w'fmd'i' ^Wiia fm<&

ridhk oHdj

m%dfhda.sl udf.damfoaY ix.%yh

12 iy 13 jk fYa%Ks
^2009 isg ls%hd;aul jk Ih ksfoaYh i`oyd hs'&

oHd" fi!LH yd Ydl wOHdmk fomd;fka;=j

oHd yd ;dlaIK mSGh
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

w'fmd'i' ^Wiia fm<&

ridhk oHdj
m%dfhda.sl udf.damfoaY ix.%yh

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cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

m%:u uqo%Kh - 2011

oHd" fi!LH yd Ydl wOHdmk fomd;fka;=j

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

uqo%Kh -

WmfoaYkh ( uydpdh v,s' t' wfr;ak nKavdr"

t,a' t' fisxy uhd"

wCIKh

( iS' t' wd' weka;ks uhd

Ih inkalrKh( ta' ' ta' o is,ajd uhd

wOHlaI ckrd,a"
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
iyldr wOHlaI ckrd,a"
oHd yd ;dCIK mSGh"
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
wOHlaI ^oHd" fi!LH yd Ydl
wOHdmk fomd;fka;=j&"
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
jHdmD;s kdhl ^ridhk oHdj&"
oHd" fi!LH yd Ydl wOHdmk
fomd;fka;=j"
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

im;a odhl;ajh (
wNHka;r
iS' t' wd' weka;ks uhd
ta' ' ta' o is,ajd uhd
t,a' fla' jvqf.a uhd
ud,skS rd.jpd h

wOHlaI
m%Odk jHdmD;s ks,Od
m%Odk jHdmD;s ks,Od
jHdmD;s ks,Od

uydpdh t' ' .=KjOk

uydpdh v' ' v' ch;s,l
t' ta' mS' uqKisxy uhd
tia' fms,af,a fukh
tia' ;sf,hskdoka uhd
wd' tka' ' nKavdr uhd
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nka, rKisxy uhd

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tka' ;srekdjqlriq h
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rx;a ohdjxY uhd
www.nie.lk

mgqk
mCIKh

msgqj

1'
2'
3'
4'
5'
6'

lef;dav lsrKj, .=K mCId lsu

oDYH mrdifha ixrpl kslaIKh lsu
yhsv%cka jKdj,sh kslaIKh lsu
jdhqjl ujq,sl mudj mlaIKd;aul j ksKh lsu
ue.akSishj, idfmalaI mrudKql ialkaOh mlaIKd;aul j ksKh lsu
(a) djK tka;e,ams mlaIKd;aul j ieie|Su
(b) w,hl$Niauhl WodiSklrK tka;e,amsh mlaIKd;aul j
ksKh lsu
(c) m%;sia:dmk m%;sl%shdjl tka;e,amsh mlaIKd;aul j ksKh lsu
7' fyia kshuh mlaIKd;aul j ;yjqre lsu
8' f,day" c,h iy w, iu. olajk m%;sl%shd ieie|Su
9' s yd p f.dkqj, uQ,jH idok ,o ,jKj, djH;d mlaId lsu
10' s f.dkqf uQ,jH idok khsf%g" nhsldnfkag yd ldnfkagj, ;dm
ia:dhS;dj mlaId lsu
11' i,a*j, nyqrEmS wdldr ms<sfh< lsu
12' i,a*vfhdlaihs ms<sfh< lsu iy tys .=K mlaId lsu
13' laf,daka ms<sfh< lsu iy ye,ckj, .=K mlaId lsu
14' fya,hsv ykd .ekSu
15' fldm^II& yd fldfnda,a^II& ,jK yhsfv%dlaf,dala w,h iu olajk
m%;sl%shd kslaIKh lsu
16' uex.kSiaj, TlaislrK wxl +2" +4" +6 iy +7 g wod< jK
kslaIKh lsu
17' we,alSkj, iy we,alhskj, m%;sl%shd kslaIKh lsu
18' we,afldfyd,j, .=K mlaId lsu
19' *Sfkda,j, .=K mlaId lsu
20' we,ayhsv iy lSfgdak i|yd mlaId
21' ldfndlais,sla w,j, iuyr .=K mlaId lsu
22' ue.akSish iy w, w;r m%;sl%shdj flfrys idkaKfha n,mE
mlaIKd;aul j ksKh lsu
23' fidah ;fhdai,af*a iy khs%la w,h w;r m%;sl%shdj flfrys
idkaKfha n,mE mlaIKd;aul j ksKh lsu
24' whka^III& whk iy fmdgEish whvhs w;r m%;sl%shdj flfrys
idkaKfha n,mE mlaIKd;aul j ksKh lsu
25' Fe3+/ SCN- moaO;sh weiqfrka .;sl iu;=,s; moaO;shl ,dlaIKsl
mlaIKd;aul j wOHhkh lsu
26' NO2/ N2O4 iu;=,s; moaO;sh flfrys WIaK;ajfha n,mEu mlaIKd;aul j
wOHhkh lsu
27 Ca(OH)2 ys djH;d .=Ks;h mlaIKd;aul j ksKh lsu
vii

01
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mCIKh

msgqj

28' c,fhys yd hqgfkda,ays t;fkdhsla w,fha jHdma;sh i|yd jHdma;s

ix.=Klh mlaIKd;aul j ksKh lsu
29' imhk ,o u,a j.hlska oYlhla ms<sfh< lsu iy tys pH w.h
mlaIKd;aul j ksKh lsu
30' pH w.h mlaId lsfuka ,jK djKj, wd,sl$Ndial$WodiSk
iajNdjh mlaIKd;aul j ksKh lsu
31' oYl Nd; lrka fok ,o djKhl o< pH w.h ksKh lsu
32' iagka fia;= uQ,Ouh fhdod .kska fok ,o djKhl ikakdhl;dj
uekSu
33' idkaKh" WIaK;ajh yd oHq;a foHfha iajNdjh wkqj djKhl
ikakdhl;dj p,kh jk wkaou mlaIKd;aul j ksKh lsu
34' O j.j, bf,lafg%dav ;ekSu yd Njudkh Nd;fhka tajdfha
bf,lafg%dav Nj uekSu
35' Njudkh Nd;fhka O fldaIj, oHq;a.dul n,h uekSu
36' fldaIj, ldhCIu;d ieieu
37' ir, oHq;a foHhl fhdack Njh mlaIKd;aul j ksKh lsu
38' c,h oHq;a fokh u`.ska yhsv%cka iy Tlaiscka jdhq ms<sfh< lsu
39' oHq;a ridhksl l%shdj,shla f,i u, neu mlaIKd;aul j
wOHhkh lsu
40' ksl,a yd fldm oHq;a f,daydf,amkh
41' f;dard .;a legdhk i|yd mrSlaId
42' f;dard .;a wekdhk i|yd mrSlaId
43' ixY=oaO djl$djl Y%K Nd;fhka mqkiaMlSlrKh
44' f;;ukh mrSlaIKd;aul j ksKh lsu
45' fh laf,darhs yd i,a*shqla w,h w;r m%;sl%shdj
^wjlafIam Wi uekSu&
46' whka^III& whk iu. ie,sis,sla w,fha m%;sl%shdj
^jKdj,s;sh - oDYH l%uh&
47' KIO3 Nd; S2O32- djKhl idkaKh mlaIKd;aul j ksKh lsu
48' lvodis jKf,aL Ys,amh Nd;fhka jKl fjka lsu
49' mrsudj wkqj jdhqf.da,fha Tlaiscka m%;sY;h mrSlaIKd;aul j ksKh lsu
50' c, idm,hl laIdh;dj mlaIKd;aul j ksKh lsu
51' c, kshehl oshe we;s Tlaiscka m%udKh mlaIKd;aul j ksKh lsu
52' c, kshehl he we;s uq`M >k jH m%udKh ^TDS&
mlaIKd;aul j fiu

40
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mlaIK wxlh ( 01

lef;dav lsrKj, .=K ykd .ekSu ^.=re wdoYkhls'&

wfmalaIs; bf.kq M, (
1' lef;dav lsrK k<hla l%h
s d;aul lrug fhdod .efkk oHq;a mm:fha uQ,l
s dx.
ykd .kshs'
2' lef;dav lsrKj, .=K kslaIKh lrhs'
jH yd

WmlrK (
lef;dav lsrK k<
fm%arK o`.rhla
6 V ir, Odrd oHq;a m%Njhla
(f, welshqf,agrhla fyda ksl,a$hlv fldaIhla fyda oHd.drhg ,s n,h
imhd ;sf k power pack tlla fyda fhdod .; yels h'&
inkaOl l
h;=rla ^iahla&

Wmfoia (
lef;dav lsrKj, .=K mlaId lsu i|yd fYaIfhka ksudKh lrk ,o k<
lsysmhla Tng imhd we;' fjd lDDlaia k< f,i ye|skaf' t jeks k<
lsysmhla rEmh 1 (a) ys ksrEmKh flf'
tu k< ;=< ;sfnkafka wvq mSvkhla hgf;a we;s jdhqjls' tu k<j, we;s w.%
fol w;r Yd, Nj wka;rhla we;s l< hq;= f' ta i|yd fhdod .kakd mm:
lsysmhla rEmh 1 (b) u`.ska bosm;a lr we;'
ie'hq'
mm: ;=<ska Odrdjla .,d hk g w fjda,ah;djla we;s lsis u WmlrKhla
fyda inkaOl l fyda Yrfha lsis u ;ekl iamY ug bv fkd ;nkak'
lef;dav lsrKj, .=K mlaId fkd lrk wjia:dj, oS mm:fha h;=r jD;
lsfuka th ;=<ska .,d hk ,s Odrdj k;r lrkak'

(ii)

(i)
m%;sma; ;srh

(iii)
rEmh 1 (a) ( lef;dav lsrK k< lsysmhla

fm%arK o`.rh
lmlh

n, iemhq tallh

(iv)

(v)

fldm m;%h

(vi)
rEmh 1 (b) ( lef;dav lsrK k< i|yd
fhdod .; yels mm: lsysmhla

mlaIKh I (

^iv& mm: rEm igyfkys fyda ^v& mm: rEm igyfkys oelafjk mos WmlrK ilid
.kak' fuys fhdod we;af;a ^i& rEmfha oelafjk lef;dav lsrK k<h hs' tys we;s h;=r
jeiSfuka mm:h ;=<ska ,s Odrdjla .,d hdug i,iajkak' lmlh fomig lmkh
fjka A iy B w;r ,s mq<s`.= we;s jk fia weKh jug fyda ol=Kg fyda lrljkak'
t g lef;davhg m%;suqL D ;a;sh u; fld< meye;s oSma;shla we;s f' ^t fia we;s
fkd f k Odrdj m%;sreoaO foig .uka lrug fldaIhg inkaO l fol udre
lrkak'& fuh we;s jkafka lef;dav lsrK ksid he hs ie,efla' by; ;;a;aj hgf;a
lef;davfhka ksl=;a jk lsrK lef;dav lsrK f,i ye|skaf'
oeka h;=r jD; lsfuka mm:h ;=<ska .,d hk Odrdj k;r lrkak' bka miq
lef;dav lsrK k<h ;=< we;s l=reish jeks f,day ;yvqj isria j isk fia ilid kej;
h;=r jeiSfuka mm:h ;=<ska ,s Odrdjla .,d hdug i,iajkak' Tng kslaIKh l<
yelafla l=ula o@
h;=r jD; lsfuka mm:h ;=<ska .,d hk ,s Odrdj k;r lrkak'
mlaIKh II (

(ii) rEmfha fmkajd we;s lef;dav lsrK k<h ^yn,a il iys;& mm:hg inkaO
lrkak' fuys oS tu k<h ;sria j ;eug fYaIfhka ie,els,su;a jkak' h;=r jeiSfuka
mm:h ;=<ska ,s Odrdjla .,d hdug i,iajkak' lef;dav lsrK k<h ;=< is jk foa
kslaIKh lrkak'
h;=r jD; lr mm:h ;=<ska .,d hk ,s Odrdj k;r lrkak' ,s Odrdf Ydj
fjkia lsu msKsi fldaIhg inkaO lr we;s l udre lr kej; inkaO lrkak'
oeka h;=r jikak' lef;dav lsrK k<h ;=< is jk foa mlaId lrkak'
mlaIKh III (

h;=r jD; lr mm:h ;=<ska .,d hk ,s Odrdj k;r lr ^iii) rEmfha we;s lef;dav
lsrK k<h mm:hg inkaO lrkak' fuys oS lef;dav lsrK k<h oHq;a lafIa;%hg ,la
lsu i|yd ^vi) rEmfha oelafjk mos WmlrK ilid .kak' lef;dav lsrK k<hg Wka
;U m;%hla lef;dav lsrK k<hg iudka;r j ;nd th RK ;yvqjla jk f,i rEmfha
oelafjk wkaoug mm:h ilia lrkak'
mm:h ;=<ska ,s Odrdjla .,d hdug i,id k<h ;=< is jk foa kslaIKh
lrkak' bka miq h;=r jD; lr" mm:h ;=<ska Odrdj .,d hdu k;r lr" l,ska lef;dav
lsrK k<hg Wka ;snQ ;U m;%h" hka ;nd kej; mm:h ilia lrkak' kej; h;=r
jeiSfuka mm:h ;=<ska ,s Odrdjla .,d hdug i,id k<h ;=< is jk foa kslaIKh
lrkak'
mlaIKh IV (

mlaIKh III i|yd fhdod .;a lef;dav lsrK k<h u fuu mlaIKh i|yd o fhdod
.kak' fuys oS lef;dav lsrK k<h pqnl lafIa;%hlg ,la lrkq ,ef' rEmh ^iv) fyda
(v) fyda olajd we;s mos mm:h ilia lr rEmh ^iii) olajd we;s lef;dav lsrK k<h
mm:hg inkaO lrkak' mm:h ;=<ska ,s Odrdjla .,d hdug i,iajd lef;dav lsrK
k<h ;=< is jk foa kslaIKh lrkak' pqnlhl olaIsK O%ejh k<h ;=< we;s iskala
i,a*hs wdf,am l< ;srhg ,nl j thg <x lrkak' lef;dav lsrK lonfha .uka
m:h fl n fjkilg ,la f oe hs kslaIKh lrkak'
igyk (
by; tla tla mlaIKfha ,;a kslaIK weiqfrka lef;dav lsrKj, .=K ia;r
lrkak'
3

mlaIK wxlh ( 02

oDYH mrdifha ixrpl kslaIKh lsu

wfmalaIs; bf.kq M, (
1 W; Wml%u Nd; lrka oDYH mrdih kslaIKh lr tys iajNdjh jd;d lrhs'
jH yd WmlrK (
re m%siauhla
iq wdf,dal lonhla ,nd fok wdf,dal m%Njhla
;srhla
Wmfoia (
m%siauhla wdOdrfhka iq wdf,dal lonhla fNaokh ug i,iajd ;srhla u;g
,nd .kak' tys jK fNaokh we;s wdldrh kslaIKh lsug isiqkag
wjia:dj ,nd fokak'
mlaIK wxlh ( 03

yhsv%cka jKdj,sh kslaIKh lsu

^.=re wdoYkhls'&
wfmalaIs; bf.kq M, (
1' oHq;a mm:hla ilid .ekSf oS i,ld ne,sh hq;= uQ,sl lreKq ms<sn| oekqu
,nd .kshs'
2' bf,lafg%dk
a O Yla;s ugj, msyg
s k njg idlaIh
s la f,i yhsvc
% ka jKdj,sh
k lrhs'
3' yhsv%cka jKdj,sh kslaIKh lr tys uQ,sl ,laIK m%ldY lrhs'
jH yd WmlrK (
lef;dav lsrKj, .=K ykd .ekSf mlaIKhg wod< WmlrK
jKdj,s k<h j;k .afu ^diffraction grating&
Wmfoia (
lef;dav lsrKj, .=K mlaId lsf fhdod .;a mm: wegjqu u fhdod .kska
lef;dav lsrK k<h i l< w.%j,g yhsrcka jKdj,sh kslaIKh i|yd tu
jdhqj wvx.= lr ilia lr we;s k<h inkaO lrkak' wegejqu l%shd;aul lr
jKdj,sh kslaIKh i|yd imhd we;s WmlrKfhka k<h kslaIKh lrkak'
ie'hq' yhsv%cka jKdj,sh kslaIKh lsu i|yd tu jdhqj wvx.= lr fYaIfhka
ilia lr we;s k<h mdi,aj,g oekg ,nd ke;' t neka oekg jKdj,sfha
jKj;a mska;+rhla bm;a lr ia;r lr u m%udKj;a h'

mlaIK wxlh ( 04

jdhqjl ujq,sl mudj mlaIKd;aul j ksKh lsu

wfmalaIs; bf.kq M, (
1' jdhq mud uekSf l%u ms<sn| oekqu;a" jdhq /ialsf l=i,;dj;a" ,nd .kshs'
2' mlaIKd.dr ;;a;aj hgf;a oS Tlaiscka jdhq ujq,hla iska w;a lr .kakd
mudj ksKh lrhs'
jH yd WmlrK (
>k fmdgEish m'uex.fka
lmq mq`Mka
kq irdjla ^500 cm3&
WIaK;ajudkhla
rEm igyfka olajd we;s WmlrK
Wmfoia (
u`ola r;a lrk ,o >k fmdgEish m'uex.fka iaj,amhla ^r;a lrkafka wehs@&
he<s lelEre k<hlg f.k tys lg wi,g lmq mq`Mka .=,shla we;=`M lrkak'
^lmq mq`Mka wjYH wehs@& bka miq wvx.= jH iu`. k<fha ialkaOh lsrd .kak'
WmlrK tla rEm igykl olajd we;s mos ilia fldg lelEre k<h fika
r;a lrkak'
fuys Tlaiscka jdhq mudj 350 - 400 cm3 muK /ia lr .ekSu iEfya' fuu
WmlrKh ;=< iEfok Tlaiscka mudjg iudk c, mudjla kq irdf tl;=
jk neka c, mudj 350 - 400 cm3 jk g lelEre k<h r;a lsu kj;kak'
lelEre k<h ldur WIaK;ajhg isis,a ug ykak' ^ta wehs@&
rEmh 4 (a) wkqj WmlrK ilia lr we;a k" c, ug iudk l< miq B rn
k<h .,jd tys we;s c, mudj kq is,skavrhg hefjk fia rn k<h bj;a
lrkak' ia:dmkh jQ c, mudj uek .kak' rEmh 4 (b) wkqj WmlrK ilia
lr we;a k" ia:dmkh jQ jdhq mudj uek .kak' mlaIKd.drfha WIaK;ajh
iy mSvkh igyka lr .kak' wvx.= jH iu`. lelEre k<fha ialkaOh kej;
uek .kak'
Wla; mdGdxl W; m fhdod .kska ldur WIaK;ajfha yd mSvkfha ;a" iu;
WIaK;ajfha yd mSvkfha ;a" Tlaiscka jdhqf ujq,sl mud .Kkh lrkak'

rEmh 4 (a)

rEmh 4 (b)
ie'hq'
lmq mq`Mka k<fha m;=,g wdikak j ;snqK fyd;a th oykh ug bv we;'
rEmh 4 (b) wkqj WmlrK ilia lrkafka k" icl k<fha fl<jr jdhq
irdf by< fl<jrg <x jk fia ^rEmfha oelafjk wkaoug& ;sh hq;= nj
i,lkak'

igyk (
mlaIKfha fodaI" tajd wju l< yels wdldr yd .Kkfha is lrkq ,nk
Wml,amk ms<sn| idlPd lrkak'

mlaIK wxlh ( 05

ue.akSishj, idfmalaI mrudKql ialkaOh

mlaIKd;aul j ksKh lsu
wfmalaIs; bf.kq M, (
1' ldur WIaKa;jfha yd mSvkfha okakd Mg ialkaOhlska uqla; l< yhsrcka
jdhq mudj ksKh lrhs'
2' uqla; jQ yhsrcka jdhq ujq, m%udKh weiqfrka Mgj, idfmalaI mrudKql
ialkaOh .Kkh lrhs'
jH yd

