MlHlCTEPCTBO OCBlTH l HAYKH YKPAHH

Ykpaucuku pepaauu uopcuku fexuiuu yuiaepcufef

iueui apuipana Makapoaa
F.O.POMAHOBCLKHH, O.R.IHATEHKO, B.M.HATRAHHYK
TEOPIR TA PO3PAXYHOK HAPOBHX
I FA3OBHX TYPBIH
Feto+euooeauo Miuicnepcneo+ oceinu
i uaytu 'tpauu t uae:a:tuu nociouut
Mukonaa
VK 621.125
LLK 39.455.13: 31.363
P 69
Feto+euooeauoMiuicnepcneo+ oceinu i uaytu 'tpauu
t uae:a:tuu nociouut, :ucn N 14/18.21844 eio 14.12.2001 p.
Penen:en+n:
B.!.Poxanon, (oi+o +exninnnx nayi, aia(exii;
A.H.Hennon, (oi+o +exninnnx nayi, no]eco
Pouauonctkn I.m., Ina1euko O.R., Ha1uauyk B.M.
P 69 Teoix +a o:axynoi naonnx i ia:onnx +y6in: Hannani-
nnn noci6nni. Mnionan: VMTV, 2OO2. 292 c.
!SB 587848O948
Ho(ano ni(oxoc+i no 6y(ony +a o6o+y naonnx i ia:onnx +y6in.
Po:inxny+o ia:o(nnaxinni ocnonn +eoi +y6in, +enim o6onoio +ina
n nnocinx +y6innnx emi+iax, +eoim +y6innoio c+ynenx. Hane(eno
ocnonn o:axyniy ocionnx +y6innnx c+ynenin +a oco6nnnoc+i o:-
axyniy noc+oonoio no+oiy n +y6innoxy c+yneni. Po:inxny+o yxo-
nn :ac+ocynannx +a oco6nnnoc+i o6onoio nonecy 6aia+oc+yninna-
c+nx +y6in.
nx c+y(en+in +exninnnx ny:in, xii nannam+icx :a cnenianinoc+x-
xn "Ty6inn", "Cy(noni eneie+nnni yc+anonin +a yc+a+iynannx" +a
cnoi(nennxn eneie+nnnnxn cnenianinoc+xxn. Knnia xoe 6y+n
ioncnom (nx ineneno-+exninnnx naninnniin, mo :anxam+icx no-
ei+ynannxx, c+noennxx +a eicnnya+anicm +y6innnx (nniynin.
VK 621.125
LLK 39.455.13: 31.363
Poxanonciinn !.4., !na+enio O.H.,
Ha+nannyi B.M., 2OO2
Bn(annnn+no VMTV, 2OO2
!SB 587848O948
DEPEQMOBA
Ma+eiann (anoio nannaninoio noci6nnia iyn+ym+icx na iyci nei-
nin : +eoi naonnx +a ia:onnx +y6in, xii nn+am+icx n Vianciioxy (e-
annoxy xociioxy +exninnoxy yninecn+e+i na xamnno6y(innoxy ]aiyni-
+e+i.
Hocni(onno nane(eni :aianini ni(oxoc+i no 6y(ony +a o6o+y +y6in,
o:inxny+o ia:o(nnaxinni ocnonn +eoi +y6in i +enim n nnocinx +y6innnx
emi+iax; oco6nnny ynaiy nn(ineno +eoi o6onoio nonecy n o(nnnnno-
xy +y6innoxy c+yneni, o:inxny+o +aio oco6nnnoc+i o6onnx nonecin +a
yxonn :ac+ocynannx 6aia+oc+yninnac+nx +y6in.
V noci6nniy nane(eno ocnonn o:axyniy ocionnx +y6innnx c+ynenin
+a oco6nnnoc+i no]inmnannx nona+oi c+ynenin : ni(nocno (oninxn nona+-
iaxn. V (o(a+iax nanniinni innin nane(eni nncnoni nnina(n o:axyniy
c+ynenin ia:ono +a naono +y6in na cee(nioxy (iaxe+i, nnina(n o:-
axyniy :aiynennx nona+oi nannoc+imnx cnoco6ox, :a :aionox c+anoc+i
nniynxni +a :a yxonn
1
= consl.
Hannaninnn noci6nni oicn+onannn +aio na caxoc+inny o6o+y c+y-
(en+in, (nx noio nanniinni ionoio o:(iny nane(eni ion+onini :an(annx
i nn+annx.
Knnia nanncana cninino (-ox +exn. nayi, no]. !.4.Poxanonciinx,
ian(. +exn. nayi, (on. O.H.!na+eniox, ian(. +exn. nayi B.M.Ha+nannyiox.
Bi(:nnn no inniy, :aynaennx +a no6aannx na(cnna+n :a a(ecom:
54025, +.Muto:ae, npocn. Iepoe Cna:iuepaoa, 9, euoaeuuneo 'MT'.
" Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
1. BAlARbHl BlQOMOCTl
DPO BYQOBY l POBOTY TYPBlH
1.1. Eyona 1a npnunnn i uanpoc1imo octono 1ypiun
Ty6ina xnnxc co6om o+a+nnnnn (nniyn, nn:nanennn (nx nee-
+noennx n xexaninny o6o+y :anacy no+ennianino eneii ni(ne(e-
noio ::onni o6onoio +ina.
Po6onnx +inox y naonnx i ia:onnx +y6inax c ni(noni(no no(xna
naa a6o ia: (nn cyxim ia:in), a :anac noio no+ennianino eneii nn:na-
nac+icx na(xinnxn +nciox i +exnea+yom n nona+ionoxy c+ani.
Po:inxnexo 6y(ony +a nnnnnn (i +y6inn, ionc+yi+nnna cxe-
xa xio :o6aena na nc.1.1.
Ocnonnnxn enexen+axn +y-
6inn c connonnn anaa+ 1, y+no-
ennn :aiinnennxn neyxoxo n
ionyci 4 connonnxn nona+iaxn, i
o6oni nona+in 2 (o6onnn ni-
neni), na6ani no o6o(y (ncia 3.
nci nnio+onnxc+icx a:ox : na-
nox 7 a6o oiexo i no+ix oc+io
:'c(nyc+icx : nnx. Ban i nci nc+a-
nonneni na nioxy (e+ani y+nom-
m+i o6e+ony nac+nny +y6inn
ponop.
Honoennx o+oa mo(o io-
nycy ]iicyc+icx ononnxn 6 i 13 +a
ynonnx 12 ni(mnnnniaxn. Hi(mnnnnin nc+anonneni n c+ininxx 9 i
11, :'c(nannx : nnniom nononnnom ionycy. Ja (onoxoiom c+ini-
nin +y6ina iinn+icx (o ]yn(axen+y. Konyc xac na+y6in (nx ni(-
ne(ennx o6onoio +ina (nnycinnn) i (nx ni(ne(ennx (nnnycinnn, a6o
nnxnonnnn). V xicnxx nnxo(y nana : ionycy (nx i:onxni nny+imnix
noonnn ni( nanionnmnioio cee(onnma nee(6aneni :onnimni
ymininennx 5 i 10. Cyiynnic+i ycix neyxoxnx (e+anen y+nomc cna-
nop +y6inn. Ho+ynic+i, mo o:nnnac+icx +y6inom, nee(ac+icx
cnonnany nee: ]naneni a6o cnonynny xy]+y 8.
Connonnn anaa+ i o6onnn nineni y+nomm+icx nona+iaxn cne-
! " # $ %
&

!
,

'
Pnc.1.1. Cxexa 6y(onn nannoc+i-
mo ociono +y6inn
# 3aatni oioo+ocmi njo 6ooo i jo6om mj6in
nianinoio no]inm i xam+i nninx( emi+oi nona+oi. V nnx emi+iax
i :(incnmc+icx o6onnn nonec.
Cyiynnic+i connonoio anaa+a i o:ximenoio :a nnx o6onoio
ninnx a:ox : (e+anxxn, mo necy+i x, cina(ac nypoiuuu cnyniut. J
nic +onin :oy o:inxny+a +y6ina c o(noc+yninnac+om.
Hee+noennx no+ennianino eneii o6onoio +ina n iine+nnny
ni(6ynac+icx nnacni(oi noio o:mnennx n xinona+ionnx iananax.
Hn nioxy +nci o6onoio +ina :xenmyc+icx, a mnn(iic+i ni(nocno
c+inoi iananin :oc+ac. J oinx(y na ne n no(animoxy nonx++x posuu-
peuu i nepeneopeuu noneuia:tuo euepei e tiuenu:uy o+o+onmm+icx
+a nnnam+icx xi innoninni :a(nx :ynnoc+i.
Cxexa no+onno nac+nnn c+ynenx +a o:io+ia nnnin(nnno-
io neei:y na cee(nioxy (iaxe+i na nnomnny y nninx(i emi+oi
no]inin noia:ani na nc.1.2. Ho:nanennx xaai+ennx neei:in c+y-
nenx :aianinonnnani, a caxe: 0 nee( connonnx anaa+ox; 1 :a
connonnx anaa+ox (nee( o6onnx ninnex); 2 :a o6onnx ninnex
(:a c+ynenex). Bi(noni(nnxn in(eicaxn 6y(exo no:nana+n i nci naa-
xe+n n nnx neei:ax.

a
a
u
K
=
u

>

M
?
?

>

c
aa
Pnc.1.2. Cxexa +y6innoio c+ynenx
Ly(exo nnaa+n, mo nci naaxe+n :xinmm+icx nnme n xeax
emi+oi, a nee( c+ynenex, :a nnx +a n :a:oi xi emi+iaxn :annma-
m+icx ne:xinnnxn.
Po6one +ino n emi+iax 6ee ynac+i y cina(noxy yci, +oxy 6y(e-
xo o:i:nx+n noio mnn(ioc+i: aoco:mnuy c ni(nocno neyxoxnx
enexen+in +y6inn (c+ynenx), nepeuocuy u mnn(iic+i ianany ni(noc-
$ Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
no +nx e neyxoxnx enexen+in, a +aio eiouocuy w mnn(iic+i ni(-
nocno c+inoi ianany. Hn nioxy :ii(no : :aionox xexaniin
. u w c
H H H
+ = (1.1)
nx neyxoxo (connono) emi+in u = O, i +oxy c = w; (nx o6o-
nnx emi+oi :nanennx neenocno mnn(ioc+i xac ionona mnn(iic+i
nona+oi (u = Dn, (e D (iaxe+ neei:y, x; n nac+o+a o6e+annx
o+oa, c
1
) i innxnnx (1.1) nnionc+onyc+icx y nonnoxy nninx(i.
Hn nn:nanenni nanxxin mnn(ioc+en no+oiy (iy+in (o ]on+ani-
no nnomnnn emi+in) 6y(exo nnna+n (nx a6conm+nnx mnn(io-
c+en i (nx ni(nocnnx.
o connonoio anaa+a no+ii o6onoio +ina na(xo(n+i : (exiom
a6conm+nom mnn(iic+m c
O
ni( iy+ox
O
. V connonoxy anaa+i o6o-
ne +ino o:mnmc+icx, +nci noio :nnyc+icx, a mnn(iic+i :oc+ac (o
c
1
. Ky+ nnxo(y no+oiy i: connono emi+in (
1
) nn:nanac+icx ]oxom
no]inin +a x o:+amynannxx y emi+ni.
Ho+ii ia:y : a6conm+nom mnn(iic+m c
1
i ni(noni(nom n iine+nn-
nom eneiicm na+iiac na o6ony emi+iy. V nxi(noxy neei:i o6ono
emi+in no+ii xac ni(nocny mnn(iic+i w
1
, i :ii(no : innxnnxx (1.1)
.
1 1
u c w
H H H
=
Bnionannx oc+annioio cninni(nomennx ia]inno :o6aene na
neei:i o6ono emi+in (nanxx u :6iiac+icx : nanxxox yxy o-
6onnx nona+oi). Bei+on c
1
, w
1
+a u y+nomm+i +ai :nannn exiouu
nputynuut ueuotocne (nx o6ono emi+in.
Bi(nocna mnn(iic+i nnxo(y ia:y : o6ono emi+in :anen+i ni(
+oio, no(onyc+icx o:mnennx n o6onnx iananax nn ni (ximo +ai,
+o w
2
> w
1
), a +aio y nennin xii ni( y+a+ eneii n iananax. Hanxx
mnn(ioc+i w
2
(iy+
2
) nn:nanac+icx ]oxom no]inin o6onnx nona-
+oi +a o:+amynannxx x y emi+ni.
Jii(no : innxnnxx (1.1) a6conm+na mnn(iic+i ia:y na nnxo(i :i
c+ynenx c
2
(oinnmc cyxi ni(nocno w
2
+a neenocno u mnn(ioc+en
((nn. nnxi(nnn +niy+nni mnn(ioc+en na nc.1.2); c
2
< c
1
, mo c e-
:yni+a+ox nee+noennx iine+nnno eneii no+oiy n o6o+y.
Hn no+iianni ia:y ii:i emi+iy nnnniam+i cnnn, mo (im+i na
nona+in. Cyxana cnna F, xia (ic na o6oni nona+in, xoe 6y+n yxon-
no o:ina(ena na (ni cina(oni: to:oey F
u
n octoey F
a
(nc.1.3),
% 3aatni oioo+ocmi njo 6ooo i jo6om mj6in
+oxy
.
2 2
a u
F F F + =
Konona cina(ona i xnnxc co6om yminny cnny, xia :(incnmc io-
ncny o6o+y n +y6ini.
Connonnn anaa+ xoe o:ximy-
na+ncx no ncioxy iony a6o +iniin na
(exiin noio nac+nni. To(i c+ynini na-
:nnac+icx cnyneue+ s :acntoeu+ enyc-
to+ pooo:oeo ni:a, a6o napia:tuu+, i
xaai+en:yc+icx +ipom enycty
,
c
ai+
D
l
e

=
(e D
c
cee(nin (iaxe+ c+ynenx; l
ai+

(onnna ai+nnno (yin ((yin nnyciy)

na cee(nioxy (iaxe+i.
Onenn(no, mo n c+ynenxx : nonnnx nnyciox o6onoio +ina e = 1.
Hn o6e+anni o+oa nanianinoio c+ynenx o6oni nona+in
noneexinno noxo(x+i ai+nnny :ony, ionn nee: nnx +ene o6one
+ino, mo na(xo(n+i i: connonnx iananin, i neo6ony, ionn nonn n:acxo-
(im+i i: :ac+innom enonnnom. Toxy nanianinic+i nninniac (o(a+-
ioni i nacox (ye ic+o+ni n+a+n n c+yneni. Ho+e y x(i nnna(iin nona
:ac+oconyc+icx n c+ynenxx : xanom nn+a+om o6onoio +ina: nn xa-
nnx nn+a+ax i nonnoxy nnyciy c+ynini xoe xa+n :ana(+o ioo+ii
nona+in a6o xannn (iaxe+, mo nn:ne(e (o n+a+ me 6inimnx, ni y
nanianinoxy c+yneni. o +oio nn ioxnonynanni +y6inn xanoio
(iaxe+a xoy+i :yc+i+ncx ionc+yi+nnni +y(nomi. Toxy (onini-
no :ac+oconyna+n nanianinnn c+ynini 6inimoio (iaxe+a : nona+ia-
xn nnnnx+no (onnnn :axic+i c+ynenx : nonnnx nnyciox.
Ty6ina xi +ennonnn (nniyn ni(i:nxc+icx ni( nomnennx (nniy-
nin x(ox ic+o+nnx oco6nnnoc+en.
Ocnonna oco6nnnic+i euepeenu:ua. Bona nonxiac n no(ninnin
+anc]oxani eneii. Ho+ennianina eneiix o6onoio +ina cnona+-
iy nee+nomc+icx n iine+nnny eneiim no+oiy, xia no+ix nee+no-
mc+icx n xexaninny eneiim o6e+annx o+oa +y6inn. Hn nioxy
P
P
=
P
K
K
=
w
w

Pnc.1.3. Cina(oni aeo(nna-

xinno cnnn
& Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
mnn(ioc+i no+oiy (ocxiam+icx nacox (ocn+i nennii ((o 5OO x/c i
nnme). V nomnennx e (nniynax no+ennianina eneiix o6onoio +ina
nee+nomc+icx n xexaninny o6o+y 6e:nocee(nio, nnacni(oi +nciy
noio na nomeni nn o:mnenni n nnnin(ax, 6e: na6y++x nnx ni(-
ny+nnx mnn(ioc+en.
yia oco6nnnic+i +y6inn tiue+anu:ua. Bona nonxiac n na-
6y++i o+oox ni(a:y o6e+aninoio yxy n e:yni+a+i cnnono (i
no+oiy na o6oni nona+in. Ty6ina na ni(xiny ni( nomnennx (nniy-
nin ne no+e6yc (o(a+ionnx xexani:xin (+ainx, nannina(, xi inno-
mnnno-ma+ynnnn), mo nee+nomm+i :noo+no-noc+ynaninnn yx
nomnx n o6e+aninnn yx ioninnac+oio nana.
Te+x oco6nnnic+i oesnepepeuicnt pooo:oeo npoecy. Po6onnn
nonec ni(6ynac+icx n connonnx i o6onnx iananax, :an(n ni(in-
+nx (nx o6onoio +ina, mo 6e:ynnnno yxac+icx ni( nxi(noio (o nnxi-
(noio neei:y +y6inn. Po6onnn nonec ne xic+n+i nninin a6o (nc-
ie+nnx y naci neio(in, xaai+ennx (nx nomnennx (nniynin
*)
. Po-
+o nanmmno +y6inn o6e+ac+icx :i c+anom nac+o+om.
Jan(xin oco6nnnoc+xx +y6inn c xonnnic+i :ac+ocyna+n nncoii
mnn(ioc+i +eni o6onoio +ina i yxy (e+anen, +o6+o :o6n+n xamnny
mnn(ioxi(nom, a o+e : ni(nocno nenenninxn ia6an+axn +a xacom.
Bncoia mnn(ioxi(nic+i +y6inn, o(nai, no+e6yc n 6aia+iox nnna(-
iax nnionc+annx :nnymno nee(ani xi nem +a cnonnanex, na-
nnina( ie6nnx innn+ox na cy(nax.
1.2. Ak1nnui 1a peak1nnui c1yneui
V :anenoc+i ni( oiani:ani nonecin eneie+nnnnx nee+noeni
o:i:nxm+i +y6inni c+yneni ai+nnni, eai+nnni +a ai+nnni : eai-
nicm.
B atnueuo+y cnyneui nee+noennx no+ennianino eneii n iine-
+nnny :(incnmc+icx nonnic+m n connonoxy anaa+i, a n o6onin emi+ni
ni(6ynac+icx +iniin nee+noennx iine+nnno eneii no+oiy n xexa-
ninny o6o+y. Tainx nnnox, y +aioxy c+yneni nonecn nee+noennx
eneii o:(ineni +en+oianino: ionnn : e+anin nee+noennx :(in-
cnmc+icx n cnocxy oiexoxy enexen+i c+ynenx. Po6o+a n o6onin e-
*)
Bnnx+oi c+anonnx+i +iniin +y6inn ia:o+y6innnx (nniynin, mo nanmm+i
:a nninox : i:oxonnx ni(ne(ennxx +enno+n n iaxei :ioxnnx. Ho+e n (annn nac
+ainn +nn (nniynin nai+nnnoio :ac+ocynannx ne xac.
' 3aatni oioo+ocmi njo 6ooo i jo6om mj6in
mi+ni ai+nnnoio c+ynenx nnionyc+icx nnacni(oi nonoo+y no+oiy n
xinona+ionnx iananax, +o6+o n e:yni+a+i ai+nnno (i no+iiamno
enonnnn. Jni(cn i caxa na:na c+ynenx. Ai+nnna (ix no+oiy o6yxon-
nena nnnninennxx ni(nen+onnx cnn y o6onoxy +ini nn +eni ncee-
(nni innonininnoio ianany.
V peatnueuo+y cnyneui nee+noennx no+ennianino eneii n ii-
ne+nnny ni(6ynac+icx nn6nn:no o(naionom xiom xi y connonoxy
anaa+i, +ai i n o6onin emi+ni. V o6onin emi+ni, o+e, nox( i:
nee+noennxx iine+nnno eneii n o6o+y ni(6ynac+icx no(anime
o:mnennx o6onoio +ina. Hacni(iox o:mnennx o6onoio +ina n
xinona+ionnx iananax o6ono enonnnn c eai+nnna cnna, xia (ic
na nona+in. Po6o+a n eai+nnnoxy c+yneni :(incnmc+icx nnacni(oi
nonoo+y no+oiy +a nac+iono eai+nnno (i c+yxenx.
Hoxinnx +nnox c+ynenx c atnueuu cnyniut s peaticm. V +aio-
xy c+yneni o:mnennx o6onoio +ina :(incnmc+icx iononnnx nnnox
y connonoxy anaa+i i nnme nenenniom xiom y o6onin emi+ni.
Ipaqikn 1ncky 1a mnnkoc1e n c1yneuux. Po:inxnexo, xi :xinm-
m+icx naaxe+n o6onoio +ina n no+oiy n c+ynenxx na:nannx +nnin,
cionc+anmnci no:nanennxxn neei:in mnn(ioc+en +a iy+in i: , 1.1.
Ociiniin o:mnennx o6onoio +ina ni(6ynac+icx +iniin n con-
nonoxy anaa+i, : nn:nanennx ai+nnnoio c+ynenx nnnnnnac:
p
1
< p
O
; c
1
> c
O
;
p
2
= p
1
i w
2
= w
1
(nn ni(cy+noc+i n+a+).
Ha nc.1.4, :o6aeni ia]iin +nciy p +a mnn(ioc+en c i w
ai+nnnoio c+ynenx. Konn o:mnennx n o6onin emi+ni ne ni(6yna-
c+icx, +nci y nin c+annn, a ximo ni(cy+ni n+a+n, +o ni(nocni mnn(io-
c+i +aio ne:xinni. V (incnoxy noneci mnn(iic+i nnxo(y w
2
+oxn
xenma, ni w
1
.
Tniy+nnin mnn(ioc+en ai+nnnoio c+ynenx 6y(ym+icx, xi i n
:aianinoxy nnna(iy ((nn. , 1.1), : yaxynannxx :a:nanennx nnme cnin-
ni(nomeni mnn(ioc+en (anoio c+ynenx.
nx eai+nnnoio c+ynenx xaai+eni cninni(nomennx:
p
1
< p
O
; c
1
> c
O
;
p
2
< p
1
; w
2
> w
1
.
Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
!a]iin +nciy i mnn(ioc+en nioio c+ynenx :o6aeni na nc.1.4,.
Tnci :xenmyc+icx i n connonoxy anaa+i, i n o6onin emi+ni, a mnn(-
ioc+i (ni(noni(no a6conm+na n ni(nocna) :oc+am+i. Hn 6nn:iinx
iiniioc+xx no+ennianino eneii, mo nee+nomc+icx n iine+nnny n
connonin i o6onin emi+iax, mnn(ioc+i nnxo(y o6onoio +ina : nnx
+e 6y(y+i 6nn:iinxn :a nennnnnom.
p,c,w
p

?

c

w
w

p,c,w
p

Pnc.1.4. !a]iin :xinn +nciy +a mnn(ioc+en :a yxox no+oiy
(y:(on ninin c+yxy):
ai+nnnnn c+ynini; eai+nnnnn c+ynini

Tniy+nnin mnn(ioc+en :nnnanno :o6aam+i i: cyximennxn
nemnnaxn +a nonoo+ox na 9O noinnxno : nc.1.2. V +aioxy nn-
inx(i +nnoni +niy+nnin ai+nnnoio n eai+nnnoio c+ynenin no(ani
na nc.1.5. Tax e nane(eni xaai+eni cninni(nomennx mnn(ioc+en
+a iy+in.
K
=

>

K
M

=
?

K
M

>

>

>

K
K
M

=
?

K
M

>

>

>

>

Pnc.1.5. Tnnoni +n-

iy+nnin mnn(ioc+en:
ai+nnnnn c+ynini;
eai+nnnnn c+ynini

3aatni oioo+ocmi njo 6ooo i jo6om mj6in

= >

= >

>

>

Pnc.1.6. 4oxa no]inin nona+oi:
eai+nnnnx emi+oi; ai+nnnnx emi+oi
Bi(nii iy+in nn no6y(oni +niy+nniin mnn(ioc+en :(incnmc+i-
cx na nxo(i (o o6ono emi+in (neei: 1, (nn. nc.1.2) ni( (o(a+noio
nanxxy oci u, a na nnxo(i (neei: 2) ni( ni('cxnoio.
mopua npoqiuin uona1ok. Ton nn inmnn xaai+e eneie+nnnnx
nee+noeni y c+yneni :a6e:nenyc+icx nn6oox ni(noni(nnx no]inin
connonnx +a o6onnx nona+oi. V +y6innnx c+ynenxx xona nn(inn-
+n (na xnno nnaeni +nnn emi+oi: emi+in, n xinx :(incnmc+icx
o:mnennx o6onoio +ina, i emi+in, n xinx o:mnennx ni(cy+nc.
o nemnx nanea+i connoni emi+in c+ynenin ycix +nnin i o6oni
emi+in eai+nnnnx c+ynenin. o (yinx o6oni emi+in ai+nnnnx
c+ynenin.
nx :a6e:nenennx :nannoio o:mnennx nan nn ia:y y nemo
iynn emi+oi mnnna iananin xac :xenmyna+ncx n nanxxi nnxo(y
(nn (o:nyionin +eni). Toxy no]ini nona+oi nnx emi+oi xam+i xnno
nnaeny acnxe+nnny ]oxy : iy+axn nnxo(y, :nanno xenmnxn ni(
iy+in nxo(y (nc.1.6,). Taii emi+in xam+i na:ny peatnueuux peui-
not.
V o6onnx emi+iax ai+nnnnx c+ynenin, (e o:mnennx o6ono-
io +ina ne ni(6ynac+icx, ni(no-
cna mnn(iic+i no+oiy :xinm-
c+icx ne:nanno, nnme nnacni-
(oi y+a+ eneii. Toxy mnn-
na xinona+ionnx iananin xac
:annma+ncx nn6nn:no o(na-
ionom, mo :a6e:nenyc+icx
]oxom no]inin nona-
+oi, 6nn:iiom (o cnxe+-
nnno, : xanom i:nnnem
xi iy+axn nxo(y +a nnxo-
(y ((nn. nc.1.6,). Je +ai
:nani atnueui peuintu.
Ak1nnui c1yneui s peaknicm. Tainx c+ynenxx nn+axanni ncn
eai+nnnnx c+ynenin, ane n xenmin, ni y nnx, xii. Tai, na ia]iiax
enmn +nciy +a mnn(ioc+en n o6onin emi+ni naxnneni (o ion:on-
+ani, xi i n eai+nnnoxy c+yneni, ane ni( :nanno xenmnx iy+ox (moci
cee(nc xi i na nc.1.4). Tniy+nnin mnn(ioc+en xam+i noxi-
nnn xi i ((nn. nc.1.4) nninx(, nnnoxy c
1
> w
2
> w
1
> c
2
i
Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in

2
>
1
>
2
>
1
. Hoxiny ]oxy xi i ((nn. nc.1.6) xam+i i
no]ini o6onnx nona+oi.
1.3. Eara1oniuneni ak1nnui c1yneui
Po6o+a +y6innoio c+ynenx xoe 6y+n e]ei+nnnom +iniin nn
nennoxy ni(nomenni ionono mnn(ioc+i u na cee(nioxy (iaxe+i
ninnx o6onnx nona+oi (o mnn(ioc+i nnxo(y no+oiy i: conen c
1
. nx
ai+nnnoio c+ynenx nannnii(nime ni(nomennx mnn(ioc+en u/c
1
6nn-
:iie (o O,5, a (nx eai+nnnoio c+ynenx (o 1.
Hnx 6inimi :a(am+icx nn noei+ynanni nona+iona +exnea+y-
a o6onoio +ina i xia :nnennx +nciy n +y6ini, +nx mnn(iic+i na
nnxo(i i: connonoio anaa+a 6y(e 6inimom. Ho6 :a6e:nenn+n nn
nioxy nannnii(nime ni(nomennx u/c
1
, neo6xi(no nononionanino
:6inimyna+n ionony mnn(iic+i u. Ha nai+nni ne (ocxiac+icx :6ini-
mennxx cee(nioio (iaxe+a c+ynenx a6o nac+o+n o6e+annx o+o-
a. Ho+e neo6xi(no naxonyna+n, mo nn o6e+anni o+oa na noio
enexen+n (im+i ni(nen+oni cnnn, xii nninniam+i noxny nanyeni
o:+xiy. ani nanyennx :i :6inimennxx (iaxe+a i nac+o+n o6e-
+annx 6y(y+i +aio :oc+a+n. Toxy : noinx(y xinnoc+i nennnnna :a-
nacy no+ennianino eneii, xia nee+nomc+icx n xexaninny o6o+y
n +y6innoxy c+yneni, o6xeena.
Himo neeo6nmna+n n o(nnonnoxy +y6innoxy c+yneni nennii
iiniioc+i no+ennianino eneii 6e: :6eeennx on+nxaninoio ni(no-
mennx mnn(ioc+en u/c
1
, +o ne nn:ne(e (o :xenmennx nee+noennx
iine+nnno eneii n xexaninny o6o+y n o6onnx iananax nee: :6ini-
mennx n+a+ eneii. Bnaennxx nioio 6y(y+i :nanni a6conm+ni
mnn(ioc+i c
2
o6onoio +ina :a c+ynenex +a :nnennx KK +y6inno-
io c+ynenx.
O(nn i: mnxxin noninmennx KK ai+nnnnx c+ynenin, nanmm-
nnx : nenninx :anacox no+ennianino eneii o6onoio +ina, nonxiac
n :ac+ocynanni 6aia+oninnennx o6onnx ionic (: (noxa-+ioxa o6o-
nnxn ninnxxn). Hn nioxy nac+nna iine+nnno eneii no+oiy, xinn
:annmac nemnn o6onnn nineni, nnionc+onyc+icx (nx o(eannx
ioncno o6o+n n (yioxy i +e+ioxy o6onnx ninnxx. nx :a6e:ne-
nennx neo6xi(noio nanxxy no+oiy na nxo(i (o (yioio i nac+ynnnx
o6onnx ninnin nee( ionnx i: nnx y ionyci nc+anonnmm+i (o(a+-
ioni neyxoxi noxini nanxxni anaa+n.
Po6oni ninni nc+anonnmm+icx na o(noxy (nciy, i n :anenoc+i
! 3aatni oioo+ocmi njo 6ooo i jo6om mj6in
ni( x iiniioc+i c+ynini na:nnac+icx ni(noni(no oeoeiueeu+ a6o npu-
eiueeu+ na ni(xiny ni( anime o:inxny+nx c+ynenin, xii c o(noninne-
nnxn. !c+onnno +aii c+yneni ni(oxi xi oeoeiueee nn npueiueee to:e-
co Kepnica (:a ixenex axenianciioio inenea, mo nneme c+nonn
no(i6ny ionc+yinim n 19OO .).
Laia+oninneni c+yneni nnionym+i ai+nnnnxn a6o : nenenniom
eainicm (+o6+o (o(a+ionnx o:mnennxx o6onoio +ina) n o6o-
nnx i nanxxnnx iananax.
Cxexa ai+nnnoio (noninnenoio c+ynenx, no]ini noio nona+oi i
ia]iin +nciy +a mnn(ioc+en :o6aeni na nc.1.7.
Hi i n o(noninnenoxy ai+nnnoxy c+yneni, o:mnennx ia:y ni(-
6ynac+icx +iniin n connonnx
iananax. V o6onnx ninnxx i
n nanxxnoxy anaa+i o:-
mnennx nexac, +oxy +nci y
iananax o6onnx i nanxxno
emi+oi :annmac+icx ne:xin-
nnx, +o6+o p
11
=p
21
= p
12
= p
22
i, o+e, w
21
=w
11
, w
22
= w
12
((yia nn]a in(eicy ni(noni-
(ac noxey ninnx o6onnx no-
na+oi). V o6onnx iananax
ni(6ynac+icx +iniin nee+no-
ennx iine+nnno eneii no-
+oiy n xexaninny o6o+y, a6-
conm+ni mnn(ioc+i n iananax
o6onnx emi+oi :xenmy-
m+icx: c
21
< c
11
, c
22
< c
12
. Bxi(-
ni i nnxi(ni iy+n ni(noni(nnx
emi+oi nn6nn:no o(naioni:

