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iuhpçby-D`Qpf_u `v¹$^su
A_¡
Aplpf-ep¡S>_p
k„L$g_
õh. h¥v$¹ e Qud_cpC ipl
âL$piL$
iuhpçby QuL$uÐkp k„ip¡^_ d„X$m, lzS>fps`pNp, hX$p¡v$fp-390 001
hsu d¡_¡S>]N V¹$fõV$u : S>Nv$ui ipl
dy¿e huL¹$f¡sp
eo àfL$pi_ kdusu
l]NgpS>dpsp_u hpX$u, lzS>fps`pNp fp¡X$,
hX$pv¡ $fp-390 001 ap¡_ : 0265-2437957
3
ApdyM
iuhpçby-QuL$uÐkp gNcN b^p fp¡Np¡dp„ kpfy„ L$pd Ap`¡ R>¡.
70\u 80 V$L$p fp¡Np¡ dV$pX¡$ R>¡, bpL$u_p fp¡Np¡dp„ fpls Ap`¡ R>¡. L¡$V$gpL$
AkpÝe fp¡Np¡ dV$pX¡$ R>¡ sp¡ L¡$Þkf S>¡hp fp¡Np¡dp„ A¡gp¡`\u QuL$uÐkp_u
ApX$-Akfp¡\u bQphu, i¡i S>uh_ ip„su\u husphhp_u iL¹$su
Ap`¡ R>¡. A¡_p\u A¡CX¹$T_p fp¡Nu Ad¡fuL$pdp„ kpfp \ep_p v$pMgp
D`gå^ R>¡. dp_hifufdp„ Sy>v$p Sy>v$p Ahehp¡dp„ \sp fp¡Np¡_p àfL$pf
Sy>v$p Sy>v$p lp¡hp R>sp„ iuhpçby-QuL$uÐkp_u `v¹$^su A_¡ fus, Aë`
a¡fapfp¡ kuhpe gNcN A¡L$ kfMu lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u Ap `yõsuL$pdp„
QuL$uÐkp_u kf¹hkpdpÞe fus kdÅhu R>¡.
Ap`Zp S>uh_dp„ `¡Y$u v$f `¡Y$u Dsfu Aph¡gu kyN Ap
QuL$uÐkp_u ApX¡$ Aph¡ R>¡. dyÐf_u hpk A_¡ AZNdsp õhpv$\u
L¡$V$gpL$ L$dL$du Åe R>¡. `Z Aphu kyN A_ych_pf kpd¡ S>]v$Nu L¡$
dp¡s_u `k„v$Nu L$fhp_p¡ hpfp¡ Aph¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ kyN Ry>V$u Åe R>¡.
(dyÐf_u hpk_p¡ dy¿e Ap^pf Mp¡fpL$_p àfL$pf D`f fl¡ R>¡. kpv$p
Mp¡fpL$\u dyÐf hpkflus A_¡ _uf¹dm Aph¡ R>¡.) gNcN v$fL¡ $_p¡ A¡
A_ych R>¡ L¡$ fy`pmu bpV$guAp¡dp„\u `uhpsu apf¹dku_u
v$hpAp¡dp„\u L¡$V$guL$_p õhpv$ A_¡ N„^ ÂfyZpõ`v$ lp¡e R>¡. Apd
iuhpçby_p¡ D`ep¡N L$fhp dpV¡$ dp_kuL$ a¡fapf_u S> S>fyf R>¡.
4
õhdyÐfp¡`Qpf Ap`Z¡ ÅZuA¡ R>uA¡ s¡_p L$fsp„ h^pf¡
àfQgus R>¡. X$pi ¡ uh¥v$pdp„ bpmL$p¡ dpV¡$ õhdyÐf_p„ b¡ ÐfZ V$u`p„_¡
AL$kuf A_¡ kygc Ap¥i^ sfuL¡$ õhuL$pfu g¡hpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡.
õhdyÐfp¡`Qpf L$f_pfp OZp X$pL¸ $V$fp¡, h¥v$¹ ep¡, kpdpS>uL$ L$pf¹eL$fp¡ A_¡
dÝed hf¹N_p kpdpÞe gp¡L$p_¡ ¡ lz„ ÅÏ„ Ry>.„ Mp_Nudp„ Ap hps
ÅZhp dm¡ R>¡ `Z Ål¡fdp„ A¡_u L$bgy ps A_¡ àfQpf L$fsp„
A¡dp„\u OZp„ k„L$pQ ¡ A_ych¡ R>¡. Aphu Mp¡V$u ifd A_¡ k„L$pQ ¡ Å¡
R>p¡X$u iL$pe sp¡ ApS>_p dp¢Opv$pV$ v$hpMp_pAp¡_p¡ kf¹hkygc, kõsp¡
A_¡ AL$kuf huL$ë` àfpàs \pe. hmu cpfs S>¡hp v¡$idp„ sp¡ Ap
D`Qpf Myb S> ìep`L$ fus¡ àfkf¡; Å¡ AÁfZu L$lh¡ psp gp¡L$p¡
Ål¡fdp„ A¡_p¡ õhuL$pf L$f.¡
dNS>_p„ v¹$hpf Myëgp„ fpMu, kdS>`yfh¹ L$ Ap `yõsuL$p_p¡
Aæepk L$fu àfep¡N L$fhpdp„ Aphi¡ sp¡ àfep¡NL$pf_¡ gpc \i¡ S>
\i¡.
(õh. fp. d. `V¡$g_p ‘dp_hdyÐf’ `f\u kpfhu_¡)
5
A_yL$¹fd
1. àfep¡Np¡ ApV$gu fus¡ \pe 5
2. dyÐf-àfep¡N_p„ ceõ\p_p¡ 6
3. L¡$V$guL$ N„cuf Q¡shZu 9
4. D`Qpf-`v¹$^su A_¡ Mp¡fpL$ 14
5. iuhpçby D`Qpf L$fhp_u fusp¡ 17
6. Sy>_p `¡ipb_y„ dpgui L$fhp_u fus 22
7. Aplpf A„N¡ kdS> 28
8. Aplpf L$pf¹eL$f¹ d 33
9. L¡$V$guL$ kpdpÞe kyQ_pAp¡ 36
10. dp„v$Nu_u Ap^y_uL$ kpfhpf 38
11. L$uX$_udp„ \su NpmZ-L¹$fuep_u kdS> 39
12. Asuf¡L$\u bQuA¡> 45
6
àfep¡Np¡ ApV$gu fus¡ \pe
1. iuhpçby-`p_ v$uhkdp„ A¡L$-b¡ hpf L¡$ h^y hpf A_¡ D`hpk
v$fçep_ ApMp¡ v$uhk.
2. iuhpçby-dpgui Qpf v$uhk_p hpku `¡ipb\u A\hp
DL$pm¡gp spÅ `¡ipb\u.
3. iuhpçby_p„ `p¡sp„ A\hp `¡X$ S¹>ep„ dpgui iL¹$e _ lp¡e s¡hp
vy$Msp cpN `f.
4. dyÐf_p¡, dp¡V$u dpÐfp_p¡ A¡_udp, kyÿd dpÐfp_p¡ fuV¡$C_]N
A¡_udp s\p ep¡_u-Xy$i.
5. L$pN¡ mp L$fhp, _pL$dp„ V$u`p„ dyL$hp„, L$p_dp„ V$u`p„ dyL$hp„.
6. spÅ õhdyÐf\u ApC-bpDg (Eye-Bowl)dp„ Ap„Mp¡ ^p¡hu L¡$
Ap„Mdp„ b¡ b¡ V$u`p„ dyL$hp„.
7. dyÐf_p¡ _pk g¡hp¡, ApMp ifuf¡ bpa g¡hp¡, dpV$u `gpmu_¡ g¡`
L$fhp¡.
8. `lp¡mp hpkZdp„ hpku iuhpçby cfu bÞ_¡ l\¡mu s\p bÞ_¡
`N_p„ smuep„ Xy$bpX$u fpMhp„.
7
dyÐf-àfep¡N_p„ ceõ\p_p¡
dyÐf-àfep¡N L$fsp„ s¡_u L¹$fuephuL¹$fuep \pe R>¡, S>¡_p„
ceõ\p_p¡ _uQ¡ dyS>b NZu iL$pe :
1. `¡ipb_p dpgui_u ifyAps \ep bpv$ `p„Q kps v$uhk¡
M„S>hpm Aph¡ R>¡ `Z s¡ M„S>hpm dpgui\u S> dV$u S>i¡.