WmlrK (
0'02-0'04 g ue.akSish m ^3'5 cm muK&
hqfrgqjla
;kql HCl " 25 cm3
c,h
lrhla
mq`Mka
ue.aki
S h
s mh
hqfrgqj
;kql yhsrlaf,dala w,h
hqfrgqj
lrh
ue.aki
S h
s mh
c,h

rEmh 5 (a)
Wmfoia (
ue.akSish m ^3'5 cm muK& lene,a,la f.k je,s lvodishlska ueo" msis lr
.kak' miq j tys ialkaOh ksje/ j uek .kak' ;kql yhsfrdlaf,dala 25 cm3
hqfrgqjlg mqrjd .kak' hqfrgqf ;a;sh f.a my<g hk fia fifuka
c,h tl;= lrka hqfrgqj imQKfhka u c,fhka mqrjkak' Mg lene,a,
mq`Mka iaj,amhl ,sys,aj r|jd th .=,shla fia ilia lr" th hqfrgqf by<
fl<jfrys isr lr r|jd .kak'
250 cm3 lrhla f.k thg wvla muK c,h mqrjd .kak' hqfrgqf by<
fl<jr we`.s,af,ka jid laIKsl j hqfrgqj hl=re lr c,fhys .s,ajkak'
7

hqfrgqj isria j r|jd .ekSug wdOdrlhl i lrkak' jdhq nqnq by<g taug
fmr hqfrgqf lrduh laIKsl j jD; lr" c, ugu mudKfha ,l=Kq
lr we;s ugug f.k tkak' laIKsl j k<h jid" tu c, ugu wdrNl
ugu f,i igyka lr .kak' ue.akSish mh m%;sl%shd lr wjidk jk f;la
kslaIKh lrkak' hqfrgqf kj j ugu igyka lr .kak' wdrNl yd
wjidk j ugj, fjki weiqfrka uqla; jQ yhsrcka jdhq mudj ,nd .kak'
igyk (
mlaIKh is l< ldur WIaK;ajfha yd mSvkfha mlaIKh i|yd fhdod .;a
Mg ialkaOh wdY%s; j ksmojqKq yhsrcka jdhq ujq, m%udKh .Kkh lrkak'
W; .Kkh is lr Mg ys idfmalaI mrudKql ialkaOh fidhkak'
mlaIKfha fodaI" tajd wju lr .; yels wdldr iy .Kkfha is l<
Wml,amk idlPd lrkak'

mlaIK wxlh ( 06

^I&
^II&

djK tka;e,ams mlaIKd;aul j ieieu

w,hl$Niauhl WodiSklrK tka;e,amsh mlaIKd;aul j
ksKh lsu
^III& m%;sia:dmk m%;sl%shdjl tka;e,amsh mlaIKd;aul j ksKh
lsu
wfmalaIs; bf.kq M,(
1' ridhksl m%;sl%shd is f we;s jk WIaK;aj mhdi uekSf l=i,;dj ,nd
.ksh's
2' O ixfhda.j, djK tka;e,ams mlaIKd;aul j ii|hs'
3' w,-NiAu WodiSklrK m%;l
s h
s% dj, tka;e,ams mhdih mlaIKd;aul j ksKh
lrhs'
4' m%;sia:dmk m%;sl%shdjl tka;e,amsh mlaIKd;aul j ksKh lrhs'
jH yd

WmlrK (
2.0 mol dm-3 fidah yhsfrdlaihs 50 cm3
2.0 mol dm-3 fmdgEish yhsfrdlaihs 50 cm3
2.0 mol dm-3 khsla w,h 50 cm3
2.0 mol dm-3 yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h 50 cm3
CuSO4 djKh 50 cm3 la ^5 g la c,h 50 cm3 l h lr .;a&
Zn l=vq 1 g
100 cm3 lr lsysmhla
250 cm3 lrhla
100 cm3 kq ird
WIaK;ajudkhla
mjdrl jH
re l+rla

Wmfoia (
mlaIKh (I)
mlaIKd.drfha we;s c,fha djH ,jK lsysmhlska ujq, 0'25 ne.ska f.k 250
cm3 c,Sh djK idod .kak' tys is jk WIaK;aj fjkia igyka lr .kak'
Q= mcT ilrKh W; m fhdod .kska wod< ,jKj, djK tka;e,ams
.Kkh lr tajd ixikaokh lrkak'
mlaIKh (II)
lrhg 2 mol dm-3

NaOH 50 cm3 uek f.k tu djKfha WIaK;ajh igyka

9

lr .kak' fjk;a lrhlg 2 mol dm-3 yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h 50 cm3 uek

f.k tys WIaK;ajh igyka lrkak' ^Niau djKfha WIaK;ajh uekSfuka miq
w, djKfha WIaK;ajh uekSug fmr WIaK;ajudkh fidaod .kak'& tla lrhl
we;s djKh wfklg tl jr tl;= lr Y%Kh <`.d jk Wmu WIaK;ajh igyka
lrkak' Q= mcT ilrKh weiqka WodiSklrKhg wod< tka;e,ams mhdih
.Kkh lrkak'
KOH yd HNO3 fhdod .kska mlaIKh kej; lrkak'
mlaIKh (III)
CuSO4 djKh 50 cm3 lrhg f.k tys WIaK;ajh igyka lr.kak' thg Zn
l=vq 1 g tl jr tl;= lrkak' re l+rlska fydka l,;ka" djKh <`.d jk
Wmu WIaK;ajh uek .kak' Q= mcT ilrKh weiqfrka Zn ujq, tlla
talia:dmk m%;sl%shdjg nka u wdY%s; tka;e,ams mhdih .Kkh lrkak'
ie'hq'

Wla; mlaIK ;dm mjrKh l< nkl is lsfuka jvd;a ksje/

m%;sM, ,nd .; yels h'

igyk (
tla tla mlaIKfha fodaI yd .Kkfha oS is l< Wml,amk idlPd lrkak'
fodaI wju lr .ekSug .; yels l%shdud. idlPd lrkak'

10

mlaIK wxlh ( 07

fyia kshuh mlaIKd;aul j ;yjqre lsu

wfmalaIs; bf.kq M, (
1' tlsfklg fjkia ud. follska" tla moaO;shla ;j;a moaO;shlg mj;kh
lrhs'
2' ridhksl m%;sl%shd is f oS we;s jk WIaK;aj mhdi uekSf l=i,;dj ,nd
.ksh's
3' is jQ tka;e,ams mhdih tka;e,ams rEm igykla u`.ska olajhs'
4' tka;e,ams rEm igykla u`.ska ud. folla Tiafia is jk tka;e,ams mhdi
iudk nj fmkafuka fyia kshuh ;yjqre lrhs'
jH yd

WmlrK (
2 mol dm-3 yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h 250 cm3 la
fidah yhsfrdlaihs 20 g la
400 cm3 lr 4 la
250 cm3 kq irdjla
WIaK;ajudkhla ^0 - 200 0C mrdih we;s&

Wmfoia (
fuu mlaIKfha oS fidah yhsfrdlaihs okakd ialkaOhla Bg wkqrEm c,Sh
fidah laf,darhs njg ud. folla Tiafia mj;kh flf'
I l%uh
2 mol dm-3 yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h 125 cm3 la lrhg uek f.k tys WIaK;ajh
igyka lr .kak' c,h 125 cm3 la uek f.k tys o WIaK;ajh igyka lr .kak'
w,h 125 cm3 la c,hg tl;= lr fyd|ska l,;d kej; WIaK;ajh igyka lr
.kak' ^fuu ;kqllrKfha oS we;s jk WIaK;aj fjki fkd .sKh
s yels ;r nj
Tng fmfkkq we;'&
1 mol dm-3 yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h 250 cm3 ys WIaK;ajh igyka lr .kak' >k
fidah yhsfrdlaihs 10'0 g la fjk;a lrhlg blaukska lsrd f.k 1 mol
dm-3 yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h fuu lrhg oud" osh u blauka jk fia fyd|ska
l,;kak' yels blaukska djKfha Wmu WIaK;ajh igyka lr .kak'
II l%uh
c,h 125 cm3 lrhlg uek f.k tu c,fha WIaK;ajh igyka lr .kak'
fidah yhsfrdlaihs le;s 10'0 g la lrhlg lsrd f.k" fuhg c,h 125
cm3 la tl;= lr oshe u blauka jk fia djKh l,;kak' djKfha Wmu
WIaK;ajh igyka lr .kak'
lrhg 2 mol dm-3 yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h 125 cm3 la uek f.k tys
11

WIaK;ajh igyka lr .kak'

by; oS idod .;a fidah yhsfrdlaihs djKfha WIaK;ajh kej; igyka lr
f.k jyd u thg yhsfrdlaf,dala w, djKh tl jr u tla lrkak' djKh
fyd|ska l,;ka tys Wmu WIaK;ajh ,nd .kak'
I l%ufha oS iy II l%ufha oS is jk m%;sl%shd my; oelaf'

fuys is jk tka;e,ams
mhdi b;d u l=vd h'

wdrNl jH

1 mol dm-3 HCl

250 cm3

H1

I l%uh

2 mol dm-3 HCl 125 cm3

c,h 125 cm3
NaOH 10 g

H2

>k NaOH
10 g
wjidk jH
1 mol dm-3 NaCl
250 cm3

II l%uh

2 mol dm-3 NaOH

125 cm3

H3

2 mol dm-3 HCl

125 cm3

rEmh 37 (a)

W; .Kkh ls u`.ska m%;sl%shdj wdY%s; tka;e,ams mhdi ksKh lrkak'

wod< tka;e,ams mhdi tka;e,ams igyklska olajd fyia kshuh ;yjqre lrkak'

igyk (
mlaIKfha fodaI yd .Kkfha is l< Wml,amk idlPd lrkak'

12

mlaIK wxlh ( 08

s yd p f.dkqj, f,day" c,h iy w, iu`. olajk m%;sl%shd

ieieu
wfmalaIs; bf.kq M, (
1' s yd p f.dkqj, f,day
^w& jd;h ^wd& c,h ^we& ;kql w, iu`. olajk m%;sl%shd kslaIKh lrhs'
2' wdj; Tiafia bhg hEf oS;"a ldKav Tiafia my<g hdf ;a" f,day uQ,jHj,
m%;sl%shdYS,s;df p,kh ykd .kshs'
jH yd

WmlrK (
mlaIKd.drfha we;s s f.dkqf uQ,jH iy Al
;kql yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h fyda ;kql i,a*shqla w,h
msfkd,ama;e,ska oYlh
c,fdaKsldjla
mlaId k<

Wmfoia (
s f.dkqf f,day uQ,jH yd weksh mlaIKd.drfha .nvd lr we;s wdldrh
n,kak'
fidah lene,a,la f.k folg lemSfuka ,o w;a mDIaGh jd;hg ksrdjrKh
lr kd myla muK kslaIKh lrkak'
5 cm muK os. ue.aki
S h
s mhla f.k" thska fldgila muKla je,s lvodishlska
ueo msis lrkak' th jd;hg ksrdjrKh lr ks;a;= myf<djl muK ld,hla
;=< kslaIKh lrkak'
ue.akSish m lene,a,la jd;fha r;a lrkak' l=ula kslaIKh l< yels o@
fdaKsldj nd.hla muK c,fhka mqrjkak' thg msfkd,ama;e,ska oYlfhka
iaj,amhla o tl;= lrkak' uqx weghla muK fidah lene,a,la fmryka
lvodishlska msi oud c, fdaKsldjg oukak' ^fidah f,dayh c,h iu`.
f.fhka m%;sl%shd lrk ksid fuh m%fifuka l< hq;= h'& Tng l=ula kslaIKh
l< yels o@ fdaKsldf wvx.= c,fha we;s jk jK mhdih l=ula o@
je,s lvodishlska ueo msis lr .;a ue.akSish m lene,a,la c,h wvx.=
mlaId k<hlg oukak' thg msfkd,ama;e,ska iaj,amhla o tl;= lrkak' Tf
kslaIK fudkjd o@
c,h wvx.= fjk;a mlaId k<hlg msis ue.akSish m lene,a,la iy
msfkda,ama;e,Ska iaj,amhla tl;= lr r;a lr kslaIKh lrkak'
msis lrk ,o ue.akSish m lene,a,la mlaId k<hlg oud thg ;kql
yhsfrdlaf,dala w, iaj,amhla tl;= lrkak' Tf kslaIK fudkjd o@
^m%;sl%shdj b;d f.j;a neka wk;=rla is h yels ksid lsis fgl;a fidah
f,dayh ;kql w,j,g fkd oukak'&
13

mlaIK wxlh ( 09

s yd p f.dkqj,

uQ,jH idok ,o ,jKj, c,fha djH;dj mlaId lsu

j.=j 9 (a)
14

Al3+

Ba2+

Sr2+

Ca2+

Mg2+

Be2+

0.1 mol dm-3

djKh$
1 cm3

1 mol dm-3 1 mol dm-3 1 mol dm-3 1 mol dm-3

1 mol dm-3
NaCl
NaBr
NaI
NaOH
Na2CO3
3
3
3
/1 cm
/1 cm
/1 cm
/1 cm3
/1 cm3

1 mol dm-3 1 mol dm-3 1 mol dm-3 1 mol dm-3

1 mol dm-3
NaHCO3
NaNO2
NaNO3
Na2SO 3
Na2SO 4
3
3
/1 cm
/1 cm
/1 cm3
/1 cm3
/1 cm3

wfmalaIs; bf.kq M, (
1' s yd p f.dkqj, ,jKj, c,fha djH;dj mlaId lr ii|hs'
jH yd WmlrK (
Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba yd Al idok c,fha djH ,jK
I ldKavfha uQ,jH idok j.=f i|yka Na ,jK ^K ,jK jqj o fhdod .; yels h'&
mlaId k<
Wmfoia (
wod< ,jK djK ms<sfh< lrkak'
II ldKavfha ,jK djKj,g Na ,jK mudj xj ne.ska l%udkql+, j tl;=
lrka kslaIKh lrkak'

mlaIK wxlh ( 10

s f.dkqf uQ,jH idok khsfg" nhsldnfkag yd ldnfkagj,

;dm ia:dhS;dj mlaId lsu
wfmalaIs; bf.kq M,(
1' s f.dkqf uQ,jHj, khsfg" nhsldnfkag iy ldnfkagj, ;dmia:dhS;df
rgd wkdjrKh lrhs'
jH yd WmlrK (
my; i|yka f,dayj, khsfg" nhsldnfkag ^I jk ldKavfha tajd muKs& iy
ldnfkag
mlaId k< w~q
fidah
fmdgEish
icl k<hla
ue.akSish
mlaId k<
le,aish
nkaika odylh
iafg%dkah
fh
yqkq oshr
,suia
mhsfrlaia mlaId k<
Wmfoia (
ldnfkag yd nhsldnfkag ( mhsfrlaia k<fha 1cm muK Wig >k ldnfkagh$
nhsldnfkag f.k thg wenhla iys; icl k<hla i lrkak' k<fha
ksoyia fl<jr yqkq oshr iaj,amhla ^ 2 cm muK Wig& wvx.= mlaId k<hl
.s,ajkak' mhsfrlaia k<h r;a lrkak'
mlaId k<fha wvx.= yqkq oshrj, fjkila is f o@
f wdldrhg by; i|yka ish ldnfkag$nhsldnfka f.k mlaIKh fjk
fjk u lrkak' tla tla ldnfkagfhka $nhsldnfkagfhka yqkq oshrfhys fjkila
is lsug .; jk ld,h ii|kak'
khsfg ( tla tla khsfgh mhsfrlaia k<hlg f.k r;a lrkak'
mq<s`.= lSrla mlaId k<fha lg <`.g w,a,kak'
jKj;a jdhqjla msg f k" th msg u we/ug .; jQ ld,h ii|kak'

15

mlaIK wxlh ( 11

i,a*j, nyqrEmS wdldr ms<sfh< lsu

wfmalaIs; bf.kq M, (
1 i,a*j, frdniSh" taldk;s iy iqldh hk nyqrEmS iajrEm ms<sfh< lsf
l=i,;d ,nd .kshs'
2 tl u uQ,jHfha nyqrEmS wdldrj, O;ajhla mj;sk nj fmkajhs'
jH yd

WmlrK (
l=vq lr.;a i,a*
jdIamSlrK oSis ;=kla ^uOHu m%udKfha&
ldnka vhsi,a*hs

Wmfoia (
frdniSh i,a* ms<sfh< lsu
jdIamSlrK oSishlg l=vq lr .;a i,a* iaj,amhla oukak' i,a* ish,a, u
jKh lsug m%udKj;a ldnka vhsi,a*hs tl;= lrkak' bka miq jdIamSlrK
ish mfilska ;nd tys we;s ldnka vhsi,a*hs fika jdIam ug bv ykak'
iEfok frdniSh i,a* iaMl kslaIKh lrkak'
taldk;s i,a* ms<sfh< lsu
jdIamSlrK oSishlg l=vq lr .;a i,am 5 g muK oud j jk ;=re r;a lrkak'
fika ksfjkakg bv ykak' jh u;=msg iEfok lfnd, isre lr" Bg hka
we;s jh bj;a lrkak' lfndf,a h me;af;a iEoS we;s b|s lgq ;=vq fuka os.e;s
taldk;s i,a* iaMl kslaIKh lrkak'
iqldh i,a* ms<sfh< lsu
keug wdikak jk ;=re r;a l< i,a* we,a c,hg tl;= lrkak' iEfok"
wefokiq iqldh i,a* kslaIKh lrkak'
igyk (

fuu mlaIKhg jdIamSlrK oSis fjkqjg lelEre k< o Nd; l< yels h'
frdniSh i,a* iy taldk;s i,a* hkq i,a*j, iaMlrEmS nyqrEmS wjia:d f'
iqldh i,a* fuka u fndfyda mlaIKj, oS ls meye;s wjlafIam f,i ,efnk
i,a* wiaMlrEmS nyqrEmS wjia:d i|yd ksoiqka f'

16

mlaIK wxlh ( 12

i,a* vfhdlaihs ms<sfh< lsu iy tys .=K mlaId lsu

wfmalaIs; bf.kq M, (
1' i,a* vfhdlaihs jdhqj ridhkd.drfha ms<sfh< lsf yelshdj ,nd .kshs'
2' i,a* vfhdlaihsj, Tlaisldrl yd Tlaisydrl .=K mCIKd;aul j fmkajd
fohs'
3' i,a*hs whk i|yd mlaId lsf l=i,;dj ,nd .kshs'
jH yd

WmlrK (
;U iqreKavq
idka i,a*shqla w,h
,suia lvodis
fmdgEish m'uex.fka
;kql khsla w,h
;kql i,a*shqla w,h
jKj;a u,a fm;s
fmdgEish vhslafrdaf
fidah i,a*hs

;dmh

rEmh 12 (a)
Wmfoia (
lelEre k<hla f.k 0'5 cm muK Wig ;U iqreKavq oud" k<h ;=< 1 cm muK
Wig isk f;la idka i,a*shqla w,h tl;= lrkak' thg icl k<hla
iys; wenhla i lr" fika r;a lrkak' t g i,* vfhdlaihs jdhqj msg
f'

17

i,a*hsg ;kql w, iu`. m%;sl%shdfjka o i,a*vfhdlaihs jdhqj ,ef' f

ksid i,a* vfhdlaihs jdhqj ridhkd.drfha ms<sfh< lr .ekSug fuu l%uh
jqj o fhdod .; yels h'
ie'hq'(
ms,siaiS we;s h yels neka idka i,amshqla w,h iamY fkd lrkak' ;U
iy idka i,a*shqla w,h jemqr Nd; lf<a k" r;a lsf oS lelEre k<h
;=< we;s jH W;=rd hdug bv we;' t neka ;U iy idka i,*shqla w,h oS
we;s m%udKj,g jvd fkd .ekSug ie,els,su;a jkak'
mlaIKh wjika jQ jyd u WmlrK .,jd lelEre k<fha wvx.= jH c,
fiug oud c, lrduh jD; lrkak'
wl f,i .kaOh we;s u je<elau i|yd mlaIK blaukska lrkak'
i,a* vfhdlaihs jdhqj i|yd my; oelafjk mlaId lrkak'
1. msg jk jdhqf .kaOh kslaIKh lrkak'
2. (a) u,a fm;s iu`. i,a* vfhdlaihs jdhqj .efgkakg i,iajkak'
u,a fm;sj, jKhg l=ula f o@
(b)r;= iy ks,a f;; ,suia lvodis u;g i,a* vfhdlaihs jdhqj hjkak'
,suiaj, jKhg l=ula f o@
3. (a) ;kql i,amshqla w,fhka wd,sl lrk ,o fmdgEish vhslafrdaf$
lafrdaf djKhg i,a* vfhdlaihs jdhqj hjkak' fuys oS Tng ,efnk
kslaIKh fudkjd o@
(b);kql i,a*shqla w,fhka wd,sl lrk ,o fmdgEish vhslafrdaf$
lafrdafj,ska fmd`.jk ,o fmryka lvodis lene,a,la u;g i,a*vfhdlaihs
jdhqj hjkak' fmryka lvodish u; olakg ,efnk jK mhdih l=ula o@
(c) ;kql i,a*shqla w,fhka wd,sl l< fmdgEish muex.fka djKhla
;=<ska i,am vfhdlaihs jdhqj hjkak' fuys oS Tng l< yels kslaIK
fudkjd o@
3^i&" 3^ii& iy 3^iii& wjia:dj, wd,SlrKh i|yd ;kql i,a*shqla w,h
fjkqjg ;kql yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h Nd; fkd lrkafka wehs@
4. i,a* vfhdlaihs djKhla ;=<ska yhsrcka i,a*hs jdhqj hjkak' ,efnk
wjlafIamfha jKh l=ula o@
igyk (
i,a* vfhdlaihsj, Tlaisldrl$Tlaisydrl .=K W; m fhdod .kska by;
kslaIK ms<sn| meye,s ls bm;a lrkak'

18

mlaIK wxlh (13

laf,daka ms<sfh< lsu iy ye,ckj, .=K mlaId lsu

wfmalaIs; bf.kq M, (
1' ir, WmlrK Nd;fhka laf,daka jdhqj ms<sfh< lr /ia lrhs'
2' ye,ck olajk m%;sl%shd kslaIKh lrhs'
jH yd

WmlrK (
>k fmdgEish m' uex.fka
idka yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h
fidah yhsfrdlaihs djKh
wefudakshd djKh
fldm f,day iqreKavq fyda oe,la
hlv fl|s fyda l=vq
,suia
lelEre k<
icl k<
nkaika odylh
jdhq ird ^jeiq iys;&

