoa n
ckcoa n 2) panrncL ns snn a nnpanennn ypn, nx nneen unn nou1n
cnnounm no1oko, n ne1 ocnoann 6p1L kko-1o opnn ns nnx s 1ouky o1cue1
nponcxoxpennn cp1oa.
x aonnm ouenL nnonnnn pmupe-nnpnnoa repnckoro cpepneaekoaLn,
pneknn npepkn ko1opmx onn nannk1cn. Me1nnnueckn une, nnsko npanny1m
n no6, konLuyr ns epnmx nnn poroamx nnc1nnok, n 6oky eu, s cnnno nyk n
konun co c1penn, a pyke ouenL pnnnnoe n 1nxenoe konLe [mx nca
ayxn cnxa Hr y Hckx rvckx aaa,
acckamaax caHaax. Mm yx acvan a aHan cakaca a
nmx cnxax, c nxnmH amH naH nmH HvaH.
axa Haccara c nanu v nnv, a kac a
mnH, nkmmx nH, c knunH, kaH cnaH, akvk
kmx mn cnam H. nx ckca am-ncm cn
kacm xnmx nnack a a mux kc. cva, v
ak cnx aHcaaan y Ha. x caH Hx ckaau
nanax, xacHax, crax, raaax, akax . .
Hannvck knuvyr mn acncam y acx ackx aa,
kmx ycm amaan cakaH n cakacaH.]. 1ko anpe onn
nepepanrnncL no nyc1mnnm pannn n noupnx a conpoaoxpennn orponmx
kpm1mx noaosok. nn aesnn c co6o xen, pe1e, c1pnkoa n caon noxn1kn. rponme
6mkn, c1ynn, 1unnn a1n noaoskn, n pepeannnme konec ynmno ckpnnenn no necky
nnn no uxno c1enno 1pae. D1n nc1onune po n konecx 6mnn nou1n 1ouno
konne 1ex, n ko1opmx a rny6oko ppeanoc1n a enpx6, a nnopopopnm kp nn1n
pek, npnunn ceLn nepamx pnuea. nn 6mnn noxoxn n 1e nepepanxnme
coopyxennn, ns ko1opmx eue nosxe repnum yc1pnann caon noxopnme nrepn. D1o
6mnn nc1onune koauern, a ko1opmx xpnnncL nckp xnsnn pnn 6ypyunx
unannnsun n pnn o6noanennn unannnsun ppnxnekunx; a coapeenno nc1opnn
ec1L npkn npnep, aockpeukun a nn1n pnekne cnanme co6m1nn: amnocnnan
noaosk epnkncknx nepecenenuea, cyxony1noe cypno, nnmayuee no snpnm
1eppn1opnn noaoro kon1nnen1, ko1opoe nepeaosn1 po cmx Cknnc1mx rop
o1axnmx nrnockcoa n yxec1aennmx xenunn, nx aepnmx cny1nnu a 1nxknx 1pypx
n no6epx np apapcko nyc1mne.
so6pe1enne a1nx noaosok c1no nc1opnueckn noaopo1nm oen1o. 1nmne
yc1noanncL ue1kn psnnu expy npopn, ko1opme npnnnnn a1o noauec1ao, n
1en, ko1opme npepnounn ey u1ep nnn nn1ky. epame - a1o npopm-
ny1euec1aennnkn, onn ne 6on1cn noamx ec1 n knn1nuecknx ycnoan; a1opme
scnyxnak1 nsma1Lcn koueannkn. nn neoxo1no noknpk1 ncnxennyk, uc1o
orpnnuennyk 1eppn1opnk. Bm1L koueannko - snun1, cun11L epnnc1aennm
ec1o xn1enLc1a 1o, ko1opoe aeuno nopanxno a cnny caoe npnpopm n ko1opoe
cnyxn1 y6epn1enLneun cnaono nec16nnLnoc1n. oaosk nnkorp ne c1ne1
okonu1enLnm, nocnepnn xnnnue. pnum, ko1opme nx ncnonLsoann, ko1opme
ponroe apen - nnn pxe ack xnsnL - ne ornn n1n ppyroro y6exnu, o1aeprnn
nn1kn. ouey? o1oy u1o onn ny1euec1aoann ne pnn 1oro, u1o6m npoc1o cenn1L
ec1o, no pnn 1oro, u1o6m o6pec1n popnny, noc1onnnoe ec1o xn1enLc1a, po.
onnme apxpe6nmn o6c1on1enLc1an, onn ynopno ncknn senk, rpe ornn 6m
noc1pon1L noc1onnnme xnnnu. k 1onLko 1kn aosoxnoc1L nonannncL, noaosky
c1annn n senk n 6onLue ne nepepanrnn. [oks1enLc1ao 1oy cnyx1 1nnm
xnnnu a 6onLunnc1ae eaponecknx c1pn, rpe 6mnn pnckne c1onnkn n nocenennn:
npopnm po - ne u1o nnoe, kk noaosk co cnn1mn konecn. onec sennnn
kennm ocnoanne, n ko1opo c1on1 pepeannnoe c1poenne. pmu npounn, c
amc1ynkunn kpnn; on nonnoc1Lk nkpmae1 xnnnue, a ko1opoe aepy1 yskne
c1ynenn, nnonnkune npnc1anyk necenky. e cun1n nesnun1enLnmx nsenenn,
a1o - ppeannn pnckn noaosk. Laeupckoe une, yxnukn ns6 nop Mockao,
xnnnue nopaexckoro kpec1Lnnnn - a1o n ec1L nepepanxno, ny1euec1aykun po
ck, re1 n cp1, ko1opoy nkoneu nosaoneno pcnpnuL 6mkoa n cnn1L konec
[Ykamn Ha kmm ccckx , nck kmnu, ay
a H, anHa maack man.]. D1o 6mn any1pennnn no1pe6noc1L
aonnoa, ko1opme npounn 1kne orponme pcc1onnnn n nkoneu nunn ypo6noe
ec1o. eco1pn n ponrne, nnorp pnnaunecn aekn, ny1euec1ann, a1n nkpn ne
ornn ns6p1L nn1ky a kuec1ae noc1onnnoro xnnLn, u1o 6mno npneneo pnn
nnsunx nneen.
Cp1m [3 aaa cc ayx k cap Ha ava
cnu aa. a H Hck ncxx. Ma
cacay cackckHy rnarny aau. yackH cnaaH y
a nnH caca a cack, ak v av nncncn
ncaamH nyH.], nocnepnne ns pncknx nepecenenuea, npnuepune a
apony ao II a. po n. a. n, cnepoa1enLno, coxpnnaune nn6onLuyk pcoayk
unc1o1y, cpsy pnn nouyac1aoa1L ppeann saoea1enn cnann cnny caonx pyk n
caoero y, no1oy u1o apxp nuncL a cme nepame pnn. ackope onn snnnn
aepyune nosnunn. nn nocennnncL n 6onLunx npoc1opx expy cnnckn n
epnm ope n nunn yrpox1L ceaepnm pannn. ceaepnme cknonm aks
oc1anncL nx nnuppo. enno 1, a ropnmx yuenLnx, neckonLko aekoa cnyc1n,
korp onn no1epnnn anc1L np non1ncknn sennn, nx nneen nxopnnn y6exnue
y copopnue, nocennaunxcn a ropx [aakack cm, amaaHm
ycckH ncm n cm, a akx anam accm, caH cn
amaan m, a ca cay ca.]. Bnroppn a1oy
o6c1on1enLc1ay onn coxpnnnn caok a1nnueckyk uenoc1noc1L n uec1L, ko1opo onn
1k popox1 ceropnn n ko1opn sknkue1cn a 1o; u1o, no nennk qnsnonoroa, nx
aneunoc1L npepc1anne1 coaepuennm 1nn 6eno pcm. mneunne ropum cnan1cn
kpco1o, aonnc1aennoc1Lk, aneprnunoc1Lk n eue 1e, u1o ynopno conpo1nannk1cn
npoueccy aceo6ue perppunn, ko1opm oxa1nn cen1oa, 11p n cnann, nx
cocepe. Mno 1oro, onn cnoco6c1aoann ynyuuennk kpoan ocnoa n nepcoa. 3pecL
yec1no acnonn1L, ckonLko anpnmx pen1ene onn pnn 1ypeuko nnepnn, 1kxe
cnanyk anoxy npanennn uepkeccknx 6eea a rnn1e.
e c1ny oc1nanna1Lcn n noppo6noc1nx 6ecuncnennmx nepeeuenn cp1oa a
snpnyk uc1L aponm. eko1opme ns nx nneen, nnpnep, nnnrn1m, ocnpnann
anc1L a onLue y kenL1cko sn1n n ocnoann rocyppc1a, a ko1opmx noc1ponnn
1kne ropop, kk nnpnep, Bepcoann, nnn nmneunnn pua. [pyrne, nsnrn,
saoeann aoc1ounyk nnonnk, cnona ynopnoe conpo1nanenne qpknuea n
knpnuea, ko1opme eue pnLue nopunnnnn ce6e cnannckne ccm. D1n saoeannn
ne o1nnunncL oco6m psxo n ne oksnn 6onLuoro annnnnn n saoeannme
npopm. nue cknpmanncL pen y 6onLuo rpynnm nneen 1oro xe ceec1a,
amxopuea ns kpynno pncko ae1an, - nnoa, pnoa nnn pnuea, o6Lepnnennmx
popoam nsanne pokconnm [3Hnrn sr cnaa aca.
km 1ncn r cnyH aH: v ak x, kak cnaan
amaan rHaa HaH, . . HmH, ncknuky nHan
x nmka, x cnaan an sHy ay Hn cnam ( kn
), . . n, km yH rau.]. nn 6mnn k1nanm a VII-VIII
aa. po n. a. a yc1Le [annm, n aonxcknx n pnenpoacknx npoc1opx, 1. e. a
Uen1pnLno occnn. D1o1 nepnop, o1euennm 6onLunn nepeenn a a1nnuecko n
reorpqnuecko nonoxennn nornx sn1cknx n eaponecknx npopoa, nanne1cn
noao o1npano 1ouko pnn ceaepnmx pnuea n axno anoxo a nc1opnn nx
nepecenenn.
pouno nnuL pae nnn 1pn co1nn ne1 nocne nx npnxop a apony, n s a1o apen
nponsounn 6ypnme konqnnk1m c cocepnnn nneenn. mnyxpennme aec1n
noc1onnnme aonm - nnp1L nnn o6oponn1Lcn, - onn ne nenn apeenn n
aosoxnoc1n psana1L caok o6uec1aennyk cnc1ey, no c 1oukn spennn 6ypyuero a1o
pocpnoe o6c1on1enLc1ao 6mno c nnxao konencnpoano a1nnuecko nsonnune,
snoro pcoao unc1o1m. orp n npnunocL nck1L noaoe ec1o o6n1nnn.
Cnn, 1ecnnaun nx, panrncL c kro-aoc1ok. D1o 6mnn nx copopnun, oueanpno,
ouenL cnnLnme, no1oy u1o conpo1nanenne ne yaenunocL ycnexo. oa1oy pnum-
cp1m-pokconnm ne ornn panr1Lcn a a1o nnpanennn. e ornn, onn
nnpan1Lcn n n snp, nockonLky 1 yxe ykpennnncL ckn, re1m, qpknum,
knpnum. e enee 1pypno 6mno np1n n ceaepo-aoc1ok. poe qnncknx cc,
ko1opme 1 o6n1nn, npncy1c1ane cnnLnmx pncknx nneen, e1ncoa, xen1mx
pnuea, uncnennoc1L ko1opmx yaennunancL c kxpm pne, penno neaosoxnm
aosapuenne n popnny 6eno pcm. c1ancn ny1L n ceaepo-snp. 1oxe 6mnn
npenn1c1ann, no ne c1onL nenpeoponnme. 6mno no pnuea, noro cnann,
qnnnoa, npap, enLue, ue n aoc1oke. okconnm nonnnn a1o n po6nnncL
ycnex. Cpepn psnoo6psnoro ncenennn, cpepn psnouepc1nmx rpynn, ko1opmx onn
nsmann anm, no1ynm n nqpm n cpepn ko1opmx 6mnn yxe snkome n
qen n kpnnkn, n ypnocL cosp1L yc1ounaoe rocyppc1ao, o16neck ko1oporo anpen
po cnx nop ckaosL 1onuy apeenn - npkn cae1 spn cknpnnacknx npopoa.
Dppe a1 c1pn nsmae1cn pppnk, 1. e. ropop pnuea [aa
cnnuycn a ax a aH av: naka H. a
axaHck anc cna karta ava aHk. sH av
ax a ccaa aaa kmx aackx cn: raca
n aHk raa. a nam, rckH yrx namx nmkax
hortus, gard, iardin, garden av rax, a sH
aknvacn ca av cnaa. sHy akx cny naau
rvck x anck chore, a akx am H
kra.]. Cp1m-pokconnm pcnpnrnn 1 caonx 6mkoa n cnnnn konec co
caonx noaosok. nn nkoneu ysnnn 1, u1o 1koe o1pmx nocne ponrnx n 1pypnmx
aekoa ckn1nn, n noc1ponnn noc1onnnme xnnnu. x c1onnue c1n crpp, ropop
coa nnn pnuea. Ckopee acero a1o 6mn kpynnm ropop c paopun, nnonnaunn
pesnpenunn nepamx saoea1ene npnn n Bk1pnn. c11n, ero nsanne ne a
nepam ps ac1peue1cn a nc1opnn. epneko o1 kxnoro no6epexLn cnnckoro opn
ponroe apen cyuec1aoano npnckoe nocenenne crp1. cenenne a1o c1pnm
1onee nsmae1 crp1m, no pnnm epopo1, a pnn [pnn 6mno aoceL
1mcnu crp1oa.
saec1no noro nerenp, cospnnmx a crppe. nn onncmak1 o1uoa 6oroa, cnx
6oroa, ko1opme ocyuec1annk1 a a1o upcko ropope caon amcune qynkunn,
o1npannk1 cyponponsaopc1ao, peuk1 aonpocm aonm n np, oksmak1
roc1enpnnc1ao caon aonn n roc1n. Cpepn nnx ec1L neckonLko ancknx [3a
nHma aca, kcnaa a acvH ry Qa, Hxy H kak
aacHm ack am aHan anam r. ] n no1yncknx
npnnuea, 1. e. aoxpe qnncknx nneen. Becnokonoe cocepc1ao n aoennn oncnoc1L
sc1annnn pokconnoa nck1L noppepxky 1o y opnnx, 1o y ppyrnx nneen, u1o6m
o6esoncn1L ce6n o1 acex. pn a1o 6mnn nens6exnm a1nnueckne coksm, o ko1opmx
noaec1aye1 Dpp. e ne enee 1knx coksoa 6mno nenoro, ao-nepamx, no1oy u1o
konqnnk1m cnyunncL pexe, ue a 1y nopy, korp pokconnm o6n1nn a npepropLnx
aks, ao-a1opmx, no1oy u1o pppnk, xo1L n c1n cnano c1pnnue a
ppeane nc1opnn pnuea-cknpnnaoa, npopepxncL ne ouenL ponro, n saoea1enn
ne ycnenn s a1o apen perppnpoa1L. n 6mn ocnoan a VII-VIII aa. po n. a. n
psannncL a nune IV a. [ax aak, va, mn amaa ackH
caka, km cHn caHaa a aaka, a x caHx amcn ya
axaHm.] neco1pn n xp6poc1L n ynopc1ao ee cosp1ene; onn cnoa
cnpnnncL c cypL6o, ko1opn aen nx k npoaoy rocnopc1ay uepes 1pypnme
ncnm1nnn, nocpnnn caon ceLn a noaoskn, norpysnnn 1yp nyuec1ao, ocepnnn
caonx ckkynoa n noknnynn crpp, o1npanauncL no punm ceaepnm 6ono1
nac1peuy noam npnknkuennn, ko1opme 6mnn n yro1oanm n cynnnn, a 6ypyue,
6nrononyunm koneu.
II. m-rHam
onpepenennm oen1 caoero ponroro ny1n 6nropopnme pokconnckne npopm
pspennnncL n pae uc1n. pn nnpanncL k nmneune oepnnn n o6ocnoancL
1, o11yp npnc1ynnn k saoeannk cocepnnx oc1poaoa n kxno okpnnm
Laeunn. nepam ps pnum c1nn openna1ennn n ocaonnn noam anp
pen1enLnoc1n, a ko1opo n 6mno cyxpeno npeaso1n o1aro n yenne ace
oc1nLnme unannnsunn. [pyrn ae1aL, ko1opn a caoe apen 1kxe c1n snenn1o
a a1o o6nc1n, npoponxn panr1Lcn a nnpanennn epoan1oro opn n poc1nrn
cypoaoro no6epexLn, o6oun ero n, cnoa noaepnya n kr, c1ynnn n senk
opaernn, 1. e. ceaepnoro ny1n, punyk c1pny, nepoc1onyk popnny pnn a1nx
cnaneunx aonnoa. oc1aunecn nneen nepec1nn nsma1Lcn cp1n,
pokconnn, cn, 1. e. o1ksnncL o1 nen, o1nnuaunx nx o1 oc1nLnmx 6enmx
pc. enepL onn c1nn ckn.
c1pn nonyunn nn Cknpnn, nonyoc1poa ckoa. nonne aosoxno, u1o a1n
npopm no-npexney nsmann ppyr ppyr 6nropopnmn nkpLn, 1. e. ke1n,
ckn, pnun nnn cn. noao popnne a1o 6mno nx a1opoe nn, expy 1e
pnn rpynnm, ko1opn oc1noanncL a oepnnn n a cocepnnx sennx, nsanne
ke1m c1no pcnpoc1pnennm. e ne enee, cocepnn nneen nnkorp ne
npannocL a1o nn, cy1L ko1oporo onn ne nonnnn, noa1oy qnnnm eue ceropnn
npoponxk1 nsma1L uaepoa pyo1cnnm, pycckne nannk1cn pnn nnx aenpn.
Cknpnnackne pnum 1onLko o6xnann noayk c1pny o6n1nnn, korp opnn
snenn1m ny1euec1aennnk annnnckoro nponcxoxpennn cnyuno oksncn n a1nx
unpo1x, anyuaunx c1px rpek n n1nnu. D1o 6mn ccnno1 nqn, ko1opm
po6pncn po kxnoro 6eper Bn1nkn.
nmneune [nnn on ac1pe1nncn 1onLko c 1ea1onn, a 1o apen kenL1n, o ue
canpe1enLc1aoano nx nsanne [Hn a, kmH crn amaa cn
Hm, aaa mn acnca y kHa, a H vr
rHackr. rm an amaan y aa, a xn amaancu
am. u a ax a ccaa Hrx knuckx H:
axyc, aHanyc . .]. D1n npopm o1nnunncL y1nnn1pno kynL1ypo
caoe pcm, no k aoc1oky o1 nx 1eppn1opnn xnnn ry11onm, a ko1opmx n cnepye1 anpe1L
kenL1oa: a1o 6mn uc1L noepncko kononnn [ caancu a Hnnx
cnaanckx nnH amyn x a nucn.]. peueckn ny1euec1aennnk
ac1pe1nncn c nnn a nnxne 6ccene opn, ko1opm on nsan Men1onoon. Cypn no
acey, peuL npe1 o peke Opnue-qq, ropop, c1onaun n ee 6epery, - ennrc6epr
[, nH, Mna n ykamaa a ax ra k cn.
acn aH ack am, va, s mn ckm
caHam.]. 3 peko po coro en c opno c1oponm n po [ynn c ppyro c1oponm
anc1aoann knpnum. pnko apnp nn aosoxno, u1o6m ckn opaernn, ke1m
Laeunn, oc1poaoa n kon1nnen1nLno uc1n, c nx npepnpnnunaoc1Lk, xp6poc1Lk, n
yun1man ckypnyk senk, poc1auykcn n, oc1annn a nokoe e1ncnoe ncenenne,
o6n1auee no cocepc1ay.
Ceaepnm pnu 6mnn o1kpm1m pa nnpanennn pnn kononnsunn. o1ckn ae1aL
orn ec1ec1aennm o6pso nnpan1Lcn n kro-aoc1ok n n kr n cnoa sxa1n1L
1eppn1opnn, ko1opme npexpe 6mnn uc1Lk pppnkn, n 1e senn, rpe a npexnne
apeen psnme pnckne nneen ynpannnn cnannn n qnnnn n ann1nn a
ce6n nx kpoaL. 1o kce1cn cknpnnaoa, n npepc1onno panny1Lcn n kr n snp,
sxa1n1L [nnk, npnk, s1e nensaec1nme n senn uen1pnLno n snpno
epnnn, s1e onnnpnk n nnnk. ro1m, n cknpnnam cnonn aocnonLsoanncL
unco, ko1opm npepoc1ann n qop1yn.
D1o pspenenne nepamx repncknx npopoa n cknpnnaoa n ro1oa pnk1oanocL
o6c1on1enLc1an, n n ne corncen c nenne un1 n nnnnn, ko1opme nponsaopn1
ceaepnme pcm o1 nekoero nepaouenoaek no nenn ync1o n ero 1ponx cmnoae -
c1aao, pnno n nraao. ce roaopn1 s 1o, u1o 1koro nq nnkorp ne
cyuec1aoano a unc1o repncknx c1pnx, n on 6mn pcnpoc1pnen a ocnoano a
uen1pnLno n kxno epnnn. oa1oy on nee1 kenL1ckoe nponcxoxpenne n a
nsenenno anpe nonn k repnckn e1nc. ce nonm1kn Mknnep o1mck1L
cknpnnacknx 6oroa c 1knn nenn nn k uey ne npnaenn. cnoae ync1o
oxno ysn1L nsanne 1ea1, c1auee anonno kenL1cko pcm. ec1o nero
xponnkn pk1 nnyc, ero cmnoaLnn 6mnn ncnunon, penon n earno.
unnn co II a. po n. a. nopaexckne npopm ac1peuk1cn pnpo c knpnun,
cmn 6nnsknn nx cocepnn. CnnLnme o1pnpm sxa1unkoa amunn ns necoa, naenn
c1px n xn1ene knpnckoro epconec n, npeoponea ace npenn1c1ann n npopn
senn pecn1n npopoa, nepeunn uepes en, ac1ynnnn a nnnk n oc1noannncL
1onLko y ec n Boaa.
D1o1 noxop 6mn ckopo1eunm, ypunm n nnopo1aopnm. pnko npn a1o
nepecenenum ne nsrnnn nn opnoro nneenn c ero 1eppn1opnn. nn 6mnn cnnuko
nouncnennm, n a1o n 6mno neamropno. nn unn k caoe uenn. e ne enee, onn
nepeeunncL c saoeannm ncenenne, cqopnpoaa a pesynL11e
repnnsnpoannme nneen, o ko1opmx amcoko o1smancn UespL - kk o co
k1nano npope nnnn, ko1opm coxpnnn ppeanee knpnckoe nsanne
6enLrnum.
orp c kenL1n 3np nponsouno 1o, uero norne aek n aoc1oke aponm ne
cnyunocL c ppyrnn kenL1cknn nneenn, a uc1noc1n, co cnannn. C nnn
nunn ceuna1Lcn xosnea-pnum, ko1opme s1e npnnnnn nx popoaoe nn. D1o
opn ns npnunn, nouey pnnnne 1k ponro ny1nn a1n pae rpynnm, C1p6on
npepnoxnn caok a1nonornk cnoa repnum o1 rnnLckoro cnoa germani, 1. e.
6p1Ln, kk nsmann nx rnnm. nn pec1an1enLno 6mnn 6p1Lnn a 1o1 oen1,
korp c nnn ac1pe1nncn reorpq ne, no ne 6p1Lnn no kpoan. k korp-1o
nepame repnckne knnm oc1ok, npnuepune ns opaernn, ceunncL c rnnn,
1ouno 1k xe nepame ro1ckne nepecenenum ac1ynnn a coksm, ko1opme cnnLno
nsennnn nx coc1a. k, ro1nnm Cnnesnn npnnnnn nsmk caonx noppnnmx
knpncko pcm, o ue nnue1 un1. oco6enno nopuepknak a1o1 qk1, 1. k. on
nponcnne1 noro nc1opnuecknx srpok, xo1n po cnx nop ero nrnopnpoann.
D1o1 nepam no1ok 6mn aecL 6nro1aopnm pnn npopoa, ko1opmx on s1ponyn. n
o6ecneunn nx xnsnec1okoc1L, ocn6nn annnnne qnncko kpoan n n kkoe-1o apen
cpenn nx saoea1ennn n nosaonnn n sxa1n1L uc1L nnnn n aoc1ounme ponm
Bpn1nckoro oc1poa; kopoue roaopn, on npnpn n 1koe y6epn1enLnoe
npeaocxopc1ao np oc1nLnmn rnnn, u1o korp kn6pm n 1ea1onm, a caok
ouepepL, nepeunn en, onn npounn no 1eppn1opnn 6enLrnuea, ne ocennauncL
nnc1L n nnx. nonk, u1o a1n xe kn6pm n 1ea1onm ceno ac1ynnn a cpxenne c
pncknn nernonn! [eno a 1o, u1o n Coe n Yse onn npnsnnn copopnue n
poc1onmx conepnnkoa.
poc1L a 6ok, ko1opyk nponannnn a1n aprn Mpnn, nx neaepon1nn xp6poc1L n
xnpnokpoanoe ynopc1ao scnyxnak1 oco6oro ynonnnnn, no1oy u1o 1koro eue ne
6mno cpepn, co6c1aenno roaopn, kenL1cknx npopoa. D1n knpnckne n 1ea1onckne
nneen, oco6enno kenL1m, nonyunnn xopouyk noppepxky a anpe cknpnnackoro
aneen1. C 1ex nop, kk ceaepnme pnum c1nn nx 6nnsknn cocepnn n nunn
ouyu1L nx npncy1c1ane, c 1ex nop, kk n nx 1eppn1opnn nonannncL no1ynm, onn
npe1epnenn 6onLune nsenennn n 1e cm aosamcnnncL np caon ppeann
ceec1ao; kk npanno, a1o 6mnn unc1me kenL1m.
1ko kuec1ae onn ace-1kn ne cpennncL panmn 1e, k1o nepepn n uc1L
caoero oryuec1a, n korp cknpnnam, yc1pona ccoam ncxop c nonyoc1poa,
npnunn n senn a1nx e1ncoa c nepenne nopunnn1L nx, nocnepnn npnunocL
yc1ynn1L. kn o6pso, 6onLun nx uc1L, ne xenn npnnpn1Lcn c 6epnoc1Lk n
npn1ecnennnn, npeap1nncL a ukn o1unnnmx ronoaopesoa, ko1opme nnonnnn
pnckoy npy o cy1no apeenn Bpennyc.
e ace 1ea1onm n ne ace kn6pm ns6pnn pnn ce6n 1kyk cypL6y n noknnynn popnyk
senk. Yunn 1onLko cme o1axnme, cme 6nropopnme n repnnsnpoannme.
cmx aonnc1aennmx n roppmx nneenx acerp ec1L nkpn, c1penunecn k npnm
cenLckn 1pyp n ro1oame k nonn1nueckoy nopunnennk. epnnsnpoannm cno
ncues co cuenm, yc1ynna ec1o 6onee opnopopnoy ncenennk. enL1m, ceunnme c
qnncknn aneen1n, coxpnnnncL. 6 a1o co ace oueanpnoc1Lk roaopn1
nmneunn p1ckn nsmk [km yvm yHa, v ack am
VIII a. . s. Hx mn cvau rHackH. a ca kvc
Krnaa an Hrvcn a acn: cavana m,
aH knum, aH cnaan, ym , ak, ckaaam. Qyr
cva ava nykH cHmn a knua.]. ne oc1nncL
rny6okne cnepm kon1k1 c kenL1n, ko1opm or ne1L ec1o 1onLko a 1y anoxy.
enoro nosxe m yanpn y psnnunmx repncknx npopoa a1nx c1pn
norouncnennme aepoannn n o6pnpm ppynpoa.
Dnox yxop 1ea1onoa n kn6poa - a1o a1opoe nepecenenne ceaepnmx pnuea, 6onee
ccoaoe, ue nepaoe: a pesynL11e a1oro nonannncL 6enLrnum a1opo qopunn, n
nponsounn axnme co6m1nn, ko1opme ouy1nnn n ce6e pnnnne. yxe o1e1nn opno
ns nnx: knpnckyk k1c1poqy. 1opm co6m1ne, s1ponyaun cknpnnaoa
opaernn n kxno no6epexLe 3ynp, 6mn npnxop n ceaep epnnn po coro
en noamx npopoa ceunno pcm, 6onee pnnnsnpoannmx, ue 6enLrnum.
pe1Ln co6m1ne a I a. po oxpec1a pnc1oa, a uen1pe nnnn, nannocL
repnckoe nuec1ane, aosrnanneoe pnoanc1o. payx nocnepnnx qk1x
cnepye1 oc1noan1Lcn noppo6nee. Cnun pcco1pn nepam, ko1opm noksmae1,
kk nnoxo snn pnk11op spenckne nneen. epep nn 6mnn yxe ne knpnum, o
ko1opmx korp-1o nncn pnc1o1enL, npopnoc1n, roaopnaune n nesnkoo nsmke,
a uLe po6nec1n on or y6epn1Lcn nnuno. n npnaopn1 nenonnm nepeuenL, npnue
aknkue1 1peanpoa n nepanuea a uncno 6enLrnuea, nokopennmx 6onuea aec1e c
renLae1n nsmae1 nonyrepnun, n on nepnek o1 nc1nnm. Cyaaoa, neco1pn n
kenL1ckoe nponcxoxpenne nx nsannn, on cpannae1 c aonnn pnoanc1 [ysam
nnuaancu vu numH yaaxH c rHackx Hca. ak
cncu k vc ac. x nnvckan raan mna
aHcaaaa y kHa, a nrn mna yck. xn a rax,
v mn xaak nn ckaaackx n rckx nnH; n cnaaH
an, anmaan Hn.]. koneu, a a1y nocnepnkk k1eropnk
aknkuenm n ppyrne rpynnm s eno, ko1opme c euo a pykx npnunn a c1pny
paepnuea n o6ocnoanncL 1. c11n, a1o1 qk1 o6Lncnne1 ynopnoe conpo1nanenne
a1nx xn1ene nnnn, noppnnmx epcnnxe1opnkc, a ue nx oxno cpann1L c
cmn o1axnmn ceaepnnn [Q an caHm kynm rannuck am,
vm yanvu ca Hryca, nankan a aH vyxcaa.].
oxny, a1n n orpnnunak1cn a I a. po n. a. snnnn pnnnn o6 a1nx xp6pmx
npopx, ko1opme nosxe oksnn 1koe 6onLuoe annnnne n unannnsoannm np.
a a1o ne1 nnuero ypnan1enLnoro; onn 1onLko u1o npnunn, epa cqopnpoanncL n
nok nnue ne o6osnunnn caoe npncy1c1ane. Mm aoo6ue ne nenn 6m caepenn o
repncknx nneenx a1opo aonnm, ecnn 6m a1op nc1opnn rnnLcko aonm ne
oc1ann snncok o nrepe n nnunoc1n pnoanc1.
rnsx aennkoro pnnnnnn pnoanc1 npepc1e1 ne npoc1o rnape 6npm: a1o -
1nn1nnam nonn1nk n saoea1enL. [o 1oro, kk ac1ynn1L a o1kpm1yk 6opL6y c
nnepne, on yxe poksn cen1y caoe oryuec1ao, n cen1y npnunocL o6Lnan1L ero
coksnnko n. D1o1 1n1yn, 1ko aoxpenennm pnn 6or1mx sn1cknx onpxoa,
ero aoace ne npenLc1nn. orp pnk11op, npexpe ue nu1L aony, nm1ncn nsyun1L
ero xpk1ep n ao apen neperoaopoa ynonnyn o caoe npae ac1ynn1L n
1eppn1opnk nnnn, 1o1 amcokoepno snann, u1o y nero 1oxe ec1L 1koe npao. 1o
on 1kxe npnsan rnnLcknn npopn, u1o6m naec1n y nnx a c1pne nopnpok. n
eue neko1opoe apen nrpn ponL skonnoro p6n1p, s1e 6ecuepeonno psopan
ny1nny nnueepnn, ko1opo xo1en ero ony11L co6ecepnnk, cksa: n 1m, nn n ne
co6npecn sunu1L rnnoa n ynxna1L nx ccopm a kuec1ae nesnn1epecoannmx
npn1ene. Mm o6 xo1n saoea1L nx.
D1nn cnoan on cpenn 6ecepy o1kpoaenno n snann o caoe npae n po6muy. n
xopouo snn cn1yunk a a1o c1pne, snn konqnnk1m, c1pc1n n nn1epecm
apxpykunx rpynn. n 1k xe xopouo roaopnn n rnnLcko nsmke, kk n caoe
popno. pnn cnoao, on aoace ne 6mn apapo a caonx npnamukx n ne 6mn
cn6ee conepnnk no yy.
n no1epnen nopxenne. CypL6 o1aepnyncL o1 ero pnn, no ne o1 ero pcm. ro
aonnm, ne npnnpnexaune k penckn nneen, pccennncL a psnme c1oponm. e,
koro UespL, aocxnuennm nx xp6poc1Lk, ne asnn k ce6e n cnyx6y, noc1enenno
ceunncL c psnmn cocepnnn npopnoc1nn n npnnecnn a nx cpepy caoe aonnckoe
nckycc1ao.
cyunoc1n, onn 6mnn ne npopo, acero nnuL aocko [ac ckaan
a, v a yx 14 n, c x n, kak avancu r nxm a ann,
, r n vy n kmm.], n o1 nnx 3np anepame ysnn
nsanne repnum. UespL nxopnn u1o-1o repnckoe y 1knx nneen, kk
1peanpm, 6onum, cyaam, nepanum, 1onLko cypn no nx ounoy 1enocnoxennk n
yxec1ay. enno k nn o1nocn1cn a1o cnanoe nn, o ko1opo m 6ype roaopn1L
nnxe.
ockonLky nkpn pnoanc1 6mnn ne npopo, aocko, ko1opoe coaepuno noxopm
n ny1euec1ann no o6muk pnuea aec1e co caonn xenn, pe1Ln n caon
nyuec1ao, n 6mno ne po 1oro, u1o6m o6saec1ncL popoam nsanne; aosoxno,
onn, kk a1o nepepko cnyunocL c nx copopnun, nxopnnncL n cnyx6e y psnmx
nneen. 1k, nnuennme konnek1nanoro nenn, u1o onn ornn o1ae1n1L n aonpoc
rnnoa: 1o am? onnm, o1aeunn onn, 6nropopnme nkpn, pnnnm,
xeepnnm, nnn, a knpncko nponsnouennn, repnnm. D1o n 6mno o6un
nsanne, ko1opoe onn pann ace cao6opnopoxpennm. nno1L po IX nnn X a.
repnno nnn pnnno nsmann cao6opnoro uenoaek a cpepe repnckoro
ncenennn 1nnn. a XII a. cnoao pnnnn osnuno coaokynnoc1L cao6opnmx
nkpe opno pcm, 1kxe cao6opnyk co6c1aennoc1L pnn. Cnnonnnunme
nsannn ckoa, ke1oa, pnuea nepec1nn o6osnu1L coaokynnoc1L nx npopoa: onn
c1nn o1nocn1Lcn nnuL k neko1opm ae1an n nneen [H ca-caHaa,
km ac xn a a mn akaH yrx caHaa
rHackx kaaa, a ank xn cnm, kcnam n
ncxx. Hack a xn a cn. n, a,
nH Mna nan nm nvu yrx aa.]. o ackpy,
kk a npnn n epcnn, a1o nn a 1o nnn nno qope npoponxno npnenn1Lcn k
coy norouncnennoy nnn annn1enLnoy knccy o6uec1a. pneu y cknpnnaoa
6mn rnao ceLn, npenyuec1aenno aonno, 1e, u1o ceropnn nsmae1cn
rpxpnnno. 1o kce1cn npepaopn1enn noxop, o ko1opo npe1 peuL, ko1opm, kk
n Bpennyc, epcnnxe1opnkc n norne ppyrne, nonyunn o1 nc1opnn 1onLko 1n1yn, no ne
nn co6c1aennoe, pnoanc1, on 6mn rocnopnno repoea: on kopnn nx, nn1nn n, 1.
e., corncno ace nsaec1nm 1ppnunn, 6mn nx nonkoaopue. pnoanc1 - a1o
pnorc1 nnn pnrc1, 1. e. rocnopnn pnuea.
o II a. n. a. nunne1cn anox, korp a epnnn yaennunncn npn1ok cknpnnaoa,
u1o c1no 6ecnokon1L pncknx rocyppc1aennmx yxe. Becnokoc1ao nepenonnen
pyu un1, n on ne sne1, uero oxnp1L o1 6ypyuero: onk acex 6oroa, u1o6m
ponLue npoponxncL ne ppyx6, ko1opyk a1n npopm npepnrk1 n, nx
asnnn nenanc1L, ko1opo onn ynnu1oxk1 ppyr ppyr. uey o6uec1ay oc1e1cn
nnuL npen1Lcn, u1o qop1yn npopnn1 pspopm cpepn nunx cocepe.
pnko a1n ec1ec1aennme oncennn ne onpapnncL. epnum, cocepn nnepnn ao
apeen pnn, aonpekn caoey yc1pukuey anpy, oksnn ny neouennme
ycnyrn n nou1n ne npnnoxnnn pyky k ero pcnpy. e n 6mno cyxpeno aospopn1L np
n cosp1L noaoe o6uec1ao. eco1pn n nx k1nanoc1L, npeaocxopnauyk k1nanoc1L
rpxpn pecny6nnkn, onn 6mnn yxe cnnuko spxenm kenL1cknn n cnanncknn
aneen1n, u1o6m amnonnn1L spuy, ko1opn 1pe6oan knmx n co6m1nmx
nnc1nnk1oa. en 6onLunnc1a nx nneen 6eccnano ncuesnn ns nc1opnn eue po X a.
Ceropnn m sne ouenL nenornx, cansnnmx c anoxo aennknx nepecenenn, p n 1e
ne o1nocn1cn k cm cnanm. x 1kxe oxa1nno pnckoe psnoxenne.
1o6m n1n nc1ok 6onLunx nuec1an, ko1opme snoxnnn ceen nmneunero
o6uec1a, nepenececn n no6epexLe Bn1nkn n n cknpnnackn nonyoc1poa.
enno a1o1 pon cme ppeanne nc1opnkn cnpaepnnao cun1k1 konm6enLk
npopoa. ney cnepye1 npn6an1L 1e aoc1ounme senn, ko1opme nocne
ncuesnoaennn pppnkn cnnp pnckn ae1aL ro1oa ns6pn caoe noao
popnno. anoxy, korp m oc1annn nx, a1n npopm amnyxpenm 6mnn cnc1Lcn
6erc1ao n poaonLc1aoa1Lcn ouenL nmn 1eppn1opnnn. Mm aosap1ncn k nn a
nopy nx aceoryuec1a n ac1pe1ncn c nnn n orponmx npoc1opx, saoeannmx
cnno nx opyxnn.
nnnne anune c1onknynncL ne c rnanmn cnnn, 1onLko c 1en, ko1opme
nxopnnncL aponL rpnnu: a1o 6mno ao apen aonm c pkonn, 1. e. c
npnrpnnunmn xn1ennn. pnn oc1noann nx nuec1ane, no no6ep poc1ncL
pnnnn poporo ueno n ne 6mn nonno n okonu1enLno. n nnkk ne
o1psnncL n cypL6x repnuea: onn yxe pounn po nnxnero 1euennn [ynn n
nyc1nnn kopnn a cmx ceaepnmx kpnx, oc1ancL cmn unc1okpoanmn n
k1nanmn npepc1an1ennn caoero ceec1a.
[ec1an1enLno, korp k nuny V a. nunncL ccoame nuec1ann, n cuene
nonannncL norouncnennme ro1ckne nneen: no ace nnnnn pncknx rpnnu, o1
[knn po yc1Ln en, panrnncL npexpe nonsaec1nme npopm, noc1enenno
c1aune oncnmn n neno6epnmn. x nen, ynonny1me un1o n nnnne kk
npnnpnexaune cm ceaepnm nneen, ksnncL a1n a1op ouenL
apapcknn, n onn cun1nn npopm, nocnaune nx, cmn 6eso6npnmn pnn
cnokoc1ann n. o onn xec1oko oun6nncL.
k n 1onLko u1o o1e1nn, a1o 6mnn a nepayk ouepepL ro1m, npnuepune a 6onLuo
konnuec1ae co acex yronkoa caonx anpenn, o1kyp nx nsrnn 11nn, ko1oporo
noppepxnann kk neko1opme pnckne nnn pnnnsnpoannme pcm, 1k n
onronLckne oppm [Ha u a cax aax, ncanmx V a., namH
cn can nnvckx cmnx snx, xn r cyxn
canx nm cacH cnaanam. cay Haccy anaaamx
ccaannn aaanm, cysam anam, ck a ykamaa
anaan x yaa.]. nepnn nynroa n rocyppc1ao epnpnx pyxnynn
nop a1n c1punm yppo. [xe nx cnc1e npanennn, 6onee c16nnLnn n
npounn, ue y oc1nLnmx repncknx npopoa [3 aHva nanx
ay.], onnpauncn n npnnunnm ppeanero crpp, ne orn ns6ex1L kpx,
xo1n ncenenne coaepuno uypec xp6poc1n. eco1pn n xec1okoe nopxenne, onn
coxpnnnn caoe aennune, nx upn, npnnpnexaune k 6nropopnoy popy, ne
ampopnnncL, n ne no1yckneno nx popoaoe nn- nm, 1. e. ne6ecnme, unc1me
[crm amaan aHan. H Unrnn, cna aHan,
k nacn c rckr kak vcm, annam, H
x av a cack. Hanm, kak x amaan arncakcm, aHanyr a
c nyrax mn nHkaH saa n ka. H
Mnna, sa H a, a n ckn au a sH H
a Hy aaan ra. Hanyr ammn caH vc ack
aa.]. koneu, npeaocxopc1ao ro1ckoro ceec1a nuno npnsnnne cpepn
repncknx npopoa, n a1o1 qk1 qnrypnpye1 n kxpo c1pnnue Dppm: a1 knnr,
coc1anennn a cnnpnn no o1na nopaexcknx necen n cr, npocnanne1 rnanm
o6pso ncnro1 eopopnk, n a1 nouec1n anonne scnyxennm. kpn, scnyxnaune
nx, c1onnn amue pnnnn a o cmcne, u1o nyuue ocosnann uennoc1L nn1nnkoa
ppeane unannnsunn n ocyuec1annnn 6nro1aopnoe aospec1ane n aecL snpnm
np. noro nosxe nocnepnne o1saykn ro1cko cnam apoxnoannnn roppyk
ncnnckyk sn1L. ocne ro1oa noue1noe ec1o a nc1opnn o6uec1aennoro o6noanennn
ornn 6m snn1L anpnm, ecnn 6m onn npopepxnncL ponLue: nx norouncnennme
rpynnm ne 6mnn unc1o repncknn, a nnx npeo6npn cnannckn aneen1
[Uaak cva, v cnaan, xam Hxy cn H,
nnyvn nHcu cysaa (rHaaamx knua) naancu a
aaana. aaanaH cHmancu Hanvcnm rynnm vc
rHackr ncxxn.]. ckope cypL6 s6pocnn nx a cpepy 6onee
unannnsoannmx npopoa n 6onee norouncnennmx, ue onn cn. Coksm, ko1opme
sknkunncL expy nnn, 6mnn ry6n1enLnm pnn repncko ocnoam n uyxpm
nepaonunLnoy coue1nnk anpnLcknx aneen1oa, noa1oy onn cnoco6c1aoann
eue 6onLuey xocy. Cnannckn, xen1n n pnckn cecL a 1nnn n cnnnn ace
cnnLnee nponn1mancL ponnsnpoanno kpoaLk, npno6pe1n aceaosoxnme
ennnckne o11enkn, pcnpoc1pnennme n qpnkncko no6epexLe, n 1e cm
ampoxpncL po 1ko c1enenn, u1o ckopo nepec1n aoo6ue npnnn1L repnckn
aneen1. npnm 6mc1po npnnnnn ppnxnyk kpqrenckyk unannnsunk, ko1opn
ncnyckn pyx, n ncuesnn. 6nnm, cun1kunecn no1okn anpnoa, a kko-1o
c1enenn coxpnnnn caok ceaepnyk cyunoc1L, 1e 6onee u1o neko1opme npnamukn,
npno6pe1ennme a pesynL11e ynpk, c1annn nx n opny c1ynenL c cocepnnn
nneenn n npoponxnn noppepxna1L panoaecne expy a1nnuecknn aneen1n,
ns ko1opmx onn coc1onnn. o npn ann1enLno pcco1pennn oksmae1cn, u1o y nnx
oc1nocL ouenL no 1ea1onckoro, s1o nonannocL 6onLuoe cxopc1ao c ec1nmn
pcn. pnko pxe a1n ampopnaunecn k6nnm 6mnn cmn 1pyponk6namn,
ynmn n npr1nunmn ns xn1ene snpno qpnkn.
nro6ppm nyuue coxpnnnn caok unc1o1y, ue anpnm; kpoe 1oro, onn o6npnn
cnoco6noc1Lk neopnokp1no aospoxp1Lcn, uepnn cnnm a caonx nc1okx, noa1oy nx
nc1opnn 6mn 6onee pnn1enLno n nnopo1aopno. un1 nou1n ne se1nn nx n
6eperx Bn1nkn, rpe onn a 1o apen xnnn: onn eue ne amunn ns o6ue konm6enn
6nropopnmx npopoa. Cnyc1nauncL s1e n kr, onn pounn po cpepnero 1euennn
en n nc1okoa [ynn n ponro xnnn 1, ceunancL c ec1nmn nneenn, o ue
canpe1enLc1aye1 kenL1ckn xpk1ep nx nsmk. eco1pn n ceuenne, onn ne
s6mnn caok popocnoanyk n eue ponroe apen nocne 1oro, kk onn nocennnncL a
ponnne o, pocnep kan1nckn n a1op nrnockconcko noam Beoaynq anpenn
a nnx ppeannx no1okoa cknpnnaoa.
Byprynpum, ko1opmx nnnn noec1nn a K1nnpnn, npnnpnexnn, kk n
nnro6ppm, k nopaexcko ae1an [ma ykamaa, v a HH
nxa a ncaannn c cHcu ra aaana.]; onn
nnpannncL n kr (a1o nponsouno nosxe III a.), ponro anpmuec1aoann a kxno
epnnn n nopopnnnncL c kenL1nsnpoannmn repnun, npopyk1n npepmpyunx
nuec1an, n c ppyrnn aneen1n - knpnun n cnannn. x cypL6 noxox
n cypL6y nnro6ppoa, s ncknkuenne 1oro, u1o nx kpoaL coxpnnncL nyuue.
noaesno a 1o cmcne, u1o, nunnn c VII a., onn oksnncL nop anc1Lk repncko
rpynnm, uLn pcoan unc1o1 6mn n ypoane ro1oa, qpnkckoro npop.
Opnkn, ko1opme a kuec1ae oryuec1aennoro npop, nepexnnn nou1n ace
oc1nLnme ae1an o6uero pepea, pxe ro1oa, 6mnn seuenm pncknn nc1opnkn
1onLko a I a. n. a. x upckoe nnen, Mepoannrn, o6n1no anno1L po VI a. n
orpnnuenno 1eppn1opnn expy yc1Lnn DnL6m n pep, n 6epery Bn1nckoro
opn, pnpo c npexnn ec1o o6n1nnn nnro6ppoa. Cypn no reorpqnueckoy
nonoxennk, Mepoannrn npnunn ns opaernn n npnnpnexnn k ro1cko ae1an
[acm aa aaan sy cay Maurungania, Hnn Mara.
nsH Bayn Hva canu Hxy MaraH akaH.
ma nkamaa, v, arancu c kar caa, ak Hrn
ann, cHmaancu c cnaanaH nv xaa cHmn c
vcmH knuaH.]. nn npno6penn unpokyk nsaec1noc1L n annnnne n rnnLcknx
sennx nocne V a. e ne enee, nn a opno ns nsaec1nmx n renenorn 6oroa onn
ne ynonnk1cn a cansn c pnno, u1o pnn repnuea cnyxn1 epnnc1aennm npao
n upckoe poc1onnc1ao: 1k 6mno y ro1cknx nynroa, p1cknx cknnpnnroa,
uaepcknx c1nnroa n acex pnnc1n nrnockconcko ren1pxnn [xaamcn
rvck ranr a 3, a xkax, ccaanmx
HaxaH, a naHynax k anvmH kkcaH s aaxmx
cvka n a c rHaa. 4Ha H, x nnk,
vcncu nka caHr a, cnm anna a navckx
kcax ac s akx acnyxaa aHanur yvn. Hvy a
s can x nka a ya, H a: s svck
amax aaa x kynmx aa cak, a km. Mx
aaau aa H: aana (rannm) 4y (m).]. eco1pn n
onunne pokyen1oa, ne1 conenn a 1o, u1o a1oy upckoy ceec1ay
nepoc1ano 6oxec1aennoro nponcxoxpennn o1 pnn, 1. e. poks1enLc1a
pncko unc1o1m, 1e 6onee u1o m sne, kkoe amcokoe ec1o snnnn
Mepoannrn cpepn qpnkoa. coxnennk, nx amcune 1n1ynm ne pounn po nc,
s1epnauncL a rny6nne aekoa.
Opnkn 6mc1po poc1nrnn nnxnero en, n a noae Beoaynq onn anpek1 payn
pekn, o1 opn nx o1pennk1 senn qnnpuea, Onennroa n qpnsonoa - payx
popc1aennmx n nneen [aum m amaancu sm, sam n
m. 3 mn rHaaam ym.]. onn nunn 1onLko
repnnsnpoannme pcm [ aH rHaaamx nnH Hx
aaau ya. knuck snH y sr aa mn avnu
cnan ca H yrr a, ncmH HnnaH. kaHm,
ynHnym a namx cvckx xkax, mn rHaaam a
num H a cny x rravckr nnxn. ak cn
knuck Hn, anHa crra, nnHn, aaa ac a
cck kn Macnn. va, ava ncnaanm
aHm n kHm.], noa1oy n noame senn onn npnnecnn y6epn1enLnme
rpn1nn oryuec1a n ponroaeunoc1n nnepnn, ko1opyk n npepc1onno cosp1L.
pnko a a1o o1nouennn, xo1n n noaesno 6onLue, ue anpn, nnro6pp,
6yprnnLonu n pxe ro1, cuc1nnaee nx 6mnn ckconm. x saoeannn nnkorp ne
poxopnnn po any1pennnx seenL pnckoro np, cnepoa1enLno, onn ne nenn
kon1k1oa c cmn ceunnmn pcn. nx apnp nn oxno aknkun1L a uncno
saoea1ene pncko nnepnn, xo1n nx nepeeuenne nunocL nou1n opnoapeenno
c qpnkn. x annnne cocpepo1ounnocL n aoc1oke epnnn n n Bpn1ncknx
oc1poax snpnoro oken. oa1oy onn ne nek1 nnkkoro o1nouennn k
aospoxpennk pncknx cc. o1cy1c1ane canse c k1nanmn o6nc1nn
unannnsoannoro np, ko1opoe nnunno nx 6onLuo cnam, 6mno n a amcue
c1enenn amropnm. Cpepn acex npopoa, amuepunx co cknpnnackoro nonyoc1poa,
nrnockcm 6mnn epnnc1aennm, ko1opm a nue apen coxpnnn onpepenennyk
1onnky pncko cyunoc1n. Co6c1aenno roaopn, a1o epnnc1aennm cknpnnackn
npop, xnayun ceropnn. ce oc1nLnme ncuesnn, n nx annnnne oxno ouyu1L
1onLko kocaennm o6pso.
npncoanno nok nc1opnuecko kp1nne n o6ouencn 6es noppo6noc1e. ne c1n
onncma1L ne6onLune 6ecuncnennme rpynnm, ko1opme noc1onnno nxopnnncL a
panxennn, 1o n peno c1nknancL npn a1o c 6onee kpynnmn ccn, n npnpnn
aennkn nepecenennn IV n V aa. konaynLcnanm n xo1nueckn xpk1ep. 1o6m
nonn1L 1e pnekne co6m1nn, cnepoano 6m npepc1an1L norne 1mcnun nneen, pn
n npoc1o 6np, ko1opme a cnny cmx psnmx npnunn - panenne conepnnkoa,
amcokn nno1noc1L ncenennn, ronop, 6nunn, c1penenne k cnae n po6mue -
nepeeunncL no kon1nnen1y n amsmann 6onLune no1pncennn [ x vcn
acr, ckm, yr, rnm c rynm. 3 nnHa, n
aaH aca, ncaannn c ck aH n nv am,
vH am, ckaam cnkr Hca. cn ycamax ara a
r, vu vac aaaancu a ca.]. 1 epnoro opn n aks po
1nn1nueckoro oken ace nxopnnocL a nenpec1nno panxennn. enL1cko-
cnannckn ocnoa ncenennn 1o n peno amnnecknancL ns opno c1pnm a ppyryk,
sxauennn pnckn nopmao, n a a1o neaoo6psno 1onuee nonannncL
onronLckne acpnnkn 11nnm n nx coksnnkn, ko1opme npounn ckaosL nec eue n
konn, ckaosL ncnyrnnme 1onnm senepenLuea, oc1ana nec1npeme cnepm. Cnoao,
a1o 6mn nonnm xoc. cnn n noaepxnoc1n nonannnncL se1nme npnsnkn
aospoxpennn, 1o a rny6nny npnn noame pspyun1enLnme aneen1m.
op nopaec1n n1or pnckn nepecenennn a apone, ko1opme npnaenn k nonanennk
repnnsnpoannmx rpynn, pannyaunxcn k rpnnu pncko nnepnn. VII a. po n.
a. cp1m-pokconnm nnpannncL k aonxckn pannn. IV a. onn snnnn
Cknpnnank n uc1L Bn1nckoro no6epexLn n kro-aoc1oke. III a. onn nunn
pcxopn1Lcn no pay nnpanennn k cpepnnnm senn kon1nnen1. snpno
pernone nx nepame aonnm ac1pe1nnncL c kenL1n n cnannn; n aoc1oke, kpoe
nocnepnnx, xnnn oc11kn pncknx npopoa - cp1oa, re1oa, qpknuea, opnn
cnoao copopnue nx npepkoa, ne cun1n nocnepnne nneen 6nropopno pcm,
ko1opme npoponxnn amxopn1L ns snn. C a1n cansno ampxennoe npeaocxopc1ao
ro1oa, ko1oporo ne ornn ocn6n1L norouncnennme kon1k1m. pnko noc1enenno
yc1noannocL paenc1ao, a1nnueckoe panoaecne expy payn no1okn. o epe
1oro, kk nepame nepecenenum nonyunn 6onee unc1yk kpoaL, a Cknpnnann
qopnpoanncL ouenL cnnLnme rpynnm: ecnn cnk6pm n uepyckn 6mc1po yc1ynnnn
nnLy nepaenc1a ncenennk ro1cko nnepnn, 1o qpnkoa ceno oxno cun11L
poc1onmn 6p1Lnn aonnoa epnnk, n a 6onLue epe a1oro konnnen1
scnyxnak1 ckconm 1o anoxn.
o opnoapeenno c npn6m1ne noamx cnnLnmx pc a kxnyk epnnk, nnnk n
1nnk, rynnm am1ecnnnn ro1oa n nocnepnnx pnuea c 1eppn1opnn nx noppnnmx
cnann n o16pocnnn nx 1yp, rpe yxe co6npnncL oc1nLnme repnckne ccm.
pesynL11e aoc1ounn uc1L aponm, nnuennn pncko aneprnn, oksncL nop
anc1Lk cnann n saoea1ene qnncko pcm n poun po 1ko perppunn, ns
ko1opo ee ne cornn am1un1L cme 6nropopnme npnuenLum. poe 1oro, ace
cnnm repnuea c1pennncL n kpnn snp kon1nnen1, aepnee, n ceaepo-snp.
koe pcnpepenenne a1nnuecknx npnnunnoa nopopnno coapeennyk nc1opnk. 1k,
m nopxopn k pcco1pennk a1oro pncko-repnckoro ceec1a, ue pupy1 m
1onLko u1o npocnepnnn. coe rnanoe - neo6xopno p1L n 1ounyk ouenky a
nepnop, korp onn eue ne nonnn a aopoaopo1 pnckoro psnoxennn.