2. L¡$V$guL$ hMs Nfdu _uL$m¡ R>¡ A_¡ ka¡v$ dp¢hpmu gpg
ap¡X$L$uAp¡ ifuf `f azV$u _uL$m¡ R>¡. gp¡ludp„ S>¡ àfdpZdp„ Mp¡V$u
Nfdu lp¡e s¡ àfdpZdp„ `¡ipb_p dpgui\u s¡ Mp¡V$u Nfdu
Ap¡R>p h^sp àfdpZdp„ azV$u _uL$m.¡ Aphy„ \pe A¡ dyÐf_p
àfep¡N\u ifufiyv$¹ ^u \hp_y„ Qul¹_ R>¡. dpV¡$ s¡\u Ncfphy„ _lu.
s¡ ap¡X$L$uAp¡_p„ dp¢ cp„Nu Åe A_¡ s¡dp„ dyÐf Dsf¡ A¡ fus¡ cpf¡
lp\¡ dpgui L$fhy„ A_¡ Ðepf bpv$ v$pY¡ $-b¡ L$gpL¡$ lza„ pmp
`pZu\u _plu g¡h.„y _lpsu hMs¡ L$pC¡ `Z àfL$pf_p¡ kpby _
gNpX$hp¡. `gpm¡gu L$pmu dpV$u gNphhp\u hpk S>su fl¡ R>¡
A_¡ QpdX$u õhÃR>, kyh„ pmu \pe R>¡.
3. ifuf_p¡ fp¡N S>¡ bNpX$\u lp¡e s¡ bNpX$ ifufdp„\u _uL$m¡
sp¡ S> fp¡N _uf¹dym \pe. s¡ bNpX$_¡ blpf _uL$mhp_p ÐfZ
fõsp R>¡. dp¡Y$p hpV¡$ DgV$u\u, Nyv$p hpV¡$ TpX$p\u L¡$ ifuf_p„
8
R>uv¹$fp¡ v¹$hpfp Nfdu\u. dyÐfàfep¡Ndp„ Ap àfL¹$fuepAp¡ \hp_p¡
k„ch R>¡.
(A) DOfk v$h¹ pfp L$a ^ud¡ ^ud¡ Ry>V$p¡ \pe A_¡ _uL$m¡ sp¡
DgV$uAp¡ _ `Z \pe.
(b) bNpX$ _uL$mu Åe sp¡ s¡_¡ TpX$p _ `Z \pe. `Z Å¡
s¡ _ _uL$m¡ sp¡ àfep¡N_p D`hpk_p v$uhkp¡dp„ TpX$p
A_¡ DgV$u \hp_p¡ `yfp¡ k„ch R>¡. Apd \pe sp¡ s¡\u
Ncfphy„ _lu. Ly$v$fs_¡ s¡_„y L$pd L$fhp v¡$h.„y s¡ kpfp dpV¡$
S> \pe R>¡. L$pC¡ _u kgpl dp_u_¡ s¡ b„^ L$fhp dpV¡$ L$pC¡
`Z àfL$pf_u v$hp L¡$ IS>¡L$¹ i_ g¡hp„ _lu. s¡d L$fhp\u
cpf¡ _yL$kp_ \i¡. Ap àfep¡N\u S> s¡ Ap`p¡Ap` idu
S>i¡. L¡$V$gpL$_p ifuf_y„ b„^pfZ A¡h„y lp¡e, àfL¹$fsy u
A¡hu lp¡e, L¡$ S>¡_¡ L$pfZ¡ D`f v$fi ¹ pìep àfdpZ¡
àfL¹$fuep _ \pe s¡\u `Z dyT „ phy„ _lu. A_ych¡
kdÅey„ R>¡ L¡$ A¡L$\u b¡ V$L$p ìeL¹$su_¡ Aphy„ fuA¡L$i_
Aph¡ R>¡.
4. L¡$V$gpL$ dy¿e fp¡Np¡_¡ OZp V¡$L$¡ v$pf fp¡Np¡ lp¡e R>¡. s¡ hMs¡
L$pmS>u fpMhu. Adv$phpv$_p A¡L$ R>p`p_p Qua fu`p¡fV¹ $f
cpCA¡ dkp (Piles)_p fp¡N dpV¡$ àfep¡N ify L$fe¹ p¡. ifyAps
9
dpgui\u L$fu `Z s¡d_u A¡gf¹S>uL$ àfL¹$fsy u lp¡hp\u `N¡ dpgui
L$fsp„ dp¡Y$p D`f iumk_p„ Y$udZp„ D`ku Apìep„. d¢ dpgui
b„^ L$fphu v$uhkdp„ b¡ ÐfZ hMs `uhp_u kgpl Ap`u. A¡L$
AW$hpX$uep_p àfep¡N\u A¡d_p dkp dV$u Nep A_¡ Ðepf bpv$
`Z àfep¡N Qpgy fpMhp\u L$bS>ueps dV$sp„ s¡d_p¡ iumk_p¡
fp¡N `Z dV¹$ep¡. Ap v¹$fíy V$ps„ àfep¡N L$f_pf_¡ kphQ¡su `yfsy„
Apàey„ R>¡.
(‘dp_hdyÐf’dp„\u) - fphS>ucpC `V¡$g
10
L¡$V$guL$ N„cuf Q¡shZu
dyÐfàfep¡N L$f_pfpAp¡ L¹$f`y p L$fu Ýep_dp„ fpM¡ L¡$,
1. Ap v¥$hu kp^_ A¡ L$pC¡ fp¡N_u v$hp _\u. `Z `p¡sp_p
ifufõhpõÕe_¡ kpQhu fpMhp_y„ A_¡ Mp¡hpe¡gp õhpõÕe_¡
`pRy>„ d¡mhu g¡hp dpV¡$_„y Ly$v$fsu kp^_ R>¡.
2. Ap kp^__p¡ D`ep¡N L$f_pf¡ àf\d sp¡ `p¡sp_p ifuf_p
QuL$uÐkL$ `p¡s¡ S> b_hy„ Å¡CA¡. `p¡sp_p ifuf_u Apv$s, s¡_u
NyÅ„ Ci, s¡_u àfL¹$fsy u A_¡ Ly$v$fsu lhp`pZu s¡Z¡ kdS>u g¡hp„
Å¡CA¡. S>¡ Ap b^u hps _ kdS>¡ s¡hpAp¡_¡ Ap àfep¡N `yfp¡
gpcv$peL$ _ `Z \pe. gpc _ \hpdp„ v$pi ¡ kp^__p¡ _\u.
3. L$pC¡ A¡ Asu DÐkpldp„ Aphu S>C A¡L$pA¡L$ `yfp¡ àfep¡N L$fhp
d„X$u _ S>hy.„ ApS> ky^u fp¡N_¡ dV$pX$hp_p l¡s\y u A_¡L$ Ås_p„
kpfp„-dpW$p„ sÐÐhp¡hpmp„ v¹$fìep¡ sd¡ sdpfp ifufdp„ v$hp L¡$
IS>¡L$¹ i_ v¹$hpfp _p¿ep„ R>¡ s¡_p¡ `Z huQpf L$fhp¡. s¡ b^p„
sdpfp ifufdp„ Ry>`pC_¡ b¡W$¡ gp„ S> R>¡. A_¡ s¡_¡ gu^¡ sdpfy„
ifuf AdyL$ fus¡ S> V¡$hpe¡g„y R>¡. s¡ b^p„ byfp„ sÐÐhp¡_¡
^ufS>`yfh¹ L$ L$pY$hp„ Å¡CA¡ s¡d S> sdpfp ifuf_¡-Mpkues_¡
L¡$mhhu Å¡CA¡. dpV¡$ sd¡ _hp¡ àfep¡N ify L$fp¡ s¡ kpd¡ sdpfy„
11
d_ s\p ifuf b„X$ _ L$f¡ s¡ fus¡ ^ufS>\u sdpf¡ Ap àfep¡N ify
L$fhp¡ Å¡CA¡. sd_¡ A¡hu ífv¹$^p lp¡hu Å¡CA¡ L¡$ sdpfy„ Alus
_lu \pe. sdpf¡ A¡_p¡ D`ep¡N `v¹$^sukf A_¡ huh¡L$`fy h¹ L$
L$fhp¡ Å¡CA¡.