21

11
,
12

21
,
22

12
.
Bnionc+annx iine+nnno
eneii +a :nnennx a6conm+-
no mnn(ioc+i n o6onnx nin-
nxx ni(6ynam+icx nane :a e+a-
naxn, c+yninnac+o, +oxy +aii
c+yneni na:nnam+i me ioneca-
xn : ni(noni(nnx nncnox c+y-
p

>

u
c

>

u
c

u
w

>

u
c

>

Pnc.1.7. !a]iin +nciy +a mnn(ioc+en i

emi+in no]inin ai+nnnoio (noninne-
noio c+ynenx
" Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
nenin mnn(ioc+i, a nn oiexoxy nnionanni nypoiuom si cnyneu+u
ueuotocni.
Ociiniin n noxinnx nanxxnnx anaa+ax 6aia+oninnennx c+y-
nenin o:mnennx o6onoio +ina ne:nanne a6o ni(cy+nc :oncix, +o
no]ini nona+oi nnx anaa+in nnionym+icx no(i6nnxn (o no]inin
o6onnx nona+oi ai+nnnnx emi+oi.
On+nxanine ni(nomennx mnn(ioc+en u/c
1
(nx (noninnenoio c+y-
nenx cina(ac nn6nn:no O,25, (nx +nninnenoio O,167. Je o:nanac,
mo n noinnxnni : o(noninnennx ai+nnnnx c+ynenex neo6xi(ni iono-
ni mnn(ioc+i (nn o(naionin iiniioc+i no+ennianino eneii, mo ne-
eo6nxc+icx, i xaicnxaninoxy KK) 6y(y+i xenmi nn6nn:no n (na
i +n a:n ni(noni(no.
Konc+yi+nnnnx naian+ox c+ynenx, n xioxy eani:yc+icx no-
nec, ananoiinnnn +oxy, mo :(incnmc+i-
cx n (noninnenoxy c+yneni, c cnyniut s
noenopuu+ nioeeoeuu+ pooo:oeo ni:a
(nc.1.8). Jen c+ynini cina(ac+icx i: co-
nnonoio anaa+a n o(noio ninnx o6o-
nnx nona+oi (nemnn c+ynini mnn(io-
c+i). Honmonmn o6oni nona+in, o-
6one +ino na(xo(n+i y nonoo+ny iaxe-
y, xia nnionyc oni noxinoio na-
nxxnoio anaa+a. J nonoo+no iaxe-
n no+ii ni( iy+ox
1
nona(ac n(yie
na o6oni nona+in i nnxo(n+i :i mnn(-
iic+m c
2
, nnnoxy w
2
w
1
, c
1
c
2
, w
2
w
1
,
c
2
< c
2
. V +ainn cnoci6 nnionano (na c+y-
neni mnn(ioc+i [8].
1.4. Eara1oc1yniuuac1i 1ypiun si
c1yneuuun 1ncky
V +ainx +y6inax :aianinnn nee-
na( +nciy no(inxc+icx na iiniia nac+nn,
iona : xinx cnanionyc+icx n cnocxy
c+yneni c+yneni +nciy. Ty6ina xnnxc
co6om x( o:ximennx o(nn :a o(nnx
na o(noxy nany n cnininoxy ionyci
>

w\
>\
c\
c\
=\
>\
w\

>

Pnc.1.8. Cxexa c+ynenx :

non+onnx ni(ne(ennxx
o6onoio +ina
# 3aatni oioo+ocmi njo 6ooo i jo6om mj6in
c+ynenin, nee: xii nocni(onno noxo(n+i o6one +ino. Jaianina no-
+ynic+i +y6inn (oinnmc cyxi no+ynoc+en ncix c+ynenin.
Ho+ennianina eneiix o6onoio +ina, xia nnna(ac na o(nn c+y-
nini, :nanno xenma :a neci :anac y +y6ini, +oxy nncenino xenme i
:nanennx a6conm+no mnn(ioc+i c
1
, noinnxno : +om, xia 6yna 6 nn
o(noc+yninnac+oxy naian+i +y6inn. O+e, ni(6oox nncna c+ynenin
xona :a6e:nenn+n (nn :6eeenni on+nxaninoio cninni(nomennx
u/c
1
) nnnyc+nxi : noinx(y xinnoc+i iononi mnn(ioc+i.
V xeax ionoio :i c+ynenin o6onnn nonec oiani:yc+icx :ii(-
no : 6y(i-xinx i: o:inxny+nx nnme nnnnnnin.
V :aianinoxy nnna(iy 6aia+oc+yninnac+a +y6ina cina(ac+icx i:
c+ynenin +nciy, xii xoy+i 6y+n: ai+nnnnxn o(noninnennxn (n +oxy
nncni n : eainicm), eai+nnnnxn, ai+nnnnxn (no- nn +nninnennxn.
Cxexa 6aia+oc+yninnac+o ai+nnno +y6inn :i c+ynenxxn +nciy,
a +aio ia]iin +nciy +a mnn(ioc+en nane(eni na nc.1.9. Ty6ina
cina(ac+icx : n'x+n o(noninnennx c+ynenin. Connoni nona+in nemo-
io c+ynenx :aiinneni n io-
nyci +y6inn, connoni no-
na+in inmnx c+ynenin y
(ia]aixax. ia]aixn
o:nixni, nexni nononnnn
x yc+anonneni y inmni
ionycy, a nnni y iony-
ci +y6inn. Haxnnic+i (ia-
]aix i (ncionoio o+oa
c ionc+yi+nnnom o:naiom
p,w,c
w
p

1 2 3 4
5
6
7
c
#
p
#
8
p

9
p
#
c
#
p

c
#
p
#
Pnc.1.9. Cxexa 6aia+oc+ynin-
nac+o ai+nnno +y6inn :i c+y-
nenxxn +nciy:
1,3 connoni nona+in ni(noni(no
nemoio i +e+ioio c+ynenin; 2
(ia]aixa; 4 o6oni nona+in;
5 inmia ionycy; 6 (nci;
7nan; 8 iinnene ymininennx;
9 ionyc +y6inn
$ Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
F

#
F

F
"
?
"
F
"
?
"
"
F
"
?
"
M

!
F ? M
ai+nnno 6aia+oc+yninnac+o +y6inn. Taia ionc+yinix (o:nonxc cio-
o+n+n n+a+n ni( nn+iiannx o6onoio +ina xi connonnxn emi+ia-
xn i o+oox :a axynoi :xenmennx (iaxe+a ymininennx (ia]aix.
Hema 6aia+oc+yninnac+a ai+nnna naona +y6ina 6yna c+noe-
na n 19OO . mne(ciinx ineneox !yc+anox ananex mnxxox no(ani-
moio n(ocionanmnannx o(noc+yninnac+o ai+nnno +y6inn.
Cxexa 6aia+oc+yninnac+o eai+nnno +y6inn :o6aena na
nc.1.1O. Tax e no(ani ia]iin +nciy +a mnn(ioc+en. Ty6ina cina-
(ac+icx i: no+niox eai+nnnnx c+ynenin. Connoni nona+in :aiinne-
ni n ionyci, o6oni na o+oi. Oco6nnnic+m eai+nnno +y6inn c
o+o 6aa6annoio +nny.
V :n'x:iy : naxnnic+m na o6onnx nona+iax eai+nnno +y6inn
neena(y +nciy, na o+o (ic :nanna ociona cnna, mo c+nomc nenn-
ie nanan+aennx na ynonnn ni(mnnnni (na ncyniy ne noia:annn).
Ho6 o:nan+an+n ynonnn ni(mnnnni i :xenmn+n noio o:xin, n
+y6ini : 6oiy nnyciy o6onoio +ina nee(6aneno o:nan+aynani-
nnn nnc+in oy+ic. Bin cina(ac+icx i: nomnx nac+nnn o+oa
:6inimenoio (iaxe+a +a na6inn+o-
noio ymininennx xi nnnin(nnnom
nonexnem nomnx +a ionycox.
Ha nomeni (yxica : 6oiy nnyciy
o6onoio +ina (ic 6inim nncoinn +nci
p
O
, ni +nci p
(
: inmo c+o-
onn. Bnacni(oi nioio nn-
nniac ociona cnna, cnxxo-
nana n 6ii, no+nnennn (i
neninnonaennx cnn, mo
o6yxonneni neena(axn +n-
ciy na o6onnx nona+iax.
Pnc.1.1O. Cxexa 6aia+oc+ynin-
nac+o eai+nnno +y6inn :i
c+ynenxxn +nciy:
1 connoni nona+in; 2 ionyc;
3 o6oni nona+in; 4 o+o; 5
nomeni (yxica
% 3aatni oioo+ocmi njo 6ooo i jo6om mj6in
Jnnennn +nci p
(
n iaxei (yxica (ocxiac+icx +nx, mo nona :'c(ny-
c+icx +y6onono(ox a6o cne(nennxxn n 6aa6ani : nnnycinom na-
c+nnom +y6inn. a6inn+one ymininennx cnnxc :xenmennm nn+o-
iin o6onoio +ina nee: nomeni (yxica.
Konc+yinix eai+nnno 6aia+oc+yninnac+o naono +y6inn
nneme 6yna :anonononana n 1884 . anininciinx ineneox Ha-
concox.
oc+onc+nox +y6in :i c+ynenxxn +nciy c +e, mo nonn (o:nonx-
m+i cnanionyna+n nennii (+eoe+nnno 6y(i-xii) :anacn no+enniani-
no eneii nn (onyc+nxnx :a yxonaxn xinnoc+i iononnx mnn(io-
c+xx nona+oi, :a6e:nenymnn nncoii KK.
1.5. Paiautui 1ypiun
V o:inxny+nx nnme c+ynenxx +enix o6onoio +ina xana :aiani-
nnn nanxx, mo :6iiancx : nanxxox oci +y6inn. Toxy +aii c+yneni n
+y6inn n ninoxy na:nnam+icx octoeu+u.
V paoia:tnu cnynen o6one +ino yxac+icx n ocnonnoxy no
a(iycy +y6inn. B :anenoc+i ni( nanxxy yxy (ni( nen]ei (o
nen+a a6o ni( nen+a (o nen]ei) o:i:nxm+i ooennpoei
(nc.1.11,) i eioennpoei ((nn. nc.1.11,) c+yneni.

Pnc.1.11. Tnnn a(ianinnx c+ynenin:

(onen+onnn c+ynini; ni(nen+onnn c+ynini; a(iani-
no-ocionnn c+ynini; (nono+oionnn a(ianino-ocionnn c+ynini;
]aixen+ (noc+yninnac+o (onen+ono +y6inn; 6io+a+nn-
nnn c+ynini

2128
& Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
J a(ianinnx c+ynenin nan6inime :nanennx (nx nai+nin xam+i
(onen+oni c+yneni : ocionnx nanxxox nnxo(y no+oiy : o6onoio
ioneca, mo (ic+ann na:ny paoia:tno-octoeu ((nn. nc.1.11,). V nnx
c+ynenxx n noneci nee+noennx eneii o6one +ino yxac+icx cno-
na+iy n connonoxy anaa+i 1 ni( nen]ei (o nen+a, no+ix y xino-
na+ionnx iananax o6onoio ioneca 2, noc+ynono :xinmmnn nanxx
yxy na ocionnn.
Pa(ianino-ocioni c+yneni 6ynam+i o(nono+oioni nn (nono+oioni
((nn. nc.1.11,), oc+anni :ac+oconym+i nn :6inimennx nn+a+ax o-
6onoio +ina +a o6xeenni (iaxe+a o6onoio ioneca. Laia+oc+ynin-
nac+i +y6inn, mo cina(am+icx : oiexnx a(ianino-ocionnx c+yne-
nin, nnio+onnxm+i mnxxox nocni(onnoio :'c(nannx (eiiniiox c+yne-
nin :a (onoxoiom :noo+nnx nanxxnnx anaa+in ((nn. nc.1.11,).
V a(ianinnx c+ynenxx no(ninnoio o6e+annx ((nn. nc.1.11,) c
(na (ncin : nona+iaxn, nn (na ioneca, mo o6e+am+icx n no+nne-
nnx nanxxax (oiponanuenu cnynint).
Ha nc.1.12 noia:ani cxexn nona+ionnx emi+oi (onen+onoio,
ni(nen+onoio +a a(ianino-ocionoio c+ynenin, a +aio x +niy+nn-
in mnn(ioc+en. V connonnx anaa+ax a(ianinnx c+ynenin o:mnen-
nx o6onoio +ina ni(nxiac +nx e :aionax, mo i n ocionnx. Ja axy-
noi :nnennx +nciy ni( p
O
na nxo(i (o p
1
na nnxo(i : emi+oi no+ii
o:ianxc+icx ni( mnn(ioc+i c
O
(o mnn(ioc+i c
1
.
?

K
M

Pnc.1.12. Cxexn nona+ionnx emi+oi a(ianinnx c+ynenin:

(onen+onnn c+ynini; ni(nen+onnn c+ynini; a(ianino-ocionnn c+ynini

Hnnnnnona ni(xinnic+i o6onoio nonecy n a(ianinnx c+yne-
nxx y noinnxnni : ocionnxn nonxiac n +oxy, mo nee+noennx ene-
' 3aatni oioo+ocmi njo 6ooo i jo6om mj6in
ii n o6onnx iananax cynono(yc+icx :xinom ionono mnn(ioc+i
ni( u
1
na nxo(i (o u
2
na nnxo(i : emi+in. Bi(nocna mnn(iic+i w
:xinmc+icx xi y :n'x:iy : o:mnennxx o6onoio +ina n o6onoxy
ioneci, +ai i ni( (icm ineninnnx (ioioniconnx) cnn, mo n (onen+o-
nnx +y6inax cnonininmm+i, a y ni(nen+onnx nnciomm+i +enim n
xinona+ionnx iananax.
Bi(nen+oni +y6inn n noinnxnni : (onen+onnxn nomneni :nan-
no xenme nee: xenmnn KK i nnionc+onynannn +ennoneena(.
Hennoio nomnennx na6ynn ni(nen+oni naoni 6aia+oc+yninnac+i
+y6inn, nnacni(oi +oio, mo nn :nannoxy :6inimenni nn+oxoio o6'-
cxy nan neo6xi(ni nnomi noxi(noio neei:y iananin xona :a6e:-
nenn+n +iniin y nnna(iy +eni ni( nen+a (o nen]ei.
Kou1poutui sanauuu i nn1auuu
1. Hocnint npunun oi nanpocniuo octoeo nypoinu.
2. Oapatnepusyne ocoo:ueocni nypoinu t oeueyna.
3. ' :o+y no:eac toncnpytnuena ocoo:ueicnt napia:tnoeo nypoinnoeo cny-
nen?
4. Oapatnepusyne npununu cu:oeo oi nonoty na pooo:i :onantu.
5. Hocnint ocoo:ueocni cu:oeo oi nonoty na :onantu atnuenoeo cnynen.
6. Hpoana:isyne ocoo:ueocni cu:oeo oi nonoty na :onantu peatnuenoeo
cnynen.
7. Uu+ nocnmcntc neooionicnt sacnocyeann oaeanoeineeu cnynenie i
oaeanocnynin:acnu nypoin?
8. Hpoana:isyne npoecu nepeneopenn enepei e oaeanoeineeo+y cnyneni.
9. ane apatnepucnuty oaeanocnynin:acno nypoinu si cnynen+u nuc-
ty.
10. Eti toncnpytnueni ocoo:ueocni +amnt atnueni na peatnueni nypoinu si
cnynen+u nucty?
11. Haseint ocnoeni nunu paoia:tnu nypoinnu cnynenie.
2*
Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
2. TEPMOlABOQHHAMlHHl OCHOBH TEOPl
TYPBlH
2.1. Ocuonui pinuuuuu yc1aueuoro ouonnuipuoro rasonoro no1oky
Ho+ii y iananax +y6innnx emi+oi xac cina(ny noc+oony c+y-
i+yy. nx anani:y +ainx no+oiin :nnnanno :anynam+i cnomeni xo-
(eni, (oc+a+nio +onni (nx o:n'x:annx nennoio iona ionie+nnx :an-
(ani. Cy++cnnxn neenaiaxn nnx xo(enen xam+i 6y+n naonnic+i i ni(-
nocno noc+a (ocxnic+i e:yni+a+y.
V +eoi +y6in 6aia+o nn+ani xoy+i 6y+n nnimeni na ocnoni
:aionoxinoc+en nannoc+imoio oouoeu+ipuoeo yc+anenoio ia:o-
noio no+oiy. B o(nonnxinoxy no+oni nci naaxe+n o6onoio +ina i
naaxe+n yxy :anea+i +iniin ni( o(nic noc+oono ioo(nna+n,
ni(ninynano n nanxxi +eni. Jxinom naaxe+in y (nox inmnx nanx-
xax o(nonnxina +eoix nex+yc, nnaamnn x necy++cnnxn.
Xaai+enom ncom o(nonnxinoio no+oiy c +e, mo n nioxy
6y(i-xinn naaxe+ y o:inxny+oxy neei:i (o:nonxc, ximo ni(oxi
naaxe+n n nona+ionoxy neei:i, cinac+n nonne yxnnennx no no-
+ii i c+an o6onoio +ina n nioxy neei:i. Hn nioxy nexac no+e6n
:naxo(n+n :nanennx noc+oono ioo(nna+n (anoio neei:y. Ta-
inx nnnox, :aionoxinoc+i +eni (nx o(nonnxinoio ia:onoio no+o-
iy xnnxm+i co6om :n'x:oi +iniin naaxe+in o6onoio +ina n no+oiy
i ne xic+x+i noc+oonnx ioo(nna+.
O(nonnxina xo(eni xoe 6y+n :ac+oconana (o no+oiin y iana-
nax : xano :xinmnannx noneennnx neei:ox i cna6ionniny+om
niccm.
O(nonnxina +enix i(eanina xo(eni no+oiy. O(nai y x(i nnna(-
iin :aionoxinoc+i o(nonnxinoio ia:onoio no+oiy xoy+i 6y+n :a-
c+oconani i (o eanino +eni : neinnoxinnx o:no(inox naaxe+in
y neei:ax. Hn nioxy (nx xaai+enc+nin c+any o6onoio +ina i
no+oiy neo6xi(no 6a+n naaxe+n, nennnx nnnox ycee(neni no ne-
ei:ax.
Po:inxnexo ocnonni innxnnx o6onoio +ina c+oconno (o o(no-
nnxinoio ia:onoio no+oiy.
Pinuuuuu 1epuonuauiuuoro c1auy poouoro 1iua. Janenic+i xi
]i:nnnnxn naaxe+axn ia:y xac nninx(
Tcj+oa:oouna+iuni ocnoou mcoji mj6in
pv = RT a6o p = RT, (2.1)
(e p a6conm+nnn +nci, Ha; v nn+oxnn o6'cx, x
3
/ii; R ia:ona
c+ana, /(iiK); T a6conm+na +exnea+ya, K; = 1/v iyc+nna
ia:y, ii/x
3
.
Pinnxnnx (2.1) 6yno o(eano (nx +exo(nnaxinno i(eaninnx ia-
:in, y xinx ia:ona c+ana :anen+i +iniin ni( xnio nno(n, ane, ne-
:naamnn na ne, nonn mnoio :ac+oconym+icx n o:axyniax ia:o-
nnx +y6in (nx eaninnx ia:in, :a6e:nenymnn nnnnx+nnn e:yni+a+.
!a:ona c+ana xoe 6y+n nn:nanena :a ]oxynom
, =

R R
(e R

= 8314 /(ixoniK) yninecanina ia:ona c+ana; xonxna

xaca ia:y, ii/ixoni.
nx noni+x ia:ona c+ana R = 287,1 /(iiK). nx ia:y cyximi
no(yi+in :ioxnnx : na(nnmionnx noni+xx, xia c o6onnx +i-
nox y ia:onnx +y6inax, nona ionnnac+icx n xeax ni( 277,6 (o
284,5 /(iiK) n :anenoc+i ni( ioe]inicn+a na(nnmiy noni+x.
nx o:axyniy naonnx +y6in innxnnx (2.1) ne :ac+oconyc+i-
cx, +oxy mo ia:ona c+ana no(xno nan ic+o+no :anen+i ni( +nciy i
+exnea+yn. Ha nai+nni o:axynoi naaxe+in c+any nan nnio-
nym+i :a (onoxoiom +a6nnni no(xno nan +a (iaiaxn hs. V (e-
xinx nnna(iax nnionc+onym+i naninexninnni innxnnx c+any, mo
(o:nonxm+i : (oc+a+niom +onnic+m nn:nana+n naaxe+n (nx o6xe-
enoio (iana:ony :naneni +exnea+yn i +nciy.
V +eoi +y6in nac+o nnionc+onyc+icx :anenic+i xi ia:onom
c+anom R, +ennocxnic+m ia:y c
p
+a noia:nniox i:oen+onn k:
.
1
p
c
k
k
R

= (2.2)
!:o6ana xacona +ennocxnic+i nn:nanac iiniiic+i +enno+n, xiy ne-
o6xi(no ni(nec+n (o 1 ii o6onoio +ina (nx +oio, mo6 ni(nnmn+n noio
+exnea+yy na 1 K y noneci nn c+anoxy +nciy. Tennocxnic+i eani-
nnx ia:in :anen+i y :aianinoxy nnna(iy ni( x +exnea+yn i +nciy.
Janenic+i +ennocxnoc+i ni( +exnea+yn i n o:axyniax 6ey+i
nininnom y nninx(i c
p
= a + bi, (e a i b c+ani, mo nn:nanam+icx o(ox
ia:y. Janenic+m c
p
ni( +nciy :nnnanno nex+ym+i, xi (ye cna6iom.
Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
Konn p = consl i i = O C, +ennocxnic+i noni+x c
p
= 1OO4 /(iiK).
Tennocxnic+i ia:y, o(eanoio nn cnanmnanni nannna, xie nnion-
c+onyc+icx n ia:o+y6innnx yc+anoniax, :a +nx caxnx yxon :naxo(n+i-
cx n xeax 1OO7...1O17 /(iiK). Menmi :nanennx ni(noni(am+i ioe-
]inicn+oni na(nnmiy noni+x = 5, 6inimi = 2,7.
Pinuuuuu uepospnnuoc1i (cyniutuoc1i). Vxona neo:nnnoc+i no-
+oiy nnionyc+icx, ximo (nx ncix noio neei:in
consl, = = G
v
w F
(2.3)
(e F nnoma noneennoio neei:y ianany, nenen(niynxnoio (o
nei+oa mnn(ioc+i w, x
2
; G xacona nn+a+a o6onoio +ina, ii/c.
Tainx nnnox, xacona nn+a+a o6onoio +ina (nx ncix neei:in
ianany c nennnnnom c+anom. oian]xymnn, a no+ix (n]eennimm-
nn innxnnx (2.3), o(eycxo innxnnx neo:nnnoc+i n (n]eenniani-
nin ]oxi
. O = +
v
dv
w
dw
F
dF
nx neyxoxoio ianany, nannina( connonoio, w = c, i +o(i nnxi-
(ne innxnnx (2.3) xac nninx(
consl. = = G
v
c F
(2.4)
Pinuuuuu 1epuonuauiuuoro nponecy. Hi( nac +eni o6onoio +ina
n +y6innoxy ianani noio naaxe+n :xinmm+icx. Jn'x:oi xi naa-
xe+axn n i:nnx neei:ax onncyc+icx n :aianinoxy nnna(iy innxn-
nxx noni+onn
pv
n
= consl. (2.5)
Hoia:nni noni+onn n (nx ionoio nnna(iy c nennnnnom c+a-
nom i :anen+i ni( xaai+ey nonecy (naxnnic+i +ennoo6xiny, +e+x
i +.n.). Tai, nannina(, (nx i:oen+oninnoio nonecy (s = consl) nin
(oinnmc noia:nniy i:oen+onn (n = k), (nx i:o6anoio (p = consl)
nonecy n = O, (nx i:o+exinnoio (T = consl) n = 1.
! Tcj+oa:oouna+iuni ocnoou mcoji mj6in
Pinnxnnx nonecy xona :annca+n +aio y nninx(i :anenoc+i
xi +exnea+yom ia:y i nn+oxnx o6'cxox mnxxox :axinn +nciy y
nna:i (2.5) noio :nanennxx i: innxnnx c+any i(eaninoio ia:y (2.1):
consl, =
n
v
v
RT
:ni(in
Tv
n 1
= consl. (2.6)
Haem+i, nna:nnmn no(i6nnx e nnnox nn+oxnn o6'cx, :nan(e-
xo :anenic+i xi +nciox i +exnea+yom
consl, =

n
p
RT
p
:ni(in
consl.
1
=
n
n
p
T
(2.7)
Pinuuuuu euepri. Hexan y (exioxy ianani (nc.2.1) eani:yc+icx
o(nonnxina +enix ia:y. Cax ianan
neeximyc+icx noc+ynanino mo(o
nenno a6conm+no cnc+exn ioo(n-
na+ :i c+anom mnn(iic+m (u =consl
neenocna mnn(iic+i).
Bn(innxo n (exinn xoxen+ y
no+oni (noxa neciinnenno 6nn:iin-
xn noneennnxn neei:axn ene-
xen+any xacy ia:y. Bnacni(oi 6nn-
:iioc+i neei:in 6y(exo y ncin nn-
(inenin xaci nnaa+n c+annxn nci na-
axe+n ia:y i no+oiy.
Ja (exinn noxioi nacy d nn(inena xaca ia:y neexic+n+icx
y:(on no+oiy. Hn nioxy naaxe+n ia:y i no+oiy :a:nam+i :xin
:aneno ni( yxon +eni.
Jac+oconymnn :aion :6eeennx i nee+noennx eneii (o o:-
inxny+o xacn ia:y, y :aianinoxy nnna(iy +eni : +ennoo6xinox, +e-

K
K
?