III. am rHack acm
pnckne npopm aponm n snn a caoe coaokynnoc1n, u1o kce1cn nx o6unx
1nnnunmx kuec1a, nopxk1 nc nanm npeaocxopc1ao np oc1nLnmn, pxe np
ceunnmn 6enmn npopn, cpepn ko1opmx, nnn pnpo c ko1opmn, onn xnnn.
[xe opnn a1o1 npnsnk ampenne1 nx ns oc1nLno ccm uenoaeuec1a. pnko ne
cnepye1 nck1L a1o npeaocxopc1ao a qk1x, ko1opme ne nek1 k ney o1nouennn.
ne c1on1 1kxe c1an1L a1o npeaocxopc1ao nop conenne, nonLsyncL qk1n,
ko1opme nckxk1 cy npek npeaocxopc1a. 1k, npeaocxopc1ao pnuea ne
cansno c ncknkun1enLnm psan1ne opnLnmx kuec1a - ono snoxeno a
npnnunnx, ns ko1opmx am1ekk1 a1n kuec1a.
e npo s6ma1L, u1o npn nsyuennn nc1opnn o6uec1a nnkon o6pso nenLsn
ocnoama1Lcn n opnn kk 1koao. Unannnsunn o1nnuk1cn ppyr o1 ppyr
rnanm o6pso ne nopokn n ne po6pope1ennn, xo1n a a1o cmcne onn c1on1
amue apapc1a, no a1o - no6ounoe cnepc1ane nx pen1enLnoc1n. x a nepayk
ouepepL xpk1epnsyk1 apoxpennme n psanaeme cnoco6noc1n.
enoaek no-npenyuec1ay ec1L sno6noe xnao1noe. oc1onnno pc1yune no1pe6noc1n
1onkk1 ero n norne ne6nroanpnme noc1ynkn. no1pe6noc1n aospc1k1 c ero
psan1ne. oa1oy ksnocL 6m ec1ec1aennm, u1o ero nnoxne nnc1nnk1m
yaennunak1cn s cue1 neo6xopnoc1n npeoponea1L ace 6onLue npenn1c1an, u1o6m
ypoane1aopn1L a1n no1pe6noc1n. o, k cuc1Lk, a1o ne 1k. sy, ko1opm,
coaepuenc1ayncL, nopnne1cn amue n c1noan1cn 6onee 1pe6oa1enLnm, ospne1
a1o cyuec1ao n o1aneke1 ero o1 ronoro nn1epec. ennrnn, pxe necoaepuennn nnn
noxnn, k ko1opo uenoaek o1nocn1cn acerp neckonLko aosamuenno, ne nosaonne1
ey 6ecnpekocnoano nopunnn1Lcn pspyun1enLnm nknonnoc1n.
kn o6pso, pneu ecnn ne acerp nyuun ns nkpe, c 1oukn spennn opnLno
npk1nkn, 1o, no kpne epe, on nyuue ocosne1 cyunoc1L coaepuemx
noc1ynkoa. a1o o6nc1n ero por1nueckne npen acerp 6onee o6ocnoannm, xo1n
sancn1 o1 ero coc1onnnn. ok on nanne1cn xep1ao ne6nronpnn1nmx o6c1on1enLc1a,
ero 1eno n pyu skoanm a 6ponk: 1aeppm no o1nouennk k coy ce6e, on 1kxe
6esxnoc1en k ppyrn; nenno a1o kuec1ao ampenne1 epopo1, npocnannn
uenoc1noc1L aonnc1aennoro cknq. 3pecL poc1onnc1ao sknkue1cn a ero aepnoc1n
skony, pxe xec1okoy n ne ao ace cnpaepnnaoy, ko1opm cnrue1cn 1, rpe
okpyxkun counnLnm knn1 c1noan1cn nrue.
oa1opnk, pneu c1on1 amue oc1nLnmx nkpe a ocnoano 6nroppn caoey
nn1ennek1y n caoe aneprnn; 6nroppn a1n pay kuec1a, npeoponean caon
c1pc1n n aosamuncL np 1epnnLnmn no1pe6noc1nn, on npnxopn1 k nonc1nne
amcoko opnn, xo1n npn o6muno nonoxennn aeue on oxe1 o6npyxna1L 1kne
xe kuec1a, kk y o6enx nnsunx rpynn.
D1o1 pneu snpno ae1an npepc1e1 nepep nn 1kn xe oryun, kpcnam n
aonnc1aennm, kkn m anpenn ero a npnn n epcnn, 1kxe a roepoacko
Dnnpe. pno ns nepamx aneu1nenn o repncko npe sknkue1cn a 1o, u1o
rnanm a ne nanne1cn uenoaek, nunn c1on1 n a1opo ec1e. 3pecL m anpn,
npexpe acero, nnpnanp, ne o6uyk ccy, n a1o1 nnpnanp npepc1anne1 eue
6onLun nn1epec, ecnn cpann1L ero c cen1cknn, annnncknn, pncknn,
knpncknn n cnanncknn e1ncn. nepep nn nou1n acerp 1onn, uenoaek
nnuero ne c1on1 n c1noan1cn 6esnnkn no epe ycnoxnennn a1nnuecko cecn, k
ko1opo on npnnpnexn1.
Moryun pneu-repneu aosamue1cn np caon okpyxenne, n nu asrnnp
oc1nannae1cn, npexpe acero, n ne, n 1onLko no1o m seue 1o, u1o ero
okpyxe1. oco6oe snuenne npno6pe1e1 ace, u1o on roaopn1 n pene1 n ao u1o
aepn1.
o1 neko1opme ero por1m a o6nc1n pennrnn n kocoronnn. pnpop aeun,
1epnn 6eckoneun. pnko acey cyuey npepuec1aoan snnkun nyc1o1, xoc.
onycne roaopn1cn: 1o apen ne 6mno nn neck, nn opn, nn pxe cy1no
nrko ceppueannm. nrpe ne 6mno cyun n ne6, o6aonknakuero ee. s rny6okoro
pk amunn paenpu1L pek, n onn no1eknn, 1y1 xe sepsn.
o1o 1ennm aospyx nopyn c kr, ns c1pnm ornn, n pc1onnn nep; knnn aopm
oxnnn, n nonanncn aennkn np, onnue1aopenne xnao npnpopm. n sppen, n ns
ero neao o1kpm1o nponn n ero nor, onnopo1aopnaunx ppyr ppyr, amun pc
rnrn1oa.
e apeene nep npoponxn 1n1L, n o1 a1oro nonanncL kopoa ypxy6. D1o
cnaon oprnnuecko cnnm, ko1opn npnaen a panxenne ace cyuee. a1o1 oen1 ns
knenL aopm amuno cyuec1ao no nenn Bypn, ko1opoe nopopnno cmn, Bopp, n 1o1,
coepnnnauncL c pouepLk opnoro ns rnrn1oa, c1n o1uo 1pex nepamx 6oroa, cmx
ppeannx n noun1emx- pnn, nnn n a [ caH ka narau sy
nrvcky Hyny: a aknvm aaau ankx ra
nm cH cmx cyca ar ara ncxxn, . k. mn
aack, yck, acck yr xcaa.]. D1 1ponu, nonanauncn,
korp aennkne kocnueckne pennnn yxe coaepunnncL, poaepunn oprnnsunonnyk
p6o1y - a a1o coc1onn ee spu. n ynopnpounn np, n ns payx pepeaLea,
nexaunx n 6epery opn, nepame 6orn cpennn nepamx nkpe. [y6 c1n yxunno,
na - xenunno [Mm ncaan nuk rnaamx kHna
ckaaack nr kcHr. aan 3a cx cnm
Ha ackr ncxxn, km nnancu a a ncn
nxa kcnaa. aHm aam ckaaack kyH
nycna mn ccaan a na nna VIII a. . s. a ca nn
amx nsH n a snx.].
D1o acero nnuL pnckn n1ypnns, anponsenennm npenn, ko1opme popnnncL n
pneko Ceaepe [au nnara, v rHam cvan raH cnm
nm: cn, nyy ru.]. Xnan mcnnun 1epnn, onnue1aopnen
kopoao ypxy6o ns sn1ckoro nq, upnn np 1pen aennknn 6orn. nn
popnnncL nocne nee, noa1oy ne o6npnn ee 6eccep1ne. nn ponxnm norn6ny1L o1
pykn rnrn1oa, 1. e. oprnnuecknx cnn npnpopm, n oprnnsoannm 1kn o6pso
np, nx pe1nue, ponxen ncuesny1L aec1e c nnn, aec1e c nkpLn, co1aopennmn
nn, u1o6m yc1ynn1L ec1o noam oprnns1op, noaoy nopnpky aeue, noam
nokonennn cep1nmx. opuepknak eue ps: cy1L acex a1nx nonn1n 6mn nsaec1n
ppeann nnpyc.
1 npexopnunx 6oxec1a, kk 6m aennkn onn nn 6mnn, neponrn ny1L k uenoaeky.
pneu-repneu acerp c1ann ce6n n opny c1ynenL c nnn. ro noun1nne npepkoa
6mno nepspmano cansno c noknonenne amcun cyuec1a. y npannocL py1L,
u1o on nponcxopn1 o1 koro-1o 6onee aennkoro, nexenn on c; kk annnnckne pcm
aenn caok popocnoanyk o1 Knn1ep, en1yn, 1k xe cknpnna roppnncn caoe
renenorne po coro pnn nnn po ppyrnx 6oxec1a, ko1opmx ec1ec1aennm
cnaonns a nso6nnnn cospan aokpyr nepaopopno 1ponum [aHm narm
cHcaa, nHn aak, cvan, v x nk an a cra,
xcanH a.].
n1ponoopqns 6mn coaepuenno uyxp a1n apoxpennm nonn1nn, on
ccounnpoancn c nnn ropspo nosxe nop nens6exnm annnnne a1nnueckoro
ceuennn. ok cmn pokconnoa oc1ancn unc1m no kpoan, on npepnoun1n anpe1L
a 6orx 1onLko caoe aoo6pxenne n ne npnpan n ocnseme qopm. [nn nero 6orn
npnnn cpepn o6nkoa, okpuennmx sxopnun connue. 6 nx npncy1c1ann roaopnn
uy necoa [ canucay aa, y x mn xaHa, Hxy H kak
x cn knum ann Ha.]. n nxopnn n noun1n nx anunk a
neko1opmx uennmx pnn nero aeux. apm pann knn1ay n eux, po nnx 1o xe
coe pennn qpknum. nro6ppm noknonnnncL sono1oy sek, ckconm -
nc1nueckoy cyuec1ay, coc1onauey ns nLa, ppkon n opn, noxoxne 1ppnunn
6mnn y qpnkoa.
o nosxe coksm c eaponecknn e1ncn npnaenn nx k 1epnnLnoy nn1eony
cnann n kenL1oa, ko1opm onn npnnnnn ecnn ne uennko, 1o xo1n 6m uc1nuno. k
onn c1nn npononoknonnnkn. Y cyaaoa n nonpanncn xec1okn kynL1 6ornnn
epqyc, n y nnx aouno a o6mu opnn ps a rop npoaosn1L ee c11yk no ace ynnu
a konecnnue [c s kynum cy a c cnm knuckr annn.
erthus, mater deum, H aanr a rannuckH nerth, nan
cna, a rsnuckH neart c H x avH. mva nau caa
canna an y knua. Mnn ax y ava nrm mva
cnaanckr ncxxn. ca, ky a ayxn y cysaa,
s Hesu n , knuck xca.]. 6n Open, nsnk6nennm
cnaon rnnoa, 6mn npnnn1 6onLunnc1ao repncknx npopoa, ko1opme aoppysnnn
ero n caon unem n kpmun caonx skoa. orp-1o, a unc1o pnckne apeen,
repnum ne snnn xpoa, 1enepL onn nx c1ponnn n snonnnnn uypoanunmn
nponn [aH BHck ncmaa cay aa, ky yan a
xaH Yncana.]. k n ppeann knpnu, n 1oxe sxo1enocL yropn1L nnc1nnk1
nnsunx pc, cpepn ko1opmx onn nocennnncL [Bmaan ak, v ak
Hrycam a kaaa r, kak, anH, a, mn nv
ac y nnyrHackx nnH a r Ha. r an
aaam.].
o xe coe nponsouno c kynL1oamn qopn. epaonunLno pneu-repneu 6mn
c ce6e xpeuo, n ponroe apen nocne yc1noanennn nunonnLnoro nnc1n1y1
canuennnkoa kxpm aonn xpnnn a caoe poe cnaon xpeueckoro kynL1, ko1opm
cun1ncn nepanxno co6c1aennoc1Lk n a cnyue npopxn xnnnu nepexopnn k
noaoy anpenLuy [ annH knua, cnaan a nnyvn
mk acnca nccanum nnak, vu yk
vac cancu k cyamH nckaanH. Y ra, ra,
yrya, arncakca mn ncknm, km ax aHmaancu a
nnky. H r, mn Hxca knya, aknan,
nan, maHaa.]. orp nonoxenne nsennnocL, repnckn canuennnk
c1n aec1n cnyx6y pnn acero nneenn. o on nnkorp ne 6mn 1e, ue a poaepnueckne
apeen nannncn y pnuea-nnpycoa nypoxn1. Y repnuea ne 6mno xpeuecko kc1m
nnopo6ne 6pxncko nnn c1pororo nopnpk, kk y ppynpoa; repnckn canuennnk
6mn 6conk1no ncknkuen ns p1nmx pen, n ey ne oc1annn nn neue
aosoxnoc1n ynpann1L o6uec1aenno xnsnLk. e ne enee, a cnny rny6oko
yppoc1n, kk 1onLko pnum npnsnnn ny6nnunmx canuennnkoa, onn poaepnnn n
axneune rpxpnckne qynkunn, nnpnep, noppepxnne nopnpk n co6pnnnx n
ncnonnenne npnroaopoa. 1ckp uenoaeueckne xep1aonpnnouennn y a1nx npopoa.
ocne amnecennn npnroaop ocyxpennoro ncknkunn ns o6uec1a n nepepann
canuennnky, 1. e. 6ory. ocanuennn pyk nnocnn ey nocnepnn ypp, nsnnan
n nero rnea ne6ecnm. ro ksnnnn ne c1onLko s 1o, u1o on norpeunn npo1na nkpe,
ckonLko s 1o, u1o on ockop6nn amcuero 6nkc1n1enn skon. 1ko qope
aosespne 6mno ne c1onL nosopno pnn poc1onnc1a pnu, n npo npnsn1L, a1o
6mno rynnee, ue npoc1o o6esrnan1L uenoaek s 1o, u1o on nepepesn ropno
ppyroy [navck xanmn mn acncam y ra,
ryna, cakca, a, ra, aka, kra ncn yx
can xcaaH. arHacky snxy xanmn
nma, kak acaaHxa y aa-yca, ncaannn c
caHmx nmmmx xcamx yana kynua.].
c1o spk1 aonpoc, nenn nn cen1ckne npopm ue1kyk npek o no1yc1oponne
xnsnn. ao1 a o1nouennn pncko pcm 1koro aonpoc aosnnkny1L ne oxe1.
Cep1L acerp 6mn pnn pnu 1onLko nepexopo, yskn, no nens6exnm, a nno
np. pnum anpenn anepepn noayk cypL6y, ko1opn, kc11n, npeponpepennncL ne
poc1onnc1an po6pope1enn n ne nksnne, ko1oporo scnyxnae1 nopok. enoaek
6nropopno pcm, nc1nnnm pneu, aosnocnncn 1onLko cnno caoero nponcxoxpennn
a nrnny, 6epnnkn, nnennnkn, p6m, opnn cnoao, e1ncm n nkpn nnskoro
nponcxoxpennn nesancno o1 scnyr nonpnn a nepnno pk nqnxeu [3
nn vu nr maan y aa a rvcky snxy.].
ueanpno, a1 pok1pnn nonanncL a anoxy, korp cna, oryuec1ao, 6or1c1ao
nxopnnncL a pykx pnuea, n nn opnn pneu ne 6mn 6epnm, n nn opnn e1nc ne
6mn 6or1m. o korp a1nnueckoe ceuenne okonu1enLno nckopennno npexnkk
npoc1o1y o1nouenn n korp nonannncL nnuenc1aykune nkpn 6nropopnoro
nponcxoxpennn n 6or1me cnanne n knpnum n pxe uypm n qnnnm, nsennnncL
asrnnpm n 6ypyuee o6uec1a ncxopn ns qk1nueckoro pcnpepenennn opnLnmx
kuec1a nkpe.
Dppe np penn1cn n pae uc1n. uen1pe nxopn1cn 3enn, ec1o xn1enLc1a
nkpe, nekun qopy nnockoro pnck, kk ee onncn epopo1, ko1opn okpyxen co
acex c1opon keno. mue 3enn npoc1npe1cn e6o, o6n1enL 6oroa. ceaepe
pcnonre1cn punn nepnnn senn, o1kyp npe1 xonop, n kre - np ornn, rpe
o6psye1cn 1enno. aoc1oke nxopn1cn Ho1nxeu, c1pn rnrn1oa, n snpe -
Cap1nqpxeu, rpe xnay1 uepnme snme kpnnkn. [nee, ne coace nonn1no rpe,
nxopn1cn nxeu, c1pn aenpoa [c Hu, v kank,
rram cam raH, a nv vnaka; cyu ynua
can nmx cn.].
D1o onncnne, coepnnnn kocoronnueckne npepc1anennn n npoc1me reorpqnueckne
caepennn, nanne1cn 1ouno konne cnc1em cen 6pxncknx pnacoa n cen
npncknx knuaepoa [H sa vacu kcHr ax aa cana
ca nn ckaaaa, nnHmx nHka acaka yaa. m
ncnu aa ackx , nun amaau H, v ycm,
km cxan x amx kak caH num raca, H
H Hry cvaucn nckaH a sH m. Qarancu k
n ara, vH Hrn ncau 3ana: caHmH namH
anH Hm nam aaH ram ca, nxax ca.
cxan, nnrn, cnnnan anvH , c a
4a, raana s ak ax acaana rHaa
nymcaaau n raH Hym, v nanncn acn nncu.];
kk m yanpn nnxe, a1o n ec1L aecL np no npepc1anennn pnuea-repnuea.
Cknpnnackn 1eppn1opnn pcnonoxen a uen1pe: a1o c1pn nkpe. mue
nxopn1cn annpen. Ceaepnm nonkc nocmne1 n 3enk xonop, ns kxnmx kpea
npe1 1enno. aoc1oke, 1. e. 6nnxe k Bn1nke, xnay1 ocnoanme nneen re1cknx
e1ncoa, n snpe, expy kxno Laeune n no6epexLe epoan1oro oken, -
nnonm, aenpm n kenL1m, nepeeunnme ppyr c ppyro. BonLue ne1 nnkknx
caepenn o nosn1nanmx snnnnx 1o anoxn. o ec1nme kocorpqm, psp61man
caon npen, ne oc1noannncL n ppeannx snnnnx - n 6mnn nyxnm pecn1L seenL,
pean1L pnac, pean1L knuaepoa, aec1o cen, o ko1opmx onn ysnnn o1 caonx
npepkoa, n u1o6m nonyun1L a1y unqpy, onn npnpynn pa noamx ne6,
pcnonoxennmx amue o6n1enn 6oroa, n nsmann nx 1k: opno nocnqpxeu nnn
npnnrep, ppyroe npx6nsen. 6 a1n ne6 ncenenm cae1nunncn kpnnkn. D1o
npepc1anenne 6mno 6m coaepuenno nponsaonLno n 6ecnonesno, ecnn 6m ono ne
onnpnocL n psnnune, ko1opoe cme ppeanne pnum epxne snn npoaopnnn
expy nenocpepc1aenno 1ocqepo 3enn n ne6o, 1. e. co6c1aenno roaopn,
annpenn, a ko1opmx panxy1cn saespm. c11n, ecnn npoaec1n 1u1enLnoe
conoc1anenne cknpnnacknx asrnnpoa, oxno se1n1L, u1o noroe cansmae1
ne6oxn1ene nocnqpxeu n pnnrep c npepn n uecnenpn ns 3enp-
aec1m.
koam 6mnn nonn1nn pnuea-repnuea o cmx aosamuennmx aeux. nn
amaopnnn amcokne npen ns cnx ce6n n caoe ponn a 1aopennn, 1e 6onee u1o
cun1nn ce6n ne 1onLko nony6oxec1an, no anpenLun uc1n Mnrppxu, nnn
cpepnnno senn, ko1opyk n npepnsnunn npnpop. o ec1L onn aocnpnnnk1
caon nyuec1aennme npa a coo1ae1c1ann co caonn nnc1nnk1n roppoc1n. nn
npnsnk1 pa anp co6c1aennoc1n.
Cm ppeann cansn c npee, ko1opyk onn npnnecnn ns epxne snn - opan.
D1o cnoao npepnonre1 pa nonn1nn - 6nropopc1a n anpennn; o6 nc1onLko
1ecno cansnm, u1o ne coace ncno, nn6o uenoaek nanne1cn co6c1aennnko, no1oy
u1o on 6nropopnoro nponcxoxpennn, nn6o no6opo1 [aam , k cva, v a
rHacky snxy cycaaan knacaa a x Hax c H
nnHvnH, kak Hm aH ncn V a. ca, cna king, . .
knu, ncx ank ac: s yn cn
aavanuk ackx nnH. maan y yya; s kaaa y
ax aa, ky a ackx kcax. ak amaancu
vak y amx ackx nnH. kacacn yna ra n
raa y arncakca, an n H rHack ncxx.
Hx, r k cny ckau y knua n cnaan.]. o ne1 conennn
a 1o, u1o nepaonunLno nc1onun uenoaeko cun1ncn 1onLko pneu, noa1oy
nk6o co6c1aennoc1Lk or o6np1L 1onLko on, n nenLsn npepc1an1L ce6e pnu
6es co6c1aennoc1n.
pan uennko npnnpnexn caoey xosnnny. n o6unn, nn unnoannkn ne nenn n
a1y co6c1aennoc1L nnkknx npa. pan ne nopnexn nnkkoy nnoroo6noxennk. n
npepc1annn co6o cyaepennoc1L, nensaec1nyk a nue apen. C nn nepspmano 6mn
cansn kncc xpeuoa, 1kxe acnkn kpncpnkunn - kk rpxpnckn, 1k n
yronoann. pneu-repneu cnpen a caoe xnnnue, anpen caoe sene n ace, u1o
n ne nxopnnocL. Xenunnm, pe1n, cnyrn, p6m nopunnnnncL 1onLko ey n xnnn
1onLko pnn nero. ro npepor1nam 6mnn 6ecnpepenLnm a nk6o cnyue: korp on
c1ponn caoe xnnnue n scean caoe none n nyc1mnno ec1e, n korp on, nen
poc11ouno cnn, snnn ec1o qnnn, cnannnn, kenL1 nnn no1yn, ko1opme
cun1nncL nkpLn ane skon.
o coace no-nnoy o6c1onno peno, korp aec1e c ppyrnn pnun on yuc1aoan
a noxope nop konpoanne o6uero aoenunLnnk c uenLk saoeannn kko-1o
1eppn1opnn. pnno cnyue nen ec1o ppyrn cnc1e seneanpennn, ko1opn
ocyuec1annncL ao apen nepamx nocenenn n eaponecko kon1nnen1e: a ne
cnepye1 nck1L nc1ok rnanmx nonn1nuecknx nnc1n1y1oa repncko pcm. pexpe
ue nosnkon1Lcn c a1o qopo co6c1aennoc1n n ee nocnepc1annn, npo
pcco1pe1L asnoo1nouennn pnu c ero npopo.
kuec1ae rnam ceLn n anpenLu opan on nen k o6unne aecL o1pnennoe
o1nouenne. o corncnk c oc1nLnmn aonnn o1nocn1enLno coxpnennn
o6uec1aennoro np n nopnpk on ns6npn unnoannkoa, ko1opmx cknpnnam
nsmann ppo11nnn, ppyrne popc1aennme n npopm - rpqq. s6npem ns
co ppeane n 6nropopno pcm, npe1enpykun n 6oxec1aennoe nponcxoxpenne,
unnoannk, kk n ancn1n y nnpycoa, nen ouenL orpnnuennyk anc1L. ro
nonnoounn oxno cpann1L c nonnoounnn npncknx aoxpe po anoxn c1nroa
nnn annnncknx upe ao apeen oep. pn 1ko npoc1o oprnnsunn kxpm
pneu a npepenx caoero opan 6mn cansn co caon cocepo 1o xe pcm ne a
6onLue epe, ue 6mnn cansnm ppyr c ppyro psnnunme rocyppc1a,
coc1annkune qepepunk.
kn cnc1e, npnenen npn nnnunn ne6onLunx nneen, nopanennmx cosnnne
caoero nnskoro nonoxennn, ne ropnncL ao apen aonm. pneu, ko1opm a cnny
caoero an1kpnoro xpk1ep a ocnoano npe6man a cn1yunn noc1onnnmx
konqnnk1oa, nen poc11ouno sppaoro cmcn, u1o6m n1n cnoco6m coue1nnn
cnc1em n caoe nnuno nesancnoc1n. orp nyxno 6mno amc1yn1L a noxop, expy
aoxpe n aonnn yc1nannanncL oco6me o1nouennn, coaepuenno uyxpme
npnnunn nonn1nuecko oprnnsunn. saec1nm aonn npnxopnn n o6un c6op n
npepnrn ce6n a kuec1ae konpykuero npepnonreo akcnepnunn. norp,
oco6enno a cnyue nnpennn, on penn a1o npno, a ppyrnx o6c1on1enLc1ax
1onLko npepnrn nnn. ko knpnp1 n konpoanne nopkpennnn caon
npe1ensnn npexnnn nopanrn n a nk6o cnyue o6eun, a kuec1ae nn6onee
y6epn1enLnoro pryen1, ace oc1nLnm nnpnanpynLnme npenyuec1a. k
nunnnocL o6cyxpenne n copeanoanne expy knpnp1n.
cno, u1o 1pe6oanncL 6onLuoe kpcnopeune n npounme scnyrn, u1o6m nonyun1L
npao konpoa1L. 1 nnx, kk, ckxe, o1 ppo11nnoa nnn rpqqoa, ne 1pe6oanocL
sn1noro nponcxoxpennn, no neo6xopno 6mno ne1L aonnckn 1nn1, eue 6onLue
6esrpnnunm nn6epnns a o1nouennn npoc1mx conp1.
o kk 1onLko pnum y6expnncL, u1o npe1enpen1 nee1 ace neo6xopnme kuec1a,
n ac1ann nop ero snen, cpsy yc1nannancn ppyro nopnpok o1nouenn expy
nnn [aa camx n amau axn nr cxanncu a
arncakcckx akax.]. Cao6opnm pneu, 6conk1nm rocnopnn caoero
opan, n neko1opoe apen o1ksmancn o1 6onLue uc1n caonx npnannern n
nepexopnn a nopunnenne k caoey nunLnnky, ko1opm or pcnopnx1Lcn pxe ero
xnsnLk.
cnn noxop 6mn ypunm, 1o acn po6mu npepnsnuncL aoenunLnnky, no 1o1
ponxen 6mn nopenn1Lcn co acen, npnue ne npoc1o a cnny pnnmx n o6eunn, no
c ncknkun1enLno ueppoc1Lk. pyun1L a1y 1ppnunk 6mno n nonn1nueckn
onpoe1unao, n oncno. cknpnnacknx crx snenn1mx aoenunLnnkoa
nsmak1 npo1nannkn sono1, no1oy u1o onn ne nenn npa ne1L ero,
xosnean n nnpy repoea, no1oy u1o onn ponxnm 6mnn npnnn1L aonnoa a
caoe xnnnue, ycxna1L nx s c1on, ueppo yrou1L n oppna1L 6or1mn
noppkn. onLko 1kn ny1e oxno 6mno coxpnn1L nx nonnLnoc1L n aepnoc1L n
1e cm noppepx1L cao a1opn1e1. Ckyno n ce6nnk6nam aoxpL 6mc1po
oc1ancn a opnnouec1ae n s6mancn a nn1n coo1euec1aennnkoa. 3pecL m anpn
cxopc1ao expy neo6xopnmn kuec1an aoenunLnnk n npeno pncko-
nnpycckoro rnam ceLn, kk a1o onncno a nne.
Mm anpenn, kk aoenunLnnk pcnopnxncn po6mue: sono1o, opyxne, noupLn,
p6n. o korp, o6npn a1nn npnannernnn, on oksmancn anc1n1ene ueno
c1pnm, npnnunn ueppoc1n ampxncn no-nnoy. 3aoeannn c1pn nonyun
nsanne pnk, 1. e. nxopnuncn a nonno anpennn; nckonno pnckne senn
ne npnnnnn 1koe nsanne, nockonLky cun1nn ce6n cao6opnmn. npnep,
opaernn n cnnpnn nnkorp ne nocnnn nsannn pnk, expy 1e kk
cyuec1aoan pppnk n ppyrne repnckne senn a apone, a nsannnx ko1opmx
6mn a1 uc1nuk. c1pne pnk ec1noe ncenenne nxopnnocL nop 6conk1no
anc1Lk aoenunLnnk-no6epn1enn, ko1opm nsmancn konynr: aonnckn 1n1yn,
snor anc1n, ko1opm ne npnnpnexn nn ppo11nny, nn rpqqy n ko1opm cyaepenm
ceaepnmx c1pn c1nn npncana1L ce6e 1onLko ropspo nosxe, no1oy u1o onn
anc1aoann a npoannunnx, ko1opme ne 6mnn saoeanm nn.
1k, konynr, neeukn kenig, king y nrnockcoa, kopoue upL [ a
amaau, v s au mn H, vH mn knuck n anck
au, num anHan Hakckr naann nkcaa.
nsH Bayn au amaacn nacmu aa, kak a na.
ck cna theodr arncakcck theoden ava akx ,
k a a. 3 ck ack, a aHcaam yn.],
aepnm o6ns1enLc1ay o6ecneun1L caon nkpn 1kne xe npnannernn, kkne nen on
c, npepoc1annn n seenLnme npenm. o nockonLky aonnm ne ornn ynec1n c
co6o 1kne ppm, onn nonLsoanncL nn, nok oc1anncL aepnmn caoey
npepaopn1enk, n 1kn cn1yunn npepnonrn neko1opme o6nsnnoc1n,
o1cy1c1aykune a cnc1ee opan.
koe anpenne nsmanocL qeop. no pano 6onLue npenyuec1a, ue nepan
qop anpennn, pnn psan1nn repnckoro oryuec1a, no1oy u1o npnnyxpno
nesancnoro pnu nopunnn1Lcn a1opn1e1y aepxoanoro anc1n1enn. kn
o6pso, nopro1annanncL ocnoam pnn coue1nnn npa rpxpnnn n rocyppc1a,
ne yuennn opnnx s cue1 ppyrnx. Kxnme cen1nsnpoannme npopm ne nenn
nnkkoro npepc1anennn o 1ko 6nnce, nockonLky y nnx rocyppc1ao pepxno a
caonx pykx ace npa.
aepenne qeop pano 1kxe no6ounme pesynL11m, o ko1opmx c1on1 ynonny1L.
UpL, ampennaun qeop, n aonn, nonyuaun ero, 6mnn snn1epecoanm a
ykpennennn cyuec1aykuero nopnpk aeue. rnsx nepaoro a1o 6mn apeennm
pp, ko1opm or aepny1Lcn k ney a cnyue cep1n senenonLsoa1enn nnn ero
nsenm, u1o cnyunocL poaonLno uc1o. npepanpennn 1ko aosoxnoc1n qeop
ponxen 6mn oc1a1Lcn a npnexue coc1onnnn, u1o6m oxno 6mno nepep1L ero
noaoy anpenLuy. [nn a1oporo - anpenne sene neno caon npenyuec1a, 1. k.
npnnocnno poxop, nockonLky y nero ne 6mno nn apeenn, nn xennnn snn1Lcn
senepenne nnuno, on o1pan npen a nonLsoanne npexnn anpenLu. D1o 6mn
yppn npk1nk, ko1opyk uc1o ncnonLsoann popnum n qeccnnum. pesynL11e
repnckne saoeannn, neco1pn n akcueccm nepamx oen1oa, aosoxno
neckonLko npeyaennuennme nop npopxnm nepo pncknx nc1opnkoa, npoxopnnn
poaonLno nrko n rynno pnn ec1noro ncenennn, n nx nenLsn cpann1L c xec1oko
kononnsune nernonepoa n 1npnc1ao npokoncynoa ao apeen, korp n
nxopnncn a pcuae1e caoe unannnsunn.
ueno 1pe6oannn repnuea, npnuepunx a c1pnm, nxopnaunecn nop pnckn
anpmuec1ao, orpnnunanncL sxa1o 1pe1Le uc1n senn. Byprynpum a a1o
cmcne noc1ynnn 6onee cypoao: onn s6npnn nonoanny po n pounero yuc1k,
pae 1pe1n aospenmaeo senn, 1pe1L p6oa, nec oc1anncL a o6ue
nonLsoannn.
nepam asrnnp qeop kk aosnrpxpenne s p1nme 1pypm, canpe1enLc1ao
nponanennoro yxec1a, ponxen 6mn npnnpn1L aonnc1aennme pcm, peannao
o1nocnaunecn k po6mue, no a1o 6mno ne 1k. oennn cnyx6 n copepxnnn norn
6mn ne no pyue, oco6enno nkpn amcokoro nponcxoxpennn. nn cun1nn
ynnsn1enLnm nonyu1L noppkn ns pyk panmx ce6e, nopo pxe o1 1ex, k1o 6mn
nnxe nx no poxpennk. ce npenyuec1a 1koro nonoxennn 6neknn a nx rnsx a
cpanennn c no1epe, nyc1L n apeenno, caoe nesancnoc1n. orp n ne
ypanocL konpoa1L cn, onn npepnoun1nn npnnn1L yuc1ne 1onLko a
noxopx ec1noro snuennn, ko1opme onn ornn ocyuec1an1L cnnn caoero opan.
[oaonLno c1pnno cnmu1L o1 nsaec1noro pnckoro nc1opnk cypoaoe ocyxpenne a
ppec repncknx pc, rnanm o6pso 1oro, u1o kce1cn o1nouennn k aonncko
cnyx6e; on o1ksmae1 ro1 epnpnk n qpnk nepamx Mepoannroa ao acnko
nonn1nn o nonn1nuecko cao6ope. o ne enee rpyc1no anpe1L, kk ceropnnunne
nrnockcm, nocnepnnn repnckn ae1aL, perppnpoaaun, opnko coxpnnaun
oc11kn poc1onnc1a ppeannx repncknx aonnoa, xnayune a en1ykkn n n6e,
s6mnn sae1m caonx cnanmx npepkoa n onn1nk pnnon n 1onnn c1pen1cn
nonc1L n copepxnne nnonepoa n nonm11L cuc1Ln cpepn 6opnrenoa oaoro Cae1
a oncnmx npepnnx pnkoro 3np.
npouno pneu-repneu, anpeneu opan nnn qeop, ne o6npn 1oprueckn
pyxo cnannnn, kenL1 n pnnnnnn. Cosnnne caoe co6c1aenno uennoc1n,
c1penenne k nsonnunn o1 1onnm - ao1 u1o nn1no ero noc1ynkn n ero mcnn. orp
ne npnxopnnocL yuc1aoa1L a noxopx, on c1pncn o1penn1Lcn o1 oc1nLnmx, n
aonnckn cnyx6 pnn nero 6mn ue-1o apope cornuennn expy conp1o n
renepno. uenL peannao o1nocnauncn k caon npa n npepor1na, on nn n
o1y ne o1c1ynn o1 nnx, ne cun1n apeennmx o6c1on1enLc1a. n sopko cnepnn s
caoe amropo, n 6ypyun noc1onnno os6ouennm caoe nnuno xnsnLk, ne 6mn
n1pno1o a 1epnnLno cmcne n ne ncnm1man oco6o npnansnnoc1n k sene, n
ko1opo popnncn. n 6mn npnansn k okpyxkun nkpn, no 1onLko a cmcne
nnunmx o1nouenn, n nerko ennn ec1oxn1enLc1ao. a1o opn ns psrpok
pmupckoro xpk1ep cpepneaekoaLn n npnunn 6espsnnunn, c kkn nrnockc
epnkn 6es coxnenn noknpe1 caok popnny n npope1 nnn enne1 senk,
nonyuennyk a ncnepc1ao o1 o1u.
1ko xe c1enenn pneu-repneu 6espsnnuen k nunonnLnoc1n n o1nocn1cn k
a1oy a sancnoc1n o1 1oro, kkn o6pso a1o kce1cn ero nepconm. oa1oy on
nnuen nunonnLnmx npeppccypkoa. oa1oy on nspan nn1n k knpnu n
cnann, ko1opme ero okpyxnn, yaxenne coo6psno nx aonnckn poc1onnc1a
nnn ppyrn 1nn1. C nepamx pne caonx saoea1enLnmx noxopoa pneu aopnn n
aony cao opan, eue oxo1nee cao qeop. n c 6mn n cnyx6e y aoenunLnnk,
n ero po6muy n nouec1n pennnn c nn ero nkpn. Bonee 1oro, on pan nokopennm
6or1e1L n c1noan1Lcn panmn ey coy. ue po V a. a1n aennkne npnnunnm
npnnecnn caon nnopm, o ue m noroaopn nnxe.
epaonunLno repnckne npopm coc1onnn 1onLko ns pokconnoa, 1. e. pnuea,
korp onn xnnn a Cknpnnann, aonm yxe caenn n ne1 1pn kncc nkpe a opane:
co6c1aenno roaopn, pnuea, nnn npnoa, ko1opme 6mnn rocnopn, kpnoa, 1. e.
senepenLuea, penpykunx senk npn, npepc1an1ene 6enoro ceunnoro
ceec1a - cnann, kenL1oa nnn no1ynoa n, nkoneu, 1pannoa, 1. e. p6oa, a
ko1opmx 6es 1pyp oxno ysn1L qnnnoa.
D1n 1pn kncc, nonanaunecn a repncknx rocyppc1ax 1kxe cnon1nno n a cnny
1o xe neo6xopnoc1n, u1o n y ppeannx annnnoa, anune coc1annnn ace o6uec1ao,
no 6mc1poe ceuenne npnaeno k nonanennk norouncnennoro rn6pnpnoro
ncenennn, cao6op, npepoc1annen repnun kpn, u1o kce1cn yuc1nn a
aoennmx noxopx n, kk cnepc1ane a1oro, aosoxnoc1L o6or1n1Lcn, npnaen k 1oy,
u1o kpec1Lnne npnknynn k rocnopc1aykuey knccy, n ecnn unc1n pc a
pesynL11e norouncnennmx aon uncnenno yenLuncL, caopncL k ceLn
6oxec1aennoro nponcxoxpennn, ns ko1opmx ornn amxopn1L ppo11nnm n rpqqm,
nonyrepnckoe ncenenne nopopnno ccy 6or1mx, xp6pmx, kpcnopeunamx n
cnoco6nmx nkpe, ko1opme a caok ouepepL nxopnnn noro c1oponnnkoa pnn caonx
npepnpnn1n, a 1o uncne n aoennmx. neko1opmx sennx, rpe nepao6m1no unc1o1m
kpoan nou1n ne oc1nocL, 1n1yn kpn npno6pen 6onLun aec n, a konue konuoa,
ceuncn c 1n1ynn konynr nnn upn, npnue nocnepnn ckopo cpannncn c
qnnknpn n repcnpn, aoenunLnnkn nnsuero pnr. D1o nponcxopnno a
Cknpnnann npn nnnunn noc1onnno anc1n ppo11nnoa. a1o, a ocnoano
pncko, sene kpnm, konynrn, qnnknpm, repcnpm a cyunoc1n 6mnn 6esp6o1nmn
reponn nnn, kk m cksnn 6m ceropnn, renepnn 6es ponxnoc1n. nn
nonLsoanncL 1e xe yaxenne n noue1o, u1o n popoan sn1L, xo1n ne ace onn
ornn noxac11Lcn amcokn nponcxoxpenne, no nx c1pnncL ne ponyck1L k
konpoannk nnn ynpanennk nkpLn. oa1oy pnn aoenno onpxnn, kkoao
nanne1cn n nmneunnn, amuepun ns pnpoa repncknx aoenunLnnkoa, 6mno 1pypno
y1aeppn1Lcn a cknpnnacknx c1pnx. D1o e ypnocL 1onLko c 1euenne apeenn,
nocne 1oro, kk aoennn ann1 am1ecnnn uenyk 1onny kopone: seenLnmx, opcknx,
ps6onnuLnx.
o-nnoy cknpmancL cn1yunn a nokopennmx c1pnx: a nnnn n 1nnn.
1n1yn kpn nnn pnn, u1o 6mno opno n 1o xe, yxe ne nopkpennnncn cnc1eo
npanennn nnn nnnune opan n ne npno6pen 1koro 6onLuoro snuennn. oa1oy
sanne pnn nocnnn aonnm cao6opnoro poxpennn, no nnskoro pnr, amcuyk
sn1L coc1annn npn6nnxennme upe nnn kopone. Y qpnkoa, 6yprynpuea,
nnro6ppoa pnn, nnn no n1nncko 1ppnunn bonus homo, npeap1nncn a
npoc1oro cenLckoro seneanpenLu.
oo6ue, ao acex repncknx c1pnx, a 1o uncne saoeannmx repnun,
npnnunnm neppxnn 6mnn opnnkoam n o1nnunncL ncknkun1enLno nrkoc1Lk a
o1nouennn nokopennmx pc.
cknkun nksnne s o6uec1aennme n rocyppc1aennme npec1ynnennn, nnpnep,
nseny nnn 1pycoc1L nepep apro, repnckoe skonop1enLc1ao ceropnn
npepc1anne1cn n upesamuno cnncxopn1enLnm n cn6m. no ne
npepyc1pnano cep1no ksnn, n pxe s y6nc1ao upc1aykue oco6m
orpnnunanocL penexnm u1pqo. pn a1o cnepye1 psnnu1L skonm,
ocyuec1anneme o1 nenn ppo11nn, konynr nnn aoenunLnnk, n 1e, ko1opme
kcnncL o1nouenn a opane, rpe nen ec1o 6conk1nn anc1L pnu, rnam
ceec1a.
pnum-repnum ne nk6nnn xn1L a saoeannmx ropopx n aoo6ue c npespenne
o1nocnnncL k ropoxn, xo1n ne 1pornn nx. 1onee eue ao II a. nepeuncnnn 94
ropop expy eno n Bn1nckn ope, a ko1opmx xnnn ocnoa1enn - rnnm nnn
cnanne, xo1n a ueno nop anc1Lk ceaepnmx saoea1ene a1n ropop npnunn a
ynpok. epnum npno6unn ec1nyk onopexL k caon npa, ec1nme aonnm
yuc1aoann a nx noxopx, pspennnn nx nouec1n n po6muy, n ckopo kenL1ckn sn1L
ceuncL c npnuenLun. 1o kce1cn kncc 1oproauea n peecnennnkoa, onn c
1pypo ampepxnann konkypenunk pnnnn n rpekoa, noc1annaunx 6onee peueame n
kuec1aennme 1oapm. kn o6pso, ropop noc1enenno o6esnkpenn n
npeapunncL a sxypnme cenennn.
un1 a cyunoc1n o1pnue1 nnnune unannnsunn y repnuea n cun1e1 nx
qnnocoqc1aykunn ps6onnkn. o a pec1an1enLnoc1n onn ne 6mnn nn
6epnmn, nn neaexec1aennmn, nn apapn. [o 1oro, kk npn1n n Ceaep nnn
saoea1L pppnky, onn npounn uepes cao 6ponsoam aek. ce nxopkn,
o1nocnunecn k a1oy aeky, - kenL1ckoro nponcxoxpennn [cn rHam
naan cavmH akycH, vm u nan ckyccaa,
caH Hn cnuy ns, k nnacvckH ckyccaaH y x mn
axan. Hcaas a ncuH k . MH cnaana Hva:
nn Hckr ckyccaa va nn n r aHanur
anann, km yva am ac xnr aka.
ankx Hackx nxa ckaaam knaan Hck am a
ran yxn ykam. "nvH, caHm am acm
nnyva xyxcam a nuk v ncca kaka c
Hnack ca, vr ckaaam Hn.].
[o opan ne 6mn noxox n punoe xnnnue, nnonoanny apm1oe a senk, kkne
nk6n1 nso6px1L c punm c1onunso a1op epnnn. pnko cyuec1aoann n
1kne po, no onn cnyxnnn y6exnue pnn cn6o repnnsnpoannmx kenL1oa nnn
kpnoa, kpec1Lnn-senepenLuea. x po cnx nop oxno ac1pe1n1L a kxno epnnn,
rpe onn, no nennk ec1nmx xn1ene, cnyx1 npexno sun1o o1 snnnx xonopoa.
o a ocnoano cao6opnme nkpn, pnckne aonnm, xnnn a 6onee ypo6nmx n
npoc1opnmx pox. c11n, y n1nncknx a1opoa oxno n1n ynonnnnn o
repncknx paopux nnn skx.
6muno nepep poo 6mn 6onLuo paop, aknkukun psnnunme xosnc1aennme
noc1pokn. ce a1o 6mno okpyxeno npounm s6opo. uen1pe aosamuncn c po,
opan, c ounmn pepeannnmn kononnn, okpuennmn a psnme uae1. kpmue
ns 6nec1nuero e1nn, ykpuenno pesnmn qpnsn, yc1nannanocL
nso6pxenne pennrnosnoro xpk1ep, nnpnep, nc1nueckoro k6n Open [
H ynHa a 3a. r amaan a cau. x
an nk ycaan a car knackr aa a 3kc-n-
Uannu ax na.]. BonLuyk uc1L po snnn npoc1opnm sn,
ykpuennm 1poqenn, a uen1pe ko1oporo c1onn 6onLuo c1on.
3pecL pneu-repneu npnnnn roc1e, co6npn caok ceLk, aepunn cyp, npnnocnn
xep1am 6or, yc1pnan npspnnkn, pepxn coae1 c 6nnsknn n pspan noppkn.
nouL on ypnnncn ao any1pennne nokon, rpe npn cn6o cae1e our n ckLnx,
c1onaunx aponL c1en, cnnn, nonoxna ronoay n un1m, ero cop1nnkn.
opsn1enLno cxopc1ao a1oro pockounoro xnnnu - c 6onLunn kononnn, c
amcoko pesno kpmue - c paopun, onncmaemn a pnccee, n upcknn
pesnpenunnn npnuea n nepcoa. [ec1an1enLno, xennpm c1ponnn caon paopum
s npepenn ropopoa, n aokpyr nnx 6mnn 1kne xe acnoor1enLnme noc1pokn, kk
a repncknx skx. xnnn p6o1nnkn, noa1m, nekpn n c1ponorn. kn
o6pso, skn pnuea-repnuea, onncnnme un1o, o ko1opmx c 1knn
noppo6noc1nn noaec1ayk1 1ea1onckne noam, eue pnLue canuennm crpp n
6eperx [annm - ace a1o o6psm npnckoro crpp, nyc1L pxe yc1ynaune ey a
coaepuenc1ae ncnonnennn [ nca 3kaaa r aa Hx au
v acna ackr xna ca anm VI a. 3 n
cyx nanncn vc ackH a nv r, v Hm anaH
a cnnc rax caccack snx, r H Hc accck
ann. Qa 3kaaa mn nc nkH knaca ka,
kHam mn ra ackamm a cnm ncm a.
nvkaa, v mm ncck am a HrH anHa
s cnu. m k sHy aan kack am.]. Cnyc1n c1onLko aekoa
nocne 1oro, kk pnum-pokconnm pcc1nncL co caonn co6p1Lnn a Bk1pnne,
aosoxno, eue ceaepnee, cnyc1n c1onLko aekoa ny1euec1an uepes norne senn, n
u1o eue seu1enLnee - nocne c1onLknx ne1, npoaepennmx nop kpoao caonx
noaosok, onn coxpnnnn ppeanne nnc1nnk1m n nonn1nn o kynL1ype caoe pcm, n n
6eperx 3ynp, nosxe Com, Mesm n Mpnm, onn c1ponnn xnnnu no 1e xe
npnnunn, aennune ko1opmx m anpenn n cnncko ope n n aqp1e
[Hk cna hof ccn k nHy acncaHy xny kak
k ackHy, ak kcunckHy. 3 x caH, v ncck cna
ivan, k cnnuy 4yc. ca, nsHa 4yc, cknvan
HycynuHack an caHm a snHm, Hx cvaucn
nHyca rHack, v kacacn aaa, xaaka ca,
km a axa.].
orp pneu-repneu aoccepn a caoe sne n aosamuennn, ope1m a 6or1me
opexpm, nepenoncnnm kpcnam euo, amkoannm yenmn pykn no1ynoa,
cnann nnn qnnnoa, a okpyxennn o1axnmx cop1nnkoa n aen c nnn 6ecepm nop saon
ky6koa n poroa, ykpuennmx cepe6po nnn sono1o, nn p6m, nn cnyrn nnskoro
sannn ne ponycknncL npncnyxna1L s npspnnunm c1ono. D1n o6nsnnoc1n
cun1nncL cnnuko noue1nmn pnn nnx; kk xnnn c nopan kyunnn pnn caonx
roc1e, 1k n repnckne repon co6nkpnn a1y ppeankk 1ppnunk.
[ooupum nenn psnme npa: rocnopnn 6onLue acex yaxn caoero op1op,
opyxenocu, aosnnuero n caoero aocnn11enn, ko1opm c pe1cknx ne1 o6yun ero
o6pu1Lcn c opyxne n yunn konpoa1L nkpLn.
pspnec1a nponcxopnnn uyno n 1opxec1aenno n conpoaoxpnncL xac1nnamn
pccksn o p1nmx nopanrx n noamx saoea1enLnmx nnnx, ac1peuemn
6ypnmn npnae1c1annn. pncy1c1aykune ackknann c ec1 n psxnann
opyxne, nopc1ernan ce6n n nosppannn cenLuk.
orp cnpn aonnc1aennm nopma, onn npnnnnncL s nrpy, ko1opn 6mn c1pc1Lk
a1nx cknonnmx k an1kpnsy nkpe, xpnmx po npnknkuenn n pnckoannmx
npepnpnn1n, nkpe, ko1opm npnxopnnocL ncnm11L p6c1ao, u1o 6mno pnn nnx xyxe
cep1n. 1knx co6pnnnx o6muno uennnn pccksm ny1euec1aennnkoa, peknunk
c1nxoa nnn srpkn - 1kxe nk6noe nx psaneuenne. oo6ue c1pc1L k srpounoy
- opn ns xpk1epnmx uep1 pncko pcm; on cansn c 1nnc1aennm cyuec1ao,
cqnnkco nnn rpnqono, popnn ko1oporo, neconenno, Uen1pnLnn snn: o11yp
ono npnuno k annnn a o6nnke nqepon, k npnu a anpe Bonop, ko1oporo onn
nsmann Cnypr. ce srpounoe nanne1cn uc1Lk nunonnLnoro rennn cknqoa n
ccre1oa.
epnckne necnn npn acex opnen1nLnmx ykpuennnx nocnnn nc1opnueckn
xpk1ep, no a1 nc1opnn pmun c1pc1Lk n cnyxnn npocnanennk nopanroa n
npnsmay k o1uennk. ne no nnpnkn. D1n nponsaepennn 6onLue nnonnk1
noam oep kk no copepxnnk, 1k n no coaepuenc1ay ncnonnennn. nnx
o1cy1c1aye1 pnq, no ec1L pn1 n nnn1epunn [nnan cva a
Hk nay a a. Hx acu a ranrvckx
xkax ra, aaana, yrya, naraa, aka, arncakca.
3 caHm cam cnc nsvck raH y n acm:
annaam snHa, km ynHa a: ra, H
ca. cnm Hx acu a Bn.]. [peanoc1L a1o cnc1em
c1nxocnoxennn neconenn.
D1n noam, a ko1opmx coxpnnncL nc1opnueckn nn1L kxporo repnckoro
npop, nopanrn sn1nmx ceec1a, cnanme noxopm, ny1euec1ann n o1kpm1nn -
cnoao, ace, u1o poc1ono aocneannn, - cnyunn ne 1onLko a kpyry opan nnn pxe
nneenn, a ko1opo onn cospanncL. nn nepepanncL o1 npop k npopy, o1
nopaexcknx necoa po npnpyncknx 6ono1; onn pccksmann qpnson, xn1enn
6eperoa esep, o no6epx nynroa a occnn; onn noaec1aoann 6apu n ckc
o noxopx nnro6pp p6on a pnekyk 1nnk. pnum-repnum nc1onLko xnao
nn1epecoanncL a1nn nponsaepennnn, u1o uc1o opnn npop npocnn y ppyroro
oponxn1L ey noa1oa, asen nocmnn caonx. ppnunn 1pe6oan, u1o6m npn,
pnn, nc1nnnm aonn, ne orpnnunancn snnne aonnckoro pen, aepxoao espo,
ynpanenne npLe, xo1n, koneuno, ace a1o 6mno n nepao ec1e [Hackan
akka aaanacu a nn kna, kr
nncmaa y.]. n ponxen 6mn sn1L nnsyc1L n ye1L peknnpoa1L
counnennn, ko1opme 6mnn nn1epecnm ero conneennnk nnn nonLsoanncL unpoko
nsaec1noc1Lk. poe 1oro, on ponxen 6mn ye1L un11L n counnn1L pynm n o6Lncnn1L
nx 1nyk cy1L.