4. dyÐfàfep¡N L$f_pf¡ `yõsL$dp„ Ap`¡gu kyQ_p L¡$ v¹$fíy V$ps „ _¡
A_ykfu_¡, L$pC¡ A_ychu_u kgpl d¡mhu_¡ dyÐf_¡ _uedus
fus¡ àfdpZkf, Qp¡L$¹ L$k \e¡gp„ ^p¡fZ A_ykpf g¡h„y A_¡ s¡
kp\¡ s¡_u `fl¡S>u k„`fy Z ¹ `Z¡ `pmhu sp¡ s¡_„y lus S>fyf
k^pi¡. `Z hu_p ífv¹$^pA¡, hu_p Qp¡L$kpCA¡ `fl¡S>u
`pmhpdp„ b¡L$pmÆ fpMu_¡ ‘hpÁey„ sp¡ suf _l] sp¡ V$à`p¡’
A¡hu A^L$Qfu d_p¡v$ip\u S>¡ L$pC¡ àfep¡N L$fi¡ s¡_¡ apev$p¡
_lu \pe. A_¡ A¡ D`fp„s Ap dp_hlusL$pfu àfep¡N_¡ hNp¡hu
dp_hÅs_u Ly$kh¡ p \i¡. dpV¡$ sd¡ L¹$f`y p L$fu dp_hÅs_u A¡hu
Ly$kh¡ p L$fip¡ _l].
5. D`hpk : D`hpk _L$pf¡ X$p¡ S> L$fhp¡. am MpCA¡ A¡ D`hpk
_ NZpe. AÞ_, am L¡$ am_p¡ fk L„$C S> _ g¡h.„y Aphp
D`hpk v$fçep_ Qp¡huk¡e L$gpL$_p¡ `¡ipb A_¡ sfk gpN¡
Ðepf¡ Nfd L$fu_¡ W$pf¡g„y `pZu CÃR>p dyS>b g¡h.„y s¡ kuhpe L$i„y
_ g¡hpe. gp¡lu_p _uQp v$bpZhpmpA¡, X$pepbuV$uk_p
12
fp¡NuA¡, s¡dS> _bmp l¹fvy $ehpmpA¡ Ap dyÐfàfep¡Ndp„ D`hpk
L$fhp _l]. ifuf_u iL¹$su kpQhu_¡ Ap àfep¡N L$fhp¡. A¡V$g¡
iL¹$su kQhpC fl¡ A¡V$gp¡ Sy>S>, A¡L$ hMs _L¹$L$u L$fg¡ p¡ Mp¡fpL$
gC Ap àfep¡N L$fhp¡. S>¡_p `fuZpd¡ õhpõÕe ky^fi¡. A¡V$g„y
S> L¡$ àfep¡N_u k„`fy Z ¹ kamsp dpV¡$ hug„b \i¡. R>sp„
klukgpdsu\u Ap àfep¡N L$fhp¡ A¡ S> lusL$f R>¡. D`hpk
L$fsp„ L$fsp„ _bmpC h^u Åe, `pky„ a¡fhsp„ A„^pfp„ Aph¡ L¡$
dyT
„ hZ S>¡h„y \pe sp¡ h^pf¡ D`hpk _ L$fsp„ `fl¡S>u kp\¡_p¡,
_L$L¹ $u L$fg¡ p¡ `Õe Mp¡fpL$, A¡L$ V„$L$ MpC_¡ àfep¡N Qpgy fpMhp¡
A_¡ Dsphmp \hy„ _lu.
6. Qpgy h¥v$L$ue `v¹$^suA¡ Ap`Zu k„edìfyÐsu_p¡ _pi L$fe ¹ p¡ R>¡.
A_¡ Ap`Zp ifuf-õhpõÕe_p cp¡N¡ h¥v$L$ue ^„^p_¡ gpc \ep¡
R>¡. Ap àfep¡Ndp„ A¡hu L$pC¡ df¹epv$p Ap¡mN„ hu _lu. S>¡_p\u
k„ed`yfh¹ L$_u `fl¡S>u _ `mpe L¡$ àfep¡N àfÐe¡ A¡L$_uíW$ _
fl¡hpe s¡dZ¡ àfep¡N b„^ L$fhp¡.
7. Ap `huÐf Ly$v$fsu bnuk_p¡ D`ep¡N L$pC ¡ ^_àfpàsu dpV¡$ _
L$f.¡ Nfub A_¡ `uX$us S>_sp_¡ af¡b Ap`u Ap iyv$¹ ^ L$pf¹e_¡
Aiyv^¹ _ L$f¡ A¡hu dpfu kp¥_¡ _çf hu_„su R>¡.
8. Ap àfep¡Ndp„ kamsp d¡mìep `R>u L$pC ¡ _¡ õhÃR>„v$¡ hf¹shp_p¡
13
`fhp_p¡ dmsp¡ _\u. õhpõÕe bNX$hp_p„ L$pfZp¡ _íV$ \ep„ `R>u
`Z A`Õe, AeyL$¹ s L¡$ Asuie Mp¡fpL$\u vy$f fl¡h.„y A¡\u
õhpõÕe `pRy>„ bNX¡$ R>¡. dpV¡$ ifuf-õhpõÕe_p kpdpÞe
_uedp¡ sp¡ l„di ¡ p„ `pmhp S> Å¡CA¡. cNhp_ `Z s¡dp„\u
L$pC¡ _¡ dyL$¹ su A`phu iL¡$ _l].
9. dyÐfàfep¡N ify L$fsp `l¡gp„ S>¡ S>¡ v$hpAp¡ g¡hpsu lp¡e s¡
kpdpÞe fus¡ b„^ L$fhu. A¡ v$hpAp¡dp„ A¡ÞV$ubpep¡V$uL¹$k,
dpek¡V$u_ hf¹N_p„ këap X¹$fÁT hN¡f¡ g¡hpsp„ lp¡e Ðep„ ky^u
dyÐfàfep¡N \pe _l]. buS>u v$hpAp¡dp„ Apeyfh¹ v¡ $_p„ v¡$iu
h_õ`su Ap¥i^p¡ S>¡hp„ L¡$ lfX¡$, Apdmp„, Nmp¡, S>¡W$ud^ hN¡f¡
A_¡ lp¡duep¡`\uL$ v$hpAp¡ kp\¡ dyÐfàfep¡N_p¡ _ui¡^ _\u.
`f„sy Apeyfh¹ v¡ $dp„ `Z `pfp-N„^L$_u b_phV$p¡ A_¡ ^psy_u
cõdp¡hpmu b_phV$p¡ b„^ L$fhu `X¡$. Ap b^p„ Ap¥i^p¡_p¡ A„i
`¡ipbdp„ Aphhp\u dyÐfàfep¡Ndp„ bp^p _pM¡ R>¡.
