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Preliminary terms/definitions:
sportfisheries
dealers
fingerlings – adult stage; may even produce own feeds (e.g., Kahr’s
rear to 3-6” (“grow-out”) then sell or e.g. producer deals only with
• Terms originate from the two main culture species (channel catfish
supplemental feed)
○ Example:
impoundments
Traditional polyculture
ranching
• Indo-Pacific
○ China:
What is polyculture?
organic matter)
phytoplankton in midwater
midwater
(nearshore)
productivity in pond
○ Note: the six carp species are not obligate feeders – i.e.,
• Chinese Polyculture
production gains.
01/23/2009
• Duo-culture
hierarchies
East
○ At least five of six major Asian carp (all but mud carp)
carps
unfriendly” industry
○ Grass carp
ponds
History
maximum sizes
– Iridescent shark)
• Thailand: Pangasius spp. Has long culture history; also Java tilapia
India/Pakistan:
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• Hybrids have been formed with Chinese carps for hybrid vigor
(growth) in ponds
Japan
(*Crassostrea gigas)
capture fisheries
~20 in.
○ Culture characteristics:
Euryhaline
Australia
and red claw (C. quadricarinatus); rainbow and brown trout (Salmo
market
markets
01/23/2009
concern??)
area lease
Tasmania
• Atlantic salmon
01/23/2009
markets
environmentally friendly
producer
01/23/2009
pollutants
acres 30%)
to polyculture (intensive)
grass and silver carps in pond culture; 1,893 fish farms; Fish Research
carnivore)
Europe
grow better
01/23/2009
England
maximus)
Scotland
01/23/2009
pens; market values often plunge for salmon when large producers
Europe
1960s-70s
farms by 1970s
tons/yr)
01/23/2009
Scandanavia
• Denmark
○ France
Russia
Africa
impacts on U.S.
(*Clenopharyngodon idella)
• Now major exporters of “fresh” tilapia (iced) into U.S.; flown into
Miami to wholesalers
developed substantially
biofuels, cosmetics)
North America
settings
1790
rearing brook trout – originally planned to rear food fish but made
their native ranges (Larval fish often stocked due to inability to rear
environs)
01/23/2009
○ Baitfish
(O. mykiss) and the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) are major
species cultured
late 80s
Coast
• Global birth rate is 27/1000 people and death rate is 10/1000 per
year
• Grain does not account for all sources of human food but its
humans.
01/23/2009
Grain consumption
consumed directly
○ Pollution impacts
fish per 24 h.
01/23/2009
Hydroponics
gravel, rockwool)
Consumption of Fish
Denmark (89)
(100-150 lbs/person/yr)
protein
aquaculture industry
01/23/2009
• Fish protein content similar to beef and chicken (18%) and higher
• Fish generally have low fat content similar to chicken (<5%); less
than beef and pork (10-18%); beef and pork fats being reduced
• Fish have lower caloric density due to lower fat (2 cal/g for RBT)
function)
Fish vitamin rich: A,D (fish liver oil), B complex; also good sources of
sardine
• In fact, open ocean areas (90% of total) are low in productivity due
way
bad idea!)