Cypn1L o6 a1o oxno no ypnan1enLno o6unoc1n npe, no xnaoy
nn1ennek1ynLnoy nn1epecy, ko1opme 6mnn xpk1epnm pnn acex repncknx
npopoa n o6Lepnnnnn cme pnekne ppyr o1 ppyr opanm, cnrun nx pso6ukuyk
roppoc1L n noppepxnan nn1L o6 nx o6ue nponcxoxpennn, nnonnn n, aonpekn
konqnnk1, o 1o, u1o onn mcnn1, uyac1ayk1 n xnay1 no opnn n 1e xe skon,
aepoannn n nonn1nn o uec1n. ok cyuec1aoan nnc1nnk1, neaun npao
nsma1Lcn repnckn, a1 npnunn o6Lepnnnn nx. pn ennkn cpsy ocosnn
a1o n nonnn, kkne oxno nsaneuL ns a1oro amropm. oa1oy, neco1pn n ero
aocxnuenne ace ponckn n ero xennne aocc1noan1L nnepnk onc1n1nn, on
ne nopman c a1nn 1ppnunnn, pxe ecnn onn 6mnn nenpnenem pnn rnno-
pncko ynmno nepn1nunoc1n. n o6Lepnnnn aoepnno ace aneen1m nunonnLno
noasnn. coxnennk, neo6xopnoc1L amcuero nopnpk sc1ann pyxoaenc1ao
pec1aoa1L no-ppyroy.
no ne orno nosaonn1L, u1o6m a1 nn1ep1yp, a ocnoae caoe nsmueckn, noc1onnno
6ypopxnn neokpenuee cosnnne neoqn1oa n 1onkn nx nsp, k npnansnnoc1n
nx pe1c1a, sepnnn 1e cm no6epnoe uec1ane xpnc1nnc1a. [eno a 1o, u1o a1
nn1ep1yp c 1ko npoc1Lk npocnannn 6oroa nrnnm n nx poc1onnc1a, u1o
ennckonm cpsy o6Lnannn e aony. BopL6 6mn ponro n 1nxeno. c1opone
npo1nannk 6mnn c1pme 1ppnunn noun1nnn cnanoro npounoro. o no6ep, a
konue konuoa, poc1ncL npaoy peny, n UepkoaL nponann yppoc1L n ne c1n
poaopn1L cao 1pnyq po kpnoc1n. orp xpnc1nncko aepe 6onLue nnuero ne
rposnno, on c noc1pncL cnc1n o1nmne 6eso6npnme oc11kn 1ppnun. C 1e
6epexnm annnne, ko1opm on acerp o1nnuncL a o1nouennn nponsaepenn
uenoaeueckoro rennn, pxe npo1naopeuun ee pok1pnn, on noc1ynnn c
repncknn nponsaepennnn 1ouno 1k xe, kk co cae1cknn knnrn pnnnn n
rpekoa. enno 6nroppn Uepkan a cnnpnn 6mnn co6pnm ace Dppm. oay
Beoaynq cncnn onxn, 1k xe, kk nc1opnueckne xponnkn nrnockconcknx
upe, nx renenornueckne snncn, qpren1m ecnn o ny1euec1ann, Bn1am
Onnnec6ypx n nnL1n6pn1 [ mmH a nsHa Bayn aycn
VIII a. mn, nxm a , cncn caH n k 600-H raH,
a cHu rnaka r yck c k 515520 rr.].
Canuennocnyxn1enn coxpnnnn n o6Lepnnnnn a epnnoe uenoe ace, u1o m sne
ceropnn o 1ppnunnx Ceaep, ko1opme ne aounn a 1pypm Caynp, xponnkn p
Bpeenckoro n Ckcon p1nk; onn nepepnn a1opy ecnn o n6enynrx
nerenpm o6 11nne, nonanaunecn a X a. D1n qk1m scnyxnak1 1e 6onLuero
yaxennn, u1o 1onLko 6nroppn n kpn1nk oxe1 cans1L nc1okn coapeennmx
nn1ep1yp, ne o6ns1enLno annnnckne nnn n1nnckne, c ppeanepncknn
nc1ounnkn, uepes nnx - c aennknn annuecknn noan nepao6m1no peunn,
npnn, 6k1pnckoro pn n ppeannx npopoa epxne snn.
oam opnnnueckoro unkn nenn aoc1opxennmx noun11ene, no cpepn nnx c1on1
oco6o ampenn1L xenunn. Xenunnm o1nnunncL ynopno npnaepxennoc1Lk ppeann
o6mun n npen, n a npo1naononoxnoc1L 1oy, u1o o6muno roaopn1 o6 nx nk6an k
xpnc1nnc1ay - n a1o cnpaepnnao, korp peuL npe1 o ponnsnpoannmx c1pnx, no
nnueno acnkoro ocnoannn y repnuea, - onn poksnn, u1o ace ceppue nk6n1 1y
pennrnk n 1e o6mun, ko1opme, aosoxno, 6mnn cnnuko cypoamn, no ko1opme
o6ecneunann n noue1 n yaxenne a 1o xe c1enenn, a kko n amcokoepno
o1ksmann a a1o nsmueckne kynL1m kxnmx npopoa. Ceaepe xenunn ne
1onLko ne aos6pnnnocL cypn1L o aeux aosamuennmx, no nnpo1na, n poaepnnn
cme nn1ennek1ynLnme pen: onn ponxnm 6mnn xpnn1L epnunnckne snnnn n
npk1nkoa1L nyky konpoac1a n rnn. ocanuennme ao ace 1nm pyn, onn
nepepann nx repon n nenn npao nnpann1L, yckopn1L nnn sepnn1L
nponanennn xp6poc1n caonx yxe n 6p1Lea. e1 nnuero ypnan1enLnoro a 1o, u1o
xenunnm ne cneunnn nsenn1L caon asrnnpm. x npo1naopec1ane, anpoue,
orpnnuennoe, nponannocL a ynopno npnansnnoc1n k repncko noasnn. C1a
xpnc1nnkn, onn oxo1no nsannnnn ee re1epopokcnLnme nepoc11kn n ponroe apen
nocne o1ks o1 kynL1 opn n Open oc1anncL xpnn1enLnnun necen cknLpoa.
1nmx nopanx onc1mpe onn snnnncL a1n oqnunnLno ocyxpem
peno, n pxe apnk1 789 r., rposnaun cmn xec1oknn kpn, ne cor o1apn1L
nenocnyunmx xen ceamunero o1 syunannn n pcnpoc1pnennn n1nunmx
nponsaepenn, ko1opme cnannn cknpnnackn nn1eon [am anucyaa
anan xaH nnxaucn k ana. ana nac caa aan s
an a can c H, v rHaaa acn vac raan
r.].
a1opn1e1 xenunn a o6uec1ae - opno ns cmx y6epn1enLnmx canpe1enLc1a nnnunn
pncknx aneen1oa. e 6onLun yaxenne nonLsye1cn xenunn, 1e 6onLue
ocnoann cun11L, u1o pnnn pc coxpnnn a ce6e nc1onune nnc1nnk1m
6nropopnoro ceec1a, n repnu ne a ue 6mno ynpekny1L caonx cec1ep ns
ppeannx ceec1a [ycay na H, v an nk ncn
naxn n ca n cay arna can aH 53 mcnv
aca, na kmx nmvk ncHn caxaucn.].
Coe c1poe nsanne xenunn a ro1cko nsmke - quino o1 kopnn gen, 1. e.
pox1L. Xenunn a rnsx ppeannx pnuea - a1o npexpe acero 1L, nc1ounnk
ceLn, pcm. Y payx ppyrnx psnoanpnoc1e uenoaeuec1a n y 6onLunnc1a
ceunnmx pc, pxe amcokounannnsoannmx, xenunn - a1o 1onLko ck pnn
yxunnm.
ouno 1k xe, kk nsanne pnu-repnu, aonn, jarl c1no o6osnu1L
npan1enn n upn, 1k n cnoao quino noc1enenno npeap1nnocL a 1n1yn cynpyrn
anc1n1enn, ko1opn upnn pnpo c nn. 6munmx xenunn c1nn nsma1L ne enee
nec1nm cnoao - frau, frouwe - 1. e. nn, o6oxec1anennoe a nnue Open
[ackck pri, ck fri, rck frio, . . n nn n.].
Cyuec1ayk1 n ppyrne nnornunme cnoa, ampxkune nou1enne k xenunne.
epnckne nsmkn 6or1m nopo6nmn 1epnnn, n ace onn ocnoanm n cmx
6nropopnmx npnnunnx n sene n a ne6ecx [na mn, a aH
k cnay maim, rHackr ncxxn, a ck knuckr.
cxancu nuk a av xa-H a akx cnaax, kak
murmuine ca waldmuine aa.]. enno a pesynL11e
a1o apoxpenno npnamukn amcoko uenn1L caok cny1nnuy n ee a1opn1e1 ceaepnm
pneu cun1n, u1o kxpm yxunn c poxpennn nxopn1cn nop nokpoan1enLc1ao,
xenckoro rennn, ko1oporo nsmann fylgia. D1o 6mn nren-xpnn1enL, ko1opm
noppepxnan n y1eun uenoaek n xnsnenno ny1n. pam, 6ypL onn npnunn nnn
cnepc1ane a1nx o6muea n npnamuek, 6mnn nc1onLko unc1m, u1o nn a opno ns
nsmkoa ppeannx repnuea ne1 nn opnoro cnoa, o6osnukuero npopxnyk
xenunny. nn nonannncL 1onLko a pesynL11e kon1k1oa c ppyrnn pcn: pa
cmx c1pmx o6osnuennn 1koro pop asn1m ns qnnckoro - kalkjo n kenL1ckoro -
lenne [cynnn na x cyxancu ax a aHn am,
n an Ha naxH r ar ncxxn,
acnaaam Hnnky, mn nra k cH ka cHn a
cnan knn.].
o 1ppnunn repnckn cynpyr nannncL o6psuo aennunn n rpunn.
ceLe upnno asnnoe poaepne n amcoko uennnocL rny6okoe uyac1ao, ocnoannoe
n cao6opno am6ope: nnpnep, peayukn nenn npao amxopn1L syx 1onLko no
caoe aone. koao 6mno npanno, korp ero npyunn no nonn1nueckn nnn nnm
npnunn, cnyunocL, u1o xep1a o6c1on1enLc1a npnnocnn a po yx
nenckopennyk o6npy n amsman 1 uenyk 6ypk, nnorp npnaopnauyk k kpxy
oryuec1aennme ceec1a - nc1onLko aennko 6mno poc1onnc1ao repncko
xenunnm.
pnko nop aepny1Lcn k 1oy, o ue un peuL a konue npepmpyue knnrn - k
repnckoy ny.
IV. Hack H. Ha-knuck Ha-rHack
aH. Hack Hnam
Ceaepnme npopm nunn nrp1L se1nyk a1nnueckyk ponL 1onLko a I a. po n. a.
D1o 6mn anox, korp pnckn pnk11op peunn cenn1L rnea n nnoc1L a
o1nouennn rnnoa, caonx c1pmx aproa. n cpenn nx onopo caoero npanennn, n
ero npeennkn, npoponxn ero nonn1nky, 1kxe nonnnn ack uennoc1L ycnyr, ko1opme
ornn oks1L pnckoy aoennoy oryuec1ay npopm, xnayune expy npenenn n
eno. nep1opm se1nnn, u1o y a1nx nkpe 6mn caoero pop nnc1nnk1
6esycnoanoro noannoaennn aoenunLnnky, oco6enno ecnn 1o1 npnnpnexn k nno
pce.
D1o 6mno neo6xopnm ycnoane, n ao1 nouey: kenL1m nnnn, npnansnnme k caoe
sene n aecL 6ecnokonme, a caonx any1pennnx penx 6onLue annnnn ypennnn
nnunoc1n, ue qk1. x nonn1nk, ocnoannn n 1ko 1ppnunn, npnnnn
6ypnm xpk1ep, ne coo1ae1c1aykun psep nx 1eppn1opnn. eckonueme
peaonkunn nc1ounnn a1n npopm. eokp1nn, nou1n ackpy no1epneaun nopxenne,
anune o1c1ynn nepep sn1Lk, s1e, korp pnnnne nepeunn rpnnuy poannunn,
peokp1nn n ee nensennn cec1p, perornn, nopnnnn ronoay n nepeunn a
nc1ynnenne n pnc1okp1nk. kn cn1yunn ncno yksman n 1o, u1o ceuenne
pc poc1nrno 1ko 1oukn, korp a1nnueckn xoc nun nopoxp1L xoc
nn1ennek1ynLnm n cpenn neaosoxnm kkoe-nn6o corncne. opoue roaopn,
rnnm, ko1opme aoace ne 6mnn apapn, nepexnann nonnm ynpok, n ecnn a caon
nyuune apeen onn ne snnn 1koro pcuae1, kk Cnpon n np, ne amsmae1
nnkknx conenn, u1o sxonyc1nme ropop kpny1oa, peecoa n apyanoa ynpnn o1
1ex xe 6onesne, ko1opme npekp1nnn cyuec1aoanne 6nec1nunx xnncknx c1onnu
[a, num nknk rHaa, n ax vcvy Havm,
vu cya maancn rannax car aH.].
nnLckoe ncenenne, ceunnoe co cnannn, a psnmx ko6nnunnx n nponopunnx
ac1ynno a coksm c qnncknn 6opnrenn. 1ckp 6onLune psnnunn expy nnn.
nn o6ycnoannn ue1koe pspenenne nneen n pnnek1oa. ceaepe neko1opme
npopm amunn ns ynpk 6nroppn kon1k1 c repnun, ppyrne, n kro-snpe,
nenn cansn c kan1nun, n no6epexLe Cpepnsenoro opn neno ec1o ceuenne
nnrypnuea c rpekn, cen1nsnpoannme repnum, nonanauncL a poannunn, eue
6onLue ycnnnnn 6ecnopnpok. Yxypuennk nonoxennn pen cnoco6c1aoann kpoueunme
o6uec1a nnn rpynnm, rpe nonanenne nesnun1enLnoro noaoro aneen1 nou1n
rnoaenno amsmano 6onLune nocnepc1ann.
cnn 6m kxpn ns ne6onLunx rnnLcknx o6unn appyr oksncL a nsonnunn a 1o1
cm oen1, korp coc1annkune ee a1nnueckne npnnunnm poc1nrnn noren caoe
6opL6m, or 6m yc1noan1Lcn nopnpok n noko - n yxe ne roaopk o kko-1o
aosamuennn, - no1oy u1o 6nnc a ceunnmx pcx 6mc1pee nponcxopn1 n
ne6onLuo npoc1pnc1ae. o korp kkn-1o rpynn nonyue1 noc1onnnme npn1okn
noao kpoan, ne ycnea ycaon1L npepmpyune, uc1o aosnnkk1 konqnnk1m aecL
6onesnennme. nn npnaopn1 k okonu1enLnoy pcnpy. koa 6mn cn1yunn a
rocyppc1ax nnnn, korp 1yp a1oprnncL pnckne nernonm.
ockonLky ec1nme xn1enn 6mnn xp6pme n 6or1me, nenn norouncnennme cnnLnme
kpenoc1n, onn ne co6npnncL cpa1Lcn, opnko n nepoc1ano epnnc1a - ne
1onLko expy psnmn npopn, no n expy corpxpnn. ou1n aespe sn1nme
nkpn npepann npop, ecnn npop ne npepan nx. nckn nrepL acerp ocxpnn
nepe6exunkn psnmx asrnnpoa, ro1oame nepepes1L ropno n caon nonn1nueckn
npo1nannk, n caoe o1unsne. oneuno, ac1peunncL n 6nropopnme nkpn, n
n1pno1m, no onn nnuero ne ornn nsenn1L. Caok ppeankk peny1unk cncnn,
noxny, 1onLko repnckne kenL1m. paepnum coaepunn uypec xp6poc1n,
6enLrnum 1k n oc1nncL neno6epnm, u1o kce1cn cmx cnanmx n cmx
psan1mx nneen, a cpepe ko1opmx ne npekpuncL expoyco6nu - peecm,
apyanm, - onn nn6o oksmann cn6oe conpo1nanenne, nn6o nocne nepaoro n1nck
cpanncL n nnoc1L no6epn1ene, nn6o nosopnm o6pso, a o6en n
nesancnoc1L, c ppoc1Lk npnnnnn 1n1yn ppyse n coksnnkoa pnckoro npop.
3 pecn1L ne1 nnnn 6mn saoean n nokopen nonnoc1Lk. pnn, ko1opme n
panmx cpxnncL c pnnnnn, ceropnn ne o1nnuk1cn oco6mn ycnexn a aone c
apapn nxnp: rpyc1noe cpanenne c ppeannn kenL1n.
o a1n xe nkpn, ko1opme 1k nerko pnn ce6n nokopn1L, cpsy xe npeap1nnncL a
ounm nnc1pyen1 panennn a pykx nnep1opoa. mcokoepnme n1pnunn n
sanc1nname peokp1m npoaopnnn 6onLuyk uc1L xnsnn a ropopx, a ne onn 6mnn
co npexno onopo pnn npnnunn1. nn cn nxopnnncL a yrne1enno
nonoxennn n a 1o xe epe yrne1nn ppyrnx.
UespL n6npn conp1 pnn caoe rappnn ns rnnoa. kuec1ae a6nem on pn n
kpcnam cnaon nerkoc1n n 6ess6o1noc1n, n knpnckne nernonepm, c roppoc1Lk
necyune n caonx kckx n un1x nso6pxenne xaoponk, 6oro1aopnnn nnep1op,
ko1opm ocao6opnn nx o1 nunonnLnmx 1ppnun n nosaonnn n aec1n xnsnL,
coo1ae1c1aykuyk nx akyc.
1k, onn 6mnn ace poaonLnm, no ne cnepye1 py1L, 6yp1o nx npepnnoc1L ny
6mn noc1onnno n nenokone6no. nn ne ps 6yn1oann, xo1n acnkn ps
aosapunncL k nokopnoc1n. pnamuk nopunnn1Lcn rocnopnny 1k n ne nepepocn a
yaxenne k skony. Byn1 ksncn n nnenLue ns 1pypnoc1e n, aosoxno, cm
6onLun ypoaonLc1ane. o korp 1pe6oanocL cosp1L nunonnLnyk cnc1ey
npanennn aec1o uyxeseno anc1n, ko1opyk n ypanocL nokone61L, korp
nyxno 6mno yc1noan1L nopnpok n cnoa koy-1o nopunnn1Lcn, nx npnaopnn a yxc
c mcnL o 1o, u1o amcun anc1L 6ype1 a pykx rnn. orp nopnnnn ronoay
1e, k1o po cnx nop pepxncn a c1opone n 1no couyac1aoan nnep1opy; onn
anyunn nkpn, u1o, koneuno, anc1L opn ec1L sno, no sno neo6xopnoe, u1o 6es
nero 6ype1 k1c1poq. rnnm nonypo aosapunncL a pnckoe c1ono.
kn c1pnnn necnoco6noc1L k nesancnoc1n 6yp1o sneu1nnncL n acex nnux,
6yp1o cypL6e npannocL pepx1L rnnoa a 1ko nonoxennn. pnxpm y nnx
nonanncn cao nnep1op. pn xenunn noppnn ero rnn, nonpocna y nnx
1onLko opnoro: noppepx1L ero a 6opL6e c conepnnko ns 1nnn. D1o1 nnep1op,
e1pnkyc, c1onknyncn c 1o xe c1eno, o ko1opyk ps6nnncL npexnne aocc1nnn, n,
neco1pn n noppepxky repncknx nernonoa, on 6mn amnyxpen cenn1L
nnep1opckyk pnpey n ponxnoc1L npeqek1 yknnn. pnspunme rocyppc1a
cnoa aocc1noannn caon npa, aosoxno, c neoxo1o, no, a cyunoc1n, poaonLnme
1e, u1o ne o1pnn nn nnpn caoe npoannunnLno nesancnoc1n.
1k, nc1opnn noksmae1, u1o rnnm c I no II a. n. a. ne nenn nnmx poc1onnc1a,
kpoe aonnc1aennoc1n, npnue on nponannncL y nnx a amcue c1enenn. enno no
a1o npnunne onn, necnoco6nme yc1pon1L caon co6c1aennme pen, oksmann apen
o1 apeenn 1koe 6onLuoe annnnne n aecL cen1nsnpoannm pnckn np.
1aro o1nnunncL 6nepum n nynpnum, ncnnum ne nenn panmx a nexo1no
c1pok, n cnpnum, xpnnaune nn1L o6 anoxe nekcnpp, noc1annnn npekpcnmx
aonnoa. pnko rnnm npeaocxopn1 nx acex. eamcokne n kopenc1me, onn nponannnn
uypec n none 6n1am n pann npnep oc1nLnm nernon a cmcne pncunnnnnm.
oa1oy ne spn nnepnn n6npn conp1 a nnnn, oco6enno a nnnn
repnnsnpoanno. op anc1Lk paenpu1n Uespe, korp nonn1nueckn anc1L
nxopnncL y kxnmx npoannun, noko nnepnn oxpnnnn ceaepnme aock.
n1epecno o1e1n1L, u1o npnannernn, ko1opme o6nerunn kenL1 poc1yn k amcokn
aonnckn ponxnoc1n n pxe k cen1y, ne pann n npa npe1enpoa1L n kopony.
epamn npepc1an1ennn npoannun, npopaaunncn k amcue anc1n, 6mnn
ncnnum, qpnknum, cnpnum, no nn opnn rnn ne 6mn nnep1opo, ecnn ne
cun11L e1pnkyc n oc1y. syee1cn, y rnnoa ne 6mno cnoco6noc1e k
npanennk, n ecnn 1on, nL6 n n1ennn ory1 cun11Lcn ncknkuenne, 1o a1o nn
a koe cnyue ne nanne1cn npanno. poxpennm rnnLckn nepn1ns nperpxpn
n popory k amcun ponxnoc1n.
kn cn1yunn, o6ycnoanennn kenL1ckn annnnne, kopennm o6pso nsennncL,
korp a nernonm c1nn n6np1L enLue repnnsnpoannmx kenL1oa, nopxennmx,
ecnn oxno 1k ampsn1Lcn, pncko uyo, 6onLue kxnmx repnuea, xo1n n
nocnepnne ne o1nnunncL oco6o unc1o1o kpoan. esynL11m a1oro cksnncL yxe a
252 r., nknyne npanennn Knnn ep Mkcnnn, cmn ro1ckoro aonn.
C a1oro apeenn repnckn cyunoc1L amun n nepam nnn a pncko npe. n
c1n xnan1enLno cnno a nernonx n coo1ae1c1aenno a rocyppc1aenno cnc1ee
npanennn. nnLckn pc, npepc1anennn a ocnoano ceaepnmn rpynnn,
o1oun n a1opo nnn. pnm, 1. e. aoenunLnnkn, asnnn a caon pykn penLnyk
anc1L, n c 1ex nop oxno roaopn1L o 1o, u1o n c1n repnnsnpoannm, no1oy
u1o cen1ckn npnnunn pc1aopnncn a o6uec1ae, ero ec1o n noaepxnoc1n snnn
noam pnckn cno.
kn peskn 1pncqopunn, nyc1L pxe n n1en1nn, 1koe panenne co c1oponm
apxpe6no pcm, uue acero oksmaauecn no6expenno n nsmaeo
apapcko, ornn ocyuec1ann1Lcn ne a cnny ec1ec1aennoro skon, npeoponean
norouncnennme 1pypnoc1n, oco6enno pnn 1oro, u1o6m ns6ex1L upesepnoro
ncnnnn.
epnum, npnsannme npan1L nnepne, npepc1annnn co6o nc1ouennm
ynpkun oprnns. 1o6m oxnan1L ero, n npnxopnnocL noc1onnno aoea1L c
nnc1nnk1n uyxporo n 1enepen1, nnn co aceo6un pyxoanm s6oneanne,
nnn c 6ypnmn nponanennnn c1pc1e, ry6n1enLnmn pnn o6uec1aennoro nopnpk n
np. 1ckp cypoame epm, pxe cnnuko cypoame, 1e 6onee u1o 1e, k1o cun1n nx
neo6xopnmn, nnoxo nonnnn cnoxnyk npnpopy o6uec1a, a ko1opo onn
pec1aoann, n poaopnnn caon sun1nme e1opm po kpnoc1n. nn co ace nmno
ne1epnnoc1n, npncyun onopoc1n, aaopnnn por1nueckne pok1pnnm a
o6uec1aennyk n pennrnosnyk xnsnL. kn o6pso, onn oksnncL cmn
ynopnmn npo1nannkn xpnc1nnc1a. enno onn, 1e, k1o nosxe cpennncL
peanoc1nmn sun1nnkn xpnc1nncknx npnnunnoa, nunn c nx o1pnunnn. nn
6mnn y6expenm, u1o noam kynL1 npepc1anne1 co6o yrposy n o1aepre1 qnnocoqnk,
1kxe pcu1mae1 yc1on yc1noanenno pennrnn n, cnepoa1enLno, acnko
skonno anc1n. nn o1aeprnn a xpnc1nnc1ae 1o, u1o ne 6mno xpnc1nnc1ao, no
6mno npnspko, cospnnm nn xe. oa1oy ynpek1L nx oxno ne c1onLko s 1o,
u1o onn pennn cn, ckonLko s 1o, u1o onn nosaonnnn pen1L cen1nsnpoannm
c1oponnnk c1pmx kynL1oa. pnko n a1o apnp nn 6ype1 cnpaepnnam. sae ornn
onn ne1pnnsoa1L nens6exnme nocnepc1ann npornnaue unannnsunn, ko1opyk onn
ne cospann? syee1cn, 6mno 6m npekpcnm n 6nrn peno peqopnpoa1L
pnckoe o6uec1ao, ne pspyun ero, n noc1enenno senn1L nsmuec1ao k1onnuecko
unc1o1o, ne noapepna npn a1o xnao oprnns. o 1koe nop cnny 1onLko
Cosp1enk.
onLko n oxe1 opnn noaenne pykn o1penn1L cae1 o1 1Lm n aopm o1 cyun.
epnum 6mnn acero-nacero nkpLn, koneuno, ouenL oppennmn nkpLn, no onn
ne snnn cpepy, a ko1opo n amnno pec1aoa1L. unnn c III no V a. onn
c1pnncL nnuL coxpnn1L np a 1o anpe, a kko onn ero nonyunnn.
cnn pcc1pna1L aeun nop a1n yrno spennn, epnnc1aenno npannLnm, 1orp
npo ne o6annn1L, aocxnu1Lcn. Bonee 1oro, ecnn npnsn1L repnun n
cmnoaLnn repnuea [eunn, apennn, napnn, Mkcnnn, [nokne1nn n
6onLunnc1ao nx npeennkoa, ecnn ne acex, anno1L po aryc1yn, 1orp npnpe1cn
cks1L, u1o nc1opnk coaepuenno ncksnnn 1e nnc1enn, kk coapeennme, 1k n
ppeanne, ko1opme nensenno npepc1annk1 nonanenne repncknx npopoa a cpepe
ponnsnpoannoro o6uec1a kk neoxnpnnyk k1c1poqy.
npo1na, repnum sxa1nnn anc1L a nnepnn a 1o1 penL, korp onn c1nn ee
onopo n ee osro. epam peno onn sxa1nnn 1pon, no ne cnno nnn ysypnune:
nx npnsann cn ec1nme npopm, uyac1ayn caok necoc1on1enLnoc1L, n koponoann
nx.
[nn 1oro u1o6m npan1L 1k, kk onn cun1nn nyxnm, u1o 6mno nx npao n ponro,
nnep1opm okpyxnnn ce6n nkpLn, cnoco6nmn nonn1L n npe1aopn1L nx smcnm,
1. e. nkpe nx pcm. onLko a nnx onn anpenn o16neck nx co6c1aenno aneprnn n
kuec1a, neo6xopnme, u1o6m cnyxn1L n. epneu osnuno conp1. k
npoqeccnn conp1 c1n nepam ycnoane poc1yn k amcokn ponxnoc1n. cnn a
nonn1nn n1nnu n cen1nsnpoannoro pnnnnnn aon 6mn 1onLko pocpno
cnyunoc1Lk, ko1opn o1pman nkpe o1 o6munmx pen, 1o aon pnn
nnep1opckoro cnyxnaoro uenoaek 6mn ec1ec1aennm apennpenpoaoxpenne, rpe
nponcxopn1 aocnn1nne n sknnae1cn pyx rocyppc1aennoro cnyxuero.
cyunoc1n, 1ory cennn eu.
Cnepye1 o1e1n1L, u1o sppam cmcn ceaepnn nnkorp ne xo1en oqnunnLnoro
npnsnnnn a1oro qk1, n 1kn yppn cpepxnnoc1L coxpnnncL a cpepnne aek n
poun po nc. onnsnpoannm repnckn aonn xopouo nonnn, u1o pxe
qnk1nanoe aepxoaenc1ao rpxpnckoro aneen1 noro snun1 pnn noppepxnnn
skon, n u1o 1onLko skon cnoco6en noppepxna1L cyuec1aykuee o6uec1ao.
o ec1L nnep1op n ero renepnm yenn npn11L konLuyry nop nn1Le unnoannk.
pnko cknpoak ne orn o6ny1L 6pn1enLnmx rpxpn. c1pne eu acerp
1opuno ns-nop 1orn. D1o aosyuno ncenenne. onoannu1me yc1ynkn ne noornn.
onn1nueckne 1nn1m npan1ene 1kxe ne noornn. 1 6eperoa en po
Onancko nyc1mnn nkpn ncexnncL np anc1Lk n npespn1enLno nsmann ee
apapcko. npoue, onn ne 6mnn coaepuenno nenpam.
cnn repnum yaxnn pnckyk rocyppc1aennyk oprnnsunk, 1o a1oro nenLsn
cks1L o pe1nnx, ko1opme a rnsx 6opnrenoa nannnncL neo6xopnm ykpuenne
n ocnoao unannnsunn. oponoannme conp1m n nx cop1nnkn xo1enn noppepx1L
opnLnyk pncunnnnny n po6n1Lcn nopunnennn unnoannk, sun1n1L 1oproank,
npoponx1L o6uec1aenno nonesnme p6o1m; kpoe 1oro, onn 6mnn ro1oam nooupn1L
yc1aennme 1pypm, ecnn onn pann npk1nueckne pesynL11m. o opnn
nn1ep1yp, rp1nueckne counnennn, pn1opnk, nnnnorp1nueckne noam n ace
nopo6nme nsnunme 6espenyukn, ko1opmn ncnxpnncL amcokne ym, oc1annnn
nx panopyunmn n xonopnmn kk nep, nockonLky ace 6nr n nouec1n a nepayk
ouepepL cmnnncL n aonnoa, skonop1ene n skonoxpnn1ene, n rpxpncknx
unnoannkoa, c1pon1ene kaepykoa, popor, oc1oa, kpenoc1e, s1e n nc1opnkoa,
nnorp n a1opoa nnernpnkoa, kypnaunx qnnm y nor anc1n1enn,
npocaeuennme nkpn nenn ocnoanne nonr1L, u1o y Uespn ne1 nnkkoro akyc.
oneuno, onn 6mnn apapn, a1n rpy6me n cypoame anc1n1enn, ackopnennme
1peaoxnmn necnonennnn epnnn n panopyunme k u1ennk n pxe k coy anpy
ppnrnoa, nnncnnmx a qope nnpm nnn asm, nepep ko1opmn snpnn o1
aocxnuennn o6psoannme xn1enn nekcnppnn n n. o no1oc1ao ponxno cypn1L
o nnx no-ppyroy n cks1L: apapc1ao pec1an1enLno cyuec1aoano, xo1n coace ne
nop konLuyro repnu.
Conk6ne pnnnn ynsannno eue opno o6c1on1enLc1ao. ro anc1n1enn a caoe
6onLunnc1ae nrnopnpoann npounme aonm n, cypnnn o ppeannx pnnnnx no
coapeennnk n aoo6ue ne nn1epecoanncL a1nn aonpocn, u1o npepc1annnocL
nenonn1nm pnn nkpe, cun1aunx ce6n c1onL oryuec1aennmn. orp epon
aospan 6onLue noxan peunn, ue ropopy pkannnn, korp Cen1nn Ceaep
nopnnn cnay opnornsoro ns pcnenm amue cnam Cunnnonoa, a1o, no kpne
epe, ncxopnno o1 caonx nnep1opoa. o ockop6n1enLnee 6mno anpe1L, korp
nnep1opm ppyro pcm n aock, ko1opme openn nx a nypnyp, s6mann o6
nekcnppe ennko n ne nn1epecoanncL opune. Bmnn aryc1m, ko1opme s ack
xnsnL pxe ne cnmunn o caoe npepuec1aennnke k1ann. yx koneuno, a1n nkpn
ne snnn nnsyc1L renenornk n pennnn ppeannx repoea.
III a. nocne oxpec1a pnc1oa aoopyxennn n cnnLnn pnckn nunn n ppyrn
pnckn nunn, ronnsnpykun n npnn, nepec1nn npn1L ppyr c ppyro, n xo1n
aoxpn a1o coaokynnoc1n payx psnopopnmx kononen1oa nocnnn n1nnckne nnn
rpeueckne nen n opeanncL a 1ory nnn xnnpy, onn no cy1n n no cuc1Lk pnn a1oro
6onLnoro o6uec1a oc1anncL nc1nnnmn repnun. a1o sknkunocL nx npao
n anc1L.
nune cospnnoe nn nppo nnepnn 6mno cn6m. ro spopmue 6mnn pae co1nn
acpnnkoa pnoanc1, ko1opmx nnnn Knn UespL. 31e co6m1nn yckopnnncL, n a
pnn, rnanm o6pso pckap1npoannme a apone, c1nn n6np1L 1onLko
repncknx pekpy1oa. C 1ex nop noam aneen1 npno6pen 1e 6onLuee snuenne, u1o
on noc1onnno uepnn cnnm a caonx nc1okx. 31e kxpm penL nonannnncL ace
noame npnunnm, n a npouecc 6mnn aoaneuenm pnckne 1eppn1opnn.
pexpe ue nepe1n k pcco1pennk a1oro 1nxenoro kpnsnc, oc1noancn n
rnno1ese, ko1opn ksncL ouenL co6nsnn1enLno pnnnn V a. [onyc1n n
nny1y, u1o repnckne npopm, xnaune y rpnnu nnepnn, 6mnn nnoro
nouncnennee, ue n co pene; 1orp nx 6mc1po norno1nno 6m orponoe
counnLnoe 6ono1o neco1pn n ack nx cnny. o npouec1ann onpepenennoro nepnop
a1n ceec1a ncuesnn 6m a cpepe ponnsnpoannmx aneen1oa; s1e aceo6uee
psnoxenne ec1ec1aennm o6pso npnaeno 6m k xponnueckoy ampoxpennk,
ko1opoe, a konue konuoa, apnp nn o6ecneunno 6m counnLnyk oprnnsunk aponm.
1 [ynn po Cnunnnn, o1 epnoro opn po nrnnn nponcxopnno 6m 1o xe coe, u1o
cnyunnocL c kxnmn npoannunnn nenonn1nckoro koponeac1a n c 6onLue uc1Lk
epepne snn.
3pepxncn eue nenoro n a1o rnno1ese. cnn 6m xen1me n nonyxen1me npopm,
nonycnannckne, nonypnckne, amuepune ns-s Ypn, ornn ypepx1Lcn a caonx
c1ennx, ro1ckne npopm, a caok ouepepL, coxpnna ceaepo-aoc1ounme senn po
repunnckoro yc1Ln, c opno c1oponm, n po Dakcnn, c ppyro c1oponm, ne c1nn 6m
nepexopn1L [yn. nn cospnn 6m oco6yk unannnsunk n ec1e, o6or1nnn 6m ee
ne6onLun konnuec1ao poncknx aneen1oa s cue1 spencknx n spyncknx
kononn. opnn npekpcnm penL, aocnonLsoaauncL caon npeaocxopc1ao a xnao
cnne, onn noppnncL 6m co6nsny pcunpn1L caon senn ppn coro pcunpennn, no
6mno 6m yxe nospno. 1nnn, nnnn n cnnnn 6mnn 6m pnn nnx yxe ne yue6nmn
ypn1opnnn, kknn onn cnyxnnn pnn saoea1ene V a., no npoc1mn kononnnn,
cy6Lek1n 1epnnLno akcnny1unn, kkn nmne cnyxn1 nxnp.
pnko a nrpe skonoa, onpepennkunx a1nnueckoe ceuenne, ec1L neu1o nc1onLko
q1nLnoe, u1o ocyuec1ancL 1kn rnno1es, nponsouno 6m npoc1oe npyuenne
cnnxponns.
ynL1yp nnopo6ne 1o, u1o upnn c X no XIII a., nuncL 6m ropspo pnLue n
npoponxncL 6m nnoro ponLue, no1oy u1o unc1o1 repncko kpoan 1kxe
npopepxncL 6m ponLue. e ne enee a1 kynL1yp, a konue konuoa, nc1ounn 6m
coe ce6n a pesynL11e kon1k1oa, 6conk1no nnornunmx 1e, ko1opme ee
nopopnnn. CounnLnme no1pncennn nponsounn 6m a ppyrne apeen, no 6mnn 6m ace
pano nens6exnm. opoue roaopn, nnmn ny1nn uenoaeuec1ao a nk6o cnyue
npnuno 6m k 1oy, u1o m nee ceropnn.
epepe k ccoaoy nonanennk repnuea a poncko cpepe, k 1oy, kk ono
nponcxopnno n kkn o6pso npo cypn1L o ne.
[nn 1oro, u1o6m o6ecneun1L rocyppc1ay xpnn1ene kpoan, nnep1opm 1ea1oncko
pcm nenn a caoe pcnopnxennn npexneuee cpepc1ao, ko1opoe nepepnn n nx
pnckne npepuec1aennnkn. nn nyunnn nx nckycc1ay ynpann1L pecny6nnko,
ko1opoy cn o6yunnncL y rpekoa, 1e uepes nepcoa snc1aoann ero a nonn1nke
cnx ppeannx nnneancknx rocyppc1a. D1o cpepc1ao, nc1onLko xe c1poe,
nckonLko ynnaepcnLnoe, sknkue1cn a 1o, u1o6m aneppn1L a cpepy ncenennn,
uLn nonnLnoc1L nnn aonnckn cnoco6noc1L amsmak1 conenne, uyxepopnme
aneen1m, ko1opme a sancnoc1n o1 o6c1on1enLc1a cnyx1 pnn sun1m nnn
coxpnennn.
nyuune apeen caoero oryuec1a cen1 uc1o npn6ern k 1koy cpepc1ay, kk n
nepame Uespn. ck nnnk, Bpn1nnk, enLaeunk, nnnnpnckne npoannunn,
Opknk snonnnnn 6npm conp1, o1nyuennmx co cnyx6m. x xennnn, nx cn6xnn
cenLckoxosnc1aennm nnaen1pe, n pann senk, n anyunn, u1o nx cypL6,
cypL6 nx ceLn n noppepxk n a 1o nnn nno c1pne - a1o opno n 1o xe. a1o
6mno nonn1no n oueanpno pnn acex, cypn no 1oy, kk onpepennnncL npa n senk
noamx xn1ene. D1n npa sknkunncL a aone anc1n, ko1opn nsronnn npexnnx
co6c1aennnkoa n aopaopnn n nx ec1o ae1epnoa. ocnepnn, u1o6m orppn1L ce6n
o1 npe1ensn npepuec1aennnk, nnuero ne oc1anocL, kpoe kk o1p1Lcn n
nnoc1L npan1enLc1a, ko1opoe nx noppepxnano. a1y noppepxky oxno 6mno
nonyun1L 1onLko ueno 6esrpnnuno npepnnoc1n.
koe coue1nne npnunn n cnepc1an 6mno n pyky nonn1nk ppeannx apeen.
a1o coc1onn nx yppoc1L, n ecnn k1o-1o ocennancn xnoa1Lcn, o6uec1aennn
opnL 1y1 xe nopnnncL a sun1y cnc1em, nonesno pnn rocyppc1a,
ocanuenno skono n, kpoe 1oro, acerp n aespe ncnonLsyeo uenoaeuec1ao.
Co apeen nepamx Uespe 6mnn anecenm neko1opme nsenennn a a1o1 npoc1o
exnns, 6espyunm n 6py1nLnm a caoe npoc1o1e. nm1 noksn, u1o nocenennn
n1nncknx, sn1cknx n pxe kxno-rnnLcknx ae1epnoa nepoc11ounm pnn sun1m
ceaepnmx rpnnu o1 n6eroa cnnuko oncnmx cocepe. onnsnpoannme ceLn
nonyunnn npnks o1o1n o1 rpnnu, ace repnu, uncnennoc1L ko1opmx 6mn
snun1enLn, pnn aosoxnoc1L pcnopnx1Lcn onyc1eaunn sennn, u1o 6mno
neckonLko ockop6n1enLno pnn conk6nn pnckoro npop, s1o o6euno nenme
amropm a anpe noppepxkn nernonoa npo1na aosoxnoro nnpennn aproa nnepnn.
kn o6pso, no aone nnepckoro npan1enLc1a 1ea1onckne npopm 6mnn
pccenenm n pncknx 1eppn1opnnx. 1 a1oro oxnpnn 1k noro amrop, u1o ackope k
nepam nepecenenu, nck1enn npnknkuenn, po6annn n aoennonnennmx.
okopna kkoe-nn6ypL repnckoe nnen, n npnpyun ero, npeapun a
norpnnunyk c1pxy epnnc1aennm cnoco6o - nnuna ero popno c1pnm.
[pyrne apapckne npopm c peannao sanc1Lk n6nkpnn c1onL co6nsnn1enLnyk
cn1yunk. [xe ne pyn o npenyuec1ax, n ko1opme ornn pccun1ma1L a1n
noaonanennme pnnnne, ne seun 6nec1nunx aosoxnoc1e, npn ko1opmx a1 ann1
aepunn cypL6m acenenno, onn anpenn, u1o nkpn, nopo6nme n, pano o6npk1
6or1m kynL1ypnm qonpo, nek1 poc1yn k orponoy konnuec1ay 1oapoa n
ncnxpk1cn nnopn counnLnmx poc1nxenn. D1oro 6mno 6m poc11ouno, u1o6m
n6ern c1nn 6onee ounmn n uc1mn. onyuenne npenoa c1no eu1o nornx
nneen, yc1aunx kon1Lcn a necx n 6ono1x.
o, c ppyro c1oponm, no epe 1oro, kk n6ern ycnnnanncL, nonoxenne repncknx
nepecenenuea c1noannocL enee npounm. 3anc1nname conepnnkn cun1nn nx 6onee
6or1mn, 1e uyac1aoann ce6n a oncnoc1n. Y nnx nepepko aosnnkn mcnL
npo1nny1L pyky ppyx6m caon co6p1Ln aec1o 1oro, u1o6m aoea1L c nnn. pn
a1o onn o6ecneunnn 6m np n o6LepnnnnncL npo1na nc1onunx pnnnn,
nxopnaunxcn nop nx conn1enLno sun1o.
epnnsnpoannn nnep1opckn pnnnc1punn nouyac1aoan oncnoc1L, n
u1o6m ns6ex1L ee, ne nun nnuero nyuuero, kpoe kk npepnoxn1L n cnepykune
nsenennn a nx c11yce.
1nmne onn 6ypy1 cun11Lcn ne npoc1o kononn, conp1n n cnyx6e a pnn.
Cnepoa1enLno, k 1e npnannernn, ko1opmn onn yxe nonLsyk1cn, npn6an1cn eue
aoennoe xnoanne. nn c1ny1 uc1Lk aonncknx coepnnenn, nx aoxpn 6ypy1
nonyu1L aonnckne sannn, nouec1n n onn1y, nonrkuykcn pnckn
aoenunLnnk.
D1n npepnoxennn 6mnn npnnn1m c ppoc1Lk, kk n cnepoano 1oro oxnp1L. e, koro
onn kcnncL, 1enepL pynn 1onLko o 1o, kk amropnee ncnonLsoa1L cn6oc1L
nnepnn. 1o kce1cn aneunnx nneen, y nnx nonannocL eue 6onLuee xennne
nonyun1L ponckne senn n cpen1Lcn pncknn conp1n, renepnn,
npan1ennn npoannun, nnep1opn. enepL a unannnsoanno o6uec1ae a 1o
coc1onnnn, po kkoro ero poaen xop co6m1n, nunncL conepnnuec1ao n konqnnk1m
expy any1pennnn n aneunnn repnun.
a1o cn1yunn npan1enLc1ay npnxopnnocL 6es konu pcunpn1L nocenennn, n
ckopo rpnnum nnepnn c1nn any1pennnn sennn. popm, ko1opm 6mn
poaepen sun1 py6exe, uc1o ac1ynnn a croaop c rpeccopn. konue konuoa,
nnep1op y1aepxpn 1kne cornuennn, n noame conp1m ac1ann nop snen
nnepnn, 1. e. noc1ynnn n ee copepxnne, n pnn nnx npo 6mno nck1L o6eunnme
senn ao acex npoannunnx. cnny c1pmx 1ppnun 1nnn 6mn ocao6oxpen o1
o6nsnnoc1n npepoc1ann1L seenLnme npenm, no c nnne ne uepeonnnncL.
ea1onoa cennnn a Lp1pe, 61anuea - a Be, cyaaoa - a nepone; nnm n
1qnLum snnnn okpec1noc1n 1yn n y1Le, qpnkn o6ocnoanncL a enke.
Bpn1nnn norouncnennme nocenenum-apapm c1nn nsma1Lcn gentiles, 1. e.
nkpn 6nropopnoro sannn. onnsnpoannme rnnm ysnnn rne1 nnep1opcknx
c6opunkoa nnoroa. onn amnyxpenm 6mnn 1ecnn1Lcn, yc1ynn ec1o 6yprynpu
nnn cp1.
pn a1o cnepye1 ne1L a anpy, u1o no pnckn nonn1nn 1kn cen co6c1aennnk
6mn 6conk1no skonno. ocyppc1ao n nnep1op, a kuec1ae ero npepc1an1enn,
nenn npao pen1L a nnepnn ace: pnn nnx ne cyuec1aoano opnn - a a1o
sknkuncn cen1ckn npnnunn. oa1oy apapm nonyunn senn n skonnmx
ocnoannnx. nk6oe apen or o6Lnan1Lcn noam anpeneu - n ace a1o corncno
1oy coy npay, ko1oporo korp-1o po6nanncL ponnsnpoannme kenL1m nene
cyaepen.
konuy IV a. nou1n ace pnckne senn, kpoe uen1pnLno n kxno 1nnn -
no1oy u1o ponnn o 6mn yxe o1pn a konueccnk, - oksnncL snn1m ceaepnmn
nocenenun, 6onLun uc1L ko1opmx nonyun xnoanne n nsmancL
aoennocnyxunn nnepnn c o6ns1enLc1ao, kc11n, nnoxo ncnonnnauncn, aec1n
ce6n npno. D1n aonnm 6mc1po nepennnn npnamukn n npam pnnnn, onn oksnncL
ouenL coo6psn1enLnmn n, npno6unauncL k ocepno xnsnn, npeapunncL a cyk
k1nanyk, ynyk, cyk xpnc1nnckyk uc1L ncenennn.
o po coro V a. n a1nx sennx, kk any1pennnx, 1k n npnrpnnunmx, repnckne
nocenenum npoxnann o1penLnmn rpynnn, n orponn cc, ckonnauncn n
ceaepe aponm a 1euenne nornx c1one1n, 1onLko nunnn pc1ek1Lcn 1onknn
pyuekn ckaosL nno1nnm ponckoro np. appyr on npopan ace nperppm n
yc1penncL ounm no1oko n a1o necuc1noe o6uec1ao, ko1opoe pano nyxpnocL
a nonno nepec1poke.
[anenne co c1oponm ypnLcknx qnnnoa, 6enmx n uepnmx rynnoa, orpono ccm, a
ko1opo, nou1n a unc1o anpe n a psnnunmx coue1nnnx, npncy1c1aoann cnannckne,
kenL1ckne, pnckne, onronLckne aneen1m, cpennocL nc1onLko cnnLnm, u1o
u1koe panoaecne - kk a1o acerp 6mano a 1ea1oncknx rocyppc1ax - ncuesno
okonu1enLno. yxnynn ro1ckne nocenennn, o6nokn aennkoro npop epnpnx
cnyc1nnncL anns no [ynk n 1kxe c1nn 1pe6oa1L ponckne senn, aoennyk
cnyx6y n pener.
ocne ponrnx cnopoa, korp onn ne nonyunnn 1oro, u1o xo1enn, onn peunnn asn1L a1o
cnno. 1 Opknn po ynysm onn o6pyunnncL n nrepok n ceaepnyk cnnnk,
s1e 1 xe yuc1L noc1nrn pnnnn. nnnne co1penn n a1o ckaosL nnLum. e
6onee u1o ancnro1m pccennnncL rpynnn n poaonLno npnm cnoco6o, no ckopo
amuen nnep1opckn yks, corncno ko1opoy noame nocenenum nonyunn skonnoe
npao n snneme senn. x aoxpn c1noannncL koncynn n n1pnunnn:
nnpnep, n1pnun eopopnk n n1pnun nopanr [Mxy nvH, s aa axn
nnyvn Hck ynm Hnaa acacn, kr a 3ana
naaan, xn aaaam cvan r akmH anacnH Ha.].
C 1ex nop repnum nonyunnn nonnyk cao6opy n 1eppn1opnn nnepnn, nx knpnsm
o6pe1nn cnny skon. epep nnn 6mn am6op: nopa1L c npnamukn n 1ppnunnn,
oc1aunncn o1 nx npepuec1aennnkoa-copopnue, psppo6n1L c1pny n cosp1L ns
kycoukoa o1penLnme knnxec1a nn6o oc11Lcn aepnmn peny nnep1opoa, amxopuea
ns noao pcm, n npoponxn1L ero c yue1o noao cn1yunn.
nocnepne cnyue cnc1e onopnn a ueno coxpnnncL. onckn np, nnn
unannnsunn, npoponxn caoe panxenne. papm npepnounn aepnoc1L 1oy, u1o
noppepxnann nnep1opm nx pcm, n am6pnn a1opo ny1L, coxpnna uenoc1noc1L
ponckoro np. C a1o uenLk onn aaenn ncknkun1enLno cnoxnyk nonn1nueckyk
cnc1ey, a ko1opo pec1aoann opnoapeenno n npann, snc1aoannme ns
ppeanerepnckoro npa, n nnep1opckne yksm nnn kcnm, n ceunnme
1eopnn, rn6pnp payx nepamx.
oponL, konynr, nockonLky on yxe ne 6mn nn ppo11nno, nn rpqqo, nenno
aoenunLnnko, nnnun1opo noxopoa n ppyunm xosnnno pnn aonnoa, npno6pen
paonyk qynkunk. [nn caonx conneennnkoa on c1n noxnsnennm renepno; pnn
pnnnn on nannncn amcun unnoannko, nopunnnauncn nnep1opy. o1nouennn
nepamx ero spu sknkuncL a 1o, u1o6m co6p1L n coxpnn1L kk oxno 6onLue
aonnoa nop caonn snenn, a o1nouennn a1opmx - pcunpn1L reorpqnueckne
py6exn caoe kpncpnkunn. npoue, repnckn konynr ne cun1ncn cyaepeno
seenL, nxopnaunxcn nop ero anc1Lk, no1oy u1o cyaepennn anc1L npnnpnexn
nnep1opy, 6mn neo1uyxpeo n ne nopnexn nepepue. o a kuec1ae pnckoro
unnoannk, npepc1an1enn aepxoano anc1n, konynr cao6opno pcnopnxncn
seenLno co6c1aennoc1Lk n nen npao pccenn1L n ne caonx cop1nnkoa, u1o
anonne ec1ec1aenno.
1ko nonoxennn nxopnnncL Mepoannrn a nnnn. Mepoannr, ynpn, ne or
oc1an1L nopanc1nme ey senn caoey cmny, nockonLky on c ne anpen nn.
oa1oy on pec1aoan no-ppyroy. Bypyun repnckn aoxpe, on nen nop caon
konpoanne onpepenennoe uncno aonnoa n noec1Ln, ko1opme pann ey
aosoxnoc1L copepx1L cao o1pnp. D1 nenLkn pnn n a1n noec1Ln pann ey
npao n 1n1yn koponn, ko1oporo on ne nen. kuec1ae pnckoro unnoannk on
nonyun ponk nnoroa, co6npemx n 1eppn1opnn ero kpncpnkunn, corncno
nnep1opckoy kpc1py.
epep nnuo 1ko cn1yunn, u1o6m o6ecneun1L 6ypyuee pe1e, ynpkun koponL
nepepan kxpoy ns nnx noec1Le c aonnn, npnnpnexaunn, no epe
aosoxnoc1n, k 1oy xe nneenn. D1o 6mn repnckn co6c1aennoc1L, n poc11ouno
6mno ne6onLuo qepm n payx pecn1koa nkpe, u1o6m p1L aosoxnoc1L onopoy
Mepoannry nocn1L 1n1yn koponn.
1o kce1cn pncko seenLno co6c1aennoc1n, aoxpL nepep cep1Lk ppo6nn ee n
uc1n, 6nroppn uey ncnepnnkn nonyunn npao n poxopm c 1oxennmx c6opoa a
Mpcene, Boppo nnn n1e. epnum ne c1annn nepep co6o uenL coxpnn1L 1o, u1o
nsmann pnckn npo. nx rnsx a1o 6mno 1onLko cpepc1ao noppepx1L
unannnsunk. [nn a1oro onn npnnrnn orponme ycnnnn, kknx ne pennn pxe
neko1opme nnep1opm.
snocL, 6yp1o nocne npnnn1nn a nono pnckoro np apapm c1pen1cn naepc11L
ynyuennoe n onpap1Lcn s 1o, u1o pnLue 1k no annnnn ypennnn counnLnm
pen. Cm ppyunm npne xpn nn1ep1opoa npn paope kopone anpnoa,
ro1oa, qpnkoa, 6yprynpuea nnn nnro6ppoa. [nn nx onpxoa nncnn ennckonm,
nc1nnnme nocn1enn noa1nueckoro rennn 1o anoxn. c saoea1ene asnncL s nepo
n s nsyuenne n1nncko kynL1ypm. C ppyro c1oponm, ne 6mnn y1puenm n caon
nunonnLnme snnnn. pn paope koponn nnLnepnk nsyunn pynm, c koponL
snnncn ycoaepuenc1aoanne ponckoro nqan1. IV a. amuen esoro1ckn
nepeaop eanrenn Ynqnnm. oam Ceaep nonLsoanncL 6onLun noue1o,
nopanrn npepkoa, aocneaeme noamn nokonennnn, canpe1enLc1aoann o 1o, u1o
nyuune kuec1a pcm ne s6m1m [k III r nHk an
cknuk aka nn am naHnka Ha aymn. H
yrxan aaaam, a Hnn n a nmny nrr an, n
nc nn r, vm mu cnum Haan. Hnn
cnnuaan HaHm cay, vm nnyvu acu. akH aH,
cHn a caHm cr nncan acrckx kn nan, Hr
mam nrn anak nmancn raaau mkny naaa a H.
crck kn ax amnnn ccaa nn yxa a naHnkaH.].