v$hpAp¡ b„^ L$fhp A„N_¡ p¡ Aphp¡ Qyõs _ued lp¡hp R>sp„
A_ych \ep¡ R>¡ L¡$ X$pepbuV$uk, bëX$àf¡if A_¡ v$d S>¡hp Sy>_p
lW$ugp fp¡Np¡dp„ dyÐfàfep¡N ify L$fsp `l¡gp„ v$hp b„^ L$fpe sp¡ fp¡N_p¡
kMs lzdgp¡ Aphhp_p¡ k„ch fl¡ R>¡. s¡\u A¡L$ A_uhpf¹e Ap`Ðsu
sfuL¡$ Aphp fp¡NuA¡ v$hp Qpgy fpMu õhdyÐf_p \p¡X$p X$pT ¡ \u ifyAps
14
L$fhu. `p„Qdp v$uhk\u dpgui ìehõ\us Qpgy L$fhy,„ `Z `uhp_p¡
X$pT
¡ _p_p¡ fpMhp¡, S>¡ v$f AW$hpX$ue¡ \p¡X$p¡ \p¡X$p¡ h^pfsp S>hy.„ A_¡
v$hp_p¡ X$pT ¡ v$f AW$hpX$ue¡ OV$pX$sp S>hy.„ `l¡gp„ v$hp_p¡ Qp¡\p¡ cpN
Ap¡R>p¡ L$fhp¡, `R>u AX$^p¡ X$pT ¡ g¡hp¡, `R>u `p cpN g¡hp¡ A_¡ R>¡ëg¡
k„`fy Z¹ v$hp b„^ L$fu_¡ õhdyÐf_p¡ `yfp¡ X$pT ¡ g¡hp¡. s¡ bpv$ v$hp b„^
\ep `R>u ApW$ v$uhk¡ X$pepbuV$uk L¡$ ågX$àf¡if_y„ `funZ L$fphu
g¡h.„y A_¡ Mpsfu L$fu g¡hu L¡$ ågX$kNy f A\hp bëX$àf¡if hÝey„ _\u
A_¡ L„$V$¹ fp¡gdp„ fl¡ R>¡. Å¡ hÝey„ lp¡e sp¡ v$hp_p¡ \p¡X$p¡ X$pT
¡ afu\u Qpgy
L$fu \p¡X$p v$uhk `R>u afu\u `funZ L$fphhy.„
15
D`Qpf `v¹$^su A_¡ Mp¡fpL$
iuhpçby QuL$uÐkp `v¹$^su Ap`Zp v¡$idp„ ‘iuhpçby
L$ë`’_p _pd\u sp„ÐfuL$ hN¡f¡ huiuíV$ k„àfv$pe_p gp¡L$pd¡ p„, Mpk L$fu
lW$ep¡NuAp¡dp„ lÅfp¡ hfk\u àfQgus R>¡. `f„sy s¡_p àfep¡Np¡ Nyàs
fus¡ Qpgsp lp¡hp\u Ap`Zp S>_kdpS>dp„ s¡_¡ `yfsu àfkuv¹$^u
dmu _\u. lf¡L$ kp^L$, ep¡N_u kp^_p L$fsp `l¡gp„ `p¡sp_p ifuf_y„
õhpõÕe k„`fy Z ¹ fus¡ d¡mhu g¡hp dpV¡$ ‘iuhpçby L$ë`’_p¡ àfep¡N L$f¡
R>¡. s¡_p\u s¡_u s„v$y fõsudp„ kpfp¡ ky^pfp¡ \pe R>¡, A¡V$g„y S> _l]
`f„sy s¡_p d_ A_¡ CÞv¹$fuep¡ hN¡f_¡ p huL$pfp¡ V$pmhpdp„ `Z dv$v$f`y
\pe R>¡.
Ap`Zp Apeyf¹h¡v$uL$ Áf„\p¡dp„ ‘dp_hdyÐf’_p A_¡ sp„ÐfuL$
Áf„\p¡dp„ ‘iuhpçby L$ë`’_p õ`íV$ Dëg¡Mp¡ A_¡L$ S>ÁepA¡ dm¡ R>¡.
Apeyf¹h¡v$dp„ ‘dp_hdyÐf’_y„ huiÂ_ A_¡ fkpe_ sfuL¡$ hf¹Z_
L$fhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡. huiÂ_ A¡V$g¡ L$p¡C`Z Ås_p T¡f_p¡ _pi
L$f_pfy„ A_¡ fkpe_ A¡V$g¡ lf¡L$ àfL$pf_u budpfu_p¡ kpd_p¡
L$fhp_u Ap`Zp ifufdp„ fl¡gu Ly$v$fsu S>uh_ iL$¹su_¡ h^pf_pfy„.
Al] huiÂ_ iåv$ blz huipm Af¹\dp„ h`fpe¡gp¡ R>¡. A_¡ s¡dp„
dpÐf T¡fu S>_phfp¡_p X„$M\u QY¡$gp hui_p¡ s¡dS> AauZ hN¡f¡
T¡fu `v$pf¹\p¡ Mphp\u QY¡$gp T¡f_p¡ S> _lu, `f„sy A`Õe Aplpf
16
hN¡f¡ L$pfZp¡_¡ gu^¡ ifufdp„ `¡v$p \sp Toxins_p¡ `Z kdph¡i \pe
R>¡. A_¡ ApS>¡ sp¡ Aphp v¹$fìe_u kp¥\u h^y S>fyfueps R>¡, L$pfZ L¡$
Ap`Zp cp¡S>_dp„ A_¡ Mp_`p_dp„ Ap`Z¡ CÃR>uA¡ L¡$ _ CÃR>uA¡
sp¡ `Z M¡sudp„\u Aphsu fpkpeZuL$ S>„s_y piL$ T¡fu v$hpAp¡ A_¡
Mpsf_p A„ip¡ kss `¡V$dp„ _pMuA¡ R>uA¡, S>¡_„y A¡ _uhpfZ L$f¡ R>¡.
(‘dp_hdyÐf’dp„\u kpfhu_¡) - fphS>ucpC `V¡$g
Nep ApW$ v$peL$p v$fduep_ lÅfp¡ v$fv$uAp¡A¡ `p¡sp_u lf¡L$
àfL$pf_u budpfu iuhpçby-D`Qpf L$fu_¡ dV$pX$u R>¡, S>¡dp„ _uQ¡
S>Zph¡g budpfuAp¡_p¡ kdph¡i \pe R>¡. d¡gf¡ uAp, CÞa¹gA y Þ¡ Tp,
V$pCap¡CX$ hN¡f¡ sphp¡, L$pg¡ f¡ p s\p TpX$p-DgV$u_u budpfu, ne
fp¡N, iusmp hN¡f¡ Q¡`u fp¡Np¡, L¡$Þkf, ëeyL$¡ duAp, L$pf¡ p¡_fu
Õfp¡çbp¡kuk, N¢Áfu_, ågX$-àf¡if, X$pepbuV$uk, `\fu,
_¡af¹ pCV$uk, àfp¡õV¡$V$ Ág¡ÞX$_u budpfu, Ap„M_y„ Tpdf, dp¡suAp¡ hN¡f¡
budpfu, fL¹$s`uÐs, a¡afy,„ A¡`ug¡àku, A¡kuX$uV$u, Aëkf s\p
kp¡fuApkuk, MfS>hy,„ Mug hN¡f¡ QpdX$u_p fp¡Np¡.
Mpk huiuíV$spAp¡
1. v$fv$u_u lfL$pC¡ àfL$pf_u budpfu s¡_p `p¡sp_p `¡ipb_p A¡L$
S> dpÐf CgpS>\u Vy$„ L$ kdedp„ kl¡gpC\u dV$pX$u iL$pe R>¡, A¡
A_ychkuv¹$^ lL$uL$s R>¡.
17
2. Ap D`Qpf OfNÕ\y CgpS> S>¡hp¡ kpv$p,¡ bu_Mf¹Qpm A_¡
bu_Å¡Mdu R>¡.
3. budpfu_u kpfhpf dpV¡$ L$pC¡ X$pL¸ $V$f_u dv$v$_u s¡d S> buS>u
L$pC¡ blpf_u v$hp-IS>¡L$¹ i_ hN¡f¡ g¡hp_u S>fyf `X$su _\u,
s¡d S> dp„v$Nu iy„ R>¡ s¡ ÅZhp dpV¡$ gp¡lu, \yL„ $, `¡ipb hN¡f_¡ u
g¡bp¡fV¡ $fu s`pk_u, s¡d S> A¡L$¹ k-f¡, kp¡_p¡Áfpau ANf sp¡
L$pf¹X$uep¡Áfpd g¡hp_u S>fyf `X$su _\u.
4. Ap D`Qpf dpf gpNhp_¡ L$pfZ¡ s¡dS> v$pTu S>hp\u \e¡gu CÅ
L¡$ Op D`f S>ëv$u fyT gph¡ R>¡ A_¡ dyY$ dpf ANf dp¡Q gpNhp\u
Aph¡gp kp¡Å A_¡ vy$Mphpdp„ Vy$„L$ kdedp„ fpls Ap`¡ R>¡.
5. kp`, h]R>u, lX$L$pey„ Ly$sfy„ hN¡f¡ T¡fu S>_phf_p X„$M\u s¡dS>
AauZ, kp¡dg L¡$ S>„s_y piL$ T¡fu v$hp hN¡f¡ T¡fu `v$pf¹\
Mphp\u QY¡$g„y T¡f Dspfhpdp„ Ap D`Qpf AL$kuf R>¡.