Pnc.2.1. o innxnnx eneii

" Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
+xx i :(incnennxx o6o+n xona :annca+n
. ) (
2
T
2
r r
dl dl pv d
c
d dU dq dq + + +

+ = + (2.8)
Ty+ dq +enno+a, nee(ana ia:y ::onni nnacni(oi +ennoo6xiny :
nanionnmnix cee(onnmex; dq
r
+enno+a +e+x, eininanen+na o6o+i
+e+x; ociiniin nx +enno+a cnnnxac+icx ia:ox +ai, ni6n nona ni(no-
(n+icx ::onni, +o nona ni(cyxonyc+icx : dq; dU :xina nny+imnio
+ennono eneii; d(c
2
/2) :xina iine+nnno eneii; d(pv) :xina nny-
+imnio xexaninno eneii, a6o o6o+a nn+ncnennx, nnionynana ia-
:ox no+n o:no(inenoio no noio nonexni +nciy : 6oiy nanionnm-
nioio cee(onnma (+nciy ia:y na nonexni, mo o6xeym+i o:inxny-
+y xacy); dl
T
:onnimnx, a6o +exninna, o6o+a; dl
r
o6o+a no+n cnn,
mo (im+i : 6oiy c+inoi ianany no (o+nnnin (o nnx (o6o+a +e+x).
Hee: xany iyc+nny ia:y o6o+a cnn +xinnx n innxnni eneii
nnnymena. Vci nnenn n innxnni (2.8) ni(neceni (o 1 ii ia:y i nnaeni
n /ii.
Ociiniin dq
r
i dl
r
nncenino inni, innxnnx eneii na6ynac nn-
inx(y

T
2
) (
2
dl pv d
c
d dU dq + +

+ = . (2.9)
Ane, xi ni(oxo : +exo(nnaxiin,
, ) ( dh pv d dU = +
(e h en+aninix o6onoio +ina, /ii. Ln+aninix xi cyxa nny+imnix
+ennono +a xexaninno eneiin xnnxc co6om nonny nny+imnm (no+en-
nianiny) eneiim o6onoio +ina.
O+e, : innxnnx (2.9) o(enxo
T
2
2
dl
c
d dh dq +

+ = . (2.1O)
Bninx( innxni (2.9) i (2.1O) ne :anen+i ni( +oio, cnoc+eiiac+i-
cx +e+x (i n+a+n eneii) nn +eni nn ni. Je ne o:nanac, mo +e+x ne
nnnnnac na o:nn+oi nonecy +eni. Je cni(nn+i +iniin no +e, mo
cyxana eneiix no+oiy nn (anin iiniioc+i ni(ne(eno ::onni +enno-
# Tcj+oa:oouna+iuni ocnoou mcoji mj6in
+n i (anin nennnnni :onnimnio o6o+n nn:nanac+icx niniox o(no:nan-
no. Haxnnic+i +e+x nnno(n+i +iniin (o neeo:no(iny eneii xi
oiexnxn cina(onnxn, a +aio no:nanac+icx na nennnnni en+oni
ia:y s, xia nanniinni nonecy y nnna(iy +e+x :an(n 6inima, ni
6yna 6 nn noio ni(cy+noc+i.
!n+eiymnn innxnnx (2.1O) (nx o6xeeno (inxnin no+oiy 12
((nn. nc.2.1), nicnx (exinx nee+noeni o(eycxo
2
) (
2
1
2
2
1 2 T
c c
T T c l q
p

+ = . (2.11)
V ninin nac+nni innxnnx (2.11) :nai "+" 6ee+icx nn nn+a+i ::on-
ni +enno+n a6o +exninno o6o+n, a "" y nnna(iy ni(ne(ennx +enno+n
ni( ia:y a6o :(incnennx nnx o6o+n.
Po:inxny+i nnme innxnnx :anncani n a6conm+nin cnc+exi ioo-
(nna+.
Hoxic+nxo nona+oi (exio nono cnc+exn ioo(nna+, mo yxa-
c+icx a:ox : nn(inennx enexen+ox, y noio nen+i nain. To(i, o:inx-
(amnn enexen+ xi neyxoxnn mo(o nic cnc+exn ioo(nna+, innxn-
nx eneii :anncycxo y nninx(i nemoio :aiony +exo(nnaxiin (nx
+exo(nnaxinnoio nonecy :xinn c+any ia:y
. vdp dh pdv dU dq dq
r
= + = + (2.12)
nx cnoc+eiiana, mo yxac+icx a:ox : nn(inennx enexen+ox
ia:y, eneie+nnnnn e]ei+ yxy enexen+a ni(nynancx 6 +iniin :an(xin
+e+m xi (o(a+ione ni(ne(ennx (exio iiniioc+i +enno+n dq
r
, mo ni-
(o6aeno n ninin nac+nni innxnnx (2.12).
Jic+annxmnn innxnnx (2.1O) i (2.12), nicnx :axinn dq
r
na dl
r
i
(exinx nee+noeni o(eycxo
. O
2
T
2
= + +

+
r
dl dl
c
d vdp (2.13)
Je c ysaea:tueue pieuuu Eepuy::i innxnnx :6eeennx eneii
n xexaninnin ]oxi. V nioxy innxnni +enno+a nonecy ne 6ee ynac+i
n xnnoxy nninx(i.
V nnna(iy eneioi:onionano +eni (dq = O; dl
T
= O) innxnnx (2.1O)
i (2.13) na6ynam+i ni(noni(no nninx(y
$ Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
, O
2
2
=

+
c
d dh (2.14)
. O
2
2
= +

+
r
dl
c
d vdp (2.15)
Hoin+eiycxo innxnnx (2.14) i (2.15) (nx (inxnin no+oiy xi
neei:axn 1 i 2.
J innxnnx (2.14) o(enxo
.
2 2
2
1
1
2
2
2
c
h
c
h + = + (2.16)
nx ia:y, ximo (nx nioio cnane(nnne innxnnx c+any pv = RT,
ociiniin
,
1
pv
k
k
pv
R
c
T c h
p
p

= = =
oc+a+onno o(enxo
.
2 1 2 1
2
1
1 1
2
2
2 2
c
v p
k
k
c
v p
k
k
+

= +

(2.17)
J innxnnx (2.15) nnnnnnac

= +

+
2
1
2
1
2
2
. O
2
r
l
c c
vdp (2.18)
B eneioi:onionanoxy noneci : +e+xx naaxe+n ia:y non'x:ani
innxnnxx noni+onn pv
n
= consl, +oxy

= =

2
1
1
1
1
2
1 1 1
2
1
.
1
) consl ( ) consl (
n
n
n
n
n n n
p p
n
n
dp p vdp
Po:innmn (yin, : yaxynannxx cninni(nomennx
% Tcj+oa:oouna+iuni ocnoou mcoji mj6in
consl
2 2 1 1
= =
n n
v p v p
nicnx ni(c+anonin n (2.18) i iynynannx nnenin o(enxo oc+a+onno
r
l
c
v p
n
n
c
v p
n
n
+ +

= +
2 1 2 1
2
2
2 2
2
1
1 1
. (2.19)
Pinnxnnx (2.17) i (2.19) o(eani (nx +oio nnna(iy eneioi:o-
nionano +eni : +e+xx.
Pinnxnnx (2.17), xi i (2.16), xac o(naionnn nninx( (nx +eni xi :
+e+xx, +ai i 6e: nioio. Hn naxnnoc+i +e+x :xinmm+icx +iniin ne-
nnnnnn nnenin nano nac+nnn 6e: :xinn xnio cyxn. V innxnnx (2.19)
o6o+a +e+x nxo(n+i y xnnoxy nninx(i, i, iix +oio, n xnonni nn
pv :axic+i k nxo(n+i noia:nni noni+onn n, mo :anen+i ni( k i
nennnnnn n+a+.
Homnmmnn innxnnx (2.17) i (2.19) na 6inim cina(ni nnna(in
+eni, noxinacxo:
ximo dl
T
O, +o n nani nac+nnn o6ox innxni ynin(e +exninna
o6o+a l
T
;
ximo dq O, +o n niny nac+nny (2.17) ynin(e +enno+a nonecy q; y
innxnni (2.19) ne no:nann+icx +iniin na nennnnni noia:nnia noni-
+onn n, xinn 6y(e nn:nana+ncx ne xi nennnnnom n+a+ ni( +e+x,
+ai i in+encnnnic+m +ennoo6xiny.
Ha ni(c+ani innxni (2.17) i (2.19) neiio :nan+n nna: (nx o6o+n
+e+x (nn ni(cy+noc+i +ennoo6xiny)
( ) ). (
1 1 1 1
2 1 2 2 1 1
T T R
k
k
n
n
v p v p
k
k
n
n
l
r

= (2.2O)
Pinnxnnx eneii no+oiy xoy+i 6y+n :anncani n y ni(nocnin cn-
c+exi ioo(nna+, non'x:anin : iananox, mo yxac+icx. Hn nioxy :a-
xic+i a6conm+no c neo6xi(no nnec+n ni(nocny mnn(iic+i w, a +exnin-
ny o6o+y n:x+n innom nynm, +oxy mo c+oconno nic cnc+exn ianan
neyxoxnn. Tai, nn ni(cy+noc+i +ennoo6xiny (dq = O) i noc+ynanino-
xy yci ianany innxnnx eneii y ni(nocnin cnc+exi ioo(nna+ xac
nninx(
. O
2
2
=

+
w
d dh (2.21)
& Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
Pinnxnnx (2.21) nn(a+ne (nx o6onnx iananin ocionnx +y6in-
nnx c+ynenin.
V +on e nac nnna(iy dq = O : innxnnx (2.1O) n a6conm+nin cn-
c+exi ioo(nna+ ni(noni(ac cninni(nomennx
. O
2
T
2
= +

+ dl
c
d dh (2.22)
Jic+annxmnn nna:n (2.21) i (2.22), o(eycxo ]oxyny (nx +exnin-
no o6o+n

=
2 2
2 2
T
c
d
w
d dl
a6o (nx o6xeeno (inxnin 12
.
2 2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
T
w w c c
l

= (2.23)
Himo neenocna mnn(iic+i (nx
i:nnx +onoi ianany i:na (uconsl),
xi, nannina(, y a(ianinnx c+yne-
nxx (nc.2.2), +o :axic+i innxnnx
(2.21) xac 6y+n :anncano
,
2 2
2 2

+
u
d
w
d dh
i +o(i
.
2 2 2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
T
u u w w c c
l

= (2.24)
Te+in nnen y nanin nac+nni innxnnx (2.24) xnnxc co6om o6o-
+y, o(eany nnacni(oi (i (o(a+ionnx ineninnnx cnn ioionico-
nnx.
Hane(eni nnme innxnnx eneii ia:onoio no+oiy :ac+oconym+icx
(o iananin n enexen+ax +y6innnx c+ynenin :a nennnx yxon. nx oie-
xnx nnna(iin ni innxnnx :ne(eni (o +a6n.2.1.
w
u

Pnc.2.2. Cxexa ianany n

o6e+aninoxy yci
' Tcj+oa:oouna+iuni ocnoou mcoji mj6in
T
a
o
:
u

2
.
1
.

P
i
n
u
a
u
u
a

e
u
e
p
r
i

r
a
s
o
n
o
r
o

u
o
1
o
k
y

u
a

e
u
e
u
e
u
1
i
n

1
y
p

i
u
u
o
r
o

c
1
y
u
e
u
a
V

n
i

n
o
c
n
i
n

c
n
c
r
e
m
i

k
o
o
p

n
n
a
r

E
n
e
m
e
n
r

c
r
y
n
e
n
x

B

a

c
o
n
m
r
n
i
n

c
n
c
r
e
m
i

k
o
o
p

n
n
a
r

K

c
o
n
s
t

(
o
c
t
o
n
i

c
r
y
n
e
n
i
)

K

=

c
o
n
s
t

(
p
a

i
a
n
t
n
i

r
a

p
a

i
a
n
t
n
o
-
o
c
t
o
n
i

c
r
y
n
e
n
i
)

H
e
p
y
x
o
m
i

k
a
n
a
n
n

c
o
n
n
o
n
n
x

r
a

n
a
-
n
p
x
m
n
n
x

a
n
a
p
a
r
i
n

(
T
d
l

0
)

] |
\ |
+
=
2
2
c
d
d
h
d
q

0
2
2
=
+
] |
\ |
+
r
d
l
c
d
v
d
p

C
r
y
n
e
n
i

o
x
o
n
o

x
y
n
a
n
n
x

r
y
p

i
n

(
@
G

=

0
)

K
a
n
a
n
n

p
o

o
u
n
x

n
i
n
n
i
n

T
2
2
d
l
c
d
d
h
d
q
+
] |
\ |
+
=

0
2
T
2
=
+
+
+
] |
\ |
+
r
d
l
d
l
c
d
v
d
p

(
T
d
l

0
)

] |
\ |
+
=
2
2
w
d
d
h
d
q

0
2
2
=
+
+
] |
\ |
+
r
d
l
w
d
v
d
p

(
T
d
l

0
)

] |
\ |

] |
\ |
+
=
2
2
2
2
u
d
w
d
d
h
d
q

0
2
2
2
2
=
+
] |
\ |

] |
\ |
+
r
d
l
u
d
w
d
v
d
p

C
r
y
n
e
n
i

n
e
o
x
o
n
o

x
y
n
a
-
n
n
x

r
y
p

i
n

(
@
G

0
)

H
e
p
y
x
o
m
i

k
a
n
a
n
n

c
o
n
n
o
n
n
x

r
a

n
a
-
n
p
x
m
n
n
x

a
n
a
p
a
r
i
n

(
T
d
l

0
)

0
2
2
=
] |
\ |
+
c
d
d
h

0
2
2
=
+
] |
\ |
+
r
d
l
c
d
v
d
p

! Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
H
p
o
o
o
e
w
.

n
a
o
:
.
2
.
1
V

n
i

n
o
c
n
i
n

c
n
c
r
e
m
i

k
o
o
p

n
n
a
r

E
n
e
m
e
n
r

c
r
y
n
e
n
x

B

a

c
o
n
m
r
n
i
n

c
n
c
r
e
m
i

k
o
o
p

n
n
a
r

K

c
o
n
s
t

(
o
c
t
o
n
i

c
r
y
n
e
n
i
)

K

=

c
o
n
s
t

(
p
a

i
a
n
t
n
i

r
a

p
a

i
a
n
t
n
o
-
o
c
t
o
n
i

c
r
y
n
e
n
i
)

C
r
y
n
e
n
i

n
e
o
x
o
n
o

x
y
n
a
-
n
n
x

r
y
p

i
n

(
@
G

0
)

K
a
n
a
n
n

p
o

o
u
n
x

n
i
n
n
i
n

0
2
T
2
=
+
] |
\ |
+
d
l
c
d
d
h

0
2
T
2
=
+
+
+
] |
\ |
+
r
d
l
d
l
c
d
v
d
p

(
T
d
l

0
)

0
2
2
=
] |
\ |
+
w
d
d
h

0
2
2
=
+
+
] |
\ |
+
r
d
l
w
d
v
d
p

(
T
d
l

0
)

] |
\ |
=
] |
\ |
+
2
2
2
2
u
d
w
d
d
h

0
2
2
2
2
=
+
] |
\ |

] |
\ |
+
r
d
l
u
d
w
d
v
d
p

2.2. Hapaue1pu rauuynauua n
acoum1uouy i niuocuouy pyci
V no+oni o:i:nxm+i c+a+nn-
ni i nonni naaxe+n o6onoio
+ina. C+a+nnni ne naaxe+n, xii
xaai+en:ym+i +exo(nnaxin-
nnn c+an o6onoio +ina, mo yxa-
c+icx : (exiom mnn(iic+m. Ho6
+onno nnxix+n c+a+nnni naaxe-
+n, nnximnanini nnna(n no-
nnnni neexima+ncx a:ox : no-
+oiox : +aiom mnn(iic+m.
Himo no+ii n xioxyci nee-
i:i :aianixyna+n +ainx nnnox,
mo6 mnn(iic+i noio c+ana innom
nynm, +o iine+nnna eneiix ni(no-
ni(no (o :aiony :6eeennx ene-
ii nee+non+icx n no+ennianiny,
a naaxe+n o6onoio +ina :xi-
nx+icx.
Haaxe+n no+oiy, iino+e+nn-
no :aianixonanoio n eneioi:o-
nionanoxy (dq = 0; dl
T
= 0) noneci
(o nyniono mnn(ioc+i, na:nna-
m+icx noenu+u napa+enpa+u, a6o
napa+enpa+u ea:t+yeann. Honni
naaxe+n no:nanam+i :ioniom
(*), nannina(: h
*
, T
*
, p
*
i +.(.
nx 6y(i-xioio (onininoio
neei:y nonna en+aninix xi non-
na eneiix o6onoio +ina c+ano-
nn+i cyxy no+ennianino +a iine-
+nnno eneiin, +o6+o
,
2
2
*
c
h h + = (2.25)
(e h i c c+a+nnna en+aninix i
mnn(iic+i no+oiy.
! Tcj+oa:oouna+iuni ocnoou mcoji mj6in
Hee+nonxo innxnnx (2.25) : yaxynannxx +oio, mo h = c
p
T:
,
2
1
2
1
2 2
*

+ =

+ =
T c
c
h
h
c
h h
p
a :axinnnmn c
p
i: nna:y (2.2), o(enxo
,
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
2 2
*

+ =

+ =
a
c k
h
RT
k
k
c
h h
(e kRT a = xicnena mnn(iic+i :nyiy.
Baxonymnn, mo c/a = M nncno Maxa n a6conm+noxy yci, oc-
+a+onno (nx nonno en+anini :anncycxo
, M
2
1
1
2
*

+ =
k
h h (2.26)
a o:(innnmn o6n(ni nac+nnn innxnnx na c
p
, o(enxo nonny +ex-
nea+yy
. M
2
1
1
2
*

+ =
k
T T (2.27)
J innxni (2.26) i (2.27) nnnnnnac, mo en+aninix +a +exnea+ya
ianixynannx ne :anea+i ni( xaai+ey nonecy ianixynannx.
Hn i:oen+oninnoxy ianixynanni pv
k
= consl ((nn. +aio in-
nxnnx (2.6), (2.7))
,
1
*
*

=
k
k
T
T
p
p
a +aio
,
1
* *
k
p
p

a o+e nonnnn +nci i nonna iyc+nna :aianixonanoio no+oiy xoy+i

6y+n nn:naneni n +ainn cnoci6:
! Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
, M
2
1
1
1
2
1
*
*

+ =

=
k
k
k
k
k
p
T
T
p p
. M
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
*
*

+ =

=
k
k
k
p
p
Honec i:oen+oninnoio ianixynannx i naaxe+n ianixynannx
na (iaiaxi hs noia:ano na nc.2.3.
V nnna(iy inmoio xaai+ey iani-
xynannx n nanin nac+nni oc+annix ]o-
xyn y noia:nni c+enenx :axic+i k xan
6n ynin+n noia:nni noni+onn n.
Ha(ani cii:i ni( naaxe+axn
ianixynannx 6y(exo o:yxi+n napa+e-
npu isoennponinoeo ea:t+yeann.
V nnna(iy eneioi:onionanoio no-
+oiy, in+eiymnn nna: (2.14), o(eyc-
xo (nx (onininoio neei:y
*
O
2
consl
2
h
c
h = = + ,
(e h
O
*
nonna en+aninix n nona+ionoxy neei:i ianany.
Tainx nnnox, n eneioi:onionanoxy no+oni en+aninix i +exnea-
+ya ianixynannx :annmam+icx noc+innnxn.
B eneioi:onionanoxy no+oni 6e: +e+x (i:oen+oninnoxy) :ann-
mam+icx ne:xinnnxn no (onnni no+oiy n inmi naaxe+n ianixy-
nannx. V no+oni : +e+xx, xie naxonyc+icx innxnnxx (2.2O), p
*
,
*
i
v
*
:xinmm+icx, o(nai nn nioxy
consl
*
*
=

p
i consl.
* *
= v p (2.28)
Oc+annc :ynno inmc+yna+n :a (onoxoiom pv-(iaiaxn
(nc.2.4).
Hexan n (exioxy ianani ni(6ynac+icx eneioi:onionana +enix ia:y
: o:mnennxx. Hn ni(cy+noc+i +e+x (ds = O) nonec xi neei:a-
xn ianany :o6a:n+icx na (iaiaxi i:oen+onom A
1
A
2
. C+an :aiani-
D
I
)

D
6
F
)

Pnc.2.3. Honni naaxe+n o-

6onoio +ina (AA
*
nonec
ianixynannx)
!! Tcj+oa:oouna+iuni ocnoou mcoji mj6in
xonanoio no+oiy n 6y(i-xioxy neei:i ianany 6y(e no:nana+ncx o(-
nicm n +icm +oniom A
1
*
na nee+nni no(onennx i:oen+onn
A
1
A
2
: i:o+exom T
O
*
, i +oxy nci
naaxe+n ianixynannx 6y(y+i :a-
nnma+ncx ne:xinnnxn.
V nnna(iy +eni : +e+xx (dsO)
:xina +exo(nnaxinnoio c+any
o6onoio +ina n ianani :o6a:n+i-
cx noni+onom A
1
A
2
. Haaxe+n
ianixynannx n neei:ax 6y(y+i
nn:nana+ncx ni(noni(no +oniaxn
A
1
*
i A
2
*
, mo nea+i na o(nin i:o-
+exi T
O
*
. Cninni(nomennx (2.28)
innxnnx nic i:o+exn.
Hi nn(no : (iaiaxn,
*
1
*
2
p p <
.
Jxenmennx nonnoio +nciy n ene-
ioi:onionanoxy no+oni xoe cnyn+n xiom n+a+n eneii nnacni-
(oi +e+x (+ai :nano enpanu noenoeo nucty).
Hn naxnnoc+i +ennoo6xiny a6o +exninno o6o+n n no+oni n :a-
ianinoxy nnna(iy :xinmm+icx nci naaxe+n ianixynannx, y +oxy
nncni en+aninix i +exnea+ya.
Tai, : innxni (2.22) i (2.23) nn :(incnenni o6onnx +inox o6o-
+n n xeax (oninino (inxnin 12 ianany ((nn. nc.2.1) o(enxo
,
2 2
T
2
2
2
2
1
1
l
c
h
c
h + + = +
a6o
T
*
2
*
1
l h h + = . (2.29)
Hi nn(no : innxnnx (2.29), nn :(incnenni ia:ox +exninno o6o-
+n en+aninix i +exnea+ya ianixynannx :xenmym+icx. Himo o6o-
+a ni(no(n+icx ::onni (xi y ioxneconnx iananax), en+aninix i +ex-
nea+ya ianixynannx ni(nnmym+icx. Ananoiinno nnnnnac i +enno-
o6xin : nanionnmnix cee(onnmex.
J ]oxynn (2.29) nnnnnnac, mo
.
*
2
*
1 T
h h l =
F
F

F\
F

)\


F

)\

Pnc.2.4. Jxina naaxe+in

ianixynannx n:(on no+oiy
3128
!" Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
Oc+annc cninni(nomennx xac nennie :nanennx n +eoi +y6in.
Bi(noni(no (o nioio, o6o+a 1 ii o6onoio +ina n +y6ini nn oiexo-
xy c+yneni (nn ni(cy+noc+i oxono(ennx) xoe 6y+n :nan(ena xi i-
:nnnx en+aninin ianixynannx na nona+iy i n iinni nonecy o:mn-
ennx. 4oxyna cnane(nnna xi (nx i(eanino +y6inn, +ai i (nx eani-
no, y xiin o6onnn nonec cynono(yc+icx nny+imnixn n+a+axn
(nannina(, ni( +e+x).
Haaxe+n ianixynannx xoy+i 6y+n :nan(eni n y ni(nocnoxy
yci:
,
2
2
*
w
h h
w
+ =

.
2
2
*
p
w
c
w
T T + =
Hn i:oen+oninnoxy ianixynanni
, M
2
1
1
2
*

+ =
w w
k
h h

, M
2
1
1
2
*

+ =
w w
k
T T
, M
2
1
1
1
2
*

+ =
k
k
w w
k
p p
1
1
2
*
M
2
1
1

+ =
k
w w
k
.
Ty+
a
w
w
= M nncno Maxa y ni(nocnoxy yci.
Hn ni(cy+noc+i +ennoo6xiny en+aninix i +exnea+ya ianixynan-
nx y ni(nocnoxy yci :annmam+icx c+annxn, xona n a6conm+noxy yci
nonn :xinmm+icx. Himo c n+a+n, +nci i iyc+nna ianixynannx y ni(-
nocnoxy yci y6ynam+i, ane xnc ni(nomennx
* *
w w
p :6eiiac cnoc
:nanennx.
Haaxe+n ianixynannx ne yxonni (neicnymni) naaxe+n, mo
nnionc+onym+icx xi :aci6 (nx cnomennx anani:y +a o:axyniin.
2.3. Isoeu1poniua 1euiu poouoro 1iua n conuonnx kauauax
Teope1nuua mnnkic1t nn1ikauuu is conua. Po:inxnexo +enim ia:y
n neyxoxoxy conni 6e: +e+x (+eoe+nnnnn a6o ia:o(nnaxinno i(eani-
nnn nonec) +a nn ni(cy+noc+i +ennoo6xiny xi ia:ox i nanionnm-
nix cee(onnmex (nonec a(ia6a+nnn).
Bi(noni(no (o nn:nanennx en+oni ia:y
!# Tcj+oa:oouna+iuni ocnoou mcoji mj6in
,
T
dQ
ds =
(e dQ :aianina iiniiic+i +enno+n, cnnnnx+o ia:ox n enexen+a-
noxy noneci.
Ociiniin n ia:onoxy no+oni
r
dq dq dQ + =
(xi nina nac+nna innxnnx (2.8)), +o y nnna(iy a(ia6a+no +eni 6e:
+e+x (dq = O; dq
r
= O) dQ = O i ds = O, a o+e s = consl.
Tainx nnnox, a(ia6a+nnn 6e: +e+x nonec c i:oen+oninnnx i
onncyc+icx innxnnxx pv
k
= consl,
a6o p/
k
= consl.
Hexan naaxe+n ia:y nee( co-
nnox p
O
, T
O
, v
O
, mnn(iic+i c
O
; +nci :a
connox p
1
(nc.2.5). Ly(exo nnaa-
+n, mo o:mnennx ia:y ni( p
O
(o p
1
ni(6ynac+icx nonnic+m n xeax con-
na, +o6+o conno nanmc "noxanino".
!n+eiymnn innxnnx eneii ia-
:onoio no+oiy (nx (anoio nnna(iy
(2.14), xi neei:axn 0 +a 1 o(ey-
cxo
, O
2 2
2
O
2
1
O 1
= +
c c
h h
t
t
(2.3O)
(e in(eic t nia:yc na +e, mo o:inx(ac+icx +eoe+nnnnn nonec.
Teoe+nnna mnn(iic+i nnxo(y o6onoio +ina i: conna :ii(no :
nna:ox (2.3O)
. ) ( 2
2
) ( 2
1
*
O
2
O
1 O 1 t t t
h h
c
h h c =

+ = (2.31)
Ha nc.2.6 n ioo(nna+ax hs ((iaiaxa hs) ninix 01
t
:o6aac
i:oen+oninnnn nonec o:mnennx o6onoio +ina n conni ni( nona+-

L
J
F

?
J
.
?
.
L

Pnc.2.5. Cxexa connonoio

ianany
3*
!$ Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
ionoio p
O
(o iinnenoio +nciy p
1
. Tonia 0
*
c+an :aianixonanoio
no+oiy nee( connox; 00
*
nonec i:oen+oninnoio ianixynannx.
Ha (iaiaxi no:naneno: h
O
h
1t
=h
ac

i:oen+oninnnn +ennoneena( y conni;

2
2
O
ac 1
*
O
c
h h h
t
+ nonnnn naxnnnn
+ennoneena(.
!:oen+oninnnn +ennoneena( ne
iiniiic+i no+ennianino eneii, mo ne-
exo(n+i y iine+nnny n noneci o:mn-
ennx n connonoxy ianani.
J yaxynannxx yne(ennx no:naneni
. 2
2
2
*
ac
2
O
ac 1
h
c
h c
t

(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j
+ (2.32)
Pinnxnnxx (2.32) :ynno ionc+yna-
+ncx, ionn (nx o6onoio +ina, nannina(
no(xno nan, c (iaiaxa c+any hs.
nx ia:in, ionn +ainx (iaiax nexac, ane xonnne :ac+ocynannx
innxnnx c+any i(eaninoio ia:y, +ennoneena(n xoy+i 6y+n nn:na-
neni nee: naaxe+n. nx nioio y ]oxyni (2.31) (nx en+aninin +e-
6a cionc+a+ncx ni(c+anoniom:
O O O
1
v p
k
k
h

,
*
O
*
O
*
O
1
v p
k
k
h

i
t t
v p
k
k
h
1 1 1
1

. To(i (nx +eoe+nnno mnn(ioc+i nnxo(y ia:y i: con-

na o(enxo
, 1
1
2
2
O
1
O
1
O O 1
c
p
p
v p
k
k
c
k
k
t
+
]
]
]
]
]
,
,
,

,
(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

(2.33)
a6o
. 1
1
2
1
*
O
1
*
O
*
O 1
]
]
]
]
]
,
,
,

,
(
(
,
\
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,
(
j

k
k
t
p
p
v p
k
k
c (2.34)
h
s
h
1J
1
J
,h
ac
p
0
v
0
0
h
0
0

p
0
h
0
c
0

2
,h
ac
Pnc.2.6. !:oen+oninnnn
nonec y connonnx iananax
!% Tcj+oa:oouna+iuni ocnoou mcoji mj6in
Jnxn ]oxynaxn xona cionc+a+ncx i (nx nn:nanennx mnn(-
ioc+i c
t
n 6y(i-xioxy (onininoxy neei:i. nx nioio (ocn+i :axic+i
p
1
ni(c+ann+n +nci p y nioxy neei:i.
J innxnnx neo:nnnoc+i (2.4) (nx nnxi(noio neei:y :naxo(n-
xo +eoe+nnny nn+a+y ia:y nee: conno
t
t
t
v
c F
G
1
1 c

a6o nicnx ni(c+anonin c

1t
i: nna:y (2.32) : yaxynannxx +oio, mo n
i:oen+oninnoxy noneci
,
1
1
*
O
*
O 1
k
t
p
p
v v
(
(
,
\
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,
(
j

nicnx (exinx nee+noeni

.
1
2
1
*
O
1
2
*
O
1
*
O
*
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c
]
]
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,

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j

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\
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,
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j

+
k
k
k
t
p
p
p
p
v
p
k
k
F G (2.35)
Konc+ymnnci innxnnxx c+any, nna:ax (2.33), (2.34) +a (2.35)
xona na(a+n n inmoio nninx(y, +ai mo6 (o nnx nxo(nna nona+iona
+exnea+ya a6o iyc+nna ia:y.
Kpn1nuui napaue1pn npn isoeu1poniui 1eui. mopua conua. Bc+a-
nonnxo :n'x:oi xi +nciox +a nnomem noneennoio neei:y.
Bi:ixexo y conni ((nn. nc.2.5) 6y(i-xinn (onininnn neei:, n
xioxy +nci p i ni(noni(ni inmi naaxe+n, a nnoma neei:y F. Ana-
noiinno innxnnm (2.35) (nx nn+a+n n nioxy neei:i xona :annca-
+n
,
1
2
1
*
O
2
*
O
*
O
*
O
]
]
]
]
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,

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(
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j

