Kimberlite

Diamond
Grade

Preface
Those who found kimberlite but not sure about its real value, needs to have at least
three major parameters: the size of kimberlite, its diamond grade and the cost of its
one carat of diamonds. Among them the diamond grade is the most important one.

Among thousands of kimberlites known over the world there are very few of them
became a profitable diamond mine.

Delineation drilling will provide answer for the first question, gemologist will apprise
the value of one carat of diamonds, but nobody can give accurate figure of a
kimberlite diamond grade before the start of mining.

The last decade investigations show that the kimberlite diamond grade can be
successfully calculated mathematically based on chemistry of garnets picked
randomly from a HMC of kimberlite.

System of
Mathematical
Calculations of
a Kimberlite
Diamond
Grade

Igor Kryvoshlyk, ikryvoa481@rogers.com 416-248-8514
Igor Kryvoshlyk joined SouthernEra Resources Limited in May 1995 as a mineralogist
Duringmore than 10 year period with SouthernEra, Igor spent most of his time doing
microscope examinationHis sorting of various kimberlitic minerals was always
meticulously done, despite this being a painstaking task

Igor is the only person I have known in all my years of kimberlite exploration, who is able
to distinguish, with a high degree of certainty, optically and before probe analysis,
between kimberlitic and non kimberlitic chromites and ilmenites. Similarly, he has an
uncanny ability to distinguish eclogitic garnets from other, similar coloured garnets

During his stay with us, Igor spent a lot of time collecting data for a huge database of
kimberlitic mineral electron probe analyses. He spent a lot of time building research
models from this data for the prediction of the location of kimberlites and predicting
economic viability and even prediction of the grade of kimberlites from his mineral
database

Igor has a lively and enquiring mind and I had many interesting discussions with him,
where he was often prepared to buck conventional wisdom and propose new and
sometimes radical ideas. An attribute I greatly admire

Dr. Christopher Mark Hubert Jennings.
Chairman and former President and CEO SouthernEra Diamonds. January 4, 2006.
About the Author
Brief History of Research
1995. Senior mineralogist for SouthernEra Diamonds, Toronto, Canada.
Beginning of research. DO-27 kimberlite (NWT, Canada) diamond grade
was calculated as 1 cpht [by Peregrine Diamonds using standard method]


2000. First test of the new System. DO-27 diamond grade calculated
around 70 cpht [based on 58 garnet grains and 1 week of work]


2005. Re-evaluation (why?) of DO-27 by Peregrine Diamonds - Intensive
drilling and sampling. New grade is around 80 cpht [by standard method
and months / years of work]
DO-27 Diamond grade
Kennecott Canada Exploration Inc. processed over
1,200 tonnes of diatreme kimberlite, (the Tli Kwi Cho
kimberlite pipe) coming up with a meagre diamond
grade of 0.01 carat per tonne (or 1 cpht).

by Will Purcell 2004-07-27 15:31 ET - Street Wire
A diamond juniors first task is to find a
kimberlite. The next and very important step
is to provide a convincing argument as to why
this kimberlite deserves a more expensive
bulk sampling to establish carat grade.

Quotation from John Kaiser, March 19, 2002
Introduction
Diamond grade is the most important
parameter in assessment of a kimberlite pipe
There are two major obstacles for
a correct assessment of a kimberlite:
* One of them is natural irregular distribution of
diamonds within a kimberlite pipe

* Another one is artificial depends of method of
assessment
Diamond grade variability:
grade depends of a sampling location
(KV2 kimberlite, South Africa)

Irregular distribution
High grade areas
Barren areas
?
What about the nugget effect?
Irregular distribution
Diamond grade variability:
grade depends of a sampling depth
(KV2 kimberlite, vertical cross-section, South Africa)

It is easy to miss
a rich diamond mine
200m

Camp, team, equipment, transportation
What if the target is wrong? It does
not matter size, geometry and number
of phases if kimberlite is barren. No
point to go for stages 2, 3 and 4. Were
moving blindly from stage 1 to stage 2
Unsuitable method
Evaluation of a kimberlite pipe
Grade dependence from
the style of drilling
Unsuitable method
Diamonds are hard but brittle. Diamond loss
due to the LDD lead to underestimation of
diamond grade

