1.

1.1
,

(. 1.1,).
. z (
), ,
x y , ,
, , y,
.
)

x
y

F1
a d
c
F2 b

F3

d
a

z
II

Fn

c
c

d Mo
m
c o
O
Ro
b

My

Mx
x

Qx

z
Nz
Qy
y

Mz

. 1.1
, z,
, , ,

(. 1.1,).
abcd,

Ro

M o . Ro M o x, y z,


Ro N z Q x Q y ,

M o M x M y M z ,

(1.1)

Nz ; Qx(Qy) ;
Mx(My) ; Mz .

.

,
. ,
.

.

1.2. ,
.
dz

Nz

. ,

,
;

.

z
F

qz

qz

Nz

Nz+dNz

. 1.2
Nz

Nz

Nz

Nz

 ,
qz (. 1.2),
dz
z:
Zi = 0,

Nz+dNzNzqzdz = 0,

dNz
.
dz
,

qz

N z N o q z dz .
o

qz = q = onst, Nz = No qz,

(1.2)

(1.3)
(1.4)

.. .
,
; .
(q = 0)
(Nz = No = const).
1.1.
Nz
A B
D
E
C
F
5F 3F
a 2F
, .
1.3.
2F
+
.
5F
F
Nz

3F
F

,
. 1.3

(1.4)

.
Nz .

 (. ) (. ).

DE , F
, .. NED = +F. D
NDE = NED = F ND = ND 3F = 2F
(

D
NDE
NDC 3F

dz,

dz
CD DE). ,

3F
Nz, 3F .
CD ND = ND = 2F. C
ND = 2F N = ND + 5F = 3F.
5F.
C N = N =3F.
, Nz :
N = 3F N = N 2F = F.
(
), 2F .
Nz . 1.3,.
1.2. , ,
. 1.4, , , -

a)

2a

3a
2F

A
a

)
2

.
4F
.
q C D
.

+
Nz z
4 xF :
Zi = 0,

. 1.4
q = 3F/a.

2F + 4F = q2a,

Nz Nz = No qz.
CD
, (q = 0).
(q
= const). D,
, Nz ,
.
. 2F ,
NAB = 2F.
NB = NA = 2F N = N + q2a = 4F. CD
ND = 4F.

1.3.
, .
1.5,,

3 4

3 4

60
2

20
1

40
2

. 1.5,.

40
3 + 4 Nz

40
40
2
1

. 1.5
.
1, 2, 3, 4 ,
.
,
;
. .
. 1
F1 = 20 ,
. 12
,
qz = dNz / dz
, .. q12 =(6020)/2 = 20 /.
.
2 F2 = 100
. 23
, . 3
F3 = 80 (
). 34

q34 = (40 40)/1 = 80 /,

. ,

 4
.

F4 = 40 ,

1.4. Nz ,
. 1.6,
. .
)
)
3qa 2q
2qa
3qa q
q
2qa q
a

-1

+1

-1

Nz
xqa

-1

Nz
xqa

. 1.6

1.3. ,
.
, ,
,
(. 1.7).

M
m
,

.
. 1.7

,
m
dM / dz = m,

10

(1.5)

 :
= mz,

(1.6)

.

+

n
,

n,

. 1.8
(. 1.8).
(1.6)
m
.
(m = 0)
( = = const). ,
,
, ,
,
.

11

 1.5

. 1.9.

B 3ma

3a

2ma
C

D
a

-2

Mc

-1

+1

MB
CD

. 1.9

D
MCD = -ma.

M
xma

, 2ma ( ,
).
,
(m = 0).
,

= 3ma. ,

m,
= -2ma = + m3a =
ma.

12

 1.6

,
.
1.10,.

.
,
. 1.10,,

+
=

-2
1

-1

. 1.10

1.4.
)

F
F

O
z

qy
1

dz

qy

Mx+dM

Qy
z

Mx

O1 O2

Qy+dQy
dz

. 1.11

, (. 1.11).

.

Qy

13

Qy

Qy

n
Qy n+

Mx

Mx

.
(. 1.11,)
:

Yi = 0, Qy + dQyQy + qydz = 0, dQy / dz = qy, (1.7)

mO2 = 0,

Mx + dMx Mx Qydz = 0,

dMx /dz = Qy.

(1.8)

(1.7) (1.8),
Qy = Qo qyz

M x M o Q y dz M o Q ,

(1.9)
Qo M
, Q Q
.
, qy = q = const, (1.9)

14

Q y Qo q z ,

M x M o Qo z 0,5qz .