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(
,
\
,
,
(
j

+
k
k
k
t
p
p
p
p
v
p
k
k
F G
(2.36)
!& Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
:ni(in
.
1
2
1
*
O
2
*
O
*
O
*
O
]
]
]
]
,
,

,
(
(
,
\
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,
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j

(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

+
k
k
k
t
p
p
p
p
v
p
k
k
G
F
Ociiniin G
t
c+ana nennnnna (nx ncix neei:in, +o oc+annx ]o-
xyna nn ]iiconannx p
O
*
i v
O
*
nnaac :anenic+i xi nnomem nee-
i:y i +nciox p a6o ni(nomennxx p/p
O
*
. Ho:nannxo p/p
O
*
= , +o(i
). (
1
2
1 2
*
O
*
O

(
,
\
,
(
j

+
F
v
p
k
k
G
F
k
k
k
t
(2.37)
V xeax conna +nci :xinmc+icx
ni( p
O
(o p
1
, a ni(nomennx +nciin
ni(
O
(o
1
. Konoxy :nanennm +nciy
a6o ni(noni(ac nenna nnoma neei-
:y F. J nonee(nioio anani:y nena-
io nc+anonn+n xaai+e ]ynini (2.37).
Hi nn(no : nc.2.7, nn (oc+a+nio
xannx :nanennxx
1
, +o6+o ximo o:-
mnennx ni(6ynac+icx n xeax mno-
ioio (iana:ony +nciin, :i :xenmennxx
nnoma neei:y F cnona+iy :xen-
myc+icx, (eci y nennoxy xicni (ocxiac
xinixyxy, a (ani noc+ynono :oc+ac.
Heei: conna, mo ni(noni(ac xi-
nixyxy nnomi noneennoio neei:y F
min
, na:nnac+icx tpunu:nu+.
Kn+nnnnxn na:nnam+icx i nci naaxe+n o6onoio +ina n no+oiy n
in+nnnoxy neei:i.
Bn:nannxo in+nnni naaxe+n.
Kn+nnne ni(nomennx +nciin
*
O
i
i
p
p
t
t
:nan(exo :a yxonn
. O

F
(2.38)
.
A

A
A

.
E
Pnc.2.7. Xaai+e :xinn nno-
mi neei:y conna :a neena-
(ox +nciy
!' Tcj+oa:oouna+iuni ocnoou mcoji mj6in
Lic+exyx ]ynini F :6iiac+icx : eic+exyxox ioxnneicy n (y-
iax y :naxennniy (2.37), +oxy :a(ana cnomyc+icx i :axic+i nna:y
(2.38) o(eycxo
. O
1 2
(
,
\
,
(
j

+
k
k
k
B:xnmn noxi(ny, o(enxo innxnnx (nx nn:nanennx
it
, O
1 2
1
1
i
1
2
i

+


+

k
k
t
k
t
k
k
k
:ni(in
.
1
2
1
i

(
,
\
,
(
j
+

k
k
t
k
(2.39)
Tainx nnnox, y +eoe+nnnoxy noneci in+nnne ni(nomennx +n-
ciin :anen+i +iniin ni( noia:nnia i:oen+onn, +o6+o ni( nno(n
o6onoio +ina. Tai, nannina(:
(nx noni+x (k = 1,4)
it
= O,528;
(nx neeii+o no(xno nan (k = 1,3)
it
= O,546;
(nx no(yi+in :ioxnnx oianinnoio nannna (nn k = 1,333)
it
=
=O,54O.
Hi nn(no : nane(ennx (annx, in+nnne ni(nomennx +nciin (nx
neenano 6inimoc+i o6onnx +in c+anonn+i nennnnny, 6nn:iiy (o
O,5 (+oxn 6inimy :a ne).
Ja ni(oxoio in+nnnoio ni(nomennx +nciin neiio :nan+n in+nnni
naaxe+n o6onoio +ina n i:oen+oninnoxy noneci:
;
1
2
*
O
1
*
O i i
p
k
p p
k
k
t t

(
,
\
,
(
j
+
(2.4O)
;
1
2
1
1
*
O
*
O
1
i
*
O
i

(
,
\
,
(
j
+

(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

k
k
t
t
k
v
v
p
p
v (2.41)
.
1
2
*
O
*
O
1
*
O
i
i
T
k
T
p
p
T
k
k
t
t
+

(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

" Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in

Kn+nnna mnn(iic+i nn:nann+icx :a ]oxynom (2.34), ximo :a-
xic+i p
1
ni(c+ann+n p
i
.
To(i

(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

k
k
t
v p
k
k
c
1
i
*
O
*
O i
1
1
2
.
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
*
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*
O
*
O
*
O
v p
k
k
k
v p
k
k
+

(
,
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j
+

(2.42)
Bna:nxo in+nnny mnn(iic+i nee: in+nnni naaxe+n. Cio-
nc+anmnci innxnnxxn (2.4O) i (2.41), :nan(exo
;
2
1
i i
*
O
*
O
+

k
v p v p
t t
o+e,
t t t t t
a kRT v p k c
i i i i i
,
(e a
it
mnn(iic+i :nyiy n ia:i nn in+nnnnx naaxe+ax.
Tainx nnnox, in+nnna mnn(iic+i y nan6inim ny:iioxy xicni
conna nn i:oen+oninnoxy noneci (oinnmc xicnenin mnn(ioc+i :ny-
iy, a o+e nncno Maxa
. O , 1 M
i
i
i

t
t
t
a
c
Kn+nnna nn+a+a xi nn+a+a n in+nnnoxy neei:i : innxnnx
(2.36)
.
1
2
1
*
O
i
2
*
O
i
*
O
*
O
min i
]
]
]
]
]
,
,
,

,
(
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,
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j

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(
,
\
,
,
(
j

+
k
k
k
t
p
p
p
p
v
p
k
k
F G
(2.43)
Hicnx ni(c+anonin
1
*
O
i
1
2

(
,
\
,
(
j
+

k
k
k p
p
i nee+noeni
.
1
2
*
O
*
O
1
1
min i
v
p
k
k F G
k
k
t

+
(
,
\
,
(
j
+
(2.44)
" Tcj+oa:oouna+iuni ocnoou mcoji mj6in
J nnina(enoio nnnnnnam+i nac+ynni nncnonin:
ionn +nci :a connox p
1
> p
it
(
1
>
it
), conno xac :nyyna+ncx
(nc.2.8,), mnn(iic+i no+oiy n nioxy :oc+ac ni( c
O
(o c
1t
, mnn(iic+i
:nyiy :xenmyc+icx ni( a
O
(o a
1t
, nn nioxy n ionoxy neei:i c
t
< a
t
(M
t
< 1,O) no+ii (o:nyionnn;
ionn +nci :a connox p
1
< p
it
(
1
<
it
), conno nonnnne xa+n (inxn-
iy, (e nono :nyyc+icx (nan6inim ny:iie xicne iononnna conna
F
min
), +a (inxniy, (e nono o:mnmc+icx ((nn. nc.2.8,); mnn(iic+i
no+oiy c
t
:oc+ac, mnn(iic+i :nyiy :xenmyc+icx, +oxy n iononnni
conna c
t
= a
t
(M
it
= 1,O), +o6+o ni(6ynac+icx neexi( ni( (o:nyiono
+eni (o na(:nyiono. Taie conno n ninoxy xac na:ny posuupenoeo co-
n:a (a6o con:a daea:);
nn p
1
= p
it
cnane(nnnnx c nce +e, mo c+ocynanocx nnna(iy,
ionn p
1
> p
it
, : +icm i:nnnem, mo y nnxi(noxy neei:i nc+anonnm-
m+icx in+nnni naaxe+n, a ia]iin c
t
i a
t
nee+nnam+icx (M
1t
=
=1,O), xi ne noia:ano na nc.2.8, m+nxonnxn ninixxn.

.
?
?
J
=
J
=
J
?
J
?

?
J
=
J

.
E
F

?
J
=
J

.
?
?
J
?
J
?
J
=
J

J
Pnc.2.8. 4oxa connonoio ianany:
nn (o:nyionoxy nn+iianni; nn na(:nyionoxy nn+iianni
=
Bnxnneny :anenic+i ]oxn conna ni( ni(nomennx +nciin p
1
/p
O
*
:
]i:nnno +onin :oy xona noxcnn+n i:nnx xaai+eox :xinn nn+o-
" Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
xoio o6'cxy i mnn(ioc+i no+oiy n (o:nyionin +a na(:nyionin o6na-
c+xx.
Cnana n +oxy, mo nn (o:nyionin +eni (M
t
< 1,O) in+encnnnic+i
naoc+annx mnn(ioc+i 6inima, ni nn+oxoio o6'cxy, y +on nac xi y
na(:nyionin o6nac+i (M
t
> 1,O) nn+oxnn o6'cx :oc+ac mnn(me.
Jnyene conno nanmc "noxanino", +o6+o o:mnennx ia:y :a-
iinnyc+icx y nnxi(noxy neei:i i n nioxy nc+anonnmm+icx +nci p
1
+a
nci ni(noni(ni (o nioio naaxe+n, nn ncix :nanennxx : ni(
O
(o

i
. Bn+a+a o6onoio +ina :oc+ac :i :xenmennxx
1
i (ocxiac nan6ini-
mo nennnnnn nn
1
=
it
(in+nnna nn+a+a G
it
). Hn no(animoxy
:nnenni
1
n xeax conna ninoio ne :xinmc+icx, naaxe+n y nnxi(-
noxy neei:i +a nn+a+a ia:y nee: conno :annmam+icx ne:xinnn-
xn in+nnnnxn, a o:mnennx ia:y ni(
it
(o
1
ni(6ynac+icx :a
xeaxn conna: conno neexo(n+i n o6nac+i "nenoxanino" o6o+n,
i e]ei+nnnic+i noio :nnyc+icx.
nx o:mnenoio conna nn "noxaninin" noio o6o+i, ociiniin
nn+a+a o6onoio +ina o(naiona (nx ncix neei:in, noinnxnmn nn-
+a+n y iononnni conna :ii(no : innxnnxx (2.43) i y nnxi(noxy nee-
i:i (2.35), o(enxo
,
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
*
O
*
O
c
*
O
*
O
1
1
min
(
(
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j

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,
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j
+
+

+
k
k
k
k
k
v
p
k
k
F
v
p
k
k F
:ni(in
,
1
2
) 1 (
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
c
min

+
+
(
,
\
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(
j
+

(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

k
k
k
k
k
k
k
F
F
+o6+o
). (
1
c
min
p
F
F
F
(2.45)
Jen nna: nn:nanac yxonn "noxanino" o6o+n conna ananx,
"! Tcj+oa:oouna+iuni ocnoou mcoji mj6in
acaxe: conno : nennnx ni(nomennxx nnom neei:in y iononnni +a
nnxi(noio "noxanino" nanmc nnme nn o(noxy ni(noni(noxy +ai
:nanoxy o:axynionoxy
1p
ni(nomenni +nciin :a connox +a nee(
nnx.
Himo yxona (2.45) noymyc+icx, +o conno xac a6o ne(oc+a+nm
o:mnmnaniny :(a+nic+i, a6o na(nnmiony i o6o+a noio noiimy-
c+icx. Bnacni(oi nioio o:mneni conna xenme nnc+oconani (o :xi-
nn enxy, ni :nyeni. Oco6nnno noiimyc+icx x o6o+a nn ni(-
nnmenni no+n+nciy, 6o ne nninniac noxny c+n6iin ymininennx i ni(-
nn no+oiy ni( c+inoi.
Bnkopnc1auuu n pospaxyukax rasonuauiuunx qyukni. V o:a-
xyniax i:oen+oninnnx nonecin nac+o nnionc+onym+i easoouna+i:-
ni qynti, xii xnnxm+i co6om :anenoc+i xi 6e:o:xinnxn naa-
xe+axn n neei:i o(nonnxinoio no+oiy. Jnanennx ia:o(nnaxin-
nnx ]yninin nano(x+icx n cnenianinnx +a6nnnxx, mo ic+o+no cno-
myc o:axynin.
Bannny oni y ia:o(nnaxinnnx ]yninixx ni(iiac npueeoena
ueuoticnt , ni( xiom o:yxim+i ni(nomennx mnn(ioc+i no+oiy n
o:axynionoxy neei:i (o in+nnno mnn(ioc+i, +o6+o
.
i
c
c
(2.46)
Ty+ i (ani 6inx naaxe+in y o:axynionoxy neei:i in(eic t
nnnymeno (nx noc+o+n, xona, xi 6yno :a:naneno, o:inx(ac+icx i:o-
en+oninnnn nonec. Hnn(iic+i no+oiy n 6y(i-xioxy neei:i con-
nonoio ianany :ii(no : nna:ox (2.31)
( ) ( ) . 1
1
2
2 2
*
O
*
O
*
O
*
O
(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

T
T
RT
k
k
T T c h h c
p
Kn+nnna mnn(iic+i i: innxnnx (2.42)
.
1
2
1
2
*
O
*
O
*
O i
RT
k
k
v p
k
k
c
t
+

"" Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in

Hicnx ni(c+anonin c +a c
i
y nna: (2.46) o(enxo
. 1
1
1
*
O
(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

+

T
T
k
k
(2.47)
Hn yci n nac+nni conna, mo :nyyc+icx, > M (ociiniin T > T
i
);
n nac+nni, mo o:mnmc+icx, < M (ociiniin T < T
i
), a n in+nnno-
xy neei:i = M = 1.
Mi nncnox Maxa i nnne(enom mnn(iic+m icnyc n:acxo:n'x:oi
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
M

k
k
k
i nannain
.
M
2
1
1
M
2
1
2
+
+

k
k
4oxyna (2.47) nc+anonnmc :n'x:oi xi naaxe+axn :aianixo-
nanoio ia:y i ia:y, mo yxac+icx, +oxy mo +exnea+ya :aianixona-
noio ia:y n ycix neei:ax conna o(naiona i (oinnmc T
O
*
. Bnionc+o-
nymnn nm o6c+annny, :naxo(nxo : ]oxynn (2.47) ia:o(nnaxinni ]yn-
ini:
;
1
1
1 ) (
2
*
O

k
k
T
T

;
1
1
1 ) (
1
2
*
O

(
,
\
,
(
j

k
k
k
k
p
p
.
1
1
1 ) (
1
1
2
*
O

(
,
\
,
(
j

k
k
k
Bi(noni(no (o innxnnx neo:nnnoc+i xacona nn+a+a ia:y ne-
e: conno G = Fc. Himo n neei:i F (ocxiam+icx in+nnni naaxe-
+n (c
i
i
i
), +o nn+a+a ia:y c+ac xaicnxaninom: G
max
=
i
Fc
i
.
Bi(nomennx iyc+nnn c+yxy n no+oni ia:y c (o xaicnxanino
"# Tcj+oa:oouna+iuni ocnoou mcoji mj6in
xonnno nn i:oen+oninnin :xini c+any ia:y c
i

i
na:nnac+icx npu-
eeoenom eunpanom i xac nninx(
. ) (
max i i
G
G
c
c
q

(2.48)
Jaxinmcxo
i
*
*
i

y ]oxyni (2.48) : oinx(y na anime

o(eany ]oxyny (nx () i, naxonymnn, mo
,
2
1
1
1
1
1
i
*
i
*

(
,
\
,
(
j
+

(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

k
k
k
T
T
:naxo(nxo
.
1
1
1
2
1
) (
1
1
2

]
]
]
,

,
(
,
\
,
(
j

+

k
k
k k
q
Jnanennx q(), +ai caxo xi i (), () +a (), nano(x+icx n
+a6nnnxx y :anenoc+i ni( nnne(eno mnn(ioc+i (nx i:nnx :na-
neni noia:nnia i:oen+onn k.
!: ]oxynn (2.48) +eoe+nnna nn+a+a ia:y nee: conno G = q()G
max
,
a : yaxynannxx nna:y (2.44) xona o(ea+n

.
) (
1
2
*
O
*
O
1
1
RT
q F p
k
k G
k
k

(
,
\
,
(
j
+

+
2.4. icun nponec 1eui n conuonnx kauauax
icua mnnkic1t nn1ikauuu 1a n1pa1n euepri n conuax. incnnn
nonec +eni o6onoio +ina cynono(yc+icx n+a+axn eneii nna-
cni(oi +e+x, nnxooy+noeni +a in. Bi(:naneni n+a+n nn:no(x+i (o
+oio, mo nac+nna iine+nnno eneii n noneci o:mnennx nee+no-
mc+icx n +enno+y, xia cnnnxac+icx caxnx o6onnx +inox (dq
r
> O).
"$ Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
V e:yni+a+i nioio noio en+aninix nanniinni (incnoio nonecy o:-
mnennx 6inima, ni nanniinni i:oen+oninnoio, a (incna mnn(iic+i
nn+iiannx xenma, ni +eoe+nnna.
nx eneioi:onionano +eni n conni y nnna(iy +e+x (dl
T
= O; dq=O;
dq
r
> O a(ia6a+nnn nonec i: +e+xx y neyxoxnx iananax) :a anano-
iicm : nna:ox (2.3O), ociiniin innxnnx eneii ia:onoio no+oiy xac
+ainn e nninx(, xi i nn ni(cy+noc+i +e+x, xona :annca+n
, O
2 2
2
O
2
1
O 1
+
c c
h h (2.49)
(e h
1
i c
1
naaxe+n nanniinni (incno +eni, nn nioxy noinnxno
: ]oxynom (2.3O) h
1
> h
1t
, a c
1
< c
1t
. Bnacni(oi :xinn en+anini +exne-
a+ya nanniinni (incnoio nonecy 6inima, ni nanniinni i:oen-
+oninnoio (T
1
> T
1t
); nonec +eni c (exinx noni+onnnx nonecox
(pv
n
= consl), mo ni(6ynac+icx :i :6inimennxx en+oni, ociiniin ds =
. O >
T
dq
r
Ha (iaiaxi hs (incnnn nonec o:-
mnennx ia:y n connonnx iananax yxon-
no :o6aennn ninicm 01 (nc.2.9).
Ociiniin iine+nnna eneiix, o(ea-
na o6onnx +inox y connax +y6innoio
c+ynenx, ni(nxiac nee+noennm n xexa-
ninny eneiim na o6onnx nona+iax, +o
:xenmennx n (incnoxy noneci n noin-
nxnni : i:oen+oninnnx
2 2
2
1
2
1
c
c c
q
t

(2.5O)
i xnnxc co6om n+a+n eneii n connonnx
iananax.
Hoinnxnmn innxnnx (2.49) i (2.3O),
o(enxo
t
h h q
1 1 c
. (2.51)
V (incnoxy noneci mnn(iic+i y ne-
ei:ax conna neo(naiona (nx ncix +onoi:
h
s
0

c
0

p
0
v
0
p
0
h
1
1
J
q
c
,h
ac
1

,h
ac

2
0
Pnc.2.9. incnnn nonec o:-
mnennx ia:y n connonnx
iananax
"% Tcj+oa:oouna+iuni ocnoou mcoji mj6in
xaicnxanina n x(i no+oiy, n noiannnnoxy (nnxeonoxy) mai
:xenmyc+icx (o nynx n c+inni. Toxy y ]oxynax (2.49) i (2.5O) ni( c
1
cni( o:yxi+n (exiy cee(nm mnn(iic+i nn+iiannx. Jx mnn(iic+i n:x-
+a nn:nananinom iine+nnno eneii no+oiy, +oxy neo6xi(no o:-
inx(a+n xi cee(nioeneie+nnny mnn(iic+i.
incny mnn(iic+i nn+iiannx non'x:ym+i : +eoe+nnnom cninni(-
nomennxx

t
c c
1 1
, (2.52)
(e mnn(iicnnn ioe]inicn+ connonnx iananin, xinn :anen+i ni(
xnio ]oxn, c+any nonexni, enxy +eni +a inmnx ]ai+oin i :nn-
nanno nn:nanac+icx (ocni(nnx mnxxox ( < 1,O).
Bnionc+onymnn ]oxynn i:oen+oninnoio nonecy o:mnen-
nx i nno(xnn n nnx ioe]inicn+ , o(eycxo nac+ynni ]oxynn (nx
(incno mnn(ioc+i nn+iiannx:
; 2 2
*
ac
2
O ac 1
h c h c +
( )
( ) . 1
1
2
1
1
2
1
*
O 1
*
O
*
O
2
O
1
O 1 O O 1
]
]
]
,

+
]
]
]
,

k
k
k
k
p p v p
k
k
c p p v p
k
k
c
Hicnx ni(c+anonin c
1
: innxnnx (2.52) y (2.5O)
.
2
) 1 ( ) 1 (
2
) 1 (
2
O
ac
2 *
ac
2
2
1
2
c
(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j
+
c
h h
c
q
t
(2.53)
Ociiniin : nna:y (2.51)
c 1 1
q h h
t
+ ,
+o (nx no6y(onn (incnoio nonecy o:mnennx n connax na (iaiaxi
hs neo6xi(no ni( +onin 1
t
iinnx i:oen+oninnoio nonecy o:mn-
ennx ni(inac+n nioy no i:oen+oni n+a+n q
c
i :nan+n +oniy 1
nee+nny en+anini h
1
: i:o6aom p
1
. inix 01 yxonno 6y(e :o6aa-
+n noni+ony o:mnennx n connonoxy ianani.
Bi(nomennx n+aneno iine+nnno eneii (o naxnnoio +ennone-
"& Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
ena(y na:nnac+icx toeqiicnno+ ynpan con:a
. 1
2
*
ac
c
c

h
q
(2.54)
Honepuy1a 1enuo1a npn posmnpeuui n
conuax. V+a+n eneii n connax na (iaiaxi
Ts (nc.2.1O) :o6aeni nnomem 1
i
1BA1
i
,
ociiniin
). (
1 1 1 1 i p i
T T c h h
Po6o+a +e+x xi +enno+a, na(ana ia:y n
noneci, :o6aena nnomem 01BA0.
Tainx nnnox, nnxnnxc+icx, mo n+a+n
n connax xenmi :a o6o+y +e+x. Hac+nna
+enno+n +e+x, cnnnnx+o o6onnx +inox,
nn no(animoxy o:mnenni ia:y :nony
nc+niac nee+non+ncx n iine+nnny eneiim
y nioxy conni. Jx nac+nna +enno+n +e+x
na:nnac+icx noeepnynom nen:onom nepuo-
eo pooy (nnoma 011
i
0 na nc.2.1O).
Kiniiic+i noneny+o +enno+n nn ne-
:xinnnx naaxe+ax ianixynannx nee( co-
nnox :anen+i ni( :nanennx nxi(no mnn(ioc+i c
O
i xin :nnennx
+nciy n caxoxy conni p
O
/p
1
. B oiexoxy nnna(iy nn ni(cy+noc+i o:-
mnennx n ianani (mo ni(6ynac+icx, nannina(, y o6onoxy ninni nna-
cne ai+nnnoio c+ynenx) noneny+a +enno+a (oinnmc nynm, a n+a+n
eneii o6o+i +e+x, +o6+o ncx o6o+a +e+x n+anac+icx. Le: cy+-
+cno noxn6in ne xona nnnycia+n i y nnna(iy o:mnennx n iana-
ni, ximo p
O
/p
1
2 [1O].
2.5. Hokasunk noui1ponn posmnpeuuu npn icuouy nn1ikauui is
conua
Bi(noni(no (o , 2.1, nn (incnoxy nn+iianni :n'x:oi xi naaxe+-
axn o6onoio +ina n xeax conna xona nna:n+n innxnnxx noni-
+onnoio nonecy pv
n
= consl, (e n (exia c+ana, :anena ni( eani-
nnx yxon +eni.
6
I

6
J

J
) *

Pnc.2.1O. o nn:nanennx
noneny+o +enno+n
"' Tcj+oa:oouna+iuni ocnoou mcoji mj6in
Vc+anonnxo :anenic+i xi noia:nniox noni+onn i ioe]inicn-
+ox n+a+ y conni.
Kine+nnna eneiix no+oiy :a connonnxn iananaxn na ni(c+ani ,2.3
i 2.4, nnaena nee: naaxe+n o6onoio +ina, nn i:oen+oninnoxy
nn+iianni
,
2
) (
1 2
2
O
1 1 O O 1
*
O
2
1
c
v p v p
k
k
h h
c
i i
i
+

(2.55)
nn (incnoxy nn+iianni
.
2
) (
1 2
2
O
1 1 O O 1
*
O
2
1
c
v p v p
k
k
h h
c
+

(2.56)
Bi(nixamnn :a nac+nnaxn : nemoio innxnnx (yie, :naxo(nxo
( ) ). (
1
1
2
1 1 1 1
2
2
1
i
i
v p v p
k
k
c

Hicnx ni(c+anonin
2
2
1i
c
i: innxnnx (2.55) o(eycxo
( )
i i
v p v p
c
k
k
v p v p
1 1 1 1 c
2
O
1 1 O O
2
1

]
]
]
,

,

+
a6o
.
2
1
1
O
1
O
1
O
1
O
1
c
O O
2
O
O
1
O
1
v
v
p
p
v
v
p
p
v kp
c
k
v
v
p
p
i i

(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

+ (2.57)
J innxni i:oen+onn n noni+onn ni(noni(no nnnnnnac:
,
1
1
O
O
1
k
i
p
p
v
v
(
(
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j
.
1
1
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1
n
p
p
v
v
(
(
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j

To(i, no:nannnmn
1
O
p
p
, o(enxo : innxnnx (2.57) ]oxyny
, M
2
1
1
1 1
c
1
2
O

]
]
]
]
]
,
,
,

(
,
\
,
(
j

+
k n k
k
4128
# Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
:ni(in
c
1
2
O
1 1
M
2
1
1
]
]
]
,

,

(
,
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(
j

+ +
k k n
k
i, o+e,
.
M
2
1
1 lg
lg
c
1
2
O
1

]
]
]
,

,

(
,
\
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(
j

+ +

k k
k
n (2.58)
V +oxy nnna(iy, ionn c
O
= O, +o6+o M
O
= O, ]oxyna (2.58) na6y-
nac nninx(y
.
lg
lg
c
1 1
]
]
]
,

,
(
,
\
,
(
j
+

k k
n (2.59)
Hn :a:nanennx yxonax, xi noia:ym+i o:axynin, n o6nac+i ne-
ena(in +nciin, mo :nnnanno nnnniam+i y connax +y6in, nennnnna n
xano :anen+i ni( , i nna: (2.59) : (oc+a+niom +onnic+m xona
:axinn+n 6inim noc+nx
.
) 1 ( 1
c
+

k
k
n (2.6O)
nx nn:nanennx noia:nnia noni+onn ]oxyna (2.59) eioxen-
(yc+icx i nn c
O
O, neo6xi(no +iniin (onyc+n+n, mo .
1
*
O
p p
Honi+ona :i :nan(ennx y +ainn cnoci6 noia:nniox c+enenx n nioxy
nnna(iy (o:nonxc nannnino nn:nann+n iinneni naaxe+n, ane :nan-
no iime ni(6nnac (incny :xiny x y xeax conna i +oxy xano nn(a+-
na (nx anani:y.
J nna:y (2.6O) nnnnnnac, mo n < k, a nn ni(cy+noc+i n+a+ (
c
=
=O) n = k i nonec c+ac i:oen+oninnnx.
Kpn1nuui napaue1pn n icuouy nponeci 1eui. Bnionc+onymnn
cninni(nomennx noni+onnoio nonecy, mnn(iic+i (incno +eni ia:y
n (onininoxy neei:i conna : ]oxynn (2.56) :anncycxo y nninx(i
( ) , 1
1
2
2
O
1
O O O
c p p v p
k
k
c
n
n
+
]
]
]
,

# Tcj+oa:oouna+iuni ocnoou mcoji mj6in
a6o
, M
2
1
1
1
2 2
O
1
O O
(
,
\
,
(
j

+

k
v p
k
k
c
n
n
(2.61)
(e n noia:nni noni+onn, :nan(ennn i: innxnnx (2.58);
O
p p
ni(nomennx +nciin.
Hnoma (onininoio neei:y conna, mo ni(noni(ac +ncioni p,
.
M
2
1
1
1
2
1 2
2
O
O
O
]
]
]
,

,

(
,
\
,
(
j

+

+
n
n
n
k
v
p
k
k
G
c
v G
F
(2.62)
Ha:nnamnn, xi i anime, in+nnnnx xinixaninnn neei: conna,
:naxo(nxo in+nnni naaxe+n.
Vxona (nx nn:nanennx in+nnnoio ni(nomennx +nciin xac nninx(
, O

F
a6o : nna:y (2.62)
. O M
2
1
1
1 2
2
O

]
]
]
,

,

(
,
\
,
(
j

+

+
n
n
n
k
d
d
Po:n'x:ymnn ne innxnnx, :naxo(nxo
. M
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
O
1
i

(
,
\
,
(
j

+
(
,
\
,
(
j
+

n
n
n
n
k
n
(2.63)
J nna:y (2.63) nnnnnnac, mo ni(nomennx in+nnnoio +nciy (o
+nciy ianixynannx nee( connox
1
2
O
i
*
O
O
O
i
*
O
i
i
M
2
1
1
1

(
,
\
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(
j

+

k
k
k
p
p
p
p
p
p
4*
# Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
a6o
. M
2
1
1
1
2
) 1 )( 1 (
2
O
1
i

(
,
\
,
(
j

+
(
,
\
,
(
j
+

n k
n k
n
n
k
n
(2.64)
Hn nenenniin mnn(ioc+i na nxo(i, ionn M
O
= O.O,5, (yinx
cninxnonniox y nanin nac+nni innxnnx (2.64) xona nex+yna+n, i
+o(i
.
1
2
1
i

(
,
\
,
(
j
+

n
n
n
(2.65)
Jic+annxmnn innxnnx (2.65) i (2.39), ociiniin n < k, nenaio no-
xi+n+n, mo in+nnne ni(nomennx +nciin nn (incnin +eni nncenino
6inime, ni nn i:oen+oninnin, i, o+e,
t ds
p p p
i O i i
) ( >