Wmfoia (
lelEre k<hlg >k fmdgEish m' uex.fka iaj,amhla ^ 2 g muK& .kak'
thg idka yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h tl;= lr" ick k<hla i lr msg jk
jdhqj jd;fha Wvql=re ia:dmkh u`.ska jdhq ird lSmhl ^fyda lelEre k<
lSmhl& tl;= lr .kak' jdhq ird jeiqj,ska jid ;nkak'
msg jk jdhqf jKh yd .kaOh l=ula o@
ie'hq'
fmdgEish m' uex.fkaj,g idka yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h tl;= lr r;a
fkd l< hq;= hs' laf,daka jdhqj wdYajdi lsu ys;lr fkd f' l+vqjla
;sf k jdhqj ksmou th ;=< oS lrkak'
ye,ck olajk m%;sl%shd (
icl k<fha fl<jka msg jk laf,daka jdhqjg f;;a ,suia iy f;;a
jKj;a u,a fm;s w,a,kak'
laf,daka ms jdhq irdjla ^fyda lelEre k<hla& c, Ndckhl hl=re lr
;nkak' c, ugu kslaIKh lrkak' jdhq irdj ;=< we;s djKh jKj;a
jHhl ;jrd n,kak'
19

 ;kql fidah yhsfrdlaihs djKh iaj,amhla we;s k<hlg laf,daka

jdhqj hjkak' fuu djKfhka iaj,amhla jKj;a u,a fm;a;l ;jrd
n,kak'
fldm oe,la iy hlv fl|s fjk fjk u r;a lr" laf,daka wvx.= jdhq
irdj,g we;=`M lrkak' tla tla wjia:df oS kslaIK igyka lr .kak'
M,hg c, x lSmhla oud fidf,djd kslaIKh lrkak'
laf,daka ms jdhq irdjlg wefudakshd djKh x fol ;=kla tl;= lrkak'
k<h ;=< is jk foa kslaIKh lrkak'

rEmh 13 (a)

20

mlaIK wxlh (14

fya,hsv ykd .ekSu

wfmalaIs; bf.kq M, (
1' laf,darhsv" frdauhsv" whvhsv hk whk fjk fjk u djK.; j we;s g
ykd .ekSf l=i,;dj ,nd .kshs'
jH yd

WmlrK (
>k fidah laf,darhs
>k fidah fn%dauhs
>k fidah whvhs
^fuu fya,hs whk wvx.= kE u
,jKhla Nd; l< yels h'&
is,aj khsf djKh
idka i,a*shqla w,h
f, weisf fyda f, khsf djKh
laf,dafrdf*da fyda ldnka fgrdlaf,darhs

wefudakshd djKh
;kql khsla w,h
msIaG djKh
laf,daka oshr
lelEre k<
mlaId k<
re l+rla
nkaika odylhla

Wmfoia (
laf,darhsv" fn%dauhs iy whvhs i|yd my; i|yka mlaIK fjk fjk u
lrkak' kslaIK ixikaokh lrkak'
mlaIKh I
>k fya,hsvfhka iaj,amhla f.k idka i,a*shqla w,fhka iaj,amhla tl;=
lrkak' mlaId k<h r;a lrkak'
msg jk jdhqf jKh kslaIKh lrkak'
fuu jdhqj f;; ks,a ,suia yd f;; r;= ,suia lvodisj,ska mlaId lrkak'
jdhq ish,a, u msIaGfhka fm`.ejQ fmryka lvodishlska mlaId lrkak'
jdhq ish,a, u wefudakshd djKh ;ejerE re l+rla u`.ska mlaId lrkak'
fya,hsvj, c,Sh djK f.k my; i|yka whqre mlaId lrkak'
mlaIKh II
fya,hsv ;=fka c,Sh djK fjk fjk u mlaId k< ;=klg .kak' fjd ;kql
khsla w,fhka wd,sl lr" is,aj khsf djKh iaj,amh ne.ska tl;=
lr kslaIKh lrkak' wjlafIam iEfoa o@ t fia k tajdfha jK fudkjd o@
tu wjlafIamj,g c,Sh wefudakshd tl;= lrkak' kslaIK igyka lrkak'
mlaIKh III
fya,hsv ;=fka c,Sh djKj,g" f, weisf djKh tl;= lrkak' t g
,efnk wjlafIamfha jKh kslaIKh lrkak' tu wjlafIamh c,fhka ;kql
lr r;a lrkak' kej; isis,a lrkak' kslaIK igyka lrkak'
mlaIKh IV
fya,hsv djK ;=kg fjk fjk u laf,daka oshr iaj,amh ne.ska tl;= lr
laf,dafrdf*da x lsysmhla oud k< fyd|ska fidf,djd mlaId lrkak'
laf,dafrdf*da ia;rfha l=uk jKhla oelsh yels o@
tla tla mlaIKhg wod< kslaIK meye,s lrkak'
21

mlaIK wxlh (15

fldm(II) yd fldfnda,a(II) ,jK yhsfv%dlaf,dala w,h iu`.

olajk m%;sl%shd kslaIKh lsu
wfmalaIs; bf.kq M,(
1' d f.dkqf uQ,jH ixlSK whk idok nj m%ldY lrhs'
2' ixlSK ixfhda. lsysmhla iEoSf l=i,;dj ,nd .kshs'
3' tu ixlSK ixfhda.j, ic, whk jKj;a nj m%ldY lrhs'
jH yd

WmlrK ( (
;kql fldm i,af*a djKhla
fldfnda,a^II& whk wvx.= djKhla
idka yhsfv%dlaf,dala w, djKhla
yhsv%cka f*frdlaihs djKhla
;kql iy idka wefudakshd djK

Wmfoia (
my; j.=j, oelafjk wdldrhg tla tla whk
is jk mhdi kslaIKh lrkak'
Cu2+ whk i|yd (
;kql
djKfha
wefudakshd
jKh
djKhla x
jYfhka tl;=
lrkak'

djKj,g m%;sldrl tl;= fldg

idka
idka HCl
wefudakshd
x jYfhka
djKhla x tl;= lrkak'
jYfhka tl;=
lrkak'

Cu2+ (aq)

Co2+ whk i|yd (

djKfha
jKh

;kql
wefudakshd
djKhla x
jYfhka tl;=
lrkak'

idka
wefudakshd
djKhla x
jYfhka tl;=
lrkak'

H2O2
x
jYfhka
tl;=
lrkak'

idka HCl
w,
djKhla x
jYfhka tl;=
lrkak'

Co2+(aq)

by; tla tla wjia:djg wod< jK ,nd fok Cu2+ yd Co2+ idok ixlSK
whkj, iQ;% bm;a lrkak'
22

mlaIK wxlh ( 16

uex.kSiaj, TlaislrK wxl +2" +4" +6 yd +7g

wod< jK kslaIKh lsu
wfmalaIs; bf.kq M, (
1' O TlaislrK wjia:dj, we;s uex.kSia whkj, jK ksCIKh lrhs'
2' h TlaislrK wjia:djl mj;sk uex.kSia whk fjk;a TlaislrK wjia:djlg
mj;kh lsf l=i,;dj ,nd .kshs'
jH yd

WmlrK (
;kql c,Sh fmdgEish uex.fka^VII& djKhla
;kql i,a*shqla w, djKhla
idka fmdgEish yhsfrdlaihs fyda idka fidah yhsfrdlaihs djKhla
yhsrcka fmfrdlaihs djKhla
idka yhsfrdlaf,dala w, djKhla

Wmfoia (
;kql c,Sh fmdgEish uex.fka^VII& djKfhka 2 cm3 muK lelEre k<hlg
f.k th hka; wd,sl lr jK fjkila we;s jk ;=re idka fmdgEish
yhsfrdlaihs xj ne.ska tl;= lrkak' is jk jK mhdi kslaIKh
lr" tu djKhg yhsrcka fmfrdlaihs x folla muK tl;= lrkak' is
jk mhdi kslaIKh lr" tu djKhg idka yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h tl;=
lrka is jk jK mhdi kslaIKh lrkak'
igyk (
KMnO4 c,Sh djKfha wvx.= Mn ys TlaislrK wxl +7 wjia:dj o meyefhka
hqla; h' idka KOH u`.ska +7 TlaislrK wjia:dj +6 TlaislrK wjia:djg m;a
f' t g th fld< meyefhka hqla; h'
2KMnO4(aq) + 2KOH(aq) 2K2MnO4(aq) + H2O(l)
H2 O2 u`.ska K2MnO4" MnO2 njg TlaisyrKh lrhs' t k +4 wjia:djg m;a
lrhs' th Uqre meye;s h' MnO2j,g idka HCl tl;= l< g Mn2+ wjia:djg
m;a f' th wjK h'
MnO2(s)+ 4HCl(aq) MnCl2(aq)+ 2H2O(l) + Cl2(g)
f wkqj Mn O TlaislrK wjia:dj, oS O jK ,nd fohs'
23

mlaIK wxlh ( 17

we,alSk iy we,alhskj, m%;sl%shd kslaIKh lsu

wfmalaIs; bf.kq M,(
1' ridhkd.drfha t;Ska iy t;hska ^weis,Ska& ms<sfh< lr .ekSf l=i,;dj
,nd .kshs'
2' t;Ska iy t;hska ys m%;sl%shd kslaIKh lrhs'
3' t;Ska iy t;hska hk yhsfrdldnk foflys .=K ms<sn| ixikaokh lrhs'
jH yd

WmlrK (
t;fkda,a
wekd
le,aish ldnhs
laIdh fmdgEish m'uex.fka

wd,sl fmdgEish m'uex.fka

wefudakSsh lshqmaria laf,darhs
mq`Mka

Wmfoia (
t;Ska ms<sfh< lsug Nd; l< yels WmlrK wegejqu
wekd
t;S k a

t;fkda,aj,ska
fm`.jQ mqka

rEmh 17 (a)
lelEre k<hlg 2 cm muK Wig t;fkda,a .kak' re l+rla wdOdrfhka"
jh Wrd .ekSug ;r iEfyk mq`Mka m%udKhla k<h ;=<g we;=`M lrkak'
wekd 1 g muK la k<fha ueo fldgig we;=`M lrkak' k<h wdOdrlhl i
lr" rEm igyfka oelafjk wkaoug WmlrK ilia lr" wekd we;s fldgi r;a
lrkak' t g msg jk jdhqj c, ia:dmk l%ufhka lelEre k< lsysmhlg
tl;= lrkak' tajd ;=< t;Ska jdhqj wvx.= f'
1' jdhqj wvx.= mlaIK k<hl" lg wi,g oe,afjk lSrla we,a,f
S uka jdhqj o,ajkak'
oe,af,a jKh l=ula o@ oe,a, ks .sh .i tu k<hg yqkq hr x lSmhla oud
k<fha lg jid fydka fidf,djkak'
2' ^w& fn%daka hr x lSmhla tla lrkak'
^wd& laIdh fmdgEish m'uex.fka x lSmhla tla lrkak'
^we& wd,sl fmdgEish m'uex.fka x lSmhla tla lrkak'

24

3' ^w& wefudakSh is,aj khsf djKh tla lrkak'

^wd& wefudakSh lshqm%ia laf,darhs djKh tla lrkak'
ie'hq'
2 iy 3 ys oelajQ mlaIK is l< yels ;j;a l%uhla k" tu m%;sldrl 1 cm3
muK mlaId k<hlg f.k th ;=<g t;Ska jdhqj fjk fjk u heu hs'
t;hska jdhqj ms<sfh< lsug Nd; l< yels WmlrK wegejq

rEmh 17 (b)
le,aish ldnhs l=vd leg 5la muK lelEre k<hlg .kak' rEm igyfka
oelafjk wkaoug WmlrK ilia lrkak' jrlg c,h x lsysmh ne.ska tl;=
lrkak'
1' mlaId k<hl 2'5 cm muK Wig" my; oelafjk m%;sldrl f.k" by;
rEm igyfka oelafjk m" t;hska jdhqj ta tla tla k<h ;=<g hjkak'

laIdh fmdgEish m'uex.fka

wd,sl fmdgEish m'uex.fka

wefudakSh lshqm%ia laf,darhs

wefudakSh is,aj khsf

tla tla wjia:df oS ,efnk kslaIK igyka lr .kak' by; 4 jk iy 5 jk
mlaId lsfuka miq tu mlaId k< fyd|ska c,fhka fidaod ;nkak'
2' t;hska jdhqj msg jk icl k<fha fl<jrg oe,a,la we,a,Sfuka" msg jk
jdhqj oykh ug i,iajkak'

25

mlaIK wxlh ( 18

we,afldfyd,j, .=K mlaId lsu

wfmalaIs; bf.kq M, (
1 O m%;sldrl iu`. m%;sl%shd lrfuka we,afldfyd,hl we;s - OH ldKavfha
l%shdld;ajh wkdjrKh lr .kshs'
2 fok ,o m%;sldrl iu`. we,afldfyd, is l< m%;sl%shd wdY%s; kslaIK meye,s
lrhs'
jH yd

WmlrK (
t;fkda,a
fu;fkda,a
fnkais,a we,afldfyd, iy Tf mlaIKd.drfha we;s fjk;a we,afldfyd,
weisla w,h
fidah ie,sisf,a fyda ie,sis,sla w,h
wd,sl fmdgEish vhslafrdaf
wd,sl fmdgEish m'uex.fka
laIdh fmdgEish m'uex.fka
fidah ldnfka
,suia lvodis

Wmfoia (
uoHidr ;=fkka 1cm3 muK fjk fjk u mlaId k<j,g f.k my; i|yka
l%shdldrl lrkak' ,efnk m%;sM, ii|kak'
we,afldfyd,j, c,Sh djKj,g fjka fjka j r;= yd ks,a ,suia oukak'
we,afldfyd, djKj,g fidah ldnfka l=vq iaj,amhla tla lr n,kak'
w;ska lmk ,o l=vd fidah lene,a,la tl;= lr kslaikak' oe,afjk
lSrla k<fha lg <`.g w,a,kak' msg jk jdhqj l=ula o@
fuu mlaId i|yd ksc,Sh we,afldfyd,h Nd; lsu w;jYH f' ta wehs@
fidah lene,a, oshe wjika jQ miq"
M,h ^rEm igyfka fmfkk mos &
jdIamSlrKh lrkak' >k wjfYaIhg
c,h x lSmhla oud fidf,djkak' tu
djKhg fjk fjk u r;= yd ks,a ,suia
lvodis oud n,kak'
thg u
*s f kd,a m a ; e,S k a xjla tla lrka k '
,efnk meyeh l=ula o@
rEmh 18 (a)
26

 ^w& we,afldfyd, 1cm3 muK f.k Bg ffyu^glacial& weisla w,h 1cm3 muK
tl;= lrkak' idka i,amshqla w, x myla muK tla lr WKqiq lrkak'
,efnk M,h isis,a c,h iys; k<hlg j;a lr iqj| n,kak'
^wd& we,afldfyd, 1cm3 muK f.k Bg fidah ie,sisf,a fyda ie,sis,sla w,h
0'5 g muK tla lrkak' Bg idka i,a*shqla w,h x myla muK tla lr
WKqiq lrkak' M,h isis,a c,h we;s lelEre k<hlg fyda lrhlg fyda j;a
lr iqj| n,kak'
wd,sl fmdgEish vhslafrdaf" wd,sl fmdgEish m'uex.fka" laIdh
fmdgEish m'uex.fka hk djK ;=fkka 1cm3 ne.ska mlaId k< ;=klg
fjk fjk u .kak' tla we,afldfyd,hlska x folla muK ne.ska k< ;=kg
u tla lrkak' fu fia wfkla we,afldfyd, iu`. o tu mlaIdj kej;;a
lrkak'
djKj, jKj, l=uk fjkila kslaIKh l< yels f o@ tu jK mhdi
is u myod osh yelafla fl fia o@ M,fha iqj| n,kak'
ie'hq'( we,afldfyd, myiqfjka .sks wef<kiq neka tu jH we;s fnda;, odyl
wdikakfha fkd ;eh hq;= h'

27

mlaIK wxlh ( 19

*Sfkd,aj, .=K mlaIdj

wfmalaIs; bf.kq M,(
1' *Sfkd,aj, wd,sl .=K ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,nd .kshs'
2' *Sfkd, ykd .ekSu i|yd jQ fYaI mlaId is lr kslaIK jd;d lrhs'
jH yd

WmlrK (
*Sfkd,a
fidah yhsfrdlaihs djKh
;kql yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h
fidah ldnfka djKh
fn%daka oshr
f*la laf,darhs ;kql djKhla

;kql wefudakshd djKh

,suia

ie'hq' *Sfkd,a iu u;=msg jegqfKd;a ms,siaiq we;s lrhs' tu ksid m%fifuka

myrKh l< hq;= h'
Wmfoia (
*Sfkd,a iaj,amh ne.ska fjk fjk u mlaId k<j,g f.k my; oelafjk
mlaId lrkak'
c,h 1cm3 muK tl;= lr fyd|ska fid,jkak' by; Y%Khg r;= iy ks,a
,suia oukak'
fidah yhsfrdlaihs djKh 1cm3 muK tl;= lr fyd|ska fidf,djkak'
by; djKhg u ;kql yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h 1cm3 muK tl;= lrkak'
fidah ldnfka djKfhka 1cm3 tl;= lrkak' kslaIK igyka lr .kak'
*Sfkd
kd,a ykd .ekSug Nd; l< yels fYaI mlaId (
*Sfkd,a f.k my; i|yka mlaId lr kslaIK igyka lr .kak'
fn%daka oshr 1cm3 muK mlaId k<hlg .kak' thg *Sfkd,a iaMlhla ^fyda
x folla& tl;= lrkak'
;kql f*la laf,darhs djKh 1cm3 muK mlaId k<hlg .kak' thg b;d
;kql wefudakh
s yhsfrdlaihs xjla oukak' fuu WodiSk f*la laf,darhs
djKhg *Sfkd,a iaMlhla ^fyda xjla& oukak'
ie'hq'
*Sfkd,a iu u;=msg ;ejerefKd;a b;d ;kql fn%daka oshrfhka fidaokak' t fia
lrkafka th *Sfkd,a iu`. laIKsl j m%;sl%shd lsfuka *Sfkd,a bj;a lrk
neks'
iuyr ldnksl ixfhda. WodiSk udOHfha oS f*la whk iu`. jKj;a ixlSK
whk idohs' *Sfkd,aj,ska fu g omdgla ,ef' p - khsfrd *Sfkd,aj,ska r;=
mdgla ,ef' o - khsfrd *Sfkd,aj,ska t fia fYaI jKhla fkd ,ef'
28

mlaIK wxlh ( 20

we,ayhsv yd lSfgdak i|yd mlaId

wfmalaIs; bf.kq M,(
1' we,ayhsv yd lSfgdak iq,n Tlaisldrl iu`. m%;sl%shd lrjd kslaIK ,nd .kshs'
2' idudkH Tlaisldrlj,ska we,ayhsv myiqfjka" ldfndlais,sla w,h njg
TlaislrKh l< yels kuq;a lSfgdak t fia TlaislrKh lsu wmyiq nj wjfndaO
lr .kshs'
jH yd

WmlrK (
wd,sl fmdgEish m'uex.fka
fu;ke,a
wd,sl fmdgEish vhslafrdaf
t;ke,a
wefudakSh is,aj khsf djKh
fnkaie,ayhs
2- fm%dmfkdaka
f*a,sx djKh ^ A iy B &
weisfgd *Sfkdka
2" 4 - vhskhsfrd*Skhs,a yhsriSka ^2" 4 - DNP&

Wmfoia (
fu;ek,a" t;ke,a yd fnkaie,ayhs hk we,ayhsv iy 2 - fm%dmfkdaka yd
weisfgd *Sfkdka hk lSfgdak fhdoka my; oelafjk mlaId lrkak' fuu
ixfhda.j,ska 1cm3 muK fldgia Nd; lrkak' kslaIK j.= .; lrkak'
1.
2.

c,h iaj,amhla iu`. Y% lrkak' ia;r fjka jkafka oe hs mlaId lrkak'

^w& wd,sl fmdgEish m'uex.fka djK x 2 la muK tl;= lrkak'
^wd& wd,sl fmdgEish vhslafrdaf djK x 2la muK tl;= lrkak'
f tla tla wjia:df oS we;s jk jK mhdih kslaIKh lrkak'

f*a,sx A iy B iu mud Y% lr idod .;a djKfhka 3 cm3 la muK tl;= lr

Y%Kh r;a lrkak' .fvd,a r;= wjlafIamhla ,efnkafka l=uk ixfhda. u`.ska
o@
4. wefudakSh is,aj khsf ^fgd,ka m%;sldrlh& 5 cm3 muK tl;= lr djKh
c, ;dmlhl r;a lrkak' kslaIK igyka lrkak'
5. 2" 4 - DNP m%;sldrlfhka x lSmhla tl;= lrkak' kslaIK igyka lrkak'

3.