6. ìfyv$¹ ^phõ\p_¡ gu^¡ Aphsu _bmpC, Asuie sp` ANf
W„$X$u_¡ gu^¡ gpNsu b¡Q_¡ u, ipfufuL$ ífd_p¡ \pL$ Ap D`Qpf\u
Vy$„ L$ kdedp„ dV$u Åe R>¡.
- X$p.¸ `fpNS>u v¡$kpC
M.B;B.S., D.O.M.S.
18
iuhpçby-D`Qpf L$fhp_u fusp¡
iuhpçby-D`Qpf L$fhpdp„ `¡ipb bpbs_u L¡$V$guL$
N¡fkdS>_¡ gu^¡ L¡$V$guL$ dyíL¡$guAp¡ _X¡$ R>¡, `f„sy s¡ kl¡gpC\u vy$f L$fu
iL$pe A¡d R>¡. `l¡gu dyíL¡$gu s¡ ‘`¡ipb A¡ ifufdp„\u blpf a¢L$psp¡,
T¡fu, N„v$p,¡ dm ANf L$Qfp¡ R>¡’ A¡hu Ap`Zp kdpS>_u fyY$uNs
dpÞesp_¡ gu^¡ R>¡. `f„sy Ap dpÞesp kpQu _\u, s¡ ‘dp_hdyÐf’
D`f Ad¡fuL$p, Å`p_ hN¡f¡ v¡$ip¡dp„ \e¡gp„ h¥op_uL$ k„ip¡^_p¡\u
`yfhpf \ey„ R>¡. Ap k„ip¡^_p¡dp„ dpgyd `X$e¹ „y R>¡ L¡$ Ap`Zp `¡ipbdp„
L¡$Þkf, l¹fvy $efp¡N, nefp¡N hN¡f¡ S>uhg¡Z lW$ugu budpfu dV$pX$u iL¡$
A¡hp„ A_¡L$ L$udsu v¹fìep¡-npfp¡, huV$pdu_p¡, lp¡fdp¡_p¡, A¡ÞTpCdp¡
hN¡f¡ fl¡gp„ R>¡. buS>u dyíL¡$gu `¡ipb_u Mfpb N„^ A_¡ b¡õhpv$_¡
L$pfZ¡ R>¡. Ap dyíL¡$gu kpv$p,¡ dkpgp hNf_p¡ Mp¡fpL$ - vy$^, amp¡
hN¡f¡ g¡hp\u kl¡gpC\u vy$f L$fu iL$pe R>¡. L¡$dL¡$ Aphp¡ kpv$p¡ Mp¡fpL$
g¡hp\u S>¡ `¡ipb \pe R>¡ s¡_p„ f„N, N„^ A_¡ õhpv$ gNcN Qp¡¿Mp
`pZu S>¡hp„ S> lp¡e R>¡.
A¡V$g¡ Ap D`Qpf Qpgy L$fhp dpV¡$ kp¥ àf\d S>fyf sp¡ v$fv$uA¡
`p¡sp_p d__¡ L¡$mhhp_u R>¡. s¡ dpV¡$ A¡L$pv$-b¡ v$uhk v$ffp¡S> b¡\u
ÐfZ hMs, `¡ipb L$fsu hMs¡ \p¡X$pL¡ $ `¡ipb A¡L$ Ágpkdp„ Tugu
gC, s¡dp„\u `¡ipb_p ÐfZ Qpf L$pN¡ mp L$fhp A_¡ R>¡ëgp¡ L$pN¡ mp¡
19
Nmu S>hp¡. buSy>,„ A¡ Ágpkdp„_p `¡ipbdp„ lp\_u Ap„Nmu bp¡mu,
s¡_¡ v$ps„ `f A_¡ v$ps„ _p `pfp `f Okhu. Apd L$fhp\u `¡ipb_u
kyN Vy$„ L$ kdedp„ S>su fl¡i.¡ s¡ bpv$ D`Qpf_u ifyAps _uQ¡
S>Zpìep dyS>b L$fhu.
_p¢^ : S>¡ v$fv$u_¡ kyN lp¡e s¡Z¡ ifydp„ aL¹$s A¡L$ QdQp¡ cfu `¡ipb
A¡L$pv$-b¡ v$uhk ky^u v$ffp¡S> b¡ ÐfZ hMs `uhp¡, A_¡ Sy>_p
`¡ipb_y„ dpgui lp\ ANf `N D`f aL¹$s \p¡X$u S>Np `f L$fhy.„ A_¡
Apd L$fhp\u L„$C dpW$u àfsuL¹$fuep _ \pe sp¡ D`Qpf_u ifyAps
_uQ¡ S>Zpìep dyS>b L$fhu.
1. kpdpÞe budpfu
ifv$u, D^fk, `¡V$dp„ N¡k, A`Qp¡, b„^L$pi ¡ hN¡f¡ dpV¡$ hl¡gu
khpf¡ `\pfudp„\u DW$u_¡ sfs `¡ipb L$fhp S>hy„ A_¡ ifyAps_u
\p¡X$u ^pf S>C v$C hÃQ¡_p¡ `¡ipb A¡L$ õhÃR> L$pQ_p Ágpkdp„ Tugu
g¡hp¡. A_¡ s¡dp„\u 4\u 8 Ap¦k (AX$^p\u ApMp¡ Ágpk) S>¡V$gp¡
`¡ipb syfs S> `u S>hp¡. _p_p„ R>p¡L$fp„ A_¡ bpmL$p_¡ ¡ Jdf_p
àfdpZdp„ 2\u 8 QdQu S>¡V$gp¡ `php¡.
budpfu h^y Å¡fdp„ lp¡e sp¡ Ap fus¡ v$uhk_p ÐfZ hMs -
hl¡gu khpf¡, b`p¡f_p cp¡S>_ `R>u b¡\u ÐfZ L$gpL$ bpv$ A_¡ fpÐf¡
kysu hMs¡ `¡ipb `uhp_y„ fpMhy.„
20
kpfu s„v$y fõsu ^fph_pfp dpZk `Z D`f S>Zpìep dyS>b
v$ffp¡S> hl¡gu khpf¡ A¡L$ hMs `p¡sp_p¡ `¡ipb `uhp_y„ fpM¡ sp¡ s¡_u
s„v$y fõsu A_¡ iL¹$su Åmhu fpMhpdp„ blz dv$v$f`y \pe R>¡. s¡dS>
iusmp, L$pg¡ f¡ p, nefp¡N S>¡hu Q¡`u budpfu_p fp¡NQpmp_p kdedp„
A¡hu budpfu kpd¡ s¡_¡ fnZ dm¡ R>¡. iusmp hN¡f¡ Q¡`u fp¡Np¡
AV$L$phhp dpV¡$_u fku dyL$phhpdp„ S>¡ Å¡Mdp¡ fl¡gp„ R>¡ s¡ Ap
D`Qpfdp„ _\u.
2. DÁf budpfu
d¡gf¡ uep, V$pCap¡CX$, CÞa¹gA
y Þ¡ Tp hN¡f¡ sphp¡, TpX$p-DgV$u_u
budpfu, R>psudp„, `¡V$dp„ L¡$ ifuf_p L$pC¡ `Z cpNdp„ \sp Akl¹e
vy$Mphp, NcfpV$ hN¡fd¡ p„ Aphu L$pC¡ budpfu dpgyd `X¡$ L¡$ syfs S>
v$fv$u_¡ Mp¡fpL$ Ap`hp_p¡ b„^ L$fu v¡$hp¡ A_¡ v$uhk A_¡ fpÐfu
v$fduep_ S>¡V$gu hMs \pe s¡V$gp¡ b^p¡ S> `¡ipb s¡_¡ `pC v¡$hp¡.
Aphu fus¡ D`Qpf L$fhp\u lf¡L$ àfL$pf_u DÁf budpfu 2\u 4
v$uhkdp„ lmhu \pe R>¡.