(1.10)

Q
dz

dz

. 1.12

F (.

1.12)
,

Q Q F ,

M .

(1.11)

,
. 1.12.

Qy

,
:
, .

15

(1.10)

(1.11)

Qy :

Qo q=0

Qy=Qo= const
Qo

Mo

Mx=Mo+Qoz

Qo qy=q
z
Qy=Qo+qz
Qo

Mo M
max
Mx=Mo+Qoz+0,5qz2

1. ,

(q
= 0),
,

.
2.

.
, Qy = 0,
.

16

Qo q=0

Qy=Qo= const
Qo

+
Mx=Mo+Qoz

Mo

Qo qy=q
z

Qo

Qy=Qoqz

Mx=Mo+Qoz+0,5qz2
Mo
+ Mmax

F
Q

Q
Q = QF

3.

F Qy


(

!).

4. ,

! ,
,

= +
.

,

.

,

17

F
F

+ Q

Q
Q = Q+F

Nz Qy ,

, .

, .

1.7
Qy
.

A
RA a
y
a -3/4

1.
.

mB = 0,
RA2a - qa - qaa/2 = 0,
2

qa2

a
d

D z

RB a
k

f +
1
e

c
1/4
-3/4 + -1/2

l Qy
xqa
Mx

xqa2

. 1.13

3
R A qa ,
4

m = 0, R2a - qa2- qa5a/2 = 0, RB = (7/4)qa.

: y = 0, RA - RB + qa = 3qa/4 - 7qa/4 + qa 0.
2.
.

Qy.

RA QA = -RA.
(q =

18

0), Qy ,
. Qy
. ,
RB,
QBD = QBC + RB = -3qa/4 + 7qa/4 = qa. BD
(Qy = Qo-qz)

Qo = QBD = qa QD = QBD - qa = 0.

D ,

QD = 0. QD,

,
Qy.
. = + Q.
, = 0.
.
, :

= + abcd = -(3/4)qaa = -3qa2/4. ( )

. ,
,
,

MCB = MCA + qa2 = qa2/4.

:
MB = MCB + dcef = qa2/4 - 3qa2/4 = -qa2/2

BD

, D

19

MD = MB + fkl = -qa2/2 + (1/2)qaa = 0.

MD = 0.

. ( D)
,
( q).
D, QD = 0.
1.8
M=qa2
A B C D
Qy
F=qa
,
a
RA a a
. 1.14.
RA

1.
.

MA

mA = 0,

q
E z
2a

Qy
xqa

-6 -5 -3 -4 -2

Mx
xqa2

. 1.14

MA + Fa + M - q2a4a = 0,
MA = 6qa2; Yi = 0,

RA = q2a - F = qa.

2.
.
Qy. QA = RA (
RA = qa).
, .

QBA
= QA = qa QBC = QBA + F = 2qa (
F = qa). CD

,
..

20

QBC = QCD = 2qa. DE

QD = 2qa QE = QD - q2a = 0.
. ,
,

MA = 6qa2.
.
MB = MA + Q = -6qa2 + qaa = -5qa2
. D.

MB = MB + Q = -5qa2 + 2qaa = -3qa2.
, M = qa2,

MCD = MCB - qa2 = -3qa2 - qa2 = -4qa2. D MD
= MCD + Q = -4qa2 + 2qaa = -2qa2. DE
,
(
q). = 0.
D .
1.9
Qy
(. 1.15).
.
1.
.

: mB
= 0,

21

qa2
A

3qa2

q
B
a RB

3a

RD = 2qa;

RD

+ -1
+1
-1 -1/2

mD = 0,

RB4a + qa2 +3qa2-q4a3a = 0,

q4aa + qa2 + 3qa2-RD4a = 0,

Qy

+
2
1

-1

RB = 2qa.

xqa
3
+

Mx
xqa2

. 1.15

Yi = 0,

q4a - RB - RD = 4qa - 2qa - 2qa = 0.

2. .

Qy. Qy = Qo qz.