1o xe apen repnckne npopm, nepennn ace, u1o onn anpenn y caonx
noppnnmx, k1nano coaepuenc1aoann caon skonm a coo1ae1c1ann c 1pe6oannnn
apeenn n cpepm, a ko1opo onn oksnncL. pnko a1o ne 6mno cnenm p6ckn
noppxnne. nn c yaxenne o1nocnnncL k npa pnnnn, 1ouno 1k xe, kk k
caon co6c1aennm, n ncknn cnoco6m cocyuec1aoannn payx psnmx cnc1e.
pesynL11e onn amp6o1nn ouenL uennm npnnunn, ko1opm ne no1epnn caoero
snuennn n ceropnn. euL npe1 o 1o, u1o6m npnsn1L n konc11npoa1L 1o1 qk1, u1o
ne cyuec1aye1 npnnunnnnLno psnnum expy psnnunmn nneenn n npopn,
npnuepunn c Ceaep nesancno o1 ec1, rpe onn nocennnncL, n o1 nenn, ko1opoe
onn nocn1, no1oy u1o ace onn repnum. Bnroppn coks a a1y 6onLuyk ceLk
annnncL ne6onLune nonycnannckne rpynnm, ko1opme nosxe noornn npncoepnnn1Lcn
norn caon copopnu. pnko 3np neoxo1no npnnnn uyxkoa - cnann n
cen1oa epepne snn, c ko1opmn on nen cansn uepes ncenenne 1nnn n
cnnnn.
pn ace a1o repnckn renn oksncn a 6onLue epe co6np1ene a a1o
cmcne, ue ppeanne npopm. eco1pn n 1o, u1o on ncxopnn ns ocnoam, 6onee
ysko, nexenn annnnckne, pnckne nnn kenL1ckne nnc1n1y1m, n u1o npa cao6opnoro
uenoaek snunnn pnn nero 1o xe coe, u1o npa ropopoa pnn ppyrnx npopoa, pp
npepanpennn nosaonnn ey npopanny1Lcn nnoro pnLue, ue c on 1oro xenn.
a1o ne1 nnuero neo6munoro: pyuo a1oro nnunoro npa nanne1cn panxenne,
nesancnoc1L, k1nann xnsnL, poc1yn ko ace okpyxkun 6nr, 1orp kk
ocnoa rpxpnckoro npa - p6ckoe nopunnenne, ero amcun po6pope1enL -
coo1pnunne.
eco1pn n rny6okn a1nnueckn xoc, a ko1opo oksnncL pnum-repnum, n n
neopnopopnoc1L nx kpoan, onn npnnrnn ace ycnnnn k 1oy, u1o6m cqopynnpoa1L
pae ocnoanme k1eropnn, a ko1opme onn xo1enn aec1n1L ace nneen, nonaune nop
nx anpmuec1ao: ponckn np n apapc1ao. [nn nnx a1o 6mnn pa coc1anmx
aneen1 snpnoro o6uec1a, ko1opoe npepc1onno ycoaepuenc1aoa1L, 1. e. crnpn1L
oc1pme yrnm n konqnnk1m n o6ecneun1L o6Lepnnenne. snnune nnonn1L, u1o
sepn, nocennnme nn, 6mnn 6onee nnopo1aopnmn, ue cme npekpcnme 1eopnn
cen1ckoro n.
ne cyuec1aoano noxec1ao npopoa-conepnnkoa, npo1naononoxnmx o6muea,
o6nokoa apxpe6nmx ppyr ppyry unannnsun, expy ko1opmn nponcxopnn
any1pennnn aon. e 6mno nn neue aosoxnoc1n am1n ns a1oro nopounoro
kpyr, ne pnckyn nonc1L a ppyro, eue 6onee yxcnm. pnnc1aennmn cansykunn
saenLnn cnyxnnn nnaennpykune nnorn, seenLnm kpc1p n cneno-
6ecnpnc1pc1nme skonm; nnu1o ne cnoco6c1aoano nonanennk noao opnn,
o6unoc1n asrnnpoa, o6Lepnnennk nkpe, nnu1o ne npepaeuno o6psoannn
ceropnnune unannnsunn, ko1opn 6mn 6m neaosoxn 6es aeu1enLc1a
repnckoro apapc1a, n6o ono ampano o6uec1ao ns-nop nr 1ynoro, 6espyunoro,
p6ckoro n nccnanoro ponckoro pyx.
yxe ne ps roaopnn o 1o, u1o aennkne pen n nepeenm, onncmaeme nn,
nponcxopn1 ne no aone cc nnn nc1opnuecknx nepconxe. pnunnm n cnepc1ann ne
sancn1 o1 aonn 1ex, k1o yuc1aye1 a nnx. ne snnkcL nc1opne nonn1nuecknx
cnc1e nnn xopounx nnn pypnmx pennn cosp1ene 1knx cnc1e. nsyuk
n1onk pc n pcc1pnak 1onLko nx any1pennne npyxnnm n am1ekkune o1ckp
cnepc1ann; n aoace ne nrnopnpyk oc1nLnoe, no oc1annk ero a c1opone, konL ckopo
ono ne cnyxn1 nonnnnk pcc1pnaeoro aonpoc. cnn n u1o-1o opo6pnk nnn
ocyxpk, on cnoa nek1 cpann1enLnm n e1qopnueckn cmcn. co pene,
psae scnyr aennuec1aennmx py6oa a 1o, u1o onn nepexnak1 aek, n psae ann
pc1enn n rsone a 1o, u1o onn yanpk1 s neckonLko pne? 1e n ppyrne
snnk1 caoe ec1o a pc1n1enLno npnpope, n ouL opnnx, n cn6oc1L ppyrnx
opnnkoao axopn1 a npomcen 6oxn. o n ne o1pnuk, u1o cao6opnoe pec1ane
oprnnuecknx skonoa, ko1opmn n orpnnunak oe nccnepoanne, uc1o
sepnne1cn no npnunne aeu1enLc1a ppyrnx exnnsoa, uyxpmx n. po 6es
pocpm n ypnanennn npoxopn1L no 1knx rnoaennmx nanenn, ko1opme ne a
coc1onnnn nsenn1L cyunoc1L aeue. 1opnunme npnunnm ory1 o1knonn1L a c1opony
panxenne a1nnuecknx nocnepc1ann, no nocnepnne acerp, a konue konuoa,
aosapuk1cn n caon ny1n. enno a1o nponsouno c koncepa1nanm renne
repnuea a nx panxennn k ponckoy npononnnnk: a1o1 renn uc1o nckxnn
c1pc1n, no ace-1kn on amnonnnn caok nccnk. n o1ksmancn o1 pspyuennn
nnepnn, nok nnepnn nannncL coaokynnoc1Lk npopoa n counnLnmx nonn1n n
cnc1e, uyxpmx apapc1ay. C npncyue ey 1aeppoc1Lk on noppepxnan ee a
1euenne ue1mpex aekoa, nocne uero npnuen k neo6xopnoc1n yc1pnn1L
nnep1opc1ao.
npoue, cyuec1aoanne pecno1nueckoro rocyppc1a 6es rnam ne 1k 6cyppno, kk
a1o kxe1cn n nepam asrnnp. pncko cnc1ee onpxnuecko ncnepc1aennoc1n
nnkorp ne 6mno, am6opm aepxoanoro npan1enn - cen1o, npopo nnn pne -
6mnn epnnc1aennm qk1opo noppepxnnn rocyppc1a. 1ko cn1yunn
npnsnko nonn1nuecko xnsnn cnyxn1 ne npeec1aennoc1L 1pon n ne counnLnn
cnc1e: epnnc1aennm kpn1epn - a1o nenne xnayunx a pnno o6uec1ae nkpe
n ce cue1. neaxno, u1o a1o nenne ocnoano n o1penLnmx qk1x, nnpnep,
cyuec1aoanne aekoamx nnc1n1y1oa, nemcnnn aeuL a aeuno ennkuecn
o6uec1ae, nnn npe6manne anc1n a opno n 1o xe ec1e, u1o 1kxe noaepon1no:
poc11ouno 1oro, u1o6m y6expennoc1L n ce cue1 6mn ocnoan n coaokynnoc1n
npe, nyc1L npexopnunx n o1aneuennmx, no 1knx, ko1opme, am1ekn ppyr ns ppyr,
cospk1 aneu1nenne pnn1enLnoc1n, ko1opme ynpk1 n noc1onnno cennk1cn
noamn.
D1o 6mno nopnLnm nanenne a poncko npe, noa1oy, korp pokp o6Lnann
nepcony nnep1op 3np nenyxno, nnk1o ne nopyn o 1o, u1o nocne a1oro
snpnn nnepnn nepec1n cyuec1aoa1L. ce nonrnn, u1o nc1yne1 noan
c1pnn; kk npexpe pnckoe o6uec1ao ynpannnocL cnun nkpLn, ne neaunn
1n1yn, s1e 1en, ko1opme asnnn ce6e nn UespL, nnn ppyrnn, ko1opme
yc1noannn psnnuy expy Uespnn n aryc1n, nnn, npyuna epnnc1ao anc1n,
aaenn payrnayk, no1o ue1mpexrnayk anc1L, 1ouno 1k xe 1enepL npop cun1n,
u1o nnepnn nepexopn1 o1 npnoro nnpanennn, npepc1anennoro onc1n1nno, k
anc1n repncknx unnoannkoa. kn o6pso, pokp coaepunn ne u1o nnoe, kk
paopuoam nepeaopo1, ne neaun 6onLunx nocnepc1an, u1o poksmae1cn
nocnepykun noaepenne pn ennkoro ao apen aocc1noanennn 1n1yn nocn1enn
koponm a ero nnue.
475 r. upL repkynoa nnunn 1pon cmn pec1, anox exupc1ann skonunncL
a 801 r., korp n 1pon cen pn ennkn. Mexpy a1nn payn co6m1nnn npouno
okono ue1mpex c1one1n, ko1opme ornn c1epe1L a nn1n nkpe npexnkk qopy
npanennn. pnko oco6ennoc1n 1o nec16nnLno anoxn ne nosaonnnn npep1L a1y
qopy s6aennk. pn ennkn aocc1noann 1pon no1oy, u1o ey ne npnunocL
aocc1nanna1L nn ocnoay, nn qopy c1pmx nnc1n1y1oa; on npoc1o cnoa asnn n
aoopyxenne opnn ns exnnsoa, ko1opme a npouno qynkunonnpoann a nnepnn.
nepnn n aecL ponckn np amc1onnn nepep nnuo apapc1a, a 1o uncne n
c1pnnnn cmn ennn, 1k u1o ero koponoanne c1no npnsnnne a1oro qk1.
Cn1yunn snun1enLno ynyuunncL nocne ue1mpexco1ne1nero 6ecnopnpk. nuny
a1oro noaoro nepnop 6onLunnc1ao repncknx nun 6mnn cnnLno ocn6nenm nnn
nornouenm poncko cco, neko1opme aoo6ue nepec1nn cyuec1aoa1L kk
o1penLnme rpynnm. ncnro1m yxe ne npoaopnnn nnkkoro npaoaoro psnnunn expy
co6o n caonn noppnnmn, ko1opoe orno nnonn1L o6 a1nnuecko nepaenc1ae.
nro6ppm n neko1opme ppyrne coxpnnnn 1koe psnnune, no a ueno 6mno ncno,
u1o apapckn np nen a nnepnn ppyro annn1enLnm npepc1an1enLnm aneen1
a nnue qpnkoa, ko1opme nocne nuec1ann ac1psnuea c1nn cm
oryuec1aennm ns acex popc1aennmx npopoa. o ec1L npeaocxopc1ao nepeuno k
qpnk.
ockonLky qpnkn ponnnpoann, coks expy apapc1ao n ponckn npo
nxopnncn a 1ko c1pnn, u1o npexnne konqnnk1m no1epnnn oc1po1y, nnepnn orn
cnoa ne1L anc1n1enn. a1n anc1n1ene ne or ne 6m1L repneu, 1. e. qpnk,
cpepn qpnkoa - 1onLko ac1psneu, koponL ac1psnuea: opnn cnoao, pn
ennkn. D1o1 knnsL, npnnnaun npounoe ao acex ero nponanennnx, nopxopnn pnn
ponn ncnepnnk nnep1opoa aoc1ouno nnepnn, cknne1p ko1opmx nepano
nepeuen no ncnepc1ay a xenckne pykn, u1o 6mno nenpneneo pnn 3np. o a1o
npnunne on pec1apnpoan npounoe. poe 1oro, on nonLsoancn noppepxko
pnckoro npop n Uepkan [nk r aH xn ax cnmmau
H, v accaaanaa cam . cvan, v acny
arycy, a Hnay acv Hn cay V. aHn
Hxacaaan maana n, v kcannuck cya
nanncn HanumH naanH acr Hackr Ha. r anacu
ravaanacu amav acy. ra an nk mn au
nynyy Ha, sy aHn yr, ncknuky c nnanH
m acvan Hnn nmna a xck yk, anaan Hnn
Hrna cnaau a , . k. s navn aky cana, kak y
ak cana Hn kak- m k acnaa Hckx
Hnaa.].
[o nero apapc1ao cpepxnno o1nocnnocL k ponckoy npy n ne o1c1ynno o1
a1oro, nok coxpnnncL c cyunoc1L apapc1a. ocne nonanennn cnnLnmx
1ea1oncknx npopoa po nun cpepneaekoaLn a X a., 1. e. npk1nueckn a 1euenne
uec1n aekoa, cqopnpoancL ppyrn counnLnn 1eopnn, rncnaun, u1o ponckn
np - a1o counnLnm nopnpok. papc1ao - nnuL annsop, cnanm, no ace-1kn
npexopnun.
cnn 6m yppeu 1o anoxn spnn aonpoc: kkn ns payx cnc1e ponxn nepexn1L
n norno1n1L ppyryk, 1e amcksnncL 6m a nonLsy ponckoro np. 1k
pec1an1enLno pynn a 1e apeen. Moxe1 6m1L, nx nenne 6mno oun6ounm? [, a
1o cmcne, u1o onn nenpannLno npepc1annnn ce6e 6ypyuee, ko1opoe y nnx 6mno
cnnuko noxoxn n npounoe; no, a cyunoc1n, onn oun6nncL 1k xe, kk oun6ncn
a caonx pcue1x pnc1oqop ony6, korp o1kpmn oam Cae1. enyaseu oun6ncn,
corncno 1orpunn npepc1anennn o apeenn n npoc1pnc1ae. n oun6ncn ncue1
npnpopm caonx npepc1onunx o1kpm1n. 3eno up 6mn ne rk n, kkn ero
cun1nn, senn, k ko1opm on c1penncn, ne 6mnn uc1Lk kn1cko nnepnn, n 1
ne roaopnnn no-p6ckn. ce a1n cyxpennn 6mnn 6conk1no noxnmn, no a1o ne
ynpspnnno rnano npepnocmnkn. ocnneu payx k1onnuecknx kopone 6mn npa,
y1aepxpn, u1o n snpe ec1L nensaec1nn c1pn.
ouno 1k xe ponckn np oun6ouno cun1n caok kynL1ypy nocnepnn cnoao a
nc1opnn, on oun6ouno anpen a apapc1ae 1onLko apeennyk n pocpnyk nonnk,
no 6mn npa, o6Lnannn o ckopo nonanennn noaoro nopnpk aeue, o ko1opo nenLsn
6mno cks1L nnuero onpepenennoro, no ko1opm npepc1annncn npekpcnm.
eco1pn n ace a1n oun6kn n eu1nnn, xec1oko onpoaepreme qk1n, nkpn 1o
anoxn npepanpenn, u1o ponckn np, nnn ponckn pyx, kk ampxenne orpono
ccm nkpe, npeaocxopnue no uncnennoc1n np apapckn, a konue konuoa,
nc1oun1 caoero saoea1enn, kk aonnm nc1unak1 ckny, n nepexnae1 ero.
epnckne npopm ne ornn ne pc1aopn1Lcn a o6nokx okpyxkunx nx pc n ne
no1epn1L ace caoe aneprnn. a1o sknkuncL nc1nn, a1o nopcksman pnnnn
nnc1nnk1. o noa1opnk eue ps: a1n nepeenm ponxnm 6mnn nponcxopn1L nc1onLko
epnenno, u1o a1o 6mno neaosoxno npepc1an1L, 1e 6onee u1o nx peno nannncL
orponn 1eppn1opnn. 1k, oc1e1cn po6an1L, u1o repnckne aneen1m 6mnn
o6peuenm n pc1aopenne a o6ue cce ppyrnx a1nnuecknx aneen1oa, no onn ne
ncuesnn.
pexpe cun1nocL, u1o acnkoe o6uec1ao coc1on1 ns 1pex nepaonunLnmx knccoa,
npepc1annkunx psnme a1nnueckne rpynnm: sn1L, npepc1an1enLnnu pcm-
no6epn1enLnnum, 6ypxysnn, coc1onun ns e1ncoa, 6nnsknx k npanue pce,
npop, yrne1ennm a 1o nnn nno c1enenn n npnnpnexun k nnsue
psnoanpnoc1n uenoaeuec1a - nerpm n kre, qnnnm n ceaepe. o ackpy n acerp
a1 knccnqnkunn npe1epnean nsenennn, 1. k. noc1onnno aosnnknn noame
a1nnueckne k1eropnn n counnLnme cnon. pnko c npen xna po cnx nop, n
ceropnn on 6onee k1ynLn, ue pnLue.
ockonLky a1nnueckoe npeaocxopc1ao ncuese1, o1pnue1cn cyuec1aoanne
coo1ae1c1aykunx nnc1n1y1oa, ko1opme nepexnnn ero. 1enne1cn nunonnLnoe
nsanne saoea1ene, aaopn1cn nsanne nokopennmx npopoa, kpoe 1oro,
ynpspnne1cn pnc1okp1nueckoe oryuec1ao. c1e1 nenpnnsnL k p6c1ay, ko1opoe
anune orpnnunae1cn, s1e o1enne1cn nonnoc1Lk. Yaennunae1cn xoc a
counnLno c1pyk1ype, ko1opn ace 6onLue npe1 k npnnunny paenc1a. pnn
cnoao, uenL a 1o, u1o6m onyc1n1L amcune cnon n aosamcn1L nnsune. 1k, aosLe
repnckoe o6uec1ao a nepnop c V no IX a. n pcco1pn koponeackyk anc1L.
unnn co II a. po n. a. cao6opnopoxpennme repnum npnsnann psnnunn no
nponcxoxpennk. CmnoaLnn 6oroa nnn coa cun1nncL npepc1an1enn cmx sn1nmx
ceec1a, ko1opme nenn ncknkun1enLnyk npnannernk noc1ann1L nneen
unnoannkoa, ko1opm no nopunnnnncL, s1o ouenL noun1nn, n ko1opmx pnnnne
nsmann knnsLnn [H naka, n kmH yaaan vnaka
acm ra, cvancn mvm nck a rnaax. s akx
cvacn akH xcamx ann.]. CmnoaLn coa, kk yksmae1
nx nsanne, nponcxopn1 ns pncko ae1an, n c qk1, u1o onn nxopnnncL ane
k1eropnn aonnoa n cao6opnmx nkpe, poksmae1, u1o a kpoan nocnepnnx
npncy1c1aoan uyxepopnm aneen1, ko1opm c1ann nx nnxe nepamx. eco1pn n
a1o onn ne nenn 6onLuoro oryuec1a, ne anpenn opann n ne ornn konpoa1L
aonnn. npnnunne onn nenn aosoxnoc1L c11L koponnn, ecnn cmnoaLn coa
npepnoun1nn oc1a1Lcn co caon aennune a rny6nne cknpnnacknx seenL.
o a1o 6mn 1onLko npnnunn, n pene noaepon1no, u1o aennkne repnckne
nneen Ceaep, ko1opme nsennnn o6nnk np n 6mnn pnun, yc1ynnnn 6m ec1o
nkpn npoc1oro nponcxoxpennn [ca nv, kmH mn kyxm
km ack nnHa knyr y maa, nyr
ynck 4ak y aka, nr . .]. o apen nx nonanennn a
ncko nnepnn onn nenn cnnuko unc1yk kpoaL, u1o6m ponyc1n1L k anc1n 1ex, y
koro ee ne 6mno. ce onn noc1ynnn 1k xe, kk repkynm. nn c1annn ao rnae caonx
o1pnpoa 1onLko pnuea, coa, cmnoae 6oroa. ocne V a. s upcknn nneenn
y 1ea1oncknx npopoa npnsnanocL unc1oe nponcxoxpenne. koe nonoxenne
aeue npopnnnocL neponro. D1n 6nropopnme ceec1a ac1ynnn a coksm 1onLko
ppyr c ppyro n co6nkpnn a 6pkx ouenL xec1kne npann, a pesynL11e nx
uncnennoc1L cokpuncL, n pc perppnpoan po nonoxennn aonnoa. pen,
ko1opme nn1nn nx, 1epnnn caok snunoc1L. epnckne koponn c1nn
npoaosrnu1L npnnunnm, nensaec1nme nx npepk. nnx nponsaenn 6onLuoe
aneu1nenne qopm n pesynL11m pncko rocyppc1aenno anc1n, norne ns
ko1opmx 6mnn snc1aoanm. D1o pano n nnuL aecL nenpounyk anc1L c
1pypnmn n y1on1enLnmn o6nsnnoc1nn n orpnnuennmn npan. nnx
nnrncL o6nsnnoc1L cun11Lcn c noppnnmn, cornu1Lcn c nnn, yax1L nx
aonk, npnnn1L nx n1nn1nn, cnn1nn n npeppccypkn. cnkn ps nynr y
ro1oa nnn epoannr y qpnkoa, npexpe ue npnnn1L peuenne, ponxen 6mn ysn1L
nenne okpyxkunx n npn neo6xopnoc1n yroapna1L nx, a npo1nano cnyue or
nponso1n aspma. Mnoxec1ao s6o1 n y1on1enLnmx xnono1, amnyxpennme noc1ynkn n
6nropopc1ao - 1koa 6mn 1nxkn ponn anc1n. cnn koponL co6nkpn ace
npann, asen on nonyun enkne nouec1n n conn1enLnoe yaxenne, ko1opme ne
orpxpnn ero o1 nsonnamx npaoyuenn noppnnmx.
31o coace nnn kp1nn a poncko npe! ecpannn c o6munn apapoa!
ocn1enL cknne1p nonLsoancn 6esrpnnunm noun1nne, ero, kk un1o,
orpxpnn cypoame skonm, ko1opme nksmann s neuee neyaxenne k
cnn1enLno oco6e. kpn npnn nnu nop asrnnpo nnep1op, nnkknx aospxenn
ero aone ne ponycknocL. Cyuec1aoan ue1kn counnLnn neppxnn. Bmnn cen1opm
n 6mn nne6c. o 1kn oprnnsunn ne nopoxpn, kk a1o neno ec1o y repncknx
nneen, cnnLnmx nnunoc1e, cnoco6nmx nepeun1L knnsk. npo1na, cen1opm n
kypnnm cnyxnnn 1onLko nccnanmn npyxnnn aceo6uero noannoaennn. C1px
nepep 1epnnLno anc1Lk nnep1opoa noppepxnancn 1onLko nopo6nmn
yc1noanennnn. nn 6mnn ec1ec1aennm pnn ponckoro np; nx nc1okn nxopnnncL
a cen1cko npnpope, noa1oy a1n npann cun1nncL ampxenne o6uec1aennoro
nennn. ec1nm uenoaek, po6pm rpxpnnn, ne or nrnopnpoa1L nx 6es 1oro,
u1o6m ne oks1Lcn annoanm a npyuennn skonoa, o6muea, cnx yc1oea
rocyppc1aennoc1n.
epnckne koponn anpenn a1y kp1nny n nxopnnn ee poc1ono aocxnuennn. nn
nonnnn, u1o cn nyuun nepcnek1na pnn nnx - 1n1yn amcuero pnckoro
unnoannk, aoo6ue n cn n nx okpyxennk nyuue ns6an1Lcn o1 repnckoro
xpk1ep n cpen1Lcn cuc1nnam o6np1ene npoc1mx n ncnmx anc1nmx
nonnooun, ko1opme 6mnn neorpnnuennm. D1o 6mno anonne ec1ec1aennm
xennne, no pnn ero ocyuec1anennn 6mno neo6xopno, u1o6m repnckne npnnunnm
c1nn 6onee rn6knn. onLko apen, 1. e. npouecc a1nnueckoro ceuennn, orno p1L
1ko pesynL11.
oxnpnnn a1oro oen1 koponn ampxnn nopuepkny1oe yaxenne caon
nou1n1enLnm ponckn noppnnm n no epe aosoxnoc1n npn6nnxnn nx k caoe
oco6e. D1o amsmano nepoaonLc1ao ec1nmx aonnoa, 1e 6onee u1o anc1n1enL
nonyunn npao 6p1L k ce6e n cnyx6y nyxnmx nkpe.
C1oponnnkn npnnunn cao6opnoro poxpennn, ko1opme nepec1nn 6m1L panmn caon
npepaopn1enn no nponcxoxpennk n ne npnnpnexnn k nc1nnnm c, nockonLky
yxe nopaeprnncL a1nnueckn nsenennn po V a. po n. a., 6mnn ro1oam k nepeen
[Y aka nar nkaan yu acx Hyxv canck acm, vm
ncn r acaaan c rHaa a ann cancu kr, k
Hr m cnvau a ac c MaraH.] o npape roaopn, neko1opme
ec1nme skonm c1annn 6pLepm nepep 1ko oncnoc1Lk. e nnn nnme ec1nme
nneen ne nenn npa ac1yn1L a 6punme coksm ppyr c ppyro, s1o ckaosL
nnLum co1penn n 6pkn c pnnnnn [Q aaaaa Hnnk mn
HnnaH. IX a. cakcck ak nycHaaan cHy kau nn
aamx a akH ak.]. o pe1n o1 ceunnmx 6pkoa spnee nnunncL
repncko kpncpnkunn n nopnpnn nop pec1ane skonoa nnepnn, 1. e.
aknkunncL a ccy ee noppnnmx. kn cnc1e cyuec1aoan n a npnn, no
aoo6ue a1o 6mnn 1onLko qopnLnme orpnnuennn, n onn ne ornn ne1pnnsoa1L
npn1nr1enLnoc1L pnckoro np pnn apapoa. ckope a skone nonannocL noro
nocn6nenn, ncuesnn oroaopkn, n eue po okonunnn upc1aoannn Mepoannroa
pspenenne xn1ene no k1eropnn nepec1no ocnoama1Lcn n nponcxoxpennn
[n cancnyxn nxm mn nvnucn HckH akaH,
acra cnnnn x. Y nHaa cank Hax
nxaancu aaaackr aka ax a IXXI aa. nu nyk
nHan akm aa, kr ammn. HH Hckx
aaaackx aka a kax rHack cycaaan
naa, k nHnncu k acH xnnH camaancu a
kHnHcc Hxy anvmH akanucaaH. nxH sr
amcmr naaa nanncn kanynm.]. Y ancnro1oa aoo6ue nepec1no
cyuec1aoa1L kkoe-nn6o kpnpnueckoe psnnune expy apapo n pnnnnnno.
kn o6pso, c11yc nokopennoro ncenennn neyknonno noamuncn ackpy,
nockonLky ec1nme xn1enn ornn npe1enpoa1L n repnckne npnannernn pxe npn
koponeacko paope, anonne ec1ec1aenno, u1o repneu, a caok ouepepL, nen
npnunnm po6na1Lcn a1oro. nnm n n1nLnnum nxopnnncL n opno c1ynenn co
caonn anc1n1ennn, kpoe 1oro, onn ornn npe1enpoa1L pxe n cm
co6nsnn1enLnm 1n1yn: ennckonckoe poc1onnc1ao. epnum npekpcno ocosnann
ace amropm noaoro nonoxennn n nonyunn nx. CnyunocL 1k, u1o uenoaek, amuepun
ns nokopenno ccm, oksmancn amue no nonoxennk, ue no1ook pnn, n
no6opo1.
pnoapeenno a ppyro pycne counnLno oprnnsunn 1kxe nponcxopnnn
nepeenm. pnn, bonus homo, ko1opm a nepame pnn saoeannn npesnpn
ropop, 1enepL c1pncn oc1an1L cenLckoe yepnnenne n c11L ropoxnnno, u1o6m
6m1L 6nnxe k unnoannky-kypnny. c11n, nonoxenne nocnepnero 1kxe nsennnocL a
nyuuyk c1opony. nnckonm, o1aeukune s nopnpok a ropopx, nenn noppepxky a
nnue ec1noro cen1. nn sununn noayk sn1L nepep anc1n1ennn repncknx
kpoae, 1e nopyunn n ynpann1L noppnnmn, u1o pesko noamcnno a1opn1e1
ennckon1 [ra aaaam cxann ax Hcky aHca:
anH, a a yryckx caax a v cknukx aka
aHc rHackx kn caaancu na.]. npoue, a1o o6munm
pesynL11 acex saoeann, ko1opme ocyuec1annnncL aonnc1aennmn npopn,
nenno: poc1 annnnnn 6or1mx knccoa nokopenno c1pnm. C corncnn n1pnunea-
apapoa kypnnm snnnn norne ponxnoc1n nnep1opcknx unnoannkoa. op nx
anc1Lk oksncL nonnunn n kc1nunn, ecnn peuL ne un o unc1o nnep1opcknx
qynkunnx n nonnoounnx [ 543 r. ca m yan ca Hacmn.
573 r. Hynanum vak a nan aam canr cn.
ac 4a Hx aau Hxca nmx nHa,
kakr cHn a H, v Hynanuan raan kra
ncaaana cycaaau a c aka.]. ockonLky npomunennoc1L n
koepunn o6oruk1 ropop, nenno a ropopx cospanncL pennrnosnme n
o6psoa1enLnme uen1pm, xpm npnnnnn 1onnm aepykunx, aknkun n
npec1ynnnkoa, ko1opme ncknn 1 y6exnue. osxe cnoao kypnn sennnn n
pun6ypr n ck6nn [amHyr x caH, v bonus homo n
nnvm vnak. 3 nr y kanumx cakca,
H y arncakca.]. Bmnn ck6nnm no6ppckoro, qpnkckoro,
ancnro1ckoro nponcxoxpennn, 1k xe kk n ponckoro [ x a, v
ac Hnn, xm camH, cavana Hrn mu kyanaH,
Hxy H kak ac aaaam x kar Hn akx rav.
k s naan aacaa acncancu a Hnn.].
C6nnxenne nponcxopnno ne 1onLko expy knnsLnn, sn1Lk n cao6opnmn
rpxpnn ponckoro np n apapcknx c1pn, no n nnsunn knccn, ko1opme
npn a1o nopnnnncL n 6onee amcokyk c1ynenL. nLue nnep1opckn pexn
c1ann norne cn1yunn a npoexy1ounoe nonoxenne expy nonnm p6c1ao n
nonno cao6opo. pn repncko pnnnc1punn peskne rpnn c1npnncL, cnun
ncuesno nonnoe p6c1ao, npo1na ko1oporo a 1euenne nornx aekoa ononuncn sppam
cmcn. unnn c nsmuecknx apeen a xec1okyk 6opL6y c nn ac1ynnn qnnocoqnn,
eue 6onee cnnLnme yppm ono nonyunno o1 Uepkan. epnum ne 6mnn pcnonoxenm
aocc1nanna1L ero: onn npepoc1annn cao6opy ao ace n aec1e c pxnennckonn
o6Lnannn, u1o neskonno pepx1L a uennx xpnc1nn, aepykunx a ncyc pnc1. nn
nounn eue pnLue. onn1nk ppeannx apeen, pec1aoaaun a ocnoano a
npepenx ropopoa n cospaaun nnc1n1y1m 1onLko pnn ropopckoro ncenennn, no
s6o1nncL o cypL6e cenLcknx xn1ene. epnum 6mnn os6ouenm xnsnLk pepeaenL
n ne pennn psnnun expy noppnnmn.
1k, p6c1ao npn nnx 6mno nou1n o1eneno. nn aaenn npoexy1ounoe coc1onnne,
npn ko1opo c uenoaek nen npao pcnopnx1Lcn caoe xnsnLk a coo1ae1c1ann c
rpxpncknn n pennrnosnmn skonn n o6uec1aennm nenne. pec1Lnnnn
nonyunn npao n senk, 1kxe npao ac1yn1L a canuennme oppenm. y 6mn
o1kpm1 ny1L k cm amcokn ponxnoc1n n sannn. n or pxe npen1Lcn n
ennckon1 - 6onee amcokoe nonoxenne, ue renepn a pnn, no nennk cnx
repnuea. D1o kopennm o6pso nsennno cn1yunk 6ecnpanmx p6o1nnkoa a
uc1nmx noec1Lnx, eue cnnLnee noannnno n 1ex, k1o 1pypnncn n koponeackyk
ksny. kne nkpn ornn c11L 6or1mn 1oproaun, qaopn1n knnsn, pxe
rpqn, konpykunn cao6opnopoxpennmn aonnn. yxe ne roaopk o6 nx
pouepnx, ko1opme nnorp, a cnny knpns cypL6m, aosnocnnncL n 1pon.
Cme ynnxennme knccm nonyunnn sanne kononoa. o apeen Knnn Uespn onn
6mnn cao6opnmn senenuun, a cen1ckyk anoxy nx nonoxenne pesko
yxypunnocL. Oeopocnn n Kc1nnnn okonu1enLno npnansnn nx. oc1annn npao
npno6pe11L nepanxnoc1L, no ne npopa1L ee. pn cene anpenLu onn
nepexopnnn aec1e c sene k noaoy. [oc1yn k amcokn ponxnoc1n 6mn pnn nnx
k1eropnueckn snpeuen. pxe snpeunocL aec1n 1nx6m npo1na xosnnn,
ko1opm or nopaepr1L nx 1enecnm nksnnn. konue konuoa, n snpe1nnn
nocn1L opyxne n nonLsoa1Lcn n, u1o cun1nocL a 1e apeen 6onLun nosopo.
epnckoe anpmuec1ao o1ennno nou1n ace a1n npann. pn Mepoannrx kononm
nenn kpenoc1nmx p6o1nnkoa, n pxe npo1nannkn ceaepnmx nnc1n1y1oa n pc
npnsnann, u1o nonoxenne npop npn nnx 6mno ne ouenL 1nxenm.
[en1enLnoc1L 1ea1oncknx aneen1oa a nnepnn a npoponxenne ue1mpex c1one1n, c V
no IX a., npnaopnn k ynyuuennk nonoxennn nnsunx knccoa ao ace poncko
npe. D1o 6mno ec1ec1aennm nocnepc1ane a1nnueckoro ceuennn. C npnxopo
pn ennkoro cn1yunn poun po 1koro coc1onnnn, u1o a1oy aennkoy uenoaeky
pxe ne npnun mcnL aocc1nanna1L nnep1opckne nopnpkn. o pxe on ne cor
yanpe1L, u1o qk1m, ko1opme n nepam asrnnp kk 6yp1o cnoco6c1aoann
pec1apunn, n pene npnaopnnn k co nc1onue ckpm1o peaonkunn, nockonLky
a o6uec1ae yc1nannanncL coaepuenno noame o1nouennn. ne cyuec1aoano cnn,
ko1opme ornn 6m noeu1L okonu1enLnoy aspmay.
onckn np o6pen noayk aneprnk, xo1n n ne aespe a pano c1enenn. papc1ao
npk1nueckn ncuesno kk oprnns, no ero annnnne eue ouyunocL ao nornx
c1pnx, n ono ne 6mno norpe6eno nop n1nnckn aneen1o.
kre 1nnn upnno cn1enne, 6onee rny6okoe, ue npexpe. C1poe ncenenne,
oc11kn apapoa, noc1onnnm npn1ok rpeuecknx nocenenuea, s1e ccoaoe
nepecenenne cpunnoa ycnnnann xoc. D1o 6mn c1pn, o6peuennn n anc1L
uyxec1pnuea, c nnoxo ckpm1o npxne.
ceaepe nonyoc1poa neocnopnm 6mno anpmuec1ao no6ppuea. D1n repnum,
cn6o ccnnnnpoannme c ponckn ncenenne, ne ornn npnnpn1Lcn c mcnLk o
anc1n ppyro repncko pcm. ockonLky onn 6mnn nenorouncnennm, pn
ennkn nokopnn nx, no ne cor c1epe1L nx nunonnLnme uep1m.
cnnnn aecL kr n uen1pnLnn uc1L ne npnnpnexnn nnepnn: ycynLnckoe
nuec1ane oxa1nno o6unpnme senn, o6Lepnnna nx nop anc1Lk xnnq1. 1o
kce1cn ceaepo-snp, rpe xnnn no1okn cyaaoa n ancnro1oa, a nnsunx cnonx
ncenennn 6mno nnoro 6onLue kenL1n6epnuea, ue n1nnnn. D1n o6Lncnne1cn
oco6n neu1L, ko1opn o1nnun a1n npopm o1 xn1ene kxno Opnunn.
kan1nckn kpoaL a cnny onpepenennoro popc1a c kpoaLk nappuea n rnnunuea
nonyunn 6onLuyk posy ponckoro n apapckoro aneen1 a cpanennn c ceaepno
cnnne.
poance n nrepoke ponckn cno 6mn nc1onLko snun1enen, kenL1ckn
ocnoa 6mn nc1onLko nopanen n, u1o cn1yunn nnonnn uen1pnLnyk
1nnk, 1e 6onee u1o n6ern cpunnoa noppepxnann 1 snun1enLnm cen1ckn
npn1ok. ncnro1m, uLn kpoaL k a1oy apeenn nsennncL, uc1Lk yunn ns cnnnn,
uc1Lk okonu1enLno nornounncL a cce ec1noro ncenennn. [nLue k aoc1oky
aepxoaopnnn rpynnm 6yprynpuea n qpnkoa, xo1n onn ne 6mnn 6conk1nmn
xosnean.
Byprynpnn n snpnn Laeupnn, aknkun Caok n ponnnm Leon1, coxpnnnn
noro kenL1cknx aneen1oa. o npape roaopn, a nepao ns a1nx c1pn ponckn
aneen1 6mn nn6onee cnnLnm, a ppyrnx c1pnx cn6ee: oco6enno 6onLuo
npn1ok kenL1oa ns epnnn npnuen aec1e c 6yprynpun, ko1opme 6mc1po cnnnncL
c ec1nm ncenenne. Opnkn, nnro6ppm, ro1m, cyaam n ppyrne repnckne
ockonkn n pxe cnanne npyunn a1nnueckyk opnopopnoc1L a1nx c1pn, aponL
ceaepnmx rpnnu xn1enn nnonnnn 1ex, u1o oc1anncL a epnnn.
Uen1pnLnn Opnunn 6mn npenyuec1aenno rnno-poncko. s acex apapoa,
npnuepunx 1yp, anc1Lk o6npnn 1onLko qpnkn. epaonunLno ncenenne 6mno
ne 1k cnnLno cen1nsnpoano, kk a poance: cn1yunn specL 6onLue nnonnn
aepxnkk Byprynpnk. s payx repncknx aneen1oa qpnkn npeaocxopnnn
6yprynpuea n, neco1pn n nouncnennoc1L, snnnn rnaenc1aykuee nonoxenne.
snpe uen1pnLno nnnn pcnonoxen Bpe1nL. Cn6o ponnsnpoannoe
ncenenne a1oro nonyoc1poa neopnokp1no nonyuno npn1ok anrpn1oa c 6onLuoro
oc1poa. Bpe1onum ne 6mnn unc1mn kenL1n, ckopee 6enLrnun, 1. e.
repnun, c 1euenne apeenn 1yp npnunn ppyrne repnnsnpoannme nneen.
on1nnen1nLnme 6pe1onum npepc1annnn co6o ceunnyk rpynny, rpe npeo6npn
kenL1ckn aneen1.
3 aepxnn 1euenne Cenm n a sennx, ko1opme c opno c1oponm 1nny1cn po yc1Ln
en, c ppyro po Men n [ynn, rpe aoc1ouno rpnnue cnyxn1 enrpnn,
ckonuen1pnpoanocL ncenenne, a ko1opo repnckne aneen1m nenn neocnopnoe
npeaocxopc1ao, no 6mnn neopnopopnm. eppn1opnn expy Ceno n Coo
npnnpnexn qpnk, a snun1enLno c1enenn kenL1nsnpoannm, c ne 6onLuo
cen1nsnpoanno poncko npnecLk. Mopckoe no6epexLe coxpnnno knpnckoe
nsanne - nkppnn. o any1pennnx sennx rnno-pnnnne, ceunnme c
neac1pncknn qpnkn, nou1n ne o1nnunncL o1 caonx kxnmx n aoc1ounmx
cocepe; opnko onn o6npnn 6onLue aneprne, oco6enno ceaepnme xn1enn. e
6nnxe k eny n ue pnLue a nnpanennn c1pmx peky1cknx rpnnu, 1e 6onLue
ac1peunocL nc1onunx qpnkoa ac1psncko rpynnm, a ko1opmx coxpnnnocL
6onLue repncko kpoan. 3pecL nxopnnncL ee nc1okn. oa1oy, ecnn cypn1L no
nc1opnueckn 1ekc1, specL nxopnnncL osr n ceppue nnepnn n ee cnn, specL
peunncL ee cypL6m. k6oe co6m1ne, ne nnnunnpoannoe a cpepne 1euennn en
nnn ero okpec1noc1nx, neno nnuL noknLnoe snuenne.
mue no peke a nnpanennn Bnn repnckne ccm ace 6onLue kenL1nsnpoanm n
npn6nnxk1cn k 6yprynpckoy 1nny; n aoc1oke, nunnn o1 Bapnn, rnno-
ponckn cecL nononnne1cn cnanncknn o11enkn, ko1opmx eue 6onLue a6nnsn
enrpnn n Borenn, rpe onn yxe npeo6npk1, o6psyn nepexopnyk sony expy
snpnmn npopn n npopn ceaepo-aoc1ok n kro-aoc1ok po co nsn1nn.
kn o6pso, snpnme rpynnm o6nsnm 1ea1onckoy aneen1y 1o cnno
pccypounoc1n, ko1opo ne nenn nsnexennme npopm ponckoro np. D1 anox
konunncL 1orp, korp apapm yanpenn a a1nnuecko ocnoae, rpe onn snnnn
aepyuee nonoxenne, ccy, npo1naoc1onuyk n. nn ceunncL c a1o cco n
npno6penn ppyrne asrnnpm: 1enepL nx ypnanenne amsmann 1onLko noame psnnunn a
a1o coaokynnoc1n, uc1Lk ko1opmx onn 1enepL nannnncL. enno a a1o apen
ponckn np peunn, u1o no6ep np apapc1ao, ko1opoe n1nnnne cun1nn cm
1nxenm nocnepc1ane repnckoro nuec1ann, nkoneu opepxn. nno1L po
upc1aoannn pn ennkoro apapc1ao coxpnnno caon aneunne qopm n
nponanennn. ocne nero 1epnnLnn qop nepec1n cyuec1aoa1L, n xo1n ero pyx
eue oc1ancn, 1k xe kk ccnpnckn n annnnckn pyx, ono ac1ynnno a 1nxenyk
c1pnk.
k 6m 1o nn 6mno, noa1opnk eue ps, ero pyx ne norn6. D1o1 renn, npepc1annaun
cyy acex a1nnuecknx o6nokoa, npoponxn conpo1nann1Lcn 6nroppn opnoy
o6c1on1enLc1ay, ko1opoe scnyxnae1 ynonnnnn. euL npe1 o qenoene,
npo1naononoxno 1oy, u1o m anpenn a nepnop, korp nnepnn cyuec1aoan 6es
nnep1op: a pnno cnyue nnep1op oc1ncn 6es nnepnn. nep1opckoe
poc1onnc1ao, a neko1opo c1enenn cansnnoe c pnckn aennune, a 1euenne
neckonLknx aekoa o6ecneunano ey aneunkk qopy ncnepnnk n npoponx1enn.
onn1L-1kn repnckne npopm, a cnny caoero ynpnoro nnc1nnk1, nannn noam
npnep 1o xe nornkn n 1o xe c1okoc1n, ko1opn o1nnun nx co6p1Lea c 6eperoa
np, xo1n a1o nponsouno a nno qope.
enepL n oc1e1cn pcco1pe1L 1nnnunme poc1onnc1a pcm a nnue nocnepnnx
pncknx ae1ae, ko1opme amunn ns Cknpnnann n kr. D1o 6mnn nopnnm n
nrnockcm.
V. cn ncnn aa-ckaaaa
1o apen kk kpynnme nneen, noknnyaune Cknpnnank nocne I a. n. a.,
noc1enenno nepeeunncL n kr, snun1enLnme ccm, xnaune n nonyoc1poae n
pnpo c nn, ne snnn nokon. x oxno pspenn1L n pae rpynnm: 1, u1o c1n
ocnoao nrnockconcko konqepepunn, n a1opn rpynn, amxopum ns ko1opo 6mnn
6onee nesancnm ppyr o1 ppyr n npopannynncL pnLue; nenno nx cnepye1 cun11L
nopnnn, kk onn ce6n nsmann.
eco1pn n 1o, u1o, nunnn c I a. po n. a. po V a. n. a. annnnne a1nx rpynn
uyac1aoanocL pxe a pncknx pernonx, ne1 ocnoann noppo6no roaopn1L o nnx
o1penLno, no1oy u1o 1 pec1aoann n ppyrne repnckne npopm. o nocne I a.
nuec1ane 11nnm nonoxnno koneu nx annnnnk nnn, no kpne epe, ocn6nno ero.
Cnanne, a1nny1me a o6un a1nnueckn 6ecnopnpok, rnanmn sunnunkn
ko1oporo 6mnn 1ea1onm n rynnm, oksnncL o16pouennmn a ponm expy
cknpnnacknn c1pnn n kxno apono, n 1onLko c a1oro oen1 oxno ue1ko
psnnu1L pnuea n ceaepe nuero kon1nnen1.
D1n cnanne, anoaL oksaunecn xep1an k1c1poq, co1pncaunx amcune pcm,
npnunn n senn caonx npepkoa, ko1opme xnnn 1 neckonLko c1one1n nsp, n,
aosoxno, nponnknn eue pnLue. nn nepeunn DnL6y, nopnnnncL no 1euennk [ynn,
nonannncL a co uen1pe ep nnn. op npepaopn1enLc1ao caoe sn1n,
coc1onaue ns re1oa, cp1oa, kenL1oa, n ceuauncL c nenorouncnennmn
rpynnn rynnoa, ko1opme nx 1ecnnnn, onn snnnn n ceaepe aecL onLu1en anno1L
po Dpep [Uaak cva, v rym, ncam a 3, mn
cnaanaH, v nanncn na anxk.]. snpe onn panrnncL k peke
CnL n cpennn ee caoe rpnnue, n kre snnnn C1npnk, pnnonL, pounn po
no6epexLn ppn1nkn, c opno c1oponm, c ppyro - po Mn, n sxa1nnn o6
ac1pncknx repuorc1a - kpnnrnk n Cy6 [ sH anaan cnaan
arancu n aanH aaaa, n nyHrnuckr-nnyackr
nnH.]. 31e onn cnyc1nnncL po pencknx seenL n nponnknn a Laeupnk. D1n
aenpckne npopm, npexpe noc1onnno yrne1eme, noneaone c1nn saoea1ennn,
o6c1on1enLc1a p6o1nn n nnx, n a pesynL11e repnckn aneen1 oksncn
snun1enLno ocn6nen ao ace epnnn n coxpnnn caon nosnunn 1onLko a
ec1qnnn, Opnse, nnoaepe n n ene. kn cn1yunn cnoxnncL a VIII a.
Ckconckne n6ern n qpnkckn kononnsunn a 1euenne 1pex nnn ue1mpex
nocnepykunx aekoa neckonLko nsennnn nonoxenne, no a pesynL11e cc ec1nmx
npopoa oksncL nacerp o1pesnno o1 ocnoanmx pncknx aneen1oa. D1oy
cnoco6c1aoann ne 1onLko n6ern cnann a rynnckyk anoxy, no a eue 6onLue epe
coc1a repncknx rpynn, ceunnmx c norouncnennmn nenmn 6npn kenL1oa
n aenpoa. orp repnckne nneen nepecennnncL nnn ncuesnn, rnanm o6pso
c1ppn cn 6nropopnn uc1L, 1orp kk konqnnk1m no s1prnann pa
nnsunx kncc - kpnoa n 1panoa. npo1na, no epe 1oro, kk 1epnnn caok sn1L
cnannckne nneen, onn ace 6onee ocao6oxpnncL o1 pnckoro annnnnn,
o1anekauero nx o1 nx nc1nnno npnpopm. pesynL11e ncuesnoaennn repnuea, c
opno c1oponm, n ocn6nennn aenpcko pnc1okp1nn, c ppyro, a ncenennn
epnnn, a konue konuoa, oc1nocL ouenL no repncknx aneen1oa. 6 a1o
canpe1enLc1ayk1 cenLckne o6mun, npopnme cyeaepnn, npeunn n qnsnonornueckne
oco6ennoc1n. k, a LapuanLpe oxno ac1pe1n1L unc1o kenL1ckne nnn cnannckne
1nnm nnn nccnanmx ac1pnuea n 6apuea, a ko1opmx ne1 1o aneprnn, kko
o1nnuk1cn qpnkn nnn nnro6ppm.
enno a1o ncenenne oksnocL n ny1n ckconoa n nopnnoa, 1ouno 1k xe, kk a
caoe apen repnum c1onknynncL npnepno c 1ko xe cn1yune. snnu coc1onn
a 1o, u1o n a1o1 ps cnnm saoea1ene 6mnn cn6ee n reorpqnueckne pesynL11m
6onee ckponme.
nune nopnnm nounn no c1on ro1cknx nneen. nn 6mnn yenmn n
o1axnmn openna1ennn n coaepunn noxopm n aoc1ok, nepeceknn Bn1nckoe
ope, amcpnnncL n ero 6epery, o1kyp nounn npepkn epnpnx, n, c euo a
pykx npopn no ace ycn, sknkunnn aoennme coksm c nnep1opn
onc1n1nnononn, c ppyro c1oponm, nx nnp1m naopnnn c1px n xn1ene
no6epexLn cnnckoro opn.
nn nc1onLko xopouo ocaonnncL a pyccknx sennx n saoeann 1 1ko amcokn
a1opn1e1 caon yo n yxec1ao, u1o cnanne a1o c1pnm, npnsnan caoe
6eccnnne, nou1n epnnopyuno n c ppoc1Lk npnnnnn anc1L uyxeseuea. ocnepnne
ocnoann kpynnme knnxec1a n a kko-1o epe aocc1noannn n crpp, n pppnky,
n ro1ckyk nnepnk. nn snoxnnn ocnoam cnanoro 6ypyuero cnanncknx
rocyppc1a, ckpenna nx pncko kpoaLk. Bes nnx occnn 6m ne 6mno [a
v, nckn Hck, yHm a 979 r., ran, v a, km
rk amaa ycck, a 3ana acn HaaH. V a.
ycck n sH HH a nHau cay vacu acnn
ran a ckaaackH nmk. n, r mn acnca s
nmk, xaamaana kcc axckr a, a nuHu axau
Qna. mv ycck Ham amaan cn aanraH. 3 Hn
cn akx acm, rm cakcm, . . vc ackr
ncxxn. k an a Qara caHack a, km
amaan cn anra n a ck H aanr. n
nnan r a sara. 3 aaa, aar, sarm n
aanr, nmn a 4a, caaa cnm a rravckx
aaanx. 3 kamaa, v cam am, cHn a accnn,
cxann ca c ca aau.].
Ceropnn cyuec1aye1 6onLun cnannckn nnepnn - epnnc1aennn, ko1opn
ampepxn ncnm1nne apeene, nepam n ynnknLnm nn1nnk nonn1nueckoy
psyy, nc1okn ko1oporo cnepye1 nck1L a apnxcknx, 1. e. nopnncknx pnnc1nnx.
pnko a1o rpnpnosnoe coopyxenne nanne1cn repnckn 1onLko a cnny qk1
caoero cyuec1aoannn. opnnm ne nsennnn xpk1ep caonx noppnnmx: onn 6mnn
cnnuko nouncnennm, u1o6m po6n1Lcn 1koro pesynL11. nn s1epnnncL a cce
ec1noro ncenennn, a ko1opo 11pckne n6ern a cpepnne aek noc1onnno
ycnnnann pec16nnnsnpykuee annnnne qnncko kpoan. ce a1o neno 6m
6eccnanm koneu, ecnn 6m cypL6 ne nocnn a1o c1pne cnny, ko1opn aospopnn
ee, n a1o cnnm oksnocL poc11ouno, u1o6m ne1pnnsoa1L xypune kuec1a
cnannckoro rennn. pnxop neeuknx knnse, pnnnc1p1opoa, renepnoa,
npoqeccopoa, xypoxnnkoa, peecnennnkoa, nonanenne nrnnun, qpnuysoa,
n1nLnnuea epnenno, no aepno pennn caoe peno, 1pncqopnpyn nnc1nnk1m
ec1noro ncenennn n ro1oan ero, nono ero xennnn, k 1oy, u1o6m snn1L amcokoe
nonoxenne a apone. ce, u1o ceropnn ec1L a occnn nonn1nueckn snunoro, ace, u1o
c6nnxe1 a1y c1pny c repnnsnpoanno unannnsune, npnuno nsane.
osoxno, 1kn cn1yunn coxpnn1cn a 1euenne 6onee nnn enee npoponxn1enLnoro
apeenn, no a cyunoc1n nnep1noc1L, npncyun ec1nm xn1enn, oc1ncL, n
nnpcno cun1k1, u1o aenpckn pc npepc1anne1 yrposy pnn 3np. oe-k1o,
yanpea, u1o y nee no cnoco6noc1e k counnLnoy coaepuenc1aoannk, nocneunnn
o6Lnan1L ee kno n nonno ckpm1mx cnn, ko1opme eue ne nponannncL. pnko a1o ns
o6nc1n nnnksn. Cnanne o1nocn1cn k cm ppeann ceec1a, cm
nepeeunnm n ampopnauncn, kkne ec1L n sene. nn ncuepnnn caon
aosoxnoc1n eue pnLue kenL1oa. opnnm npnpnn n uyac1ao epnnc1a, ko1oporo
onn 6mnn nnuenm. a1o uyac1ao 1epne1cn no epe 1oro, kk ann1mae1cn
cknpnnackn kpoaL, ono noppepxnae1cn 1onLko s cue1 noamx npn1okoa, opnko
onn ne a coc1onnnn p1L caon yuennk 1o, uero y 1ex nnkorp ne 6mno.
3npe cnanne ory1 snn1L 1onLko nopunnennoe counnLnoe nonoxenne n
apnp nn 6ypy1 nrp1L se1nyk ponL a 6ypyue nc1opnn, kk ne nrpnn ee a
npouno, ecnn 6m ne orponn 1eppn1opnn, ko1opyk onn snnnn. xopncL n
rpnnue expy apono n sne, onn cnyx1 ec1ec1aennm nepexopnm aneen1o
expy caonn snpnmn n aoc1ounmn onrononpnmn copopnun. nn coc1annk1
6ecuncnennme ccm nkpe o1 Borenn n e1ep6ypr po rpnnu c n1e. nn
noppepxnak1, 1kn o6pso, expy psnnunmn e1ncn nenpepmanyk
a1nnueckyk cansykuyk nn1L, ko1opn ceropnn ononcmae1 ceaepnoe nonyupne.
o1 ypen cnanncknx npopoa n npepen nx psan1nn, ko1oporo onn nnkorp 6m ne
poc1nrnn 6es nooun nopnnoa. D1n nopnnm ocyuec1annnn caok pen1enLnoc1L
rnanm o6pso a occnn, o1kyp m nepenececn acnep s nnn a ppyrne senn.
e 6ype oc1nanna1Lcn n nx pen1enLnoc1n, 1. k. a1o ckopee o6nc1L nonn1nuecko
nc1opnn. m1ecnennme ns uen1p epnnn ccn noamx npnuenLuea, no1epnea
nopxenne o1 ckconoa [anum cakcm ak mc cHmancu c
knuckH n cnaanckH nnHaH, kyxaamH x, v n a
cvacn aaxmH acnH aa, xn x nk xn a
cc a V a., a caH axaan r nuk a VI a.
acn anvan, y ayr ncu nc r nca
aa. 3cu cnmmcn rnck ckaaackx Ha a cva c
HcmH nraH.], nopnnm anno1L po VIII a. npoponxnn caon noxopm.