population
Fishing pressure
stages of overexploitation
• Note!: fished-down FRPs often don’t rebound for long periods after
General points
to animal production
• Per capital availability of fish has been increasing reaching 35.7 lbs
of “problems”
grade, keep satiated); growers lost initial product and whole facility
• E.g. bluegill survive and exhibit some growth from 4-31C (39-88F),
Biological considerations
• Water quality:
01/23/2009
nitrate
sualt water (35 ppt) a few species grow well over a wide range of
salinity
growth
01/23/2009
Natural feed:
Importance
maximum potential
• Complete feed
○ Water
01/23/2009
nutrients
Dry matter
• Inorganic
○ Minterals (salts)
• Organic
Nutrients
Proteins
• Fish consume protein to build new proteins (as during growth and
Carbohydrates
carbohydrates as energy
• Classified by size
○ Disaccharides (sucrose)
Lipid
○ Functions
01/23/2009
Source of energy
vitamins
Vitamins
Minerals
• Needed for the formation of bones, scales, teeth, etc and for many
physiological functions
• Fish can absorb part of the required minerals from water through
gills
01/23/2009
Energy terms
available to animals
energy lost
Feedstuff
• Sources of nutrients
waste
poultry
Types of GI Tract
• Herbivores
Tilapia
Car
• Omnivores
Catfish
• Piscivores/Carnivores
Trout
Striped bass
01/23/2009
• Nutrient content
• Digestibility
• Price
• Palatability
Feed types
○ Fry feed
○ Fingerling feed
○ Adult feed
Biological Considerations
• Biological Considerations
○ Growth Rate
aquaculture
Fast growing
Paddlefish
conditions
01/23/2009
growth continues
reach 10 lbs
size etc
young, too much for older fish (e.g. fatty liver problem)
prepared feeds
•
01/23/2009
○ Reproduction
culture)
before maturation
fish eat well and lower status fish “trained” to eat less
Biological Consideration
• Hardiness con’t
(often larger) fish eat well and lower status fish “trained” to eat
less; subordinated fish may carry high stress loads (MET costs);
totally; extreme high density rearing and forced swimming also can
off”)
• Fish that are less stressed under intensive culture conditions are
hybrid)
• If only 2+lb fish are marketable and less than 50% of all you rear
reach this size within grow-out time limit, this may be inadequate
for “profitability”
Marketing Consideration
01/23/2009
• E.g., channel catfish can be sold as; fingerlings; food fish; for
stock; for by-products (catfish oil for crayfish bait); for feeds:
Considerations
• Channel catfish
and elevated salinity (2-11 ppt) but still grow well under
these condictions
rest)
(salinity / depuration)
treatment
CC
when gutted, head off / whole fish weight due to large head
○ Blue catfish – high dress out (60%) less size variation than
CC; slower 1st year growth; but grows larger than CC in 2nd yr
01/23/2009
• BC x CC hybrid
○ Disease tolerant
○ Fe is feed efficiency
of hybrid
drawback (cannibalism)
01/23/2009
Other catfish
provider
Tilapia Culture
male)
growth
• Production
exporters
• U.S. Perspective
○ Mainly fresh fillets are imported from Latin Americato US. Via
consumption
01/23/2009
○ Three major Tilapia species are grown in the U.S. plus hybrids
(indoor tanks)
– why? No substrate
Seattle
○ Feeds/Nutrition:
why?
• Compensatory growth
availability
Culture Systems
• Ponds
acres.
removal)
○ Favorable attributes:
01/23/2009
required)
repairing leaks
tanks, raceways
consuming
○ Pond Types
program);
Intertidal pond
• Cage Culture
○ Cage culture practiced for many species; not just salmon (net
○ Small farm ponds and lakes not designed for AQC often well-
possible)
incipient mortality
• Downside
01/23/2009
vertically)
• Cages
construction materials)
fiberglass, PVC
• Points
densities
cages used
• Cages- DO
01/23/2009
sufficient
through, too close can stress fish, air lift pumps located inside
○ Feeding rings used PVC to keep feed from exiting cage from
• General background
movement, domestication)
communities
competed
• Ocean Ranching
gene pool
• General process
and harvested
areas (nearshore)
lbs)
Culture: >80%
31-60f
of desirable sites
○ Much research done on feeds (for all life stages) and feeding
○ Selective breeding
resistance
traits in aquaculture
01/23/2009
(e.g. estrodiols)
weeks)
months
Coho salmon
Sockeye salmon
“Pacifics”
Chum salmon
consumption
culturing
e.g. in Alaska
Chinook salmon
• Fish that grow well on lower protein diets or will tolerate animal
• Larger pens will allow lower-density rearing with potential for lower
• Can involve open systems – water trickles in and exits tank via a
• RAS does
• Solids
Settleable
(clarifier)
01/23/2009
solids
• Nitrogen management
Nitrosomonas
01/23/2009
• PH
• As hydrogen ions given off they combine with bases; this reduces
RASs
exits RAS
DO concentration
Raceway systems
reduce effluents
○ Loading density
01/23/2009
capacity of system
But
Alternatively
capacity
system
Demand feeders
Reduce labor
01/23/2009
ON TEST
provided
Bad FCR
Improper feeding
TEST
Complete diets
• Supplemental diets
• Protein
fish diets
01/23/2009
in juvenile fish
rate
aquaculture
Lipids (fats)
01/23/2009
○ Lipids provide
Energy
EFAs
Transport vitamins
unsaturated
marine fish
Carbohydrates
• Not essential but used to reduce feed costs (protein sparing) and
• Causes it to float
Vitamins
• Water-soluble
01/23/2009
○ Vitamin C
• Fat soluble
Minerals
• Macro-minerals
01/23/2009