, (.
). Qy
, (
q), CD

(q = 0). D
RA RD, Qy
.
QA = 0,
QBA = QA + qa = qa,
QBC = QBA - RB = qa - 2qa = -qa,
QC = QBC + q3a = -qa + 3qa = 2qa Qy.
. = + Q.
( )

22

(Mx = Mo + Qoz + 0,5qz2),

(
q). D,
,
, qa2 (
),
, 3qa2 (
), D .
,
(
).
zo = QBC / tg.
tg = dQ/dz = q,
zo = qa/q = 0.
:
MA = -qa2, MB = MA + Q = -qa2 + (1/2)qaa = -qa2/2,
Mmax = MB + Q = -qa2/2 - (1/2)qaa = -qa2,
MC = Mmax + Q = -qa2 + (1/2)2qa2a = qa2
.
1.10

Qy

,
.

, ,

23


.
.
Qy

Qy xqa
1 a

-3

2
MC=2qa2

q
A

4a
RA=qa

B
C
F=5qa
3a
RC=2qa

Mx
2
1/2 xqa

2
+

. 1.16

.
, : RA = qa
;

F = 5qa, ; , RB =
2qa .
,
,
qy = dQ/dz = (-3qa - qa)/4a = -q.
, .
,
,
:
mC = 0, -RA7a - F3a + q4a5a + MC = 0,
MC = 2qa2 .
= + Q.
.
, =

24

0. , Qy = 0,
:
Mmax = MA + Q = (1/2)qaa = qa2/2.

MB = Mmax + Q = qa2/2-

- (1/2)3qa3a = -4qa2
, .

MB = -4qa2 MC = MB + Q = -4qa2 + 2qa3a = 2qa2.
MC = 2qa2.
,
,
.
1.11
)
Mx

20
-10
-40
+

2
3

) Qy
-40
+

10

,
)
.
q=20/ 1=30 2=20
B

RB=50
RC=10
,
. 1.17

.
.

:

Mx = Mo + Qoz - 0,5qz2.

25

 , = = 0
Qo = 0. , = -0,5qz2.
,
, = -40 . ,
= -0,5q(2)2.

q = 20 /.

,
.

= -40

= -10 ,

1 = 30 ,
(
), .. .
2 = 20 ,

),

..

.

, .. QBC = dM/dz = tg = (20 +
+ 10)/3 = 10 .
(Qy = Qo - qz) Qo = QA = 0

QBA

= -q2 = -40 . Qy
: RB = 50 ( ) RC =
10 ( ).
1.12

26

,
. 1.18.
.
1.
.

:
= 0,

2
4qa2
F=4qa
C E
K

4a

3a

q
A

HA
VA

D
VD

. 1.18
= 4qa; mA = 0, VD4a - 4qa2 + q4aa - F2a = 0,

VD = 2qa;
mD = 0,
-VA4a - a - 4qa2 + q4a2a + F2a = 0,
VA = 2qa.
: Y = VA + VD - F 0.
2. Nz, Qy, Mx.
Nz. : NAB = -VA = -2qa,
NCD = -VD = -2qa. , NDC
= -HA = -4qa. , ..
N = 0.
Qy. ,
, . CD
.
QA = -HA
= - 4qa, QBK = VA = 2qa,
QCK = QBK - F = -2qa,
QCD = HA =
4qa, QD = 0, QE = 0 Qy.

.
= 0 = -3a =
-12qa2 ( ).
.

= VA2a - 3a = -8qa2

27

 = VA4a - 3a - F2a = -12qa2.

4 2

Nz

xqa

2
Qy

xqa

12

12

4
8

Mx

xqa2

2
2

. 1.19
(Qy = 0)
= -4qa2 ( ). CD,
,
,
().
D MD = 0,

, MCD = -q4a2a =
-8qa2 ( ).
( D) .

28

q
C

6a

3a

4a

20qa2

3a

1.13
A

,
Nz, Qy Mx.
.
1.
:

HD

F=4qa
MD
VD

Xi = 0, HD = 4qa;
. 1.20

Yi = 0, VD = q10a = 10qa;
mD = 0,

MD = q10a5a-20qa2 = 30qa2.

2. Nz, Qy, Mx.

Nz. CD

NCD

= -VD = -10qa,

NBC = F

= 4qa. .

Qy. CD

QBK = F =4qa,

QCD = -HD = -4qa,

QA = 0

QCB = -q10a = -10qa.

4

Nz
xqa

10

10

8 24

16
+

Qy
xqa

. 1.21

29

Mx
xqa2
18

26

20
30

= 0

= 4qa6a = 24qa2

( ). CD
,

20qa2.