3npnme openna1enn 6onnncL o1axnmx nopnncknx nnp1oa, ko1opme
po6npnncL po Cpepnsenoro opn, rp6nnn cnnnk, kononnsnpoann oc1poa
a6nnsn nrnnn, o6ocnoanncL a pnnpnn n Lo1nnpnn, ncennnn ponnnm cnnpnn.
eckonLko nosxe onn npnunn n n senk nrnnn, ko1opo pnLue npnunnnnn
c1onLko xnono1 n aonnenn, o1o6pnn ee 6onLuyk uc1L y 6pn11oa n ckconoa,
ko1opme amcpnnncL n a1nx 6eperx eue pnLue. osxe onn o6noannn kpoaL
qpnuysoa a eac1pnn n o6ecneunnn n npeaocxopc1ao np ppyrnn xn1ennn
nnnn. uncne nx cmx cnanmx pennn cnepye1 a nepayk ouepepL o1e1n1L
o1kpm1ne epnknckoro kon1nnen1 a X a. n cospnne 1 kononn a XI, aosoxno,
n a XIII a. caoe apen m noroaopn o nonno saoeannn nrnnn qpnuyscknn
nopnnn.
Cknpnnann, o1kyp amunn a1n aonnm, eue a reponueckne apeen cpepneaekoaLn
snnn anpnoe ec1o a nn1n acex rocnopc1aykunx pc aponm. D1o 6mn senn
nx cnanmx npepkoa, senn nx 6oroa, am1ecnennmx xpnc1nnc1ao. mcokne o6psm,
ko1opme amsmano nsanne a1o senn a mcnnx qpnkoa n ro1oa, oxno cpann1L c
aocnonnnnnn o6 Yn1pp-ypy pnn 6pxnoa. nun pnn a1o1 nonyoc1poa
ncenen nkpLn, noxoxnn n 1ex, ko1opme 1k ponro n o6nnLno nn1nn ack
kon1nnen1nLnyk apony [mk yvckx kca avnu nvacn,
kak rck nmk Ynnm, mmx ckaaackx nmka, a kmx
Hr ckx snHa.]. e unue 6mn kpoaL a1nx ppeannx aonnoa, 1e
enLue apeenn onn npoaopnnn a caonx opanx. enorne oc1nncL a Cknpnnann.
o neko1opme aosap1nnncL 1yp n nunn 1 qnnnoa, kenL1oa, cnann - nn6o
amxopuea 1ex, k1o korp-1o ncennn c1pny, nn6o no1okoa nnennnkoa, ko1opmx
s6pocnnn 1yp nepnne1nn aon n konqnnk1oa c oc11kn coa. pnko ne1
conenn a 1o, u1o a Laeunn n, oco6enno a opaernn eue ceropnn oxno ac1pe1n1L
qnsnonornueckne, nnnranc1nueckne n nonn1nueckne canpe1enLc1a npe6mannn
ncuesnyaunx 6nropopnmx pc, o ue roaopn1 nc1opnn nocnepnnx c1one1n. n
yc1a-ponLq, nn pn XII, nn nx npopm ne nannk1cn no1okn rnc op6por
n pnp. cnn 6m nopaexum n uaepm 6mnn 6onee norouncnennme, cn1yunn
cnoxnncL 6m no-nnoy; no onn no npnunne caoe nouncnennoc1n o6peuenm n
counnLnoe 6eccnnne. oa1oy oxno cks1L, u1o ne cpepn nnx cnepye1 nck1L
nocnepnn onno1 repnckoro annnnnn: on nxopn1cn a nrnnn. enno 1 on a
6onLue epe coxpnne1 caoe npexnee annnnne.
orp peuL un o kenL1x, m anpenn, u1o ncenenne Bpn1ncknx oc1poaoa ao
apeen Uespn coc1onno ns ec1nmx qnnnoa, neko1opmx rnnLcknx nneen, a psno
c1enenn s1pony1mx ceuenne c 6opnrenn, no aecL perppnpoannmx a1nn
kon1k1n, n ns nepecennaunxcn repnnsnpoannmx 6enLrnuea, ko1opme
snnnn aoc1ounoe n kxnoe no6epexLn.
C nocnepnnn a ocnoano n nenn peno pnnnne - kk a aonpocx aonm, 1k n
np. npo c a1nn uyxesenmn nneenn xnnn c pannx apeen 6onee unc1me
repnum, ynonneme a rnnLcknx pokyen1x nop nene kopn1nnum. C 1ex
nop nepecenenne 1ea1oncknx rpynn 6onLue ne npekpunocL anno1L po 449 r.,
ko1opm o6muno cun1e1cn nuno nrnockconckoro nepnop. upc1aoanne
po6nn nnepckn anc1L ncennn oc1poa anpnn, nenoro nosxe 1yp saesnn
kapoa n pkonoa. onopn cqopnpoan a ceaepnmx npoannunnx 6onee 40
korop1 ns apapoa, ko1opme npnaenn c co6o xen n pe1e. 31e senn nonyunnn
norne 1ynrpm. ce a1n aonnm nnrpn1oa 6mnn poc11ouno snun1enLnm, u1o6m
cqopnpoa1L noaoe ncenenne n snpno no6epexLe n yupepn1L noayk
ponxnoc1L, ko1opn, corncno pncko neppxnn, n oc1poae nsmancL npeqek1
ckconckoro no6epexLn. D1o1 1n1yn roaopn1 o 1o, u1o sponro po nonanennn payx
6p1Lea-repoea no nenn enrec1 n opc 6onLuoe konnuec1ao nkpe nx pcm yxe
o6n1no a nrnnn.
kn o6pso, 6pn1nckoe ncenenne ouenL pno nonyunno npn1ok repncko
kpoan, n nneen, xnaune a uen1pnLnmx ponx, 1kxe noc1enenno ceunncL c
cocepnn nnn 6mnn amnyxpenm y1n a ropm n ceaepe nnn xe nepecenn1Lcn a
pnnpnk, ko1opn c1n nocnepnn onno1o unc1mx kenL1oa, ecnn 1koame aoo6ue
oc1anncL 1.
Ckopo n oc1poae nonannocL norouncnennoe pnckoe ncenenne. o apen opnoro
6yn1 ceLpecn1 1mcnu pnnnn 6mnn y6n1m 1onLko a 1pex kn1onx onpon,
Mepyn n onuec1ep. o uepes neko1opoe apen a ennko6pn1nnk npnunn noame
nepecenenum c kr, n uncnennoc1L pnnnn-oc1poan1nn npoponxn pc1n.
III a. Mpcn ncun1n a c1pne 15 1mcnu kpynnmx nocenenn. o nornx xnnn
1onLko pnckne nocenenum. o canpe1enLc1ay Uespn, 6pn11m npepnoun1nn xn1L a
y6ornx xnxnnx cpepn necoa, expy 1e kk repnnsnpoannme 6enLrnum,
npn6maune ns nnnn, o6n1nn a 1knx xe ropopx, kk nx copopnun n kon1nnen1e.
nn nenn caon penLrn, uepes 40 ne1 nocne pnckoro saoeannn npn rpnkone no
nopcue1 1oneen a c1pne 6mno 56 kpynnmx ropopoa. pnuenLum nopunnnnncL
pnckn skon n o6mun, c1ponnn nn1nnkn, kaepykn, 1e1pm, 1pnyqnLnme
pkn, ko1opme amsmann aocxnuenne eue a XIV a. [a, k cyxa
ranna a , v c ak nrkcu nnn aymnu Hck
ann, akx nc maacn camx ax, km
knaan y cn Hcky aHcaay ccHy.] opoue roaopn,
ec1nme ropop ace 6onLue nnonnnn rnnLckne.
e ne enee, cyuec1aoan 6onLun psnnu. Xn1enn ennko6pn1nnn o6npnn
6onLue nonn1nuecko aneprne, ue nx kon1nnen1nLnme cocepn, neco1pn n 1o,
u1o nx ne6onLun 1eppn1opnn n reorpqnueckoe nonoxenne n spaopkx nnepnn ne
nosaonnnn n npen1Lcn n snun1enLnyk ponL a ee nc1opnn. 3pecL yec1no
nnonn1L, u1o reorpqnueckn cn1yunn no annne1 n oryuec1ao c1pnm.
onyrepnum ennko6pn1nnn pnn ny 6onLuoe uncno nnep1opoa. pn nx
yuc1nn nenpepmano aenncL 6nunosnme nonn1nueckne nn1pnrn. C nx no6epexLn
o1nnmann korop1m n saoeanne pnckoro np. nn sxnynncL n 1o, a ue nx
cocepn rnnm c1onLko ps 1epnenn neypuy: onn spynn cosp1L caon pnnc1nn n
npe ycnenn a a1o. unnn c upc1aoannn pycnn onn yxe no sancenn o1
n. nn cqopnpoann nonn1nueckn uen1p co acen coo1ae1c1aykunn
a6nen n snkn o1unsnm. k 1ynnm nL6non okpyxnn ce6n opeono roppo,
cypok n neckonLko aronc1nuno cao6opm, ko1opo nonmne roppn1cn no1okn
6pn11oa.
ne 6ypy pccksma1L o 6pn11o-pncknx nnep1opx nnek1nn [nnk an
cn kak acn Hna. acnn ca numH vcnH
aka cakca.], Mrnen1nn, nen1nnnn, Mkcne, onc1n1nne, c ko1opmn
onopn 6mn amnyxpen sknku1L nk1m. ne 6ypy roaopn1L o Mpke, ko1opm
nacerp skpennn o6oco6nennoe nonoxenne c1pnm [Mak mn a
HnaH c nu am cam cakcckr axn a 407 r.].
npoc1o xo1en noks1L, a kkyk rny6okyk ppeanoc1L yxopn1 nnep1opckn 1n1yn y
nrnnun. nckne qopm npeannpoann n oc1poae a 1euenne npnepno 450 ne1.
ocne a1oro nunncL rpxpnckne aonm expy repnnsnpoannmn 6pn11o-
pnnnnn n 6onee unc1mn ckcn, nspan nocennaunncn a c1pne nocne
nsrnnnn c kon1nnen1 nop panenne cnann, ko1opme neoxnpnno aosnepnnncL
sanpe1L ace oc1poao. c1opnkn uc1o onncmak1 a1nx cmnoa cknpnnaoa,
Ckn-Cyn, nnn cmnoa ckoa, npnnnmaunx ns knpnckoro epconec n cocepnnx
c nn oc1poaoa n koxnmx 6pkx. c1opnkn yc1pnak1 a 1ko cnoco6e
opennannn nponanenne apapc1a, no onn oun6k1cn. V a. ceaepnne nenn
6onLune cyp n Bn1nke. nn nspan anpenn a caonx opnx pnckne rnepm,
anpenn akcnepnunk qpnkoa, ko1opme c epnoro opn aepnynncL ao Opnsnk n
kop6nnx, o16n1mx y nnep1opckoro qno1, n ornn aocnonLsoa1Lcn a1nn
o6psun, no ne sxo1enn. D1n yxec1aennm nkpn 6onLue nopxopnnn enkne
cyp, ko1opme oxno nepenocn1L n pykx, ko1opme ornn nepexopn1L ns opn a
pekn, ns pek a enkne peukn. kn o6pso, onn ornn npo6np1Lcn a rny6L c1pnm,
u1o 6mno ne nop cnny 6onLun cyp, n ocyuec1ann1L saoeannn. pesynL11e
aoso6noannncL ceuenne pc n, coo1ae1c1aenno, konqnnk1m [cn kaack
cva 441 r. a kvanu nm arncakca. 3 aaaa
nvacn nkn ann akaH a ayx HHax: a-namx,
cakcm nnyvn Hnack acym Hrn nnyvu,
nHy v nkan nannnacu aacH ca; a-amx,
acnca ammckaar, x nan Hn aHn
aau aan naa kcyna, ncknuky xnan rau nu
Hckx vaka.].
Bpn11o-pnckoe ncenenne, ko1opoe o1nnunocL amcoko aneprnunoc1Lk no
cpanennk c rnno-pnnnnn a cnny caoero repnckoro nponcxoxpennn, 6onee
poc1ono aeno ce6n no o1nouennk k saoea1enn n oksmano n cnnLnoe
conpo1nanenne [anH, m a nx na cakca cnnuaan
Hcky akky.]. c1L c1pnm oc1ncL nou1n nesancno, ecnn ne cun11L
accnLnoro nonoxennn n npnsnnnn amcue anc1n ckcoa c amnn1o pnn. o
pxe nokopennoe ncenenne neno npao n senk, nouenne opyxnn, konpoanne
aockn nnn am6op caonx aoenunLnnkoa.
k qpnkckne koponn okpyxnn ce6n npenyuec1aenno rnnLcknn npnpaopnmn,
1k n npnnum en1pxnn n6npnn cao paop ns cpepm 6pn11o-pnnnn. ocnepnne
cpsy nonyunnn amcokne ponxnoc1n npn paope no1okoa coa. nn nyunnn nx
pnckn skon n npno6unnn k npee anc1n, ko1opyk nrno-ckconckne aonnm ne
c1pennncL pcnpoc1pnn1L. o n a a1o 6pn11o-repnckne coae1nnkn snun1enLno
o1nnunncL o1 rnnLcknx nnn epoannrcknx: onn ne cornn cnc1n o1 pspyuennn
pnckne npam, no1oy u1o n cn a cn6o epe snnn nx, n ne snoxnnn a cnc1ey
npanennn sepno qeopnns, no1oy u1o nx c1pn 6mn nesnun1enLno s1pony1
pec1ane 6eneqnunnLnmx skonoa. 1k, nrnnn, nunnn c V a., oc1ancL a
c1opone o1 o6ps xnsnn oc1nLno uc1n aponm.
Bpn11o-pnnnne ouenL xopouo anyunnn no1ok Bopn n op xennne co6p1L
aoepnno ace ncnepne nunonnLnmx nnep1opoa. Mm sne, c kkn ypnanenne
cme noakne n oryuec1aennme nrnockconckne npnnum npnnnnn pnckne snkn
o1nnunn amcue anc1n a anpe nso6pxennn aonunum n payx 6p1Lea-6nnsneuoa,
aocnpnnnnn pnckne skonm a o1nouennn caonx noppnnmx, sansmann 1ecnme
cansn c paopo onc1n1nnononn n npno6pe1nn paono 1n1yn: 6p1anp no
o1nouennk k noppnnm nrnockc n 6pn11 n 6cnneyc a nncLennmx
pokyen1x no n1mnn [yn aaana nnnaran nycu Hanuy,
ac-ak anacu a aacHmH aH nnHaH caa;
km sx nnH a X a. Hn au rHackr ncxxn:
anH, kysnum.]. n1yn 6cnneyc, n ko1opm ne cenn npe1enpoa1L
qpnkckne, ancnro1ckne, no6ppckne koponn, npepoc1annn npepor1nay aennunn n
nesancnoc1n. oc1poae, 1k xe kk n n kon1nnen1e, xopouo nonnnn ero
snunoc1L, no1oy u1o pn ennkn yncnepoan 1pon onc1n1nn V; a nncLe k
Dr6ep1y on nsan ce6n nnep1opo aoc1ounmx xpnc1nn, ppec1 nenoan
nnep1opo snpnmx xpnc1nn [ nurnuH-3aaaanu cn yn
acnyc. H, mn ncnH arnckH cyaH, km
nnuaancn sH ynH.].
coame o1nouennn expy 6pn11o-pnnnnn n repncknn nneenn,
npnuepunn ns K1nnp [aaa arncakcm, nHnH k
aaaannH rn, ava, v ac cncu k a:
c x mn aanr, yr, rck cakcm.], ocnoamanncL n
konponcce: co c1oponm no6expennmx - o1ks o1 npno6pe1ennn 1oapoa c kr,
npnnn1ne repncknx npe, co c1oponm no6epn1ene - yc1ynkn n nocn6nennn
pnnnc1p1nanoro xpk1ep. npnep, cospaeme nnc1n1y1m 6mnn noxoxn n
cknpnnackne. 3eneanpenne a qope opan n qeop, nonn1nueckne npa,
ocnoannme ncknkun1enLno n 1eppn1opnnLno co6c1aennoc1n, nooupenne
senepennn, noc1enennoe snyc1enne nornx ropopoa [ ckH raH
rn cnyvncu , v nmn c knuckH ncnnH a Ha.
Hn cav raca cn, vm cnannucn
aaxHy kyx. Hck cym ncn
rHaaancu, a nra k cnuck x ncnm ar
nan k aHmaa rck yxya.], yaennuenne konnuec1a
pepeaenL, oco6enno o1penLnmx qep n noec1n, a ko1opmx cao6opnm uenoaek
uyac1aoan ce6n aonLro1no, - ace a1o canpe1enLc1aoano o kpenoc1n pnckoro pyx.
C ppyro c1oponm, poc1 uncn ropopoa, pc1yuee 6espsnnune k pen o6uec1a n
yenLuenne uncnennoc1n cao6opnmx nkpe n kon1nnen1e yksmann n psan1ne
coace nnmx 1enpenun.
eypnan1enLno, u1o neko1opme coapeennme nc1opnkn npeaosnocn1 o6ps xnsnn
nrnockc, xnauero npno cenLcko xnsnLk a anoxy, korp ero co6p1 n
kon1nnen1e - kpn nnn pnn, 1. e. po6ponopnpounm uenoaek - y1p1nn nou1n
ace kuec1a cao6opnoro uenoaek. o 1orp onn ponxnm po6an1L, u1o oprnnsunn
cpepnnx knccoa npn ckconcknx koponnx n nepamx nopnncknx pnnc1nnx 6mn
acero nnuL npopyk1o a1nnuecknx o6c1on1enLc1a n ne nopnexn
coaepuenc1aoannk. orpunee nrnnckoe o6uec1ao co acen caonn
poc1onnc1an n nepoc11kn coc1annno epnnoe uenoe, o6peuennoe n ynpok.
ou1n nonnoe o1cy1c1ane ponnsnpoannoro aneen1 ne nosaonnno ey
npn6nnsn1Lcn k 1oy, u1o m nsmae eaponecko unannnsune. o epe cnnnnnn
psnnunmx rpynn ncenennn kenL1ckne aneen1m, rny6oko nponn1nnme qnncko
cyunoc1Lk, aneen1m, ko1opme nonnn a ccy 6pn11oa a pesynL11e
nrnockconckoro nepecenennn, n 1e, ko1opme npnnecnn c co6o p1une, nornounn
repnckne aneen1m. pn a1o ne npo s6ma1L, u1o, neco1pn n nx
norouncnennoc1L, onn y1punann caok aneprnk no epe ceuennn c psnopopno
cco. x nyuune kuec1a 1ycknenn 1k xe, kk nepexopnun ns pyk a pykn nnop
1epne1 caok caexec1L, coxpnnn, opnko, nko1L. 1ko cn1yunn nxopnncL
nrnnn XI a. npo c seu1enLnmn nonn1nuecknn poc1nxennnn m anpn
noc1mpnyk nnue1y a nn1ennek1ynLno xnsnn; ncknkun1enLno psan1m npr1ns,
6nroppn ko1opoy n oc1poae nkonnenm orponme 6or1c1a, n nonnoe o1cy1c1ane
pennk1noc1n n anern1noc1n npaoa; sxn1ounoc1L kpec1Lnn-co6c1aennnkoa n
6conk1noe p6c1ao, kkoro, noxny, ne 6mno nnrpe. [yxoaenc1ao, ko1opoe no
npnunne neaexec1a n nnsknx nno1cknx npaoa epnenno ck1manocL k epe1nsy,
6esppnme npan1enn, ynpannkune c1pno 1k xe, kk pnLue ynpannnn caon
opano, n s nn1y o1pkune rocyppc1aennyk neu1L a nonLsoanne npoxopnu.
koneu, ncuesnoaenne acex unc1mx pc n nonanenne n 1pone kpec1Lnnckoro cmn.
o1 u1o ypopoano o6uyk kp1nny o6uec1a a nepnop nopnnckoro saoeannn.
nrnnn noaesno c npnxopo nnLrenL, n n aonne rnno-cknpnnackoro nuec1ann
1yp nponnknn ponnsnpoannme aneen1m. nn ne pspyunnn 1ea1onckyk ocnoay,
ne nnunnn ee npr1nueckoro n nonn1nueckoro rennn - onn annnn a nee 1o, uero e
po 1ex nop nepoc1ano pnn 1oro, u1o6m npncoepnnn1Lcn k o6uey xopy unannnsunn.
ec1e c repuoro opnpckn npnunn ponnsnpoannme 6pe1onum, nreanum,
6yprnnLonum, npepc1an1enn acex pernonoa nnnn. nn o6ecneunann cansL oc1poa
c oc1nLno apono, am1unnn ero ns 6ono1 nsonnunn, a ko1opo ero pepxn c
xpk1ep a1nnueckoro coc1a ncenennn, no1oy u1o nrnnn oc1ancL cnnuko
kenL1o-ckconcko a 1o1 nepnop, korp oc1nLno eaponeckn np c1penncn
c6pocn1L c ce6n repnckyk npnpopy.
nn1rene1m n kpopm npoponxnnn unannns1opckoe panxenne n pcunpnnn pnn
nero ny1L. pn nnx npn1ok ponnsnpoannoro aneen1 ne nen 1koro
yrpoxkuero psx n ne s1prnan nnsune cnon ncenennn, 1orp kk amcune
cnon, kk n aespe, noc1enenno perppnpoann n ncuesnn. k o6muno cnyue1cn,
unannnsoannn pc, oksauncL a cpepe o6npkunx cnnLno aneprne cc,
nonyue1 ne6onLuyk posy np, u1o nponsaopn1 nonoxn1enLnm aqqek1. k n a
nrnnn cn1yunn noc1enenno ynyuuncL, npam cnrunncL, n c1pn c6nnxncL c
kon1nnen1nLnm o6uec1ao; a 1o xe apen on npoponxn oc1a1Lcn a ocnoano
repncko, noa1oy qeopnns 1 nnkorp ne npnaopnn k p6c1ay, kk a1o
nponcxopnno y ee cocepe. oponeackn anc1L ne orn nepeurny1L onpepenennme
rpnnum, yc1noanennme nunonnLnmn nnc1nnk1n; ynnunnnLnn cnc1e no
noxopnn n pnckyk, nnsune knccm acerp nenn poc1yn n 6onee amcokyk
c1ynenL, npnannernn 6mnn ocnoanm ne n 1n1yne, n seenLno co6c1aennoc1n. C
ppyro c1oponm, npn nn1epec k nn1ennek1ynLnm snnnn, neno ec1o npespenne
ko acey, ne cansnnoy c 1epnnLnmn no1pe6noc1nn: neppo n1nLnnuea
aosyue1, u1o nrnnune ne cnoco6nm ncnxp1Lcn nckycc1ao.
nc1opnn uenoaeuec1a, nunnn c X a. po nunx pne, no npe1cn nnornunmx
npnepoa. ppyrnx ec1x pnum nnn pnnnsnpoannme aneen1m nn1nn caoe
aneprne ccm psnopopnoro ncenennn, npnpann n cnny, a o1ae1
aocnpnnnnn noayk pnn nnx kynL1ypy. o nnrpe 6onLue 6nropopnme nneen,
co6paunecn aec1e n ne6onLuo 1eppn1opnn, ne nonyunn 1k no aneen1oa ns
ceunnmx, no 6onee psan1mx a cmcne nc1opnueckoro onm1 pc. enno a1oy
ncknkun1enLnoy o6c1on1enLc1ay nrnnune o6nsnm ne 1onLko caon epnennm
counnLnm nporpecco, no n npounoc1n nx nnepnn: on ne o1nnuncL nn 6necko,
nn rynnoc1Lk, nn 6nropopc1ao, no s1o 6mn co ouno a apone.
D1o1 npouecc yckopnncn c konu XVII a.
ocne pennrnosnmx aon ao Opnunn n oc1poa xnmnyn noan aonn qpnuysoa.
a1o1 ps onn ne c1pennncL nonc1L a pnc1okp1nueckyk cpepy: 1oproame
o1nouennn, ko1opme pcunpnnncL n yrny6nnnncL noackpy, a1nnynn snun1enLnyk
uc1L nnrpn1oa a nne6eckne ccm, n nrnockconckn kpoaL cepLesno o1 a1oro
noc1ppn. onanenne kpynno npomunennoc1n eue 6onee ycnnnno a1o1 npouecc,
npn1nrnan a c1pny p6o1nnkoa nerepncknx pc, npnnpuea, n1nLnnuea,
cnannnsnpoannmx neuea n neuea, o1euennmx kenL1cko neu1Lk.
orp nrnnune penLno ouy1nnn, kk nx a1nrnae1 a ce6n cqep ponnsnpoannmx
npopoa. nn 6es acnkoro coxnennn c1nn 1epn1L 1o, u1o korp-1o c6nnxno nx co
cknpnnan, qnnpun n ronnnpun. unnn c a1oro apeenn, onn c1nn
nyuue nonn1L Opnunk. nn nouyac1aoann 1nry k knccnueckn nyk,
nckycc1ay, ysmke, nn1ep1ype n po6nnncL a a1o o6nc1n 1ko cnam, o ko1opo ne
ornn n eu11L nx npepkn, xo1n n ckp onn anocnnn rpy6m apapckn akyc.
e apeene nnrpunn c kon1nnen1 npoponxncL n ycnnnancL. 1en
n1ckoro apnk1 sc1ann nornx xn1ene kxnmx npoannun Opnunn
npncoepnnn1Lcn k caon c6exaun npepuec1aennnk [ am aHa a
rn amn yx n ca mcnv ncaa.]. e enLun aqqek1
nponsaen Opnuysckn peaonkunn; ne cun1n nepanero npn1ok npnnpuea a
nrnnk, nenpepmano noc1ynnn ace noame a1nnueckne aneen1m, n nnc1nnk1m,
npo1naononoxnme repnckoy pyxy, nknnnanncL a o6uec1ae, korp-1o 1ko
epnno, nornuno oprnnsoanno n kpenko, xo1n n noo6psoanno.
epeenm 6mnn ouy1nm n nponannnncL a cmx psnmx cnek1x. nrnnckn
skonop1enLnn cnc1e y1p1nn caok connppnoc1L, npn6nnxnocL apen
peqop1opoa. pnc1okp1nn o1kpm1o c1onknyncL c npo1nannkn: nensaec1nn
npexpe peokp1nn ampannyn 1pe6oannn, ko1opme ampocnn ne n nrnockconcko
nouae. c1yun nonynnpnoc1L noauec1a, nonanenne noamx npe, oprnnsunn noamx
cnn - ace canpe1enLc1aye1 o 1o, u1o npnunnm 1ko 1pncqopunn cnepye1 nck1L
n kon1nnen1e n u1o nrnnn ac1yne1 a ponckn np.
VI. cnnn snxa rHa-Hackr caa
epnecn a nnepnk pn ennkoro, no1oy u1o nenno a ee none ponxn 6mn
spopn1Lcn coapeennn unannnsunn. eponnsnpoannme repnum Cknpnnann,
ceaepno uc1n epnnn n Bpn1ncknx oc1poaoa y1p1nnn nnanyk c1opony caoe
cyunoc1n, n 1enepL a nx oryuec1ae yxe ne1 npexne rn6koc1n. nn cnnuko 6epnm
npenn, u1o6m po6n1Lcn 6onLunx n psnoo6psnmx pesynL11oa. Cnannckne c1pnm
no 1e xe npnunn o1nnuk1cn 1kn y6oxec1ao mcnn, u1o pxe korp neko1opme
ns nnx ac1ynk1 a 1ecnme cansn c aoc1ounm ponckn nnn rpeueckn npo, a1o1
6pk ne npnnocn1 nnopoa. npoue, specL n oun6cn: a1o1 6pk pe1 eue 6onee
nnueanme pesynL11m, ue ansn1nckn konponcc.
1k, nepenececn a npoannunn aoc1ouno nnepnn, u1o6m npncy1c1aoa1L npn
nonanennn nmneunero counnLnoro yc1poc1a. 3pecL yxe ne 1k o1ue1nnao
nponanne1cn coue1nne apapc1a n ponckoro pyx: a1n pa aneen1 6ypyuero
np nunnk1 nponnk1L ppyr a ppyr, n 6yp1o pnn 1oro, u1o6m yckopn1L a1o1
npouecc, nponsouno kk 6m pspenenne qynkun n ace npoc1pnc1ae nnepnn.
oackpy anpnm poc1kn cnnnnnn, ko1opoe ne nee1 ue1ko onpepenennmx
nunonnLnmx rpnnu n nckxe1 cy1L kononen1oa, 6ypnnunx a a1o ko1ne.
o a1o spennue aoace ne noaoe pnn un11enn a1o knnrn. ornouenne cnnLnmx pc a
ppeannx o6uec1ax nponcxopnno a 1kne ypnennme o1 nc apeen n a 1knx
pneknx sennx, u1o n 1pypno npocnepn1L ace ero a1nm. norp m oxe
pcco1pe1L ne 1onLko okonu1enLnme k1c1poqm, no n koe-kkne nc1opnueckne
noppo6noc1n. c1opnn, uc1o nckxennn necoaepuenno xpononorne n
nqnuecknn qopn, s1enennn 1onkoa1ennn, 1knn xe uyxnn pnn 1oro nnn
nnoro npop, kk n m c an, ponocn1 po nc ne qk1m, ckopee nx o6psm. Bonee
1oro, a1n o6psm poxopn1 po nc o1pxennme ao noxec1ae sepkn, pkypc ko1opmx
nopuc ouenL 1pypno onpepenn1L.
31o coace nnn kp1nn npepc1e1 nepep nn, kk 1onLko peuL sxopn1 o 6nnsko
n unannnsunn! C nn psroapnak1 nun o1um n pccksmak1 o pneknx
co6m1nnx 1k, kk 6m m cn pccksmann o6 a1o. n1n nx pccksm, m xnao
npepc1anne cueny, n ko1opo psaopunanncL co6m1nn. ne1pypno nonn1L 1o,
o ue onn roaopn1, n npepc1an1L 1o, o ue onn ynunak1, no1oy u1o m cn -
nnop nx pennn, n ecnn m ncnm1mae s1pypnennn, u1o kce1cn nonnoro n 1ounoro
npepc1anennn o coaokynnoc1n nx pen, ecnn n ne ype1cn npocnepn1L ace co6m1nn,
nouyac1aoa1L nx nornky n amaec1n cnepc1ann, anno 1oy ne ckypnoc1L caepenn,
nnpo1na, yrne1kuee o6nnne noppo6noc1e. u rns c 6onLun 1pypo psnnue1
n pspenne1 nx, nponnke1 a nx cy1L, nockonLky onn cnnuko norouncnennm n
psm1m, n nu rnann oun6k sknkue1cn a 1o, u1o m nm1ecn nx
knccnqnunpoa1L.
Mm nc1onLko k1nano coyuc1aye a c1ppnnnx n ppoc1nx, a 1pnyqx n
nopxennnx nuero popnoro npounoro, u1o n nnoxo ype1cn coxpnn1L
nenpepasn1oc1L, 6es ko1opo neaosoxnm npannLnme cyxpennn. c1peun a
koponeacknx knn1ynnpnnx, a xp1nnx qeopnLno anoxn, a opponncx anoxn
pnnnc1p1nano nepame canpe1enLc1a acex 1ex npnnunnoa, ko1opme ceropnn
aonnyk1 nue npan1enLc1ao nnn amsmak1 nue neropoanne, uue acero m ne
oxe oc1a1Lcn o6Lek1nano panopyunmn.
o 1koe nccnepoanne ne 1epnn1 nn nmneunnx c1pc1e, nn ceropnnunnx cnn1n
nnn n1nn1n. yc1L nenLsn ne ppoa1Lcn nnn rpyc1n1L aec1e c npepkn, nyc1L nx
yuc1L ne ponxn oc1ann1L nc 6esyuc1nmn, neo6xopno nopan1L aounn pnn
poc1nxennn co 6nropopno uenn, ko1opn ec1L nonck nc1nnm. 1 a1oro
amnrpmae1 cnpaepnnaoc1L n, a koneuno cue1e, rynns. c ponxen
nn1epecoa1L ne onpepenennm kncc nnn nc1opnueckn nepconx, aecL con
yepunx nkpe; specL nee1 npao n cyuec1aoanne 1onLko o1c1pnennn xnoc1L
ko ace, koro 6onLue ne1, nesancno o1 1oro, nocnnn nn onn koponeackyk kopony,
une aonn, unouky 6ypxy nnn kenn npone1pnn. [nn 1oro u1o6m npn1n k 1koy
6esn1exnoy cosepunnk, ne1 nnoro cpepc1a, kpoe kk pccyxp1L o nunx
npepkx 1k xe, kk m pccyxpe o uyxnx pnn nc unannnsunnx.
cxopn ns npnnunnoa pnno knnrn, noan unannnsunn ponxn 6mn nan1L caon
nepame qopm 1, rpe ceuenne apapc1a n ponckoro pyx s1ponyno, ao-
nepamx, cme unc1me aneen1m, ao-a1opmx, aneen1m, 6onLue acero nponnkny1me
annnnnso, 1e 6onee u1o nocnepnne kk ps n sknkuk1 a ce6e nc1okn nnepcko
unannnsunn. co pene, 1pn 1eppn1opnn ponnnpyk1 a opnLno o1nouennn,
nunnn c IX no XIII a.: aepxnnn 1nnn, cpepnee 1euenne en n ceaepnn Opnunn.
aepxne 1nnn no6ppckn kpoaL coxpnnn aneprnk, neopnokp1no
nopnn1maeyk qpnkn. oa1oy c1pn nen poc11ouno cnn pnn 6ypyuero. C
ppyro c1oponm, ec1noe ncenenne copepxno a ce6e poc11ouno annnncknx
aneen1oa, n nockonLky ono nnoro npeaocxopnno no uncnennoc1n saoea1ene-
apapoa, cnnnnne npnaopnno ero k eue 6onLuey poc1y. coxpnnncL n c1n
6mc1po psana1Lcn pnckn pnnnc1p1nann cnc1e. opop - Mnnn, eneunn,
Onopenunn - npno6pe1k1 1koe 6onLuoe snuenne, kkoro pano ne snn nn opnn
ropop a ppyrnx ec1x. x yc1poc1ao a ue-1o nnonne1 6conk1ns n1nunmx
pecny6nnk. oennn anc1L ocn6nne1cn, repnckn koponeackn cnc1e - acero
nnuL npospunn n nenpounn 1knL, n6pouennn n o6uec1ao. unnn c XII a.
qeopnLnn sn1L nou1n nonnoc1Lk ncuese1 co cuenm, e n ceny npnxopn1
6ypxysnn, aocc1nannae1cn nnep1opckoe npao, aospoxpk1cn nykn,
pcuae1e1 1oproann, n acn no6ppckn nnr nepexnae1 neanpnnm pcuae1. o
npn a1o ne npo s6ma1L, u1o 1ea1onckn kpoaL, ko1opyk nnc1nnk1nano npesnpnn
ace npopm, nm1kunecn aepny1Lcn a ponckn np, - a1o nenno 1o, u1o npnpe1
n cnnm. n c kxpm pne 1epne1 caon nosnunn, no ace eue cyuec1aye1, o ue
roaopn1 ponroe coxpnenne nnpnanpynLnoro npa pxe cpepn pyxoaenc1a.
o no6ppckoy 1nny, c psnmn apnunnn, qopnpyk1cn norouncnennme
rocyppc1a. c11n, a1o1 xe 1nn m anpn a npoannunnx Byprynpckoro koponeac1a,
a poance, nrepoke n kxno Laeupnn, xo1n 1 ne1 no6ppckoro 6neck.
6muno 1 apapckn aneen1 cnnuko cn6 n ne a coc1onnnn npnp1L aneprnk
ponckoy pyxy [ acx sx caax rHack cym a k
cn cxancu amx : nHH cnyx cnynka a-
Ma a acv an. kaaack cnm Hx acu a
kmx Hanukx kaax.]. uen1pnLno uc1n n n kre nonyoc1poa on
nou1n o1cy1c1aye1, noa1oy m n6nkpe 1 6ecnnopnme aonnennn n xnkne
konaynLcnn. ea1onckne n6ern nocnnn annsopnueckn xpk1ep n a1nx sennx n
1onLko ycnnnann a1nnueckn 6ecnopnpok, ko1opm ne ornn ncnpan1L rpeueckne n
cpunnckne nocenenum. pno apen nopnnckoe anpmuec1ao npnaeno k
neoxnpnnoy pcuae1y unannnsunonnoro pyx a co kxno uc1n nonyoc1poa n
a Cnunnnn. coxnennk, a1o1 xnan1enLnm no1ok ckopo nccnk, n nnep1opm po
oanu1yqen noxnnk1 ero nocnepnne nnopm.
orp a XV a. repnckn kpoaL nou1n nepec1n pcnpoc1pnn1Lcn a ccx aepxne
1nnn, c1pn ac1ynnn a c1pnk, ko1opyk nepexnn kxnn peunn nocne
rpxpncknx aon. n noennn caok nonn1nueckyk xnsnec1okoc1L n psan1ne
xypoxec1aennmx n nn1ep1ypnmx cnoco6noc1e. a1o cmcne on poc1nrn amco1,
kknx nnkorp ne poc1nrn pnckn 1nnn, acerp noknonnauncn qnnckn
o6psu. o ycnex npoponxncn neponro, kk n ao apeen n1on: ne npouno n
co1nn ne1, kk aoso6noanncL ronnn acex cnoco6noc1e. XVII n XVIII aa. nnuero ne
po6annn k cnae 1nnn, no nnunnn ee nororo.
6eperx en n a 6enLrncknx npoannunnx ponckne aneen1m uncnenno
npeaocxopnnn repnckne. poe 1oro, onn 6mnn snun1enLno 6onLue nponn1nm
npr1nunoc1Lk kenL1oa, ue 6opnrenm 1nnn. Mec1nn unannnsunn un a
nnpanennn, coo1ae1c1aykue npnunn, ko1opme ee nopopnnn. cmcne
qeopnLnoro npa nnep1opckn cnc1e 6ennqnun oksncL noaqqek1nano,
n cansL seneanpenLuea c kopono acerp 6mn ouenL cn6o, expy 1e kk
nesancnme pok1pnnm ppeanero repnckoro skonop1enLc1a eue ponro
noppepxnann y anpenLuea skoa cao6opy n nesancnoc1L. mupn ny1 n
n1nn1 po XIV a. cun1nncL cmn 6or1mn, roppmn n nesancnmn a
apone. x nenocpepc1aennm cksepen, nnep1op, nen no anc1n np nnn,
a1opoc1enennme npnnum n knnsLn, kc11n, 6onee norouncnennme, ue a npoannunnx,
6mnn 6eccnnLnm nopunnn1L nx. e ne enee, n 1 ycnnnancn ponckn pyx,
no1oy u1o ponckn np 6mn cnnuko aennk, n, a konue konuoa, n npnunocL, c
aennko neoxo1o, npnsn1L rnanme npnnunnm npa Kc1nnnn. orp qeopnLnn
cnc1e no1epnn 6onLuyk uc1L caonx npepor1na, xo1n coxpnnn nx a poc11ouno
epe pnn 1oro, u1o6m peaonkunonnm aspma 1793 r. no1pnc a1n c1pnm cnnLnee, ue
ppyrne. Bes aneune noppepxkn oc11kn qeopnLno oprnnsunn eue ponroe apen
conpo1nannnncL a snpnmx ponx.
npo1naoaec ne xenkue cpa1Lcn sn1n 6ypxysnn cospn cao uepeap:
rnseckn coks, ko6nnunk kenL1cknx n cnanncknx npe, a ko1opo npeo6npnn
nocnepnne, no ko1opn pepxncL ao noro 6nroppn repncko 1aeppoc1n. op
nnep1opcko sun1o ropop, axopnaune a coks, nou1n ne npo1ec1oann npo1na
nr, kk a1o uc1o cnyunocL a 1nnn. nn oxo1no o1ksnncL o1 amcunx npa a
nonLsy caonx cyaepenoa n peanoc1no cnepnnn 1onLko s co6nkpenne caonx
counnLnmx n 1oproamx nn1epecoa. Y nnx ne 6mno nn expoyco6no 6opL6m, nn
c1penennn k pecny6nnknckoy 6conk1nsy. k6oaL k 1pypy, xxp nxnam, nou1n
nonnoe o1cy1c1ane c1pc1e, amcokn c1enenL pccypounoc1n, npnaepxennoc1L
nosn1nanm cao6op - ao1 nx xpk1epnme uep1m. nn ne npesnpnn nn nckycc1a,
nn nykn n k1nano nepennnn akycm sn1n k noaec1aoa1enLno noasnn, xo1n y nnx
6mno cy1noe nonn1ne o kpco1e, nx y 6mn nnpanen n npk1nueckne
poc1nxennn, a o1nnune o1 n1nLnnckoro rennn. pnko pxn1ek1yp c1penLu1mx
caopoa o6nsn n caonn cmn npekpcnmn nn1nnkn. Uepkan n xpm a
ropopx Onnppnn n snpno epnnn xpk1epnsyk1 nsnk6nennyk qopy
nckycc1a a1nx pernonoa, ko1opn o1aeue1 any1penne npnpope nx rennn.
nnnnne pencknx rocyppc1a 6mno ouenL snun1enLnm no ace epnnn n
pcnpoc1pnnnocL po cmx ceaepnmx o6nc1e. enno 1 cknpnnackne
koponeac1a nunn 1e c1oponm kxno unannnsunn, ko1opme nyuue acero nopxopnnn
pnn nnx. aoc1oke, no cocepc1ay c ac1pncknn repuorc1an, pos repncko n
kenL1cko kpoan 6mn enLue, 1k kk npeo6npno cnannckoe n ponckoe
ncenenne, noa1oy 1 nspan o6punn asopm k 1nnn, xo1n ne rnyunncL
o6psun c en n pxe cnanncknn npnepn. 3enn, nxopnaunecn nop
anc1Lk po 6c6yproa, npepc1annnn co6o nepexopnyk 1eppn1opnk, nnopo6ne
Laeupnn, ko1opn pennn caoe npepnou1enne expy pencknn n aepxne-
n1nLnncknn opennn. sennx ppeane enLaeunn cpepnnno 1ouko expy
payn cnc1en 6mn Ukpnx. 1o6m skonun1L npncoannyk kp1nny, noa1opk eue
ps: nok nrnnn oc1ancL npenyuec1aenno repncko nocne 1oro, kk ann1n a
ce6n qpnuysckn no1ok, npnuepun aec1e c nopnnckn nuec1ane, n po 1oro,
kk npo1ec1n1ckne nepecenenum nunn c6nnx1L ee c kon1nnen1o, nenno
qnnpckne n ronnnpckne qopm 6mnn e 6nnxe no pyxy n cansmann ee npen c
npenn en.
epexopn k 1pe1Ley uen1py unannnsunn, ko1opm nxopnncn a pnxe. a1o
uc1n c1pnm ocyuec1annncL nn1encnann qpnkckn kononnsunn. onckn
npnnunn 6mn npepc1anen kenL1cknn aneen1n, ne enee norouncnennmn, ue
n 6eperx en, no 6onee annnnnsnpoannmn: opnn cnoao, a1o1 npnnunn
npeo6npn np apapc1ao, n repnckne npen pno o1c1ynnnn nepep nn. cmx
ppeannx noax kpnoannrckoro unkn 1ea1onckne repon nn6o o1cy1c1ayk1, nn6o
nso6pxk1cn a nenpnrnnpno anpe, nnpnep, pmupn ns Menc, 1orp kk
snpnme nnpnnm, nnpnep, onnp n nnaLe, nnn pxe kxnme pmupn, kk,
nnpnep, Xepp ycnnLonckn, snnk1 noue1noe ec1o. ppnunn Ceaep ace
6onLue nckxk1cn nop panenne pncknx npaoa.
OeopnLnn cnc1e a a1o pone ace 6onLue nponnke1cn nnepcknn nonn1nnn n
o6pc1e1 norouncnennmn orpnnuennnn, nkncn, o6ns1enLc1an, ko1opmx ne
snn nn epnnn, rpe anpenne qLeqn o1nnunocL 6onLue cao6opo, nn
1nnn, rpe on 6mn nopunnen anc1n cyaepen. onLko ao Opnunn oxno yanpe1L
koponn, cksepen, a ponn accn koro-nn6ypL ns caonx nkpe, 1eope1nueckn
npnnyxpennoro pec1aoa1L npo1na ce6n coro nop c1pxo nnuennn anc1nmx
npa.
o s acen a1nn konqnnk1n 6mn no6ep koponeacko npepor1nam, no1oy u1o
onn nenpepmano aosamunn nnsune cnon ncenennn n pspyunn a1opn1e1
pmupc1a. ce, k1o ne nen nnunmx nnn seenLnmx npa, nenn npao npno6pec1n
nx, n nnpo1na, ace, k1o nen n 1o n ppyroe, nonnnn, u1o a1n npa noc1enenno
yxopn1 ns nx pyk. 1ko kpn1nuecko pnn acex cn1yunn eue cnnLnee psropenncL
konqnnk1m n ycnnnncn n1ronns; onn npoponxnncL ponLue, ue a ppyrnx ec1x,
nockonLky nonannncL pnLue, ue a epnnn, n skonunnncL nosxe, ue a 1nnn.
Cno cao6opnmx senepenLuea n aonnoa noc1enenno ncues no npnunne o6ue
no1pe6noc1n a sun1e. ce enLue oc1anocL pmupe, nopunnnaunxcn 1onLko
koponk. Ueno y1p1m uc1n npa kxpm c1penncn kynn1L noppepxky uenoaek,
6onee cnnLnoro, ue on c. D1 neps6epnx poc1annn noro nenpnn1noc1e kk
pnn coapeennnkoa, 1k n nn nx no1okoa, n nens6exno aen k aceo6uey
ypannannk.
cansn c a1n oxno o1e1n1L pa oen1: 1) ne1 cmcn nsyu1L 1orpunkk
Opnunk a npepenx ee nmneune 1eppn1opnn, nockonLky epnnc1a c1pnm ne
cyuec1aoano, n 2) nenLsn onpepenn1L apen nonanennn coapeennmx o6unn, no1oy
u1o onn acerp 6mnn y rnno-pnnnn n rnno-qpnkoa.
o o6unnm nnkorp ne nenn 6onLuo anc1n. Cme kpynnme qLeqm a konue
konuoa, npekp1nnn cyuec1aoanne. esancnme, oryuec1aennme n roppme
nnunoc1n coc1annnn ncknkuenne n pno nnn nospno ponxnm 6mnn o1c1ynn1L nepep
n1nn1ne ponckoro munennn. [onLue acero npopepxncn 6ecnopnpok -
nocnepnnn qop npo1ec1 co c1oponm repncknx aneen1oa. oponn, neaonLnm
aoxpn pnckoro panxennn, 6mno eue nenerko cnpan1Lcn c pyxo nesancnoc1n.
enpepmanme n aceo6une konqnnk1m n e1nnn pspnpnn a1n reponueckne apeen.
nk1o ne uyac1aoan ce6n sunuennm o1 yppoa cypL6m. k ne ynm6ny1Lcn ceropnn
ropLko ynm6ko npn anpe xnoc1n k 1orpunn nnsun kncc, k pspyuennm
xnxnn n no1panennm nocea! ouey 6m ne epn1L co6m1nn X a. 1o xe epo,
kko m ouennae co6m1nn ceropnnunne! epL peuL npe1 o noceax n xnxnnx
kpec1Lnn, nepoaonLnmx caoe yuc1Lk. cnn yx nponna1L cnesm, 1o nyuue pen1L
a1o no noaopy acero o6uec1a, acex knccoa n ace o6unoc1n nkpe.
o nouey appyr cnesm n xnoc1L? anox amsmae1 coace ne couyac1ane y
ann1enLnoro un11enn nc1opnuecknx xponnk. cn 1orpunnn mcnL ckopee
nepenonnen an1ysnso, nexenn cyxo pccypounoc1Lk: on acerp 6ypnn1 n
panxe1cn anepep. n apoxnoanen nk6onm1c1ao n 6esypepxno k1nanoc1Lk, on
kce1cn acero, c ue c1nknae1cn. 1o xe apen on o6npe1 nencuepnemn
cnnn, u1o6m noc1onnno nn11L aneunne n any1pennne aonm n konqnnk1m.
o acex o6nc1nx pen1enLnoc1n m anpn a 1o anoxe npeaocxopc1ao np
ppeanepncko unannnsune. ocnepnnn nnuero ne nso6pen - on orn 1onLko
nonLsoa1Lcn nc1ouennmn apeene nnopn. m cospnn noame nonn1nn n
co1aopnnn noayk unannnsunk. a1n aennkn 1aopenne m o6nsnm
cpepneaekoaLk. ocnoae ceaepnmx 1ppnun n kenL1cknx cksok ono cospno
6onLuyk nn1ep1ypy. no soc1pnno opyxne nekcnppncko pnnek1nkn, nponnkno
a 1eonornueckne rny6nnm n nsanekno o11yp noame qopynm, o6or1nno ec1ec1aennme
nykn, 1e1nky n nre6py. no npeycneno a reorpqnuecknx o1kpm1nnx, korp
nenLkne koponeac1a XIII a., ne nekune 1epnnLnmx cpepc1a, ne pccun1man
n 6ypyuyk cnay, no o6ynnnme pennrnosnm akc1so, nocmnnn caonx
6ecc1punmx openna1ene a cme o1pnennme yronkn senn, o ko1opmx pxe ne
nomunnnn nn rpekn, nn pnnnne.
1o anoxe noro c1ppnn - a1o nc1opnueckn npap, no oxno nn 6m1L xnkn
n necuc1nm, 6ypyun nepenonnennm aneprne? CnyunocL nn, u1o6m yrne1ennm
kpec1Lnnnn-cepq, nnn psopennm pnc1okp1, nnn nnenennm koponL o6punn caoe
nocnepnee opyxne npo1na ce6n? Yx ecnn ncnm1ma1L uyac1ao xnoc1n, 1o k 1e
ampopnauncn n annm npop, ko1opme nnuero ne nk6n1, nnuero ne xo1n1, nnuero
ne ory1, ne snk1, ue snn1Lcn nocpepn ynmnoro nposn6nnn a none yrckue
unannnsunn, n cnncxopn1enLno o1nocn1cn k coy6nc1ay.
co6oe coue1nne repncknx n rnno-poncknx aneen1oa a ncenennn ceaepno
Opnunn o6ycnoanno 6onesnennm, no aepnm ny1L k cnnnnnk n o6Lepnnennk cnn
nunn n nosaonnno e poc1nuL amco1 ckponmx, no poc11ounmx, u1o6m amsa1L
cnn1nk payx ppyrnx uen1poa eaponecko unannnsunn. o, uero ne 6mno y
epnnn n u1o 6mno a ns6m1ke a 1nnn, Opnunn nen a orpnnuenno epe; c
ppyro c1oponm, uep1m, yncnepoannme o1 1ea1oncko npnpopm, aecL
ocn6nennme ao qpnuyscko nunn, aocxnunn xn1ene Kr, ko1opme nx naepnnk
6m ne npnnnnn, ecnn 6m onn 6mnn 6onee nonnmn. kn yepennoc1L amsan
6onLuoe yaxenne k qpnuysckoy nsmky n y ceaepnmx, n y kxnmx npopoa XII n
XIII aa.: kk a enLne, 1k n a Mnnne. ok nnnesnnrepm nepeaopnnn nun ponm
n noam, Bpyne11o 1nnn, yun1enL [n1e, nncn no-qpnuysckn, 1k xe kk n
pepk1opm eypoa aeneunnu Mpko ono. nn cun1nn, u1o 1onLko nu nsmk
cnoco6en pcnpoc1pnn1L no ace apone noame snnnn. a1o apen npnxckne
ukonm npnaneknn k ce6e yuenmx nkpe n nm1nname ym co acex c1pn. kn
o6pso, qeopnLnn anox c1n pnn Opnunn, nxopnuecn s Ceno, anoxo
cnam n opnLnoro aennunn, ko1opmx ne oxe1 s1n1L a1nnueckn 6ecnopnpok.
o pcunpenne koponeac1a nepamx ny n kr, ycnnnan ponL rnno-ponckoro
aneen1, npnaeno a XIV a. k 6onLuo aone, ko1opn a 1enn nrnncknx aon 6mn
cnoa psansn npo1na repnnsnpoannmx aneen1oa [1 ra
caa 4a nmn naran svckHy cHm, k
Hn Hc ncn anurck am. a aca nanaHa a 1212 r.
H M nan m H, v aam v, acnm
camx ua, Hry amxu aHyx nuk a aya a v
ncnyx 10 n. sH canam nH numr vcna
nkackx, maHnyackx yaxnuckx cH a ark
yraca camx rckx Ha.]. OeopnLnme skonm ace 6onLue yxec1ounn
kon1ponL koponeacko anc1n np seneanpenLun n yenLunn nx npa, 1. e.
c1pn ace 6onLue ponnsnpoancL. 6uec1aennme npam, psanancL a 1o xe
nnpanennn, a koneuno cue1e, nnecnn cokpyun1enLnm ypp no pmupc1ay,
ncnonLsoaa a kuec1ae opyxnn npen, ko1opme cn pmupn pnLue nponoaepoann a
o1nouennn uec1n.
onn1ne uec1n cyuec1aoano y pncknx npopoa, y nrnnun n pxe y neuea ono
1pncqopnpoanocL a 1eopnk o6nsnnoc1n, ko1opn xopouo corncoamancL c
poc1onnc1ao cao6opnoro aonn. ueanpno, nop cnoao uec1L n 6nropopnm
rpxpnnn nnepnn, n naounnk anoxn kpopoa nonnnn amcokyk o6nsnnoc1L
o6eper1L caon nnunme nn1epecm o1 nocnr1enLc1a caepxy. peuL ne un o6
o6nsnnoc1n npnnocn1L nx a xep1ay koy 6m 1o nn 6mno. npo1na, qpnuysckn
paopnnnn cosnan, u1o c1porne npann uec1n sc1annk1 ero xep1aoa1L ace ppn
koponn: caon nyuec1ao, caoe cao6opo, caonn 6nnsknn n pxe xnsnLk. [nn
nero a 1ko 6conk1no npepnnoc1n sknkuncn npen 6nropopc1a, nockonLky
on 6mn 6nropopnoro nponcxoxpennn, on poc1ono aocnpnnnn nk6me pec1ann
anc1n. D1 pok1pnn, kk n ace pok1pnnm, aosaepennme a 6conk1, koneuno, ne 6mn
nnuen kpco1m n aennunn. e ykpun amcun xp6poc1L, ko1opn, anpoue, 6mn
ue-1o apope repnckoro nne1 n nnepcknx npenx. e nc1ounnk oxno n1n a
cen1cknx nonn1nnx, n, npnnna ee, qpnuysckn sn1L amnyxpen 6mn oks1Lcn a
nonoxennn, 6nnsko k p6c1ay.
6uec1aennoe nenne ne pano e am6op. oponeackn anc1L, unnoannkn,
6ypxysnn, npop npeno 6nropopnoro uenoaek cun1nn cnepoanne nonn1nn
uec1n, ko1opoe onn qopnpoann; 1k seneanpeneu-aonn nepec1n 6m1L ocnoao
rocyppc1a. pap, on eue oc1ancn ero onopo, no ace uno k 1oy, u1o6m cpen1L
ns nero 1onLko pekop1nanm aneen1.
snnune po6ann1L, u1o ecnn ncenenne ponyc1nno 1kyk perppunk, snun1, ero
kpoaL yxe ne 6mn 1ko unc1o, u1o6m ono orno conpo1nann1Lcn [nxamycn
cya Hx xaakaau ak: a acaaa ana mcr a
an nmamx an, knka, a an c acx
c nmn am n, Hnk aaccanm naancu a kynmx
ana, a knack vak can nv aacHmH
cuaH.]. 1ex o6nc1nx, rpe nxopnnncL ocnoanme nocenennn qpnkoa, pmupn
conpo1nannnncL ponLue, s ypo, rpe qpnkoa ne 6mno, upnn nokopnoc1L. Co
apeene, k konuy XV a., ponckn pyx c1n ponnnpoa1L.
osap1 c1pmx counnLnmx aneen1oa nocnn ccoam xpk1ep. apon
nepec1pnancL a coo1ae1c1ann c noam nopnpko, o1aeukun ponckoy pyxy.