P.Du Plessis, Shore Gold, 2009
Unsuitable method
There are three modes of evaluation of a kimberlite
diamond grade: theoretical, practical & scientifical
1. Theoretical: using partial chemical composition of diamond
indicator minerals all with overlaps:
Pyropes: CaO/Cr2O3 plot
Eclogitic garnets: Na
2
O > 0.07%,
TiO
2
- FeO
Mg-ilmenite (flood basalts =
Norilsk and Talnakh intrusions),
High-Cr spinels (ultrabasic
massifs = Kurung, Sudbury)

2. Practical: by microdiamond content
3. Scientifical (current research: by the
whole chemical composition of garnets)
Do not try to describe the
entire elephant having just
a small piece of his tail
Assessment of a kimberlite:
What do we have now?
The Past and the Present



1.Theoretical
approach


Wrong approach: an attempt to evaluate garnet composition
(Mg, Fe)
3
Al
2
(SiO
4
)
3
by Cr
2
O
3
& CaO which are an accessory admixtures:

PYR = Cr
2
O
3
~ 5% + CaO ~ 5% (the tail of the elephant).
ECL: no interpretation on this chart.
90% of garnet composition are ignored
G 10 G 9
~ 30,000 grains
Wrong approach wrong result:
diamonds in Graphite Field graphite in Diamond Field

Unknown areas ?
Diamonds
or Graphite
???
Average diamond grade
of eclogites from pipe
Udachnaya, Russia,
is 2,826,700 cpht
(D.Schulze, 1997)
?
Graphite Field as well !!!
Where ?
Four different Cr2O3-CaO charts for pyropes:
Which of them we should use?
Which kimberlite is better?

100 garnets from Ekati plot 12 dots within red oval while 300 garnets from
3.4 times richer Diavik plot 10 dots only. Must be: 12 x 3 x 3.4 = 122 dots
From Diamonds North presentation, Oct. 2009
Total grains ~ 100 Total grains ~ 300
12 10
G9 G10 G10 G9
The Marsfontein M-1 Case
(South Africa)
Originally M-1 kimberlite might be identified as non-economic based on poor population
of G10 garnets on the Cr2O3-CaO chart. However, calculated peridotitic diamond grade
(7.13 cpht), together with eclogitic grade (142.31 cpht) produced total grade as 149.44
cpht. Mining grade was confirmed as 148.58 cpht.
G10
G9
When is a G10 NOT
a diamond indicator?
The presence of G10 garnets may not
have any relationship to the diamond
content of their kimberlite hosts.

Quotation from: Nowicki & Gurney. Assessment of diamond
potential using kimberlitic indicator minerals: key principles and
applications. Greenland Workshop, 2005, Copenhagen.
Total TiO2 / FeO Overlap
CRUSTAL
GROSSULAR
FIELD
After D.Schulze, 1999

Assessment of a kimberlite:
What do we have now?
The Past and the Present





2. Microdiamonds:
practical approach
Superhard allotropes of carbon: diamond,
lonsdaleite, fullerite, and moissanite
(SiC, hardness 9.5)
Lonsdaleite Mineral Data:
Hexagonal diamond
Chemical Formula: C
Composition: 100.00 % C
Environment:
Associated with diamond in the Canyon
Diablo, Goalpara, and Allan Hills 77283
meteorites. Also in diamond-bearing
placers.
Lonsdaleite is transparent brownish-
yellow in color and has an index of
refraction from 2.40 to 2.41, a
specific gravity from 3.2 to 3.3.
Lonsdaleite is harder than diamond
(B.Lam, 2009)




Fullerite Mineral Data:
Tetragonal diamond
Chemical Formula: C60
Composition: 100.00 % C
Locality:
Shunga area of Karelia, Russia.
Meteorites and sediments
derived from meteor impacts
and the Tuvish basaltoid pipe
at South Gissar,Tajikistan.
The hardness of ultra-hard
fullerite at room temperature
exceeds the hardness of
diamond (V. Blank et al, 1998)
Extrapolation of microdiamond data
In case the red area is composed of lonsdaleite and fullerite only, what is
the forecast for macrodiamonds can we expect within the yellow area?