.
Hi(c+annnmn
i
:axic+i y ]oxyny (2.61), :nan(exo in+nn-
ny mnn(iic+i

]
]
]
,

,
+
(
,
\
,
(
j

+
+

2
O
2
O O O i
M
2
1
M
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
2 k k
n
v p
k
k
c
. M
2
1
1
1
1
1
2 2
O O O
(
,
\
,
(
j

+
+

k
n
n
v p
k
k
(2.66)
Bna:nxo p
O
v
O
nee: in+nnni naaxe+n. J innxnnx noni+onn
.
M
2
1
1
1
2
1 1
2
O
i i
1
i i O O

+
+

k
n
v p v p v p
n
n
Hicnx ni(c+anonin y nna: (2.66) o(enxo
i i i i
1
1
1
1
a
k
n
v p
k
n
k c

.
#! Tcj+oa:oouna+iuni ocnoou mcoji mj6in
Ociiniin nn o:mnenni n < k, in+nnna mnn(iic+i nn (inc-
nin +eni nnxnnxc+icx xenmom ni( xicneno mnn(ioc+i :nyiy, +o6+o
M
i
< 1. Jnyiona mnn(iic+i y no+oni (ocxiac+icx :a iononnnom con-
na, ne n noio nac+nni, mo o:mnmc+icx.
Kn+nnna nn+a+a nn (incnin +eni i: ]oxynn (2.62) nicnx ni(-
c+anonin
i
:axic+i +a F
min
:axic+i F
]
]
]
]
,
,

,
(
,
\
,
(
j

+
(
,
\
,
(
j
+

(
,
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,
(
j
+
(
,
\
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(
j

+

+

+
1
1
2
O
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
O
O
O
min i
M
2
1
1
1
2

1
2
M
2
1
1
1
2
n
n
n
n
n n
n
k
n n
k
v
p
k
k
F G
a6o oc+a+onno
. M
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
O
1
1
O
O
min i

+
(
,
\
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j

+
(
,
\
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(
j
+

n
n
n
n
k
n v
p
k
n
k F G
Hn M
O

<
< 1 nn6nn:no
.
1
2
1
1
1
1
*
O
*
O
min i

+
(
,
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+

n
n
n v
p
k
n
k F G
2.6. Posmnpeuuu n kocouy spisi conua
o nioio nacy o:inx(anaci +enix o6onoio +ina n connonnx ia-
nanax : nxxnx :i:ox, ionn nnxi(nnn neei: nenen(niynxnnn oci
ianany ((nn. nc.2.8). V eaninnx connonnx anaa+ax nici connonoio
ianany y nnxi(noxy neei:i naxnnena (o nnomnnn o6e+annx o6o-
noio ioneca ni( iy+ox
1
< 9O (nc.2.11,=), nnx :a6e:nenyc+icx neo6-
xi(nnn nanxx no+oiy na nxo(i (o o6ono emi+in, ane na nnxo(i i:
conna y+nomc+icx tocu spis ABC. Heei: AC 6y(exo na:nna+n eu-
ionu+ nepepiso+ tocoeo spisy, a AB ocnanni+ noenu+ nepepiso+ con-
:a.
Kocnn :i: xoe ne nnnnna+n na +enim ia:y n conni, i +o(i o:mn-
#" Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
ennx :aiinnyc+icx n oc+annioxy nonnoxy neei:i. Ane :a nennnx
yxon iocnn :i: nc+ynac n o6o+y xi (o(a+iona o:mnena (inxnia
conna, (e no(onyc+icx o:mnennx o6onoio +ina.
*

F
,
+
)

o
o'

F
ip
o
1
ip
F
<
ip
F
o
1

o'
ip
1p
F F <

1p
ip
1p
*
+
)
Pnc.2.11. Po:mnennx o6onoio +ina n iocoxy :i:i:
:nyene conno; o:mnene conno
=
V :nyennx connax +aie xnnme cnoc+eiiac+icx, ximo +nci :a co-
nnox nnnnn ni( in+nnnoio (p
1
< p
i
), y o:mnennx ((nn. nc.2.11,)
ionn +nci :a connox nnnnn ni( o:axynionoio (p
1
< p
1
), mo ni(no-
ni(ac oc+annioxy nonnoxy neei:y conna.
Po:mnennx n iocoxy :i:i cynono(yc+icx nonoo+ox no+oiy
mo(o oci ianany, n e:yni+a+i noio iy+ nnxo(y
1
o6onoio +ina :
iocoio :i:y nnxnnxc+icx 6inimnx ni( iy+a
1
na nennnnny ((nn.
nc.2.11), +o6+o
1
=
1
+ , (e iy+ ni(xnnennx no+oiy n iocoxy
:i:i.
Hnnnna ni(xnnennx no+oiy n iocoxy :i:i nonxiac n nac+ynno-
xy. Hn naxnnoc+i o:mnennx n iocoxy :i:i, nannina( :nyenoio
conna, n neei:i AB nc+anonnmc+icx in+nnnnn +nci p
i
, 6inimnn,
ni +nci p
1
:a connox. V +onni A o:mnennx o6onoio +ina i :xina
+nciy ni( p
i
(o p
1
ni(6ynam+icx xane xn++cno, y +on nac xi y:(on
c+inin BC +nci na(ac noc+ynono. V e:yni+a+i nioio nnnniac i:nn-
nx +nciin, xia n ni(xnnxc no+ii y 6ii xenmoio +nciy.
Ho6 :nan+n iy+ nnxo(y no+oiy :i :nyenoio conna nn o:mn-
enni n iocoxy :i:i, cina(exo innxnnx neo:nnnoc+i (nx neei:y
conna AB i neei:y CD :a iocnx :i:ox, xinn nenen(niynxnnn
mnn(ioc+i c
1
((nn. nc.2.11,):
i i
v G c F
AB
;
1 1
v G c F
CD
.
< p
i
## Tcj+oa:oouna+iuni ocnoou mcoji mj6in
Hn ne:xinnin nnco+i ianany
1
sin
AC AB
F F ;
1
sin
AC CD
F F .
!: :anncannx cninni(nomeni nnnnnnac
,
sin
sin
1
1
i 1
1 i

v c
v c
F
F
AB
CD
:ni(in
1
i
1
1
i
1
sin sin
v
v
c
c
. (2.67)
4oxyna (2.67) xac na:ny qop+y:u Eepa. Ky+ nnxo(y no+oiy :
iocoio :i:y o:mnenoio conna xona nn:nann+n :a nicm ]oxy-
nom, ane :axic+i mnn(ioc+i c
i
i nn+oxoio o6'cxy v
i
cni( ni(c+ann+n
o:axynioni naaxe+n: mnn(iic+i c
1
i nn+oxnn o6'cx v
1
, xii ni(-
noni(am+i +ncioni p
1
y neei:i AB +aioio conna ((nn. nc.2.11,).
V :anenoc+i ni( neena(y +nciin
*
O 1 1
p p (:a yxonn, mo

1
<
i
, ximo conno :nyene, i
1
<
1
, ximo o:mnene) o:mnennx
n iocoxy :i:i xoe :aiinnyna+ncx n o(noxy : noxinnx neei:in,
o:+amonannx xi neei:axn AB i AC, nn y nnxi(noxy neei:i io-
coio :i:y ((nn. nc.2.11,). Hnx xenmnn +nci :a connox (nn ne:xin-
noxy nona+ionoxy +nciy), +nx 6nnne (o nnxi(noio neei:y iocoio
:i:y :aiinnyc+icx nonec o:mnennx. Tnci :a connox p
1i
, nn xio-
xy o:mnennx o6onoio +ina :aiinnyc+icx y nnxi(noxy neei:i io-
coio :i:y AC (epanu:nu nuct), ni(noni(ac nonnoxy nnionc+annm
o:mnmnanino :(a+noc+i iocoio :i:y.
Bn:nannxo o:mnmnaniny :(a+nic+i iocoio :i:y :nyenoio
conna, (nx noio 6inim (e+anino o:inxnexo xnnma, xii cynono(y-
m+i +enim ia:y. Tonia A c (eenox :6y(ennx cna6inx xnnni o:i-
(ennx, mo o:noncm(ym+icx n na(:nyionoxy no+oni n:(on xaa-
i+enc+ni, (nx xinx nnac+nna c+anic+i ycix naaxe+in. J6y(ennx
no+oiy n :nyenoxy conni nn naxnnoc+i +e+x nonnnac+icx na (e-
xiin nona+ionin xaai+enc+nni AK (nc.2.12), (e mnn(iic+i (ocxiac
mnn(ioc+i :nyiy, a :aiinnyc+icx na iinnenin xaai+enc+nni, xia ni(-
noni(ac +ncioni :a connox p
1
. V xeax :6y(eno :onn +enix ni(i:nx-
#$ Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in

1
=
1
c
c
1
x
c
a
a
1
x
p
1
@
p = p
1
1i
A
B
K
C
Pnc.2.12. o nn:nanennx
i.:.i
:nyenoio
conna
c+icx +nx, mo nanxx mnn(ioc+i, ni(xnnxmnnci ni( noxani (o xaa-
i+enc+nin, c+nomc : nem (exinn iy+
2

< , nnnoxy noeinix mnn(-

ioc+i na noxani (o xaai+enc+nin (oinnmc xicnenin mnn(ioc+i
:nyiy, +o6+o
. sin
c
a

Himo o:mnennx :aiin-
nyc+icx n neei:i AC, +o6+o
nonnic+m nnionc+onyc+icx
o:mnmnanina :(a+nic+i
iocoio :i:y, +o =
1
=
1
+
+
1
i + ) sin(
1 1
.
1
1
c
a
To(i : innxnnx (2.67)
o(enxo
1
1
i
i
1
sin
v
v
c
a
. (2.68)
Hi(c+annnmn :nanennx a
1
+a c
i
, : yaxynannxx +e+x o(enxo
1
1
i
i i
1 1
sin
1
1

v
v
v kp
k
n
v kp
. (2.69)
Jac+ocynanmn cninni(nomennx noni+onnoio nonecy, :annmexo:
;
1
i
1
1
1
i
i
1
i i
1 1
n
n
n
p
p
p
p
p
p
v p
v p

(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j
.
1
i
1
1
i
n
p
p
v
v
(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

Toxy : ]oxynn (2.69)

1
1
i
1
1
i
1
sin
1
1

(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j
(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

n n
n
p
p
p
p
n
k
#% Tcj+oa:oouna+iuni ocnoou mcoji mj6in
a6o, nnaamnn, mo , O , 1
1
1

n
k
1
2
1
i
1
sin
(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j
+
n
n
p
p
. (2.7O)
Ociiniin o:inx(ac+icx nnna(oi, ionn nonnic+m nnionc+ony-
c+icx o:mnmnanina :(a+nic+i iocoio :i:y conna, +o p
1
= p
1i
, i +o(i
iannnne ni(nomennx +nciin : nna:y (2.7O) nn:nann+icx :a ]oxy-
nom
1
2
1
i
i 1
i . : . i
) sin (
+

n
n
p
p
, (2.71)
a (nx conna : iocnx :i:ox y ninoxy
. ) sin (
1
2
1 i
*
O
i 1
i 1
+

n
n
p
p
nx iocoio :i:y conna ananx nn nonnoxy nnionc+anni o:-
mnmnanino :(a+noc+i :a ananoiicm : innxnnxx (2.68)
1
1
1
1
1
sin
v
v
c
a
.
Hicnx ni(c+anonin a
1
+a c
1
o(enxo
1
1
1
1
1
*
O
*
O
1 1
sin
1
1
2

]
]
]
,

v
v
v p
k
k
v kp
n
n
,
a nicnx nee+noeni oc+a+onno
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1 1
i . : . i
) sin (
1
1
2
+
+

]
]
]
]
]
,
,
,

(
,
\
,
(
j

n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
k
(2.72)
#& Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
i (nx ncioio conna : iocnx :i:ox
i . : . i 1 o: . i 1
.
J xe+om cnomennx nac+o n nane(ennx ]oxynax :axic+i n nn-
nam+i k, mo (emo i(eani:yc nonec, ane na e:yni+a+ nnnnnac ne (ye
cy++cno.
4oxynn (2.71) i (2.72), xi i ]oxyna Lea (2.67), c na6nnennxn,
ane :an(xin noc+o+i na6ynn nai+nnnoio :ac+ocynannx.
J nnina(enoio nnme c+oconno o:mnennx ia:y n iocoxy :i:i co-
nnonnx iananin xona :o6n+n nac+ynni nncnonin:
o:mnmnanina :(a+nic+i iocoio :i:y, xia xaai+en:yc+icx ni(-
nomennxx +nciin p
i
/ p
1i
= 1/
i.:.i
(nx :nyenoio conna i p
1
/ p
1i
=
=1/
i.:.i
(nx o:mnenoio, nn:nanac+icx n nemy neiy iy+ox nnxo-
(y
1
, a +aio i ni(nomennxx +nciin y o:mnenin nac+nni caxoio
conna
1
= p
1
/ p
O
*
. Hnx xenmnn iy+
1
, +nx 6inima o:mnmnanina
:(a+nic+i iocoio :i:y; na ne nnnnnam+i iix nioio nno(a o6o-
noio +ina k, naxnnic+i i nennnnna n+a+
c
a6o ;
o:mnmnanina :(a+nic+i iocoio :i:y :nyenoio conna nn o(-
naionnx
1
6inima, ni o:mnenoio, a o:mnenoio conna +nx 6ini-
ma, nnx 6inime
1
;
:aianina o:mnmnanina :(a+nic+i o:mnenoio conna 6inima,
ni :nyenoio, i +nx 6inima, nnx xenme
1
;
nn o(naionnx ni(nomennxx +nciin
1
= p
1
/ p
O
*
iy+ ni(xnnennx no-
+oiy n iocoxy :i:i o:mnenoio conna xenmnn, ni :nyenoio.
Haxnnic+i iocoio :i:y no:n+nnno ni(6nnac+icx na o6o+i conen,
o:mnmmnn xei o6nac+en x "noxanino" o6o+n. Ha nc.2.13
:o6aena (iaiaxa enxin "noxanino" o6o+n conen (:am+nxo-
nani nnomi).
V ninin nac+nni (iaiaxn conna : nxxnx :i:ox; :nyene conno
noxanino nanmc n o6nac+i enxin, ionn
1
= p
1
/ p
O
*
nen+i n in-
+enani
i

1

O
, o:mnene :a yxonn, mo
1
=
1
(nci xonnni
enxn :o6aeni o(nicm ninicm). V nanin nac+nni conna : iocnx
:i:ox; o6nac+i noxanino o6o+n :nyenoio conna o:mnnnaci
nnacni(oi (i iocoio :i:y, +ai mo
1i.:n

1

O
, a y conna o:mneno-
io :'xnnnaci o6nac+i n in+enani
1i.o:

1

1
.
Hi nn(no : (iaiaxn, :an(n nn
1
<
i
icnyc o6nac+i
1
, mo
#' Tcj+oa:oouna+iuni ocnoou mcoji mj6in
xoe 6y+n eani:onana xi :a (onoxoiom o:mnenoio conna, +ai i :
nnionc+annxx :nyenoio : o:mnennxx y iocoxy :i:i.
Hee: 6inim nncoii
mnn(iicni ioe]inicn+n
:nyennx conen neenaiy
cni( ni((ana+n (yioxy
naian+oni, cxnnxmnnci
(o nemoio nnme y nn-
na(iax, ionn iy+ ni(xn-
nennx no+oiy n iocoxy
:i:i :nyenoio conna
c+anonn+nxe 6inime
3...4. Hac+ime ncioio
o:mneni conna :ac+o-
conym+icx n (onoxinnx
naonnx +y6inax, xii nn-
ionc+onym+i nennii na-
xnni +ennoneena(n.
Kocnn :i: noiamyc
o6o+y conen na :xinnnx
enxax :an(xin xonn-
noc+i (o(a+ionoio o:-
mnennx.
2.7. Teuiu n pyxounx uona1konnx kauauax
Pinnxnnx eneii ia:onoio no+oiy ((nn. +a6n.2.1) n iananax, xii
yxam+icx noc+ynanino (u = consl), y ni(nocnin cnc+exi ioo(nna+,
non'x:anin : caxnxn iananaxn, xam+i +ainn e nninx(, xi innxnnx n
a6conm+nin cnc+exi (nx neyxoxnx iananin (dl
T
= O). Je o:nanac, mo
no+ii ni(nocno c+inoi iananin nono(n+i ce6e +ai, ni6n nonn neyxo-
xi. A ximo nnxi(ni innxnnx ia:onoio no+oiy cxoi, +o cxonxn xa-
m+i 6y+n i nci :anenoc+i +a ]oxynn, mo nnnnnnam+i i: nnx.
Tainx nnnox, (nx yxoxnx iananin o6onnx iananin ocionnx
c+ynenin xoy+i 6y+n :ac+oconani nci ]oxynn +a cninni(nomennx,
o(eani (nx neyxoxnx connonnx iananin, ximo o:inx(a+n no+ii y
ni(nocnoxy yci. Hn nioxy (oc+a+nio nniona+n +aii (i:
ncm(n :axic+i a6conm+no mnn(ioc+i c ni(c+ann+n ni(nocny
mnn(iic+i w;
Conna : nxxnx
:i:ox
Conna : iocnx
:i:ox
snyene posmnpene snyene posmnpene
1,O
c c
c
c
c
c
c
c
0
0
c =
F
F
0

ip
ip
1p
1p
1ip.pos
1ip.sn
O
Pnc.2.13. iaiaxa enxin "noxanino"
o6o+n conen
$ Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
naaxe+n :aianixonanoio no+oiy nn:nana+n y ni(nocnoxy yci,
na mo nia:yc in(eic w 6inx naaxe+a;
:axic+i in(eicin O i 1 na nxo(i +a nnxo(i : ianany n:x+n ni(noni(no
1 i 2;
in(eic c 6inx +ennoneena(in, nn+a+n +a n+a+ :axinn+n na p;
mnn(iicnnn ioe]inicn+ :axic+i no:nann+n ni+eom .
Hi nnina( nane(exo iiniia ]oxyn, :anncannx +ainx nnnox:
+eoe+nnna mnn(iic+i nnxo(y ia:y : o6onoio ianany :a anano-
iicm : innxnnxx (2.34)
; 1
1
2
1
*
1
2
*
1
*
1 2
]
]
]
]
]
,
,
,

,
(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

k
k
w
w w t
p
p
v p
k
k
w
(incna mnn(iic+i nnxo(y :a ananoiicm : ]oxynom (2.52)
t
w w
2 2
;
y+a+n eneii n o6onoxy ianani ni(noni(no (o nna:in (2.53) i
(2.54)
( ) ( ) ,
2
1 ) 1 (
2
1
2
1
a
2 *
a
2
2
2
2

(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j
+
w
h h
w
q
t
(e h
a
i:oen+oninnnn +ennoneena( y ianani; h
*
a
nonnnn naxn-
nnn +ennoneena(.
Ha nc.2.14 :o6aeno nonec y o6onoxy ianani na (iaiaxi
hs (nx (nox nnna(iin: a) nn :nannoxy o:mnenni o6onoio +ina n
ianani; 6) nn ni(cy+noc+i o:mnennx. V nemoxy nnna(iy nonec
nnnnnnono ne ni(i:nxc+icx ni( nonecy n connonoxy ianani ((nn.
nc.2.9). V (yioxy nnna(iy h
a
= O, ociiniin ne c no+ennianina
eneiix, xia nee+nomc+icx n ianani n iine+nnny, a nn ni(cy+noc+i
o:mnennx ia:y +aioio nee+noennx nexac. Bnacni(oi nioio +on-
in 1 i 2
t
:6iiam+icx, i nonec :o6aac+icx ni(i:iox i:o6an 12.
V +on nac xi y connonnx iananax no+ennianina eneiix nee+no-
mc+icx n iine+nnny i :nanno neennmyc na nxo(i (h
ac
>
>
c
O
2
/2), y
o6onnx iananax ni(nomennx
2
2
1
a
w
h xoe ionnna+ncx n mno-
$ Tcj+oa:oouna+iuni ocnoou mcoji mj6in
inx xeax, ni( nennnnn, nnac+nnnx (nx connonnx iananin, (o nynx
((nn. nc.2.13,).
D
F
G

J
F 1

F 2

( )

=F
D ,

Pnc.2.14. Honec o:mnennx ia:y n o6onoxy ianani

(12
t
+eoe+nnnnn nonec; 12 (incnnn nonec):
c+ynini : > O; c+ynini : = O
D

= F
D ,
=F
D ,
F
G

F
1
F
2
I
2
2
1
*
a
w
h
=
Kou1poutui sanauuu i nn1auuu
1. ane apatnepucnuty oonoeu+ipnoeo ycna:enoeo easoeoeo nonoty.
2. Eti piennn oonoeu+ipnoeo easoeoeo nonoty na:acniue eutopucnoeymnt
y pospaynta nypoinnu cnynenie?
3. Oapatnepusyne piennn soepewenn enepei e +eani:ni qop+i ,ysa-
ea:tnene piennn Eepny::i).
4. ane apatnepucnuty noenu+ napa+enpa+ pooo:oeo ni:a.
5. Hocnint, t eusna:amnt noeni napa+enpu pooo:oeo ni:a sa oono+oeom
hs-oiaepa+u.
6. Oapatnepusyne ocoo:ueocni pospaynty napa+enpie ea:t+yeann y eio-
nocno+y pyci.
7. Hocnint, t pospaoeymnt neopenu:ny ueuoticnt eunitann nonoty is
con:a.
8. ane apatnepucnuty tpunu:nu+ napa+enpa+ nonoty.
9. Eti nepeeaeu i neoo:itu +ac sacnocyeann posuupeno qop+u con:a?
10. Hocnint ocoo:ueocni pospaynty ueuotocni eunitann nonoty is con:a
e oicno+y npoeci.

=F
D ,
J

2
2
1
w
$ Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
11. Etu+ :uno+ soicnmcntc eusna:enn notasnuta no:inponu o: oicnoeo
npoecy ne:i pooo:oeo ni:a?
12. ' :o+y no:eamnt ocoo:ueocni eusna:enn tpunu:nu napa+enpie nono-
ty e oicno+y npoeci ne:i?
13. Hpoana:isyne npoec ne:i nonoty e toco+y spisi con:a.
14. Et eusna:acntc tyn euooy pooo:oeo ni:a s tocoeo spisy con:a?
15. Oapatnepusyne ocoo:ueocni ne:i nonoty e pyo+u :onantoeu ta-
na:a.
3. TEHlR B DROCKHX TYPBlHHHX PEUlTKAX
3.1. Ieoue1pnuui xapak1epnc1nkn pemi1ok octonnx 1ypiuunx
c1yneuin
B ocionnx c+ynenxx connoni n o6oni nona+in o:+amonym+icx n
xeax iininx, y+noenoio nny+imniom +a :onnimniom nnnin(nn-
nnxn a6o :neiia ioninnnxn o6xeymnnxn nonexnxxn, a oci nona-
+oi nn6nn:no :6iiam+icx : a(iycaxn. Toxy +aii emi+in na:nna-
m+i ti:teeu+u.
Po:io+in na nnomnny nnnin(nnnnx neei:in emi+oi nona+oi
y+nomm+i peuintu npoqi:ie con:oeu i pooo:u :onanot. Ha nc.3.1
:o6aeno no:(onnin i noneennnn neei:n iinineno emi+in, a
+aio emi+in no]inin na o(noxy : (iaxe+in.
o nncna ieoxe+nnnnx xaai+enc+ni c+ynenx i emi+oi :nnnan-
no nanea+i:
ooewuna :onanot (eucona peuintu) l ni(c+ani y:(on a(iyca
xi ioenennx neei:ox nona+in i nemnnom 6inx nnxi(no ioxin;
cepeoni oia+enp ti:teeo peuintu D
c
(iaxe+ iona, mo no-
xo(n+i nee: cee(nnn nona+oi;
cepeon :ini npoqi:m ieoxe+nnne xicne nen+in iin, nnncannx
y no]ini;
opoa npoqi:m b ni(c+ani xi iannixn +oniaxn no]inm, nn-
xixna n nanxxi cninino (o+nnno (o nxi(no +a nnxi(no ioxoi :
6oiy yniiny+o nonexni;
$! Tcuin o noctu: mj6innu: jcwimta:
F

?
J
D

F
>
|
y

M
E
O
p

|
ieo

|
ieo
?
J

o
y
?
=
E
O
nx

c
o
m
a
x
D

o
ieo

o
ieo
nnx
?
J
F
J
?
>
|
y
y
?
=
F
=

>
F
>

o
|

p
4on+anina
ninix
B
i
c
i
Pnc.3.1. !eoxe+nnni xaai+enc+nin +y6innoio c+ynenx:
no:(onnin neei:; noneennnn neei: emi+in connonnx nona+oi;
nnocii emi+in connonnx i o6onnx nona+oi; no]ini connono nona+in;
no]ini o6ono nona+in

eucona nioo+y (npoeun) cepeonto :ini npoqi:m h ni(c+ani xi
cnininom (o+nnnom (o nxi(no i nnxi(no ioxoi : 6oiy yniiny+o
nonexni +a inno6inom n (o+nnnom (o cee(nio nini no]inm;
$" Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
noeuna npoqi:m
max
xaicnxaninnn (iaxe+ iona, mo nnncy-
c+icx n no]ini;
noeuna eiono i euiono tpo+ot s
nx
+a s
nnx
(iaxe+n iin, mo
y+nomm+i ni(noni(no nxi(ny i nnxi(ny ioxin no]inm;
tyn eioeuny cnuntu iy+ xi (o+nnnnxn (o cnnnin no]inm n
xinixaninoxy neei:i ianany i (o nnxi(no ioxin;
qponna:tna :ini ninix, none(ena nee: o(nonxenni +onin no-
]inin;
eict peuintu ninix, nenen(niynxna (o ]on+anino nini;
tyn ycnanoetu npoqi:m
y
(
y
) iy+ xi cnininom (o+nnnom (o
nxi(no i nnxi(no ioxoi no]inm : 6oiy yniiny+o nonexni +a ]on-
+aninom ninicm;
uupuna npoqi:m B ni(c+ani xi iannixn +oniaxn no]inm,
nnxixna n nanxxi oci emi+in (ocionnn o:xi no]inm nona+in);
tpot peuintu i ni(c+ani xi o(nonxennnxn +oniaxn cyci(nix
no]inin, nnxixna n nanxxi ]on+anino nini;
uupuna euionoeo nepepisy tana:y a nanxenma ni(c+ani ni( nnxi-
(no ioxin (o onyino nonexni (cnnnin) cyci(nio nona+in;
eeo+enpu:ni eionu i euionu tynu npoqi:m
Oieox
i
1ieox
(nx
connono emi+in +a
1ieox
i
2ieox
(nx o6ono emi+in;
tyn seuny npoqi:m iy+ xi (o+nnnnxn (o cee(nio nini n
iannix +oniax:
) ( 18O
ieox 1 ieox O c
+ = i ). ( 18O
ieox 2 ieox 1
+ =
Bxi(ni i nnxi(ni iy+n xoy+i 6y+n noc+innnxn a6o :xinnnxn no
(onnni nona+oi. V nemoxy nnna(iy nona+in na:nnam+icx u:in-
opu:nu+u, y (yioxy eeunnoeu+u, nn satpy:enu+u. V c+ynenxx : nn-
nin(nnnnxn nona+iaxn ioi emi+in i mnnna ianany y nnxi(noxy
neei:i :6inimym+icx ni( ioenx (o nemnnn nononionanino (ia-
xe+y neei:y. V nnna(iy innn+onnx nona+oi mnnna ianany no
nnco+i :xinmc+icx :a 6inim cina(nnx :aionox, : yaxynannxx :xinn
ion]iiyani caxoio no]inm.
incni iy+n nxo(y +a nnxo(y : emi+oi (emo ni(i:nxm+icx ni(
ieoxe+nnnnx. incni iy+n nxo(y
O
+a
1
nn:nanam+icx yxonaxn
]oxynannx no+oiy nee( emi+iaxn, a caxe yxonaxn nnxo(y : no-
nee(nioio c+ynenx +a i: connonoio anaa+a (anoio c+ynenx ni(noni(-
no. V :aianinoxy nnna(iy (incnnn iy+ nxo(y ne :6iiac+icx : ieoxe+-
$# Tcuin o noctu: mj6innu: jcwimta:
nnnnx. nx oninin yxon na+iiannx no+oiy na nona+in nno(n+icx
nonx++x tyna anatu i. Ky+ a+ain ne i:nnnx xi ieoxe+nnnnx
nxi(nnx iy+ox nona+in i iy+ox nxo(y no+oiy n ianan, +o6+o i
c
=
Oieox

O
(a6o i

=
1ieox

1
). Himo i > O, +o iy+ a+ain oooannu; ximo
i<O eioc+nu. Hn i = O nxi( y nona+ionnn ianan yxonno na:nna-
c+icx oesyoapnu+. Hn +aioxy o6+iianni nona+oi y+a+n eneii n ia-
nani emi+oi 6nn:iii (o xinixaninnx.
incni iy+n nnxo(y no+oiy i: connono i o6ono emi+oi
1
i
2
,
:a (annxn (ocni(eni +eni no+oiy n emi+iax, ne:aneno ni( a6co-
nm+nnx o:xiin nona+oi, (ocn+i 6nn:iii :a :nanennxxn eqetnue-
nu+ tyna+ euooy
1e]
i
2e]
, xii :naxo(x+icx :a ]oxynaxn
c
c
e] 1
aicsin
t
a
= i . aicsin

e] 2
t
a
=
J oinx(y na xane o:xo(ennx xi (incnnxn n e]ei+nnnnxn iy-
+axn xona nnaa+n, mo
1