MED = -MD + HD3a = -30qa2 + 4qa3a = -18qa2,

MEC = MED - M = -18qa2 - 20qa2 = -38qa2,
MCE = -MD - M + HD60 = -26qa2 CD.
, MCB = MCE = -26qa2.
, q,
.
, = 0.
MBA = -q4a2a = -8qa2 ( ),
MB = -q4a2a + F6a = 16qa2 ( )
, (
q).

1.14.

, , . 1.22,.

30

 .
. 1.22, .
2qa

)
E

1
1

2a

2qa2

K
a
B

Mx

xqa2

a
C

D
1/8

. 1.22

2.

2.1.
()

Nz.

z
A

F
Nz
,

. 2.1

31

z = Nz / A

(. 2.1).

(2.1)

(.
2.2). ,
b
b
, ,
F/2 b
F/2
F

F
. 2.2

b,

.
:

,
.

max ,

(2.2)

= /
,

,
( 0,2)
,

32

..

( 0,2 ) ,

(2.2)

5 %.

b+b

:
1) , 2) , 3)
.

()

F
b

( ):

. 2.3

,
(2.3)
l/l, b/b, - ,
0 0,5.

(2.4)

.

33

 (. 2.4)

m m
qz A(z)
n n

N z dz
.
0 EA( z )

(2.5)

w(z)

. 2.4
, Nz = F = const EA = const (.
2.3),
l = Nzl / (EA).

(2.6)

= /l

().

,
(. 2.4), ..
z

N z dz 1 z
z dz ,
E
0 EA( z ) E 0

(2.7)

w( z ) z

(. 2.5).

34

l
l

Bl/cos

B1 F

. 2.5

(2.8)

, , :
,
,
.

( )
u = 2/(2E).

(2.9)

,
l

U udv N z2 dz /( 2 EA ) .

z 1
1
x

N2

N1

2.1.

,
,
F.

F
N3

(2.10)

= 120
= 60 , :

. 2.6

1) , F = 120 ,
1 = 2 = 4 2, 3 = 25 2;
2)
, F = 480 ;

35

3) , ,
1 = 2 = 10 2, 3 = 60 2.
. 1. .
:
Xi = 0, N1sin - N2sin = 0, N1 = N2;
Zi = 0, N3cos - F = 0, N3 = F/cos = 1,25F;
Yi = 0 2N1cos = N3sin, N1 = N3sin/(2cos) = 0,395F.

2. .
2.1.
:

1 2 N1/A1 = 0,395120103/(410-4) = 118,5 = 120

;
3 N3/A3 = 1,25120103/(2510-4) = 60 = = 60 .
, , ..
.
2.2.

N
0 ,395F
1 1

A1
A1

A1

0 ,395F 0,395 480 103

15,8 2 .
6

120 10

N 3 1,25F

,
A3
A3
A3

1,25F 1,25 480 103

100 2 .
6

60 10

36

 8509-72 ( 104-74):
- 1- 2- 2 70706 (01 = 28,15 =
16,3 2);
- 3- 2 16016016 (03 = 249,1 = 98,2
2).
2.3.

N
0 ,395F
1 1

A1
A1

A1 120106 10104 304

F 0,395
.
0 ,395

N 3 1,25F

,
A3
A3

F A3 6010
1,25

60 10 4
288 .
1,25

,
..
F = min{[F], [F]} = [F] = 288 .
2.2
d
F.

d,

.
.

37

. 2.7

z/E = -4F/(d2E).
,

4F/(d2E).

d/d.

d = 4F/(dE).

2.3.
F,

= 120 ,

= 1,7 ,

l1 = l2 = l = 1 ,

1 = 2,

2 = = 5 2,

= 200 .
)

)
1

B
2a

C2

A
a

B2
B

l1 B
1

N1
A1
l2
A
N2

C1

. 2.8
. 1. .

mA ,

F3a - N1a ,

N1 3F;

mB ,

F2a - N2a ,

N2 2F.

2. .
1 N1/A1 = 3F/(2A),

2 N2/A2 = 2F/A.

38

 , 2- ,

. max = 2
2F/A Fm 0,5A 30 .
3.

l1 = N1l/(EA1) = 3Fl/(2EA),

l2 = N2l/(EA2) = 2Fl/(2EA),

.
112 112 : 12/12 = 12/12
+ l2)/a = (C + l2)/3a,

(l1

C = 3l1 + 2l2 =

9Fl/(2EA) + 4Fl/(EA) = 8,5Fl/(EA).

C = 8,5Fl/(EA) C,

F = EAC/(8,5l) = 200109510-41,710-3/(8,51) = 20
.