Data from: Pure Diamonds Exploration Inc. May 2006.
?
The Victor pipe was initially discovered before the Dia Met and Aber
discoveries in the Northwest Territories, but was put on the shelf due
to less than stellar initial (microdiamond) results. Ultimately, over a
period of many years it was established that a portion of the Victor
pipe had high quality coarse diamonds. Now it is a De Beers $1 billion
Victor diamond mine.
The lesson here is that poor initial microdiamond results may not mean
an economic deposit is not possible.
Alf Stewart. Diamond Exploration Tools. ResourceWorld. 2007
Microdiamonds failure
Which of them is a next diamond mine?
How soon these targets will be tested?
CONCLUSION
Using the current model of evaluation of a
kimberlite diamond grade we can not get a
correct outcome.
3. Scientifical (mathematical) approach
Assessment of a kimberlite:

What we could have now
Our Future
Two by Two will be Four
Forever

Significance of a Correct
Kimberlite Diamond Grade Data

The Tli Kwi Cho (DO-27) fiasco: The Northern Miner. 10/26/1998
Tli Kwi Cho diamond pipe was discovered in 1993 and bulk sampled in 1994.
Based on limited disclosures the market developed high expectations that were
shattered when the bulk sample results were released. Overnight nearly a billion
dollars in market capitalization evaporated as investors abandoned diamond
companies. Angry investors claiming that the analyst and his clients had an
unfair advantage. John Kaiser, July 10, 2001.

Well known grade disasters like Tli Kwi Cho, Torrie, Torngat and Wawa:
Kaiser Express 2002-04, The Northern Miner March 22, 2002

Kennecotts NWT, Tli Kwi Cho failure causes large sell-off of diamond stocks.:
James Dartnell, Anatomy of a stock market winner, 2003.
The bulk sampling of the DO-27 pipe in 1994 did not produce the anticipated
high grades, led to a catastrophic Canadian junior stock market crash and
abandonment of the project: Coopersmith, H., Pell, J., Scott Smith, B., 2006.

Evolution of Geological Models
Kimberlite

Estimated Diamond Grade (feasibility study)
(cpht)

True Grade
(after mining)
Calculated
Grade

Marsfontein
South Africa

335 308 242
Randgold Explor. 7
th
IKC
S.Collingridge
Press Release Small Mines Wordsmith
1998 1998 1999

148.58
Southernera
Ann. Report
2000

149.44


Udachnaya
Russia

120 100
Miller, P. Diamonds First Strike
Yorkton Sec., 1995 Diamonds Inc.

60
Eberle, J.M.
2003
65.01


Kimberley
Big Hole
South Africa

100 15
Moon, C.J. Grizzly Diamonds
2006 2007

63.88
Generic Template
Diamonds of
Africa

64.23



Finsch
South Africa

80 49.30 43.99
before 1995 1995 Petra Diamonds
Porter Geoconsultancy

36.33
DBCM Report
2009


38.61




Victor
Canada

10 23 38 30.22
Winzar, DJ, P.Gregory Worldwide De Beers
Report 2001 Report Diam.Update 2008
2004 2004


No Data

41.53


DO-27
Canada

1.3 1 3689.88
L.Rombouts Boxer, G.L.1994 Peregrine Diamonds
1994 Microdiamonds 2005


No Data

71.42




Why these numbers are so different?



























Why these numbers are so close?



