Aphu DÁf budpfu_p v$fv$u_¡ kpfhpf_u ifyApsdp„ Nfd
`pZu (700\u 900 du.gu.)_p¡ A¡_udp ANf bõsu Ap`u lp¡e sp¡ s¡_¡
Vy$„ L$ kdedp„ kpfu fpls dm¡ R>¡. Aphp¡ A¡_udp AX$^p¡ spÅ¡ `¡ipb
A_¡ AX$^„y Nfd `pZu d¡mhu_¡ Ap`hp\u h^y apev$p¡ S>Zpe R>¡.
21
L$pC¡ v$fv$u_p¡ `¡ipb b„^ \C Nep¡ lp¡e ANf blz S> Ap¡R>p
àfdpZdp„ Dsfsp¡ lp¡e A_¡ `uhp dpV¡$ s¡_p¡ `p¡sp_p¡ `¡ipb `yfsp
àfdpZdp„ dmu iL¡$ A¡d _ lp¡e sp¡ A¡hu budpfudp„ bp`, v$uL$fp¡ L¡$
cpC ANf dp, v$uL$fu L¡$ bl¡__p¡ `¡ipb `php¡ A_¡ s¡ _ lp¡e sp¡ L$pC¡
s„v$yfõs dpZk ANf R>p¡L$fp_p¡ `¡ipb 100\u 150 du.gu. S>¡V$gp¡
v$fv$u_¡ `pC v¡$hp\u A¡L$\u b¡ L$gpL$dp„ S> s¡_¡ `¡ipb_u Ry>V$ \i¡ A_¡
`R>u s¡_¡ `p¡sp_p¡ S> `¡ipb `php_y„ Qpgy L$fu iL$pi¡. Aphu budpfudp„
`yfi y v$fv$u_¡ `yfi y _p¡ A_¡ õÐfu v$fv$u_¡ õÐfu_p¡ `¡ipb `php\u Vy$„ L$
kdedp„ fpls dm¡ R>¡. Aphp¡ AÞe_p¡ `¡ipb `uhX$phhp_p¡ àfep¡N
A_uhpf¹e k„ÅN¡ p¡ kuhpe L$fhp¡ _lu s\p hpf„hpf L$fhp¡ _l].
3. Sy>_u lW$ugu budpfu
L¡$Þkf, l¹fvy $efp¡N, g¡àfku, v$d, ne hN¡f_¡ „y _uv$p_ \pe L¡$ syfs
S> iuhpçby D`Qpf `v¹$^sukf L$fhp\u A_¡ Nfd Mp_`p_ bpbs
S>fyfu k„cpm g¡hp\u s¡ 3 \u 6 AW$hpX$uepdp„ kl¡gpC\u dV$pX$u iL$pe
R>¡. Aphu lW$ugu budpfudp„ v$fv$u_¡ `¡ipb A_¡ Nfd `pZu `u_¡
D`hpk L$fhp_u, s¡dS> Sy>_p `¡ipb_y„ dpgui L$fhp_u S>fyf `X¡$ R>¡.
v$fv$u_u iL¹$su dyS>b 3 \u 11 v$uhk ANf h^y dyv$s_p D`hpk L$fhp
`X¡$ R>¡. D`hpk v$fduep_ v$fv$u_¡ ApMp v$uhkdp„ S>¡V$gu hMs
`¡ipb \pe s¡V$gp¡ b^p¡ S> `¡ipb `php_p¡ A_¡ fpÐfu_p¡ `¡ipb
22
dpgui dpV¡$ _uQ¡ S>Zpìep dyS>b Qpf bpV$gpdp„ c¡Np¡ L$fhp_p¡.
v$fv$u_¡ `¡ipb Ap¡R>p àfdpZdp„ \sp¡ lp¡e sp¡ s¡ v$uhk A_¡
fps v$fduep_ S>¡V$gu hMs \pe s¡V$gp¡ b^p¡ S> `uhpdp„ hp`fhp¡
A_¡ dpgui dpV¡$ `p¡sp_u gp¡lu_u kNpC_u ìeL¹$su_p¡ A_¡ s¡
D`gå^ _ lp¡e sp¡ L$pC¡ s„v$y fõs dpZk_p `¡ipb_p¡ D`ep¡N L$fhp¡.
D`hpk v$fduep_ v$fv$u_¡ s¡_p `¡ipb A_¡ DL$pm¡gp `pZu kuhpe
buÅ¡ L$pC¡ `Z Ås_p¡ Mp¡fpL$ ANf `uÏ„ Ap`hy„ _lu. Aphu fus¡
`¡ipb A_¡ `pZu gC_¡ D`hpk L$fhp\u v$fv$u_¡ _bmpC gpNsu
_\u. L¡$dL¡$, Ap`Zp gp¡ludp„ lp¡e R>¡ A¡hp„ S> `p¥íV$uL$ v¹$fìep¡-npfp¡,
huV$pdu_p¡, lp¡fd¹ p¡_p¡ hN¡f¡ Ap`Zp `¡ipbdp„ `Z h^sp-Ap¡R>p
àfdpZdp„ fl¡gp„ R>¡. s¡\u s¡ `uhp\u v$fv$u_u iL¹$su S>mhpC fl¡ R>¡
A_¡ fp¡N_p¡ kpd_p¡ L$fhpdp„ dv$v$f`y \pe R>¡.
gp„bu dyv$s_p D`hpk R>p¡X$su hMs¡ Mp¡fpL$ g¡hpdp„ Myb
L$pmS>u fpMhp_u S>fyf R>¡. ify_p b¡-ÐfZ v$uhkdp„„ dp¡kb „ u_p¡ fk
ANf dN_y„ `pZu 50\u 150 du.gu. S>¡V$g„y v$uhk_p ÐfZ\u Qpf
hMs Ap`hy.„ `R>u b¡ ÐfZ v$uhk vy$^ A_¡ amplpf `f flu ^ud¡
^ud¡ Qpgy Mp¡fpL$ `f Aphhy.„
- X$p.¸ `fpNS>u v¡$kpC
M.B;B.S., D.O.M.S.
23
Sy>_p `¡ipb_y„ dpgui L$fhp_u fus
L¡$Þkf, v$d, g¡àfku hN¡f¡ Sy>_u lW$ugu budpfu dV$pX$hp dpV¡$
Sy>_p `¡ipb_y„ `v¹$^sukf_y„ dpgui blz ANÐe_p¡ cpN cS>h¡ R>¡.
dpgui\u ApMp ifuf_u QpdX$u `f \sp Of¹iZ_¡ gu^¡ `¡ipb
ifuf_p L$pi ¡ p¡dp„ v$pMg \pe R>¡ A_¡ s¡dp„ c¡Np \e¡g dm (Waste
Products)_p¡ _pi L$f¡ R>¡, ANf s¡¡ `uNmphu v$C ifv$u, L$a L¡$
TpX$p-DgV$u ANf QpdX$u hpV¡$ ifuf_u blpf a¢L$u v¡$ R>¡. A_¡
ifufiyv$¹ ^u L$fu budpfu dV$pX$hpdp„ dv$v$f`y \pe R>¡.
dpgui dpV¡$ Sy>_p¡ `¡ipb c¡Np¡ L$fhp_u fus
Ap L$pd dpV¡$ L$pQ_p dp¡V$p 4 bpV$gp - v$fL¡ $ `p¡Zp¡\u A¡L$
guV$f `pZu fl¡ s¡hp - g¡hp A_¡ s¡_¡ kpa L$fu s¡_p `f A_yL$f¹ d¡ 1,
2, 3, 4 Ap„L$X$p gM¡g g¡bg Qp¢V$pX$hp. `l¡gp v$uhk_p¡ `¡ipb bpV$gp
_„bf 1dp„ c¡Np¡ L$fhp¡ A_¡ buS>¡ v$uhk¡ bpV$gp _„. 2dp„ `¡ipb c¡Np¡
L$fhp¡. Aphu fus¡ Qpf v$uhkdp„ Qpf bpV$gpAp¡ `¡ipb\u cfu v¡$hp.
dpgui_u ifyAps bpV$gp _„. 1dp„_p 4 v$uhk_p Sy>_p
`¡ipb\u L$fhu. A¡ `¡ipb_¡ Nfd L$fhp dpV¡$ A¡ bpV$gp_¡ Nfd
`pZu\u cf¡gu _p_u bpgv$u L¡$ Dcu `hpgudp„ v$i bpf du_uV$ ky^u
dyL$u fpMhp¡. `R>u A¡ bpV$gpdp„_p¡ Nfd `¡ipb Apif¡ 250 du.gu.