ie'hq'
c,fha djH ldfndks,a ixfhda.j,g c,Sh djKhl we;s 2"4 - DNP m%;l
s drlh;a"
c,fha wdjH ldnks,a ixfhda.j,g fu;fkd,Sh djKfha we;s 2"4-DNP
m%;sldrlh;a" Nd; lrkak'
29

mlaIK wxlh ( 21

ldfndlais,sla w,j, iuyr .=K mlaId lsu

wfmalaIs; bf.kq M, (
1' ldfndlais,a ldKavh wvx.= ixfhda.j, wd,sl .=K ir, mlaId weiqfrka
fmkajd fohs'
2' ldfndlais,sla w, iu`. we,afldfyd, m%;sl%shd lrjd tiagr ms<sfh< lrhs'
3' fu;fkdhsla w,fha Tlaisydrl .=K wdoYkh lrhs'
jH yd WmlrK (
fu;fkdhsla w,h
;kql yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h
t;fkdhsla w,h
u' lshqla laf,darhs djKh
fnkafidhsla w,h
idka i,a*shqla w,h
fidah f,dayh
wefudaksh yhsfrdlaihs djKh
fidah ldnfka
WodiSk f*la laf,darhs djKh
fidah yhsfrdlaihs djKh
wefudakSh is,aj khsf djKh ^fgd,ka m%;sldrlh&
Wmfoia (
fu;fkdhsla w,h" t;fkdhsla w,h iy fnkafidhsla w,h fhdod my; i|yka
mlaId lrkak' mlaIdj i|yd .kakd w,h jhla k" 1 cm3 muK o" >khla
k 0'5 g muK o fhdod .kak' kslaIK j.= .; lrkak'
c,h 1cm3 iu`. fyd|ska Y%lr osh f oe hs mlaId lrkak'
;kql fidah yhsfrdlaihs djK 1cm3 muK iu`. fyd|ska Y% lrkak'
w, tys osh f oe hs mlaId lrkak'
fidah f,day lene,a,la tl;= lr msg jk jdhqj oe,afjk mq,`s .= lSrla wdOdrfhka
mlaId lrkak' ^fuu m%;sl%shdj i|yd w,h ksc,Sh u w;HdjYH h'&
fidah ldnfka djKhlg tl;= lr jdhq nqnq`M msg f oe hs mlaId lrkak'
t;fkda,a 1cm3 muK f.k ldfndlais,sla w,h ^fyda tys fidah ,jKh& tl;=
lr" thg idka i,a*shqla w,h x lsysmhla oud kdhla muK fika r;a
lrkak' fuu Y%Kh isis,a c,h wvx.= lrhlg j;a lrkak' m%ikak iqj|la
,ef oe hs kslaikak'
u'lshqla laf,darhs 0.5 g lg c,h 3 cm3 muK Y% lr djKhla idod .kak'
fuu djKfhka x lsym
s hla iu`. w,h r;a lrkak' iq wjlafIamhla ,efnkafka
lsk w,fhka o@ fuhg ;kql yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h x lsysmhla oeuQ g
wjlafIamh osh f oe hs kslaIKh lrkak'
wd,sl fmdgEish m'uex.fka djKhla iu`. Y% lr jK mhdihla f oe
hs kslaIKh lrkak'
wefudakSh is,aj khsf ^fgd,ka m%;sldrlh& 3 cm3 muK tl;= lr c,
;dmlhl r;a lrkak' oS levm;la iEfoa oe hs kslaIKh lrkak'
w,am jYfhka Ndial jk f;la wefudakshd djKh iaj,amhla tla lrkak' r;=
,suia lvodishla u`.k
s a Ndial iajNdjh mlaId lrkak' djKfha wefudakh
s dj,
iqj| ke;s jk f;la djKh r;a lrkak' fu fia WodiSk lr .;a djKj,g
WodiSk f*la laf,darhs x lsysmhla tl;= lrkak' we;s jk jK mhdi
kslaIKh lrkak'
30

mlaIK wxlh ( 22

ue.akSish iy w, w;r m%;sl%shdj flfrys idkaKfha n,mE

mlaIKd;aul j ksKh lsu
wfmalaIs; bf.kq M, (
1' lsish m%;sl%shlhl idkaKhg idfmalaI j m%;sl%shd YS>%;dj p,kh jk rgdj
ykd .ekSug wod< mlaIKd;aul f;dr;=re ,nd .kshs'
2' ue.akSish iy w, w;r m%;sl%shdf yhsrcka whk idkaKhg idfmalaI j
fm< ksKh lrhs'
jH yd

WmlrK (
msis lrk ,o 3'0 cm muK os. ue.akSish m lene,s
lelEre k<hla iy thg i l< yels isrla iys; rn wenhla
1'0 mol dm-3 ^wdikak jYfhka& yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h 400 cm3 muK
rn wenfha isrg i ,k 5 cm muK os. re k<hla
rdu >ldjla
lrhla

Wmfoia (
lelEre k<fha m;=f<a isg 2'0 cm muK by<ska k<h jgd kQ,a lene,a,la fyda
isyska rn mhla fyda .eg .id i,l=Kla ;nd .kak'

22^ a &

31

 rEmh rEmh 22 (a) ys oelafjk mos re ngfha tla fl<jrla wenfha we;=`M
ugug isk mos re ngh wenhg i lrkak' ^re ngh wenhg ;oska i
;sh hq;= h'& we;=`M fl<jfrys wenh udmg we`.s,af,ka ;ud foig weo re
ngh iu`. we;s jk ysveig ue.akSish lene,af,a fl<jrla we;=`M lrkak'
^iEu wjia:djl oS u wenfhka msg;g we;s ue.akSish mfha os. iudk h hq;=
h'&
1'0 mol dm-3 yhsfrdlaf,dala w, djKfhka 0'8 mol dm-3" 0'6 mol dm-3" 0'4 mol
dm-3 iy 0'2 mol dm-3 jk yhsfrdlaf,dala w, djK 100 cm3 ne.ska ms<sfh<
lr .kak' ^ 1'0 mol dm-3 yhsfrdlaf,dala w, 80 cm3 f.k 100 cm3 f;la c,h
tl;= lsfuka 0'8 mol dm-3 yhsfrdlaf,dala w, djKhla ms<f
s h< l< yels h'&
-3
i,l=Kq lr .;a lelEre k<h 1'0 mol dm yhsfrdlaf,dala w,fhka
imQKfhka mqrjd" blaukska jikak' ta iu`. u rdu >ldj l%shd;aul lr
lelEre k<h hl=re lrkak' lelEre k<fha i,l=K olajd j ugu
meKSug .; jk ld,h uek .kak' ^fuu ld,h ;;a;amr 8-10 muK jk mos
mlaId k<fha i,l=K ilia lr .ekSu jvd fhda.H h'&
by; wdldrhg u w;a ue.akSish m yd O idkaK we;s w, djK fhdod
.kska lelEre k<fha i,l=K f;la jdhqj tl;= ug .; jk ld,h ukskak'
^iEu wjia:djl oS u tl u lelEre k<h yd tl u i,l=K fhdod .kak'&
O idkaK yuqf ksYa; yhsrcka jdhq mudjla /iaug .; jQ ld, fhdod
.kska m%;sl%shdf fm< ksKh lrkak'

32

mlaIK wxlh ( 23

fidah ;fhdai,af*a iy khsla w,h w;r m%;sl%shdj flfrys

idkaKfha n,mE mlaIKd;aul j ksKh lsu
wfmalaIs; bf.kq M, (
1' tla tla m%;sl%shlhg idfmalaI j m%;sl%shd YS>%;dj p,kh jk rgdj ykd
.ekSug wod< mlaIKd;aul f;dr;=re /ia lrhs'
2' tla tla m%;sl%shlhg idfmalaI j m%;sl%shdf fm< ksKh lrhs'
jH yd

WmlrK (
fidah ;fhdai,af*a djKhla ^ 40 g dm-3 muK&
3'0 mol dm-3 ^wdikak jYfhka& khsla w,h
50 cm3 lrhla
rdu >ldjla
lelEre k<
kq irdjla

Wmfoia (
iq mdg lvodishl l;srhla we| tu ,l=K u; lrh ;nkak' c,h iy w,h
tla lelEre k<hlg;a" wjYH fidah ;fhdai,af*a djKh fjk;a lelEre
k<hlg;a uek .kak' bka miq k< foflys u we;s j tla jr u lrhg oukak'
tu fudfydf;a oS u rdu >ldj l%shd;aul lrkak' lrfha isg ksh; Wilska
wei ;nd f.k l;sr ,l=K fkd fmkS hdug .; jk ld,h uek .kak'
^w& m%;sl%shdf YS>%;dj iy ;fhdai,af*a whk idkaK w;r inkaOh fiu
by; ia;r lrk ,o ms<sfj<g my; j.=f mos djK Y% lr l;sr ,l=K
fkd fmkS hdug .; jk ld,h uek .kak'
j.=j 23 (a)
;fhdai,af*a
mudj$cm3

w,
mudj$cm3

c,h
mudj$cm3

25'0

5'0

20'0
15'0
10'0
5'0

5'0
5'0
5'0
5'0

5'0
10'0
15'0
20'0
33

ld,h /s

 mdGdxl .ekSf oS my; oelafjk lreKq flfrys Tf wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

fuys oS lrh fkd fid,ajd i,a* ksoe,af,a ;ekam;a ug bv ykak' tl u
YsIHhl= iska tl u lrh iy tl u l;srh fhdod f.k tl u ugul isg
kslaIKh l< hq;= h'
iEu mlaIKhla wjidkfha oS u m;=f,ys ;ekam;a jk i,a* l=vq fyd|ska bj;a
jk mos lrh fidaokak'
lrh l;srh u; ;nk yeu wjia:djl oS u tys m;=, fyd|ska msi oukak'
^wd& m%;sl%shdf YS>%;dj iy yhsrcka whk idkaKh w;r inkaOh fiu

by; ia;r lr we;s ms<sfj<g u my; j.=f oelafjk mos djK Y% lrkak'
j.=j 23 (b)
;fhdai,af*a
mudj$cm3

w,
mudj$cm3

c,
mudj$cm3

25'0

5'0

25'0

4'0

1'0

25'0

3'0

2'0

25'0

2'0

3'0

25'0

1'0

4'0

fmr m u mdGdxl ,nd .kak'

34

ld,h$s

mlaIK wxlh ( 24

whka^III& whk iy fmdgEish whvhs w;r m%;sl%shdj flfrys

idkaKfha n,mE mlaIKd;aul j ksKh lsu
wfmalaIs; bf.kq M, (
1' whka^III& whk idkaKh fjkia jk g m%;sl%shd YS>%;dj o fjkia jk nj m%ldY
lrhs'
2' whka^III& whk idkaKhg idfmalaI j m%;sl%shdf fm< ksKh lrhs'
jH yd

WmlrK (
l=vd lr
rdu >ldjla
10 cm3 yd 25 cm3 kq ird
o< jYfhka 0'1 mol dm-3 wd,sl wefudaksh whka^III& i,afma djKhla
o< jYfhka 0'1 mol dm-3 fmdgEish whvhs djKhla
o< jYfhka 0'006 mol dm-3 fidah ;fhdai,af*a djKhla ^msIagh iys;&

djK ms<sfh< lsu (

wefudaksh whka^III& i,af*a djKh
wefudaksh whka^III& i,af*a 12 g lg 1'5 mol dm-3 H2SO4 w,h 50 cm3 yd c,h
iaj,amhla oud osh jk f;la ;oska r;a lr .kak' fuu djKh 250 cm3 olajd
;kql lr .kak'
fmdgEish whvhs djKh
fmdgEish whvhs 4'00 g la muK c,fha osh lr djKh 250 cm3 olajd ;kql
lrkak'
fidah ;fhdai,af*a djKhla ^msIagh iys;&
fidah ;fhdai,af*a 0'25 g la c,h iaj,amhl osh lr .kak' fuhg u msIagh
djKh ^msIagh 2'00 g la c,h 50 cm3 l muK osh jk f;la r;a lr& tl;=
lrkak' oeka uq`M djK mudj 250 cm3 jk ;=re c,h fhdod ;kql lr .kak'
Wmfoia (
my; j.=j 24 ^a& ys oelafjk wkaoug tla lrhlg ^A lrh& whka^III& djKh
o" ;j;a lrhlg ^ B lrh& b;s djKj,ska wod< mud o" uek .kak'

35

j.=j 24 ^a&
mlaIK
wxlh

c,h$
cm3

wd,sl whka ^III&

djKh$ cm3

KI djKh$

cm

msIagh iys;
Na2S2O3" /cm3

1
2
3
4
5

5'0
10'0
15'0
20'0

25'0
20'0
15'0
10'0
5'0

10'0
10'0
10'0
10'0
10'0

15'0
15'0
15'0
15'0
15'0

Na2S2O3

whka^III&

KI +

whk djKh

+ msIagh + c,h
B lrh

A lrh

rEmh 24 (a)
B lrfha we;s djKhg A ys we;s djKh tl;= l< jyd u rdu >ldj
l%shd;aul lrkak' djKfha jKh fyd|ska kslaIKh lrkak' djKfhys
meyeh ks,g yefrk g u rdu >ldj kj;d .; jQ ld,h uek .kak' f
wdldrhg mlaIK my u is lr tla tla wjia:dj i|yd ks,a meyeh osia ug .;
jk ld,h ,nd .kak'
by; ,nd .;a mdGdxl weiqfrka wod< .Kkh ls is fldg whka^III& whkj,g
idfmalaI j m%;sl%shdf fm< ksKh lrkak'

36

mlaIK wxlh ( 25

Fe(III) iy SCN- moaO;sh weiqfrka .;sl iu;=,s; moaO;shl

,dlaIKsl mlaIKd;aul j wOHhkh lsu
wfmalaIs; bf.kq M, (
1' ridhksl iu;=,s; moaO;shl ish u m%;sl%shl iy M, tlg .efgka mj;sk nj
;yjqre lr .kshs'
%jH yd WmlrK (
wdikak jYfhka 0'05 mol dm-3 jQ f*la laf,darhs fyda f*la khsf fyda
djKhlska 100 cm3la
wdikak jYfhka 0'20 mol dm-3 wefudaksh ;fhdaihfka fyda fmdgEish
;fhdaihfka fyda djKhlska 100 cm3la
fidah yhsfrdlaihs djKhla fyda vhsfidah yhsrcka f*diaf*a djKhla
mlaId k<
Wmfoia (
f*la whk djKfha 5 cm3 ;fhdaihfka whk djKfha 5 cm3 iu`. Y%
lrkak' iEfok djKfha jKh l=ula o@
by; djKh mia .=Khla muK ^<d f;a lyg mdg jk f;la& c,fhka ;kql
lrkak'
fuu ;kql djKfhka 5 cm3 ne.ska mlaId k< 4lg .kak' ka tlla md,lh
f,i ;nkak' tla k<hlg idka f*la laf,darhs djK x lSmhla fyda
f*la we, iaMlhla fyda tl;= lrkak' ;j;a k<hlg idka wefudaksh
;fhdaihfka djK x lSmhla fyda fmdgEish ;fhdaihfka iaMlhla fyda
tla lrkak' b;s k<hg ;kql fidah yhsfrdlaihs djKfhka fyda
vhsfidah yhsrcka fmdiafma djKfhka fyda x lSmhla tl;= lrkak' f
tla tla wjia:df oS we;s jk jK fjkia md,lh iu`. ii|kak'
Wla; kslaIK weiqfrka iu;=,s; moaO;shl ish u m%;sl%shl yd M, tlg
.efgka mj;sk nj fmkajd fokak'

37

mlaIK wxlh ( 26

NO2/N2O4 iu;=,s; moaO;sh flfrys WIaK;ajfha n,mEu

mlaIKd;aul j wOHhkh lsu
wfmalaIs; bf.kq M, (
1' iu;=,s; moaO;shl WIaK;ajh fjkia lsfuka tys iu;=,s;;d ,laIHh fjkia
l< yels nj fmkajhs'
jH yd

WmlrK (
;U iqreKavq
idka khsla w,h
lelEre k< 4la
tu k<j,g fyd|ska i jk rn uQ
whsia leg
WKq c,h
lr ;=kla
wenhla iys; icl k<hla

Wmfoia (
lelEre k<hlg ;U iqreKavq .a? 5 g la muK .kak' thg idka khsla
w,h 3 cm3 muK tl;= lr icl k<hla i lrkak' msg jk jdhqfjka
iudk he<s lelEre k< y;rla mqrjd rn uQ fhdokak' ^k< ;=< we;s jdhqf
jK ;Sj%;dj o< jYfhka tl iudk h hq;= h' l=vd k< y;rla jqj o m%udKj;a
h' fuu jdhqj wdYajdi u kqiqiq h'&
jdhqj iys; tla k<hla md,lh f,i ldur WIaK;ajfha we;s c,fha ;nd" tla
k<hla whsiaj,;a" wfkla k<h 70 0C - 80 0C g muK r;a jQ c,fha;a" ;nkak'
u| f,djlska tla tla k<fha jK ;Sj%;d" md,lh iu`. ii|kak' <`.g"
whsiaj,;a" WKq c,fha;a" ;enQ k< tlsfkl udre lr" l f,djlg miq" fmr
jK ;Sj%;d iu`. ii|kak'
tla tla k<fha jKfha is jk fjkia kslaIKh lrkak' jK
fjkig fya;= fudkjd o@

38

mlaIK wxlh ( 27

le,aish yhsfrdlaihs ys
djH;d .=Ks;h mlaIKd;aul j ksKh lsu
wfmalaIs; bf.kq M, (
1' ika;Dma; c,Sh le,aih
s yhsfrdlaihs djKhl yhsfrdlaihs whk idkaKh
ksKh lsf yelshdj ,nd .kshs'
2' le,aish yhsfrdlaihsj,ska ika;Dma; jQ O c,Sh djKj, whksl .=Ks;h
ksh;hla nj mlaIKd;aul j fmkajd fohs'
jH yd WmlrK (
>k le,aish yhsfrdlaihs
m%dudKsl fidah yhsfrdlaihs djKh ^0.10 mol dm-3 &
m%dudKsl yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h ^0.10 mol dm-3 &
msfmgqjla
*sfkd,ama;,Ska
fla;= ma,dial=
hqfrgqjla
Wmfoia (
fla;= ma,dial= myla 1" 2" 3 ''''' f,i wxlkh lr" tla tla ma,dial=jg my;
oelafjk wdldrhg fidah yhsfrdlaihs djK iy c,h uek moaO;s my
ms<sfh< lr .kak'
ma,dial=j

0.10 mol dm-3 m%dudKsl

fidah yhsfrdlaihs cm3

c,h$cm3

25.0

75.0

50.0

50.0

75.0

25.0

100.0

100.0

2" 3 iy 4 moaO;s iEoSug" hqfrgqjla fyda msfmgqjla fyda fhdod .kak' tfy;a
1 yd 5 moaO;s ms<sfh< lsug kq irdjla fhosh yels h' ^g fya;=j l=ula o@&
by; tla tla ma,dial=jlg" >k le,aish yhsfrdlaihs jemqr ^.a? 1la
muK& m%udKhla tl;= fldg" fyd|ska l,;d ma,dial=j ks;a;= 15la muK ksYap,
j ;nkak' m<uq ma,dial=f wvx.= djK Y%Kh" he<s lrhlg fmrkak'
fmrkfhka 25.0 cm3 ne.ska fldgia folla msfmgqjlska uek fla;= ma,dial=jlg
tl;= lrkak' thg *sfkd,ama;,Ska x 1-2 fhdod m%dudKsl yhsfrdlaf,dala
w,h iu`. wkqudmkh lrkak' wksl=;a moaO;s y;r o fmrd by; l%uhg u
fmrkh w,h iu`. wkqudmkh lr" m%;sM, igyka lrkak'
mlaIKd;aul j ,nd .;a f;dr;=re fhdod .kska wxl 1 isg 5 olajd moaO;sj,
[Ca2+(aq)][OH-(aq)]2.=Ks;h ,nd .kak' ta weiqka Ca(OH)2 ys Ksp i|yd w.h
,nd .kak'
39

mlaIK wxlh ( 28

c,fhys yd hqgfkd,a ys t;fkdhsla w,fha jHdma;sh i|yd

jHdma;s ix.=Klh mlaId;aul j ksKh lsu
wruqKq (
1' hqgfkd,a iy c,h w;r t;fkdhsla w,h iu;=,s;;djg m;a jQ g hqgfkd,a
yd c,Sh ia;r ;=< we;s tu w,fha idkaK fif l=i,;d ,nd .kshs'
2' mlaIKd;aul j ,nd .;a o;a; weiqka" c,Sh ia;rfha t;fkdhsla w, idkaKh
yd hqgfkd,a ia;rfha t;fkdhsla w, idkaK w;r wkqmd;h ksKh lrhs'
jH yd

WmlrK (
hqgfkd,a 120 cm3 muK
o< jYfhka idkaKh 1 mol dm-3 muK jQ t;fkdhsla w, djKfhka 250 cm3
o< jYfhka idkaKh 0.5 mol dm-3 muK jQ NaOH djKh 250 cm3
ysia m%;sldrl fnda;,a 5la" hqfrgq" msfmgq" wkqudk ma,dial=" *sfkd,ama;e,ska"
mqkS,'