Notes for the previous slide
There is a principal question for the feasibility study results:
Why this feasibility study produced different data for the
same kimberlite? Who is guilty for this, who is wrong?
Suggestions:
1. Feasibility studies were performed by perfectly trained
professionals with B.Sc, M.Sc, Ph.D, P.Geo, P.Eng, P.Geol
diplomas. Each of them is a QA/QC and a Qualified Person
2. They did their job in complete accordance with all rules
and regulations which described by the National Instrument
NI43-101.
3. Nobody is guilty, nobody is wrong. The System is wrong.
4. That is why many of diamond exploration companies have
changed their orientation for gold, potash, base metals
#
Kimberlite
[reference]
Country
Predicted
grade (cpht)
Final
mining data, (cpht)
1
Marsfontein, M-1[43]
S. Africa 149.44 = 148.58 [4]
2
Klipspringer
S. Africa 44.20 = 42.00 [5]
3
Kimberley Big Hole
S. Africa 64.23 = 63.80 [6]
4
Finsch [34]
S. Africa 38.61 = 36.33 [33]
5
Roberts Victor [47]
S. Africa 132.99 > 100.00 [8]
6
Catoca [40]
Angola 57.14
= 58.00 [64, 65]
7
Camafuca [7]
Angola 6.72 = 5.84 [68]
8
K-14 [14]
Canada 12.46 ~ 12.00 [26]
9
Mir [40]
Russia 96.93 ~ 100.00 [40]
10
Aikhal [37]
Russia 91.01 ~ 100.00 [66]
11
Udachnaya [15]
Russia 65.01 ~ 60.00 [16]
12
Zarnitsa [15]
Russia 17.52 ~ 15.00 [67]
13
Sytykanskaya [15]
Russia 66.79 ~ 60.00 [17]
14
Lomonosova [38]
Russia 75.85 = 70.00 [27]
15
Ellendale-4 [56]
Australia
5.78 = 5.10 [57]
16
Garnet Lake [49]
Greenland 107.37 ~ 100.00 [50]
Predicted Grade vs Final Mining Data
Predicted Grade by Source
(Different sampling provided similar results)
Kimberlite, reference Country, region Predicted grade (cpht)
1). Victor, [9]
Victor, [10]
Ontario, Canada
Ontario, Canada
41.53
43.97
2). Gulf, [9]
Gulf, [10]
Ontario, Canada
Ontario, Canada
6.53
7.29
3). Udachnaya, [15]
Udachnaya, [40]
Yakutia, Russia
Yakutia, Russia
65.99
65.01
4). Yubileinaya, [15]
Yubileinaya, [40]
Yakutia, Russia
Yakutia Russia
71.25
69.05
5). Botuobinskaya, [37]
Botuobinskaya, [40]
Yakutia, Russia,
Yakutia, Russia
86.87
97.32
6). Osenniaya, [15]
Osenniaya, [40]
Yakutia, Russia
Yakutia, Russia
61.10
68.84
7). Komsomolskaya, [15]
Komsomolskaya, [40]
Yakutia, Russia
Yakutia, Russia
67.24
60.27
8). Yuzhnaya, [84] Pryazove, Ukraine 60.41
Yuzhnaya, [85] Pryazove, Ukraine 60.41
Concluding Remarks

Proposed a low cost universal revolutionary system can
be used as a valuable exploration tool for quick and
reliable calculation of real kimberlite diamond grade
from any continent

It is proven to be over 90% accurate in predicting the
carats yield of sample ores based on the standard
geochemistry of 100+ garnet grains extracted
randomly from a kimberlite concentrate picked at
any site within a kimberlite pipe; no special expensive
analyzes needed.

It is possible to avoid slow, expensive and labour-
consuming current method of bulk sampling.

References (quotations)
1. Hi Igor,

Many thanks for sending me the copy of your diamond
grade method. It looks great with excellent agreement for
the mines where data is available. A nice piece of work.

Sincerely

Ken

Professor Kenneth D. Collerson,
Establishment Director, Advanced Centre for Queensland
University Isotope Research Excellence (ACQUIRE)
Professor of Earth Sciences, The University of Queensland
Brisbane, Qld, 4072
AUSTRALIA

Wed, May 19, 2010 2:10:32 AM
RE: kimberlite diamond exploration
References
2. Multivariate analysis of garnet compositions (Igor Kryvoshlyk,
personal communication) indicates that the diamond potential for
these kimberlites (Elliott county, Kentucky, USA) is very low (0-6
cpht). This is consistent with geothermobarometric calculations,
which suggest equilibration at relatively shallow depths (~26 kbar)
and high temperatures (>1100C), well within the field of graphite
stability.

Quotation from: GEOLOGY OF THE ELLIOTT COUNTY KIMBERLITE,
KENTUCKY. Prejeant, K., et al, Department of Geography &
Geology, Eastern Kentucky University. 2011 GSA Annual Meeting in
Minneapolis (912 October 2011) Paper No. 39-32
(quotations)
3. Igor,

Most outstanding research! This is a cutting edge discovery
that will revolutionize the diamond industry as we know
it This system of evaluation could prove to be very helpful

Perry Ksyniuk
President
Adamas Minerals Corp.
Prince Albert, SK
1 306 961 2824 cell
1 306 764 0429 office

From: "galacia@sasktel.net" <galacia@sasktel.net>
To: ikryvoa481@rogers.com
Sent: Monday, January 23, 2012 12:10:38 PM
Subject: Universal Diamond Exploration System UDES
References
(quotations)
4. Original message (in Russian):
,
6 ,
. -10.
. , .