Kxnn n uen1pnLnn 1nnn nxopnncL npnepno n 1o xe ypoane, u1o
npnuepun a ynpok o6ppnn. pexnne o1nouennn o6ppnn co Laeupne n
nnne snun1enLno ocn6nn: Laeupnn 6onLue 1nro1en k pencko epnnn,
kxnn nnnn - k cpepnnnm npoannunn. Cansykun saeno a pnno cnyue
cnyxnn, koneuno, ponckn aneen1, no a ne npeo6npn kenL1ckn ocnoa. cnn
6m a a1nx o6c1on1enLe1ax cmrpn ponL cen1nsnpoannn uc1L, 1orp Laeupnn n
kxnn nnnn eue cnnLnee ykpennnn 6m npexnne cansn c 1nne, ne no6opo1.
cn epnnn nop kenL1ckn annnnne, nnpo1na, nyuue ocosnn caon nn1epecm.
ono-rnnLckn aneen1 6es 1pyp coue1ncn co cnanncknn npnnunnn.
Cknpnnackne c1pnm c1nn 6onee ann1enLno npnc1pna1Lcn k c1pne, ko1opn
c1penncL sans1L c nnn a1nnueckne o1nouennn, nnuennme repnckoro nne1.
anoxy aceo6uero c6nnxennn penckne senn no1epnnn caoe npeaocxopc1ao, n a1o
6mno nens6exno, no1oy u1o aepx opepxn rnnLckn npnpop.
oackpy nponnkno 1o rpy6oe, u1o ne npnnpnexno nn repnckoy, nn
annnnnsnpoannoy aneen1. mupckn nn1ep1yp ncuesn ns skoa n 6eperx
en: n ceny e npnunn nceunname, nenpnc1onme n rpo1eckno 1nxenoaecnme
counnennn ropopcko 6ypxysnn. cenenne nonk6nno 1pnannLnoc1L nc Ckc.
D1y nerkyk aecenoc1L m nsmae ceropnn rnnLcko, o6psunkn 1koro pop a
nso6nnnn nonannnncL ao Opnunn 1oro apeenn, 1orp xe nonanncn rnrn1 1ko
nn1ep1ypm - 6ne.
cn epnnn conepnnun c pencknn ropopn a noao c1pnn unannnsunn,
snko ko1opo 6mn nceunnam kop. Ckconnn, Bapnn, ac1pnn, pxe
Bpnpen6ypr npncoepnnnnncL k o6uey 1euennk, expy 1e kk n kre Opnunn npn
opo6pennn nrnnn nxopnn ace 6onLue o6uero co caonn ceaepnmn n snpnmn
cocepnn, o1 ko1opmx on nonyunn npnepno c1onLko xe, ckonLko pn n.
caok ouepepL cnnnn 1kxe oksncL a no1oke aceo6ue ccnnnnunn
nnc1nnk1oa, saoeamakunx 3np. [o cnx nop a1 c1pn oksman annnnne n
caonx ceaepnmx cocepe a 1o cmcne, u1o6m p1L n aosoxnoc1L nonn1L caon
oco6me akycm. ok ro1ckn aneen1 o6npn 1ko cnno, nyc1L pxe n aneune,
n6epnckn nonyoc1poa noppepxnan 1kne xe o1nouennn c nrnne, kk n c
Opnune. XVI a., korp ycnnnncn pono-rnnLckn aneen1, koponeac1ao
Oeppnnnp nuno nyuuee asnononnnne c kxno 1nne, xo1n no
yccnnLonckoy poroaopy ono 6mno npnansno n k Opnunn. BnnLnm pyx ceaepno
6ypxysnn copepxn a ce6e no kenL1ckoro, noa1oy c 1pypo npnxnancn a
cnnnn; opnko specL unc1o cen1ckn aneprnn npneunancL k ec1no oun
uyac1a, a ko1opo ne 6mno nnuero o1 yckynLno cnnm repnckoro apapc1a, no
ko1opn a coue1nnn c qpnkncko c1pc1Lk poxpn aennkne uepeapm. eco1pn
n oc11kn co6m1noc1n 6mno oueanpno, u1o cnnnn y1p1nn nyuuyk uc1L caonx
ro1cknx npnnunnoa, u1o ao apen amxop ns nsonnunn on, kk n ppyrne c1pnm,
ncnm1man annnnne aospoxpauerocn ponckoro pyx.
a1o aospoxpennn, kk ero cnpaepnnao nsmak1, a a1o aocc1noanennn
poncko ocnoam nonn1nueckne nnc1nnk1m aponm cnrunncL no epe 1oro, kk
ncenenne ocao6oxpnocL o1 repnckoro nnc1nnk1; nonannnocL ace 6onLue
aosoxnoc1e pnn o1penLnoro uenoaek n ero 6nrococ1onnnn, poxpncn noam 1nn
unannnsunn. ynL1ypnme uen1pm nepeeunncL. 1nnn, asn1n ao ace caoe
coaokynnoc1n, cnoa c1n o6psuo pnn noppxnnn. nepaoe ec1o amuen n.
1o kce1cn enLn, Menc, pea, C1pc6ypr, Lex n pxe pnx, a1n ropop,
nonLsoaaunecn coace nepano aceo6un aocxnuenne, amnyxpenm 6mnn
poaonLc1aoa1Lcn ponLk nn11opoa. D1nono cyxpennn c1no ace n1nnckoe n
rpeueckoe, psyee1cn, nonn1oe a n1nncko cmcne. ue 6onLue ycnnnnocL
npespenne ko acey, u1o amxopnno s a1n pkn: nn a qnnocoqnn, nn a noasnn, nn a
nckycc1ax 6onLue ne npnsnann 1oro, u1o necno a ce6e repnckn pyx nnn
repnckyk qopy; a1o 6mn npoc1nm n neoponnm kpec1oam noxop npo1na 1oro,
u1o cyuec1aoano 1mcnuy ne1. [xe xpnc1nnc1ao npnnnnocL n onpapmanocL c
6onLun 1pypo.
o ecnn 1nnn 6nroppn caon o6psu pnn noppxnnn, corn ypepx1Lcn ao
rnae a1o peaonkunn a 1euenne neckonLknx ne1, xo1n peuL un nnuL o annnnnn a
nn1ennek1ynLno cqepe, on y1p1nn a1o npeaocxopc1ao, kk 1onLko nens6exnn
nornk uenoaeueckoro pyx no1pe6oan nepexop o1 6c1pkunn k counnLno
npk1nke. xanenn 1nnn cnoa cpenncL cnnuko poncko n 6mc1po knyn a
ne6m1ne, kk a1o cnyunnocL a VII a. Opnunn, ee 6nnxun, popc1aennnu,
npoponxn ee peno no npay poxpennn: peno, ko1opoe oksnocL ne no cnn
c1pue cec1pe. Opnunn asnncL s a1o co ace aneprne, caoc1aenno 1onLko e
opno. n asnn n ce6n ponL ynpann1L npouecco ccoaoro ceuennn acex
a1nnuecknx aneen1oa, ee spu o6neruncL 1e, u1o a1n aneen1m 6mnn
psppo6nenm. [nn 6onLunnc1a eaponecknx npopoa aepnyncn aek paenc1a,
oc1nLnme npoponxnn panr1Lcn k 1koy xe pesynL11y 1enn, sancnunn o1 nx
qnsnuecko oprnnsunn. enno a1o coc1onnne m n6nkpe ceropnn [ v
nm n sHy nay Ha u: a kakH nmk raH crn
Hm, anm XIX cnn? ak nvau Hv am naym
r? aa amx ckyccaa? akan vckan ccHa
ancaa a amx akax, r ck amx mvaa? ak, kakan y ac
nrn? a a s ancm canucay xckc Hckx
cya, vu nvau Hm cH cx n nnaau aka cnycn
nvau, kan, aHc r, vm nycku cucn, caacn ac
nc vna n H r, kak Hm caxaHcn anur
aaaacaa.].
onn1nueckne 1enpenunn nepoc11ouno nonno xpk1epnsyk1 a1y cn1yunk: a
kpne cnyue, onn ory1 cun11Lcn npexopnunn, amsannmn a1opnunmn
npnunnn. o specL, nono acero npouero, m n6nkpe npnsnkn 6ypyuero
o6Lepnnennn snpnmx npopoa a none noaoro ponckoro np, a uc1noc1n, ao ace
6onLue cxopc1ae nx nn1ep1ypnmx n nyunmx 1pypoa n oco6enno a psan1nn nx
nsmkoa.
ce npopm no epe aosoxnoc1n ocao6oxpk1cn o1 caonx co6m1nmx aneen1oa n
c6nnxk1cn. C1pm ncnnckn nsmk nenonn1en pnn qpnuys nnn n1nLnnu,
nmneunn ncnnckn nou1n ne npepc1anne1 nekcnkonornuecknx 1pypnoc1e pnn nnx.
smk e1ppkn n [n1e oc1ann pnnek1 neponckne cnoa n qopm n n nepam
asrnnp c1n 6conk1no nonn1en n. Mm korp-1o 6mnn 6or1m 1ea1oncknn cnoan,
no m s6mnn nx, n ecnn npnnne kkne-1o nrnnckne ampxennn, 1o nnuL
no1oy, u1o onn npnnpnex1 k kenL1cko rpynne nnn snc1aoanm y nc. Y nunx
cocepe no 1y c1opony -Mnu 6mc1po npe1 npouecc nsrnnnn nrnockconcknx
aneen1oa: c kxpm pne onn, opnn s ppyrn, ncuesk1 ns cnoapn. o
nk6onm1nee acero o6noanenne nponcxopn1 a epnnn.
opo6no 1oy, u1o m anpn a 1nnn, nsmkn, copepxune a ce6e 6onLue repncknx
aneen1oa, nnpnep, qpnsckn n 6epnckn, o6Lnanenm nenonn1nmn pnn
6onLunnc1a ncenennn. BonLun uc1L npoannunnLnmx nsmkoa, 6or1mx
knpncknn aneen1n, c6nnxe1cn c o6ueyno1pe6n1enLnm nsmko. nocnepnn,
nsaec1nm kk coapeennm aepxne-repnckn, nee1 no nekcnkonornueckoro
cxopc1a c ro1ckn nnn ppeannn ceaepnmn nsmkn n nponanne1 ace 6onLue
popc1a c kenL1ckn; kpoe 1oro, a ne ec1L cnannckne cnepm. o oco6enno on
1nro1ee1 k kenL1ckoy, nockonLky ey nenerko n1n nepaopopnme oc11kn a
coapeenno nsmke, on c 1pypo c6nnxe1cn c qpnuysckn.
[o cnx nop n yno1pe6nnn 1epnn ponckn np a cmcne coc1onnnn, k ko1opoy
aosapue1cn ncenenne snpno aponm. pnko, u1o6m 6m1L 1ounm, npo
po6an1L, u1o nenLsn nonn1L nop a1n ampxenne cn1yunk, 6conk1no
npen1nunyk 1o, u1o nen ec1o a ppeanepncko npe aoo6ue 6eso1nocn1enLno k
konkpe1no anoxe. a1o nocnepne cmcne n nonLsoancn cnoan cen1ckn nnn
annnnnc1nueckn, ne noppsyean a1nnueckoe ceuenne nnopo6ne 1oro, u1o
neno ec1o a ccnpncko npe n n cnpncko-keponcknx npoc1opx. e cnepye1
1kxe s6ma1L, u1o noam ponckn np o1nnue1cn caonn co6c1aennmn
a1nnuecknn nkncn n, cnepoa1enLno, cospe1 aosoxnoc1n, pnee nensaec1nme.
cnoa 1 xe cn, xoc eue 6onLun, ycnnnae1cn ccnnnnunn acex o1penLnmx
cnoco6noc1e n aosoxnoc1e - ao1 u1o o6uero expy a1nn cn1yunnn n u1o
kxpopneano npn6nnxe1 nun c1pnm k nnepcko openn. o psnnu sknkue1cn
a 1o, u1o a knnnue ko1ne nue kpoan ace eue oc1k1cn norne repnckne
aneen1m, konnuec1ao n cnn ko1opmx sancn1 o1 reorpqnueckoro nonoxennn: n
kre nx enLue, n ceaepe, ckxe, a Laeunn, onn cnnLnee, noa1oy sepnnk1
npouecc ynpk.
D1o1 npouecc, npyun c kr n ceaep yxe pa c1one1nn, poaen ccm n1nnckoro
nonyoc1poa po coc1onnnn, 6nnskoro k 1oy, a ko1opo nxopnnncL nx
npepuec1aennnkn a III a. n. a. ou1n 1o xe n6nkpe1cn a aepxne uc1n c1pnm, s
ncknkuenne neko1opmx ponoa Leon1. cnnnn, 6onee ncmuennn cen1cknn
aneen1n, o6npe1 o1nocn1enLnm epnnc1ao, u1o pene1 a1nnueckn xoc enee
se1nm, no ne oxe1 o6ecneun1L npeaocxopc1ao yxcknx nnn y1nnn1pnmx
kuec1a. un kxnme qpnuysckne npoannunn ne cyuec1ayk1; 1e, u1o a uen1pe n n
aoc1oke, aec1e c kro-snpno uc1Lk Laeupnn, nxopn1cn nop annnnne Kr n
Ceaep. ac1pnckn onpxnn pepxn1cn nso acex cnn s cue1 npeo6npnnn
1ea1oncknx aneen1oa np cnannckn ncenenne. peunn n eaponeckn uc1L
ypunn, cn6me no cpanennk c snpno apono, cyuec1ayk1 s cue1 repnckoro
aneen1, ko1opm nponnk 1yp a cpepnne aek. o xe coe oxno cks1L o nmx
rocyppc1ax no 1euennk [ynn c 1o psnnue, u1o 1 oc1ncL ne6onLun
pnckn npnecL, xo1n a1nnueckn 6ecnopnpok nepexnae1 y nnx cm
6onesnennm nepnop. occnckn nnepnn, nepexopnn 1eppn1opnn expy xen1mn
pcn, cen1nsnpoannmn n ponnsnpoannmn npopn Kr n epnnn,
ncnm1mae1 nepoc11ok a opnopopnoc1n; on nonyunn nyk posy 6nropopnoro
aneen1 n oxe1 nopnn1Lcn 1onLko 6nroppn npn1oky annnnoa, n1nLnnuea,
qpnuysoa n neuea. o nok a1n aneen1m ne amxopn1 s npepenm coro aepxnero
cnon ncenennn.
pyccnn a npepenx caoe nmneune 1eppn1opnn nee1 6onLue repnckoro, ue
ac1pnn, no u1o kce1cn ocnoam, on yc1yne1 nocnepne, rpe uuy aecoa
nepeaeunae1 cnnLno pnnnsnpoannn rpynn pLnp - ne a cmcne
unannnsoannoc1n, a cmcne xnsnec1okoc1n, o ko1opo, kc11n, n npe1 a ocnoano
peuL a a1o knnre.
pnn cnoao, ace snun1enLnme xnsnennme cnnm ceropnn ckonuen1pnpoanm n
aepy1 nepanyk n 6esnpexnyk 6opL6y c poncko coaokynnoc1Lk n 6onLuo
1eppn1opnn: a1 unpokn nonoc npe1 o1 opneo, aknkun [nnk n nnoaep, pnee
anns no 1euennk en, sxa1man DnLsc n aepxnkk o1pnnrnk, cyxncL no
1euennk Cenm po yc1Ln, npoponxe1cn po ennko6pn1nnn n snpno uc1n
cnnpnn [m nnu cHmcn s vk n, cny Hu a ay, v
vu nnnumx raax. Bn n H cxaamcn
cak ackx ac acvacn acy, r nmn rHam x Hx
acu a cna, an, Uaa aH, r ycnan narnnm
nn x cxan, a akx a n, acnuaa, a rax na, a
aaka, a ykym rmx nax a. cknv, v cu
a x . ak num vacu Han aH1nm n ne ncuesnn
1onLko 6nroppn nx nek1nanoc1n n o1cy1c1ank acnknx kon1k1oa..
cyuec1ayk1 nocnepnne o6nokn pnckoro aneen1 - nckxennme, no1epnaune
qopy, no eue ne no6expennme. enno 1 6Le1cn ceppue o6uec1a n,
cnepoa1enLno, coapeenno unannnsunn. D1y cn1yunk po cnx nop nn psy ne
nnnsnpoann n ne o6Lncnnnn, 1e ne enee, on ocosne1cn acen. Bonee 1oro,
norne mcnn1enn, nnorp pxe ne o1pan ce6e a a1o o1ue1, penk1 ee o1npano
1ouko pnn npornosoa n 6ypyuee. nn npepcksmak1 penL, korp ep1am xonop
oxa1n1 senn, ko1opme ceropnn n kxy1cn cmn nnopopopnmn n
npouae1kunn, n, nonrn, u1o a1 k1c1poq nponsope1 coace ckopo, onn nuy1
y6exnue, rpe uenoaeuec1ao coxe1 nu1L noayk xnsnL n noayk nc1opnk. mneunne
ycnexn opnoro rocyppc1a epnkn kxy1cn n npepaec1nnko 1ko aosoxnoc1n.
3npnm np - ao1 orponn cuen, rpe, no nx nennk, nonan1cn npopm, ko1opme,
yncnepoaa onm1 acex npounmx unannnsun, o6or1n1 n nuy unannnsunk n
ocyuec1an1 pen, o ko1opmx np ne or n eu11L.
cco1pn a1y 1ouky spennn co ace annnne, kkoro on scnyxnae1. Mm
ac1pe1ncn c psnnunmn pcn, ko1opme ncennk1 n ncennnn epnknckn
kon1nnen1, n o6cypn ocnoanme oen1m, ncxopn ns ko1opmx npne nnn o16pocn
a1y rnno1esy.
VII. Hkack arm
1829 r. kaLe ne nen poc11ouno nnqopunn pnn cyxpennn o6 a1nnuecko
npnpope epnkncknx nneen n oc1ann nx s npepenn caoe knccnqnkunn.
osxe nonannncL noame pnnme, ko1opme nosaonnnn o6cyxp1L a1o1 aonpoc. knx
pnnmx n6pnocL noro, n xo1n n nx ocnoae nenLsn cpen1L okonu1enLnm
opnosnunm amaop, m oxe amcks1L neko1opme poc11ouno o6ocnoannme
cyxpennn.
Ceropnn nn opnn yaxkun ce6n a1nonor ne c1ne1 y1aepxp1L, u1o epnknckne
6opnrenm coc1annk1 unc1yk pcy, ko1opyk oxno nsa1L kpcno. 1
Ceaepnoro nonkc po rnenno 3enn oxno ac1pe1n1L cme psnme o11enkn koxn,
ecnn oc1an1L a c1opone unc1o uepnm uae1 y konronesuea n 6eno-posoam y
nrnnun. Mec1nme 6opnrenm o1nnuk1cn cmn psnoo6psnmn o11enkn,
nunnn c 1eno-onnakoaoro po nou1n 6enoro. e enee psnoo6psno nx
1enocnoxenne: o1 amcoknx n1ronuea po nenLknx npepc1an1ene nneenn unko.
o xe coe oxno cks1L o nponopunnx: y neko1opmx ouenL ypnnnennoe 1eno,
nnpnep, y nneen, xnayunx a nncx, y ppyrnx - kopo1koe n 1onc1oe, nnpnep,
y xn1ene nepyncknx np. koe xe psnoo6psne a c1poennn n qope ronoam.
kn o6pso, qnsnonornn ne onpepenne1 epnnm 1nn epnkncknx npopoa.
a1o aonpoce apnp nn oxno pccun1ma1L n 6onLuyk noouL nnnranc1nkn, xo1n
c1on1 k ne o6p1n1Lcn. BonLunnc1ao ec1nmx nsmkoa o6npk1 neconenno
ynnknLnoc1Lk a nekcnkonornuecko cmcne, 1. e. onn ne noxoxn ppyr n ppyr.
ao1 rp1nueckn cnc1e opnnkoa. o acex n6nkpe1cn rrnk1nnunn, n
neckonLko qps o6psyk1 opny aok6yny; a1o, koneuno, ouenL xpk1epnn
oco6ennoc1L, no on ne yksmae1 n epnnc1ao epnkncknx pc, 1e 6onee u1o ne1
npann 6es ncknkuenn. osoxno, co apeene nonan1cn noame poks1enLc1a
1oro, u1o cnn1kcnc epnkncknx npeun ne o1nocn1cn k opnoy 1nny nnn
npnnunny.
oa1oy ne1 ocnoann npepnonr1L cyuec1aoanne kpcno pcm kk o1penLno
psnoanpnoc1n uenoaeuec1a. Ckopee acero, peuL npe1 o6 onpepenennmx
psnoanpnoc1nx coc1a kpoan.
o a1 npepnocmnk aoace ne ynpoue1 nu aonpoc. cnn npopm noaoro kon1nnen1
ne coc1annk1 o1penLnyk ae1aL, 1orp nonannk1cn 1pypnoc1n, u1o kce1cn nx
o1nouennn k nsaec1nm 1nn c1poro np. nonm1kcL no epe aosoxnoc1n
nponcnn1L pnnm npepe1, n a a1o ne nooxe1 yxe ncnonLsoannm e1op: m
noco1pn, cyuec1ayk1 nn, npnpy c rny6oknn psnnunnn, cxopc1a a1nnuecknx
aneen1oa.
epnoe n 6enoe ceec1a ne ac1peuk1cn a epnke a unc1o anpe. o u1o kce1cn
qnnckoro 1nn, kp1nn coace nnn: on neconenen y neko1opmx ceaepo-snpnmx
nneen, nnpnep, acknocoa [M kcay ca sckHca c
aH nnan, s nara vky n Mna
yHnua. Y Ma vu H, v aHkackan aca, kH
nnnnmx aa, y kmx nun au vcu c
aackH rynnaH, nanncn .]. a1o oxno yanpe1L 1ouky
conpnkocnoaennn expy C1pm n oam Cae1o, ko1opyk m n cpene ncxopnm
nynk1o nunx pccyxpenn. c1an acknocoa n cnyc1ncn n kr, rpe xnay1
nneen, o6muno nsmaeme kpcnmn: unnykn, nennn-nennm, cny. x oxno
cun11L npo1o1nno xn1enn epnkn, xo1n onn ne ory1 npe1enpoa1L n 1koe
sanne nn no uncnennoc1n, nn no caoe counnLno oprnnsunn. Moxno 6es 1pyp
yc1noan1L 6nnskyk cansL expy a1nn nneenn n acknocn, ko1opme
nponsounn o1 xen1mx npopoa. 1o kce1cn unnykoa, a1o ne amsmae1 nnkkoro
conennn, a o1nouennn ppyrnx neonpepenennoc1L 1kxe cnne1cn, ecnn cpann1L
nx ne c ncknn kn1un opne6ecno nepnn, kk a1o uc1o penk1, c
onronn. orp nop epnm o11enko npepc1an1enn nneenn pko1 m yanpn
xen1yk ocnoay: nou1n nonnoe o1cy1c1ane 6opopm, uepnme aonocm, cn6oe
1enocnoxenne, qner1nunm 1enepen1, ouenL nenLkne rns n
npeppcnonoxennoc1L k 1yunoc1n. pnko cnepye1 cpen1L oroaopky: y
kpcnokoxnx a1n npnsnkn qnnckoro 1nn nponannk1cn ne c1onL nano.
C 6eperoa Mnccypn cnyc1ncn k Mekcnke, rpe ac1pe1n eue 6onee nsenennme
npnsnkn, 1e ne enee, nerko ysnaeme nop 6onee 6ponsoam uae1o. c11n,
c nc1opnn canpe1enLc1aye1 o popc1ae u1ekoa n nx npepuec1aennnkoa 1onL1ekoa c
uepnmn oxo1nnkn ony6nn. enno c 6eperoa a1o pekn nunocL
pcnpoc1pnenne a1nx nneen n kr. 6 a1o xe canpe1enLc1aye1 cpanenne nsmkoa.
1k, oxno cks1L, u1o ekcnknum cansnm c xen1o pco uepes unnykoa, xo1n
nek1 6onee cnnLnyk npnecL uyxepopnoro aneen1.
3 nonyoc1poao xnay1 pa kpynnmx ceec1a, ko1opme noppspennk1cn n co1nn
nneen, nnorp coc1onunx ns neckonLknx pecn1koa uenoaek. pno o6n1e1 n
no6epexLe nxoro oken, ppyroe o1 Mekcnknckoro snna po no pe n n1
snne1 1eppn1opnk 6psnnLcko nnepnn, korp-1o snnno n1nnLckne
oc1poa. epaoe aknkue1 a ce6n nepynuea. nn cme 1enme, 6onee noxoxne n
uepnmx o6n11ene kon1nnen1, n nek1 enLue cxopnmx uep1 c xen1mn npopn.
Y nnx ypnnnennm noc c rop6nnko, nok1m no6, cyxennm k anck, npnpkun
ronoae nnpnpnLnyk qopy, xo1n nek1cn onronLckne npnsnkn a pcnonoxennn
n qope rns n ckyn, 1kxe a rnpknx n xec1knx aonocx uepnoro uae1. Y ppyro,
kxno, rpynnm, oxa1makue ace rypnnckne npopm, n6nkpe1cn nanm
qnnckn 1nn.
ypnn, nnn kpn6m nnn kpn6m, kk npanno, xen1me, ouenL noxoxne n xn1ene
aoc1ounoro no6epexLn snn. koao nenne p6nnLn n pecko11. osoxno, a1o
ncenenne o1nnue1cn 6onLun psnoo6psne qnsnuecknx uep1, ue oc1nLnme
epnknckne rpynnm, no o6un y nnx oc1e1cn xen1m nnn 6nepno-kpcnoa1m
uae1 koxn, yksmakun n nx popc1ao c nnpeun-oxo1nnkn Coepnnennmx
L11oa, kpy1o no6, kpyrnoe nnuo, kopo1kn n yskn noc, pckocme rns. c1e1cn
po6an1L, u1o ue pnLue n aoc1ok, 1e 1enee uae1 rypnn.
Onsnonornn nopcksmae1 n, u1o epnknckne npopm n acex unpo1x nek1
nano onronLckyk ocnoay. D1o co ace oueanpnoc1Lk nop1aepxpe1 nnnranc1nk.
Cnun o6p1ncn k nocnepne.
epnknckne nsmkn, o1nnukunecn, kk cksno amue, nekcnkonornuecknn
psnnunnn n rp1nuecknn cxopc1an, coaepuenno ne noxoxn n nsmkn
aoc1ouno snn, opnko pecko11 c npncyue ey nponnu1enLnoc1Lk o1eue1, u1o
onn 1kxe ne noxoxn n ppyr n ppyr, n ecnn 6m a1oro qk1 6mno poc11ouno, u1o6m
o1pnu1L acnkoe popc1ao 6opnrenoa oaoro Cae1 c onronn, 1orp npnunocL 6m
o1penn1L a1n npopm ppyr o1 ppyr, u1o a npnnunne neaosoxno. npnep, cxopc1ao
o1onckoro nsmk c opnocnoxnmn nsmkn aoc1ouno snn oueanpno, n, neco1pn n
noxec1ao npnece, epnknckne npeunn a nmneune caoe anpe ne o1pnuk1
popc1a 1ex, k1o roaopn1 n nnx, c qnncko pco.
1o kce1cn nn1ennek1ynLnmx cnoco6noc1e a1o rpynnm, oxno o1e1n1L
neckonLko xpk1epnmx oco6ennoc1e, ko1opme nosaonnk1 coc1an1L onpepenennoe
nenne ns noxec1a npo1naopeunamx 1ouek spennn. 6ypy npnpepxna1Lcn qk1oa
n ne co6npkcL nn cnnuko aosamu1L, nn cnnuko npnnnx1L epnkncknx
nnpeuea. eko1opme yuenme nso6pxk1 nx kk o6pseu roppoc1n n nesancnoc1n
pyx n n a1o ocnoannn npouk1 n nkpoepc1ao. [pyrne, nnpo1na, ynpekk1 a1y
pcy a uypoanuno aronse, o1kyp nponcxopn1 kpnnn xec1okoc1L. D1o1 asrnnp
xpk1epen pnn ncnncknx a1opoa.
e ne enee, npn ace nenpepasn1oc1n nenLsn ne npnsn1L, u1o 1kn 1ouk spennn
nee1 npao n cyuec1aoanne, n a1o npnsnk1 nc1opnkn epnkn. norp, yun1man
xonopnyk sno6noc1L a1nx pnkpe n nx roppm xpk1ep, nx cun1k1 no1okn
nn.
pnko epnknckoro 6opnren ne c1on1 cnnuko ynpek1L s 1o, u1o on ec1 caonx
nnennnkoa nnn nc1nse1 nx. ce npopm a 1o nnn nno c1enenn rpeunm a a1o: ace
peno nnuL a o1nax, ko1opme c1on1 s 1knn noc1ynkn. epnkneu npeaocxopn1
xec1okoc1Lk coro 1enepen1noro nerp nnn coro koapnoro qnnn a cnny
6espsnnunn, c ko1opm on o1nocn1cn k caoe xnsnn. Moxno cks1L, u1o c1pc1n y
nero o1cy1c1ayk1, noa1oy on ne ncnm1mae1 xnoc1n nn k uyxn, nn k caon, pxe
cm 6nnskn, nkpn.
pnn cnoao, epnknckn 6opnren, panopyunm k ce6e nopo6nm, o1nocn1cn k
nn ncxopn ns nx nonLsm pnn nero. Y nero ne1 uyac1a npekpcnoro, xennnn ero
orpnnuenm qnsnonornuecknn no1pe6noc1nn. nepao ec1e y nero nnu, n
a1opo opexp, npnue pxe a xonopnmx ponx. CounnLnme nonn1nn, ykpuennn
n 6or1c1a no pnn nero snu1.
o a1o nn a koe epe ne cansno c nepoc11ko y: y y nero ec1L, n epnkneu
yno1pe6nne1 ero n ypoane1aopenne caoero arons. ro ocnoano nonn1nueckn
npnnunn - nesancnoc1L, no ne ero npop nnn nneenn, ero nnunn
nesancnoc1L. k oxno enLue nopunnn1Lcn, u1o6m enLue xep1aoa1L caonn
npnxo1nn n akycn - ao1 rnann s6o1 rypnn n unnyk. 1ckp nponcxopn1
ace, u1o npnnnk1 s 6nropopc1ao nnpeckoro xpk1ep. neko1opmx ec1nmx
nneenx ec1L aoxpn, xo1n n nopunnnk1cn 1onLko no epe oco6o neo6xopnoc1n.
x anc1L apeennn, n nnen oxe1 a nk6oe apen o1o6p1L ee. a1o o1nouennn
pnkpn epnkn - kpnne pecny6nnknum.
1ko cn1yunn nkpn 1nn1nname nnn cun1kune ce6n 1koamn, nkpn
6nunosnme yno1pe6nnk1 cao y pnn 1oro, u1o6m y6epn1L caonx conneennnkoa,
ao-nepamx, a nnkuenoc1n caoero conepnnk, ao-a1opmx, a caonx poc1onnc1ax, pnn
a1oro n npnxopn1cn noc1onnno ncnonLsoa1L ace cpepc1a. 1ckp aenepeunaoc1L
a1nx pnkpe npn ace nx apoxpenno onunnaoc1n. co6pnnnx nnn n
npspnnunmx c6opnux, korp ne1 neo6xopnoc1n o1c1na1L nnunm nn1epec, cnoa
nponsnocn1cn pepko.
1o, u1o a1n nkpn nxopn1 nonesnm, 1. e. nnuy n sun1y o1 nenoropm, a
c1penennn coxpnn1L nesancnoc1L ao nn 1epnnLnmx 6nr, n a xonopno
6espsnnunn k 6nnxney, n anxy y nnx nponanenne xen1oro npnnunn.
1k, qnsnonornn n nnnranc1nk, oco6enno nepan, yksmak1 n 1o, u1o qnnckn
cyunoc1L npncy1c1aye1 ao acex 1pex kpynnmx psnoanpnoc1nx xn1ene epnkn:
ceaep, kro-snp n kro-aoc1ok. enepL noco1pn, kkne a1nnueckne npnunnm
psnoo6psnnn nx xpk1epm po 6eckoneunoc1n, n nonpo6ye ampenn1L o1penLnme
rpynnm.
senenne unc1oro xen1oro 1nn, korp ono nponcxopn1 ny1e npneunannn
6enmx npnnunnoa, kk a1o neno ec1o y cnann n kenL1oa, nnn, ckxe, y
knprnsoa, nopoxpe1 nkpe, nopo6nmx ko1opm a epnke n ne anxy. s
epnkncknx 6opnrenoa n rnnoa nnn aenpoa 6onLue acero noxoxn, a cmcne
aneunoc1n, uepokn, xo1n specL npo cpen1L noro oroaopok. orp peuL npe1 o
ceuennn xen1oro n 6enoro uenoaek, a ocnoano nsenne1cn 1enocnoxenne, ne
nnuo. uepokn nnonnk1 eaponeckn 1nn nenno uep1n nnu. ns a1nx
pnkpe ne yskne, ne pckocme, ne nenLkne, kk y 6pe1onuea nnn 6onLunnc1a
pyccknx a Cn6npn; y nnx npno noc a o1nnune o1 xen1o-6enmx e1ncoa. oa1oy ne1
ocnoann nonr1L, u1o qnnckne aneen1m epnkncknx npopoa anponsennnncL
s cue1 kon1k1oa c 6nropopno pco.
31o qnsnueckne xpk1epnc1nkn canpe1enLc1ayk1 o npncy1c1ann uepno npnecn.
cnoann psnoanpnoc1L epnkncknx 1nnoa ypnan1enLno coo1ae1c1aye1 ne enee
unpokoy psnoo6psnk 1nnoa y nonnnesncknx nneen n nuea Kro-oc1ouno
snn. [e1nLnoe nsyuenne canpe1enLc1aye1 o npncy1c1ann uepno npnecn a
onronLcko ocnoae. kn o6pso, coaokynnoc1L ec1nmx rpynn epnknckoro
kon1nnen1 coc1anne1 ae1aL ncknx npopoa a 1o epe, a kko a1o1 1epnn
oxno npnenn1L k npopyk1 qnnnoennncko cecn o1 Mprckp po
Mpknscknx oc1poaoa, o1 n1n po oc1poa cxn.
o kkn o6pso orn yc1noan1Lcn cansL expy payn 1nnn - xen1mn n
uepnmn - a aoc1ouno uc1n kxnoro nonyupnn? 1ae1n1L n a1o1 aonpoc ouenL
necnoxno. Mexpy Mprckpo n nepam nckn oc1poao (Uenon) pcc1onnne
ne enee 12 rppycoa no ponro1e, expy 1e kk o1 nonnn po u1kn n o1
no6epexLn snn po no6epexLn epnkn coace nepneko. e cnepye1 s6ma1L, u1o
m yxe o1eunn npncy1c1ane uepnmx nneen n ceaepnmx oc1poax nonnn a
o1nocn1enLno nepanne apeen. C ppyro c1oponm, ecnn nckne npopm ornn
nepeeu1Lcn c pxnnenr n pxnnenr po oc1poa cxn, 1o o1 nocnepne 1oukn
ne coc1annno nnkkoro 1pyp npoponxn1L ny1L po no6epexLn nnn uepes oc1poa,
pcnonoxennme n a1o ny1n: Cn, Cen-6pys, Cen-Oepnnpec. 1k, epnk
6mn poc1ynn c snp kk n ceaepe, 1k n n kre. c1L n ppyrne qk1m,
pccenakune conennn o1nocn1enLno qnsnuecko aosoxnoc1n 1knx ny1euec1an
[M a aHxcu nHn Hanaa a Hky,
ncknuky a sx aax nnaa acvm am. ak
amaa H, v a ac caa xr kaa a x caHan aca nmna c
anaa, a a 1833 r y nncky xky acn aH a x caH
nxu Hk.].
neen cmx 1enokoxnx 6opnrenoa o6n1k1 n snpno no6epexLe, noa1oy
oxno sknkun1L, u1o 1 n nponcxopnnn ocnoanme kon1k1m expy uepnm, nnn
ckopee nckn, aneen1o n xen1m aneen1o. pnnna a1y 1ouky spennn, oxno
o16pocn1L 1k nsmaeyk knn1nueckyk rnno1esy a o6Lncnennn 1oro qk1, nouey
u1ekn n knkncm, xnayune a o1nocn1enLno xonopnmx ropx, 6onee cyrnme, ue
6psnnLckne nneen, ko1opme 6popn1 no pannn n 6eper pek. orp ne1
ocnoann roaopn1L o 1o, u1o ecnn a1n pnkpn nek1 6nepno-xen1yk koxy, 1o a1o
o6Lncnne1cn xnsnLk a 1ennc1mx necx. popm snpnoro no6epexLn - cme
cyrnme, no1oy u1o 6onLue nponn1nm ennncko kpoaLk, yun1man 6nnsoc1L
pxnnenroa nxoro oken. 6 a1o xe roaopn1 n nyk ncnxonornn.
ce cksnnoe amue o npnpope epnkncknx nnpeuea corncye1cn c 1e, u1o n
nsaec1no o xpk1epe nsncko pcm. pnn arons, 6ess6o1noc1L, nenL,
xonopnn xec1okoc1L - ocnoa npaoa ekcnknuea, nepynuea, rypnn, ryponoa,
snc1aoannn y ncenennn ac1pnnn. poe 1oro, akyc k nonesnoy, nonn1oy a
co nnsko cmcne, 6onee npk1nunm y no cpanennk c nerpo n c1penenne k
nnuno nesancnoc1n. n1e m anpenn nckyk psnoanpnoc1L,
npeaocxopnuyk uepnyk n xen1yk pcm, 1k n specL ec1L epnknum c 6onee
ampxennmn yxcknn kuec1an, ue y nneen qpnknckoro kon1nnen1. op
annnnne 6onee 6nropopnmx aneen1oa, kk n num Bnn, Cy1pm, am, onn
nenn unannnsunn, nyc1L neponroaeunme, no n ne nnuennme poc1onnc1a.
D1n unannnsunn ornn spopn1Lcn 1onLko 1, rpe cyuec1aoan 6nrop1nn noua
a nnue nckoro ceec1a a coue1nnn c 6onLun konnuec1ao ennncknx
aneen1oa. oa1oy nx cnepye1 nck1L a ec1x, nn6onee 6nnsknx k pxnnenr
nxoro oken. D1o coo1ae1c1aye1 pec1an1enLnoc1n. n6onLuero psan1nn poc1nrn
Mekcnk n no6epexLe epy.
enLsn o6o1n onunne pcnpoc1pnennm npeppccypok acex epnkncknx
npopoa, nekun, anpno, a1nnueckyk npnunny. ce 6opnrenm cun1k1 npnsnko
kpco1m nok1m n nnskn no6. o nornx ec1x, pcnonoxennmx pneko ppyr o1
ppyr, nnpnep, n 6eperx ony6nn n a ppeane c1pne nepyncknx pcoa,
cyuec1aoan o6mu cneunnLno peqopnpoa1L uepen y pe1e pnnero aospc1,
cxnn ero nnc1nnkn [Y crnmx aHaaca, a nv x nka,
vn yx nnck, k cnam acaan x kaaucn akr
mvan. s cnyvncu nuk a snxy ka, a XIV a. 3a r cxan
vyk nyH, vH canucay Hccm].
npoue, a1o1 o6mu cyuec1aoan ne 1onLko a oao Cae1e. eko1opme rynnckne
nneen, ceunnme c onronn, ncnonLsoann ero pnn nsenennn qopm ronoam y
npenuea pnn 1oro, u1o6m npnp1L n 6onLue cxopc1a c pnc1okp1nuecko
pco. e1 conenn a 1o, u1o epnknckne nnpeum 1e cm c1pnncL
noxopn1L n nsnuea c nx nnpnpnLno ronoao, ko1opn npepc1anne1 co6o
coue1nne qopm uepenno kopo6kn qnnn n nerp. kn o6pso, o6mu pen1L
no6 pe1e 6onee nnockn - a1o nnunee poks1enLc1ao nsnckoro nponcxoxpennn
cmx oryuec1aennmx epnkncknx nneen, n n xouy noa1opn1L eue ps, u1o ne
cyuec1aye1, co6c1aenno roaopn, epnkncko pcm, u1o 6opnrenm a1o uc1n cae1
o1nocn1cn k onronLcko pce, a psno c1enenn ceunno nn6o c unc1mn uepnmn
aneen1n, nn6o c nun. k u1o a1 ae1aL uenoaeueckoro pepea nonnoc1Lk
coc1on1 ns e1ncoa.
Bonee 1oro, ceuenne nponsouno a ouenL pnekne apeen. Cypn no qk1, cme
c1pme ns ko1opmx, k coxnennk, ne ouenL ppeanne (ne pnee X a. n a.), ace 1pn
epnknckne rpynnm, s pepknn ncknkuennnn, nspan 6mnn npepe1o
ceuennn. Mekcnke saoea1enn coepnnnnncL c nokopennmn uepes 6pkn, u1o6m
ykpenn1L caok anc1L epynum, nmnkne nposenn1m, 1kn xe o6pso yaennunann
uncno connuenoknonnnkoa. ypnn cun1nn, u1o aonnckn uec1L sknkue1cn a
o6npnnn 6onLun uncno xen-uyxec1pnok, n coaepunn uc1me n6ern n
cocepnne nneen pnn 1oro, u1o6m nc1pe6n1L yxunn n pe1e n sxa1n1L xenunn [
xmx caax xm naaancu n ak r , v xx
nnvan maau x c yxH a ykax.] D1n xenunnm npnnocnnn c
co6o noame nsmkn, ko1opme uc1o 6mnn nenonn1nm yxunn nneenn.
koe ceuenne a none yxe nepeeunno ocnoam npnaopnno k a1nnuecko npxnn.
cnn yuec1L, u1o pxe cme cnoco6nme ns epnkncknx nneen, 1e, a ko1opmx
ocnoano xen1m aneen1 ann1n a ce6n 6onLue ennncko kpoan, nenLsn
noc1an1L n amcokyk c1ynenL uenoaeuec1a, 1orp c1noan1cn ncno, u1o nx cn6oc1L
nponcxopn1 ne o1 onopoc1n, o1 ampoxpennn, noa1oy onn nnkorp ne cornn 6m
oks1L poc1onoro conpo1nanennn n1ncky eaponeuea.
xe1cn c1pnnm, u1o a1n nneen ns6exnn pec1ann skon, ko1opm sc1anne1
ceunnme npopm npo1nan1Lcn pnLneuey ceuennk n ko1opm c oco6o cnno
nponanne1cn 1, rpe nepeeunm oco6enno nnskne a1nnueckne aneen1m. o peno
a 1o, u1o nepencmuenne ne1pnnsye1 a1o1 skon kk y cmx nnsunx, 1k n y
cmx 6nropopnmx nneen, n npnepoa 1oy neno, 1k u1o ne c1on1 ypnann1Lcn,
anpn, kk xpno 6psnnLckne xenunnm rypnn c1pen1cn a o6Ln1nn nerp. enno
a1 6ecnopnpounoc1L a cekcynLnmx cansnx nyuue acero noksmae1, po kko
c1enenn onyc1nnncL npopm oaoro Cae1 a xope a1nnuecko perppunn, nuno
ko1opo cnepye1 nck1L a ouenL pneknx apeenx.
Mm nccnepoann npnunnm pnnnx nepecenenn 6eno pcm n kr n snp n
konc11npoann, u1o onn 6mnn cnepc1ane cnnLnoro panennn co c1oponm
norouncnennmx xen1mx npopoa n ceaepo-aoc1oke. ue po nepecenennn 6enmx
xn1oa, cen1oa n pnuea qnnckn no1ok, nou1n ne ac1peun conpo1nanennn y
uepnokoxnx xn1ene n1n, xnmnyn n nnx n pneko pspannyn caon rpnnum s cue1
ceuennn. CncncL o1 xec1oknx saoea1ene, norouncnennme rpynnm 1enokoxero
ncenennn c1nn cnc1Lcn 6erc1ao n pccennncL a psnme c1oponm. pnn yunn a
ropm, ppyrne n Ooposckne oc1poa, a nonnk, n ypnnm nnn scennnn onyc1eaune
senn n snpe, rpe coepnnnnncL c xen1mn nneenn, ko1opme ne yuc1aoann a
o6ue no1oke nepencenennn.
o ny1L ns Kxno snn n ppyro kon1nnen1 oksncn conpnxen c noxec1ao
1pypnoc1e n npenn1c1an; c ppyro c1oponm, npnunnm, ko1opme amsann ncxop ns
epnkn orponmx cc xen1oro ncenennn, ne nosaonnnn norn ec1nm nneen
oc11Lcn n popno 1eppn1opnn. kn o6pso, ec1noe ncenenne cnnLno nopepeno
n nnkorp ne corno onpan1Lcn o1 a1o yxcno k1c1poqm, amnypnaue a1n ccm
nck1L cncennn a ppyrnx ec1x. cnn ekcnknum n nepynum npepc1annnn co6o
kkyk-1o konk1nyk coaokynnoc1L a rnsx ncnnuea, 1o nop1yrnLum nunn
Bpsnnnk noncenenno, 1k xe kk nrnnune n ceaepe ac1pe1nnn pepkne
nneen, 6popnaune n 6eckpnnx npoc1opx.
nn1enLnme n po6pocoaec1nme n6nkp1enn yanpenn a 6opnrenx oaoro Cae1
nanme npnsnkn counnLnoro ampoxpennn n peunnn, u1o a1o pesynL11 ronnn korp-
1o npouae1kuero o6uec1a. pnko a1o coaepuenno neaepno. D1o 6mn pesynL11
cn6o kpoan, nsnunLno coc1onaue ns cmx nnsunx aneen1oa. D1n npopm
6mnn nc1onLko 6eccnnLnm, u1o pxe korp anpenn pnpo c co6o ec1nme
unannnsunn, onn oksmanncL necnoco6nmn nn1npoa1L nx, 1k kk onn ne snnn
pxe senk, n ko1opo xnnn. nepnn Mekcnkn n epy, pa npknx nponanennn
ec1noro rennn, nxopnnncL coace pnpo ppyr c ppyro, no yuenme 1k n ne
o6npyxnnn nn opno cansykue nn1n expy nnn. ce roaopn1 o 1o, u1o onn
npoc1o ne snnn ppyr ppyr.
pnko onn nm1nncL pcunpn1L caon rpnnum, no pspennaune nx nneen,
oc1anncL rnyxn k annnnnk counnLnoro xpk1ep, 1k u1o pa psan1mx o6uec1a
6mnn oc1poakn, nnkk ne annnaunn ppyr n ppyr.
Mexpy 1e onn ponroe apen psananncL a skny1o npoc1pnc1ae n poc1nrnn
onpepenennoro oryuec1a. Mekcnknum ne 6mnn nepamn unannns1opn a a1o
c1pne. [o nnx, 1. e. po X a. n. a., 1onL1ekn ocnoann specL 6onLune nocenennn,
nepep 1onL1ekn nen ec1o anox onLekoa, ko1opme, oueanpno, n 6mnn
nc1onunn ocnoa1ennn a1nx 6onLunx n aneu1nnkunx coopyxenn, psannnm
ko1opmx c1on1 nocpepn rnyxnx necoa Kk1n. popnme c1enm ns rpy6mx kne,
1nnyunecn n 6onLune pcc1onnnn, npnpk1 a1n nn1nnk aennuec1aennm anp,
oco6enno nocpepn 6or1o n puno pc1n1enLnoc1n. ocne noropneanoro
y1on1enLnoro ny1n uepes peac1aennme nec nn ny1euec1aennnk sc1mae1,
nopxennm spennue a1nx oc11koa uenoaeuecko mcnn, nannkunx co6o
necpanennyk kpco1y. o korp, onpanauncL o1 nepamx aneu1nenn, on
pcc1pnae1 cpennnme pncynkn n nepeun1mae1 ny1eame se1kn, on npnxopn1 k
amaopy, u1o ace yanpennoe ne nanne1cn peno pyk xypoxec1aenno oppennoro nnn
xo1n 6m amcoko npk1nunoro npop.
CkynLn1ypnme ykpuennn n c1enx amnonnenm ncknkun1enLno rpy6o n ne necy1
nnkknx cnepoa nckycc1a. o1nnune o1 cen1cknx nn1nnkoa ccnpnn specL
o1cy1c1aye1 noqeos 1epnn n cnnm. D1o po6kne nonm1kn nn1npoa1L qopy
uenoaek n xnao1nmx. Myxckne pcm, kk npanno, ne pk1 ce6e 1pyp
nrpooxp1L knn ppyr n ppyr, n nnrpe ne1 1epnnLno nyxpm pen1L a1o.
oa1oy nnuero nopo6noro ne ac1peue1cn a n1e, korp cpepneaekoan apon
aosaopnn caon co6opm, ponckn pyx yxe npnann e uyac1ao npekpcnoro n
cnoco6noc1L k nnc1nueckn nckycc1a, ko1opme 6enn pc xopouo aocnpnnne1 n
poaopn1 nx po coaepuenc1a, no 1onLko uepes nocpepc1ao ennnckoro aneen1.
cospnnn kk1ncknx coopyxenn 1kxe yuc1aoan nerpn1nnckn aneen1, on
apoxnoann xen1me nnc1nnk1m, neckonLko aosamcnn akycm xen1o pcm, no on ne
cor npnan1L e akyc k nc1onuey cosnpnnk.
eo6xopno amaec1n eue opno cnepc1ane ns nsyuennn a1nx nn1nnkoa. [eno a 1o,
u1o nckn npop, ko1opm nx noc1ponn, ne 1onLko ne o6npn xypoxec1aennm
akyco a amcoko cmcne a1oro cnoa, no k 1oy xe npepc1annn co6o no6epn1ene,
neaunx a pcnopnxennn nokopennme ccm. pnopopnm n cao6opnm npop
nnkorp ne cospe1 1kne 1aopennn: ey nyxnm apoxnoan1enn-uyxec1pnum, korp y
nero nepoc1e1 aoo6pxennn, nnn uyxec1pnum-ncnonnn1enn, korp aoo6pxenne y
nero 6or1oe. nepao cnyue on ncnonLsye1 xn1oa, cen1oa, pnuea-npnuea
nnn nnpycoa, repnuea, 1. e. corncno nonn1nn nk6mx npopoa - 6oroa, nony6oroa,
repoea, canuennnkoa nnn oryuec1aennmx 6nropopnmx nkpe. o a1opo nenLsn
o6o1ncL 6es nop6ouennmx cc, u1o6m aonno1n1L smcnm caoero rennn. 3pennue
psannn Kk1n naopn1 n mcnL o 1o, u1o ceunnoe ncenenne a1o c1pnm, a
nepnop c1pon1enLc1a a1nx paopuoa, nxopnnocL nop anc1Lk 1ko xe ceunno
pcm, 1onLko copepxaue a ce6e ennnckn aneen1.
onL1ekn n u1ekn ysnann ppyr ppyr no neamcokoy n6y n cae1no-onnakoaoy
uae1y koxn. nn npnunn c ceaepo-snp, rpe a okpec1noc1nx y1ykn po cnx nop
xnay1 popc1aennme n nneen, n o6ocnoanncL cpepn 6opnrenoa, ko1opme yxe
ncnm1nn n ce6e anc1L onLekoa n npnannn n unannnsunk, ypnannkuyk nc
ceropnn.
pn ann1enLno nsyuennn ekcnkncko kynL1ypm apeen u1ekoa oxno yanpe1L
aennuec1aennme coopyxennn, kpcname 1knn, nsmcknnme npam. p ace a1n
c1on1 onpxnueckn neppxnn, ceunnn co xpeuec1ao, ko1opn nee1 ec1o
ackpy, rpe npopnme ccm nxopn1cn nop anc1Lk npop-saoea1enn. 3n1L ne
nnuen aonnc1aenno aneprnn n nonne1 rocyppc1aennoe npanenne 1k, kk a1o
caoc1aenno xen1o pce. c1pne cyuec1aoan n nn1ep1yp. coxnennk,
ncnnckne nc1opnkn noroe ncksnnn a a1o o1nouennn. pnko oxno o1e1n1L, u1o
kn1ckn akyc, ampxkuncn a opnLno cqepe n a nsnp1enLno noasnn
u1ekoa. Mekcnknckne aoxpn, nopo6no ace epnknckn kcnk, ncnm1mann
npnc1pc1ne k aenepeunaoy kpcnopeunk. yxe roaopnn o6 nc1okx a1oro 1nn1.
onn1nueckoe kpcnopeune, ue1koe, npoc1oe, kp1koe, nannkueecn 1onLko
ampxenne cy1n aeue, cnyxn1 nnc1pyen1o cao6opm n yppoc1n y pnuea acex
nneen, y popnuea, y pncknx cen1opoa c6nnnncko anoxn. o coace nnoe peno
- an1nea1oe nonn1nueckoe kpcnopeune, kynL1nanpyeoe cneunnLno, aosamuennoe
po ypoann nckycc1a, ko1opoe, a koneuno cue1e, c1noan1cn pn1opnko. ro npo
cun11L npnm pesynL11o npeno pso6uennoc1n pcm n ee opnLno nsonnunn.
Mm anpenn a1o y kxnmx rpekoa n cen1nsnpoannmx pnnnn. ro spu -
co6nsnn1L, o6ny1L, yaneuL, aec1o 1oro, u1o6m y6epn1L. koe kpcnopeune"
nonynnpno y npopoa, ne nekunx o6ue uenn n aonn, ne snkunx caoero ny1n,
o1pkunxcn acnkoy, k1o kpcnao roaopn1. ecnn ekcnknum 1k amcoko noun1nn
kpcnopeunaoc1L, snun1 pxe nx pnc1okp1nn ne 6mn opnopopno.
e1mpe pocpnmx qk1 nop1n1 aneu1nenne o1 u1ekcko unannnsunn.
ep1nueckne uenoaeueckne xep1aonpnnouennn cun1nncL y nnx opno ns ocnoa
counnLno oprnnsunn, opno ns rnanmx spu rocyppc1aenno n o6uec1aenno
xnsnn. D1o 6mn nopnLnn xec1okoc1L, y6nakun 6es ps6op yxunn, xenunn,
c1pnkoa, pe1e; on 1aopnn ccoaoe y6nc1ao n nxopnn a a1o nensLncnnoe
ypoaonLc1ane. e1 cmcn nnonn1L, nckonLko a1n y6nc1a o1nnunncL o1
uenoaeuecknx xep1aonpnnouenn, ko1opme npk1nkoanncL a repncko npe. cno,
u1o nc1ounnko a1oro o6mun 6mno perppnpykuee npespenne k xnsnn n pyue,
o6ycnoanennoe uepno-xen1o cecLk, ko1opn cqopnpoan a1y pcy.
u1ekn nnkorp ne snnnncL opounnanne xnao1nmx n ne snnn akyc onok.