S>¡V$gp¡ A¡L$ ka¡v$ A¡_d¡ g_u A_¡ lp\_p¡ Myëgp¡ `„Å¡ flu iL¡$ A¡V$gu
24
`lp¡mpC_u \pmudp„ _pMhp¡. `R>u s¡dp„ S>dZp lp\_p¡ Myëgp¡ `„Å¡
bp¡mu_¡ dp\¡ L$`pm `f\u dpgui_u ifyAps L$fhu. A_¡ v$fv$u\u
Mdu iL$pe A¡hp lmhp lp\¡ QpdX$u `f Oku_¡ `¡ipb `Qphhp¡.
A¡d L$fsp„ `„Å¡ kyL$pC Åe Ðepf¡ s¡_¡ afu\u \pmu_p `¡ipbdp„
bp¡mhp¡. A¡hu fus¡ D`f dp\p\u s¡ R>psu ky^u, l¹fvy $e sfa A¡L$ S>
v$uipdp„ lp\ af¡ A¡ fus¡ `v¹$^sukf dpgui L$fhy.„ Ap S> fus¡ `N_p
smuep\u ify L$fu `N, kp\m, `yW„ $, `¡V$ A_¡ bfX$p_p AX$^p cpN
`f R>psu A¡V$g¡ L¡$ l¹fvy $e ky^u A¡L$ S> v$uipdp„ lp\ af¡ A¡ fus¡
lmh¡\u dpgui L$fhy.„ Ap fus¡ dpgui L$fhpdp„ l¹fvy $e_¡ dÝeb]vy$
NZu_¡ D`f\u _uQ¡ A_¡ _uQ¡\u D`f dpgui L$fhy„ Å¡CA¡. ifuf_p
Sy>v$p Sy>v$p Ahehp¡ `f _uQ¡ S>Zph¡g kde ky^u dpgui L$fhy.„ Aphu
fus¡ ApMp ifuf `f dpgui L$fsp„ Apif¡ v$pY¡ $ L$gpL$_p¡ kde gpN¡ R>¡.
dp\y,„ L$`pm, dp¡Y$„y v$fL¡ $ cpN_u Apif¡ 5 du_uV$ g¡M¡ 15 du_uV$
Nmy,„ bp¡Qu b„_¡ cpN_u Apif¡ 5 du_uV$ g¡M¡ 10 du_uV$
b„_¡ lp\\u Mcp ky^u dmu_¡ 10 du_uV$
R>psu, `¡V$, `uW$,bfX$p¡ A_¡ b¡ `X$Mp„ dmu_¡ 20 du_uV$
bÞ_¡ `N_p `„Å\u kp\m ky^u 10 du_uV$
bÞ_¡ `N_p„ smuep„ 15 du_uV$
Ly$g 80 du_uV$
39
dp„v$Nu_u Ap^y_uL$ kpfhpf
Ap^y_uL$ kpfhpf Asuie Mf¹Qpm \C `X$u R>¡, S>¡\u
Nfub A_¡ dÝed hf¹N_p Ly$V$„y bdp„ L¡$Þkf, l¹fvy $efp¡N ANf nefp¡N
S>¡hu lW$ugu budpfu Aph¡. s¡_¡ gu^¡ v$fv$u_¡ _p¡L$fu ^„^p b„^ L$fu b¡
ÐfZ dpk ky^u buR>p_pdp„ Apfpd L$fhp_u, s¡d S> dp¡V$p il¡f_u
dp¡V$u lp¡õ`uV$gdp„ flu Ap¸`f¡i_ hN¡f¡ Mf¹Qpm kpfhpf g¡hp_u
S>fyf `X¡$ Ðepf¡ s¡_¡ cpf¡ dyíL¡$gudp„ dyL$phy„ `X¡$ R>¡. A_ych_¡ Ap^pf¡
Ad¡ L$lu iL$uA¡ L¡$ Aphu dp„v$Nu Aph¡ Ðepf¡ ce fpMhp_u S>fyf
_\u L$pfZ L¡$ Ap`Zp v¡$i_u àfpQu_ iuhpçby-QuL$uÐkp_u
`v¹$^sukf kpfhpf\u Vy$„ L$ kdedp„ L„$C `Z Mf¹Q L$fe¹ p hNf Ofb¡W$p„
blz S> kl¡gpC\u dV$pX$u iL$pe R>¡. Ap D`Qpf OfNÕ\y CgpS> S>¡hp¡
kfm, bu_Å¡Mdu A_¡ bu_Mf¹Qpm R>¡. dp„v$Nu_p _uv$p_ dpV¡$ s¡d
S> kpfhpf dpV¡$ L$pC¡ X$pL¸ $V$f_u dv$v$_u S>fyf `X$su _\u.
bNX¡$gp õhpõÕe_¡ `pRy>„ àfpàs L$fhp h^OV$ \e¡gp„ sÐÐhp¡_¡
`pR>p„ kàfdpZ gphhp„ Å¡CA¡. Ap L$pf¹e L$fhp_u iL¹$su L¡$hm
õhdyÐfdp„ S> R>¡.
- õh. fphS>ucpC dZucpC `V¡$g
40
L$uX$_udp„ \su NpmZ-L¹$fuep_u kdS>
OV$L$ v¹$fìe v$ffp¡S> NpmZ L¹$fuep Nmpe¡g dyÐfdp„ dmsy„
v¹$hpfp \su àfL¹$fuep v¹$fìep¡_„y àfdpZ
`pZu 150 guV$f 1.5 guV$f
npfp¡ 200 Áfpd 15 Áfpd
if¹L$fp (ÁgyL$pT
¡ ) 170 Áfpd 0 Áfpd
eyfuep 50 Áfpd 3.0 Áfpd
bpeL$pf¹bp¡_V¡ $ 150 Áfpd 0.1 Áfpd
44
Asuf¡L$\u bQuA¡
vy$_uep_u L$pC¡ QuL$uÐkp-`v¹$^su b^u S>ÁepA¡, b^p„
v$fv$pd¡ p„, b^p gp¡L$p_¡ ¡ 100 V$L$p apev$p¡ S> L$f¡ s¡hp¡ v$php¡ L$pC¡ L$fu _ iL¡$.
lhpdp_, Mp¡fpL$, ìeL¹$suNs àfL¹$fÐy su s\p õhcph A¡ b^p„
`fubmp¡ v$fL¡ $_p õhpõÕe_¡ Akf L$f¡ R>¡. s¡\u A¡L$ S> kfMp„
gnZhpmp b¡ v$fv$uAp¡_¡ A¡L$ S> Ås_p¡ D`Qpf Ap`uA¡ sp¡e¡
bÞ_¡_u D`f s¡_u Akf_y„ àfdpZ A_¡ kdeNpmpdp„ afL$ fl¡ R>¡.
hmu, b^u QuL$uÐkp-`v¹$^suAp¡dp„ S>¡d L$C„ L$ _¡ L„$CL$ Mybu
s¡d L„$CL$ _¡ L„$CL$ df¹epv$pe¡ lp¡e R>¡. ApS>¡ A¡gp¡`\u_p¡ vy$_uepcfdp„
ìep` R>¡ L$pfZ L¡$ s¡_p\u TX$`u `fuZpdp¡ Aph¡ R>¡ _¡ gp¡L$p_¡ ¡ ApS>¡
^ufS> _\u. AgbÐs, TX$`\u fp¡N_p„ gnZp¡ vy$f \hp\u fp¡N dV$u
S> Nep¡ A¡d dp_hp_¡ L$pfZ _\u. s¡d R>sp„ dp¡suep_y„ Ap¡`f¡i_,
OyV„ $Z_p„ Ap¡`f¡i__p¡, AL$õdpsdp„ spÐL$pguL$ kpfhpf hN¡fd¡ p„ kf¹S>fu
A_¡ L¡$V$guL$ v$hpAp¡ QdÐL$pfuL$ apev$p¡ L$f¡ R>¡ s¡ L$bgy h„y Å¡CA¡.