1e]
i
2

2e]
.
o nncna ieoxe+nnnnx xaai+enc+ni +y6innoio c+ynenx, iix
a6conm+nnx, nanea+i +aio ni(nocni xaai+enc+nin. Tai, (nx iini-
nennx emi+oi nac+o :ac+oconyc+icx ni(nomennx cee(nioio (iaxe+-
a (o (onnnn nona+oi
.
c
l
D
=
J inmnx ni(nocnnx naaxe+in, mo xaai+en:ym+i +y6inni e-
mi+in, nan6inim nac+o nnionc+onym+icx eionocnu tpot peuintu
b
t
t = a6o ,
B
t
t
B
=
eionocna ooewuna :onanot
b
l
l = a6o ,
a
l
l
a
=
a +aio eionocnu npoeun cepeonto :ini npoqi:m h/b.
Bi(nocni o:xin emi+oi c in+eixxn x ieoxe+nnno no(i6no-
c+i.
5128
$$ Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
3.2. Huocki pemi1kn 1ypiuunx uona1ok
Ho+iiamnn nee: emi+in, no+ii o6onoio +ina (ia:y nn nan) y
:aianinoxy nnna(iy :xinmc mnn(iic+i i nanxx cnoio yxy. Hn nio-
xy nnnniac cnna n:acxo(i xi no+oiox i emi+iom. V yxoxnx emi+-
iax +y6inn nx cnna nnionyc o6o+y, a eneiix enonnnn, mo +ene,
nn nioxy :xenmyc+icx. V neyxoxnx emi+iax eneie+nnnnn o6xin
ne ni(6ynac+icx. Ty+ :(incnmm+icx +iniin nonoo+ no+oiy i nee+no-
ennx eneii (nx o(eannx neo6xi(no mnn(ioc+i.
Ho+ii o6onoio +ina n +y6innnx iananax xac cina(ny noc+oo-
ny c+yi+yy.
Teoe+nnne o:n'x:annx :a(ani noc+oono +eni n'x:io c+ncnn-
no i(nnn n nona+ionnx emi+iax c :an(annxx (ye cina(nnx. Toxy
:nnnanno n(y+i mnxxox (ocni(ennx cnomennx xo(enen (incnoio
nonecy, xii :6eiiam+i noio nan6inim ic+o+ni ncn, : nac+ynnnx ana-
ni:ox i naxynannxx nnnnny (yiox(nnx ]ai+oin.
Tai, nannina(, :nanno cnomyc+icx :a(ana o6+iiannx y nnna(-
iy neciinnenno n:octo peuintu, +o6+o +aio, y xiin nci naaxe+n no
(onnni nona+oi :annmam+icx c+annxn, a nncno nona+oi i xnx (on-
nna neciinnenno nennii.
V nnocinx emi+iax no+ii o:inx(ac+icx xi nnocinn. V nioxy
nnna(iy (ocn+i nnnnn+n +enim +iniin n o(noxy xioxy-ne6y(i neei-
:i, nenen(niynxnoxy oci nona+oi.
Heexi( ni( iinineno emi+in (o nnocio xoe 6y+n :(incnennn
na ni(c+ani iino+e:n nnocinx neei:in, :anonononano M.C.Xy-
ionciinx y 189O . Bi(noni(no (o ocnonnnx nonoeni nic iino+e:n,
(nx iininennx emi+oi +enix o6onoio +ina o:inx(ac+icx xi yx ion-
nen+nnnnxn maaxn, nnnoxy +enix n ionoxy mai ne nnnnnac na
cyci(ni man. Tainx nnnox, ximo nanec+n (na cninnicni nnnin(nnni
neei:n iinineno emi+in na (iaxe+ax D i D + D ((e D (ye
xane), a no+ix o:iony+n na nnomnny y+noeny iinineny emi+iy,
+o o(enxo nnociy emi+iy xano nnco+n. J6inimymnn nncno nona-
+oi i xnm (onnny (o neciinnennoc+i, o(eycxo nnociy emi+iy,
mo ni(noni(ac emi+ni no]inin y nnnin(nnnoxy neei:i (iaxe+ox
D iinineno emi+in.
Tenix o6onoio +ina na 6y(i-xioxy (iaxe+i D iinineno emi+-
in xoe, o+e, o:inx(a+ncx xi +enix y ni(noni(nin nnociin emi+ni.
O(nai ne ne nomnmc+icx na o6nac+i no+oiy, 6nn:iii (o ioenx i
nen]ei nona+oi, (e na +enim nnnnnam+i ianann c+inin.
$% Tcuin o noctu: mj6innu: jcwimta:

F
>
@

>

>

>

M
K
4
=
4
4
=
2
2
K
2
J
M
=
M
K
K
M
M
=
!ino+e:a nnocinx neei:in no+e6yc nnnannennx y nnna(iy, ionn
emi+in nona+oi xaai+en:ym+icx xannx ni(nomennxx = D
c
/l
(< 1O...12), +o6+o (nx c+ynenin : ni(nocno (oninxn nona+iaxn. Ty+
ni(nynac+icx ic+o+na :xina ionono mnn(ioc+i n:(on nona+oi i, o+e,
nnnnn ni(nen+onnx cnn, mo (im+i na nac+in o6onoio +ina.
3.3. Cnun, mo im1t y nuocki pemi1ni npn o1ikauui no1okou
rasy
Bn(innxo n c+anoxy no+oni, mo o6+iiac nnociy emi+iy, xia n
:aianinoxy nnna(iy yxac+icx noc+ynanino :i c+anom mnn(iic+m u
n nanxxi o(nonxenno oci, (exinn o6'cx (nc.3.2), o6xeennn:
a) nonexnxxn c+yxy ad i bc na ni(c+ani ioiy t o(na ni( o(no;
6) (noxa ]on+aninnxn nonexnxxn ab i dc na +aiin ni(c+ani ni(
emi+in, nn xiin nci naaxe+n n:(on nnx nonexoni xona nna-
a+n c+annxn;
n) (noxa nnomnnaxn, inno6innxn nnomnni iecnennx, ni(c+ani
xi xinxn (oinnmc (onnni nona+in l.
nx (ocni(ennx cnnono n:acxo(i xi no+oiox i emi+iom cio-
nc+acxocx :aionox :xinn iiniioc+i yxy, :ac+ocynanmn noio (o xacn
ia:y, xia xic+n+icx y nn(inenoxy o6'cxi.
Ja (exinn noxioi nacy d xaca
ia:y, mo xic+n+icx n nona+ionnn xo-
xen+ y nn(inenoxy o6'cxi, neen(e n
nonoennx, o6xeene na nnomnni
iecnennx ]iiyom a
1
b
1
c
1
d
1
.
Pnc.3.2. o nn:nanennx cnn, mo (im+i
y nnociin emi+ni nn o6+iianni
no+oiox ia:y
5*
$& Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
Jxina iiniioc+i yxy o:inxny+o xacn ia:y :a nac d
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
a abb c cdd abcd d c b a
K K K K K d
H H H H H
.
Ociiniin
2 2
1 1
dn w K
c cdd
H
H
,
1 1
1 1
dn w K
a abb
H
H
,
nnaamnn, mo nnacni(oi cynininoc+i no+oiy dn
1
= dn
2
= dn, o(e-
ycxo
), (
1 2
w w dn K d
H H
H
(3.1)
(e
1
w
H
i
2
w
H
mnn(ioc+i no+oiy nee( i :a emi+iom.
Pinnxnnx iiniioc+i yxy y nei+onin ]oxi :annme+icx y nninx(i
. ) (
2 1
+ + d R l t p l t p K d
H
H H
H
(3.2)
Hana nac+nna innxnnx (3.2) xnnxc co6om ixnynic iononnoio
nei+oa :onnimnix cnn, mo (im+i na o:inxny+y xacy ia:y. Ty+ p
1
i
p
2
+nci y neei:ax ab i cd; R
H
e:yni+ymna cnna (i nona+in na
no+ii. Cnnn, o6yxonneni +nciaxn na nonexnxx ad i bc, ne nninmnn n
innxnnx, +oxy mo xnx e:yni+ymna (oinnmc nynm (ni cnnn nnno-
(x+icx n :aianinoxy nnna(iy (o xoxen+y cnn). V innxnni (3.2) ne
naxonani +aio xaconi cnnn (cnnn +xinnx i ni(nen+oni) nee: xany
iyc+nny ia:y.
Hicnx ni(c+anonin K d
H
: nna:y (3.1), nnaamnn, mo
G
d
dn

,
(e G ceiyn(na xacona nn+a+a ia:y nee: emi+iy n xeax o(noio
ioiy nn nnco+i l, o(enxo
R l t p l t p w w G + +
H
H H
H H
2 1 1 2
) ( . (3.3)
Cnoei+ycxo innxnnx (3.3) na n:acxno nenen(niynxni nanx-
xn u i a:
) (
1 2 u u u
w w G R , . ) ( ) (
2 1 1 2
tl p p w w G R
a a a

$' Tcuin o noctu: mj6innu: jcwimta:
V nnx ]oxynax ncin na( noeinixxn mnn(ioc+en nia:ym+i na
+e, mo (i n (yiax cni( nnionyna+n anie6nnno, +o6+o : yaxynan-
nxx :naiin noeinin.
Cnna R
H
ne (ix nona+in na no+ii. Ho+ii e (ic na nona+iy :
innom :a nennnnnom, ane no+nneno cnxxonanom cnnom F
H
. Hn
nioxy
), (
2 1 u u u
w w G F (3.4)
. ) ( ) (
2 1 2 1
l t p p w w G F
a a a
+ (3.5)
nx ncic emi+in ciinnennnx o:xiin, ximo nn+a+a nee: ne
G, ii/c, a nncno nona+oi : nn x (onnni l,
), (
2 1 u u u
w w G F (3.6)
. ) ( ) (
2 1 2 1
: l t p p w w G F
a a a
+ (3.7)
J +niy+nniin mnn(ioc+en na nxo(i (o emi+in i na nnxo(i (nc.3.3)
nnnnnnac, mo
u u u u
c c w w
2 1 2 1
,
a a a a
c c w w
2 1 2 1

y nemoxy nnna(iy, ociiniin
u
w
1
u c
u

1
i u c w
u u

2 2
, y (yio-
xy ociiniin
a a
c w
1 1
i
a
w
2
a
c
2
.
Toxy innxnnx (3.6) i (3.7) xo-
na neennca+n y nninx(i
), (
2 1 u u u
c c G F (3.8)
. ) ( ) (
2 1 2 1
: l t p p c c G F
a a a
+ (3.9)
V nnna(iy neyxoxo emi+in w = c i ]oxynn (nx F
u
+a F
a
o(eycxo 6e:nocee(nio y nninx(i innxni (3.8) i (3.9) nn ni(noni(-
nnx in(eicax 6inx mnn(ioc+en i +nciy na nxo(i n nnxo(i.
4oxynn (3.4)(3.9) (nx cina(onnx cnnn (i no+oiy na nona+in

M
K K
? ?


K K
M M



= =
M M

= =
? ?


Pnc.3.3. Tniy+nnin mnn(ioc+en
+y6innoio c+ynenx
% Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
nneme 6ynn nnne(eni eona(ox Lnneox y 1754 . (nx ioneca ii(-
anninno +y6inn i +oxy ni(oxi :a na:nom piennt E:epa.
Pinnxnnx Lnnea cnane(nnni xi (nx i(eaninoio (+eoe+nnnoio),
+ai i eaninoio nnna(iy o6+iiannx emi+in nona+oi, ociiniin nn x
nnne(enni ne o6nnocx nixinx o6xeeni. O(nai :ac+ocynannx x ne-
e(6anac nn:nanennx :a:(aneii(i mnn(ioc+en no+oiy nee( +a :a e-
mi+iom. Caxe na nioxy e+ani o:axyniy ionnen+ym+icx nci +y(-
nomi, o6yxonneni cina(nic+m eanino +eni. incni mnn(ioc+i no+o-
iy xoy+i 6y+n :nan(eni +iniin na ni(c+ani (e+aninoio anani:y +eni
ia:y n emi+ni +a n+a+ eneii nnacni(oi neo6oo+noc+i nonecy. Jx
:a(ana nennom xiom +o+ona ni(myiannm mnn(iicnnx ioe]inicn-
+in i .
3.4. Teopeua M.C.ykonctkoro npo cnun, mo im1t ua uona1ky
nuocko pemi1kn n no1oni
nx nn+a+n ia:y nee: emi+iy n xeax ioiy t nn nnco+i no-
na+oi l xona :annca+n
,
2 2 1 1
l t w l t w l t w G
a a a

(3.1O)
(e i
a
w cee(nx iyc+nna i cee(nx ociona mnn(iic+i ia:y n emi+ni.
Himo ocee(nennx mnn(ioc+en (nc.3.4) o6n+n ni(noni(no (o
yxonn
2
2 1
w w
w
+
, +o
2
2 1 a a
a
w w
w
+

i
.
2
2 1 u u
u
w w
w
+

(3.11)
To(i : innxnnx (3.1O)
a a a a
a
a
a
w w w w
w
w
w
1 2
1
2 1
1 1 1
1
1
2 2
+

a6o oc+a+onno
.
2
2 1
2 1
+


Hi(c+annnmn :nanennx G : nn-
>
K
M
=
M

M
Pnc.3.4. o +eoexn
M.C.Xyionciioio
% Tcuin o noctu: mj6innu: jcwimta:
a:y (3.1O) y innxnnx (3.4) i (3.5), o(enxo
, ) (
2 1
l t w w w F
u u a u
(3.12)
. ) ( ) (
2 1 2 1
l t p p l t w w w F
a a a a
+ (3.13)
Jnan(exo nniynxnim mnn(ioc+i no ion+yy abcd, mo oxonnmc
no]ini ((nn. nc.3.2), n:xnmn nanxxoi o6xo(y no+n io(nnnnio-
no c+inin.
Ha (inxniax ion+yy
u ba
w t
1
! ,
u dc
w t
2
! ,
cb cd
! ! ,
i, o+e, myiana nniynxnix
). ( !
2 1 u u
w w t (3.14)
J yaxynannxx oc+annioio cninni(nomennx ]oxyna (3.12) na6y-
nac nninx(y
. !l w F
a u
(3.15)
Hee+nonxo ]oxyny (3.13) (nx cnnn F
a
. nx nioio cnona+iy
:nan(exo i:nnnm
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) + + +
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
1 u u a a u a u a
w w w w w w w w w w
). )( ( ) )( (
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 u u u u a a a a
w w w w w w w w + + +
Baxonymnn :anenoc+i (3.11), xona neennca+n oc+annc in-
nxnnx y nninx(i
), ( 2 ) ( 2
2 1 2 1
2
2
2
1 u u u a a a
w w w w w w w w +
:ni(in
.
2
) ( ) (
2
2
2
1
2 1 2 1
w w
w w w w w w
u u u a a a

+
Hicnx ni(c+anonin y ]oxyny (3.13) :nan(exo

l t
w w
p p l t w w w F
u u u a ]
]
]
,

,
+ +
2
) ( ) (
2
2
2
1
2 1 2 1
% Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
a6o, nnionc+onymnn innxnnx (3.14),
.
2
) ( !
2
2
2
1
2 1
l t
w w
p p l w F
u a ]
]
]
,

,
+ +
(3.16)
Ho:nannxo
a a a
F F F
+
1
,
(e
, !
1
l w F
u a

(3.17)
.
2
) (
2
2
2
1
2 1
l t
w w
p p F
a ]
]
]
,

,
+ (3.18)
Tainx nnnox, (ix na nona+iy no+oiy, mo o6+iiac emi+iy, :no-
(n+icx (o +iox cnn: F
u
, F
a1
i F
a
(nc.3.5).
Cnnn F
a1
i F
u
, xi nn(no :i
c+yi+yn ]oxyn (3.15)(3.17),
xam+i o(naiony nno(y i nn:na-
nam+icx nee: nniynxnim mnn(-
ioc+i no :axinenoxy ion+yy, mo
oxonnmc no]ini. Ji cnnn xo-
na o:inx(a+n xi ni(noni(ni no-
eini (exio cnnn

F
H
, a6conm+na
nennnnna xio
. !
2
1
2

l w F F F
a u
+
(3.19)
Cnna

F
H
xac na:ny upty:ino cu:u, nn cu:u ytoecttoeo.
V ni(cyxiy e:yni+ymna cnna (i no+oiy na nona+iy
a
F F F
+
H H H

.
Bn:nannxo nanxxoi nniynxninno cnnn ((nn. nc.3.5):
. lg
1
a
u
u
a
w
w
F
F

=
2 ,
2
2
K
2

=
2

Pnc.3.5. o nn:nanennx nniynxnin-

no cnnn
%! Tcuin o noctu: mj6innu: jcwimta:
Heennmexo oc+annc cninni(nomennx y nninx(i
. 1 lg
u
a
w
w
Bi(nomennx
u
a
w
w
: yaxynannxx :naiin noeinin ne +anienc iy+a
xi niccm u i cee(niom mnn(iic+m no+oiy n emi+ni w
H
((nn.
nc.3.4). O+e,
. 1 lg lg
Jx ]oxyna nnaac yxony o+oionaninoc+i nei+oin

F
H
i w
H
.
nx o(eannx nanxxy nniynxninno cnnn neo6xi(no nei+o cee(-
nio mnn(ioc+i noneny+n na 9O na:yc+in nniynxni.
O+nxani e:yni+a+n cina(am+i :xic+ +eoexn M.C.Xyionci-
ioio, xia xoe 6y+n c]oxynionana n +ainn cnoci6:
' eunaoty n:octonapa:e:tnoeo oonitann easo+ peuintu pienooim-
:a eci cu:, o oimnt na :onanty, F
H
oopienmc eeo+enpu:ni cy+i up-
ty:ino cu:u

F
H
, cnp+oeano no nop+a:i oo eeo+enpu:no niecy+u
ueuotocne
1
w
H
i
2
w
H
nepeo i sa peuintom, i oooantoeo octoeo cu:u
F
a
, cnp+oeano ysooew oci peuintu.
Hno(a nniynxninno i (o(a+iono ociono cnn i:na. V +on nac
xi

F
H
:anen+i ni( nniynxni mnn(ioc+i i o6e+ac+icx n nyni nn
!= O ((nn. nna: (3.19)), cnna F
a
ni( nniynxni 6e:nocee(nio ne
:anen+i.
Po:inxnexo nna: (3.18). V nnna(iy o6+iiannx emi+in nec+nc-
nnnom n'x:iom i(nnom n ina(a+nnx (yiax o(eycxo n+a+n non-
noio +nciy n emi+ni. O+e, y nioxy nnna(iy
.
no+
l t p F
a

Himo i(nna nec+ncnnna n i(eanina (nen'x:ia), +o F
a
= O i na
nona+iy (ic +iniin nniynxninna cnna Xyionciioio.
V caxoxy :aianinoxy nnna(iy, nn o6+iianni emi+in n'x:iom
c+ncnnnom i(nnom, (o(a+iona ociona cnna :anen+i xi ni( y+a+ y
emi+ni, +ai i ni( c+ncnnnoc+i ia:y.
%" Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
3.5. Ho1euniautua 1euiu rasy n pemi1ni
Hannoc+imom i, nnacni(oi nioio, (ocn+i nonno +eoe+nnno o:-
o6nenom c c+ana 6e:nnxona +enix y nnociin emi+ni nen'x:io nec+n-
cnnno i(nnn, a6o +ai :nana nonenia:tna ne:i.
Cxexa no+ennianino +eni n emi+-
ni nane(ena na nc.3.6. Cynininnxn ni-
nixxn naneceni nini c+yxy = consl,
nyni+nox i:ono+ennianini nini 4 =
=consl. ini c+yxy +a i:ono+ennianini
nini n:acxno o+oionanini.
Hnn(iic+i y (onininin +onni no+o-
iy cnxxonana no (o+nnnin (o nini c+y-
xy i nn:nanac+icx cninni(nomennxx
.
4 4
s ds
d
w

Himo nn no6y(oni ci+in 6a+n
4= , +o n ionin +onni s = n i
ioxiin n necnei+nni (nn s O i n O) nainy+i na6nn:n+ncx
(o ina(a+in. V nioxy nnna(iy ci+ia naonno (exonc+yc :xiny mnn(-
ioc+i +eni n emi+ni: (e ci+ia iyc+ima, +ax mnn(iic+i 6inima, i nanna-
in. Tai, : ncynia nn(no, nannina(, mo mnn(ioc+i +eni n cee(nio-
xy na cnnnni no]inm 6inimi, ni na yniiny+in nonexni. Ociiniin
nn no+ennianinin +eni nec+ncnnno i(nnn (nx ncioio no+oiy cna-
ne(nnne innxnnx Lenynni y nninx(i
consl,
2
2
+
w
p
+o ni(noni(nnx nnnox no no]inm 6y(e o:no(inx+ncx i +nci: (e mnn(-
iic+i 6inima, +ax +nci xenmnn.
Ja:iona ia+nna o:no(iny ni(nocnnx mnn(ioc+en
2
w
w
w i ni(-
nocnnx +nciin
2
2
2
w
p p
p

no nonexni no]inm nn no+ennianinoxy

o6+iianni ion]y:ono emi+in nane(ena na nc.3.7.

M
,

,
I

Pnc.3.6. Cxexa no+ennianino

+eni n emi+ni
%# Tcuin o noctu: mj6innu: jcwimta:
Hi nn(no : inno
w
, na (exiin nac+nni cnnnin no]inm mnn(-
iic+i +eni xoe neennmyna+n mnn(iic+i :a emi+iom w
2
( 1 > w ).
Tnci na cnnnni no]inm xenmnn, ni na yniiny+in nonexni, a na
(exiin nac+nni nani+i xenmnn, ni p
2
. Bnacni(oi i:nnni +nciin na
yniiny+in nonexni i cnnnni nn-
nniac aeo(nnaxinna cnna (i
no+oiy na nona+iy. Ociiniin
nn +eni nee: emi+iy 6e: +e-
+x nec+ncnnno i(nnn (o(a+io-
na ociona cnna (oinnmc nynm,
+o onenn(no, mo inno(imna ncix
cnn +nciy na no]ini y o:inx-
ny+oxy nnna(iy (oinnmc cnni
Xyionciioio, xiy xona :nan-
+n nee: nniynxnim mnn(ioc+i
no 6y(i-xioxy ion+yy, mo oxo-
nnmc no]ini, y +oxy nncni i no
caxoxy no]inm.
Po:no(in mnn(ioc+en no no]inm ic+o+no :anen+i ni( noio ]o-
xn i xin :nyennx ianany, a +aio ni( ieoxe+nnnnx i enxnnx
naaxe+in emi+in.
Joc+annx innn:nn na onyinnx (inxniax no]inm nn:no(n+i
(o :6inimennx mnn(ioc+i i nannain. Hn c+n6iono(i6nin :xini in-
nn:nn (n +oniax cnonynennx (yi iin) +eoe+nnni inni o:no(iny mnn(-
ioc+en i +nciin :a:nam+i o:nny. Ha nnc+ynnnx iy+ax no]inm mnn(-
iic+i +eoe+nnno :oc+ac (o neciinnennoc+i. J nic nnnnnn o6no(n
no]inin nainy+i nnionyna+n : nnanno :xinmnanom innn:nom.
ocni(ennx no+ennianinoio o6+iiannx emi+oi no]inin xo-
nnne xi anani+nnnnxn, +ai i eicnenxen+aninnxn xe+o(axn. J anani-
+nnnnx xe+o(in na+o na:na+n nnxonnn xe+o(, xe+o( ion]oxnnx
ni(o6aeni i iananini xe+o(n. Licnenxen+anini xe+o(n nnnnennx
no+ennianinoio o6+iiannx 6a:ym+icx na i:noio o(y ananoiixx. Han-
6inimoio nomnennx na6yn xe+o( enei+oii(o(nnaxinno ananoii
(L!A).
ocni(ennx no+ennianinoio o6+iiannx xam+i nannne nnina-
(ne :nanennx, ociiniin nonn (o:nonxm+i o:axyna+n noiannnnnn
ma nn eaninoxy o6+iianni.

M
M
F
F
Yniiny+a
nonepxnx
Cnnnxa
Pnc.3.7. Po:no(in ni(nocnnx mnn(io-
c+en i +nciin no nonexni no]inm
%$ Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
3.6. Bn1pa1a poouoro 1iua uepes pemi1kn 1a koeqinicu1n nn1pa1n
Homnmmnn nnina(ene n , 2.3 i 2.4 ni(nocno oiexnx xinona+-
ionnx iananin na emi+in nona+oi, o(eycxo:
(nx +eoe+nnno nn+a+n o6onoio +ina nee: connony n o6ony
emi+in :i :nyennxn iananaxn (nn (o:nyionin +eni)
t t t
c F G
1 1 c c
,
t t t
w F G
2 2
; (3.2O)
:a ananoiicm : (3.2O) (nx (incno nn+a+n
1 1 c c
c F G ,
2 2
w F G . (3.21)
Ty+ F
c
i F

nnomi nnxi(nnx neei:in, nenen(niynxnnx nanx-

xy no+oiy. Hn nonnoxy nnyciy
1 c c c
sin l D F ;
2 c
sin l D F .
V nnna(iy in+nnno +eni nn+a+n nn:nanam+icx ananoiinno, ane
:a naaxe+axn in+nnnoio neei:y.
incni nn+a+n, o:axonani :a ]oxynaxn (3.21), (emo ni(i:nx-
m+icx ni( ]ai+nnnnx nn+a+, xii cnoc+eiiam+icx eicnenxen+ani-
no. Hnnnnn nioio: neinnoxinic+i nonin mnn(ioc+en +a inmnx na-
axe+in y nnxi(noxy neei:i; ne+onnic+i nn:nanennx n+a+, mo nnnn-
nam+i na noia:nni noni+onn; ]i:nnni nnac+nnoc+i o6onoio +ina +a
in.
Toxy n o:axyniax (nx nn:nanennx (incnnx nn+a+ nac+o ion-
c+ym+icx toeqiicnna+u eunpan
;
c
c
c
t
G
G


,

t
G
G

xii xam+i 6y+n :nan(eni nonee(nio eicnenxen+aninnx mnxxox.
To(i
t
G G
c c c
;
t
G G