Translation:
Hello Igor,
Not far from Manchary (kimberlite, Yakutia, Russia), in 6 km, the another
kimberlite body is discovered. So far they call it AN-10. Garnet spectrum is
a little bit different from Manchary. If it is of interest for you try to
calculate it (diamond grade) using your method. It seems a very
perspective to me

Dr. A. P. Smelov Former Director, Diamond and Precious Metal Geology
Institute, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Science. Yakutsk, Russia.
E-mail: a.p.smelov@diamond.ysn.ru. Phone: (4112) 44 57 14
Sunday, May 13, 2012, 7:25:20 pm

References
(quotation)
References
(quotation)
Regards,

Patrick Cheetham, Executive Chairman, Sunrise Resources plc
Silk Point, Queens Avenue, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 2BB, United Kingdom
pat.cheetham@sunriseresourcesplc.com
Direct line: +44 (0) 845 868 4582
Switchboard: +44 (0) 845 868 4590
Fax: +44 (0) 845 838 559
5. Igor,
You are right - there is no way to be sure any calculations are correct until the project
is mined (as with all estimates) and in this case we may never knowbut your
estimate in this case is consistent with our own thoughts about this kimberlite based
on multiple sources of information.
I am intrigued by your methods andI would be interested to use it in future as a
corroborative tool.

6. Hello Igor, following a preliminary look at your paper it looks extremely
interesting

Again, thank you for a most interesting paper which I will enjoy
studying in detail

Peter Gregory. Owner, Lonart Pty Ltd. Pert Area, Australia.

Email: gpg@westnet.com.au
Sent: Friday, July 19, 2013 10:25:47 PM

References
(quotation)
References
(quotation)
7. Dear Igor,

Thanks for calculations you made for Ermakovsky kimberlite. The data are very
interesting and worthy to be known by Russian geologists. That is why I suggest
to write the short paper with your co-authorship on Kola and Ukrainian "low-
grade" or "barren" kimberlites and their reassessment using your calculations.

Best regards,

Dmitry Zozulya
Senior research scientist
Geological Institute
Kola Science Centre
14 Fersman St, 184209 Apatity
Russia

Peter Gregory. Owner, Lonart Pty Ltd. Pert Area, Australia.
gpg@westnet.com.au
Sunday, July 21, 2013 4:13:13 AM

8. Hello Igor, some most intriguing and original hypothesis. The kind of
spacial thinking is something Russian scientists are very good and Ive
seen interesting maps produced by them in Siberia but nothing quite as
good as your ideas

Most interesting work and ideas you have, thank you for sharing them

Again, thank you for a most interesting paper which I will enjoy studying
in detail
References

9. Dear Igor,


Your System is so revolutionary !

You're a thinker from another planet !


Verdi Scholtemeyer, Director of Kimberlite Explorations

Brookfield Diamond Mining & Esanro Kimberlite Explorations

Embalenhle Area, South Africa

Mon. July 29, 2013 at 3:34 AM

E-mail: verdisc@gmail.com
References

Thank you
Geometry of Kimberlites by Igor Kryvoshlyk
Universal
Kimberlite
Exploration
System
Reference
1. Dear Igor Kryvoshlyk,

My name is Bram Janse

As many other diamond exploration geologists I have been struggling to
understand the worldwide distribution of diamondiferous kimberlites and
constructed maps with many photo lineaments, circles, zones, etc. but never
achieved a satisfactory result

I was impressed by your spiderweb especially the construction of polygons
to define favourable areas within a field I like your garnet diagram. It does
achieve a clear separation of eclogitic garnets which has always been a sore
point

With sincere regards,
Bram Janse. (Bram is a distinguished geologist and chartered engineer
internationally recognized for his expertise and long-term association with the
diamond exploration industry. His experience spans more than 45 years of
mineral exploration, specializing in diamond exploration on all continents .)

Paramount Mining Corporation Ltd
(618) 93285600 Ph
(618) 93284430 FAX

Sun, March 15, 2009 3:41:43 AM
Garnet Geochemical Chart
Ign. ECL
M
e
t
a
m
.

E
C
L
PYR
Majorites
Megacrysts
K
i
m
b
e
r
l
i
t
e

F
i
e
l
d
N
o
n
-
k
i
m
b
e
r
l
i
t
e

F
i
e
l
d
Depth: Pressure and
Temperature
Y
X
Mantle crust border
Orange
garnets
Purple
garnets
Red
garnets
Metas. ECL
G
r
o
s
p
y
d
i
t
e
s