, ,
, ..
F = min{[Fm], F} = F = 20 .

39


2.4.

,

.
. 1.

z:

B 2A C
2q
2qa

4A

2a
2

D A E
qa RE
q

12

2
+

1 1/2 1/4

Zi =

0,

19/8 23/8

RE = 2qa.
2.

xqa

z
2 xqa/A

-2qa + 2q2a- qa + qa-RE = 0,

Nz

qa 2
x
EA

. 2.9

Nz, z, W.
Nz.
Nz = Noqz.

NB = -2qa,

NC = NB + 2q2a = 2qa

NDC = NC - qa = qa,

NDE = NDC + qa = 2qa.

z. z = Nz/A(z).
, z
Nz,
. z
:
B = NB/(2A) = -2qa/(2A) = -qa/A,
CB = NC/(2A) = 2qa/(2A) = qa/A;
CD = NC/(4A) = 2qa/(4A) = qa/(2A),

40

DC = NDC/(4A) = qa/(4A),

DE = NDE/A = 2qa/A z.
W.
W Wo

1z
z dz Wo / E .
Eo

.
: Wo = WE = 0,
WD = Wo + /E = (2qa/EA)a = 2qa2/(EA),
WC = WD + /E = 2qa2/EA + (1/2)(1/2 + 1/4)(qa/EA)a =
= (19/8)qa2/EA,
Wmax = WC + /E = (19/8)qa2/EA + (1/2) )(qa/EA)a =
= (23/8)qa2/EA,
WB = WC + /E = WC = (19/8)qa2/EA W.
2.5.

F.

a=const

N N

F
?
F
.
. 2.10

, .. G = G().

, G()
.
.

41


.
:
Yi = 0,

2Ncos - F = 0,

N = F/(2cos),

:
N/A , A = N / = F / (2cos).
, l = a/(2sin),
( ):
G = 2Al = Fa/(2sincos) = Fa/(sin2).
G() , sin2
= 1, 2 = 90 = 45.

2.6.
d,
CD

F,

l/4

b
d C

bb

m F/A+3l/4 s

l/2

b
n
l/4

F/A+l

F/A+l/4
F/A

. 2.11
.
.

:
-

42

N(z) = F + Az,
-
z = F/A + z.

max = F/A + l ,
o

4F
.
([ ] l )

A = d2/4 = F/([]-l).

CD
lCD

1 D
z dz / E .
E C

= mnrs mnrs,
mnrs = (1/2)(C + D)(l/2) = (F/A + l/2)(l/2).
, lCD = mnrs/E = (l/4E)(2F/A + l).

2.2.
2.2.1.
,
, ,
,
.
,
,
.
, , ,
.

43

, ()
.

.
, ,
,
,
.
(
),
.
F

F
1

. 2.12

( ):
1) ,
: ,
;
2)
() ;
3)
.

44




l = lf + Nl/(EA).

(2.11)

( ),
(
).
2.2.2.


.
.


. ,
.



( ,
).

45

2l

A1

mA = 0, N2a+N34a = F3a, (1)
Yi = 0, N1+ N2+ N3 = F.

N2
B

3
D

2a

N1

A
l1

1 = 2 = 3 = .

1. (. 2.13):

4l

1
A

3l

2.7. a)

F
C

B2 l2

N3
D
D2 l
3

B1

D1

. 2.13

(2)

.
1 = l1, BB1 = l2, DD1 = l3.
12 AD1D2
(l2-l1)/a = (l3-l1)/4a,
,
l1 = N12l/(EA), l2 = N23l/(EA), l3 = N34l/(EA),
6N2 - 3N1 = 2N3.
(1), (2) (3),

N1 = (2/35)F,

N2 = (9/35)F,

46

N3 = (24/35)F.

N1

30

N2

B
60

30

60

N1
B
N
F 2

l2 60 l1

30

2 = 21 = 2,
1 = 22 = 2.

2. (. 2.14):

Y = 0,

. 2.14

2N1cos30 + 2N2cos60 = F. (4)

(. 2.14, )
B = l1/cos30 = l2/cos60,
,
l1 = N1a/(cos30E2A),

l2 = N22a/( 2EA),

N1 = 3N2.

(5)

(4) (5),
N1 = 0,27F;

N2 = 0,09F.

2a

)
1
l1

A .