Wmfoia (
ffyu weisla w,h ^99] w$w& 15 cm3 mudjla 300 cm3 olajd c,fhka ;kql
lsfuka idkaKh 1 mol dm-3 t;fkdhsla w, djKh idod .; yels h' wxlkh
l< m%;sldrl fnda;,a mylg j.=f oelafjk mos djK mud tl;= lr Y%
lrkak' tu djK mud uekSu i|yd hqfrgq Nd; lrkak'
j.=j 28 (a)
moaO;s

hqgfkd,a
/cm3

1 mol dm-3t;fkdhsla
w,h /cm3

c,h
/cm3

1
2
3
4
5

20'0
20'0
20'0
20'0
20'0

40'0
35'0
30'0
25'0
20'0

5'0
10'0
15'0
20'0

fuu moaO;s" iu;=,s;;djg t<eu i|yd ks;a;= 10 - 15 la muK ld,hla

;nkak' ka m<uq jk m%;sldrl fnda;,fhys we;s moaO;sh hqfrgqjg oukak'
^by<ska we;s ia;rh hqgfkd,a f'&

40

ia;r fjka jQ miq c,Sh ia;rfhka 10.00 cm3 wkqudmk ma,dial=jlg f.k thg
msfkd,ama;e,ska oYlh x 1 - 2 la tl;= lrkak' fuu djKh idod .;a NaOH
djKh iu`. wkqudmkh lr mdGdxl ,nd .kak'
hqfrgqf b;s j we;s c,Sh ia;rh m%fYfuka bj;a lr" hqgfkd,a ia;rfhka
10.00 cm3 wkqudmk ma,dial=jlg .kak' thg c,h 10 cm3 la muK yd
msfkd,ama;e,ska oYlh x 1-2la muK oud NaOH djKh iu`. wkqudmkh lr
mdGdxl ,nd .kak' ,nd .;a mdGdxl Wmfhda.S lr f.k my; j.=j imQK
lrkak'
j.=j 28 (b)
moaO;sh

c,Sh ia;rfha
10.00 cm3
i|yd jeh jQ
NaOH
mudj$cm3

hqgfkd,a ia;rfha
c,Sh
10.00 cm3
ia;rfha
i|yd jeh jQ
[CH3COOH]
NaOH
mol dm-3
mudj$cm3

hqgfkd,a
ia;rfha
[CH3COOH]
mol dm-3

[CH3COOH]hqgfkda,a
[CH3COOH]c,Sh

1
2
3
4
5

mlaIKd;aul j ksKh l< w.h weiqfrka c,h yd hqgfkd,a w;r weisla

w,fha jHdma;sh i|yd jHdma;s ix.=Klhg w.hla fhdackd lrkak'

41

mlaIK wxlh ( 29

imhk ,o u,a j.hlska oYlhla ms<sfh< lsu iy tys pH

mrdih mlaIKd;aul j ksKh lsu
wfmalaIs; bf.kq M, (
1' Ydl fldgiaj,ska ,nd .kakd ksiaidrl oYl jYfhka Nd; lrhs'
2' ms<sfh< lrk ,o oYlhl pH mrdih ksKh lrhs'
jH yd

WmlrK (
Ydl fldgia - ks,a lgfrd`M u,a" .s;s,a, u,a" fo`M u,a
1'00 mol dm-3 yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h
1'00 mol dm-3 fidah yhsfrdlaihs djKh
,suia djKh
fu;s,a Tfka
mSfkd,ama;e,ska
mQK mrdi oYlh
kq is,skavrhla ^10 cm3& fyda hqfrgqjla
mlaId k<
;Ska; mqrjk ng
jxf.h iy fuda,
mqkS,hla
fmryka lvodis
rn m 2la

Wmfoia (
^w& Ydl ksiaidrl ms<sfh< lsu
f i|yd ks,a meye;s u,a jvd;a iqiq h' u,a lSmhla c,h iaj,amhla iu`.
jxf.hg oud fyd|ska fmd lrkak' hqI fmrd fjka lr .kak' fufia u
wfkla Ydl fldgia o Nd; fldg ksiaidrl ms<sfh< lrkak'
^wd& pH w.h 1 - 13 f;la jQ djK ms<sfh< lsu
1'0 mol dm-3 yhsfrdlaf,dala w,fha pH w.h wdikak f,i 0 ls'
mlaId k<hla f.k kq is,skavrhlska fyda hqfrgqjlska fyda c,h 1 cm3 la
uek thg oud c, ugu i,l=Kq lr tu c,h bj;a lrkak' kej; tu k<hg
u c,h 10 cm3 la oud tu ugu o i,l=Kq lrkak' t g tu k<h wdikak f,i
1 cm3 la iy 10 cm3 la ueksh yels l%udxls; k<hls' t ksid fuh h djKhla
oi .=Khlska ;kql lsug Nd; l< yels h'

42

 fuu k<h f.k tys 1 cm3 i,l=K f;la 1'00 mol dm-3 w,h tl;= lr 10 cm3
i,l=K f;la c,h oud fyd|ska l,;kak' oeka fuu djKfha pH w.h o<
jYfhka 1 ls'
f wkaoug fuu k<h Nd; fldg ^oi .=Khla ;kql lrka& pH w.h 2 - 6
f;la djK ms<sfh< lrkak'
1'0 mol dm-3 fidah yhsfrdlaihs djKh o f wkaoug oi .=Khla ne.ska
;kql lsfuka pH w.h 13 - 8 f;la djKh o ms<sfh< lrkak'
pH w.h 7 djKh i|yd wdiQ; c,h fhdod .kak' oeka Tng pH w.h 0 - 14 olajd
jQ djK 15la we;'
^we& oYlj, pH mrdih ksKh lsu
mlaId k< 15la f.k tajd pH w.h 0 - 14 olajd wxlkh lrkak' tu k< 0" 1"
2" ''' 14 f,i ms<sfj<g ;nkak' Tn idod .;a pH w.h 0 isg 14 olajd djKj,ska
3 cm3 muK ne.ska" fjk fjk u k< 15g tl;= lrkak' iEu k<hlg u ;Ska;
mqrjk nghl wdOdrfhka fu;s,a Tfka x fol ne.ska tl;= lr fyd|ska
fid,jkak'
djKj, jK meyeos,s j n,d .; yels jk fia miqka iq lvodishla ;nkak'
m<uq jk k<fha isg jKh kslaIKh lr jKj, meyeos,s fjkia ula oel
.; yels k<j, pH w.hka igyka lrkak'
my; we;s ish u oYl i|yd;a f whqka u mlaId lrkak' fuys oS tla tla
oYlhg pH w.h 0 - 14 f;la mlaId k< lg,h ne.ska ms<sfh< l< hq;= hs'
1' *sfkd,ama;e,ska
2' Tn idod .;a ksiaidrl
3' ,suia lvodis
4' fu;s,a Tfka
5' mQK mrdi oYlh
ie( hq (
^Tn ms<sfh< lr .;a Ydl ksiaidrl Nd; lsf oS tajdfhka x je
m%udKhla tl;= lrkak'&
Tf kslaIKj,g wkqj tla tla oYlfha pH mrdih ksKh lrkak'

43

mlaIK wxlh ( 30

pH w.h mlaId lsfuka ,jK djKj, wd,sl$

Ndial$WodiSk iajNdjh mlaIKd;aul j ksKh lsu
wfmalaIs; bf.kq M, (
1' iEu ,jKhl u c,Sh djK WodiSk fkd jk nj fmkajd fohs'
2' mla I Kd;a u l j ,o ks la I K wkq j ls i s h ,jKhl c,S h djKfha
wd,sl$Ndial$WodiSk iajNdjh ms<sn| ks.ukj,g t<efUhs'
wjYH jH (
fidah laf,darhs
fidah weisf
wefudaksh weisf
iskala laf,darhs
weksh laf,darhs
ue.akSish i,af*a
mQK mrdi oYlh fyda pH m;%
mlaId k<
kq is,skavrhla 10 cm3
Wmfoia (
,jKj,ska wdikak jYfhka 0'5 g ne.ska fjk fjk u .kak' fuu m%udK
mlaId k<j,g oud c,h 10 cm3 muK osh lsfuka ,jKj, c,Sh djK idod
.kak' ;j;a k<hlg djK iEoSug .;a c,fhka u 10 cm3 muK .kak'
iEu k<hlg u mQK mrdi oYlfhka x 2la ne.ska fyda pH m;% lene,a,
ne.ska fyda oukak' tla tla k<fha oelafjk meyeh c,fha oelafjk meyeh
iu`. ii|ka ta ta ,jKj, wdikak pH w.h ks.ukh lrkak'
j.=j 30 (a)
,jK djKh NaCl CH3CO2Na CH3CO2NH4 ZnCl2 AlCl3 MgSO4 c,h
o< pH w.h

,jKfha iajNdjh yd tys c,Sh djKfha wd,sl$Ndial$WodiSk iajNdjh w;r

inkaO;dj u;= lr .kak'

44

mlaIK wxlh ( 31

pH oYl Nd; lr" fok ,o djKhl

o< pH w.h ksKh lsu
wfmalaIs; bf.kq M, (
1' pH oYl Nd; lr fok ,o djKhl o< pH w.h ksKh lrhs'
jH yd

WmlrK (
O pH mrdi iys; pH oYl
o< pH w.h ksKh lsu i|yd O djK lsysmhla
pH lvodis$ pH udkh
x msfmgq ^Droppers&
mlaId k<

Wmfoia (
o< pH w.h ksKh l< hq;= djKh 3 cm3 ne.ska mlaIK k< lsysmhlg .kak'
tla tla k<hg pH oYlhlska x 2 - 3la muK tl;= lrkak' ^tl k<hlg
oeh hq;af;a tla j.hla muKs'&
my; j.=f we;s o;a; o weiqre lr .kska fok ,o djKfha o< pH w.h
ksKh lrkak'
pH lvodis fyda pH udkh Nd; lr Tf ks.ukh ;yjqre lrkak'
j.=j 31 (a)
oYlh

1'
2'
3'
4'
5'
6'
7'
8'

fu;s,a jh,
;hsfuda,a
fu;s,a Tfka
fu;s,a fr
,suia lvodis
mSfkda,a fr
*sfkd,ama;e,ska
we,sika ly

my< jKh

ly
r;=
r;=^frdai&
r;=
r;=
ly
wjK
ly

45

mrdih

0'0 - 1'6
1'1 - 2'9
3'1 - 4'4
4'2 - 6'4
5'0 - 8'0
6'6 - 8'4
8'3 - 10'0
10'1 - 12'0

by< jKh

o
ly
ly
ly
ks,a
r;=
r;=
;e,s-r;=

rEmh 31 (a)

46

mlaIK wxlh ( 32

iagka fia;= uQ,Ouh fhdod .kska fok ,o djKhl

ikakdhl;dj uekSu
wfmalaIs; bf.kq M, (
1' djKj, oHq;a ikakdhl;dj uekSu i|yd ikakdhl;d fldaIhla Nd; lrhs'
2' ikakdhl;dj uekSu i|yd iagka fia;= mm:hla Nd; lrhs'
3' O djKj, ikakdhl;d ii|hs'
4' djKhl ikakdhl;dj tys idkaKh yd WIaK;ajh wkqj fjkia jk wdldrh
o< jYfhka ksKh lrhs'
jH yd

WmlrK (
g fia;=j
4.5 V neghla ^ 3 1.5 V fldaI&
Tisf,agrhla ^foda,fkalaIh&
lka fhduqjla fyda iamSlrhla

Wmfoia (
rEmfha oelafjk rEmigyk m%fhdackhg .kska .s,ajk wdldrfha ikakdhl
fldaIhla idod .kak'
f ia;rh lmd fjka lr .kak'
re l+r
isyk
s a
ldnka l+re

5-10 mm
2 cm
1 cm
rn wenh

lmd .;a ia;rh

lmd .;a ia;rfha

1cm
1 cm

,smaiala
wdf,amh
^mjdrl
f,i&

by; m isre
idod .kak'

rEmh 32 (a)
fN!;sl oHd ridhkd.drhlska ,nd .; yels Tisf,agrhla ^foda,fkalaIh& fyda
is.ak,a fckfgrhla ^ix{dcklh& fyda oHq;a m%Njh f,i fhdod .kska my;
i|yka m g fia;=j wgjkak'

47

wdjrKh
l< fldgi

R2(500 )

Tisf,agrh (1000 Hz muK)

rEmh 32 (b)
idkaKh 0'010 mol dm-3 jQ KCl djKhla fhdod fia;=j ;=,kh lrkak' ldur
WIaK;ajfha djKfha ikakdhl;dj 1500 Scm-1 f,i f.k" fldaIfha fldaI
ksh;h .Kkh lrkak' tlsfklg fjkia djK fhdoka ta ta djKj,
ikakdhl;d .Kkh lrkak' g fia;f
= lfha ueo m%foaYfha ;=,;
s ,laIHhla
f,i mj;sk m R2 m%;sfrdaOh ilid .kak'
igyk (
0'0010 isg 0'05 mol dm-3 olajd idkaKj,ska hq;a KCl djK 5la idod .kak'
idkaKh wkqj ikakdhl;dj p,kh jk wdldrh uek m%ia;dr .; lrkak'
O c, idm,j, ikakdhl;d u`.ska tajdfha ,jK;dj ms<sn| woyila ,nd
.; yels nj idlPd lrkak'

mlaIK wxlh ( 33

idkaKh" WIaK;ajh yd oHq;a foHfha iajNdjh wkqj

djKhl ikakdhl;dj p,kh jk wkaou mlaIKd;aul j
ksKh lsu
idkaKh" WIaK;ajh yd oHq;a fokh hk idOlj,ska tlla muKla jrlg
fjkia lrka wod< idOlfha n,mEu mlaId lrkak' tys o ikakdhl;dj
uekSu i|yd mlaIK wxl 32 ys i|yka l%shd mmdh wkq.ukh lrkak'

48

mlaIK wxlh ( 34

O j.j, bf,lafg%dav ;ekSu yd Njudkh Nd;fhka tajdfha

bf,lafg%dav Nj uekSu
wfmalaIs; bf.kq M, (
1' O bf,lafg%dav ilihs'
2' Njudk Nd; lr iu; is,aj-is,aj laf,darhs bf,lafg%davh iu`. fjk;a
bf,lafg%davhla inkaO lr ieleiQ fldaIfha oHq;a .dul n,h ukshs'
3' is,aj - is,aj laf,darhs iu; bf,lafg%davh f,i f.k E cell = E-ERf Nd;
lr" ilia lrk ,o bf,lafg%davj, bf,lafg%dav Njh fidhhs'
jH yd

WmlrK (
6 cm . l lene,a,la
ldnka bf,lafg%davhla
;kql HCl djKhla NaCl djKhla

3V neghla
ijr Nsolhla
Njudkhla

Wmfoia (
6 cm la muK os. oS lhla wefkdavh jYfhka o" ldnka bf,lafg%davhla

lef;davh jYfhka o" fhdod ;kql HCl djKhla fyda NaCl djKhla fyda
oHq;a fokh lrkak' 3V Njhla fhoSu iEfya' oS lfha fl<jr iq w`M meye;s AgCl ;ekam;a f' fuh Cl- whk djKhl ^ KCl& .s,
a fuka Ag(s)/
AgCl(s)/Cl (aq) bf,lafg%davh ,ef'
Tn ksudKh l< bf,lafg%dav tlsfkl inkaO fldg Njudkhka u`.ska
tajdfha oHq;a.dul n, ukskak' idudkH i,o`.r fjda,a grhla o kk
g,a fjda,a grhla o Nd; fldg tla tla fldaIfha oHq;a.dul n,h
ukskak' fj<| fmdf<a we;s w;a 1'5 V fldaIhl oHq;a .dul n,h uekSfuka
Tnf.a m%;sM, ;yjqre lr .kak'

rEmh 34 (a)
iu; fjiagka-leh fldaIhla u`.ska Njudkh l%udxlkh lrkak'

fjiagka-leh fldaIhla ke;a k veksfh,a fldaIhla fyda t fia;a ke;a

k w;a idudkH neghla ^1'5 V& Nd; lrkak'
E2/E1 = l2/l1
49

 rEmfha oelafjk mos fldaIj, w.% ksis osYdjg inkaO lrkak' idudkH

fjda,a grhla fhdod .kska fldaIfha O%eh;dj ;yjqre lr.kak' t fia

fkd jkakg ;=,s; ,laIHhla fkd ,efnkq we;' Tn iE fldaIj, oHq;a
.dul n,h Nj udkh u`.ska uek jd;d lrkak'

mlaIK wxlh ( 35

O fldaIj, oHq;a .dul n,h Njudkh fhdod .kska uekSu

Wmfoia (
mlaIK wxl 13'2'1 ys wkq.ukh l< l%h
s d ms<f
s j< u fhdod .kska ridhkd.drfha
we;s O fldaIj, oHq;a .dul n,h ukskak'
mlaIK wxlh ( 36

fldaIj, ldhCIu;d ieieu

wfmalaIs; bf.kq M,(
1' fldaIhl m%udKh yd ridhkh u; tys ;;a;ajh r|d fkd mj;sk nj fmkajd
fohs'
2' fjf<| fmdf<a we;s tl u m%udKfha yd tl u ridhkh iys; fldaIj, ldhCIu;d
ii|hs'
3' wjYH;dj wkqj tfkod Nd;h i|yd iqiq fldaI f;dard .ekSu i|yd fhduq
fjhs'
jH yd

WmlrK (
R 20 j.fha O jKj, ^l`M" r;=" ks,a& fldaI ;=kla
fjda,a grhla ^1-2 V fyda 1-5 V &
inkaOl l
5 m%;sfrdaO ;=kla

1'5 V

5
rEmh 36 (a)
50

Wmfoia (
rEmfha oelafjk m WmlrK wgjkak'
mm:h inkaO lr iEu kd 15la mdid u fjda, grfha mdGdxlh ,nd
.kak' uksk wjia:df muKla fjda,a grh inkaO lsu m%udKj;a h'
mehla ;=< mlaIKh is fldg" mdGdxl 4la ,nd f.k mm:h ika lrkak'
B<`. kfha o fu jeks u mdGdxl 4la ,nd .kak'
mlaIKh k lsysmhla ^k 6la iEfya'& klg mehl ld,hla ;=< is lrkak'
O fldaI i|yd o mlaIKh is lrkak'
,efnk mdGdxl my; i|yka m m%ia;dr .; lrkak'
w.% w;r
fjda,
a h;dj$V

kh
rEmh 36 (b)
igyk (
tl u m%udKfha yd tl u fjda,ah;dj we;s O j.j, fldaI i|yd O jl%
,efnkq we;' ta jl%j, yevh fldaIfha ldhCIu;dj u; ;SrKh jk wdldrh
idlPd lrkak'
^a& m%udKfhka tlsfklg fjkia yd ^b& ridhksl j tlsfklg fjkia jk
fldaI i|yd ,efnk m%;sM, o tlsfkl ii|kak'
h h ldh i|yd fldaI f;dard .ekSf fuu jl% jeo.;a jkafka fl fia oe
hs idlPd lrkak'
fuu fjkia l we;s ug fya;= fldaIfha ksudKh iu`. fjkia jkafka fl
fia oe hs meye,s lrkak'
51

mlaIK wxlh ( 37

ir, oHq;a foHhl fhdack Njh mlaIKd;aul j

ksKh lsu
wfmalaIs; bf.kq M, (
1' ir, oHq;a foH lsysmhla I-E jl% weu i|yd mlaIKd;aul o;a; ,nd .kshs'
2' ir, oHq;a foH lsysmhla i|yd I-E jl% whs'
3' O oHq;a foH i|yd "fhdack Nj" ii|hs'
wjYH jH (
Njudkhla
^fyda m%;sj;H m%;sfrdaOhla&
4'5 V neghla
fjda,a grhla
wegrhla
ldnka bf,lafg%dav
;U bf,lafg%dav
;kql CuSO4 djKh
;kql H2SO4 djKh
;kql NaOH

V
A

;kql H2SO4
djKh

rEmh 37 (a)
Wmfoia (
rEmfha oelafjk m mm:h wgjkak'
Nj udkh fyda m%;sj;H m%;sfrdaOh ilika djKh yryd .uka lrk Odrdj
fhdokq ,nk Nj wka;rh iu`. fl fia fjkia jkafka oe hs kslaIKh lr
jd;d lrkak'
Nj wka;rhg t j Odrdj m%ia;dr .; fldg t u`.ska fhdack Njh ,nd
.kak'
,sh iemehSu k;r fldg bf,lafg%dav w;r Nj wka;rhla mj;S oe hs n,kak'
ldnka bf,lafg%dav fh CuSO4 djKhla i|yd o NaOH djKhla i|yd o t
f,i u I-E m%ia;drh ,nd .kak'
fldm bf,lafg%dav fh CuSO4 djKhla i|yd o t f,i u I-E m%ia;dr ,nd
.kak'
idlPdj (
djKhla ;=<ska Odrdjla .,d hdu i|yd bf,lafg%dav u; bf,lafg%dav m%;sls%hd is
h hq;= nj idlPd lrkak'
;kql H2SO4 djKh oHq;a fokh fldg mm:h | oeuqj o moaO;sfha Nj
wka;rhla yg f.k we;af;a uka oe hs meye,s lrkak'
O%ejKh yd wfjda,ah;dj hk ixl,amh bm;a lrkak'
fldm i,afma djKfha kslaIKh l< ;;a;ajh idlPd lrkak'
mlaIK wxlh ( 38
52

c,h oHq;a fokh u`.ska yhsrcka iy

Tlaiscka jdhq ms<sfh< lsu
wfmalaIs; bf.kq M, (
1' oHq;a fokh Yla;s ixpdhl l%shdj,shla f,i k lrhs'
2' c,fha oHq;a fok M, yhsrcka yd Tlaiscka jdhq nj fmkajhs'
3' uqla; jQ jdhq mud ii|hs'
jH yd WmlrK (
l=vd ma,diala fiula
mlaId k< folla
isyska ldnka bf,lafg%dav folla
k<j,g i ,k rn wen folla
w,amd,sl c,h
4'5 V neghla
wen kh
mer*ska b
Wmfoia (

w,amd,s; c,h

rEmh 38 (a)

rEmfha oelafjk m mm:h wgjkak'

wdrNfha mlaIK k< fol uq`Mukska u w,amd,s; c,fhka ms ;sh hq;= hs'
c,h msg;g meKsh yels jk fia mlaIK k< wenj,g ,sys,a j i lrkak'
oHq;a Odrdjla imhd mlaIK k< ;=< jdhq /ia u kslaIKh lrkak'