D1 xe c1pnnoc1L n6nkpe1cn y neko1opmx rpynn xen1oro ceec1a.
nn nenn rpqnueckyk cnc1ey, n on 6mn ypnan1enLno coaepuenno. x
nncLennoc1L npepc1annn co6o 1onLko cepnk pncynkoa npeorpqnueckoro
xpk1ep. pneko po ernne1cknx nepornnqoa. ko e1op ncnonLsoancn pnn
coxpnennn nc1opnuecknx qk1oa, pnn nepepun pcnopnxenn n coo6uenn. D1o
6mno ouenL neypo6no, no u1ekn n ne c1pennncL ycoaepuenc1aoa1L caok
nncLennoc1L. a1o o1nouennn onn c1onnn nnxe onLekoa, caonx
npepuec1aennnkoa, ko1opme cun1k1cn ocnoa1ennn nenkn, cypn no neko1opm
npnncn n coxpnnaunxcn pynnx, rpe anpnm qone1nueckne snkn.
koneu, a1o1 npop, xnaun y opn, n sene, rpe noro pek, ne snn cypoxopc1a n
nonLsoancn 1onLko npnn1nanmn nnporn n nno1n.
Ly T
o1 nop1pe1 unannnsunn, cokpyuenno op1eco. c1e1cn po6an1L, u1o a1o1
saoea1enL sc1n ee a nopy pcuae1: ocnoanne c1onnum, enou1n1nn, aocxopn1
k 1325 r. [oc11ouno 6mno ropc1kn 6enmx e1ncoa, u1o6m nnsaeprny1L ee a ne6m1ne!
orp 6mn ynnu1oxen nonn1nueckn qop, ne oc1nocL n cnep 1ex poc1nxenn,
n ko1opme on onnpncL. e 6onee c1oko oksncL n nepynckn kynL1yp.
npmuec1ao nnkoa, kk n 1onL1ekoa n u1ekoa, cennnocL ppyro nnepne -
pcoa, rnano 1eppn1opne ko1opmx 6mnn amcokoropnme ponnnm a npx, n
6epery osep n1nkk. Coxpnnaunecn 1 nn1nnkn pk1 ocnoanne nonr1L, u1o
pcm npeaocxopnnn nepynuea, ko1opme 1onLko konnpoann nx. p6nnLn
cnpaepnnao o1eue1, u1o ckynLn1ypm nxynko o1nnuk1cn 6onLue
y1onuennoc1Lk, ue nospnne nn1nnkn, n a nnx oxno n1n c1penenne k
npenLnoy.
nkn cnyc1nnncL c rop n snp a conpoaoxpennn neckonLknx nneen. D1o 6mno a XI
a. n. a., n neo6munm nanne1cn 1o1 qk1, u1o npanuee ceec1ao 6mno ouenL
os6oueno coxpnenne unc1o1m caoe kpoan. o paopue ycko nnep1op xennncn
1onLko n caonx popnmx cec1px, u1o6m o6ecneun1L uenoc1noc1L ncnepc1aennoc1n, n
a kpyry cmx 6nnsknx popc1aennnkoa nonLsoancn 1onLko canuennm nsmko,
ko1opm, no ace aepon1noc1n, 6mn pcckn.
kne a1nnueckne npepoc1opoxnoc1n npanuero ceec1a canpe1enLc1ayk1 o 1o,
u1o renenornueckn snunoc1L co pcm-saoea1enLnnum amsmae1 conenne
nkn, c1onaune pneko o1 1pon, am6npnn 1knx xen, kkne n npannncL. e ne
enee, ecnn y nx pe1e npepkn no 1epnncko nnnnn 6mnn 6opnrenm, neco1pn
n 1epnnoc1L, nx ne ponycknn k onpepenennm ponxnoc1n. oa1oy onn ne
ncnm1mann oco6o npepnnoc1n k pexny, npn ko1opo xnnn, n noa1oy ncppo
1k nerko cannn aepxyuky a1oro o6uec1a, n nepynum pxe ne nm1nncL
aocc1noan1L ee.
nkn ne snn1nnn ce6n ccoamn y6nc1an,
nnpo1na, nx pexn 6mn ouenL nrkn. cnoanoe
nx annnne 6mno nnpaneno n rpnkynL1ypy, a
o1nnune o1 u1ekoa onn npnpyunn nLnkcoa n
n. e o1nnunncL onn nk6oaLk k kpcnopeunk,
k cnoaecnm 61nnn, n amcun skono y nnx
6mno nccnanoe noannoaenne. epy ne
pccyxpnn, nnue ne anpenn, n ace p6o1nn n
npan1enn. cnoann qynkunn unnoannkoa
coc1onn a 1o, u1o6m pcnpepenn1L cpepn cee
npnun1kuykcn n ponk o6uero 1pyp. xpm
c1pncn p6o11L noenLue, no1oy u1o paenne
ne pano nnkknx npenyuec1a n npnannern.
nkkne caepxuenoaeueckne 1nn1m ne ornn
nopnn1L nx o6np1enn n 6onee amcokyk
counnLnyk c1ynenL. kpn nnnn, enn, cnnn,
rnanoe - npoc1npnncL nnu nepep nnep1opo
n ero npn6nnxennmn, 1kn o6pso, nepynckoe
o6uec1ao 6mno onunnam n ouenL nccnanm.
31o ono 6mno 6onee npr1nunm, ue
ekcnknckoe. ono kpynnmx cenLckoxosnc1aennmx coopyxenn nnkn c1ponnn
o1nnunme poporn n nopaecnme oc1m. o cnoco6 nepepun mcnn 6mn cm
npnn1nanm n pxe yc1ynn pncynk nxyk.
nn 1k xe, kk n u1ekn, ne yenn c1pon1L cyp, n ope a nx pone oc1anocL
6esnkpnm. c11n, pxe rypnn n kpn6m, saoea1enn n1nnLcknx oc1poaoa,
1oxe nenn 1onLko ampon6nennme ns c1aon pepea nnporn.
Co acen caonn poc1onnc1an n nepoc11kn nepynckn unannnsunn 6mn 6onee
pcnonoxen k nenoc1n xen1o pcm, expy 1e kk k1nann xec1okoc1L
ekcnknuea canpe1enLc1aye1 o ennncko popc1ae. pn 1ko rny6oko
a1nnuecko ceuennn pc oaoro Cae1 apnp nn oxno ceropnn ampenn1L nkncm,
o1nnukune psnnunme coc1anme aneen1m.
c1e1cn pcco1pe1L 1pe1n epnknckn npop, xnaun n ceaepnmx pannnx, y
nopnoxnn nnernncknx rop, a ouenL pnekne apeen. c11kn kpynnmx
coopyxenn n norouncnennme ornnm uc1o ac1peuk1cn a 1ex ec1x. x oxno
pspenn1L n neckonLko k1eropn, ko1opme o1nocn1cn k psnm anox n pc. o
n a a1o aonpoce noro nencnoro. [o cnx nop ne o6npyxeno nnuero nosn1nanoro n
a1o1 cue1. oa1oy ne c1on1 yrny6nn1Lcn a npo6ney, c1onL no nsyuennyk, u1o6m ne
oks1Lcn a nneny nyc1mx rnno1es [anvm naHnk vu ry am
acncam annu a Mkck an. km
acxn k ankH aHaH H mn k mmH
aHkackH acaH. x cny c k cnaH nammx a,
nsHy x cu ara. Hx, annram nan
mmH n-nanaH HHvcky ncuHcu, ncaanny
c nanu Hm ak, avam a nnk nn r, vm
anHu an kakr- acr cmn.]. c1an a nokoe
nnernnckne nneen n cpsy nepepe k pcco1pennk oen1, ko1opm
npepc1anne1 co6o 1pypnoc1L a onpepenennn nc1okoa nx kynL1ypm, 1kxe kynL1ypm
ekcnkncko n nepyncko nnepnn psnmx anox. 3pecL aosnnke1 aonpoc: nouey
neko1opme epnknckne npopm nopnnnncL amue oc1nLnmx n nouey uncno 1knx
npopoa 1k no?
1o6m o1ae1n1L, poc11ouno acnonn1L, u1o nx psan1ne uc1nuno onpepennnocL
cnyunmn ko6nnunnn xen1mx n uepnmx aneen1oa. cxopn ns a1oro oxno
cks1L, u1o epnknckne unannnsunn a npnnunne ne nopnnnncL amue 1oro
ypoann, kkoro poc1nrnn nyuune nckne nneen onnnesnn. e ne enee, a
counnLno oprnnsunn u1ekoa n knunnoa ec1L neu1o 1koe, u1o c1an1 ee amue
o6ps xnsnn a onr-6y nnn n anx: 6onee 1ecnn nunonnLnn cansL,
6onee ue1koe ocosnnne uenn, ko1opn, a caok ouepepL, 1kxe 6onee cnoxnn. 1k,
oxno sknkun1L cnepykuee: neco1pn n 1o, u1o a1n unannnsunn pneko po
snpnoro kon1nnen1, a nnx uyac1aye1cn npncy1c1ane 6nropopnoro, k1nanoro n
aneprnunoro aneen1, n 1kn aneen1o n 3ene or 6m1L 1onLko 6enm. nx
nepoc11kn o6Lncnnk1cn cn6oc1Lk nx nc1okoa.
Benme aneen1m ne ornn cqopnpoa1L ocnoay
counnLnoro ckene1: onn 1onLko npnpnn o6uec1ay
o6Lepnnnkuyk cnny, n nnuero 6onLue. ne ypnocL
konconnpnpoa1L aecL counnLnm oprnns. nepnn
nxyk p1npye1cn 1onLko X a., nepynckn
nonanncL a XI a., n ne1 nnkknx canpe1enLc1a 1oro, u1o
npepuec1aykune n o6uec1a yxopn1 kopnnn a
pnekne apeen. y6onLp1 cun1e1, u1o aospc1
counnLnoro panxennn a epnke ne npeamue1 nn1n
c1one1n. k 6m 1o nn 6mno, o6 aennknx rocyppc1a,
pspyuennmx op1eco n ncppo, snenyk1 co6o
ynpok, no1oy u1o nxyk c1on1 nnxe onLekoa,
o6uec1ao a epyncknx npx - nnxe pcoa.
pncy1c1ane 6enmx aneen1oa nop1aepxpe1cn cnn
epnkncknn npepnnnn konu X n nun XI a.,
ko1opme pounn k n uepes cknpnnaoa. nkn snannn
ncnnu, u1o pennrnk n skonm n npnnecnn
uyxeseum 6eno pcm. nn pxe roaopnnn, u1o y a1nx nkpe 6mnn pnnnnme 6opopm,
uero aoo6ue ne1 y kopennmx epnknuea. kne canpe1enLc1a scnyxnak1
annnnn, neco1pn n nx nqonornueckn xpk1ep.
ue opno y6epn1enLnoe nop1aepxpenne amuecksnnoy. Cknpnnam cnnpnn n
pennnpnn a X a. 6mnn yaepenm a 1o, u1o expy Ceaepno epnko n cnnpne
nenn ec1o cansn a co pneko ppeanoc1n. c1ounnko pnn nnx cnyxnnn
pccksm xn1ene nepnk, ko1opme coaepunn akcnepnunn a epnky, n nnorp
u1op o16pcman nx kop6nn nn6o n ncnnpckn 6eper, nn6o pxe n
epnknckoe no6epexLe. pnn rnnLckn aonn no nenn Mpok o1nnmn c oc1poa
Bpn1nnn n coaepunn pnekoe ny1euec1ane n snp. n po6pncn po nensaec1no
senn n neko1opoe apen npo6mn 1. o korp on aepnyncn poo, ero c1n
neo1c1ynno npecnepoa1L mcnL o 1o, u1o6m cnoa o1npan1Lcn a sopckyk senk,
1nnc1aennn n npekpcnn npnpop ko1opo nponsaen n nero cnnLnoe
aneu1nenne, n nocenn1Lcn 1. n co6pn nkpe - yxunn n xenunn, - snccn
npoansne n n neckonLknx kop6nnx o1npanncn a ny1L. BonLue o ne nnuero ne
cnmunn. D1 nc1opnn 6mn nc1onLko nonynnpn y rpennnpcknx cknpnnaoa, u1o a
1121 r. ennckon Dpnk o1nnmn a 1y pnekyk ncnnpckyk kononnk, u1o6m npnnec1n
nocenenu y1euenne n ykpenn1L nx a aepe.
kne npepnnn cyuec1aoann ne 1onLko a pennnpnn n cnnpnn. s cnnpnn onn
pcnpoc1pnnnncL a nrnnk, rpe a nnx noaepnnn 6esoroaopouno, n nonckn
no1okoa Mpok k1nano snnnncL nrnnckne nocenenum a npe; ncnnum ao
apeen pnc1oqop ony6 1kxe ncknn noppnnmx aennkoro kn1ckoro xn a
ncnnnone. [xe nonannncL canpe1enLc1a o 1o, u1o a nnpecko nneenn
npn o6npyxnnn no1okoa rnnLcknx nepecenenuea. oneuno, ace a1n
pccksm ne nek1 y6epn1enLnoro nop1aepxpennn, no nx ppeanoc1L ne amsmae1
conenn.
pesynL11e ncnnpum cknpnnackoro nponcxoxpennn npno6penn peny1unk
o1axnmx nck1ene npnknkuenn. koe nenne 1e 6onee cnpaepnnao, u1o eue a
795 r. openna1enn a1o pcm amcpnnncL a cnnpnn, 1orp eue nnke ne
scenenno, n ocnoann 1 onc1mpn. pn nopaexu - 6or ope ppor n pa
repon, nrynLq n Lepneq, - nocnepoann a1oy npnepy n a 874 r. ocnoann n
oc1poae kononnk ns cknpnnacknx pnc1okp1oa, ko1opme, cncncL o1 pecno1ns
pnLp, ncknn noayk senk, rpe onn ornn npoponx1L nesancnoe n roppoe
cyuec1aoanne ppeanepncknx opanoa. Mm npnamknn anpe1L ceropnnunkk
cnnpnk kk oc1poa pec1aykunx aynknoa n nc1ynkunx nLpoa, n n kxe1cn,
u1o a cpepnne aek on 6mn 1k xe no ncenen, kk ceropnn, n cnyxnn
npnp1ko pnn ppyrnx nopnpcknx c1pn, no m s6mae o 1o, u1o korp-1o on
6mn ouro 6ypno pen1enLnoc1n.
C a1o senn, o6nk6oanno nopaexcko sn1Lk, nunnnncL aennkne npepnpnn1nn,
a ko1opmx yuc1aoan aecL cknpnnackn np. 11yp noc1onnno o1nnmann kn1o6on
n nck1enn noamx seenL, kk n kpne ceaepo-snpe, 1k n n kro-snpe. D1o1
an1kpnm pyx noppepxnann norouncnennme cknLpm n onxn-apypn1m,
ko1opme, c opno c1oponm, necnn npy n1nunme snnnn Ceaep n aocneann caok
pcy, c ppyro c1oponm, ann1mann a ce6n kxnyk nn1ep1ypy n nepeaopnnn
ocnoanme nponsaepennn poncknx a1opoa.
kn o6pso, a X a. cnnpnn 6mn cpepo1oune nn1ennek1, nen 6onLuoe n
k1nanoe ncenenne, ko1opoe a ocnoano nepecennnocL ckp a 874 r., s1e a 986
r. ocnoano nepame nocenennn a pennnpnn. pnep 1koro cpepo1ounn cnn
nc1opnn ne sne1, s ncknkuenne, noxny, pqren. cnnpnn pec1an1enLno
nnonnn ropop [npon, 1aopenne pnc1okp1nuecko pcm, ko1opn nun a
nsrnnnn noayk popnny n onopy caonx npa.
3 nepamn cknpnnan, c1ynnaunn n 6eper pennnpnn, nocnepoann
kononnc1m, uncno ko1opmx 6mc1po yaennunanocL, n opnoapeenno nunncL opckne
ny1euec1ann n kr [yHnu Hva, v acvan nan vu
nka k ckaaackHy nnycay camH raH Una,
s accn Hx nkmu a vm n nnaaan.]. k 6mn o1kpm1
epnk, kk 6yp1o poanpennk 6mno yropno, u1o6m cna a1oro npepnpnn1nn
poc1ncL co 6nropopno ns pc.
un snnnn o6 nc1opnn o1nouenn pennnpnn c snpnm kon1nnen1o neaennkn n
ne1ounm. C yaepennoc1Lk oxno roaopn1L 1onLko o payx qk1x. o-nepamx, a X a.
cknpnnam po6pnncL po Onopnpm, rpe yanpenn annorppnnkn, noa1oy onn nsann
a1y 1ennyk senk nnnnpnn. o nx pccks, a 1o kpk nxopnncL c1pn
ppeannx npnnpcknx nocenenuea, ko1opn a pokyen1x 1o anoxn nocn1 nsanne
irttramanhakand, 1. e. C1pn 6enmx nkpe; a1o nsanne pnn e nnpeum,
nepame a1opm a1nx caepenn, 1e, k1o o6 a1o ysnnn, ne sepnnnn nepeaec1n a1o
cnoao kk Island it mikla - ennkn cnnpnn.
1opo qk1 sknkue1cn a cnepykue. [o 1374 r. expy pennnpne n nnxne
npo cyuec1aoann xopoune cansn: cknpnnam npnaosnnn o11yp c1poeao nec.
1y xe anoxy a xnsnn rpennnpckoro n ncnnpckoro ncenennn nponsoun
snun1enLnn nepeen. epnnkn, sxa1makune ace 6onLuyk 1eppn1opnk, cpennn
knn1 ouenL cypoam, nouay nonnopopopno. cenenne 6mc1po cokp1nnocL, n
ckopo pennnpnn coace onyc1en, npnue pxe nensaec1no, u1o c1no c ee
xn1ennn. pnko npnpopnme k1c1poqm ne ornn npoc1o 1k ynnu1oxn1L nx. ue
ceropnn oxno anpe1L oc11kn norouncnennmx xnnnu n uepkae, ko1opme, ckopee
acero, 6mnn 6pouenm n pspyunnncL 1onLko o1 apeenn n snyc1ennn. D1n pynnm ne
necy1 nnkknx cnepoa k1knns, ko1opm, nko6m, norno1nn 1orpunnx xn1ene.
mxopn1, xn1enn noknnynn caok senk n o1npannncL n nonckn noao. o kyp onn
nonnmnn?
Yuenm xo1enocL n1n nx cnepm a c1pnx ceaepno aponm, no onn s6mann o 1o,
u1o peuL npe1 ne o6 o1penLnmx nkpnx, nenno o ncenennn, cc ko1oporo,
nonancL on a opaernn, onnnpnn nnn epnnn, nenpeenno npnanekn 6m
annnne nc1opnkoa. pnko a1oro ne 6mno. Bonee aepon1no n 6onee nornuno
cun11L, u1o rpennnpckne cknpnnam n uc1L ncnnpuea, nspan snn o 1ennmx,
6or1mx n nnopopopnmx sennx (nnpnep, o nnnnpnn) n npnamkune nna1L a
snpnmx opnx, noc1enenno nepecennnncL n noam kon1nnen1 1ouno 1k xe, kk nx
coo1euec1aennnkn ns Laeunn n opaernn nepano noknpnn caon nenpnae1nname
cknm n o1npannnncL a occnk n nnnk.
kuec1ae o1c1ynnennn xouy o1e1n1L cnepykuee. Cknpnnam cnnpnn n
pennnpnn, xnaune a ycnoannx opan, 6onLue snnnncL nc1opne caonx cee,
ue nc1opne npop. oa1oy n rnanm o6pso nonLsoancn pounnn
xponnkn n necnnn, npocnannkunn nopanrn repoea. pn 1ko nonoxennn
aeue oxno npepnonoxn1L, u1o pccksm o ny1euec1annx s1epnnncL ao apeenn
aec1e c ceec1an, ko1opme 6mnn nx yuc1nnkn. pnnc1aennoe, u1o pouno po
nc, - a1o pokyen1m, o1nocnunecn k pce Dpnk mxero. anonne aosoxno, u1o
ecnn openna1enn ns a1oro po nenn noc1onnnme cansn c nnnnpne, ko1opyk
onn n o1kpmnn n ko1opyk cun1nn caon anpenne, 1o n ppyrne rpynnm o1npannncL
no nx cnep a ppyrne ec1 1oro 6nrop1noro kpn, ko1opme onn cun1nn caonn
anpennnn no 1oy xe npay. D1o 1onLko rnno1es, no on ne 6ecnouaenn: n opno
ncnnpcko kp1e konu XIII a. 3enn pspenen n ue1mpe uc1n - apon, snn,
qpnk n ue1aep1n uc1L, snnkun uenoe nonyupne, ko1opn nsmancL
Kxnm kp o6n1eo cyun. c11n, a1 kp1 - ne epnnc1aennn a caoe pope,
on poksmae1, u1o ncnnpum snnn ne 1onLko ceaepnyk, no n kxnyk uc1L
epnknckoro kon1nnen1.
kn o6pso, ec1nme pcm noaoro kon1nnen1 nonyunnn posy 6eno kpoan, 1e,
cpepn ko1opmx xnnn ncnnpckne nnn cknpnnackne e1ncm, cornn cosp1L
unannnsunn, expy 1e kk nx enee aesyune copopnun oc1nncL a nonypnko
coc1onnnn. o nockonLky 6enm aneen1 a ncknx ccx 6mn cnnuko cn6m,
u1o6m cosp1L u1o-nn6ypL snun1enLnoe n ponroapeennoe, 1knx o6uec1a 6mno
nenoro, n onn 6mnn cn6m, necoaepuennm n 6mc1po perppnpoann. cnn 6m ony6
snoao o1kpmn epnky ne a XV a., a XIV, eaponeum, ckopee acero, ne o6npyxnnn
6m nn Mekcnkn, nn ycko, nn xpoa Connu, nnuL cnnounme nec n a necx -
pynnm n pnkpe [yHnu ay Haa ana aka
ka nH Hxy ckaaackH skcnnH XV a. r
H, s aa canumx cxn Hk aHr ycynan H,
v cycaaan a nnu cn x. 3cu yHc anHu vu
acncay naany rny, kan nncmaa
xnnH cv , an n num akna a ca
ana ar ka ck a ca c aaaa
Mkck, M numca caHmx axnra n
nxaa , n nv nara cH. caHH n,
vr ccar a H, v kra- Hxy kaH
cycaaan cnyvam n cnyvam can, aHx, a
nkacm u y kaa, v caa 4-Qar, ky ynHa
kack aam kak nkm axnycn a ana, s v , kak
aHkack k. nvH, n camaa ca accyxn a
akx nnnxnx. kra s ak y nax, kaxcn, v
Hka nnna nuk ckaaaa, nny n
narmx snHa v ncca aaxmx Hanaa.].
epnknckne unannnsunn 6mnn nc1onLko necoc1on1enLnm, u1o onn o6p1nnncL a
npx npn nepao 1onuke. neen, coc1annaune nx, pccennncL a psnme c1oponm
nepep n1ncko ynopnmx saoea1ene, oc1aueecn ncenenne oksnocL nepep
am6opo: np1n ny1e noamx rocnop nnn npoponx1L npexnkk pnkyk xnsnL.
BonLunnc1ao am6pnn a1opoe, n ceropnn a pnkoc1n onn ory1 conepnnu1L c
6opnrenn ac1pnnn. nx uncne opno 6psnnLckoe nnen, y ko1oporo ec1L
pn1ynLnn necnn npnepno c 1knn cnoan:
Kr n yy, k n"
Mn y k kmy.
Kr n yy, n y
Mn
y1 6onLue neuero cks1L. epnknckne npopm 1onLko n opnn kp1kn oen1
yanpenn cae1 unannnsunn. cnoa aosap1nnncL k nony6eccosn1enLnoy
cyuec1aoannk, ns ko1oporo nx oxe1 ocao6opn1L nnuL qnsnueckn cep1L.
npoue, n oun6kcL. Mnorne ns a1nx npopoa, nnpo1na, orpxpenm o1 1ko
xnko yuc1n. 1o6m y6epn1Lcn a a1o, poc11ouno noco1pe1L n aeun nop ppyrn
yrno spennn.
k ceuenne 6opnrenoa n ncnnpcknx n cknpnnacknx nocenenuea npnaeno k
poxpennk o1nocn1enLno unannnsyemx e1ncoa, 1ouno 1k xe no1okn ncnncknx n
nop1yrnLcknx saoea1ene, xennauncL n xenunnx nokopennmx c1pn,
cqopnpoann ceunnyk pcy, npeaocxopnuyk ec1noe ncenenne. pnko,
pccyxpn o cypL6e epnknuea, ne npo s6ma1L o annnnnn, ko1opoe 1ko coks
oksmae1 n epnkncknx eaponeuea. cnn nnpeum ncnncknx n nop1yrnLcknx
kononn enee pnkne n 6onee norouncnennme, ue xn1enn ppyrnx ponoa noaoro
kon1nnen1, npo ne1L a anpy, u1o coaepuenc1aoanne nx cnoco6noc1e ouenL
nesnun1enLnoe, n nens6exnm npoponxenne 1koro npouecc c1ne1 perppunn
rocnopc1aykunx pc. Kxnn epnk, no npnunne caoe kpeonLcko kpoan,
neo1ap1no npe1 k ampoxpennk e1ncoa.
VIII. anckan knan Hk
1nouennn epnkncknx 6opnrenoa c eaponecknn npopn nocne o1kpm1nn
kon1nnen1 a 1495 r. ouenL psnnunm no xpk1epy n onpepennk1cn c1enenLk
nepaopopnoro popc1a expy rpynnn ncenennn. oaopn1L o popc1aennmx
o1nouennnx expy npopn oaoro Cae1 n openna1ennn Cae1 C1poro n
nepam asrnnp nekoppek1no. o npn rny6oko pccyxpennn oksmae1cn, u1o a a1o
ne1 nnuero neec1ec1aennoro. [a1e pcco1pn a1o1 aonpoc noppo6nee.
s eaponecknx nun nn6onLuee annnnne n nnpeuea oksnn ncnnum,
nop1yrnLum, qpnuysm n nrnnune.
C coro nun noppnnme k1onnuecknx kopone c6nnsnnncL c ec1nm
ncenenne. oneuno, nx rp6nnn, npn1ecnnnn n ouenL uc1o ynnu1oxnn. Bes a1oro
ne o6xopn1cn nn opno saoeanne nnn anpmuec1ao. o qk1o nanne1cn 1o, u1o
ncnnum o1pnn pnL yaxennn nonn1nuecko oprnnsunn 6opnrenoa n yaxnn 1o,
u1o ne npo1naopeunno nx skon. nn nrpxpnn 1n1yno paopnnnn nnn pon
ec1nmx aoxpe n, o6puncL k Mon1ecye, nonLsoanncL nopo6kunn ero cny
ampxennnn. [xe nocne ero ksnn onn nsmann Mon1ecyy ero aennuec1ao. nn
npnnnnn ero popc1aennnkoa a kpyr sn1n, 1k xe onn aenn ce6n no o1nouennk k
nnk. nn uc1o xennnncL n pouepnx kcnkoa, n uc1o ceLn npnLro popnnncL c
yn1cko ceLe. osoxno, 1koe o1nouenne ncnnuea, ko1opoe m nsann 6m
nn6epnLnm, 6mno amsano neo6xopnoc1Lk npnpyun1L cnnuko norouncnennoe
ec1noe ncenenne, no 1k xe onn aenn ce6n n a ppyrnx c1pnx, rpe xnnn pnkne n
pepkne nneen: a Uen1pnLno epnke, a Boro1e, nnqopnnn. x npnepy
cnepoann n nop1yrnLum. unc1na pon aokpyr no-Xnepo, onn 6mc1po
ceunncL c npexnnn xosnean a1o senn. syee1cn, 1kn npoc1o1 npaoa
nponcxopn1 ns nekoero pcoaoro npn1nxennn expy no6epn1ennn n no6expennmn.
Txn n
Myu
xnnx nck1ene npnknkuenn c ncnnckoro nonyoc1poa, ko1opme 6onLue uc1Lk
npnnpnexnn k npnysu [cknvH nanncn anck acn
n Bnumca ana nmn ca ca cna a
Hum cn cHmancu c araH. s nv
nacxn xn ccx ca, a vacc, v kacacn
nnvckr yccaa.], npeo6npn cen1ckn kpoaL, xen1me aneen1m,
o6ycnoanennme n6epncknn n kenL1cknn kopnnn, npnpann n nckne uep1m.
Benme npnnunnm nnoro yc1ynnn ennncko cyunoc1n. o ec1L neno ec1o
nc1onuee popc1ao expy no6epn1ennn n no6expennmn, u1o cnoco6c1aoano
6mc1poy nx ceuennk.
1o kce1cn qpnuysoa, peno o6c1onno npnepno 1k xe. npe nun npepkn-
nepecenenum uc1o ac1ynnn a 6pkn c 6opnrenn n, a o1nnune o1 nrnockconcknx
kononns1opoa, onn nerko nepennnn o6ps xnsnn copopnue caonx xen. Ceuenne
6mno nc1onLko nn1encnanm, u1o ceropnn 1pypno ac1pe1n1L c1pyk knpckyk
ceLk, ne s1pony1yk xo1n 6m pneko cansLk c nnpecko pco. pnko 1e xe
cme qpnuysm, 1kne 1epnnme n Ceaepe, pxe ne ponycknn n mcnn o cokse c
nerpn n Kre, cun1n a1o nosopo, yn1oa cun1nn ampopkn. pnunny 1ko
nenocnepoa1enLnoc1n ne1pypno o6Lncnn1L. BonLunnc1ao cee, ko1opme npnexnn
nepamn a npy n n n1nnLckne oc1poa, - amxopum ns Bpe1nn nnn opnpnn.
1o kce1cn nx rnnLckoro nponcxoxpennn, cyuec1aoano popc1ao c xen1mn
ncknn nneenn npm, 1orp kk nx npnpop o11oprn coks c uepno
pco.
Bmno 6m necnpaepnnao cun11L, u1o rpxpnnn Mekcnkncko ecny6nnkn nnn
ckopocnenm renepn, kkne n kxpo ury nonpk1cn a pren1nncko
onqepepunn, nxopn1cn n opno ypoane c nkpoepo Bo1oenpo, no nenLsn 1kxe
ne o1pnu1L, u1o ne cyuec1aye1 ue1koro pcc1onnnn, pspennkuero nx, n u1o ao
nornx o1nouennnx nponanne1cn nx cxopc1ao. ce a1n nnpeum, xnayune a necx,
nnonoanny 6enme, nnonoanny 6opnrenm, o1 npesnpen1 rocyppc1a po nocnepnero
6popnrn, npekpcno nonnk1 ppyr ppyr n ory1 xn1L 6ok o 6ok. pan1enLc1ao
Kxno epnkn, koneuno, nenLsn cpann1L c rn1nncko nnepne, opnko
npnxopn1cn npnsn1L, u1o a1n nkpn, ko1opme eue nepano 6ypno npnae1c1aoann 1k
nsmaeoe ocao6oxpenne caonx npopoa n oxnpnn npekpcnmx nnopoa a1oro
co6m1nn, ceropnn npan1 cco e1ncoa c kpne cypoaoc1Lk. 31o onn
npeknonnk1cn nepep nrnockcn, o ko1opmx m noaepe peuL nnxe.
nrnockcm 6pn1nckoro nponcxoxpennn npepc1annk1 co6o pcy, nn6onee
pnekyk o1 6opnrenoa n qpnkncknx nerpoa. oneuno, n y nnx oxno n1n
qnnckne cnepm, no onn ne1pnnsoanm repncko npnpopo. oa1oy no
o1nouennk k unc1m nnn e1ncnm npepc1an1enn o6enx kpynnmx nnsunx
psnoanpnoc1e ceec1a onn nannk1cn nenpnnpnmn n1ronnc1n. 1o po
oc1nLnmx nesancnmx c1pn epnkn, onn npepc1annk1 co6o cnnLnme
rocyppc1a a cpanennn c ronnsnpykunn cocepnn. ocnepnne, a cnny o1cy1c1ann
konk1no a1nnuecko oprnnsunn n xo1L kkoro-1o onm1 unannnsunn nnn
aneprnunoro npanennn, norpysnnncL a nonnyk npxnk, a ko1opo coepnnnnncL ace
nopokn ncko epnkn n ponnsnpoanno aponm.
kn o6pso, nrnockcm Coepnnennmx L11oa ne c1nn xnan1enLnm aneen1o
noaoro kon1nnen1. o o1nouennk k ppyrn npop onn oksnncL a nonoxennn
1koro xe o6peenn1enLnoro npeaocxopc1a, a kko nxopnnncL korp-1o ace ae1an
pnckoro ceec1a - nnpycm, ku1pnn-kn1um, npnum, cp1m, cknpnnam,
repnum - cpepn ccm e1ncoa. n1epecno n6nkp1L nx o1nouenne k oc1nLnm
npepc1an1enn uenoaeuec1a. nrnockcm aepy1 ce6n kk rocnop nepep nnsunn
npopn n pxe 1en, ko1opme uyxne pnn nnx, 1k u1o n nx npnepe oxno nsyun1L
pesynL11m kon1k1 cnnLno n cn6o pc, 1e 6onee u1o ypnennoc1L ao apeenn n
o1cy1c1ane 1ounmx nc1opnuecknx caepenn ne pk1 aosoxnoc1n npocnepn1L a1o1
npouecc a npouno.
c11kn nrnockcoa a Ceaepno epnke coc1annk1 rpynny, ko1opn nnckonLko ne
coneae1cn a caoe apoxpenno npeaocxopc1ae np oc1nLnm npo n a caonx
npax, am1ekkunx ns a1oro npeaocxopc1a. ocnn1nnme n 1knx 1ppnunnx,
ko1opme ckopee nannk1cn nnc1nnk1n, onn pxe ne no1pypnnncL, a o1nnune o1
repnuea, nopenn1L 1eppn1opnk c npexnnn xosnean. nn npoc1o npornnn nx
nnn ckynnnn senn s 6ecuenok. cnny caoe pccypn1enLnoc1n n npnaepxennoc1n k
nponanennk skonnoc1n onn nunn 1mcnun ynoaok, u1o6m yskonn1L caon
rp6n1enLckne pec1ann. nn ampynn kpcname cnoa n uenme 1eopnn, u1o6m
onpap1L caoe noaepenne. osoxno, a rny6nne pyun, rpe coxpnnnncL oc11kn
coaec1n, onn cosnk1, u1o noc1ynk1 nexopouo, no o1 a1oro nnuero ne enne1cn.
nerp onn o1nocn1cn ne nyuue, ue k 6opnren: ecnn nocnepnnx onn o6npk1 po
nn1kn, 1o nepamx sc1annk1 1pypn1Lcn, kk k1opxnnkoa, npnue ace a1o nnkk ne
corncye1cn c npnnunnn rynnoc1n, ko1opme onn nponoaepyk1. kn
nenocnepoa1enLnoc1L 1pe6ye1 o6Lncnennn. e 6onee u1o 1koro ne nosaonnnn ce6e
repnum: orpnnunancL uc1Lk po6mun, onn oc1annnn ppyryk uc1L senn a
pcnopnxennn nokopennoro ncenennn. Y nnx pxe ne 6mno xennnn sanpe1L ace.
nn nenn cnnuko rpy6me npam, u1o6m npnan1L caon noppnnm c1pc1L k
cnnp1nm nnn1k - a1o yxe coapeennn npen. koe ne npnxopnno a ronoay nn
anpn, nn ro1, nn qpnk, nn nepam ckcon, 1kxe ppeann
unannnsunn, ko1opme 6mnn 6onee psapuenm. n 6pxn, nn ppeann r ne
uyac1aoan neo6xopnoc1n nc1pe6n1L aokpyr ce6n ace, u1o ne coo1ae1c1aoano ero
npnnunn. u unannnsunn - epnnc1aennn, ko1opn o6npe1 1kn nnc1nnk1o
n opnoapeenno 1ko pspyun1enLno ouLk; epnnc1aennn, ko1opn 6es rnea n
sno6m, nnpo1na, cun1n ce6n ncknkun1enLno nrko n rynno, neyc1nno
okpyxe1 ce6n ornnn. pnunn a 1o, u1o on cyuec1aye1 1onLko pnn 1oro, u1o6m
nsaneuL ns acero 6onLue nonLsm, 1o, u1o ne cnyxn1 a1o nonLse, apepno pnn nee,
noa1oy ace apepnoe spnee ocyxpeno n ynnu1oxenne.
nrno-epnknum, y6expennme n aepnme npnaepxenum 1ko
kynL1ypm, pec1aoann coo6psno ee skon. nn 6es acnkoro
nnueepnn nonrnn caon npao npncoepnnn1Lcn k
npo1ec1 XVIII a. npo1na acnkoro nonn1nueckoro
npnnyxpennn, npo1na p6c1a uepnmx, a uc1noc1n. p1nn n
npopm, kk n xenunnm, nonLsyk1cn npao nonnp1L nornky,
ceuna1L a kyuy cme npo1naopeuname nn1ennek1ynLnme n
opnLnme nonn1nn, npnue coaepuenno nckpenne.
Corpxpne unnr1on, aneprnuno 1pe6yn ocao6oxpennn
nerpoa, ne cun1k1 caoe o6nsnnoc1Lk nop1L npnep;
nopo6no uaeupu, ko1opme ns nk6an k paenc1ay
npnennk1 k eapen cpepneaekoaoe skonop1enLc1ao,
epnknum 1pe1npyk1 nerpoa c ncknkun1enLnm npespenne.
[xe repon epnkncko nesancnoc1n nannnn co6o npnep
1koro necoo1ae1c1ann expy kcnn n noc1ynkn.
[xeqqepcon a o1nouennnx co caonn uepnokoxnn neaonLnnun n pe1Ln, nnopn
a1nx o1nouenn, oc1ann aocnonnnnn, a ko1opmx onncnm noppo6noc1n, ne
yc1ynkune pennnn nepamx 6enmx xn1oa.
epnknckne nrnockcm - nckpenne aepykune: a1o uep1 6nropopno uc1n nx
nponcxoxpennn. pn a1o onn ne npnsnk1 pecno1ns skon. Bypyun xpnc1nnn,
onn, koneuno, ne co6npk1cn, nopo6no ppeann cknpnna, u1ypoa1L ne6o nnn
cpsn1Lcn c Boxec1aennm poanpenne, no onn cao6opno pccyxpk1 o ne, u1o
1kxe 1nnnuno pnn nx pncknx npepkoa, ne o1pnuk1 ero n, oc1ancL nocpepnne
expy cyeaepne, c opno c1oponm, n 1enso, c ppyro, ncnm1mak1 opnnkoam
yxc nepep 1e n ppyrn.
Co caoe neyeno xxpo upn1L, konpoa1L, anpe1L, sxa1ma1L n pcunpn1L
sxauennoe nrnockcm epnkn nannk1cn a ocnoano senepenLun n aonnn -
n nek a anpy npoqeccnk aonn, ne aonnc1aennoc1L. D1o npo1naopeun1 pyxy
nesancnoc1n. o ace apeen nocnepnee kuec1ao 6mno ocnoao n panxyun
exnnso nx nonn1nueckoro cyuec1aoannn. onn npno6penn ero ne a pesynL11e
pspma c npnpopo - onn acerp n o6npnn. o, u1o onn nonyunnn a pesynL11e
caoe aaonkunn, nee1 6onLuoe snuenne, no1oy u1o nenno c a1oro oen1 onn
oksnncL 6conk1nmn n cao6opnmn xosnean caoe aonn, ko1opn pnk1oan
neo6xopnoc1L pcunpennn nx anpenn. o u1o kce1cn ocnoa nx any1penne
oprnnsunn, onn ne npnpynn nnuero noaoro. C yuc1ne e1pononnn, nnn 6es ee
yuc1nn, npopm nmneunnx Coepnnennmx L11oa cqopnpoanncL a opno o6ue
nnpanennn. x pnnnc1p1nanme nnc1n1y1m, nx nc1opoxennoe o1nouenne k rnae
rocyppc1aenno anc1n, nx npnaepxennoc1L k qepep1nano psppo6nennoc1n
nnonnk1 anc-n1n ppeannx nnpycoa n pspenenne n nneen n nnrn
popc1aennmx npopoa, ppeannx anc1n1ene ceaepno epcnn, epnnn, ckconcko
en1pxnn. nnc1n1y1e seenLno co6c1aennoc1n oxno yanpe1L psan1ne npnnunn
opan.
oa1oy o6muno npeyaennunak1 snunoc1L co6m1n, ko1opme o6ycnoannn cnay
[xoppx unnr1on. oneuno, a1n co6m1nn nenn 6onLuoe snuenne pnn cype6
nrnockcoa, nepecennaunxcn a epnky, a1o 6mn 6nec1nun n nnopo1aopnn anox,
no nenpannLno 6mno 6m anpe1L a nnx poxpenne nunn. esancnoc1L nanncL
nens6exnm pesynL11o yxe cyuec1aoaaunx npnnunnoa, no saespnm uc
Coepnnennmx L11oa epnkn eue ne nc1ynnn.
D1o1 pecny6nnknckn npop o6npe1 payn oco6ennoc1nn, ko1opme kopennm
o6pso o1nnuk1cn o1 ec1ec1aennmx 1enpenun acex peokp1nuecknx o6uec1a,
amuepunx ns upesepnoro ceuennn. o-nepamx, a1o npnaepxennoc1L k 1ppnunn,
nnn, ecnn aocnonLsoa1Lcn kpnpnueckn 1epnno, k npeuepen1y. epnke
nponcxopn1 noc1onnnoe nsenenne nnc1n1y1oa, aec1e c 1e y amxopuea nrnockcoa
n6nkpe1cn nano ampxennoe o1pnunne 6mc1pmx n ppnknLnmx nepeen. Y nnx
coxpnnnncL norne skonm, npnnecennme ns e1pononnn a kononnnLnme apeen.
Cpep coapeennmx aennn neko1opme ns nnx nc1ouk1 snx o6ae1unoc1n,
nnonnkun qeopnLnyk anoxy. o-a1opmx, 1e xe cme epnknum 6onLue, ue
onn a a1o npnsnk1cn, os6ouenm counnLno rppune: ace onn c1pen1cn k
o6npnnk. 3anne rpxpnnn ne 6onee nonynnpno y nnx, ue pmupckn 1n1yn
ackap.
D1n uep1m y peokp1oa oaoro Cae1 yksmak1 n xennne noamcn1L cao c11yc,
u1o a kopne o1nnue1cn o1 npnnunn peaonkunonepoa ppeanoc1n. ocnepnne,
nnpo1na, c1pennncL onyc1n1Lcn kk oxno nnxe, u1o6m pspyun1L 6nropopnyk
a1nnueckyk ocnoay.
o ec1L nrnockcm epnkn nannk1cn coace ne 1e, u1o o6muno nonnk1 nop
cnoao peokp1m. Ckopee acero, a1o u16 6es aock. D1o nkpn,
npepnsnuennme pnn anpmuec1a, ko1opme ne ory1 pennsoa1L caoe
npepnsnuenne, yrne1n nkpe, panmx n, no ko1opme oxo1no penk1 a1o a
o1nouennn 1ex, k1o c1on1 nnxe nx. a1o cmcne onn nxopn1cn a cn1yunn,
nnornuno 1o, a ko1opo 6mnn repnckne npopm nesponro po V a. pnn
cnoao, peuL npe1 o nkpnx, ko1opme c1pen1cn k anc1n, k amcokoy nonoxennk n
ko1opme o6npk1 cpepc1an pnn nx poc1nxennn. onpoc a nnnunn 6nronpnn1nmx
pnn a1oro ycnoan. k 6m 1o nn 6mno, a rnsx ekcnknu oxo1nnk ns en1ykkn
npepc1anne1 co6o oncnoc1L. n ec1L nocnepnee ampxenne o6ps repnu; a1o
- qpnk nnn nnro6pp nuero apeenn. ekcnkneu nee1 ocnoanne cun11L ero
apapo.
pn a1o, nesancno o1 asrnnp snyrnnmx npopoa, apapc1ao pnLue
npopannynocL a npr1nuno unannnsunn, nexenn onn. 1koe nonoxenne pen ne
6ecnpeuepen1no. orp pnn cen1ckoro n saoeann upc1a nxne snn,
pnnnne n annnnm uepnnn caok kynL1ypy n cao o6ps xnsnn a 1ex xe nc1okx.
Ceneaknpm n 1oneen cun1nn ce6n nnoro y1onuennee n 6nropopnee, no1oy u1o
onn 6onLue apeenn npoaenn a coc1onnnn psnoxennn n ynpk n a 6onLue c1enenn
o6npnn akyco k npekpcnoy. no6ep poc1ncL pnnnn - 6onee
npr1nunm n nosn1nanm, xo1n o1nnuauncn enLun 6necko, ue nx
npo1nannkn. nn oksnncL npam, n nc1opnn nop1aeppnn a1o.
epnkncknx nrnockcoa xpe1 1koe xe 6ypyuee. n6o 6nroppn cnne, nn6o s
cue1 counnLnoro annnnnn ceaepoepnknum ponxnm pcnpoc1pnn1L cao o6ps
xnsnn n aecL noam kon1nnen1. o k1o nnn u1o oxe1 nx oc1noan1L? sae u1o nx
co6c1aennn psppo6nennoc1L, ecnn on nponan1cn cnnuko pno. poe a1o
oncnoc1n, n neuero 6on1Lcn.
ccyxpn o annnnnn Coepnnennmx L11oa n oc1nLnme o6uec1a oaoro Cae1, m
aenn peuL 1onLko o pce, ocnoaaue epnknckyk nunk, n nonrnn, u1o ceropnn
a1 pc coxpnnn caon a1nnueckne poc1onnc1a. pnko a1o coace ne 1k.
npo1na, epnknckn coks c nun nmneunero aek, oco6enno a nocnepnne ropm,
npnnnn n caok 1eppn1opnk orponyk ccy cmx psnopopnmx aneen1oa. D1o
noam qk1op, ko1opm oxe1 a kko-1o epe nsenn1L amcksnnme amue amaopm.
syee1cn, snun1enLnm npn1ok noamx npnnunnoa, ko1opme necy1 c co6o
anrpn1m, ne cnoco6en npnaec1n k ocn6nennk coks no o1nouennk k ppyrn
epnknckn o6uec1a. ocnepnne, coc1onune ns 6opnrenoa n nerpoa, c1on1
nnoro nnxe, nepecenenum ns aponm, neco1pn n ampoxpenne, ace-1kn
npeaocxopn1 ekcnknuea nnn 6psnnLuea. oa1oy n ne coneakcL a opnLno
npeaocxopc1ae Ceaepnmx L11oa epnkn np oc1nLnmn nonn1nuecknn
oprnnsn a1oro kon1nnen1, xo1n, u1o kce1cn cpanennn pecny6nnkn [xoppx
unnr1on c apono, peno o6c1on1 coace no-ppyroy.
nrnockconckoe ncenenne, 1. e. nepame nrnnckne kononnc1m, 6onLue ne
coc1anne1 6onLunnc1ao, n, neco1pn n 1o, u1o kxpm rop n epnknckyk senk
npn6mak1 co1nn 1mcnu npnnpuea n neuea, nunk xpe1 yrcnne. npoue, on
yxe snun1enLno ocn6nen npouecco ceuennn. ue kkoe-1o apen on coxpnn1
anpnoc1L nporpecc, s1e a1 anpnoc1L ncuesne1, n nnepnn okxe1cn a pykx
ceunno rpynnm, a ko1opo nrnockconckn aneen1 6ype1 nrp1L nopunnennyk
ponL. Yxe ceuc nepaoo1kpma1enn yxopn1 c no6epexLn n snp, rpe cn1yunn
6onee 6nronpnn1n pnn nx k1nanoc1n n pyx an1kpns.
u1o npepc1annk1 co6o noame nepecenenum? D1o ockonkn 1ex pc c1po aponm,
o1 ko1opmx nou1n neuero oxnp1L. D1o oc11ounme npopyk1m acex npopoa:
npnnpum, neum, neopnokp1no nepeeunnme, qpnuysm, ceunnme ne enLue,
n1nLnnum, ko1opme a cmcne ceuennn npeaocxopn1 acex. Ckonnenne acex a1nx
ampopnaunxcn 1nnoa npnaopn1 k ycnnennk a1nnueckoro 6ecnopnpk; a a1o
6ecnopnpke ne1 nnuero neo6munoro n noaoro: 1kn cn1yunn ne ps n6nkpncL n
nue kon1nnen1e. nuero nnopo1aopnoro ne nonyun1cn ns a1oro, ecnn npopyk1m
cmx psnnunmx ko6nnun neuea, npnnpuea, n1nLnnuea, qpnuysoa n
nrnockcoa appyr o6Lepnnn1cn n kre c ncenenne, ao6paun a ce6n nnpeckne,
nerpn1nnckne, ncnnckne n nop1yrnLckne aneen1m, 1orp o6psye1cn
neaoo6psnn cecL.
Mm c nn1epeco n6nkpe s ounm panxenne y1nnn1pnmx nnc1nnk1oa a
epnke. ne coneakcL a psxe a1oro npouecc, no psae on nanne1cn ue-1o
ynnknLnm? sae 1 nponcxopn1 neu1o 1koe, uero ne 6mno a apone? sae a1o
spennue pe1 xo1L kkne-1o ocnoannn npepnonr1L 6ypyun 1pnyq knoro
uenoaeuec1a, ko1opoy eue npepc1on1 nonan1Lcn n cae1? cnn 1pesao asaecn1L ace
s n npo1na, m y6epncn a 1ue1noc1n 1knx oxnpnn. Coepnnennme L11m
epnkn - ne nepaoe rocyppc1ao n sene, nponn1nnoe pyxo koepunn. ro
npepuec1aennnkn ne oc1annn nnkknx npnsnkoa aospoxpennn pcm, ns ko1opo onn
amunn.
pqren nepexnn 6neck n pcuae1, kkoro apnp nn poc1nrne1 Lk-Hopk. pqren
6mn 6or1 n aennk. ero pykx nxopnnocL ceaepnoe no6epexLe qpnkn n 6onLun
1eppn1opnn a rny6nne kon1nnen1. ro ocnoa 6mn 6onee 6nropopno, ue
nepecenenum-nypn1ne ns nrnnn, no1oy u1o on coc1onn ns oc11koa cmx unc1mx
ceec1a nn. pqren sanpen ace, u1o no1epnnn np n Cnpon. pnko
pqren nnuero ne npn6ann k cen1cko unannnsunn n ne y6eper ee o1 ynpk.
onc1n1nnononk npeppeknn s1n1L co6o ace, u1o 6mno a nc1onue n npouno, n
npeo6psoa1L 6ypyuee. en coe 6nronpnn1noe reorpqnueckoe nonoxenne n
senn, cme nnopopopnme a nnepnn onc1n1nn, on nen ace aosoxnoc1n pnn
6ecnpenn1c1aennoro psan1nn n nporpecc. n 6mn ncenen rpo1nmn nkpLn, on
anpen orponmn 6or1c1an, on 6mn snko co acen poc1nxennnn
npomunennoc1n n 1oproann a apone, snn n qpnke - cnoao, y nero ne 6mno
conepnnkoa. on nnuero ne cospn, ne nsneunn nn opny ns counnLnmx 6onesne,
ckonnaunxcn s ponrne aek a pncko acenenno, ns cpepm ero ncenennn ne amun
nn opn xnan1enLnn npen. k u1o ne c1on1 oxnp1L, u1o 6onee cuc1nnamn a a1o
cmcne okxy1cn Coepnnennme L11m epnkn, nekune 6onee aynLrpnoe
ncenenne, ue a pqrene.
ecL onm1 npounoro poksmae1, u1o co6pnne nc1ouennmx a1nnuecknx npnnunnoa ne
oxe1 npnaec1n k o6noanennk. Bonee 1oro, 6mno 6m onpoe1unao oxnp1L, u1o a1
pecny6nnk oaoro Cae1 coxe1 saoea1L okpyxkune ee c1pnm. o ec1L
noaepon1no, u1o on oxe1 cpann1Lcn c ycnexo cen1ckoro n. 1o kce1cn
o6noanennn uenoaeueckoro o6uec1a n cospnnn 6onee amcoko, nnn xo1n 6m ppyro,
unannnsunn, u1o, anpoue, opno n 1o xe, a1o aosoxno 1onLko npn nnnunn
o1nocn1enLno onopo n unc1o pcm. epnke ee ne1. ce ycnnnn a1o c1pnm
orpnnunak1cn psan1ne neko1opmx c1opon eaponecko kynL1ypm, npnue ne
acerp cmx nyuunx, n konnpoanne oc1nLnoro np [kr, accyxan
r aHkackx arncakca a nac ckycca, aHva, v
numca amx nc r cvcak aHcaaan y
vkxx aa, Hn anaa nyHau v- nyvm. 3cu yHc
anHu, v kHm caanu knaan cnanum cyk,
m aH.]. D1o nunn, cun1kun ce6n onopo, n co pene -
c1pm eaponeckn npop. o apen ponroro n 1nxenoro ny1euec1ann n noayk
popnny okenckn aospyx ne cpenn nepecenenuea onoxe. knn onn o1nnmnn ns
c1po aponm, 1knn n npnnnmnn n noayk senk. poc1oe nepeeuenne c opnoro
ec1 n ppyroe ne aospoxpe1 nonync1ouennme pcm.
aknv
enoaeueckn nc1opnn noxox n orponoe 1knoe nono1no. 3enn - a1o noppnnk,
n ko1opm ono n1nny1o. pouepune c1one1nn - a1o neyc1nnme 1kun. oxpncL,
onn cpsy 6epy1cn s p6o1y n amnyckk1 uennok ns pyk 1onLko pnn 1oro, u1o6m
yepe1L. k nop a1nn yenmn nnLun cospe1cn npoaoe nono1no.
D1o nono1no o1nnue1cn norouae1ne n coc1on1 ns psnmx anpoa npnxn. ro pncynok
ne noxox n nponsaepennn penoan1o nnpm, ckopee on nnonne1 apoxnoaennm
nnop xypoxnnkoa unp. ne, a cmx knpnsnmx n npnuypnnamx coue1nnnx,
npncy1c1ayk1 cme neo6munme pncynkn, n, o1aeun ace skon c1pororo akyc,
a1o aennkoe nponsaepenne o1nnue1cn nenpeasopenno kpco1o.
[ae nnsune psnoanpnoc1n uenoaeuec1a, uepnn pc n xen1n pc, nannk1cn
rpy6o ocnoao - xnonko n uepc1Lk, - a ko1opyk a1opoc1enennme rpynnm 6eno
pcm anne1k1 uenkoame nn1n, 1orp kk pnckoe ceec1ao, nepe1ekn 1onknn
pyuekn ns nokonennn a nokonenne, nknpmae1 n noaepxnoc1L 1knn caon
p6eckn ns cepe6p n sono1.
kn o6pso, nc1opnn nanne1 co6o opno uenoe, n ace ee nonnn nxopn1 caoe
o6Lncnenne n yknpmak1cn a npann, ecnn 1onLko o1aneuLcn o1 6espynoro
cosepunnn o1penLnmx pe1ne n oxa1n1L asopo ack kp1nny, ecnn ampenn1L a ne
cxoxne qk1m, conoc1an1L nx n cpen1L amaopm. o npnpop uenoaek nc1onLko
necoaepuenn, u1o, npn6nnxncL k ec1y co6m1n, on nnc1nnk1nano c1pen1cn
ynpoc1n1L nx, 1. e. ncksn1L, cokp1n1L nx uncno, ns6an1Lcn o1 acero, u1o ey
eue1. onLko ncksna nx, on nxopn1 nx npekpcnmn, no1oy u1o onn c1noan1cn
nerknn pnn nonnnnn, expy 1e, nnuennme uc1n caonx 6or1c1a, onn
npeapuk1cn a 6esxnsnennme oc1nkn pec1an1enLnoc1n.
c1opnn - 1kn xe nyk, kk n ace oc1nLnme. n aknkue1 a ce6n 1mcnun
aneen1oa, n anp psnopopnmx, ko1opme nop norouncnennmn nepenne1ennnn
ckpmak1 nnn npepc1annk1 a ppyro pkypce nc1ok, 1nuncn a co rny6nne.