.
Bennnnna ioe]inicn+a nn+a+n emi+oi :anen+i ni( c+any
o6onoio +ina, ieoxe+nnnnx xaai+enc+ni no]inin, ni(nocnnx
o:xiin nona+oi +a inmnx ]ai+oin. Jii(no : (ocni(nnxn (annxn,
%% Tcuin o noctu: mj6innu: jcwimta:
ioe]inicn+ nn+a+n n connonnx emi+iax ia:onnx +y6in cina(ac
O,96...O,97, a n o6onnx emi+iax O,92...O,96 n :anenoc+i ni( :iiny-
+oc+i no]inm i ni(nocno (onnnn nona+oi (xenmi :nanennx xaai-
+eni (nx ai+nnnnx c+ynenin nn ni(nomenni (onnnn nona+oi (o
xo(n no]inm, innoxy O,5...O,6, 6inimi (nx eai+nnnnx c+ynenin
nn :nanenni nioio naaxe+a, innoxy 1,O).
V naonnx +y6inax, mo nanmm+i na neeii+in nai, ioe]ini-
cn+ nn+a+n n connonin i o6onin emi+iax xac nn6nn:no +e :na-
nennx, mo n y ia:onnx +y6inax. V nnna(iy nonoio nan n conno-
nnx emi+iax cina(ac 1,O1...1,O3, a n o6onnx emi+iax ionnnac+icx n
xeax O,93...1,O2 :aneno ni( +nny c+ynenx i nonoioc+i nan.
Jnanennx ioe]inicn+a nn+a+n 6inime o(nnnni n connonnx i
o6onnx emi+iax eai+nnnnx c+ynenin nn o6o+i na nonoiin nai
noxcnmc+icx neeoxono(ennxx nan nnacni(oi mnn(ionnnnnoc+i
nonecy o:mnennx. !yc+nna neeoxono(eno nonoio nan nann-
iinni o:mnennx nnxnnxc+icx 6inimom ni( :nanennx nn innona-
noxy c+ani. J nic nnnnnn (incna nn+a+a nan nnxnnxc+icx 6ini-
mom ni( +eoe+nnno.
Kou1poutui sanauuu i nn1auuu
1. Haseint eo:oeni eeo+enpu:ni apatnepucnutu peuinot octoeu nypoin-
nu cnynenie.
2. Hocnint, ti eionocni pos+ipu na:ewant oo :uc:a eeo+enpu:nu apat-
nepucnut nypoinnoeo cnynen.
3. ' :o+y no:eamnt ocnoeni no:owenn einonesu n:octu nepepisie i t eona
eutopucnoeycntc npu ana:isi ne:i pooo:oeo ni:a?
4. ane apatnepucnuty cu:a+, o oimnt y n:octi peuini npu oonitanni
nonoto+ easy, i nocnint ocoo:ueocni pospaynty.
5. Cqop+y:mne neope+y M.C.ytoecttoeo npo cu:u, o oimnt na :onanty
n:octo peuintu e nonoi.
6. Oapatnepusyne nonnn upty:ino cu:u.
7. ane apatnepucnuty nonenia:tno ne:i easy e peuini.
8. Eti +enoou eutopucnoeymntc o: ooc:iowenn nonenia:tnoeo oonitan-
n peuinot npoqi:ie?
9. Hocnint, t eusna:amntc eunpanu pooo:oeo ni:a :epes peuintu e neo-
penu:no+y i oicno+y npoeca.
10. ane apatnepucnuty toeqiicnna eunpanu nypoinno peuintu.
%& Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
4. TEOPlR TYPBlHHOlO CTYDEHR
4.1. Ocounnoc1i peautuoro o1ikauuu pemi1ok.
Kuacnqikaniu n1pa1 y pemi1kax
Hn +eni nee: nnocii emi+in eaninoio o6onoio +ina :aiani-
na ia+nna no+oiy xoe ic+o+no ni(i:nx+ncx ni( o:inxny+o.
Vnacni(oi n'x:ioc+i o6onoio +ina na nonexnxx no]inin y+no-
mc+icx noiannnnnn ma :i :nannnxn noneennnxn ia(icn+axn
mnn(ioc+en, n xioxy ionnen+ym+icx n+a+n eneii ni( +e+x.
Hn cxo(enni : :a(nio ioxin no]inm :an(n ni(6ynac+icx
ni(nn no+oiy. Jaioxiona :ona :ona in+encnnnoio nnxonoio yxy.
Hoiannnnnn ma, mo :6iiac : no]inm, a:ox : nnxonom :onom
y+nomc :a no]inex aeo(nnaxinnnn cni(. V xiy ni((anennx ni(
emi+in n e:yni+a+i o6xiny ixnynicaxn ni(6ynac+icx :aiacannx nn-
xoin i nninnmnannx no+oiy n xeax aeo(nnaxinnoio cni(y n o(no-
nacno no ncioxy ioiy emi+in. Ji xnnma +aio nninniam+i y+a+n
iine+nnno eneii.
V ninoxy no+ii y nnocinx emi+iax : neciinnenno (oninxn nona+-
iaxn yxonno xona o:(inn+n na (ni :onn (nc.4.1): opo nonoty, (e
+enim : ni(oxnx na6nnennxx xona o:inx(a+n xi no+ennianiny, i
noepanu:nu uap, mo nee-
xo(n+i :a emi+iom n aeo-
(nnaxinnnn cni(. Tonmnna
may ne neennmyc :nnnan-
no O,1 ioiy emi+in (+o6-
+o 1...3xx), ane caxe n nio-
xy noxnnxc+icx n'x:iic+i
o6onoio +ina i caxe nin c
nnnnnom neenano 6ini-
moc+i n+a+ iine+nnno
eneii.
Ha (n]y:onnx (inxn-
iax ianany :a nennnx yxon xoe ni(6yna+ncx ni(nn no+oiy ni( no-
]inm me (o (ocxinennx :a(nio ioxin.
V nnna(iy nenninx mnn(ioc+en no+oiy nnxnnxc+icx e]ei+ c+nc-
nnnoc+i ia:y. Hn nioxy ia(icn+n mnn(ioc+en y:(on ninin c+yxy

o
Hoiannnnnn
ma
Aeo(nnaxinnnn cni(
Pnc.4.1. C+yi+ya no+oiy n +y6innnx
iananax
%' Tcojin mj6innoo cmncnn
:6inimym+icx, :ximam+icx o6nac+i xaicnxaninnx i xinixaninnx
mnn(ioc+en. Hn (exinx :nanennxx M < 1 ocnonnoio no+oiy ((o:ny-
iona +enix) noianini mnn(ioc+i xoy+i neennmn+n xicneny mnn(-
iic+i :nyiy. Jnoo+nnn neexi( mnn(ioc+i n (o:nyiony cynono(y-
c+icx (o(a+ionnxn n+a+axn, non'x:annxn : y+noennxx c+n6iin
ymininennx.
V iininennx emi+iax : nona+iaxn ciinnenno (onnnn c +e+x
:ona xaai+eno +eni :ona, n xiin noxnnxc+icx nnnnn c+inoi, mo
o6xeym+i ianan 6inx iinnin nona+oi. V nin :oni +aio c (o(a+ioni
n+a+n eneii.
Vaxonymnn nnina(ene nnme, n+a+n eneii n iininennx emi+-
iax xona o:(inn+n na (ni iynn:
a) npoqi:tni enpanu +aii, mo nnnniam+i nn o6+iianni no]ini-
no nac+nnn nona+oi;
6) tineei enpanu +aii, mo nnnniam+i nn o6+iianni no+oiox
eaninoio o6onoio +ina +onennx (:onnimnio i nny+imnio) none-
xoni +y6innnx iananin.
Ho]inini n+a+n nnac+nni nnocioxy o6+iiannm emi+oi no:a
:onom nnnnny nnnin(nnnnx nonexoni, mo o6xeym+i ianan. o
nnx nanea+i:
a) y+a+n ni( +e+x na no]inxx;
6) ioxioni n+a+n;
n) y+a+n nnacni(oi ni(nny no+oiy ni( nonexni no]inm;
i) xnnnioni n+a+n.
O6on'x:ionnxn y ncix nnna(iax c n+a+n ni( +e+x i ioxioni, n
+on nac xi y+a+n ni( ni(nny no+oiy i xnnnioni nnnniam+i +iniin :a
nennnx yxon.
Kinneni n+a+n o6yxonneni ciinnennom (onnnom nona+oi i c
nacni(iox:
a) +e+x n noiannnnoxy mai na +onennx nonexnxx ianany;
6) y+noennx n+onnnnx, nn in(yionannx, +enin n ianani xi no-
na+iaxn, nninniannx neinnoxinic+m o:no(iny +nciy no neei:y
ianany (ni( nanoio nnxoy);
n) nee+iiannx ia:y : yniiny+o c+oonn nona+in na cnnniy nee:
nen]einny ioxiy (nn naxnnoc+i :a:oy xi nona+iom i nonex-
nem, mo o6xeyc ianan).
Via:ani nnme n+a+n nnac+nni xi neyxoxnx emi+iax, +ai i +nx,
mo o6e+am+icx. B oc+annix iix nioio nnnniam+i me n+a+n:
& Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
ni( a(ianino +eni ia:y;
ni( nec+anionanoc+i no+oiy, mo na6iiac.
Kona :i cina(onnx y+a+ y emi+iax xoe 6y+n oninena ni(noni(-
nnx ioe]inicn+ox y+a+
,
*
ai
i
i
h
q

=
(e q
i
a6conm+na nennnnna n+a+ eneii; ) a6o (
*
a
*
ac
*
a
h h h
i
non-
nnn naxnnnn +ennoneena( y emi+iax (connonin a6o o6onin).
Cyxannn ioe]inicn+ y+a+ y emi+ni
i n
+ = , (4.1)
(e
n
ioe]inicn+ no]ininnx y+a+;
i
ioe]inicn+ iinnennx y+a+.
Bi(noni(no
xn ni( i + n
+ + + =
i
nn+ n . n + i
+ + = ,
(e
+
,
i
,
ni(
,
xn
,
n.n
i
nn+
ioe]inicn+n ni(noni(nnx y+a+.
Himo no]inini n+a+n cina(am+icx +iniin : y+a+ +e+x i iox-
ionnx, +o ]oxyna (4.1) (oina(nime :annme+icx y nninx(i
i i +
+ + = . (4.2)
Koe]inicn+ ioncno (i emi+in
. 1 = (4.3)
Hnn(iicnnn ioe]inicn+ connono emi+in
, 1
c c
= =
o6ono emi+in
, 1

= =
(e cyxani ioe]inicn+n n+a+ i KK ni(noni(nnx emi+oi nn:nana-
m+icx : innxni (4.2) i (4.3).
& Tcojin mj6innoo cmncnn
nx oninin no]ininnx y+a+ ino(i ionc+ym+icx no]ininnx
KK emi+in
n n
1 = .
To(i, nannina(, (nx connonnx emi+oi
.
c . i c . n
=
4.2. Hpoqiutui n1pa1n
Xapak1ep o1ikauuu pemi1kn i c1pyk1ypa norpaunuuoro mapy. Po:-
inxnexo c+yi+yy noiannnnoio may (nc.4.2,) i o:no(in mnn(-
ioc+i +a +nciy n nioxy. Ho+ii o:ianyyc+icx n +onni 1 i, o6+iiamnn
no]ini, y+nomc +oninn naxinannn noiannnnnn ma 2. Bi( o6na-
c+i neexo(y 3 (o nnxi(no ioxin no]inm ma 4 +y6ynen+nnn,
ane : +oninx naxinannx ni(maox 5. Tonmnna may noc+ynono
:oc+ac. Cxexa neexo(y naxinanoio noiannnnoio may n +y6y-
nen+nnn noia:ana na nc.4.2,.
Hnn(iic+i y noiannnnoxy mai +onmnnom :xinmc+icx ni(
#
"
!
@
#
!
"

Pnc.4.2. C+yi+ya noiannnnoio

may na no]ini nona+in:
nn 6e:ni(nnnoxy o6+iianni; cxe-
xa neexo(y naxinanoio noiannnnoio
may n +y6ynen+nnn; cxexa ni(nny

6128
& Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
nynx na nonexni no]inm (o nennnnnn c
max
na ni(c+ani ni( c+inin.
Lnmn mnn(ioc+en y naxinanoxy 1 i +y6ynen+noxy 2 noiannnnnx
maax y noinnxnni : +enicm 6e: +e+x 3 noia:ani na nc.4.3,. Hn
+y6ynen+noxy mai n+a+n +eni 6inimi.
3 2 1
y y y
@
E
F
7
6
5 4
9
8
=N
?
c
x
9
y
y
10
Pnc.4.3. Po:no(in mnn(ioc+en n noiannnnoxy mai:
n noneennoxy nanxxi; n no:(onnioxy nanxxi; 1 naxinannn ma;
2 +y6ynen+nnn ma; 3 +enix 6e: +e+x; 4 enma mnn(ioc+i n o6nac+i :nnen-
nx +nciy (o:iin no+oiy); 5 enma mnn(ioc+i n +onni xinixaninoio +nciy i xai-
cnxanino mnn(ioc+i; 6,7 enmn mnn(ioc+i n o6nac+i :oc+annx +nciy (ianixy-
nannx no+oiy); 8 enma mnn(ioc+i n o6nac+i ni(nny; 9,10 nanxx no+oiy

Bannny oni ni(iiac o:no(in +nciy n no+oni i na no]ini. V

+eoi noiannnnoio may (one(eno, mo +nci y nanxxi, nenen(n-
iynxnoxy c+inni, nai+nnno ne :xinmc+icx, +o6+o
O =

y
p
, (e y no-
xani (o c+inin no]inm n (anin +onni. Je nannno (nx eicnenxen-
&! Tcojin mj6innoo cmncnn
+aninoio nnnnennx o:no(iny +nciin y no+oni i o:yxinnx xexani:xy
ni(nny noiannnnoio may.
nx connonnx a6o eai+nnnnx o6onnx emi+oi nnac+nne nonini-
ne :xenmennx +nciy n:(on yniiny+o nonexni no]inm. B oc+annin
nac+nni no]inm :nnennx +nciy ni(6ynac+icx +oxn in+encnnnime.
Han6inim cnenn]inno o:mnennx ia:y (noio o:iin) ni(6ynac+icx
n:(on cnnnin nona+oi, (e mnn(ie :xenmennx +nciy no no]inm
nn:no(n+i (o neeo:mnennx no+oiy (+o6+o (ocxinennx +nciy,
xenmoio ni( +nciy :a emi+iom). V noc+oi :a emi+iom +nci 6ini-
mnn, +oxy na nnxi(nin (inxnni ni(6ynac+icx c+ncnennx no+oiy, mo
cynono(yc+icx :oc+annxx c+a+nnnoio +nciy. Ociiniin eneiix
c+ncnennx o(eyc+icx : iine+nnno eneii no+oiy, +o na nin (inxnni
mnn(iic+i :xenmyc+icx, no+ii ianixyc+icx.
O+e, y nnxi(nin (inxnni +enix ni(6ynac+icx :i :6inimennxx +nciy
i cna(ox mnn(ioc+i, xi y (n]y:oi, y :n'x:iy : nnx nen e]ei+ i (ic+an
na:ny ouqysopnoeo.
Cnninnn o:nn+oi (n]y:onoio e]ei+y xoe cnnnnnn+n ni(-
nn noiannnnoio may. incno, cna( mnn(ioc+i nexnnyne nn:no-
(n+i (o na6xiannx, c+onmennx noiannnnoio may, xi noia:ano
m+nxonnxn ninixxn na (inxnni 78 ((nn. nc.4.3,). Ane ociiniin no-
+ii na(xo(n+i : o6nac+i xenmoio +nciy n o6nac+i 6inimoio, c+nom-
m+icx yxonn (nx nonny o6onoio +ina n:(on c+inin no+n +eni,
xi noia:ano m+nxonnxn c+iniaxn 9 i 10. Tai noiannnnnn ma ni(o-
iexnmc+icx ni( c+inin (nnnniac ni(nn no+oiy). B o6nac+i ni(nny
]oxyc+icx nnxo ((nn. nc.4.2,).
B ai+nnnnx emi+iax :6eiiac+icx :aianinnn xaai+e o:no(iny
+nciy no no]inm, o(nai nn nioxy ni(6ynac+icx i:ie cna(annx +n-
ciy n:(on nxi(no (inxnin cnnnin, xie no+ix cnonininmc+icx. Ha
yniiny+in nonexni :a nxi(nom ioxiom no]inm c +en(ennix (o cna6-
io nnaenoio (n]y:onoio e]ei+y. Taie xnnme cnoc+eiiac+icx i
y nnna(iy nenninx ni('cxnnx iy+in a+ain. Jnnnanno ne nn:no(n+i (o
xicnenoio c+onmennx noiannnnoio may, ane ne (o ni(nny, +oxy
mo na nxi(nin (inxnni ianan xac ]oxy, mo :nyyc+icx, i no+ii (o6e
nn+nciac+icx (o c+inoi.
V emi+iax cynacnnx aeo(nnaxinnnx no]inin nn on+nxani-
nnx iy+ax a+ain i ni(nocnnx ioiax (n]y:onnn e]ei+ c cna6io nna-
ennx i (o ni(nny ne nn:no(n+i. V c+anx no]inin 6yno no (ni-+n
(n]y:oni (inxnin i: cnnino o:nnny+nx ni(nnox, mo cnnnnnxn
nennii no]inini n+a+n.
6*
&" Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
Y1pa1n ni 1ep1u ua npoqiuux. ani n+a+n nnnniam+i nee: n'x:-
iic+i o6onoio +ina i moc+iic+i nonexni nona+oi. Hn o6+iianni
nona+in n'x:iom enonnnom 6inx nonexni, xi ye ni(:nananocx,
y+nomc+icx noiannnnnn ma, mnn(iic+i n xioxy :xinmc+icx ni(
nynx na nonexni (o mnn(ioc+i x(a no+oiy na :onnimnin iannni
may. Pyx nac+onoi enonnnn : i:nom mnn(iic+m i c nnnnnom nn-
nninennx n+a+ ni( +e+x n noiannnnoxy mai. B x(i no+oiy, (e
mnn(ioc+i nac+onoi xano ni(i:nxm+icx, y+a+n ni( +e+x, xi i inmi
aeo(nnaxinni n+a+n, ni(cy+ni.
V+a+n ni( +e+x non'x:ani n nemy neiy i: moc+iic+m i nncnox
Pennoni(ca. !c+o+ne :nanennx xac c+yi+ya noiannnnoio may (na-
xinanoio, :ximanoio nn +y6ynen+noio), ane i nona +aio :anen+i
ni( nncna Pennoni(ca i moc+ioc+i.
V +y6innnx emi+iax :a xaai+ennn o:xi nn nn:nanenni Re
6ey+i xo(y no]inm (b
c
nn b

), :a mnn(iic+i +eoe+nnny mnn(-

iic+i nnxo(y no+oiy : emi+in (c
1
nn w
2
); ioe]inicn+ n'x:ioc+i nn:na-
nam+i :a c+anox o6onoio +ina nanniinni i:oen+oninnoio o:mn-
ennx.
Bi(noni(no (nx connono i o6ono emi+oi
1
c 1
c
Re

b c
i . Re
2
2

b w
Hnc+o+a nonexni nona+oi xaai+en:yc+icx eionocnom uopcnti-
cnm , xia (oinnmc ni(nomennm nnco+n neinnoc+en (io6iin) (o
(onnnn xo(n no]inm.
Po:i:nxm+i +n enxn o6+iiannx +y6innnx nona+oi. Hemnn
enx xaai+en:yc+icx ni(cy+nic+m nnnnny moc+ioc+i na noia-
nnnnnn ma, mo xonnno nn +ai :nanin aepoouna+i:no e:aoti noeep-
ni nona+oi, ionn nnco+a io6iin xenma ni( nanin+onmnnn naxina-
noio noiannnnoio may a6o naxinanoio ni(may (y nnna(iy +y-
6ynen+noio may). Hn nioxy enxi (ic naxinannn :aion onoy.
nx (anoio enxy +eni xaai+ena :nanna :anenic+i onoy
ni( nncna Pennoni(ca, :i :6inimennxx xioio ioe]inicn+ onoy ic+o+-
no :xenmyc+icx.
yinn enx xaai+en:yc+icx +y6ynen+nom +enicm y noia-
nnnnoxy mai nn noxinin moc+ioc+i, noinnxnnin : +onmnnom
naxinanoio ni(may, +oxy o6+iiannx nonexni nn:nanac+icx xi nnc-
&# Tcojin mj6innoo cmncnn
nox Pennoni(ca, nnnnn xioio ic+o+no nocna6nmc+icx, +ai i moc+ii-
c+m nonexni.
Te+in enx +eni nnnniac nn o6+iianni moc+inx nonexoni,
ionn neinnoc+i :nanno neennmym+i +onmnny naxinanoio ni(ma-
y (n n'x+i-mic+i a:in i 6inime). Koe]inicn+ +e+x nn:nanac+icx mo-
c+iic+m, ane ne :anen+i ni( nncna Pennoni(ca (+ai :nana oo:acnt
aeno+ooe:tnocni).
Himo emi+in o6(ynam+icx no+oiox : noc+ynono :oc+amnnx
:nanennxx Re, +o +enix nocni(onno non(e :a:naneni +n enxn. Hn
ioo+inx nona+iax xonnnnn neexi( 6e:nocee(nio ni( nemoio
enxy (o +e+ioio. Honoennx +onin neexo(y nn:nanac+icx mo-
c+iic+m. Hnx nona xenma, +nx 6inime in+nnne :nanennx Re, nn
xioxy ni(6ynac+icx neexi(.
ocni(n noia:ym+i, mo nennia nac+nna nona+ionoio anaa+a
naonnx i ia:onnx +y6in, :a nnnx+iox oc+annix c+ynenin naonnx
+y6in, nanmc n :oni an+oxo(eninoc+i :a nncnox Re.
Po:inxnexo :xiny ioe]inicn+a onoy C
f
nn nennoxy :nanenni
ni(nocno moc+ioc+i, nannina( nn = 1O
4
. Hn Re < 1O
6
nnac+n-
na aeo(nnaxinno ina(ia i :anenic+i C
f
ni( nncna Pennoni(ca nn-
:nanac+icx cninni(nomennxx
.
Re
O74 , O
2 , O
1

f
C
V (iana:oni 1O
6
< Re <1O
7
o6+iiannx nnac+nnn ni(noni(ac (yio-
xy enxy, ociiniin C
f
no(onyc :xinmna+ncx n :anenoc+i ni(
Re, xona i xenm in+encnnno. !, naem+i, nn Re > 1O
7
nac+ac +e+in
enx, ociiniin nennnnna C
f
ne :anen+i ni( Re. nx nioio enxy
xona nnionc+onyna+n na6nneny ]oxyny
251 , O
3
O48 , O
f
C .
nx +oio mo6 moc+iic+i ne :6inimynana ioe]inicn+ onoy nnac+nnn,
neo6xi(no (o+nxyna+ncx yxonn
1 3 f f
C C , +o6+o
2 , O
251 , O
Re
O74 , O
O48 , O < ,
:ni(in nn:nanac+icx xaicnxanino (onyc+nxa nennnnna
.
Re
6 , 5
8 , O
max

&$ Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
Jii(no : (annxn nani [1], nx nennnnna
max
xoe 6y+n n:x+a
nn o:inx(i o6+iiannx moc+io nonexni +y6innnx nona+oi. Hn
:xini nncna Re n xeax 1O
5
.1O
6
, n xinx :nnnanno nanmm+i nona+-
in +y6in, nennnnna
max
cina(ac 16,8...2,67 xix. J yaxynannxx nio-
io nnc+o+a o6o6in cnnnin nona+oi nonnnna ni(noni(a+n 7...8-xy
inacy. Ociiniin na yniiny+in nonexni mnn(ioc+i xenmi, ni na cnnn-
ni, +o yniiny+y nonexnm xona o6o6nx+n : xenmom nnc+o+om (nn-
6nn:no :a 6-x inacox).
Hi(nnmena nnc+o+a o6o6in no]inm (oninina xi (nx :xenmen-
nx n+a+, +ai i : noinx(y xinnoc+i nona+oi. Toxy o6o6iy ncic nonex-
ni no]inm nnionym+i :a 8...9-x inacox nnc+o+n.
Himo n+a+n ni( +e+x na no]ini nn:nanam+icx +iniin moc+ii-
c+m nonexni (o6nac+i an+oxo(eninoc+i :a Re), +o nonn xoy+i 6y+n
ni(axonani :a naninexninnnom ]oxynom [1]
, ) O8 , O ... O5 , O (
25 , O
moc+
a
b

(e b xo(a no]inm; a mnnna nnxi(noio neei:y ianany.
Ho+xiox eicnnya+ani +y6in moc+iic+i nona+oi :6inimyc+i-
cx, ociiniin ni(6ynam+icx nonecn eo:i i ioo:i, ni(ina(ennx co-
nen, no(yi+in :ioxnnx +a in. J6inimennx moc+ioc+i nn:no(n+i
(o :oc+annx n+a+ ni( +e+x i :xenmennx nn+a+n o6onoio +ina n
emi+iax, mo neia+nnno no:nanac+icx xi na KK, +ai i na no+yno-
c+i +y6inn. Ja (ocni(nnxn (annxn, n'x+nia+ne :6inimennx ni(noc-
no moc+ioc+i nona+oi :xenmyc KK c+ynenx na 4...5 . J oinx(y na
nnina(ene nnme, n neio( eicnnya+ani neo6xi(no nnna+n ncix :axo-
(in (nx ni(+nxin nnc+o+n nonexni nona+oi, ne (onyciamnn xnioio
:a6y(nennx.
V+a+n ni( +e+x n :aianinoxy nnna(iy :anea+i +aio ni( ]o-
xn no]inm, nncna Maxa, ni(nocnoio ioiy, nona+iono +y6ynen+-
noc+i no+oiy i iy+a a+ain.
Bnnnn ]oxn no]inm nnxnnxc+icx n ocnonnoxy nee: iy+ :iiny-
+oc+i no]inm = 18O (
1ieox
+
2ieox
) (a6o cyxy iy+in na nxo(i n
emi+iy i nnxo(i : ne (
1ieox
+
2ieox
)) i ion]y:onic+i emi+in
ieox 2
ieox 1
sin
sin

k . nx neoxono(ynannx no]inin, mo o6+iiam+icx (o-

:nyionnx no+oiox, :xina n+a+ ni( +e+x n :anenoc+i ni( nnx ]ai+o-
&% Tcojin mj6innoo cmncnn
in, ni(noni(no (o y:aianinennx eicnenxen+aninnx (annx [1], xaa-
i+en:yc+icx innnxn, :o6aennxn na nc.4.4. V+a+n ni( +e+x
:xenmym+icx nn :oc+anni k i cyxn iy+in emi+in. Tainx nnnox,
xaicnxanini n+a+n cnoc+eiiam+icx n ai+nnnnx emi+iax : nenninx
iy+ox nonoo+y no+oiy, xinixanini n eai+nnnnx : xannx iy+ox
nonoo+y. Je non'x:ano : oco6nnnoc+xxn +eni no+oiy n ai+nnnin i
eai+nnnin emi+iax.

+p
=1,1
1,15
1,2
1,25
1,3
1,4
1,5
1,7
1,6
0
0,01
0,02
0,03
0,04
0,05
0,06
70 60 80 90 100
+

>

>
e]
ieox
Pnc.4.4. Janenic+i
y+a+ +e+x n emi+-
iax ni( cyxn iy+in
nxo(y +a nnxo(y
B ai+nnnnx emi+iax mnn(ioc+i na nxo(i i nnxo(i nai+nnno in-
ni, y +on nac xi y eai+nnnnx mnn(iic+i na nxo(i :an(n xenma, ni
na nnxo(i. Toxy nn o(naionin mnn(ioc+i :a emi+iom cee(nx mnn(-
iic+i no+oiy n ai+nnnnx emi+iax 6inima, a o+e i n+a+n n nin 6ini-
mi, ni y eai+nnnin.
Ho(ynin nnocinx emi+oi noia:ym+i, mo nnnnn nncna Maxa na
n+a+n ni( +e+x n nnx ne xona oninn+n xiom-ne6y(i nennom :ane-
nic+m, +oxy mo nin ic+o+no :anen+i ni( ieoxe+nnnnx naaxe+in
emi+oi i yxon x o6+iiannx. Bi(oxi n ni+ea+yi :anenoc+i
+
=
= f (M) o(eani (nx nennnx emi+oi, +oxy nn(a+ni cioime (nx nn-
ionc+annx nn no6y(oni xaai+enc+ni +y6inn, a ne nn noei+y-
naninoxy o:axyniy.
Koe]inicn+ y+a+ ni( +e+x :oc+ac :i :xenmennxx mnn(ioc+i nn-
&& Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
xo(y no+oiy : emi+in i :ii(no : (ocni(ennxx [18]
( ), 1
O + O + +
+
(e
+O
ioe]inicn+ y+a+ ni( +e+x, nn:nanennn :a ia]iiaxn +nny
nc.4.4 i :nan(ennn (nx nnne(eno mnn(ioc+i nn+iiannx o6onoio
+ina : emi+in
2t
= O,8;
O +
no-
nanionnn ioe]inicn+, xinn :ane-
n+i ni( nnne(eno mnn(ioc+i na
nnxo(i
2t
(
2t
=
c
1t

= c
1t
/c
i
(nx con-
nonnx emi+oi a6o
2t
=
w
2t

= w
2t
/w
i
(nx o6onnx emi+oi), nn:nanennn
ia]iiox na nc.4.5.
Hn
2t
< O,5 :nanno :nnyc+i-
cx e]ei+ c+ncnnnoc+i ia:y i ioe]ini-
cn+ y+a+ ni( +e+x n nioxy (iana:o-
ni nnne(eno mnn(ioc+i ne :anen+i
ni(
2t
. Minixanine :nanennx
+
ni(-
noni(ac
2t
O,9. Joc+annx
+
:i
:xenmennxx nnne(eno mnn(ioc+i
nninniane :nnennxx ia(icn+a +nciy, a o+e :6inimennxx +onmn-
nn noiannnnoio may.
J6inimennx n+a+ ni( +e+x nn
2t
> O,9 o6yxonnene xnnnionn-
xn n+a+axn.
Kpoukoni n1pa1n. Bnxi(na ioxia nona+in xac ciinnenny +on-
mnny, mo nn:nanac+icx nnxoiaxn xinnoc+i nona+in, onoox ioo-
:i n eo:innin (i nan i nonoin. Jnnnanno +onmnna nnxi(no ioxin
cina(ac O,3...1,5 xx, (ocxiamnn nei(io 2 xx i 6inime. Menmi :nanen-
nx ni(nocx+icx (o nona+oi, mo nanmm+i n o6nac+i neeii+o nan,
6inimi (o nona+oi ia:onnx +y6in (: xe+om :6inimennx xnio :no-
coc+inioc+i).
Konn no+ii (ocxiac nnxi(no ioxin, ni(6ynac+icx ni(nn noia-
nnnnnx main, mo c+iiam+i :i cnnnin n yniiny+o nonexni nona+in.
xnx n:acxo(ix : no+oiox noo(yc nnxon n noc+oi :a ioxiom :
y+noennxx nnxonoio cni(y (nc.4.6). Tainx nnnox, ni(a:y :a emi+-
iom no+ii y:(on ioiy xac ic+o+no neinnoxiny c+yi+yy: +nci,
mnn(iic+i i iy+ nnxo(y :xinni.
,
+p0
J

0,4
0,2
0
0,5 0,6 0,7
Pnc.4.5. Janenic+i nonanio-
noio ioe]inicn+a ni( enxy
o6o+n
&' Tcojin mj6innoo cmncnn
V noc+oi :a emi+iom xi neei:axn 11 i 11 ni(6ynac+icx
nonec nninnmnannx naaxe+in, :ximannx nac+oi i:nnx c+yxiin,
ianixynannx i iacinnx
ioxionnx nnxoin,
+o6+o nonecn o6xi-
ny eneiicm xi nn-
xonnx cni(ox i x(-
ox no+oiy. Je cy-
nono(yc+icx n+a-
+axn (mo ni(+ne-
(yc+icx, nannina(,
:xenmennxx nonnoio
+nciy n :aioxionin
o6nac+i (nc.4.7)), nnacni(oi noio ce-
e(nx iine+nnna eneiix no+oiy :xen-
myc+icx. Cyiynnic+i nnx y+a+ na:n-
nac+icx tpo+toeu+u enpana+u.
!n+encnnnic+i nnxooy+noennx
:nannom xiom :anen+i ni( :annxe-
noc+i noiannnnnx main, a ne nn:na-
nac+icx n iinnenoxy axyniy naaxe-
+axn no]inm i emi+in +a enxa-
xn o6+iiannx. Koxioni n+a+n :ane-
a+i ni( nnx ]ai+oin, a +aio ni( ni(-
nocno +onmnnn i ]oxn nnxi(no
ioxin.
V x(i nnna(iin neinnoxinnn
no+ii, mo nnxo(n+i i: connonoio anaa+a, xoe nninnia+n e:onanc-
ni nncoionac+o+ni ionnnannx o6onnx nona+oi. nx nannninoio
nn:nanennx ocionoio :a:oy n c+yneni nannno :na+n, xi :xinmc+i-
cx neinnoxinic+i no+oiy no xii ni((anennx ni( nnxi(nnx ioxoi
nona+oi.
nx (oc+a+nioio nninnmnannx no+oiy, :ii(no : (annxn nani
[14], no+i6na ociona ni(c+ani y (1,3.1,9)t. B+a+n (96...98 ), no-
n'x:ani : nninnmnannxx no+oiy :a ioxiaxn ciinnenno +onmnnn,
:ocee(eni na ni(c+ani ni( nnxi(nnx ioxoi, mo (oinnmc mec+n-
cexn +onmnnax nnxi(no ioxin.
Ha nc.4.8 noia:ani eicnenxen+anini inni :xinn ioxionnx
J

F
Pnc.4.7. Jxina naaxe+in
y:(on ioiy 6e:nocee(-
nio :a emi+iom
Bnxonnn cni(

J
Pnc.4.6. Bnxonnn cni( :a nnxi(nnxn ioxiaxn
nona+oi
' Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
y+a+ i iy+a no+oiy na nnxo(i i: connonnx nona+oi ia:ono +y6inn n
:anenoc+i ni( /b, (e ni(c+ani no no+oiy ni( nnxi(nnx ioxoi,
b xo(a no]inm [1]. Ociona ni(c+ani nn nioxy y = sin
1
. Hi
nn(no : ncynia, iy+ no+oiy xane c+a6ini:yc+icx na ni(c+ani /b=1,
(e nin :a(oninino ni(noni(ac nennnnni aicsina/t.