53

mlaIK wxlh ( 39

oHq;a ridhksl l%shdj,shla f,i u, neu mlaIKd;aul j

wOHhkh lsu
wfmalaIs; bf.kq M, (
1' fidah laf,darhs wvx.= WodiSk fc, udOHfha hlv f,dayfha Ldokh
flfrys ue.akSish" iskala" fldm yd f, hk f,day we;s lrk n,mE
mlaIKd;aul j wOHhkh lrhs'
jH yd

WmlrK (
fm is myla

ta.d

fidah laf,darhs

fmdgEish f*ihkhs djKh

*sfkd,ama;e,ska
4 cm la muK . ue.akSish" iskala" fldm
f, hk f,dayj, isyska ;Sre tl ne.ska

Wmfoia

je,s lvodis
5 cm muK . hlv weK myla
idka yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h

yd

(
idka yhsfrdlaf,dala w,fhys .s,j
a k ,o hlv weK u| f,djla r;a lrkak'
tu weK isis,a c,fhka fydka fidaod h<kak'
weKj, mDIaG ;j rg;a je,s lvodishlska ueo msis lrkak'
f,day ;Sre o je,s lvodisfhka ueo fydka msis lrkak' msis f,day ;Sre tla
tla weKfha lf`oys ueo ;ka fj<kak'
>k fidah laf,darhs 7 g la yd ta.d .a? 5 g la ^muK& lsrd .kak' c,h
250 cm3 la muK lrhlg oud r;a lrkak' lrfha c,h r;a jQ miq lsrd .kakd
,o fidah laf,darhs yd ta.d th ;=<g oud fydka h jk ;=re re l+rlska
l,;kak' wju jYfhka fuu djKh ks;a;= oyhla j;a kegeh hq;= hs'
djKh ;rul Wl= ;;a;ajhg m;a jQ g *sfkd,ama;e,ska oYlh x lsysmhla
oud lrh odylfhka bj;a lr" l+re .dka kd lSmhla ksfjkakg ykak'
djKh ;rula ksjqKq miq fmdgEish f*ihkhs djKfhka 1 cm3 la muK
tu ta.d Y%Khg tl;= lrkak' ta.d Y%Kfha we;s jdhq nqnq`M yels ;r bj;a
jk ;=re Y%Kh fydka l+re .dkak' fuu Wl= ta.d Y%Kh fm is mylg
oukak'
l,ska ms<sfh< lr .;a f,day hq.,a wO jYfhka >k jQ ta.d iys; fm is
myl .sf,k m ;sria j ;nkak' b;s jQ fm ish ;=< wvx.= ta.d udOHfha
.sf,k fia b;s hlv weKh ;sria j ;nkak'
iaj,am f,djlska ta.d udOHh >k tla tla f,day wjg jQ m%foaYj, jK
mhdi we;s u wdrN fjhs' kla muK ;nd kslaIK igyka lr .kak'
ie( hq(
ta.d djKh kegf W;=rd hkakg bv fkd h hq;= hs' fmdgEish f*ihkhs
djKh isref ;jrd .ekSfuka j<lskak'
54

mlaIK wxlh ( 40

ksl,a yd fldm oHq;a f,daydf,amkh

wfmalaIs; bf.kq M,(
1' ir, m%dfhda.sl oHq;a f,daydf,amk moaO;s fhdod .kska oHq;a f,daydf,amkh
is lrhs'
jH" WmlrK yd iemehsh hq;= ;;a;aj (
lrhla
wegr
p,H m%;sfrdaOl ^Odrdj ilia lr .ekSug&
neg
;U oHq;a f,daydf,amkh
CuSO4.5H2O (200 - 250) g" idka H2SO4 (15 - 25) cm3 yd fc,ka b;d
iaj,amhla c,h 1 dm3 ys jKh lrkak'
iqiq WIaK;ajh 20 - 40 0C
Odrd >k;ajh 20 - 50 mA cm-2
wefkdavh ( ;U f,dayh
ksl,a oHq;a f,daydf,amkh
NiSO4.7H2O 250 g" NiCl2 45 g" fndala w,h ^H2BO3& 30 g yd ielka
iaj,amhla c,h 1 dm3 ys jKh lrkak'
iqiq WIaK;ajh 40 - 70 0C
Odrd >k;ajh 20 - 50 mA cm-2
wefkdavh ( ksl,a f,dayh
Wmfoia (
rEm igyfka oelafjk mm:h ilia lr .kak'
oHq;a foHh lrhg f.k oHq;a f,daydf,amkhg ,la lrk NdKav lef;davh
jYfhka i lrkak'
W; Odrdjla yd iqiq WIaK;ajhla imhka oHq;a fokh is lrkak'

rEmh 40 (a)

55

mlaIK wxlh ( 41

f;dard .;a legdhk i|yd mlaId

wfmalaIs; bf.kq M, (
1' c,Sh udOHfha Mg2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Al3+, Pb2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+ whk ykd
.ekSug ir, mlaId is lrhs'
2' whk ykd .ekSf oS tajdfha we;e ixfhda.j, djH;d ixikaokh lsu fhdod
.; yels nj m%ldY lrhs'
3' we;e legdhkj,ska djH ixlSK iEfok nj m%ldY lrhs'
4' d- f.dkqf legdhkj, jK ksCIKh lr tajd k lrhs'
jH yd WmlrK (
ue.aki
S h
s " le,aih
s " fh" weksh" f," whka^II&" whka^III&" ksl,a" fldm
yd iskala hk f,dayj, c,fha djH ,jK ^fuu ,jK wdiQ; c,fha osh lr 0.1
mol dm-3 muK idkaKhlska hq;a djK idod .kak'&
H2SO4 c,Sh djKh ^2 mol dm-3 muK jk&
NH4OH c,Sh djKh ^4 mol dm-3 muK jk&
NaOH c,Sh djKh ^4 mol dm-3 muK jk&
mlaId k< lsysmhla
ie'hq' whka^II& iy whka^III& djK ms<sfh< lrk g wdrNfha u tajd wd,sl
lrkak'
mlaIdj I
w'
Mg2+, Ca2+ yd Ba2+ ,jK djKj,ska 1 cm3 ne.ska mlaId k<j,g fjka fjka
j f.k 2 mol dm-3 H2SO4 djKfhka iaj,amh ne.ska ^1 cm3 muK& tajdg tl;=
lr Y% lrkak' kslaIK jd;d lrkak'
mlaIdj II
w'
Al3+ yd Pb2+ ,jK djKj,ska 1 cm3 ne.ska mlaId k<j,g fjk fjk u f.k
tajdg 2 mol dm-3 H2SO4 djKfhka 1 cm3 muK tl;= lr Y% lrkak' kslaIK
igyka lrkak'
wd' Al3+ yd Pb2+ ,jK djKj,ska 1 cm3 muK ne.ska mlaId k<j,g fjk fjk u
f.k 4 mol dm-3 NaOH djKh x jYfhka tl;= lrkak' wjlafIamhla ,enqKq
miq j o jemqr m%;sldrlh tl;= lrkak' kslaIK igyka lr .kak'
mlaIdj III
w'
Fe2+, Fe3+, Ni2+, Cu2+ yd Zn2+ c,Sh djKj,ska 1 cm3 ne.ska mlaId k< fjk
fjk u f.k" 4 mol dm-3 NaOH djKh x jYfhka tl;= lr Y% lrkak'
wjlafIamhla ,enqKq miq j o m%;sldrlh jemqr tl;= lrkak' kslaIK igyka
lr .kak' ,efnk wjlafIam iys; k< r;a lrkak' kslaIK igyka lrkak'
56

wd'

Fe2+, Fe3+, Ni2+, Cu2+ yd Zn2+ c,Sh djKj,ska 1 cm3 ne.ska mlaId k< fjk
fjk u f.k" 4 mol dm-3 NH4OH djKh x jYfhka tl;= lrkak'
wjlafIamhla ,enqKq miq j o m%;sldrlh jemqr tl;= lrkak' kslaIK igyka
lrkak'

igyk (
mlaIdj I ^w& ys oS Mg2+ djKfhka wjlafIamhla fkd ,ef' Ca2+djKfhka" ;=kS
j,duh iq wjlafIamhla ^w,;djla& ,ef' Ba2+ djKfhka >k iq wjlafIamhla
,ef' djKfhka >k iq wjlafIamhla ,ef' ^CaSO4 ys Ksp 9.0 10-4 mol2 dm-6
jk w;r BaSO4 ys Ksp 1.0 10-10 mol2 dm-6 f' f w.h weiqka by; kslaIK
meyeos,s lrkak'&
mlaIdj II ^w& ys oS c,Sh Al3+j,ska wjlafIamhla fkd ,efnk w;r c,Sh Pb2+ j,ska
iq wjlafIamhla ,ef' ^PbSO4 ys Ksp 2.0 10-8 mol2 dm-6&
mlaIdj II ^wd& ys oS c,Sh Al3+ iy Pb2+ hk foflka u iq wjlafIam ,ef' Al3+ fok
wjlafIamh" jemqr NaOHj, osh meyeos,s djKhla fohs' by; mlaIKj,g
wod< ;=,s; ilrK ,shkak'
mla I dj III ^w& ys oS c,S h Fe 2+, Fe3+, Cu2+ yd Ni2+j,s k a jemq r fida h
yhsfrdlaihsj, wdjH ^iar& wjlafIam ,ef' tajdfha jK fudkjd o@ wod<
m%;sl%shd meyeos,s lr oSug ;=,s; ilrK ,shkak'
r;a lrk g Fe (OH)2 iy Cu (OH)2 wjlafIamj, jK fjkia f' fuu jK
fjkia l fudkjd o@ fuu jK mhdi meyeos,s lr oSug ;=,s; ilrK
,shkak'
c,Sh Zn2+j,ska ,efnk iq wjlafIamh jemqr Na OH ys oshe meyeos,s djKhla
,ef' fuhg fya;=j ;=,s; ilrK u`.ska myod fokak'
mlaIdj III ^wd& ys oS ish whk djK wjlafIam fohs' wefudakshd djKh jemqr
tl;= lsf oS my; oelafjk kslaIK ,ef'
Fe(OH)2(s) jKh fkd f'
Fe (OH)3(s) jKh fkd f'
Cu (OH)2(s) jKh ;o ks,a djKhla ,ef'
Ni(OH)2(s) jKh ks,a meye;s djKhla ,ef'
Zn(OH)2(s) jKh wjK djKhla ,ef'
^wod< m%;sl%shd meyeos,s flfrk ;=,s; ilrK ,shkak'&

57

mlaIK wxlh ( 42

f;dard .;a wekdhk i|yd mlaId lsu

wfmalaIs; bf.kq M, (
1' c,Sh djKfha fya,hsv whkj, m%;sl%shd wkdjrKh lr .kshs'
2' is,aj fya,hsv u; ;kql khsla w,fha l%shdj ia;r lrhs'
3' ;kql c,Sh wefudakshdys is,aj fya,hsvj, djH;dj mlaId lrhs'
yd S2- whk wkdjrKh lr .kshs'

4' c,Sh djKfha we;s

5'
6'
7'
8'

c,Sh udOHfha we;s

yd
whk wkdjrKh lr .kshs'
uqla; jk ldnka vfhdlaihs jdhqj wkdjrKh lr .kshs'
icl k< Nd;fha l=i,;dj ,nd .kshs'
wjlafIamKh u`.ska f*diaf*a whk wkdjrKh lr .kshs'

fya,hsv whk ykd .ekSu

jH yd WmlrK (
c,Sh Cl-, Br- yd I- whkj, 0.10 mol dm-3 djK ^wkqrEm fidah" fmdgEish
fyda wefudaksh ,jK jKh lsfuka ms<sfh< lrk ,o&
0.10 mol dm-3 is,aj khsf djKh
;kql khsla w,h
1.0 mol dm-3 c,Sh wefudakshd djKh
mlaId k<
Wmfoia (
fya,hsv djKj,ska 1 cm3 muK jk fjk u mlaId k<j,g f.k my;
oelafjk mlaIK is lrkak'
djKhg ;kql khsla w,fhka x lsysmhla tl;= lr" is,aj khsf
djKfhka 1 cm3 la muK tl;= lrkak'
by; wjlafIamhg x jYfhka wefudakshd djKh tla lrkak'
igyk (

by; o;a; mok lr .kska AgCl, AgBr yd AgI wjlafIamj, wefudakshdys

djH;dj meye,s lrkak'
is,aj fya,hsv ;kql khsla w,fha wdjH h' ta uka o@
58

yd S2- whk ykd .ekSu

wjYH jH yd WmlrK (
Na2SO4, Na2SO3 yd Na2S ^fyda wkqrEm fmdgEish ,jK&
;kql c,Sh NaOH djKh
;kql yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h
;kql khsla w,h
0.01 mol dm -3 Ba2+(aq) djKh
0.01 mol dm -3 Ni2+(aq) yd Cu2+(aq) djK
mlaId k<
Wmfoia(
tla tla whk djKfhka 1 cm3 muK mlaId k<j,g f.k my; oelafjk
mlaId is lr kslaIK jd;d lrkak'
j.=j 42 (a)
djKh

mlaIdj

kslaIKh

Ba2+ djKfhka 1 cm3 la muK tl;= lrkak'

wk;=re j ;kql khsla w,h tla lrkak'
Ba2+ djKfhka 1 cm3 la muK tl;= lrkak'
wk;=re j ;kql khsla w,h tla lrkak'
;kql yhsrlaf,dala w,h tl;= lrkak'
wk;=re j Cu2+ djKh tla lrkak'
;kql yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h tl;= lrkak'
wk;=re j Ni2+ djKh tla lrkak'

igyk (
BaSO3 ;kql khsla w,fha jKh jk uq;a" BaSO4 ;kql khsla w,fha
wdjH h' ta uka o@

Ni2+ whk tys i,a*hsvh f,i wjlafIam jkafka Ndial udOHfha muKs' tfy;a
Cu2+ whk Ndial fuka u wd,sl udOHfha o i,a*hsvh f,i wjlafIam f'
59

by; o;a; mok lr .kska fuh meye,s lrkak'

c,Sh djKfha wvx.=

jH yd

yd

whk ykd .ekSu

WmlrK (
wdikak f,i 1.0 mol dm-3
yd
whk djK
idka i,a*shqla w,h
;kql khsla w,h
1.0 mol dm-3 Fe2+ c,Sh djKhla
weksh l=vq
idka fidah yhsfrdlaihs djKh
idka yhsrlaf,dala w,h
weks,Ska fyda p - weuhsfkdi,af*dksla w,h
r;= ,suia lvodis
whsia leg
fla;= ma,dial=jla
WIaK;ajudkhla

Wmfoia (

whk
khsrhs djKfha 1 cm3 g muK ;kql yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h 1 cm3 la muK
tl;= lr isis,a lrkak' ^0 - 5 0C muK& Y%Khg weks,Ska tl;= lr laIdh lsu
i|yd fidah yhsfrdlaihs tla lrkak' wk;=re j *Sfkd,a tl;= lr ^wEu&
kslaIKh lrkak'
p - weuhsfkdi,af*dksla w,h Nd; l< fyd;a isis,a lsu wkjYH h'

c,Sh khsf djKfha 1 cm3 la f.k w; ms<sfh, l< Fe2+ (aq) whk
djKhlska 4 cm3 la muK tl;= lr" idka i,a*shqla w,h 3-4 cm3 la mlaId
k<fha ;a;sh f.a fifuka tl;= lrkak' ^Uqre j,h mlaIdj&

yd
whk
fyda
fyda
yd
whk Y%Khl c,Sh djKhlska 1 cm3
muK f.k thg weksh l=vq$iskala l=vq$fvjvd Y% f,dayh iaj,amhla yd
idka fidah yhsfrdlaihs djKh tl;= lrkak' wjYH k djKh u|la
WKqiq lrkak' msg jk jdhqj" fkia, m%;sldrlfhka fm`.ejQ lvodishlska
fyda f;;a r;= ,suia m;%hlska mlaId lrkak'
wod< m%;sl%shd idlPd lrkak'

60

whk ykd .ekSu

jH yd

WmlrK (
c, djH >k ldnfkaghla ^Wod( Na2CO3&
yqkq hr
;kql yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h
c,Sh fh laf,darhs fyda le,aish laf,darhs djK
icl k<hla
mlaId k<hla

Wmfoia (
mlaId k<hlg >k ldnfkagh 0'5 g la muK f.k ;kql yhsfrdlaf,dala
w,h tl;= lrkak' icl k<h Nd; lr" msg jk jdhqj blaukska yqkq
hrg hjkak' jemqr jdhqj yqkq hrg heu wLKav j is lrkak'
ldnfkag whk djKhg BaCl2$CaCl2 tl;= lrkak'
by; ,efnk M,hg ;kql khsla w,h tl;= lrkak'
kslaIK jd;d lrkak'
by; m%;sl%shd i|yd ;=,s; ilrK ,shd kslaIK i|yd fya;= meye,s lrkak'

whk ykd .ekSu

jH yd

WmlrK (
1.0 mol dm-3
fyda
fyda
-3
1 mol dm fh laf,darhs djKh
;kql khsla w,h

whkj, c,Sh djK

Wmfoia (
f*diaf*a whk djKfhka 1 cm3 muK f.k" fh laf,darhs djKfhka
1 cm3 la muK tl;= lrkak'
by; ,efnk M,hg ;kql khsla w,h tl;= lrkak'
kslaIK jd;d lrkak'