16pocn1L 1o, u1o cyue1 asrnnp, - snun1 6onee ue1ko yanpe1L oc1aunecn kyckn
kp1nnm, no 1orp nponcxopn1 nckxenne epm n o1nocn1enLno snunoc1n uc1e
uenoro n neaosoxnoc1L nponnkny1L a nc1nnnm cmcn a1oro uenoro.
1o6m ns6ex1L a1oro nepoc11k, npo asn1Lcn s peuenne spun co acen
npncyunn e 1pypnoc1nn. cnn anune orpnnun1Lcn noncko rnanmx nc1ounnkoa
npepe1, m o6npyxn, u1o nx acero 1pn, n ns nnx am1ekk1 co6m1nn n nanennn,
poc1onme nuero annnnn. epam ns 1knx nc1ounnkoa - pen1enLnoc1L
o1penLnoro uenoaek, a1opo - cospnne nonn1nuecknx uen1poa, 1pe1n, cm
rnanm, oxnannkun pa nepamx, - a1o cnoco6 counnLnoro cyuec1aoannn.
enepL po6an k a1n 1pe nc1ounnk panxennn n nsenennn qk1op
asnonponnknoaennn o6uec1a, 1orp m nonyun o6une kon1ypm nuero npepe1.
c1opnn co caonn npnunnn, panxyunn cnnn n rnanmn pesynL11n
okxe1cn skny1o a a1o 6onLuo kpyre, n 1enepL oxno npnc1yn1L k nnnsy
cmx enknx pe1ne, ne oncncL 1ex nens6exnmx oun6ok, ko1opme nek1 ec1o
npn ppyrnx cnoco6x nsyuennn.
[en1enLnoc1L uenoaek, asn1oro o1penLno o1 ppyrnx, ampxe1cn a psan1nn
nn1ennek1 n a nrpe c1pc1e. 6nkpenne s a1n npouecco n s ero
pp1nuecknn pesynL11n nornoue1 ace annnne 6onLunnc1a mcnn1ene.
nn anpn1 nnuL uenoaek, ko1opm pec1aye1, yc1yne1 nnn conpo1nanne1cn caon
xennnn n nknonnoc1n, nnpanne1 nx a nyxnoe pycno nnn aoaneke1cn a nx
6ypnm aopoaopo1. oneuno, ne1 nnuero 6onee aneu1nnkuero, ue spennue 6opL6m
uenoaek c cn co6o. 1o oxe1 yconn1Lcn, u1o on pec1aye1 coc1on1enLno,
am6npn opny ns nL1epn1na? Bor cnepn1 s nn n cypn1 ero, ncxopn ns
npac1aennoro po6p, ko1opoe uenoaek cpenn, n ns npac1aennoro sn, ko1opoe on
o1aepr, no nnkk ne ncxopn ns epm ero cnoco6noc1e, n ne orpnnunae1 ero cao6opy
am6op.
enoaek pec1aye1 1onLko a ysko cqepe. [xe cm oryuec1aennm ns nkpe,
cm npocaeuennm n aneprnunm, oxe1 npo1nny1L caok pyky n orpnnuennoe
pcc1onnne. Cme aennkne smcnm Uespn ne a coc1onnnn oxa1n1L aecL seno
up. x pec1ane s1prnae1 orpnnuennoe uncno nkpe n opnn nnn neckonLko
nonn1nuecknx uen1poa. rnsx coapeennnkoa a1o yxe noro, no pnn nc1opnn -
no.
noame nokonennn c 1pypo nxopn1 nx cnepm. o xe coe oxno cks1L o
pen1enLnoc1n nekcnpp Mkeponckoro nnn ncnnckoro koponn pn V, a uLnx
anpennnx nnkorp ne sxopnno connue.
1k, aennkne nkpn ne aceoryun. D1n nkpn yek1 copsepn1L 1o, u1o onn cpennn,
c 1e, u1o onn xo1enn cpen1L. nsaec1no, u1o nx anc1L ne oxe1
pcnpoc1pnn1Lcn pxe n opnn kon1nnen1, u1o pxe a caonx paopux onn ne ory1
xn1L 1k, kk n 6m xo1enocL, u1o ecnn nx aeu1enLc1ao sepnne1 nnn yckopne1
xop co6m1n, 1o a1o noxoxe n 1o, kk pe6enok nm1e1cn snpypn1L pyue, no ne
oxe1 noeu1L ero 1euennk.
yuun uc1L nx aocnonnnn sknkue1cn ne a 6necke y n rennn, a nonnnnn
amueyksnnoro qk1. 3pecL koneu nc1opnueckoro oryuec1a uenoaek,
pec1aykuero a cmx 6nronpnn1nmx ycnoannx. no ne ec1L npnunn: ono - acero
1onLko apeennoe cpepc1ao n uue acero aneen1 ykpuennn. o npn ace a1o
neo6xopno npnsn1L s nn cnoco6noc1L npnaneuL k ce6e aceo6un nn1epec, 1e
6onee u1o 6esnnunm xop co6m1n kxe1cn n ckyunm spennue. snnunme ukonm
npnpann ey ncknkun1enLnoe snuenne, n nenno oryuec1ao o1penLnmx
nnunoc1e acerp amsmae1 nn1epec nkpe k pennkann npounmx apeen.
enepL noco1pn, u1o 1koe nonn1nueckn uen1p, o ko1opo m ynonnnn amue.
D1o coaokynnoc1L uenoaeuecknx xennn, 1. e. c no ce6e on npepc1anne1 co6o
aonk. onn1nueckn uen1p, nnn, nnmn cnoan, npop, nee1 caon c1pc1n n cao
nn1ennek1.
esancno o1 konnuec1a nkpe, ko1opme ero coc1annk1, on o6npe1 ceunno
nnpnanpynLnoc1Lk, ko1opn ec1L pesynL11 acex o6unx nonn1n, 1enpenun, npe,
nopcksnnmx cco. norp on ampxe1 nn1epecm enLunnc1a, nnorp cnepye1
s aone 6onLunnc1a; ero 1kxe oxno nsa1L cnenm apoxnoaenne, ne
npnnpnexun nnkoy. opoue roaopn, npop a caoe konnek1nano coaokynnoc1n,
a caonx norouncnennmx nponanennnx n qynkunnx, npepc1anne1 co6o penLnoe
cyuec1ao, cocpepo1ouennoe a opno 1ene. ro anc1L cnnLnee n opnoapeenno on
enee npexn n pnn1enLn, nockonLky on ckopee nnc1nnk1nan, ue ocosnnn,
6onee ner1nan, ue y1aeppn1enLn, n ao acex cnyunx on enee nenocpepc1aenn,
ue anc1L o1penLnmx nkpe. pop enne1 caon aosspennn neckonLko ps a 1euenne
c1one1nn, a1o o6Lncnne1 anpnoc1L ynpk n anpnoc1L aospoxpennn. 1euenne
neckonLknx ne1 on oxe1 nokopn1L caonx cocepe, s1e nokopn1Lcn n; on oxe1
nk6n1L caon skonm n nopunnn1Lcn n, s1e appyr ey aspye1cn 6yn1oa1L, u1o6m
uepes neckonLko ucoa c 1ocko py1L o p6c1ae. o acex caonx 6epx n necuc1Lnx
on o6annne1 caonx npan1ene: a1o poksmae1, u1o a ne xnae1 oprnnunn
cn6oc1L, nponcxopnun o1 necoaepuenc1a ero nnunoc1n.
pop acerp nyxpe1cn a uenoaeke, ko1opm nonne1 ero aonk, nc1onkoamae1 ee n
noksmae1, kyp npo np1n. cnn uenoaek oun6e1cn, npop aocc1e1, s1e
nokopno npe1 s ppyrn, ko1opm ne oun6e1cn. 3pecL peuL npe1 o no1pe6noc1n a
noc1onnno o6ene expy konnek1nano n nnuno aone. 1o6m ns a1oro nonyunncn
nosn1nanm pesynL11, neo6xopno o6Lepnnenne a1nx payx aoneamx qk1opoa -
6ypyun pspenLnmn, onn 6ecnnopnm. oa1oy onpxnn - a1o epnnc1aennn
punonnLnn qop npanennn.
e ne enee, a nc1opnn uenoaeuec1a ne ps nop1aepxpncn 1o1 qk1, u1o
o6Lepnnenne anc1n1enn n nunn npnaopn1 1onLko k amnanennk cnoco6noc1e nnn
aosoxnoc1e n k npepo1apuennk oncnoc1n, ncxopnue ns o6nc1n, ko1opn
nxopn1cn ane nx cqepm.
o nornx cnyunx, korp anc1n1enL anpn1 ny1L, yropnm noppnnm, ne ero ann,
ecnn y noppnnmx nepoc1e1 cnn, u1o6m npopen1L a1o1 ny1L.
pepc1an, u1o yxcnoe necuc1Le o6pyunnocL n nunk. epnLnoanpnoc1L,
6espccypc1ao nnn 6eccnnne npan1ene aepy1 k kpxy. unn c1noan1cn po6mue
6onee cnnLnoro rocyppc1a. e rpnnum c1npk1cn, ee nopannme snen
c1noan1cn nocky1kn a uyxnx no6epnmx snenx. o osnue1 nn a1o koneu
nunn?
c1opnkn o1aeuk1 n a1o1 aonpoc y1aeppn1enLno. cnkn nokopennm npop 6onLue
nnuero ne c1on1, n ecnn peuL npe1 o pneknx apeenx, nc1opnkn, ne spymancL,
amuepknak1 ero ns cnnck xnamx n o6Lnannk1 ncuesnyaun a 1epnnLno
cmcne.
o ecnn ne pen1L c1onL nocneunmx sknkuenn n nsyu1L qk1m, 1orp m
o6npyxn, u1o nunn, nonn1nueckn ynnu1oxennn, npoponxe1 cyuec1aoa1L nop
ppyrn nene, u1o on coxpnne1 caon qopm, cao pyx, caon cnoco6noc1n n annne1,
kk n npexpe, n ncenenne, a coc1a ko1oporo on aoun. oa1oy ne nonn1nueckn
qop pe1 xnsnL cc, qopnpye1 nx aonk n nx o6ps xnsnn. Mccm o6npk1
ace a1n, pxe ne nen caonx rpnnu. nn nonyuk1 ace a1o ns cqepm, 6onee
amcoko, ue onn cn.
3pecL o1kpmak1cn nenccnepoannme o6nc1n, ko1opme ne nsepnk1cn 1eppn1opne
1oro nnn nnoro koponeac1a nnn nsenennnn a coc1ae ncenennn, no oxa1mak1
ace nepcnek1nam o6uec1a aec1e c npyxnnn n panxyunn cnnn unannnsunn,
ko1opn pe1 xnsnL a1n cc.
oxpenne, psan1ne, sk1 o6uec1a n ero unannnsunn - a1o nanennn, ko1opme
yanekk1 n6nkp1enn pneko s ropnson1m, o6muno seueme nc1opnkn.
caonx ncxopnmx npnunnx onn ne necy1 n ce6e neu1n uenoaeuecknx c1pc1e nnn
nepenn - a1o cnnuko nenpounn 1epnn, u1o6m e nunocL ec1o a c1onL
pnn1enLno npouecce. 3pecL m anpn 1onLko psnme qopm nn1ennek1,
npepnsnuennme pnn psnnunmx pc n nx coue1nn, 1onLko cme ocnoanme
npnsnkn, cao6opnme o1 a1opn1e1 nesancnoro p6n1p, cme apoxpennme, 1. e.
cme q1nLnme, - 1e, ko1opme uenoaek nnn npop ne oxe1 nn npncaon1L ce6e, nn
c6pocn1L c ce6n. kn o6pso, np acen npexopnunn n nepennmn
pec1annn, ncxopnunn nn6o o1 o1penLnoro uenoaek, nn6o o1 1onnm, aosamuk1cn
renepnpykune npnnunnm, ko1opme ocyuec1annk1 caoe annnnne neyknonno n
nenpec1nno. s a1o 6conk1no cqepm, rpe onn coue1k1cn n asnopec1ayk1,
knpns uenoaek nnn nunn ne a coc1onnnn nsaneuL nnkknx cnyunmx pesynL11oa.
enno 1, a xope ne1epnnLnmx aeue, a amcue cqepe, p6o1k1 k1nanme
cnnm, ocnoaononrkune npnnunnm, nxopnunecn a aeuno conpnkocnoaennn, kk c
uenoaeko, 1k n c cco.
D1n k1nanme cnnm n ocnoaononrkune npnnunnm nnn, ecnn npnp1L n konkpe1nyk
qopy, a1 pyu, po cnx nop nese1nn n 6esnnunn, axopn1 a uncno rnanmx
kocnuecknx exnnsoa. a1o neocnseo npe pyu amnonnne1 qynkunn,
nnornunme 1e, kkne ocyuec1annk1 anek1pnuec1ao n rne1ns a ppyrnx cqepx
1aopennn, n 1ouno 1k xe, kk anek1pnuec1ao n rne1ns, ee oxno konc11npoa1L
no ee qynkunn nnn, aepnee, no neko1opm ns ee qynkun, no ee nenLsn nouyn1L,
onnc1L n nnnsnpoa1L ao ace ee uenoc1noc1n, a ee 6c1pk1no cyunoc1n.
e1 nnkknx poks1enLc1a, u1o pyu ec1L anunn uenoaek n nonn1nuecknx
oprnnsoa. [yu xnae1 uepes nnx n pnn nnx. Cnn n spopoaLe unannnsun - a1o
1kxe ep cnnm n spopoaLn pyun, no ecnn cun11L, u1o pyu poc1nre1 amcue
1oukn caoero psan1nn y o1penLnmx nnunoc1e n y o1penLnmx nun a 1o coe apen,
korp unannnsunn npnxopn1 a ynpok, 1orp npnpe1cn sknkun1L, u1o ee oxno
cpann1L c aospyxo, ko1opm m pmun n ko1opm a nnne 1aopennn nee1 cmcn
cyuec1aoannn 1onLko a npoponxenne xnsnn o6uec1a, ko1opoe on nn1e1; u1o, a
cyunoc1n, on uyxp o6uec1ay, u1o on ec1L neu1o aneunee no o1nouennk k ney n u1o
ero pspexenne aneue1 s co6o cep1L a1oro o6uec1a.
D1 aennkn pyu nponanne1 ce6n a payx qopx - yxcko n xencko. nonk,
u1o n nek a anpy cy6Lek1nanoe o1nouenne, c opno c1oponm, n o6Lek1nanyk
cnoco6noc1L, c ppyro, 6es acnko cansn c npee npeaocxopc1a. D1 pyu
unpkynnpye1 payn no1okn, nponnkn a cme enkne nopm n cme nocnepnne
onekynm counnLnoro oprnns.
ockonLky ocnoano cmcn cyuec1aoannn o6uec1a coc1on1 a 1o, u1o ono ne
sancn1 o1 uenoaek, ono ne npnaopn1 nn k kkn pesynL11, s ko1opme uenoaek
nece1 o1ae1c1aennoc1L. kn o6pso, o6uec1ao cao6opno o1 npen npac1aennoc1n.
Co no ce6e ono ne oxe1 6m1L nn po6pope1enLnm, nn nopounm, nn ynm, nn
rnynm - ono npoc1o cyuec1aye1. n pec1ann uenoaek, nn nepennn npop ne
cnyx1 1onuko k cospnnk o6uec1a. Cpep, uepes ko1opyk ono npnxopn1 k
nosn1nanoy cyuec1aoannk, ponxn ne1L neo6xopnoe konnuec1ao
coo1ae1c1aykunx a1nnuecknx aneen1oa; specL cnoa nnpunae1cn cpanenne c
qnsnuecknn 1enn: neko1opme ns nnx nerko npnnnk1 anek1pnueckn spnp,
ppyrne o11oprk1 ero. Cyunoc1L o6uec1a nsenne1 ne aonn onpx nnn ero
noppnnmx, a1nnueckn coc1a a cnny 1ex xe skonoa. 6uec1ao sknkue1 a ce6e
caon npopm 1ouno 1k xe, kk ne6o o6aonknae1 senk: ne6o, ko1oporo ne
kck1cn ncnpennn 6ono1 nnn nsmkn nnenn ns xepn aynknoa, a caoe
6esn1exnoc1n nanne1cn npenLnm o6pso o6uec1a.
6uec1ao nansmae1 npopy onpepenennm o6ps xnsnn n a1ncknae1 ero a pkn,
ns ko1opmx npop, kk nokopnm p6, ne oxe1 am1n n pxe ne nm1e1cn a1o
cpen1L. no pnk1ye1 ey skonm, pnk1ye1 aonk, npepnncmae1 ey, u1o cnepye1
nk6n1L, npesnp1L n nenanpe1L. c1poro coo1ae1c1ann c a1nnuecknn skonn
ono onpepenne1, u1o ec1L cna n u1o 6ecuec1Le, ono c1an1 no6epn1ene n
no6expennmx n opny c1ynenL, n 1onLko noam noaopo1 a a1nnuecko cn1yunn oxe1
anoaL pcc1an1L nx no caon ec1.
6uec1ao oksmae1 1koe cnnLnoe panenne ne 1onLko n npop, no n n o1penLnmx
nkpe. no oc1anne1 n npao n opnL, qopm n npann ko1opo ono xe
yc1nannae1, a6nan nx a ronoam nkpe c coro poxpennn n yksman n
epnnc1aennm ny1L a xnsnn.
oa1oy, npexpe ue pcc1pna1L nc1opnk c1pnm, neo6xopno nsyun1L nc1okn n
npnpopy o6uec1a, uc1Lk ko1oporo nanne1cn pnnn c1pn. eo6xopno nsyun1L ero
coc1anme aneen1m, nsenennn, nponcuepune a ne, npnunnm a1nx nsenenn,
a1nnueckoe coc1onnne kk pesynL11 pcoaoro ceuennn.
onLko 1kn o6pso oxno ac11L n nosn1nanyk nouay, a ko1opo ckpm1m kopnn
nuero npepe1, n yanpe1L, kk onn pc1y1, pk1 no6ern n, a koneuno cue1e, nnopm
n sepn. ockonLky a1nnueckne coue1nnn n reorpqnuecko 1eppn1opnn o6uec1a
acerp pcnpepennk1cn cm npnuypnnam o6pso, cnepye1 spnee peun1L
nnpanenne nccnepoann n nnnsnpoa1L pesynL11m no epe npn6nnxennn k
npepe1y. 3pecL neo6xopn yceppnn p6o1 y n nn1n n kkyp1noc1L a
cyxpennnx. euL npe1 o 1o, u1o6m ynoxn1L nc1opnk a kon1ekc1 ec1ec1aennmx nyk n
o6ecneun1L 1ounoc1L pesynL11oa, c 1e, u1o6m ns6ex1L nponsaonLnmx ouenok.
Y6epern ysy npounoro o1 neaepnmx n kpnamx 1ponnnok, nnpannn ee n unpokyk
npnyk popory, spnee nsyuennyk n noeuennyk npexnmn aexn, am ne
nnue1e ee aennunn, nnpo1na, pene1e ee coae1m 6onee a1opn1e1nmn. oneuno,
npn a1o on ne c1ne1 nerkomcnenno o6annn1L [pnn a 1o, u1o on no1epnn snk,
epcen s 1o, u1o on ynnsnn peunk, s1o on n ne 6ype1 aocxann1L renn pkxoa
nnn op1opckoe nckycc1ao xnponpnc1oa. n npoaosrncn1, u1o nens6exnme npnunnm
co6m1n nnckonLko ne sancn1 o1 nkpe n nx aonn, n ne c1ne1 snn1Lcn
konqnnk1n nonn1nuecknx np1n: on 6ype1 o6Lncnn1L nx ckpm1me npnunnm, a
ko1opmx ne nyxno o6annn1L nc1opnuecknx nepconxe n s ko1opme nx ne nyxno
xann1L.
orp co caoero amcokoro 1pon ys nc1opnn 6ype1 amnocn1L cnpaepnnam
npnroaop npounoy n yksma1L n nonesnme ypokn. esancno o1 o1nouennn k
psan1nk kko-nn6o nunn, ne ponyckn aeu1enLc1a uenoaek c uenLk
nepeec1n1L ec1n kkne-1o p1m n npnykpcn1L nnn, nnpo1na, ouepnn1L kkne-1o
co6m1nn, on 6ype1 aepun1L cnpaepnnam cyp n cpene1 kxporo o1ae1c1aennm s
caon pen. orp ne 6ype1 onpapnn nn y snopen, nn y nLc1eu, ko1opme c1pen1cn
npnykpcn1L caon nnn uyxne snopennnn. c1opnn copae1 ace ckn coqns n
sknen1 annoanmx.
Byn1oaunk npepc1ne1 ne1epnennam n apepnm 6nunosnm uenoaeko: noneon
- y6nue, o6ecnLep - rnycnm neropne.
[nn 1oro u1o6m npnp1L nc1opnueckn nnn uenoaeuec1a o6Lek1nanoc1L, nop
nsenn1L e1op nx coc1anennn n 6es 6onsnn cnyc1n1Lcn a k1ko6m nc1nn, ampm1me
1nxenm 1pypo nokonenn.
[peanne 1e1nkn, npno1kpmaune paepn a nre6py n ncnyraunecn 1nnc1aennmx
rny6nn, ko1opme npepc1nn nepep nnn, npennnn ee caepxLec1ec1aennmn
cnoco6noc1nn n npeap1nnn cyk c1poryk ns nyk ao aec1nnnue neaepon1nmx
qn1sn. s-s 1koro o1nouennn k npepe1y 1e1nkoa kkoe-1o apen
nopospeann a 6esynn n upn1nc1ae, n 1onLko nosxe cepLesnme nccnepoannn
cnonn nep nepoaepnn n npnnecnn nnopm.
epame yuenme, ko1opme o6npyxnnn okeneaune oc1nkn koc1e n o6nokn cypoa
n ropnmx aepunnx, nunn ampanr1L rnno1esm, opn nenenee ppyro. x
npeennkn o1aeprnn ampykn n cpennn reonornk 6n6nne nykn, n 1enepL yxe
nenLsn nopaepr1L conennk ee nonoxennn. o xe coe oxno cks1L o6
a1nonornn, 1kxe nre6pe n nyke, cospnno kaLe n Boono. pnn p6ckn
cnepyk1 e, ppyrne o1pnuk1 nnpouL.
oneuno, a1nonornn - onopn nyk, xo1n on yxe amun ns nenenok. n
ampannyn poc11ounoe konnuec1ao npexnmx pryen1oa, ko1opme ory1 cnyxn1L
ocnoanne pnn pnLneuero nsyuennn. xpm penL nonannk1cn ace noame qk1m.
unocL nc1onLko 6ypnoe conepnnuec1ao expy psnnunmn cqepn snnn, u1o
yuenme ne ycneak1 knccnqnunpoa1L nknnnakunecn qk1m. [ Bor, u1o6m n
ny1n a1nonornn c1onnn 1onLko 1koro pop npenn1c1ann! o, yam, npenn1c1ann 6mak1
n noxyxe. Mnorne ace eue ne nonnk1 ee oco6ennyk npnpopy n o6ocnoamak1 ee
rnanm o6pso qnsnonorne.
ko yskn nopxop amxonunae1 ee cy1L, xo1n, psyee1cn, qnsnonornn
conpnkce1cn c a1nonorne. o pnn 1oro, u1o6m 1epnnm, ko1opme npepoc1anne1
e qnsnonornn, npno6penn nc1onuyk nyunyk uennoc1L, neo6xopno npnaneuL n
ppyrne nykn; cpann1enLnoe nsmkosnnne, pxeonornk, nyns1nky, nqonornk n
snncnnyk a nnnx nc1opnk. D1nonornn ponxn onepnpoa1L 1onLko pokyen1n,
ko1opme npounn npoaepky ppyrnn nnc1pyen1n. ockonLky ee npepe1o
nanne1cn 1epnnLnn cqep n opnoapeenno on kce1cn cqepm
nn1ennek1ynLno, on ne ponxn smk1Lcn a unc1o qnsnueckne pkn n
nrnopnpoa1L pxe cme neaepon1nme n cenme rnno1esm. cyunoc1n, a1nonornn -
a1o kopnn, nn1kune nc1opnk, n nn a koe cnyue nenLsn pspenn1L nx. ocey
npepoc1an e 1y xe 1eppn1opnk, n ko1opo xosnnnue1 nc1opnn.
1o xe apen 6ype ne1L a anpy nosn1nanme nykn n spa1L aonpocm, n ko1opme
apnp nn o1ae1n1 uenoaeueckn psy. nx uncne npo6ne epnnc1a n noroo6psnn.
D1o1 aonpoc po cnx nop oc1e1cn neamncnennm, n ceropnn on ckopee s6anne1 y,
ue npocaeue1 ero. oa1oy po nc1ynnennn nyuunx apeen ne 6ype ampanr1L ero
n nepam nnn n poaonLc1ayecn konc11une oprnnunoc1n acex psnoanpnoc1e,
npoaepn pepkunonnyk nnnnk expy nnn. cnn kkne-1o npnunnm ory1 npnaec1n
k ny1nnue a psnmx 1nnx, nnpnep, ecnn a pesynL11e nsenennn nnun n knn1
6enm uenoaek appyr c1noan1cn nerpo, nerp - onrono, 1orp aecL anp, neco1pn
n 1o, u1o y nero neckonLko nnnnonoa coaepuenno nenoxoxnx ppyr n ppyr o1uoa,
cnepye1 o6Lnan1L epnnm.
o ecnn, nnpo1na, pcc1pna1L psnoanpnoc1n a nx nmneune coc1onnnn, cun1n,
u1o onn ory1 y1puna1L caon o1nnun1enLnme npnsnkn 1onLko uepes 6punme
coksm, amxopnune s npepenm caoero kpyr, ecnn nnkkoe aneunee nnn any1pennee
aospec1ane ne oxe1 nsenn1L nx ocnoanme aneen1m, ecnn, nkoneu, onn o6npk1
noc1onnnmn qnsnuecknn n opnLnmn kuec1an, 1orp npnpe1cn npnsna1L
cnepykuyk neonpoaepxnyk nc1nny: pxe ecnn onn poxpenm o1 opno npm,
uenoaeueckne psnoanpnoc1n xnay1 no skony noroo6psnn 1nnoa, n nx nepaopopnoe
epnnc1ao nnkk ne cksmae1cn n ne oxe1 cksma1Lcn n nx cypL6x. kn
o6pso, u1o6m poc1onm o6pso o1ae1n1L n ncyunme 1pe6oannn nykn, npo
nnpan1L nccnepoannn n poc1nxnme spun n 6c1prnpoa1Lcn o1 acex npnunn.
enepL ac1ne n nouay nc1nnno nc1opnn, nc1opnn cepLesno, ne
qn1c1nuecko, ocnoanno n qk1x, ne n nnnksnnx nnn pocyxnx nennnx, n
eue ps pcco1pn 1o, u1o anpn1 nun rns, cnmu1 nun yun n uero kck1cn
nun pykn.
1k, nepenececn a 1y pnekyk anoxy, ko1opyk oxno nsa1L co ppeane pnn
acero uenoaeueckoro pop n ko1opn npepuec1aye1 acnko nc1opnn: n n1ckyk
aosamuennoc1L, rpe xnay1 1pn orponmx ccm nneen, noc1onnno nxopnunecn a
panxennn n pesko o1nnukunecn ppyr o1 ppyr. eppn1opnk, ko1opn npoc1npe1cn
n snp, orn6n ropm, snne1 6enn pc, n ceaepo-aoc1oke o6n1k1 xen1me
nneen, npnuepune ns epnkn, n kre - uepnme nneen, uLn popnn nxopn1cn a
pneko qpnke. Benn psnoanpnoc1L, aosoxno, ne 1kn norouncnennn, kk ee
cec1pm, npenen xnam pen1enLnm xpk1epo, ko1opm on uc1o o6pue1
npo1na co ce6n n ko1opm ee ocn6nne1, xo1n n canpe1enLc1aye1 o ee
npeaocxopc1ae.
pesynL11e o1unnnoro n1nck norouncnennmx kpnnkoa a1 6nropopnn pc
noknpe1 caok 1eppn1opnk n yxopn1 n kr, rpe ee nepepoame o1pnpm nonpk1 a
ryuy ennncknx cc n pccenak1cn a nnx, nunnn ceuna1Lcn c ec1nmn
aneen1n. D1n aneen1m a amcue c1enenn rpy6m n nenpnanek1enLnm, opnko
6nroppn caoe rn6koc1n npnuenLum npncnoc6nnak1cn k nn n nepepk1 n
neko1opme ns caonx kuec1a nnn, no kpne epe, nnuk1 nx neko1opmx
nepoc11koa. pnuepun pc npnpe1 n cnoco6noc1L k cocyuec1aoannk, n ckopo
aec1o apxpe6nmx nneen, noc1onnno n 6espesynL11no ocnpnakunx 1eppn1opnk,
specL nonanne1cn ceunnn pc, ko1opn pcnpoc1pnne1cn ns 6k1pncknx seenL
no ace eppocnn, k epcnpckoy n p6ckoy snna, s ny6nckne osep, poxopn1
po cepepnnm qpnknckoro kon1nnen1 n panxe1cn aponL ceaepnoro no6epexLn
qpnkn. a1o ponro ny1n ennnckn psnoanpnoc1L, ceunnn a psno
c1enenn, a opno ec1e nornouennn ppyrnn aneen1n, a ppyro c
nornoukun nx, no ackpy nsennkun 6enyk ocnoay n c nsennkuncn nop ee
aospec1ane, y1punae1 caok unc1o1y n neko1opme ns caonx npnn1nanmx
npnsnkoa. C a1n cansnm onpepenennme counnLnme cnoco6noc1n xn1ene cmx
rnyxnx yronkoa qpnknckoro np: a1o pesynL11 ppeanero coks c 6eno pco. D1n
cnoco6noc1n neaennkn, neonpepenennm n uc1o no se1nm.
o apen nepamx nepecenenn, a anoxy pcnpoc1pnennn nepamx nokonenn yn1oa
n no6epexLe qpnkn, nnornunm npouecc nponcxopn1 n npncko nonyoc1poae,
oco6enno s nro n Bpxny1po, aoanekn a caok op6n1y uepnme n xen1me
ccm, ko1opme eue pnLue npnunn ckp a o1nocn1enLno unc1o a1nnuecko
coc1onnnn. Onnnm cocpepo1ounnncL n 6epery n1ckoro opn pnLue nepeeuennn
6enmx npopoa arny6L kon1nnen1. 6mno nerue norno1n1L ppyryk nnsuyk pcy, n
onn ceunncL c ne. orp nckn psnoanpnoc1L nun amxopn1L ns a1oro
coks, nepame e1ncm cnun snnnn uen1pnLnme ponm opne6ecno nepnn.
C 1euenne apeenn onn pccennnncL no ace oc1ouno snn, n noncknx oc1poax,
n pxnnenrx npnckoro oken; onn pounn po aoc1ounoro no6epexLn qpnkn,
snnnn ace oc1poa onnnesnn n oksnncL, 1kn o6pso, nnpo1na epnkn, kk
n ceaepe, 1k n n kre, anno1L po ypnn n oc1poa cxn. e6onLunn pccennnmn
rpynnn onn aosap1nnncL n a1y nou1n nyc1mnnyk senk, rpe oc1anncL 1onLko
oc11kn pLeprpp xen1o ccm, o1 ko1opo a1n num korp-1o yncnepoann
qnsnueckn o6nnk n opnLnme npnamukn.
snpe, 6nnxe k apone, ennncknx npopoa ne1: 1 nee1 ec1o nens6exnm
n amnyxpennm kon1k1 expy qnnnn n 6enmn. ok n kre cnckunecn
6erc1ao 6enme nneen nm1k1cn nopunnn1L ce6e ec1noe ncenenne, n ceaepe
onn, nnpo1na, ac1ynk1 c nokopennmn 6opnrenn a 6punme coksm.
Conn1enLno, u1o nerpm, neaune aosoxnoc1L am6op, c1pennncL k 1koy
qnsnueckoy coksy, s1o xen1me nneen oxo1no npnnnnn ero. op
nenocpepc1aennm annnnne qnnckoro nuec1ann kenL1m n oco6enno cnanne, u1o, a
cyunoc1n, nou1n opno n 1o xe, oksnncL amnyxpenm noc1enenno y1n a apony.
kn o6pso, aone-neaone onn pno nunn ac1yn1L a coksm c nnskopocnmn
npnuenLun ns epnkn; korp a xope caonx nocnepykunx c1pnc1an onn
ac1peunn a psnmx snpnmx c1pnx nocenennn a1nx kpnnkoa, onn pepxnncL o1
nnx nopnLue.
cnn 6m 6enn pc 6mn cpsy am1ecnen co caoe ppeane 1eppn1opnn a
Uen1pnLno snn, ocnoano cce xen1mx nneen nnuero 6m ne oc1anocL, kpoe
kk snn1L onyc1eaune senn. orp qnnn noc1ponn 6m anra ns ae1ok n
psannnx ppeannx nn1nnkoa n, cnepyn caoe npnamuke, scen 6m a ne, n np
1k n ne ysnn 6m a1y nnep1nyk pcy. o 6enoe ceec1ao ne c1ponno ccoam ncxop
co caoe nppopnnm. no pckononocL o1 yxcnoro c1onknoaennn c qnncknn
ccn, n pccennocL a psnme c1oponm, opnko poaonLno norouncnennme nneen
oc1nncL n ec1e n, c 1euenne apeenn coepnnnncL c xen1mn nneenn,
nepepann n aneprnunoc1L, nn1ennek1, qnsnueckyk cnny, coun6enLnoc1L, ko1opme
1e 6mnn uyxpm, n pann n aosoxnoc1L pcnpoc1pnn1L a1n aneen1m n cocepnne
1eppn1opnn.
pesynL11e acex a1nx cu16nmx nep1yp6un n 1pncqopun, oxa1naunx ace
unc1me pcm, s1e ace nx coue1nnn, ppeannn kynL1yp 6enoro ceec1a ncuesn,
n n ceny e npnunn ue1mpe ceunnmx unannnsunn: ccnpnckn, nnpycckn,
ernne1ckn n kn1ckn, nn1n, rpeueckn, yxe ro1oanncL am1n n cueny. 1o xe
apen yxe oxno 6mno y1aepxp1L, u1o ace counnLnme npnnunnm 6ypyuero
onpepenenm, no1oy u1o nocnepykune o6uec1a nnuero noaoro ne nso6penn.
Coe 6onLuoe n oueanpnoe poc1nxenne a1nx unannnsun sknkue1cn a 1o, u1o
onn npoponxnnn peno a1nnueckoro o6Lepnnennn. o epe pcunpennn onn aknkunn
a caok cqepy noame npopm, nneen n rpynnm, ko1opme npexpe xnnn
nsonnpoanno, ne c1pncL npnan1L n caon qopm n npen, xo1n n nnun nx
nnpnanpynLnoc1n.
1euenne 1k nsmaeoro a1oporo nepnop, nnn nepnop ceuennn, ccnpnum
pounn po rpnnu Opknn, scennnn oc1poa pxnnenr, o6ocnoanncL a nxne
rnn1e, ykpennnncL a pann, 6nnsko counncL c ny6nun. rnn1nne
pcnpoc1pnnnncL no Uen1pnLno qpnke, npopannynn caon nocenennn n kr n
snp, uc1nuno yunn a epxs n n Cnnckn nonyoc1poa. npycm konqnnk1oann
ns-s 1eppn1opnn c p6cknn xnnpn1n, amcpnnncL n Uenone,
kononnsnpoann ay n Bnn n npoponxnn ceuenne c nun n ppyro 6epery
nr. n1um ceunncL c npopn open, nonnn, aounn a conpnkocnoaenne c
qnnnnnnnun, uepno-xen1me e1ncm, nonanaunecn a onnnesnn n
nosnkonaunecn c cocepnnn unannnsunnn, nunn pcnpoc1pnn1L 1o nenoroe,
u1o onn ysnnn, o1 Mprckp po epnkn.
1o kce1cn snpnoro np - 6enmx nneen a apone, n6epnuea, pcenoa,
qpknuea, nnnnpnuea, kenL1oa, cnann, - onn k a1oy apeenn yxe 1pony1m
qnncko neu1Lk. nn npoponxk1 ccnnnnpoa1L cocepnne xen1me nneen, s1e
ac1ynk1 a coksm ppyr c ppyro, c annnnn, cen1nsnpoannmn e1ncn, ko1opme
ccn pccennk1cn pnpo c nnn.
Ceuenne, noaceec1noe n noc1onnnoe ceuenne, - ao1 coe oueanpnoe
poc1nxenne kpynnmx o6uec1a n ounmx unannnsun, ko1opoe nepexnno caonx
1aopuoa. D1o1 ne snkun nperpp no1ok psnnae1cn n nornoue1 ace noame n
noame npopm n 1eppn1opnn, nsennn nx npnpopy.
o pnn 1oro, u1o6m a1o aennkoe o6Lepnnnkuee panxenne oxa1nno cme nocnepnne
pcm senoro up, ne oc1annn nnkknx npo6enoa, nepoc11ouno pec1ann
unannns1opcko cpepm: pnn a1oro eue neo6xopno, u1o6m a cmx psnmx ponx
nonannncL noc1onnnme a1nnueckne ourn, 6es ko1opmx npouecc 6mn 6m nenonnm.
popnme pcc1onnnn npnnsyk1 pcnpoc1pnenne cmx k1nanmx rpynn. n1 n
apon nou1n ne oksmak1 annnnnn ppyr n ppyr, xo1n npoexy1ounm saeno pnn
nnx cnyx1 cnanne. npnn nnkorp ne oksman 6onLuoro annnnnn n qpnky, 1k
xe, kk ccnpnn n ceaepnyk uc1L snn; ecnn 6m o6uec1a oc1anncL n caonx
1eppn1opnnx, apon nnkorp 6m ne 6mn aoaneuen a a1o1 npouecc. n oksncL a
ne, no1oy u1o n ee 1eppn1opnn eue pnLue pcnpoc1pnnnncL cosnp1enLnme
aneen1m unannnsunn. C pnnnx apeen a nnue kenL1cknx n cnanncknx pc on
nonyunn pa o6Lepnnnkunx no1ok, ko1opme pnn e aosoxnoc1L a nyxnm oen1
ac1ynn1L a o6un npouecc.
op nx aospec1ane a apone xen1n ocnoa n unc1n 6enn cyunoc1L nonnoc1Lk
pc1aopnnncL. epes nocpepc1ao cen1nsnpoannmx annnnoa, s1e uepes pnckne
kononnn, eaponeum ace 6onLue c6nnxnncL c ncenenne snpnoro no6epexLn
snn.
ocnepnee 1kxe yuc1aoano a a1o aaonkunonno npouecce, n ecnn eaponeckne
npopm npno6pe1nn aoc1ounm o11enok a cnnnn, kxno Opnunn, 1nnn n
nnnpnn, 1o xn1enn oc1ok n qpnkn noroe 6pnn ns ponckoro 3np a
ponon1npe, n1onnn, pann n rnn1e. n6onLun aknp a a1o c6nnxenne
npnnpnexn1 cnann n kenL1 aec1e c annnnn. npoue, a ppyrnx pernonx
npouecc a1nnueckoro c6nnxennn nou1n o1cy1c1aoan no npnunne noamx
reorpqnuecknx rpnnu. nckn unannnsunn, uec1n no cue1y, ko1opn oxe1 no
npay cun11Lcn ec1o o6Lepnnennn a1nnuecknx npnnunnoa snpnoro np, ne
nen cnn k1nano pec1aoa1L nocne III a. n. a.
1o6m pcunpn1L 1eppn1opnk, n ko1opo yxe ceunocL c1onLko npopoa,
1pe6oanocL yuc1ne snun1enLno a1nnuecko cnnm, npopyk1 noaoro coks nyuue
uc1n uenoaeuec1a c yxe unannnsoannmn pcn. pnn cnoao, 6mn neo6xopn
npn1ok pnuea a cm rnanm counnLnm uen1p pnn 1oro, u1o6m on or
aospec1aoa1L n oc1nLno np, 6es uero pnLneuee cnnnnne 6mno neaosoxno.
1k, a poncko o6uec1ae nonannncL repnum. pnoapeenno onn snnnn
kpnn ceaepo-snp aponm, ko1opm noc1enenno npeap1nncn a onopnm nynk1 nx
pen1enLnoc1n. Coks c kenL1n n cnannn ycnnnn nx akcnncnk n a no c1enenn
nopann nx npnpopnyk nnnun1nanoc1L. onannocL coapeennoe o6uec1ao, ko1opoe
npnc1ynnno k pnLneuey o6Lepnnennk. Coace nepano ono o1kpmno epnky, rpe
ceunocL c 6opnrenn nnn ynnu1oxnno nx; ono pno 1onuok occnn, a pesynL11e
uero cnanne nokopnnn nocnepnne nneen Uen1pnLno snn; onn nponnknn a cpepy
nnpycoa n kn1uea n noc1yunncL a paepn nonnn; no acey qpnknckoy
no6epexLk ono aouno a kon1k1 c xn1ennn a1oro 6onLuoro kon1nnen1; kopoue
roaopn, noaoe o6uec1ao pcunpnno caon 1eppn1opnn n pcnpoc1pnnno no acey npy
npnnunnm a1nnueckoro o6Lepnnennn.
epnckn pc ao6pn a ce6n ack aneprnk pnckoro ceec1a, 6nroppn uey
amnonnnn npepnsnuennyk e ponL. ocne nee 6enn pc yxe ne orn nnuero
npepnoxn1L a cmcne oun n k1nanoc1n: ace, u1o a ne oc1anocL, 6mno nc1oueno,
perppnpoano, y1pueno. onyunnocL 1k, u1o a1n nocnepnn nocnnu npnunocL
asn1Lcn s coe 1pypnoe peno. nn saepunnn reorpqnueckne o1kpm1nn n scennnn
noame senn e1ncn. enepL 1pe6ye1cn 1onLko po6an1L nocnepnne knnn pncko
kpoan a psnnunme npopm, n a1y p6o1y amnonnn1 apen.
cxopn ns cksnnoro amue, c1noan1cn ncnm o1ae1 n aonpoc, ne nouey ceropnn
ne1 unc1mx pnuea, nouey onn 6onLue ne nyxnm. o1oy u1o nx
npepnsnuenne 6mno c6nnxenne n cnnnnne acex psnoanpnoc1e uenoaeuec1a,
neasnpn n pcc1onnnn: 1enepL, korp onn a ocnoano amnonnnnn caok spuy, n
6onLue neuero pen1L n sene. 1k, cyuec1aoanne co nyuue psnoanpnoc1n
ace 6eno pcm, nyuunx kuec1a, cocpepo1ouennmx a ne, poxpenne, psan1ne n
cep1L o6uec1a n unannnsun, aennkn pesynL11 a1nx kuec1a, npepc1annk1 co6o
aepunny n amcuyk uenL nc1opnn. ce a1o nonannocL pnn 1oro, u1o6m o6Lepnnn1L
uenoaeuec1ao, psananocL, caepkno aennkonenne n o6orunocL pnn 1oro, u1o6m
yckopn1L o6Lepnnenne, n yuno a ne6m1ne, korp rnanm a1nnueckn npnnunn
okonu1enLno annncn a psnopopnme aneen1m.
Benm npnnunn, rnanm o6pso pnckn, pcnpoc1pnnauncn n sene, ne
oc1ann ane cqepm caoero pec1ann nn opny pcy. kn o6pso, xnsnL
uenoaeuec1a npno6pe1e1 cmcn, ko1opm nonnoc1Lk yknpmae1cn a kocnueckn
nponopnpok. yxe cpannan ero nc1opnk c orponm ysopu1m, psnouae1nm
nono1no: ee oxno 1kxe cpann1L c uenLk rop, o1penLnme aepunnm ko1opo
npepc1annk1 co6o unannnsunn, reonornueckoe c1poenne a1nx aepunn - a1o
psnnunme coksm, o6ycnoanennme norouncnennmn coue1nnnn 1pex rnanmx
rpynn n nx nponsaopnmx aneen1oa. a1o sknkue1cn rnanm pesynL11
uenoaeueckoro 1pyp. ce, u1o cnyxn1 unannnsunn, axopn1 a cqepy pen1enLnoc1n
o6uec1a, ace, u1o axopn1 a ero cqepy, psanae1 o6uec1ao, ace, u1o ero psanae1,
reorpqnueckn pcunpne1 ero, n nocnepnn saeno a1o uenoukn nanne1cn ycnnenne
nnn nopanenne uepnmx nnn qnncknx aneen1oa a cce yxe ceunnoro ncenennn.
Bype cun11L, u1o koneunn uenL 1pypoa n c1ppnn, ppoc1e n no6ep
uenoaeuec1a coc1on1 a 1o, u1o6m a opnn npekpcnm penL npn1n k 6conk1noy
epnnc1ay. cxopn ns a1o kcnom, m 6ype pccyxp1L pnLue.
6c1pk1no cmcne 6enn pc nacerp ncuesn c nnu senn. popn uepes
anoxy 6oroa, korp on 6mn coaepuenno unc1o, anoxy repoea, korp npouecc
ceuennn eue ne poc1nr amcue 1oukn, anoxy sn1n, korp ee kuec1a ne 6mnn
nonnoc1Lk y1puenm, 6enn pc nopoun k anoxe okonu1enLnoro cnnnnnn acex
npnnunnoa a pesynL11e ceunnmx coksoa. 1nmne on npepc1anen 1onLko
rn6pnpn, 6onLue acero perppnpoann 1e ee npepc1an1enn, ko1opme xnay1 n
1eppn1opnn nepamx ceunnmx o6uec1a. 1o kce1cn cc, ko1opme a 3npno
apone n Ceaepno epnke npepc1annk1 co6o nocnepnkk aosoxnyk qopy
kynL1ypm, a nnx eue ec1L oc11kn cnnm, oco6enno no cpanennk, ckxe, c xn1ennn
Heen. pnko n a1o o1nocn1enLnoe npeaocxopc1ao noc1enenno ncuese1, uc1L
pncko kpoan, norokp1no ps6anennn, ko1opn eue nee1cn a nue o6uec1ae
n nanne1cn ero epnnc1aenno onopo, kxpm penL ace 6onLue nornoue1cn.
orp npouecc nornouennn saepun1cn, nc1ynn1 anox epnnc1a. Benm npnnunn,
no1epnea nopxenne a kxpo o1penLno uenoaeke, 6ype1 coc1ann1L no o1nouennk
k pay ppyrn nponopunk 1:2, a1oro anonne poc11ouno, u1o6m nou1n nonnoc1Lk
npnnsoa1L ero annnnne; eue neunLnee 1o, u1o cnnnnne - a1o pneko ne
pesynL11 nenocpepc1aennoro ceuennn 1pex rnanmx 1nnoa a nx unc1o anpe,
nens6exnoe cnepc1ane 6eckoneuno uepepm coksoa. D1o nocnepnnn c1enenL
nocpepc1aennoc1n ao acex cmcnx, qnsnuecko cnnm, kpco1m n nn1ennek1ynLnmx
cnoco6noc1e. xpm ns nkpe 6ype1 a pano epe nec1n a ce6e a1o neunLnoe
ncnepne, nnk1o ne 6ype1 oppen a 6onLue c1enenn, ue ppyro; 1ouno 1k xe, kk
n oc1poax onnnesnn nckne e1ncm, a 1euenne nornx aekoa skny1me a
caoe kpyry, a pano epe npepc1annk1 co6o opnn n 1o1 xe 1nn, a ko1opm
nnkorp ne nonpn noan kpoaL, 1k n ace nkpn n sene 6ypy1 noxoxn ppyr n
ppyr. ce 6ype1 opnnkoao: nx poc1, uep1m nnu, 1enocnoxenne. Y nnx 6ype1
opnnkoan qnsnueckn cnn, opnnkoame nnc1nnk1m n cnoco6noc1n, n, noa1opk eue
ps, a1o1 o6un ypoaenL 6ype1 nann1L co6o xnkoe spennue.
popm, aepnee, c1p nkpe, norpyxennme a cnnuky, 6ypy1 anun1L 6ecuenLnoe
cyuec1aoanne, xykune caok xauky cyuec1a n non1ncknx 6ono1x. osoxno,
onn 6ypy1 cun11L ce6n cmn ynmn, yuenmn n oppennmn ns xnamx cyuec1a,
ko1opme korp-nn6o xnnn n sene. m cn psae ne y6expenm a 1o, u1o nu
necnoco6noc1L cosp1L 1kne xe npekpcnme nn1nnkn, kknn m ceropnn
nk6yecn a rnn1e n npnn, cnyxn1 poks1enLc1ao nuero npeaocxopc1a? un
no1okn 6es 1pyp npy1 pryen1m, u1o6m ampsn1L caok cnncxopn1enLnoc1L k n
n roppn1Lcn caon apapc1ao. o1 n u1o 1p1nnn cnnm nun npepkn, ckxy1 onn,
npespn1enLno noksman nnLue n xnkne psannnm nunx nocnepnnx 1aopenn.
pec1an1enLno, onn 6ypy1 pnn nnx 6ecnonesnm, no1oy u1o 1opxec1aykun npnpop
anoaL 6ype1 anc1aoa1L n sene, n uenoaek 6ype1 ne xosnnno, no roc1e, kk n
npoune necnme n aopnme o6n11enn.
o n a1 cn1yunn npopnn1cn neponro, 1. k. no6ounm pesynL11 6ecnopnpounoro
ceuennn - yenLuenne uncnennoc1n ncenennn. cnn 6pocn1L asrnnp n npounme
apeen, c1noan1cn ncno, u1o 1orp n sene xnno ropspo 6onLue npepc1an1ene
nuero anp, ue ceropnn. n1e nnkorp ne 6mno 1k no xn1ene, kk a
nc1onuee apen; Uen1pnLnn snn 6mn noxox n uenoaeueckn ypaennk. o
cnoa epopo1, a Cknqnn o6n1no noxec1ao npopoa, nmneunnn occnn
nnonne1 nyc1mnk. epnnn poc11ouno xn1ene, no ne enLue nx 6mno a III-V
aa. n. a., korp on ueppo noc1annn ponckoy npy ccm aonnoa aec1e c nx
xenn n pe1Ln. Opnunn n nrnnn ne noxoxn n nyc1mnk, no n a nnnn, n n
Bpn1ncknx oc1poax knnen xnsnL a anoxy knpncknx nepecenenn. cnnnn n
1nnn ncun1mak1 ne 6onee ue1aep1n 1oro, u1o onn nenn a ppeanoc1n. peunn,
rnne1, Cnpnn, Mnn snn, Mecono1nn knuenn nkpLn, ropopoa 1 6mno ne
enLue, ue konkuek a none: ceropnn onn nou1n 6esnkpnm; npnn ceropnn - a1o
1onLko 1enL npouno npnn. 3npnn qpnk, senn, ko1opn ackopnn apony n
n ko1opo c1onLko e1pononn c1ponnn caoe 6nrononyune, nanne1 co6o rpyc1noe
spennue pepknx nn1ok koueannkoa n ynpkunx ropopoa. c1nLnme ponm a1oro
kon1nnen1, kyp eaponeum n ycynLne npnnecnn 1o, u1o opnn nsmann
nporpecco, ppyrne nc1nnno aepo, npe6mak1 a 1ko xe coc1onnnn; 1onLko a
rny6nne qpnkn, kyp eue ne nponnknn uyxkn, coxpnne1cn konk1noe ncenenne.
o a1o ne nponro. 1o kce1cn epnkn, apon annae1 1yp oc11kn kpoan. o
ec1L on 6epnee1 c, o6orun ppyroro.
eaosoxno nopcun11L 1ounoe uncno c1one1n, ko1opme o1pennk1 nc o1 oen1
saepuennn ppm. o koneu nepnek. pnckoe ceec1ao, aepnee cks1L, oc11kn
6enoro ceec1a, y1p1nnn caok unc1o1y, korp popnncn pnc1oc. cnn cun11L, u1o
3enn o6psoancL s uec1L nnn ceL 1mcnuene1n po a1oro co6m1nn, a1oro apeenn
6mno poc11ouno pnn 1oro, u1o6m nckopenn1L a spopmue c npnnunn o6uec1a, n
korp a1o1 nepnop saepunncn, npnunn ynpk yxe oanpen npo. ockonLky
cyunoc1L 6eno pcm pc1aopnncL a payx nnsunx psnoanpnoc1nx, nocnepnne
npe1epnenn coo1ae1c1aykune nsenennn, ko1opme pnn xen1o pcm nponsounn
nnoro pnLue. 3 aocenpu1L nc1ekunx aekoa npouecc cnnnnnn eue ne
saepunncn, xo1n 6mnn snoxenm npepnocmnkn ero 6ypyunx no6ep. onannncL
ounme cpepc1a aospec1ann n 6ypyuee, n yaennunncn a1nnueckn 6ecnopnpok
any1pn acex o6uec1a, cnepoa1enLno, npn6nnsnncn uc okonu1enLnoro o6Lepnnennn.
kn o6pso, a1o apen ne 6mno no1pueno spn: 6ypyun nc1opnn nnncn.
enoaeky n sene oc1nocL upn1L 12-14 1mcnuene1n, n a1o1 cpok oxno
pspenn1L n pa nepnop: nepam yxe a npouno - on 6mn apeene onopoc1n,
cnnm, nn1ennek1ynLnoro aennunn uenoaeuec1a; a1opo, ko1opm nuncn, npnaepe1
uenoaeuec1ao k ampoxpennk.
cnn spepx1Lcn n apeenx, ko1opme npepuec1ayk1 nocnepney aspoxy nuero
anp, n ne py1L o nepnope ynpnnn, nocne ko1oporo 6esnkpnm seno up
npoponxn1, yxe 6es nc, caoe panxenne a npoc1pnc1ae, n ne snk, 6ype1 nn a1o
6onLun y1euenne. nroc1no 6mno 6m py1L o cypL6e ropc1kn cyuec1a, nunx
co6p1Lea, nnuennmx cnnm, kpco1m n y, ecnn 6m ne mcnL o 1o, u1o y nnx
oc1ne1cn nocnepnee cpepc1ao - aep a Bor. ocnepnee aocnonnnne o nyuunx
apeenx.
ennrnn ne o6eue1 n aeuno xnsnn, nyk yun1, u1o y nc korp-1o 6mno
nuno, n y6expe1, u1o 6ype1 n koneu. k u1o ne c1on1 nn ypnann1Lcn, nn
1peaoxn1Lcn a1oy nenpenoxnoy qk1y. eunLn ne mcnL o konue - neunLno
cosnnne 1oro, u1o m npnpe k ney a c1onL xnko coc1onnnn, n aosoxno, pxe
a1 yuc1L, yro1oannn nun no1ok, oc1ann 6m nc panopyunmn, ecnn 6m
ne 1nm yxc o11oro, u1o cypL6 yxe 1nne1 k n caon 6esxnoc1nme pykn.
SpellCheck: avolod, 2006 - 2007
Ou k (1853-1855) nnn u
qykr , a qq rq Xq k
(1818-1882). Hn r x a kr, kx
yun ru q, ku u kyr ,
ky, a u, y, n n uk kr
un rkr - qqkr
n, kr u n u
k u uk k xn nr
ku rk x u kr n n.
npnnp apeea
-

cnn am xo1n1e a1o1nueckn nonyu1L nnqopunk o acex o6noanennnx n c1e,
nopnnun1ecL n pccmnky -- ac caa ncaa na.