‘lz„ sp¡ AdyL$ S> QuL$uÐkp-`v¹$^su A`_phui’ • A¡hy„ ìfs
`Z _ g¡hpe. Apeyfh¹ v¡ $_p Asu àfsuíW$us h¥v$¹ e_¡ A¡gp¡`\u_u
kpfhpf g¡sp d¢ ÅÎep R>¡. Apeyfh¹ v¡ $ hui¡ ApV$ApV$gp v$phpAp¡
L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ `Z s¡dp„ Mp„Ms fpMu k„ip¡^_ L$f_pfpAp¡ A_¡ s¡
45
dpV¡$ kp^_p¡-_pZp„ hN¡f¡ `yfp„ `pX$_pfpAp¡_p¡ Mpõkp¡ Acph R>¡.
hmu, L$píW$ Ap¥i^p¡dp„e¡ huhu^ n¡Ðfp¡_u h_õ`su_p NyZv$pi ¡ p¡dp„
afL$ lp¡C iL¡$ R>¡. ApS>_p fpkpeZuL$ eyNdp„ lhp-`pZu_p„
àfvy$iZ_ue¡ Mpõku A¡hu Akf `X¡$ R>¡. S>„Ngp¡ ApX¡$^X$ L$`pC fl¹ep„
R>¡ s¡\u hpsphfZdp„ Nfdu (Global Warming) h^u flu R>¡. s¡_¡
L$pfZ¡ W„$X$u-Nfdu-hfkpv$_„y Ly$v$fsu QL¹$f `Z _„v$hpey„ R>¡. Ap
b^p„_ue¡ Akf Ap¥i^p¡ A_¡ v$fv$uAp¡ bÞ_¡ D`f `X¡$ R>¡.
A¡L$ S> QuL$uÐkp-`v$^¹ su_¡ S>X$sp\u hmNu fl¡_pfpAp¡_u
vy$fv¹ $ip d¢ Å¡C R>¡. Apeyfh¹ v¡ $, Ly$v$fsu D`Qpf, iuhpçby-QuL$uÐkp
b^pdp„ Ap k_ps_ kÐe_¡ Dh¡Mhy„ _ Å¡CA¡.
QuL$uÐkL$_„y gÿe v$fv$u_¡ v$fv$dp„\u dyL$¹ s L$fhp sfa lp¡h„y
Å¡CA¡. lp, àfp\duL$ Ahõ\pdp„ iuhpçby, Ly$v$fsu D`Qpf, ep¡N-
QuL$uÐkp, A¡L$¹ eày f¡if, A¡L$¹ e`y L„ $¹ Qf, gp¡lQyb
„ L$, `ufpduX$, kyÅL¡ $
hN¡f¡ v$hp hNf_u QuL$uÐkp_p¡ S> àfep¡N L$fu v$fv$u_y„ v$fv$ dV$pX$hp
d\hy„ Å¡CA¡. v$hp S> g¡hp_u \pe sp¡e¡ Apeyfh¹ v¡ $uL$, lp¡duep¡`\uL$,
bpep¡L$¡ duL$, ey_p_u S>¡hu fkpefZ dyL$¹ s A_¡ Aë` dpÐfp_u v$hp
g¡hu Å¡CA¡. Asu suìf, ApX$Akf L$f_pfu, AÐe„s dp¢Ou, S>uh-
S>„sy L¡$ AÞe àfpZuAp¡_p„ A„Np¡dp„\u b_ph¡gu l]kL$ v$hpAp¡\u
S>¡V$gp vy$f fl¡hpe s¡V$g„y kpfy„ R>¡.
46
Å¡ L¡$ kp¥ `p¡sp_p Aplpf-hulpfdp„ huh¡L$ Åmh¡, JO,
Apfpd, ìepepd (ífd), dp_kuL$ ìep`pfp¡ D`f _ued_ fpM¡,
Ly$v$fs (L¡$ Cðf)_u fQ_p A_¡ s¡_p k„Qpg_dp„ ífv¹$^p fpM¡ sp¡
budpfu cpÁe¡ S> Aph¡. A¡V$g¡ budpfu_y„ L$pfZ kdS>u s¡_„y
_ufpL$fZ L$f,¡ gnZp¡_¡ v$bphhp_p¡ àfeÐ_ _ L$f¡ s¡ S> DÐsd R>¡.
S>uh_dp„ X$Ng¡ _¡ `Ng¡ dÝed dpf¹N, huh¡L$, àfdpZcp_
Åmhhp\u S> dp_h-S>uh_ DS¹>S>hm \i¡. lfuapC, gp¡c, L¹$fp¡^,
Av¡$MpC, CÞv¹$fuep¡_u hpk_p, Al„L$pf hN¡f¡ budpfu `¡v$p L$f_pfp
Aph¡Np¡ Ap`Zp QuÐs_p¡ L$bÅ¡ _ g¡ s¡h„y õ\uf QuÐs L¡$mhhp_p
D`pep¡ ep¡S>hp Å¡CA¡. s¡ dpV¡$ S>`, àfpf¹\_p, L$uf¹s_, `pW$-`yÅ
hN¡f¡ S>¡ L$pC„ ífv¹$^p`yfh¹ L$ L$fu iL$pe s¡ L$fu_¡ QuÐs ip„s L$fhy„ Å¡CA¡.
Apd kp¥ àf\d Aplpf-hulpf-d_p¡ìep`pf_¡ k„sgy us L$fe¹ p
`R>u v$hp hNf_u A_¡ R>sp„ fp¡N _ dV¡$ sp¡ kpv$u v$hphpmu
QuL$uÐkp-`v¹$^su AS>dphhu Å¡CA¡. S>fpL$ dp„v$Nu Aphu L¡$ sfs
^p„^p \C_¡ X$pL¸ $V$f `pk¡ v$pX¡ $u _ S>sp„ ^ufS>\u budpfu_y„ L$pfZ
ip¡^u s¡_¡ _uhpfhp_p D`pep¡ ep¡S>hp. A¡L$pN„ u L¡$ ^y_ dyS>b L$pC¡
QuL$uÐkp _ L$fhu.
- S>Nv$ui ipl
47
iuhpçby D`Qpf kpluÐe
fy $ `uep
õhdyÓ QuL$uÐkp :
kdS>, A_ychp¡ A_¡ fus k„L$g_ : S>Nv$ui ipl 5
iuhpçby : 200dp„\u b¡õV$ huhu^ g¡ML$p¡ 15
iuhpçby-QuL$uÐkp `íQud_u _S>f¡ k„. lf¡i ^p¡mL$uep 10
dyÓ-QuL$uÐkL$_p¡ kp\u k„L$g_ 20
kpÅ„ \ep„, kpÅ„ L$ep¯ S>e„sucpC ipl 18
õhdyÓ QuL$uÐkp-huop_ l¡d„scpC ipl 50
iuhpçby L$ë` huh¡Q_ h¥Û ip¡c_ hkpZu 8
dp_hdyÓ : A¡L$ dlp_ Ap¥i^ h¥Û ip¡c_ hkpZu 20
kp¡ fp¡Np¡dp„ iuhpçby k¡h_ h¥Û ip¡c_ hkpZu 45
iuhpçby-k¡h_ cpN-1 h¥Û ip¡c_ hkpZu 10
iuhpçby-k¡h_ cpN-2 h¥Û ip¡c_ hkpZu 15
iuhpçby-k¡h_ cpN-3 h¥Û ip¡c_ hkpZu 10
iuhpçby-k¡h_ cpN-4 h¥Û ip¡c_ hkpZu 10
õhdyÓp¡`Qpf hu_ycpC Np„^u 40
huop__u A¡fZ¡ õhdyÓ QuL$uÐkp h¥Û âpNS>u fpW$p¡X$ 12
klS> õhdyÓ D`Qpf S>e„sucpC ipl 40
dp_hdyÓ ip dpV¡$ ? AdfiucpC Mpf¡Qp 15
S>uh_S>m S>¡. X$bëey. Apd®õV²$p¢N 20
iuhpçby_¡ ÅZp¡ h¥Û Qud_cpC ipl 100
iuhpçby : âí_p¡Ñfu A_¡ kdp^p_ L$X$hpcpC `fdpf 10
eo âL$pi_ kdusu
l]NgpS> v¡$hu_p d„v$uf_u bpSy>dp„, lzTfps`pNp fp¡X$, hX$pv¡ $fp-01.