61

mlaIK wxlh ( 43

ixY=oaO djl$djl Y%K Nd;fhka mqkiaMlSlrKh

wfmalaIs; bf.kq M, (
1' w`.=re Nd; lsfuka ixY=oaO lr miq j ixY=oaO djl$djl Y%K Nd;fhka
mqkiaMlSlrKh lsf l=i,;dj ,nd .kshs'
jH yd WmlrK (
2 g ie,sis,sla w,h ^fjf<| fmdf<ys we;s idh j.hlska
b;d iaj,amhla yd Y% lr imhkak&
i;a;aj w`.=re
fmryka mqkS,hla
uoHidr
fmryka lvodis
Wmfoia (
wm;% ie,sis,sla w, ksheh i;a;aj w`.=re 1 g la iu`. Y% lrkak' th 84]
c,Sh uoHidr djK wju mudjl h lrkak' ^t g >k l,dmfha w`.=re mj;S'&
bka miq Y%Kh c, ;dmlhl ;nd 65 - 70 0C WIaK;ajhlg ks;a;= 15 - 20 muK
r;a lrkak' Y%Kh WKqiq j ;sh u fmryka lvodishla u`.ska fmrd fmrkh
isis,a ug bv ykak' t g ie,sis,sla w,h mqkiaMlSlrKh f'
mqkiaMlSlrKh l< ksheh iu`. wdrNl kshefha iajNdjh ii|kak'
igyk (
fuu mlaIdj i|yd jemqr w`.=re Nd; fkd lrkafka wehs@
f i|yd uoHidr iy c,h Y%Khla Nd; lrkafka wehs@
mqkiaMlSlrKh i|yd djKhla f;dard .kafka l=uk uQ,Ouhla mok lr
f.k o@
mlaIK wxlh ( 44

wdydr jH ksheoshl f;;uk m%udKh

mlaIKd;aul j ksKh lsu
wfmalaIs; bf.kq M, (
1' fok ,o wdydr jH ksheoshl f;;uk m%udKh ksKh lsu i|yd Ndr;sh
id:l f,i Nd; lrhs'
Wmfoia (
udI fnda.hl ^Wod ( mmamq" lv," uqx weg" lms& fyda l=`M nvq jHhl fyda
^Wod' lrdnq ke" .ia" ly& ksheoshla
WIaK;ajudkhla
odylhla
jxf.hla yd fuda,la
62

 fm oSishla fyda fldajla

;=,djla ^f;-o~q" ridhksl fyda bf,lafg%dksl&
WIaK;ajh ieleish yels Wkla fyda ishq je,sj,ska hq;a je,s ;dmlhla ^t n
Wklaa fkdue;s k&
Wmfoia (
wdydr ksheosfhka 10 g la muK jfkys ,d fudaf,ka fldgd l=vq lrkak'
msis" he<s fm oSishl ialkaOh ksjeros j lsrkak' l=vq lr .;a wdydr
ksheosfhka 5'00 - 6'00 g w;r m%udKhla thg tl;= lr ta iu`. fm oSisfha
ialkaOh ksjeros j lsrkak' ^fuhska f;;a wdydr ksheosfha ialkaOh ,ef'&
wdydr ksheosh iys; fm oSish Wk ;=< ;nd WIaK;ajh 105 0C g ilikak'
wdydr ksheosh Wk ;=< wju jYfhka ks;a;= 30la ;nkak'
fm oSish bj;g f.k" ldur WIaK;ajh f;la isis,a jk ;=re ks;a;= 10la muK
fvisflagrhla ;=< ;nd h<s ialkaOh lsrkak'
fm ish kej; Wk ;=< ks;a;= 10la muK ;nd isis,a ug bv yer ialkaOh
lsrkak'
ialkaOfhys ;j rg;a wvq ula olakg ,efnf;d;a" oSih
s Wk ;=< fmr WIaK;ajh
hgf;a u`o f,djla ;nd kej; lsrkak' ksh; ialkaOhla olakg ,efnk f;la
fuh is lrkak'
Tn f.a m%;sM, Nd; lr" f;;a wdydr ksheosfha we;s f;;uk m%udKfha ialkaOh
.Kkh lrkak'
wdydr ksheosfha f;;uk m%udKh m%;sY;hla f,i m%ldY lrkak'
oHd.drfha Wkla fkdue;s k my; oelafjk l%uh wkq.ukh lrkak'
wdydr ksheosh we;s fm oSish je,s ;dmlhl ;nd ks;a;= 30la muK 105 0C
WIaK;ajhg r;a lr lsrkak' ksh; ialkaOhla ,efnk ;=refuh h<s h<s;a is
lrkak'
wdydr ksheh
WIaK;ajudkh

xxxx

fm ish
je,s
f,day nk

;dmh

rEmh 44 (a)

igyk (
WIaK;ajh 105 0C g jvd by< fkd hEug j. n,d .; hq;af;a wehs@
ksh; ialkaOhla ,efnk ;=re ksheosh wod< WIaK;ajh hgf;a r;a ug ;eh
hq;af;a uka o@
by; ia;r lrk ,o l%uh" CuSO4.5H2O jeks ic, ,jKhl wvx.= c, m%udKh
ksKh lsu i|yd Nd; l< yels o@
63

mlaIK wxlh ( 45
fh laf,darhs iy i,a*shqla w,h w;r m%;sl%shdj ^wjlafIam Wi uekSu&
wfmalaIs; bf.kq M, (
1 m%;sl%shdf oS we;s jk h .=Khl fjkia u wkqj m%;sl%shl w;r ujq, wkqmd;h
mlaIKd;aul j fidhhs'
2 m%ia;dr we|Sf iy m%ia;dr jgyd .ekSf yelshdj jOkh lr .kshs'
3 wjlafIamK l%uh Nd; lr idkaKh fkd okakd i,a*shqla w, djKhl
idkaKh ksKh lrhs'
jH yd

WmlrK (
0.5 mol dm-3 fh laf,darhs djKhla
0.5 mol dm-3 i,a*shqla w, djKhla
tl u wNHka;r IalNfhka hq;a mlaId k< oyhla
hqfrgq fyda l%udxls; msfmgq 2la

Wmfoia (
mlaId k< 1 - 10 olajd wxlkh lrkak' my; j.=f oelafjk mos wod< djK
mud hqfrgq fyda l%udxls; msfmgq wdOdrfhka uek Y% lrkak'
j.=j 45 (a)
mlaId k< wxl

10

0.5 mol dm-3

fh laf,darhs
mudj$ cm3

10

0.5 mol dm-3

i,a*shqla w,
mudj$cm3

fuu mlaId k< fyd|ska fid,jd wjlafIam ;ekam;a u i|yd tajd isria j isk
fia oskla muK ;nkak'
f wkaoug i,a*shqla w, mudj ksh; j ;nd fh laf,darhs mudj
fjkia lrka mlaIKh ;j rg;a lrkak' f i|yd j.=j 45 (a) Nd; lrkak'

64

j.=j 45 (b)
mlaId k< wxl

10

10

0.5 mol dm-3

fh laf,darhs
mudj$cm3
0.5 mol dm-3
i,a*shqla w,
mudj$cm3

j.=j 45 (b) ys oelafjk wkaoug mlaIKh l< g ,efnk wjlafIamfha Wi"

tla l< i,a*shqla w,h mudjg tfrys j m%ia;dr .; l< fyd;a" my;
wdldrfha m%ia;drhla ,ef'
wjlafIamfha
Wi$cm

rEmh 45 (a)

10

0.5 mol dm-3

i,a*shqla w,
mudj$cm3

f m%ia;drh weiqka Wmu wjlafIamh ,efnk uq,a wjia:dj fidhd .; yels

h'
igyk (
mlaId foflka u fjk fjk u Wmu wjlafIam m%udKhla iEoS we;s m<uq jk
mlaId k<h Tn f;dard .kafka fl fia o@ ^wjlafIam m%udKh" wjlafIam Wig
wkqf,dau j iudkqmd;sl nj Wml,amkh lrkak'&
wjlafIam u Wmu jYfhka is we;s wjia:d kslaIKh lrkak' thska
m%;sl%shd Wmu f,i m%;sl%shd we;s ujq, wkqmd;h ,nd .kak' fuu ujq,
wkqmd;h iafgdhslsfhda;sl wkqmd;h f,i ykajkq ,ef'
m%;sl%shdfjka miq 3 jk iy 7 jk k< ;=< ;sfnk djKj, b;s we;s m%;sl%shl
ykd .kafka fl fia o@
65

ie'hq'
fuys oelajQ wdldrhg ika;; p,k l%uh fhdod iafgdhslsfhda;sl wkqmd;h
m%dfhda.sl j fif oS 2(1 wkqmd;hg jvd je wkqmd; i|yd ^Wod( 3(1" 4(1 jeks&
th is lsug wmyiq;djla we;s f' Bg fya;=j ta i|yd fhosh hq;= mlaId k<
ixLHdj wl u" fhosh hq;= djK mud mlaId k<j, Od;dj blaujd hEu
hk m%dfhda.sl .eg u;= u hs'
fuhg ieula f,i ika;; p,k l%uhg u|la fjkia iuia; djK mudj
ksh; j ;nd .kska" m%;sl%shl djK foflys ujq,Nd. p,kh lr m%;sl%shdf
iafgdhslsfhd;sh ksKh l< yels l%uhla we;' Wod ( f, khsf iy
fmdgEish laf,darhs w;r iafgdhslsfhda;sl wkqmd;h fuu l%ufhka fiu
i,luq'
j.=j 45 (c)
mlaId k< wxlh
1 mol dm-3
f, khsf
mudj$ cm3
2 mol dm-3
fmdgEish
laf,darhs
mudj$ cm3

10

11

10

11

11

10

by; mlaIKh is lr wjlafIamj, Wi ,nd f.k" djK ixhq;sh iu`. m%ia;dr

.; l< g my; oelafjk wdldrfha m%ia;drhla ,ef'

wjfCIam
Wi$cm

1 mol dm-3
f,
khsf$cm3

10

11

1 mol dm-3
fmdgEish
laf,darhs$cm3

11

10

rEmh 45 (b)
66

ixhq;sh

12

Wmu wjlafIamh ,enQ k<hg fhdok ,o m%;sl%shl ujq, w;r wkqmd;h" m%;sl%shdf
iafgdhslsfhda;sl wkqmd;h f'
mlaIKh II
wjYH jH yd WmlrK (
5 mol dm-3 jQ BaCl2 djK 100 cm3 la
5 mol dm-3 jQ H2SO4 djK 100 cm3 la
idkaKh fkd okakd H2SO4 djKh 50 cm3 la ^tys idkaKh 1-5 mol dm-3
mrdifha meje;sh hq;= h'&
rE,la ^fikagr" ,sgr ,l=Kq lrk ,o&
Wmfoia(
fok ,o 5 mol dm-3 jQ H2SO4 djK fldgia ;kql lsfuka 1 mol dm-3 "
2 mol dm-3 " 3 mol dm-3 yd 4 mol dm-3 djK 100 cm3 ne.ska ms<sfh< lr .kak'
my; j.=f i|yka m djK Y% lrkak' wjlafIamh ;ekam;a ug bv yer Wi
uek .kak'
j.=j 45 (d)
k<h
5 mol dm-3 jQ

BaCl2 djKh
mudj$cm3
H2SO4
w, mudj$cm3

1 mol dm-3

2 mol dm-3

3 mol dm-3

4 mol dm-3

5 mol dm-3

idkaKh
fkd
okakd

i,a*shqla w, idkaKhg t j wjlafIam Wi m%ia;dr .; lrkak'

wjlafIamfha Wi $ cm

wxl 6 k<h i|yd

H2SO4 idkaKh$ mol dm-3

rEmh 45 (c)
m%ia;drfha olajd we;s m idkaKh fkd okakd djKfhka ,o wjlafIamfha
Wig wkqrEm idkaKh ,nd .kak'
67

mlaIK wxlh ( 46

whka^III& whk iu`. ie,sis,sla w,fha m%;sl%shdj

^jK;sh- oDYH l%uh&
wfmalaIs; bf.kq M, (
1' ixlSKfhys jKfha ;Sj%;dj whka^III& idkaKhg iudkqmd; jk nj m%ldY
lrhs'
2' ixlSKfhys jKfha Wmu ;Sj%;dj u; m%;sl%shdf iafgdhslsfhda;sh ksKh
lrhs'
3' t u`.ska wjYH ixlSKfha iQ;%h ,nd .kshs'
4' kE u jKj;a ixfhda.hl c,Sh djKhl oS idkaKh jK;sl WmlrK
Nd; fldg myiqfjka fih yels nj m%ldY lrhs'
jH yd WmlrK (
wefudaksh f*la i,afma [(NH4)2SO4Fe2(SO4)3. 24H2O] ,jKh
^0.001 mol dm-3 Fe3+djKhlska 250 cm3&
0.01 mol dm-3 ie,sis,sla w,h 250 cm3
0.001 mol dm-3 ie,sis,sla w,h 250 cm3
fu;fkda,a 50 cm3
mqkS," hqfrgq" kq ird" mud;sl ma,dial=
yrialv fCIa;%M, iudk mlaId k< kjhla
Wmfoia (
hqfrgqj Nd;fhka" j.=j 1 yd 2 ys oelafjk m" k<j,g wod< djK tl;=
lrkak'
j.=j 46 (a)
1

1'0

2'0

3'0

4'0

5'0

6'0

7'0

8'0

9'0

0.001 mol dm-3

ie,sis,sla w,
djK mudj$cm3

5'0

5'0

5'0

5'0

5'0

5'0

5'0

5'0

5'0

c, mudj$cm3

9'0

8'0

7'0

6'0

5'0

4'0

3'0

2'0

1'0

mlaId k< wxl

-3

0.001 mol dm

Fe3+ whk
djK mudj$cm

68

j.=j 46 (b)
mlaId k< wxl
0.001 mol dm-3
Fe3+

5'0

5'0

5'0

5'0

5'0

5'0

5'0

5'0

5'0

1'0

2'0

3'0

4'0

5'0

6'0

7'0

8'0

9'0

9'0

8'0

7'0

6'0

5'0

4'0

3'0

2'0

1'0

djK mudj$cm

0.001 mol dm-3

ie,sis,sla w,
djK mudj$cm3

c, mudj /cm3

46 (a) yd 46 (b) j.= wkqj djK Y% l< miq ta ta mlaId k<j, wvx.= Y%Kj,
jK ;Sj%;dj msfh weiska kslaIKh fldg" iudk jK ;Sj%;dj we;af;a l=uk
k<fha isg oe hs igyka lrkak'
igyk (
46 (a) yd 46 (b) j.= wkqj ,enqKq kslaIKj,ska mlaId k< wxl 5 yd bka miq
j we;s ish k<j, jK ;Sj%;dj iudk nj meyeos,s fjhs'
wxl 5 ork k<fha we;s djKj, ujq, m%udKh .Kkh lrkak' tu ujq, w;r
wkqmd;h u`.ska Fe3+ whk yd ie,sis,sla w,h w;r m%;sl%shdf iafgdhslsfhda;sh
,ef' t u`.ska whka^III& ie,sisf,a whkfha iQ;%h o my; oelafjk wdldrhg
oelah yels h'
OH
OH

COOH

2+

Fe
+ Fe3+

+ H+

O
C

o
fuys oS Wmu jKh iys; k<h f;dard .kafka msfh weiska jK ieie|Sfuks'
tfy;a jK ;S%j%;dj uekSu i|yd jK;sl WmlrK Nd; l< g jvd ksrjoH
mdGdxl myiqfjka ,nd .; yels h'

69

mlaIKhg wod< djK ms<sfh< lsu (

wefudakshf*la i,af*a ^f*la we,& ,jKh 12 g la ksjeros j lsrd f.k
;kql H2SO4 10 cm3 muK fhdod yels ;dla osh lr .kak' bka miq thg tu
w,fhka u 150 cm3 muK tl;= lr kgjkak' ^f i|yd lrhla fhdod
.kak'& djKh isis,a ug yer th 250 cm3 mud;sl ma,dial=jlg oukak'
lrhg c,h iaj,amhla oud fyd|ska l,;d th mud;sl ma,dial=jg oukak'
bka miq 250 cm3 ,l=K f;la c,h oukak' fuys oS ,efnkafka 0.01 mol dm-3
djKhls' msfmgqjla Nd; lr" fuhska 25.00 cm3 la bj;g f.k" th 250 cm3
jQ mud;sl ma,dialj
= lg oud" 250.00 cm3 ,l=K f;la c,h mqrjd ;j;a djKhla
idod .kak' t g ,efnkafka 0.001 mol dm-3 jQ Fe3+ whk djKhls'
ie,sis,sla w,h 3'45 g la ksje/os j lsrd" thg fu;fkda,a 50 cm3 muK fhdod
fyd|ska osh lr .kak' bka miq thg 150 cm3 muK c,h oud" 250 cm3 jk ;=re
kej; fu;fkda,a oud djKh idod .kak' t g ,efnk 0.1 mol dm-3 djKfhka
1.0 cm3 f.k" 100 cm3 olajd c,fhka ;kql lsfuka 0.001 mol dm-3 jQ
ie,sis,sla w, djKhla ,ef'
ie'hq ( f*la we, Nd; lr idok whka^III& djKh osklg fmr idod ;eu" jvd
fhda.H fjhs' ta" wd,sl f*la we, c,fha h u fika is jk ksid hs'
ie,sis,sla w, djKh iEosh hq;af;a mlaIKh wdrN lrk wjia:df oS h'
fuhg fya;=j fu;fkda,a jdIam u;a iu`. u ie,sis,sla w,h kej; wjlafIam
uhs'
mlaIK wxlh ( 47

fmdgEish whf Nd; lr ;fhdai,af*a djKhl

idkaKh mlaIKd;aul j ksKh lsu
wfmalaIs; bf.kq M, (
1' frfvdlaia m%;sl%shdj, m%dfhda.sl Nd; ms<sn| wOHhkh lrhs'
2' whfvd;sl wkqudmkj,g wod< l=i,;d jOkh lr .kshs'
jH yd

WmlrK (
fmdgEish whf
fmdgEish whvhs
fidah ;fhdai,af*a
djH msIagh
wdiQ; c,h
fidah ldnfka fyda laf,dafrdf*da

;=,djla
msfmgqjla
kq irdjla ^100 cm3&
hqfrgqjla
wkqudmk ma,dial=
mud;sl ma,dial=jla

Wmfoia (
fidah ldnfka fyda laf,dafrdf*da fyda iaj,amhla tl;= lrk ,o" wdikak
70

jYfhka 0'1 mol dm-3 fidah ;fhdai,af*a djKhla ms<sfh< lr .kak'

idkaKh 0'02 mol dm-3 muK jQ fmdgEish whf djKhla ms<sfh< lrkak'
^msis" h<s fmdgEish whf 1'10 g muK ksjeros j lsrd f.k" mud;sl
ma,dial=jlg tla lrkak' thg wdiQ; c,h iaj,amhla tl;= lr thska >kh
jKh lr bka miq 250'00 cm3 f;la wdiQ; c,fhka ;kql lrkak'&
msfmgqjla Nd; lr by; fmdgEish whf djKfhka 25'00 cm3 la wkqudmk
ma,dial=jlg tla lrkak'
fmdgEish whvhs 1g la muK o" 1'0 mol dm-3 i,amh
s
q la w, djKfhka 20 cm3
la muK o" ma,dial=jg tl;= lr >kh jKh jk ;=re l,;kak'
fok ,o fidah ;fhdai,af*a djKh iu`. ksoyia jk whka wkqudmkh
lrkak'
wkqudmk ma,dial=f we;s djKh ,d ly meyehla .kakd g" djKh wiQ; c,h
200 cm3 lska muK ;kql lrkak'
w; ms<sfh< lrk ,o msIag djKh 2 cm3 la djKhg tl;= lr ks,a meyeh
wjK jk ;=re wkqudmkh is lrkak'
;j;a t n fmdgEish whf djK mudjla uek wkqudmkh kej; is
lrkak'

igyk

wkqudmk ma,dial=jg i,a*shqla w,h tl;= l< hq;af;a wehs@

msIag djKh" w; ms<sfh< l< tlla h hq;af;a wehs @
msIag djKh tl;= lsf w:h l=ula o@
msIag djKh" wkqudmkh wdrNfha fkd j" djKh ,d ly meyehla .ekSug
miq j tl;= l< hq;af;a uka o@
msIagh tl;= lsug fmr djKh wdiQ; c,fhka ;kql l< hq;af;a wehs@
fidah ;fhdai,af*a djKh ms<sfh< lsf tl;= lrkq ,nk fidah
ldnfkaj, fyda laf,dafrdf*daj, ldhh l=ula o@
mlaIK wxlh ( 48

lvodis jKf,aL Ys,amh Nd;fhka

jKl fjka lsu
wfmalaIs; bf.kq M, (
1' lvodis jKf,aL Ys,amh Nd;fhka Y%Khl ixrpl fjka l< yels nj m%ldY
lrhs'
2' ixrpl fjka u" ixfhda.j, ip, yd wp, l,dmj, Nd. ix.=Klj, fjki
u; / mj;sk nj m%ldY lrhs'
jH yd

WmlrK (
lelEre k<hla
rn wenhla ^ueka m,k ,o&
fmryka lvodis fyda ;Ska; fmdjk lvodis
Ydl m;% lsysmhla
71

jxf.h yd fuda,
t;fkda,a
flaIsl k< lene,a,la

1234567890123
1234567890123
1234567890123
1234567890123
1234567890123

wenh
lelEre k<h
fmryka lvodis
mh
laf,dafrd*s,a
ksii
a drlh
t;fkda,a + c,h

rEmh 48 (a)
Wmfoia (
.ska 15 cm la muK jQ o" m<,ska 1'5 cm3 la muK jQ o" fmryka lvodis mhla
f.k tys tla fl<jrla ;=vla f,i lmd .kak
Ydl m;% lsysmhla jfka oud c,h yd t;fkda,a iaj,amhla iu`. wUrd .kak'
Ydl hqI fmrd idka fmrkhla ,nd .kak'
flaYsl k<hl wdOdrfhka" fuu idka fmrkfhka |la" fmryka lvodis mfha
;=fvys isg 3 cm muK ka" lvodis mh u; ;jrkak'
t;fkda,a yd c,h Y%Khlska iaj,amhla lelEre k<hg oud rEm igyfka
oelafjk m WmlrKh wgjkak' fuys lvodis ;=v djKh ;=< .s,S ;sh hq;=
f'
djl fmruqK lvodish f.a by< ke`. by< fl<jrg im j;a u" lvodis mh
bj;g f.k mjfka h<d .kak'
igyk (
flaYdlIKh lrK fldg djlh lvodish f.a by<g .uka lsf kshefha
wvx.= ixrpl o ta iu`. by<g p,kh f' tajdfha Nd. ix.=Klj,g wkqj
fuh is jkqfha tlsfklg fjkia f.j,sks'
fuys wp, l,dmh l=ula o@
fuys ip, l,dmh l=ula o@
jKl .uka l< r" tajdfha Nd. ix.=Kl yd tajdfha Rf w.h w;r inkaO;dj
l=ula o@
O ixhq;sfhka hq;a t;fkda,a - c,h Y%K Nd; lr t u`.ska jKl fjka jk
wdldrh ixikaokh l< yels h'

72

mlaIK wxlh ( 49

mudj wkqj jdhqf.da,fha Tlaiscka m%;sY;h

mlaIKd;aul j ksKh lsu
wfmalaIs; bf.kq M, (
1' mudj wkqj jd;fha Tlaiscka m%;sY;h ksKh lsf wjfndaOh yd l=i,;dj
,nd .kshs'
l%uh I (
jH yd WmlrK (
lelEre k<hla
mlaId k<hla
rn wenhla
icl k<hla
idka wefudaksh laf,darhs djKhla
msis ;U l oe,la ^8 cm 3 cm&
wefudakshd djKhla
10 cm3 kq is,skavrhla
100 cm3 kq is,skavrhla
Wmfoia (

