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DEMONSTRATION
PROJECT
Made by : Rahul
Chauhan
Class : XII B
Roll no. : 21
Session : 2009-2010
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Rahul Chauhan,
Roll number _________ of class XII-B
has successfully completed PHYSICS
DEMONSTRATION EXPERIMENTS
under my supervision according to the
guidelines laid down by CBSE.
TEACHER VICE
PRINCIPAL
INCHARGE PRINCIPAL
ACKNOWLEGDEMENT
Rahul Chauhan
CONTENTS
1) DEMONSTRATION-1
• aim
• apparatus required
• Diffraction
• observation table
• Conclusion
2) DEMONSTRATION-2
• full wave rectifier
• PN Junction (forward
bias,reverse bias)
• step down transformer
• Capacitor
• biblography
DEMONSTRATION-1
To observe the
variation of width
of central maxima
of a diffraction
method with the
distance of screen
from the slit.
AIM: To observe the effect on the width of central maxima by
changing the distance between screen and the slit in
diffraction.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: laser, single slit, opticalbench,
screen, scale.
THEORY:
DIFFRACTION
Diffraction is the phenomenon of bending of light at the
sharp edge of the obstacle.
1. Path difference = n
asin0 = n where n = 1,2,3,………
It is because the waves coming from two different parts of
same wavefront have the path difference /2 or multiple of /
2
•B = 2x
•B = 2 D/a
OBSERVATION TABLE:-
CONCLUSION:-
Width of central maxima increases with increase in distance between
the slit and the screen.
DEMONSTRATION - 2
To construct and
demonstrate a full
wave rectifier.
FULL WAVE RECTIFIER
Rectifier is a device which is used for converting alternating
current/voltage into direct current/voltage. The circuit using two
diodes gives output rectifier voltage corresponding to both the
positive as well negative half of the cycle. Hence, it is known as a
full wave rectifier.
Principle:
Its working is based on the fact that resistance of p-n junction
becomes low when forward biased and becomes high when
reversed biased.
Working:
During the positive half cycle of the input AC, the upper p-n
junction diode is forward biased, and the lower p-n junction diode is
reversed biased. The forward current flows on account of majority
carriers of upper p-n junction diode. During the negative half cycle
of input AC, the upper p-n junction is diode is reversed biased and
the lower one is forward biased. The forward current flows on
account of majority carriers of lower p-n junction diode. We
observe that during both the halves, current through R flows in the
same direction. the output signal voltage is unidirectional having
ripple contents i.e. DC voltage by filtering through a filter circuit,
before it can be put to any use.
A single capacitor C of high value of capacitance connected across
the output of rectifier, can serve the purpose of a filter circuit.
P-N JUNCTION DIODE
1. FORWARD BIASED:
When an external voltage V is applied across
semiconductor diode such that p-side is connected to the
positive terminal of the battery and n-side to the negative
terminal, it is said to be forward biased.
2. REVERSE BIASED:
When an external voltage V is applied across the
semiconductor diode such that n-side is connected to
the positive terminal of the battery and p-side to the
negative terminal, it is said to be reversed biased.
STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER
A transformer is an electric device which is used
for changing the AC voltages. It is based on the
principle of mutual induction i.e. whenever the
amount of magnetic flux linked with coil changes,
an e.m.f. is induced in the neighboring coil.
Transformer which decreases the AC voltage is
called a step down transformer.
The voltage Ep across the primary coil is equal to
the e.m.f. induced in the primary coil, and the
voltage Es across the secondary coil Is equal to
the e.m.f. induced in the secondary coil. Thus,
ETURN =EP/NP=ES/NS
ES=EP/NP*NS
when NS<NP;ES<EP the device is called a step down
transformer. Ns/NP= k represents the
transformation ratio.
CAPACITOR
Acapacitorisanarrangementforstoringlarge
amountsofelectricchargeandhenceelectrical
energyinasmall piece.
ofacapacitorisdefinedasthecapacitanceCiscalled
capacitanceofthecapacitor. Capacitanceeratioof
chargeonthecapacitortothepotential ofthecapacitor.
ThecapacitanceCisbasedontheprinciplethatthe
capacitanceofaninsultedconductorisincreased
considerablybybringingnearitanunchargedearthed
conductor.
Anideal capacitoriswhollycharacterizedbya
constantcapacitanceC, definedastheratioofcharge
+QoneachconductortothevoltageVbetweenthem:
C = Q/V
Theunitofcapacitanceisthuscoulombspervolt, or
farads. Highercapacitanceindicatesthatmore
chargemaybestoredatagivenenergylevel, or
resistance, andtheinsulatorhasanelectricfield
strengthlimitresultinginabreakdownvoltage.
Load Resistance