1
3 2 A

B
.

l3

B1
. 2.15

3. (. 2.15).
y

N1
N1
(. 2.15, ).
A
N2

N2
Y = 0,
N2 = 2N1cos.
(6)
N3
N3

B
F
Y = 0,
N2+2N3cos = F. (7)

47

B - A = l2,

A = l1/cos, B = l3/cos.

N3l3/(E3A3cos) - N1l1/(E1A1cos) = N2l2/(E2A2).

(8)

(6), (7) (8),

.

2.8. a)
1 a
2 a
1

A
B
C

) N
N2
N1
1
F.
A
B
C

B1 l2 C1 l1
A1 l1

,
. 2.16
4 .
. 1. . 1
.

.
: Y = 0,

2N1 + N2 = F.

(1)

l1 = l2 ,
,

N1l/(EA1)

= N2l/(EA2),
N2 = (A2/A1)N1 = mN1,
m = A2/A1 .

48

(2)

 (1) (2),
N1 = F/(2 + m),

N2 = Fm/(2 + m).

2.
.
1 = N1/A1 = F/[A1(2 + m)],

2 = N2/A2 = Fm/[A2(2 + m)].

1 = 2 = , .. m = 1.

N1 = N2 = F/3 1 = 2 = F/(3A).

4 (m = 4)
N2 = 2F/3 1 = 2 = F/(6A),

N1 = F/6,

.. 2 .
, ,
. ,

.

,

49

N2 C l2 C
. 2
.

45

B
N1
B1
B2 .
Bo

l1

2.9
,

, 1

= 0,5 . :
. 2.17

1 = 2 = , = 1,
= 200 .

(
).
mo = 0,

N23a - N12a = 0,

N2 = (2/3)N1

(1)

. 12 12
2/2 = 1/1 (-l1)/l2 = 2/3.
,
2 N 2 3a N1 2a

3 EA
EA

N1+N2 = EA/(2a).

(2)

(1) (2),

N1 = 0,3EA/a,

N2 = 0,2EA/a,

1 = N1/A = 0,3E/a = 0,32001090,510-3/1 = 30 ;
2 = N2/A = 0,2E/a = 0,22001090,510-3/1 = 20 .

50

C1

 2.10. ,
(. 2.18),

t = 40C.

1/2 = 2, = 200 , = 12510-7.

)

30

2
l1
1

N1 C2

30

C1

N2
C

l2

. 2.18

mQ = 0,

N2OC-N1OCsin30 = 0,

N2 = N1sin30 2 = 12sin30, 1 = 2.

(1)

l1 = -l2sin30

N l

N1l1
l1t 2 2 l2 t sin 30 .
EA1
EA2

,
1l1 + 2l2sin30 = -Et(l1 + l2sin30).

(2)

(1) (2),

1 = 2 = -Et = -12510-720010940 = -100 .

2.2.3.

51


,
.

, F,

[FF] = F/

Fmax [FF].

(2.12)

(. 2.19).

,
.

.
,

(
). ,

52

. 2.19

. ,
.
.

2.11

a)
2
3
1

F
A
B
C
, 1 = =2 = 3 = , l1
a 2
3a
= l2 = l3 = l.
.
)

[]A

F
1
F

N3

[]A

N2

[]A

F
2
F

N1
A

[]A

[]A

F
3
F

. 2.20
.
(
).
( ),
.
.

53

(. 2.20,).

1 2- . N1 = N2 = []A
mC = 0,

A 6a A 3a FF 1 2a 0 ,

FF1 4,5 A .

(. 2.20,).
1
3- . N1 = N3 = []A
: m = 0,
A3a A 3a FF 2 a 0 ,

FF 2 6 A .

(. 2.20,).
2
3- . N1 = N2 = []A
: m = 0,
A3a A6a FF 3 4a 0 ,

FF 3 2,25 A .

FF minFF1 ,FF 2 ,FF 3 FF 3 2,25 A .

54

 2.12
1 = 2 = 3 = ,

a)

F = 870 ,

= 150
.

4
F

[]A

[]A

[]A

FF

1.
.

. 2.21

.
N1 = N2 = N3 =
,
m = 0,

A 2 A Sin 6 A 6 FF 2 ,

FF 5,8 A .

2. .
F FF 5,8 A ,

A F / 5,8 870 103 / 5,8 150 106 10 2 .

55


1. ...

1.1. ... 4
1.2. ,
. 5
1.3. ,
.. 10
1.4.
2.

..

12

29

2.1. . 29
2.2. . 40
2.2.1. . 40
2.2.2. . 42
2.2.3. ... 48

56