A lelEre
k<h
mrSCId
k<h

rEmh 49 (a)
ldur WIaK;ajfha mj;sk idka wefudaksh laf,darhs djKhlska 10.0 cm3
A lelEre k<hg .kak' ;U l oe, lelEre k<fha ueo isr lrkak' B
mlaId k<hg c,Sh wefudakshd djKh 15 cm3 muK oukak' icl k<h
iys; wenh A k<hg ;oska i lr ksoyia fl<jr wefudakh
s d djKfha .s,j
a kak'
;U l oe, wefudaksh laf,darhs djKfhka ka g fiafok fia WmlrK
73

lg,h fika fid,jkak' l f,djlg miq is jk jK mhdih

kslaIKh lrkak' moaO;sh kej; kej; fi,ef oS tu jKfha fjkila is
f o@ ^wefudakshd djKh icl k<h Tiafia B isg A fj; .,k nj
fmfka'&
fuys oS A k<fha jQ djKh ;o ks,a meyehg yefrk nj kslaikak' kd 10la
muK fid,jk g tu djKfha jKh kej;;a wvq ug mgka .kS' t g
icl k<h ;=<ska A fj; wefudakshd djKh .e,Su wjika we;' bka miq
B k<h bj;a fldg" icl k<fha we;s djKh imQKfhka u A k<h ;=<g
.,d hEug i,iajkak' tu uq`M djK mudj u uek .kak'
;U oe, iys; lelEre k<h c,fhka mqrjd icl k<h iys; wenh thg i
lrkak' lelEre k<h iy icl k<h uq`Mukska u c,fhka mqrjd tu c,
mudj o uek .kak' Tf mdGdxl fu fia igyka lrkak'
1 lelEre k<h + icl k<fhys uq`M mudj
} V1cm3
2 uq,ska .;a wefudaksh laf,darhs djKfhys mudj
} 10.0 cm3
3 mlaIKh wjidkfha oS k<h ;=< jq imQK djK mudj } V2cm3
ie'hq ( WmlrK lg,h mlaIKh lrk ld,h ;=< oS jdhqfrdaOl j ;sh hq;= h'
igyk (
fuys oS isr lr .;a jd; mudf wvx.= Tlaiscka imQKfhka u bj;a l< hq;=
h' th lrkafka fl fia o@ Tlaic
s ka" f,dayhla iu`. m%;l
s h
s% d lsug ie,eiafuks'
fuu mlaIKfha oS fldm f,dayh fhdod f.k we;' Bg fya;=j l=ula o@
ue.akSish jeks l%shdYS,S f,dayhla Nd; l< fyd;a myiqfjka Tlaiscka iu`.
m%;sl%shd lr ue.akSish Tlaihs idohs' tfy;a jd; mudf we;s Tlaiscka
imQKfhka u ue.aki
S h
s iu`. m%;l
s h
s% d lsug k" f,dayh u; iEKq Tlaihs
mg,h bj;a l< hq;= hs' t fia k ue.akSish Tlaihs Ndial Tlaihsvhla ksid
k<h ;=< w,hla fhosh hq;= h' fuys oS w,hla fjkqjg wd,sl djKhla jk
wefudaksh laf,darhs Nd; lrkafka wehs@ ue.akSish jeks m%;sl%shdYS,S f,day
fhj fyd;a w,h iu`. m%;sl%shd lr jd; mudjg yhsrcka jdhqj o tla lrhs'
w,h iu`. m%;sl%shd lr yhsrcka fkd fokafka l=uk f,day o@
oHq;a ridhksl fY%aKsfha yhsrckaj,g my<ska we;s fldm fhdod .; yels h'
fuys oS fldm fhdod .ekSu iqiq wehs@
fuu fldm Tlaihs osh fuka Cu2+whk djK.; f' t g djKh ks,a
meye f' isr jQ jd; mudf wvx.= Tlaiscka fldm iu`. m%;sl%shd lrk g B
k<fhka A k<h fj; wefudakshd djKh we;=`M f' t g A k<fha we;s
djKfha ks,a meyeh je jkafka wehs@
<d ks,a
;o ks,a
jd; mudf wvx.= Tlaiscka imQKfhka u m%;sl%shd lr wjika jQ g my;
oelafjk m%;sl%shdj is jk ksid kej;;a A djKfha jKh wvq ug mgka .kS'
74

;o ks,a

wjK

t g lshqm%ia wefudaksh ixlSKh iEoS we;'

m%;sl%shd wjika jQ miq jKh wvq we;s djKh kej;;a jd;hg jD; lr ;enqj
fyd;a l=ula is f o@ kej;;a ks,a meyeh je jk nj fmfka' ta wehs@
Tn ,nd .;a mdGdxlj,ska Tlaisckaj, mudj wkqj m%;sY;h .Kkh lrkafka
fl fia o@
k<h ;=< ;snqKq jd;h mudj
} V1- 10 cm3
tu jd;h mudf jQ Tlaiscka m%udKh
} V2- 10 cm3
jd;h ksoYlfha jQ Tlaiscka m%;sY;h

f mlaIKfha oS is h yels fodaI fudkjd o@

l%uh II (
wjYH jH (
c, fdaKsldjla
lelEre k<hla
rn wenhla
kq irdjla
>k wefudaksh f*ria i,af*a fyda >k f*ria i,af*a
>k fidah yhsfrdlaihs
Wmfoia (

rEmh 49 (b)
75

 lelEre k<h uq`Mukska u c,fhka mqrjd wenh i lrkak' wenh bj;a lr

k<fha b;s jQ c,fhys mudj uek .kak' c,h 10 cm3 uek lelEre k<h
;=<g oud thg fidah yhsfrdlaihs fm;s 5la muK tl;= lrkak' >k
wefudaksh f*ria i,af*a fyda >k f*ria i,af*a fyda o< jYfhka 3 g la muK
thg oud wenh fyd|ska i lrkak' iEfok M,fha jKh kslaIKh lrkak'
k<h ks;a;= 15l muK ld,hla ;=< fyd|ska fid,jkak'
m%;sl%shd Y%Kfha ljr fjkila olakg ,ef o@
lelEre k<h c, fdaKsldf hl=re j ;nd c,h hg oS wenh jD; lrkak'
k<h ;=< jQ j ugug l=ula is f o@ ks;a;= 2la muK t f,i ;nd j ug
iudk lr k<fhys jQ djKfha mudj uek .kak' k<fhys jQ j mudj wvq
;sf o@
Tn f.a mdGdxl fu fia igyka lrkak'
lelEre k<fha uq`M mudj
} V1 cm3
tl;= l< c, mudj
} 10 cm3
kslaIKhg miq k<h ;=< c, mudj
} V2 cm3
igyk (
lelEre k<h c,fhys hl=re j ;enQ g c, ugu by< hk nj fmfka'
bka fmkS hkafka lelEre k<h ;=< jQ jd;fhka fldgila bj;a we;s nj hs'
f*ria i,af*a" fidah yhsfrdlaihs iu`. m%;sl%shdfjka iEfok M, fudkjd
o@
ta wkqj mlaIKfha oS iEfok wjlafIamfhys ;sh hq;= he hs Tng n,dfmdfrd;a;=
h yelafla ls<s fld< mdgls'
tfy;a ,efnk wjlafIamh jvd Uqre meyehg yef' t fia jQfha f*ria
yhsfrdlaihs" f*la yhsfrdlaihs njg TlaislrKh fuks'
by; kslaIK wkqj jd;fha ixhq;sh i,lka jd;h Y%Kfhka bj;a jQ jdhqj
ljrla oe hs ks.ukh lrkak'
fuys oS Tlaisldrlh f,i l%shd lrkakg we;af;a jd;fha ljr ix>glh o@
is jk m%;sl%shdj i|yd ;=,s; whksl ilrKh ,shkak'
f*ria ,jK fjkqjg fhdod.; yels fjk;a ,jK fudkjd o@
jemqr f*ria i,af*a fhdod .kq ,nk neka ish u Tlaiscka m%;sl%shdjg
iyNd.s we;e hs Wml,amkh l< yels h' fuys oS lelEre k<h fjkqjg
m%;sldrl fnda;,hla jqj o Nd; l< yels h' jdhq fldgfiys mudj wkqj
m%;sY;h my; i|yka whqka .Kkh lrkak'
lelEre k<fha uq`M mudj
tl;= l< c, mudj
k<h ;=< jQ jd;h mudj
mlaIKhg miq k<h ;=< jQ c, mudj
jdhq mudf wvx.= jQ Tlaiscka mudj

}
}
}
}
}

t ksid jd; idm,fha jQ Tlaiscka m%;sY;h

76

V1 cm3
10 cm3
(V1- 10) cm3
V2 cm3
(V1- 10) cm3

mlaIK wxlh ( 50

c, idm,hl laIdh;dj mlaIKd;aul j ksKh lsu

wfmalaIs; bf.kq M, (
1' c, idm,hl laIdh;djg n,mdk whk m%ldY lrhs'
2' msfkd,ama;e,ska iy fu;s,a Tfka Nd; lrka is lrk wkqudmkhlska
laIdh;dj ksKh lrhs'
jH yd

WmlrK (
0.02 mol dm-3 HCl djKh
fu;s,a Tfka
c,h
hqfrgqjla
msfmgqjla
wkqudmk ma,dial=jla
mqkS,hla
hqfrgq r|jkhla
re lrhla

Wmfoia (
mlaId l< hq;= c, idm,fhka 100'00 cm3 ksjeros j uek .kak' ^msfmgqjla
ke;a k hqfrgqj Wmfhda.S lr f.k 100'00 cm3 fo jrlg uek .kak'& fuhg
msfkd,ama;e,ska iaj,amhla tl;= lr 0.02 mol dm-3 HCl djKh iu`. wkqudmkh
lrkak' wka;,laIHfha oS hqfrgq mdGdxlh igyka lrkak'
wk;=re j" ,enqKq Y%Khg fu;s,a Tfka oYlh tl;= lrkak' kej; 0.02
mol dm-3 HCl djKh iu`. wkqudmkh lrkak' wka;,laIHfha hqfrgq
mdGdxlh igyka lr .kak'
igyk (
m<uq wkqudmkfha hqfrgq mdGdxlh weiqka

idkaKh .Kkh l<

yels h'

fo jeks wkqudmkfha hqfrgq mdGdxlh weiqka

l< yels h'

77

idkaKh .Kkh

 wkqudmkh is lrk w;r;=r oS djKfha is jk pH mhdih

yd

"

hk fYaIj, idkaK p,kh my; wdldr f'

idkaKh$mol dm-3

(aq)]

pH w.h
ys pKa1 } 6'37 jk w;r pK2 } 10'33 f'
^a& iy ^b& wjia:dj, djKfha pH w.h .Kkh lsug fykavika ilrKh
Wmfhda. lr .; yels h'
^a& wjia:df

^a& wjia:df oS [

]}[

] neka

} 0 f' f ksid
f'
^b& wjia:djg wod< pH w.h fidhkak'
c, kshefha pH w.h okakd fgl by; m%ia;drhg wkqj kshefha H2CO3"
HCO3- yd CO32- m%udK ms<sn| woyila ,nd .; yels h'
c, kshefha OH- w.h mj;S k" tys pH w.h 11 muK f' tfy;a idudkH
c, kshehla t ;r by< pH w.hj, fkd mj;S'
78

kshefha uq`M laIdh;dj CaCO3 ixhq;sh weiqfrka m%ldY flf'

hqfrgq mdGdxlh ^msfkd,ama;e,ska + fu;s,a Tfka yuqf& } X cm3
H+ whk ujq, m%udKh

^CaCO3 ialkaOhla f,i&

uq`M laIdh;dj

79

= 10 X mg dm-3

mlaIK wxlh ( 51

c, kshehl oshe we;s Tlaiscka m%udKh mlaIKd;aul j

ksKh lsu
wfmalaIs; bf.kq M, (
1' c,fha osh jQ Tlaiscka m%udKd;aul j fidhd .kshs'
2' idkaKh o< jYfhka okakd fidah ;fhdai,af*a djKhla whfvd;sl
wkqudmkhla u`.ska m%udKlrKh lsf l=i,;dj ,nd .kshs'
3' whvhsvhlska ksoyia flfrk whka" fidah ;fhdai,af*a u`.ska m%udKd;aul
j fif l=i,;dj ,nd .kshs'
jH yd WmlrK (
uex.kSia i,af*a djKhla
^uex.kSia i,af*a 4 g la muK c,h 10 cm3 osh lsfuka&
laIdh fmdgEish whvhs djKhla ^fidah yhsfrdlaihs 5 g muK iy
fmdgEish whvhs 1'5 g la muK c,h 10 cm3 l osh lsfuka&
msIag djKh ^msIagh 1 g la muK WKq c,h 10 cm3 l osh lsfuka&
0'01 mol dm-3 fidah ;fhdai,af*a djKhla ^ Na2S2O3.5H2O 2.48 g c,h
1000 cm3 l osh lsfuka& fuu djKhg >k Na2CO3 iaj,amhla fyda CHCl3
iaj,amhla fyda tl;= lrkak' t g djKfha is jk i,am wjlafIamKh
j<lajd .; yels h'
idka H2SO4 w,h
1 mol dm-3 H2SO4 w,h
250 cm3 m%;sldrl fnda;,a folla
25 cm3 msfmgqjla
hqfrgqjla
10 cm3 kq irdjla
wkqudmk ma,dial=
mqkS,
re ng
Wmfoia (
a. idod .;a fidah ;fhdai,af*a djKh m%udKlrKh lsu'
he<s msis fmdgEish whf 1'0 - 1'5 g muK ksjeros j lsrd f.k" isis,a wdiq;
c,fhys osh lr" mud;sl ma,dialj
= l 250 cm3 djKhla idod .kak' msfmgqjla
u`.ska fuu djKfhka 25.00 cm3 la 250 cm3 Od;dj we;s mud;sl ma,dialj
= lg
3
oud tys 250 cm ,l=K f;la wdiQ; c,h oud" jvd;a ;kql djKhla idod .kak'
^fuu djKfha idkaKh 0'01 mol dm-3 muK fjhs'& fuu djKfhka 25.00 cm3
80

msfmgqjlska wkqudmk ma,dial=jlg f.k" thg fmdgEish whvhs 1 g la iy

1 mol dm-3 i,a*h
s
q la w,fhka 5 cm3 tla lrkak' idod .;a fidah ;fhdai,af*a
djKh hqfrgqjg oud" wkqudmk ma,dial=f we;s djKh iu`. wkqudmkh
lrkak' fuys oS wkqudmk ma,dial=j ks;r u fyd|ska fid,jkak' djKh <d ly
jKhg m;a jQ miq wdiQ; c,h 200 cm3 muK tl;= lr" msIag djKfhka o 2 cm3
tl;= lr" wkqudmkh os.g u lr f.k hkak' djKfha jKh ks,a meyefha isg
wjK jQ g wkqudmkh k;r lr hqfrgq mdGdxlh ,nd .kak'
b. c,fha osh we;s Tlaiscka m%udKh ksKh lsu
Tlaiscka m%;sY;h ksKh lsug wjYH c, ksheosfhka m%;sldrl fnda;,a fol
imQKfhka mqrjd .kak' ^fnda;,a ;=< jd;h fkd ;sh hq;= h'& c, idm,
,nd .;a .i u uex.kSia i,af*a djKfhka 1 cm3 yd laIdh fmdgEish
whvhs djKfhka 2 cm3 la fnda;, folg fjk fjk u msfmgqjla fyda re
nghla fyda wdOdrfhka tl;= lrkak' f wjia:df oS msfmgqf fyda re
ngfha fyda fl<jr fnda;,h ;=< we;s c, idm,h ;=<g nyd ,sh hq;= h' t g
c, idm,fhka iaj,amhla msgdr .e,sh yels h' bka miq uQh jid fnda;,h
fyd|ska fid,jkak' c, idm,h ,nd .kakd <s| fyda c,dYh wi, oS fuh l<
hq;= f' bka miq idm, iys; fnda;,a ridhkd.drhg f.k hkak'
iEKq wjlafIamh ;ekam;a jQ g ^kd 10lg muK miq j& fnda;,a foflys u
djK ;=<g fjk fjk u re k<hla wdOdrfhka idka i,a*shqla w,h
2 cm3 ^muK& tl;= lr" uQ jid fyd|ska fid,jkak' kd 10 lg miq
fnda;,aj, we;s djKfhka 50.00 cm3 ne.ska msfmgqjlska uek wkqudmk
ma,dial=j,g oud djKh <d ly jKhla jk f;la hqfrgqjg .;a
0'01 mol dm-3 fidah ;fhdai,af*a iu`. wkqudmkh lrkak' djKh <d ly
mdg jQ g msIag djKfhka 3 cm3 la muK tl;= lr iEfok ks,a meye;s djKh
wjK jk f;la ;j rg;a fidah ;fhdai,af*a iu`. wkqudmkh lrkak'
.Kkh lsu (
(a) fidah ;fhdai,af*a djKfha idkaKh ksKh lsu
fmdgEish whf wd,sl udOHfha oS my; oelafjk mos I2 idohs'
13 fY%aKsh .=re udf.damfoaY ix.%yfha ksmqK;d ugu 14'12 hgf;a .Kkhg
wod< ridhksl m%;sl%shd olajd we;'
^b& c,fha osh we;s Tlaiscka m%udKh ksKh lsu
m<uq j uex.kSia i,af*a" fidah yhsfrdlaihs iu`. m%;sl%shd lr uex.kSia
yhsfrdlaihs wjlafIamh idohs'
fuu uex.kSia yhsfrdlaihs wjlafIamh c,fha oshe we;s Tlaiscka u`.ska uex.kSia

81

vfhdlaihs njg TlaislrKh f' fuh is jk wdldrh my; oelaf'

fuu uex.kSia vfhdlaihs u`.ska wd,sl udOHfha oS whvhs whk" whka njg
TlaislrKh flf'

fuu whka" fidah ;fhdai,af*a iu`. wkqudmkh lrhs' by; m%;sl%shdj,

iafgdhslsfhda;sh wkqj

by; m%;sl%shdj, iafgdhslsfhda;sh wkqj

2 mol la I2 1 mol g o" I2 1 mol la MnO2 1 mol g o" MnO2 1 mol la O2 1$2
mol g o ;=,H f'
tu ksid
2 mol la O2 1$4 mol g ;=,H f'
^
2 mol O2 1$4 mol)
hqfrgq mdGdxlj, idudkHh V k" jeh jQ
tu ksid 50 cm3 c,fha we;s O2 m%udKh }
c,h 1000 cm3 we;s O2 m%udKh }
c,h 1000 cm3 we;s O2 m%udKh }
c,fha h jQ O2 ixhq;sh } 160 CV mg dm-3

82

m%udKh }

mlaIK wxlh ( 52

c, kshehl he we;s uq`M >k jH m%udKh ^TDS&

mlaIKd;aul j fiu
wfmalaIs; bf.kq M, (
1' c,fha ; >k jH we;s nj fmkajhs'
2' Ndr;sl l%u Nd; lsf l=i,;d jOkh lr .kshs'
3' O c, kshej, wvx.= uq`M ; >k jH m%udK ii|hs'
jH yd WmlrK (
O ia:dkj,ska tl;= lr .kakd ,o c, kshe ^Wod( h" k< c,h" lrh wd&
je,s ;dmlhla fyda f;,a ;dmlhla
fldajla
f;mdjla
l oe,la
nkaika odylhla
f; o~q ;=,djla
msfmgqjla
Wmfoia (
b;d msis" he<s fldajl nr ^W1& f.k lsrd .kak'
msfmgqj wdOdrfhka c, kshefhka 25'0 cm3 la ksjer j uek mfriaifuka
lsrk ,o fldajg oukak'
fldaj je,s ;dmlfha fyda f;,a ;dmlfha ;nd 105 -130 0C WIaK;ajhlg r;a
lrkak'
imQKfhka u jdIam jk f;la c, ksheh r;a lrkak' he<s jH iys; fldaj
ldur WIaK;ajhg isis,a jk f;la ;sfnkakg yer ^fvisflagrhla ;=< k jvd;a
iqiq hs'& wjfYaIh iys; fldaj lsrd .kak'
fldaj ;j;a ks;a;= 20la r;a lsug Ndck lr" ldur WIaK;ajfha kej;
lsrkak'
nfrys fjkila fjf;d;a" ksh; nrla ,efnk f;la r;a lsu" isis,a lsu yd
ialkaOh uekSu" h<s h<s;a lrkak' tu ialkaOh ^W2& igyka lr .kak'
fjk;a c, kshe Wmfhda.S lr .kska mlaIKh is lrkak'
igyk (
fldaj r;a lsu i|yd je,s ;dmlhla wjYH jkafka uka oe hs meye,s lrkak'
ksje/ m%;sM, ,eu i|yd mlaIKh lsf .; hq;= mQfjdamdh ljf o@
c, kshefha WIaK;ajh 105 - 130 0C w;r mj;ajd .; hq;af;a wehs@
O c, kshej, uq`M ; >k jH m%udK ^TDS w.h& ii|kak'
c, ksheh 105 - 130 0C WIaK;ajhlg r;a lsf ish c,h jdIamSlrKh "
>k wjfYaI muKla b;s f'
c, kshefha TDS w.h }

83