> N

!#
!
#

!
"
" $ & " $
Pnc.4.8. Jxina ioxionnx
y+a+ i iy+a no+oiy na nn-
xo(i i: connono emi+in
na ni(c+ani ni( nnxi(nnx
ioxoi
!cnym+i i:ni xe+o(n n exninnni ]oxynn (nx nn:nanennx iox-
ionnx y+a+. Han6inimoio nomnennx na6ynn ]oxynn nninx(y
,
sin
nnx
1
nnx
i
a
s
k
t
s
k

(e s
nnx
+onmnna nnxi(no ioxin
(nc.4.9); a mnnna nnxi(noio
neei:y ianany; k exninnnnn
ioe]inicn+.
Linimic+i an+oin eioxen(yc
k = O,1O.O,22. V nnna(iy nxxo-
nininnnx nnxi(nnx ioxoi, mo
6yno nomneno n c+anx no]inxx,
xonnne k O,4.
Oc+annx ]oxyna (nx nn:nanennx ioe]inicn+a ioxionnx y+a+
ne :a(ononinxc iannnni yxonn, +oxy mo
i
= O nn s
nnx
= O, mo ne
ni(noni(ac (incnoc+i. Bi(oxi +aio ]oxynn, mo xam+i nininnn nnen
i +oxy no:6anneni nioio ne(oniiy. Hannina(, (nx (o:nyionnx no-
I =
J
nnx
Pnc.4.9. o nn:nanennx ioxionnx
y+a+
' Tcojin mj6innoo cmncnn
]inin o(eana exninnna ]oxyna (nonnenno c+yi+yn [14]
). M 5 , O 225 , O ( OO8 , O
2
nnx
i t
a
s
+
Ja nicm ]oxynom naxonyc+icx :anenic+i ioxionnx y+a+
+aio i ni( nncna Maxa M
2t
na nnxo(i : emi+in. 4oxyna cnane(-
nnna (nx 2 , O
nnx
a s i O , 1 M
2

t
.
Hn nenninx mnn(ioc+xx no+oiy (M
2t
= O,7O...1,5O; Re 4,O1O
5
)
(nx ai+nnnnx emi+oi (ocni(ni (ani y:aianineni ]oxynom
.
M 1
nnx
2
i
a
s
A
t
+

nx ai+nnnnx na(:nyionnx emi+oi i: xinona+ionnxn ianana-
xn, mo o:mnmm+icx, : oiyinennxn nnxi(nnxn ioxiaxn (ocni(-
nnn ioe]inicn+ A = O,57.
Hane(eni ]oxynn nc+anonnmm+i nininny :anenic+i ioxionnx
y+a+ ni( s
nnx
/a i (exie :nnennx x i: :oc+annxx M
2t
. Hn na(:nyio-
nnx mnn(ioc+xx o6+iiannx ioxioni n+a+n xenmi, ni nn (o:nyio-
nnx, mo o6yxonneno xenmom i:nnnem +nciin no o6n(ni c+oonn nn-
xi(no ioxin i :nnennxx y+a+ :ximannx n :aioxionin :oni.
Hn +onmnni ioxin s
nnx
= 1.2 xx, xia :nnnanno :ac+oconyc+i-
cx n ia:onnx +y6inax, ioxioni n+a+n (oinnmm+i y+a+ax ni( +e-
+x i cina(am+i nn6nn:no nononnny no]ininnx y+a+.
ocni(ennx +y6innnx emi+oi noia:ym+i, mo :6inimennx +on-
mnnn nnxi(no ioxin cnnnnnxc ne +iniin :oc+annx ioxionnx
y+a+, ane n :ximennx o6nac+i nai+nnno an+oxo(eninoc+i :a nnc-
nox Pennoni(ca n 6ii xenmnx nncen Re.
B oxono(ynannx ia:onnx +y6inax nn nnnyciy noni+x nee:
nnxi(ny ioxiy nona+oi nona :nnnanno 6inim +onc+a, ni y neoxono-
(ynannx +y6inax. O(nai nn nioxy ni(6ynac+icx in+encn]iianix
:aioxionoio cni(y, mo :a naxnnoc+i cyninino minnnn y nnxi(nin
ioxni ne(e (o :xenmennx ioxionnx y+a+ [1]:
,
i
n
nnx
3
n O i i

s
c
' Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
(e ioe]inicn+ nononinnoc+i, innnn 2,O...2,5;
iO
ioxioni
n+a+n nn nynionin nn+a+i oxono(ymnoio noni+x;
i n n
c c c
ni(nomennx mnn(ioc+en noni+x i ia:y; / s
nnx
ni(nomennx mnnnn
minnnn (o cyxano +onmnnn nnxi(no ioxin;
n
i
i
iyc+nna noni+-
x i ia:y.
!a]ii ]ynini
O i
i
i

nn = 2,5 nane(ennn na nc.4.1O.
Hn cee(nix :nanennxx 5 , O ... 3 , O
n
c i 4 , O ... 3 , O
i
n
nnx

s
nenn-
nnna 1
i
, +o6+o
O i i
,
a o+e ioxioni n+a+n nai+nn-
no :nniam+i. O(nai nacnan(i
nee: naxnnic+i y nnxi(nin minnni
neexnnoi +a inmnx ionc+yi+nn-
nnx enexen+in :nnennx ioxio-
nnx y+a+ ne +aie :nanne.
Heo6xi(no +aio yaxonyna-
+n, mo y nnna(iy nnnnnennx no-
(ani oxono(ymnoio noni+x, xie
xonnne na (exinx enxax o-
6o+n ia:ono +y6inn, ioxioni
n+a+n i:io :oc+y+i nee: +on-
c+y nnxi(ny ioxiy. Toxy ino(i :a-
c+oconyc+icx nnnyci noni+x ne
nee: nnxi(ny ioxiy, a na yniiny+y c+oony nona+in no6nn:y nnxi(-
no ioxin, xia nn nioxy xoe 6y+n +oniom. O(nai +o(i, no-ne-
me, +oxn noiimyc+icx oxono(ennx nnxi(no ioxin i, no-(yie,
:'xnnxc+icx ne6e:neia, oco6nnno nn nnnnnenni no(ani oxono(ym-
noio noni+x, ni(nny no+oiy na yc+yni, xinn y+nomc+icx na yniiny-
+in c+ooni no]inm. Toxy n (annn nac ne :ac+oconyc+icx iononnnx
nnnox y connonnx emi+iax, (e :nanne nncioennx no+oiy o6n+i
xanonxoninnx noxny +aioio ni(nny.
B1pa1n uepes nipnn norpaunuuoro mapy nnnniam+i nn nenniin
neinnoxinoc+i o:no(iny +nciy no ion+yy no]inm. Hn nioxy n
oiexnx :onax no]inm :'xnnxm+icx in+encnnni (n]y:oni (inxnin :i
:nannnx c+onmennxx noiannnnoio may nnacni(oi nnianixony-
,
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0
0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8
0,2
0,4
ip
?
n
, = 0,1
Pnc.4.1O. o nn:nanennx ioxionnx
y+a+ n oxono(ynannx emi+iax
'! Tcojin mj6innoo cmncnn
nannx no+oiy :noo+nnxn +enixxn na nonexni nona+in. Hancnnx+-
nnnimi yxonn (nx ni(nny may nnnniam+i nn o6+iianni no+oiox
cnnnin nona+in na (inxnni nan6inimo innn:nn no]inm, a +aio
no6nn:y nnxi(no ioxin. Mexani:x y+noennx (n]y:ono (inxnin
no6nn:y nnxi(no ioxin nona+in 6yn o:inxny+nn nnme.
Bi(nn noiannnnoio may n iiniia a:in :6inimyc no]inini
n+a+n, i:io :nnymnn KK +y6innoio c+ynenx.
V +y6innnx emi+iax : xiicnnxn aeo(nnaxinnnxn no]inxxn
nona+oi ni(nn noiannnnoio may nnnniac nn iy+ax na+iiannx
no+oiy na nona+iy, xii :nanno ni(i:nxm+icx ni( on+nxaninnx. Hn
+aioxy o6+iianni o:no(in +nciy no ion+yy c+ac neinnoxinnx,
nnnniam+i (n]y:oni (inxnin, xinx nn 6e:y(anoxy nxo(i no+oiy
na nona+iy ne 6yno.
Janenic+i ioe]inicn+a no]ininnx y+a+ ni( iy+a
1
nxo(y no-
+oiy noia:ana na nc.4.11
(nx ai+nnnnx emi+oi : a-
nime :ac+oconynannxn no-
]inxxn A-25/2O, mo xann
nxxonininny (inxniy na
cnnnni y nxi(no ioxin no-
na+in (inna1), i : cynacnn-
xn no]inxxn A-2OM, y xinx
nxi(na ioxia xac c+onmen-
nx i nnanni o6ncn (inna 2)
[9]. Hi nnnnnnac : ncynia,
ni(xnnennx iy+a
1
ni( on-
+nxaninoio nn:no(n+i (o
:6inimennx n+a+ y emi+-
iax, oco6nnno nn (o(a+nnx
iy+ax a+ain (
1
<
1ieox
).
Ky+ a+ain :xinmc o6+i-
iannx emi+in, oco6nnno n
o6nac+i nxi(nnx ioxoi nona+oi. Hnx +onma nxi(na ioxia i nnma
ion]y:onic+i emi+in
ieox 2
ieox 1
sin
sin

k , +nx xenmnn nnnnn iy+a a+ain

na e]ei+nnnic+i emi+in. Je noxcnmc+icx +nx, mo nn +onc+in nxi(-
nin ioxni xenm ni+io nnxnnxc+icx ni(xinnic+i nanxxy no+oiy ni(

>
np

&
$
"

! " # $

Pnc.4.11. Janenic+i ioe]inicn+a no]ini-

nnx y+a+ ni( iy+a nxo(y no+oiy (nx ai+nn-
nnx emi+oi
'" Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
nanxxy ioxin i xnnme ni(nny xenm in+encnnne. J inmoio 6oiy,
ion]y:onic+i emi+in cnnxc noiani:ani nioio ni(nny i mnn(ioxy
:anonnennm ianany ai+nnnnx no+oiox. O(nai c+onmennx nxi(no
ioxin nn:no(n+i (o :nnennx KK emi+oi na o:axynionoxy
enxi. Hn xannx iy+ax a+ain, ionn n+a+n ni(nny nenennii, no-
]inini n+a+n n emi+ni xoy+i nani+i :xenmn+ncx n noinnxnni :
6e:y(annx nxo(ox, ximo ne cynono(yc+icx :6inimennxx c+ynenx
ion]y:onoc+i no+oiy a6o emi+in.
Bi(nn no+oiy i non'x:annn : nnx nnxonnn yx ycee(nni xino-
na+ionoio ianany xnnxm+i co6om nac+iniin cina(ne xnnme, mo +on-
ne anani+nnne nn:nanennx n+a+ nnxnnxc+icx nexonnnnx.
V :n'x:iy : nnina(ennx y nai+nni o:axyniin na6ynn nomnen-
nx naninexninnni n exninnni ]oxynn, :acnonani na y:aianinenni
eicnenxen+aninnx (annx : (ocni(ennx nennioio nncna emi+oi.
V+a+n nee: ni(nn xona oninn+n, nannina(, :a ]oxynom [1]
2
ieox 1 1
2 1 ieox 1
ni(
sin sin
sin ) sin(
265 , O
]
]
]
,

,


.
nx nn:nanennx nnnnny iy+a a+ain na no]inini n+a+n xona
cionc+a+ncx y:aianinenom eicnenxen+aninom :anenic+m ni(noc-
no :xinn no]ininnx y+a+ y emi+iax
n
n
n
1

ni( ni(nocnoio
iy+a a+ain
ieox 1
1 ieox 1

i , nane(enom na nc.4.12 [1,18]. Hn (o(a+-
nnx iy+ax a+ain inna ) (
n
i f 6inim iy+a, ni nn ni('cxnnx
(mo y:io(yc+icx : eicnenxen+aninnxn (annxn, (nn. nc.4.11). Je
,
E
0,10
0,15
0,05
0,2 0,6 1,0 0 0,2 0,6
np
Pnc.4.12. Janenic+i ni(nocno
:xinn no]ininnx y+a+ ni( ni(-
nocnoio iy+a a+ain
'# Tcojin mj6innoo cmncnn
noxcnmc+icx +nx, mo nn (o(a+nnx iy+ax a+ain (:a c+aom +exino-
noiicm, nn "y(ai n yniiny+y nonexnm nona+in") noiimyc+icx o6-
+iiannx cnnnin nona+in, (e mnn(ioc+i i n+a+n nennii, i :6inimyc+i-
cx mnn(iic+i na nxo(i n emi+iy, a nn ni('cxnnx iy+ax (+o6+o nn
"y(ai n cnnniy nona+in") noiimyc+icx o6+iiannx yniiny+o nac+nnn
nona+in, (e mnn(ioc+i i n+a+n xani, i :xenmyc+icx mnn(iic+i na nxo(i
n emi+iy. Jnnnanno nn nenenninx ni('cxnnx iy+ax a+ain KK e-
mi+in nani+i +oxn :oc+ac n noinnxnni : KK nn nynionoxy iy+i
a+ain, oco6nnno n ai+nnnnx emi+iax, mo noxcnmc+icx :6inimennxx
ion]y:onoc+i no+oiy.
Jii(no : nanem [1], inna ) (
n
i f , :o6aena na nc.4.12,
(o6e anoicnxyc+icx ]oxynom
( )
2
ieox 1
1 ieox 1
n n
1
(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

a ,
(e a = 1, ximo
1
<
1ieox
((o(a+ni iy+n a+ain); a = O,15, ximo
1
>
1ieox
(ni('cxni iy+n a+ain).
V (exinx nnna(iax nne(ennx (o(a+noio iy+a a+ain nn o:axyn-
iy +y6inn xoe nnxnn+ncx nani+i ioncnnx,
oco6nnno n emi+iax : noxinnxn iy+axn
1
,
+oxy mo cnnxc ni(nnmennm ion]y:onoc+i
n +ainx emi+iax. V:aianinena :anenic+i (nx
nn6oy iy+a a+ain nn noei+ynaninoxy o:-
axyniy, xia nn:nanac n+a+n ni( +e+x i ni(-
nny, nane(ena na nc.4.13 [1]. Hi nnnnnnac :
ncynia, emi+in nn
1
<7O (oninino nn-
ionyna+n : (o(a+nnxn iy+axn a+ain ((o 1O
nn
2
= 2O i (o 5 nn
2
= 3O). Hn

1
=7O.1OO xona 6a+n iy+n a+ain
i = 4.+4. onininic+i :ac+ocynannx (o(a+-
nnx iy+in a+ain ni(+ne(ena +aio eicnen-
xen+anino. Hannac+ime (o(a+ni iy+n a+ain :a-
c+oconym+i y ioenennx neei:ax emi+oi (nx
:6inimennx ion]y:onoc+i xinona+ionoio
ianany, xia n nnx neei:ax 6ynac ne(oc+a+-
niom.
Ha xaai+e :anenoc+i n+a+ ni( iy+a

>

> 10 20 30 40
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
90
80
50
45
40
35
30
25
$

>
70
ieox.on+
100
Pnc.4.13. V:aianinena
:anenic+i (nx nn6oy
iy+a a+ain
'$ Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
a+ain nnnnnac ni(nocnnn ioi emi+in. Jxenmennx ni(nocnoio io-
iy noninmyc a+aioc+iniic+i, :6inimennx noiimyc .
Hncno Maxa nn (o:nyionnx +enixx xano nnnnnac na :anenic+i
y+a+ ni( iy+a a+ain. Ky+ no+oiy na nnxo(i : emi+in
2
nai+nnno
ne :anen+i ni( iy+a a+ain n mnoioxy (iana:oni noio :xinn.
Xnnutoni n1pa1n nnnniam+i y no+oni, mo yxac+icx :i :nyionom
nn na(:nyionom mnn(iic+m, +o6+o nn M 1. Hnnnnom nnx y+a+
c +e, mo neexi( na(:nyiono mnn(ioc+i n (o:nyiony (nannina(, nn
o6+iianni xioio-ne6y(i +ina (nc.4.14)) ni(6ynac+icx c+n6iono(i6-
no : y+noennxx +onioio
may c+ncny+oio ia:y, xinn
na:nnac+icx cnpuoto+
yi:tnenn. B :anenoc+i ni(
]oxn +ina i mnn(ioc+i no-
+oiy c+n6oi ymininennx
xoe 6y+n np+u+ (nnoc-
inx), ximo ]on+ noio xnn-
ni o:+amonyc+icx nenen-
(niynxno mnn(ioc+i no+o-
iy, a6o tocu+, ximo ]on+
xnnni cina(ac : nanxxox
no+oiy ioc+nn iy+.
Ha y+noennx c+n6ia
ymininennx nn+anac+icx
iine+nnna eneiix, xia n c+n6iy neexo(n+i y no+ennianiny, n e-
:yni+a+i +nci i +exnea+ya n mai c+ncny+oio ia:y ni(nnmym+icx.
Honec c+nciannx n c+n6iy ymininennx ni(6ynac+icx : y+a+axn,
+oxy noio y+noennx cynono(yc+icx :oc+annxx en+oni. Hnn(-
iic+i i iine+nnna eneiix no+oiy :a c+n6iox ymininennx xenmi, ni
(o nioio. Oco6nnno cnnino :xenmyc+icx mnn(iic+i y nxxoxy c+n6-
iy ymininennx, nn noxo(enni nee: xinn mnn(iic+i no+oiy c+ac
(o:nyionom. B iocoxy c+n6iy ymininennx mnn(iic+i :a nnx xoe
:annma+ncx na(:nyionom. Jni(cn nnnnnnac, mo nan6inimi xnnnioni
n+a+n nnnniam+i :a nxxnx c+n6iin ymininennx. Ho6 ynniny+n
oc+annix, nxi(ny ioxiy o6+innoio na(:nyionnx no+oiox +ina +e6a
nnio+onnx+n :aioc+enom na ni(xiny ni( ianneno(i6no ]oxn, xa-
ai+eno (nx (o:nyionoio no+oiy.
Kocnn c+n6oi ymininennx
Hxxnn c+n6oi ymininennx
= ?

= ?

= ?

Pnc.4.14. O6+iiannx +ina nn M > 1,O

'% Tcojin mj6innoo cmncnn
Tainx nnnox, xnnnioni n+a+n n emi+iax nnnniam+i y nnna(-
iax, ionn na(:nyionnn no+ii neexo(n+i y (o:nyionnn. Je cnoc+ei-
iac+icx nn o6+iianni na(:nyionnx no+oiox nxi(no ioxin o6o-
nnx nona+oi a6o nnxi(no ioxin connono nona+in (nannina(, y
iocoxy :i:i :nyenoio conna). C+n6in ymininennx xoy+i nnnnia-
+n i nn (o:nyionin mnn(ioc+i na nnxo(i : emi+oi, ionn ncee(nni
ianany na (exiin (inxnni no]inm nnacni(oi neeo:mnennx no+o-
iy (ion]y:ona (inxnia) xicnena mnn(iic+i neennmyc mnn(iic+i
:nyiy (nannac+ime nn o6+iianni no+oiox cnnnin nona+in). Heexi(
no+oiy : ion]y:ono (inxnin n (n]y:ony nn:no(n+i (o y+noen-
nx c+n6ia ymininennx i :6inimennx no]ininnx y+a+.
B:acxo(ix c+n6iin ymininennx : noiannnnnx maox cnnnn-
nxc in+encn]iianim xnnm ni(nny. Licnenxen+anine (ocni(ennx
na(:nyionnx +y6in noia:yc, mo :nanna nac+nna xinona+ionoio
ianany n emi+iax +ainx +y6in xoe 6y+n :annx+a :onom ni(nny.
Tainx nnnox, no]inini n+a+n :anea+i ne +iniin ni( nncna
Pennoni(ca, ane n ni( nncna Maxa. Jnanennx nncna
1 1
*
1
M a c
c
= na
nnxo(i i: connonnx emi+oi a6o nncna
2 2
*
2
M a w
w
= na nnxo(i : o6o-
nnx emi+oi, nn xioxy n nennin nac+nni no]inm ncee(nni ianany
nnnniac c+n6oi ymininennx, na:nnac+icx tpunu:nu+, a xoxen+ no-
xnn c+n6ia ymininennx eu:toeom tpusom, mo i nn:nannno xaai-
+eny na:ny (anoio nn(y n+a+.
nx 6inimoc+i cynacnnx +y6innnx emi+oi : iananaxn, mo :ny-
ym+icx, 00 , 1 ... 90 , 0 M
*
1
=
c
i 95 , 0 ... 80 , 0 M
*
2
=
w
n :anenoc+i ni( ]o-
xn no]inm i ieoxe+nnnnx o:xiin emi+oi.
ocni(n noia:ann, mo n o6nac+i (oin+nnnnx nncen Maxa
(M<M
*
) ioe]inicn+ no]ininnx y+a+
n
ni( nncna M :anen+i
xano. Koe]inicn+
n
y nin o6nac+i (emo :xenmyc+icx :i :oc+annxx
nncna Maxa. O(nai : nac+annxx xnnniono in:n nn M<M
*
ioe-
]inicn+
n
:i :6inimennxx nncna Maxa ic+o+no :oc+ac. Janenoc+i
ioe]inicn+a no]ininnx y+a+ ni( nncna M (nx connonnx emi+oi
noia:ani na nc.4.15.
Po:inxnexo na(:nyiony +enim ia:y n connonin i o6onin emi+iax.
Cnei+ mnn(ioc+en na(:nyiono +eni n iocoxy :i:i connonnx
emi+oi (ye cina(nnn i i:noxani+nnn i :anen+i ni( nncna Maxa
no+oiy, a +aio ni( ieoxe+nnnnx naaxe+in: ]oxn cnnnin i nnxi(-
no ioxin, iy+a
1
i ioiy emi+in. Tnnona cxexa cnei+a na(-
7128
'& Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
:nyiono +eni y nnna(iy, ionn o:mnennx no+oiy n ocnonnoxy :a-
iinnyc+icx n iocoxy :i:i emi+in, :o6aena na nc.4.16.

O,1O
O,15
O,O5
O
O,4 O,6 O,8 1,O 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,O M
CBP
CB
CE
Ca
.
0
.
.
,
0
0
,
,
+
+
)
)
*
*
=
=
Pnc.4.15. Janenic+i ioe]i-
nicn+a no]ininnx y+a+
ni( nncna Maxa n connonin
emi+ni:
CA (o:nyionnn no]ini (nx
M=0,3...0,9; CE naniono:ny-
ionnn no]ini (nx M = 0,9...1,2;
CB na(:nyionnn no]ini (nx
M=1,2...1,5; CBF (nx M > 1,5
Pnc.4.16. Cxexa cnei+a
mnn(ioc+en na(:nyiono +e-
ni n iocoxy :i:i connono
emi+in
V (o:nyionin nac+nni ianany cnanionyc+icx in+nnnnn neena(
+nciin, y e:yni+a+i noio y ny:iioxy neei:i nc+anonnmc+icx :nyio-
na mnn(iic+i. Ho(anime o:mnennx no+oiy ni(6ynac+icx n cnc+exi
nennnnnx xnnni o:i(ennx ABAC i xnnni o:i(ennx, ni(6n-
+nx ni( cnnnin no]inm. Heeo:mnennx no+oiy n nennnnnx i ni(-
6n+nx xnnnxx o:i(ennx (+nci na cnnnni :a +oniom C nnnnn ni(
+nciy n neciinnennoc+i :a emi+iom) nac+iono ioxnencyc+icx :6ini-
mennxx +nciy n iocoxy c+n6iy ymininennx FC, xinn, ni(6nnam-
nnci ni( cnnnin i nee+nnamnn ioxionnn cni(, i(e n neciinnennic+i,
a +aio y innonininnoxy ioxionoxy c+n6iy ymininennx FH, xinx
:axniac+icx cnc+exa xnnni o:i(ennx, mo nomnmm+icx ni( +on-
in D. Hac+ynne ni(nonnennx +nciy ni(6ynac+icx y xnnnxx c+ncnennx,
xii nnnniam+i na nona+ionin (inxnni ioxionoio cni(y i ni(6nnam+icx
ni( cnnnin cyci(nio nona+in. V ninoxy onncane xnnme neeo:mn-
ennx no+oiy i nac+ynnoio ni(nonnennx +nciy ananoiinne +oxy, mo
cnoc+eiiac+icx i nn (o:nyionnx +enixx, ionn neeo:mnennx no-
+oiy na cnnnni ioxnencyc+icx (n]y:onom (inxniom no6nn:y nnxi(-
no ioxin.
'' Tcojin mj6innoo cmncnn
Cxexa +eni n o6onin emi+ni, mo o6+iiac+icx na(:nyionnx no-
+oiox, no(ana na nc.4.17. Hee( ionom nona+iom nnnniac ni('c(-
nana iononna xnnnx, mo cnnac+icx na cnnniy cyci(nio nona+in n
i(e n neciinnennic+i. Ja nem, 6e:nocee(nio nee( nxi(nom ioxiom,
icnyc nenennia :ona (o:nyionnx mnn(ioc+en. nx :a6e:nenennx nei-
o(nnnoc+i o6+iiannx xi (noxa cyci(nixn iononnnxn xnnnxxn nonnn-
na 6y+n +enix o:i(ennx, (eenox xio c nxi(na ioxia, mo na
cnnnni :axniac+icx innonininnnx c+n6iox. B:acxo(ix ninin o:i-
(ennx i iononnnx xnnni nn:no(n+i (o +oio, mo no+ii na nennin ni(-
c+ani nee( emi+iom nee+nnac+icx xnnnxxn cna6ioio o:nny, xii
n(y+i y neciinnennic+i. Ho+ii, na6nnamnnci (o emi+in, cnona+iy
nee+nnac ni nini cna6ioio o:nny, a no+ix nce 6inim in+encnnni (i-
nxnin iononnnx xnnni i ninin o:i(ennx. Hee+nnamnn iononni
xnnni, no+ii :a:nac o:nnin mnn(ioc+i, a noxo(xnn nee: nini o:-
i(ennx, :xinmc cnin nanxx. Toxy (nx +oio, mo6 no+ii na nxo(i
xan nanxx, xinn ni(noni(ac iy+y nxi(nnx ioxoi, neo6xi(no, mo6
na neciinnennoc+i nin xan (o(a+nnn iy+ a+ain.
M
O
N
B
C
G H
E
D
a

*
Pnc.4.17. Cxexa +eni n o-
6onin emi+ni, mo o6+iia-
c+icx na(:nyionnx no+o-
iox:
ABC ni('c(nana iononna xnn-
nx; OMO +enix o:i(ennx;
BB ninix c+yxy; MN xnn-
nx cna6ioio o:nny; DE iin-
nennn c+n6oi ymininennx;
EG ni(6n+nn c+n6oi; DH
ioxionnn c+n6oi
V +onni na(innx iononno xnnni na cnnniy no]inm ni(6ynac+icx
ni(nn noiannnnoio may, a n ianani :a iononnom xnnnem :nnnanno
cnoc+eiiac+icx :ximana +enix. Jnony o:ianxmnnci y xiy neecy-
nannx no ianany (o na(:nyiono mnn(ioc+i, no+ii na nnxo(i :a:nac
iocoio c+n6ia ymininennx, xinn ni(6nnac+icx ni( cnnnin nona+in i
(ani nee+nnac :aioxionnn cni(. Kix +oio, nnnniac ioxionnn
c+n6oi, xinn +aio i(e nnn: y:(on no+oiy.
7*
Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
Hncnennnxn eicnenxen+aninnxn (ocni(ennxxn : no(ynin
connonnx emi+oi : +oninxn nnxi(nnxn ioxiaxn nc+anonneno, mo
nn xannx na(:nyionnx mnn(ioc+xx
2i
< 1,3.1,4 na+o nnionc+o-
nyna+n emi+in : iananaxn, mo :nyym+icx, a nn nenninx mnn(io-
c+xx 6inim e]ei+nnni emi+in : iananaxn, mo o:mnmm+icx :a
in+nnnnx neei:ox i xam+i yniiny+y c+iniy : 6oiy cnnnin, :oie-
xa cno]inionany :a xe+o(ox xaai+enc+ni. V nioxy nnna(iy ne-
o6xi(ne (nx :a(ano o:axyniono mnn(ioc+i o:mnennx ianany
(y nnnin(nnnin nona+ni) nn:nanac+icx :a ]oxynom
), (
i
= q a a
(e a
i
+a a mnnna ianany ni(noni(no n in+nnnoxy i nnxi(noxy
neei:ax.
V cynacnnx ia:onnx +y6inax na(:nyioni mnn(ioc+i n connonoxy
anaa+i nacaxnee( :'xnnxm+icx n nemnx c+ynenxx, :nnnanno nan-
6inim nanan+aennx. Ociiniin nonn oxono(ym+icx, +o x connonnn
anaa+ nonnnen xa+n +onc+i no]ini : +onc+om nnxi(nom ioxiom.
Himo +onmnna s
nnx
noinnxnna : i:nnnem a a
i
, +o (o(a+ione
o:mnennx no+oiy :a nnxi(nnxn ioxiaxn nn:no(n+i (o noxi+no-
io :6inimennx o:axyniono mnn(ioc+i , xiy n nioxy nnna(iy cni(
nn:nana+n :a ]oxynom
.
1
1
) (
nnx
i
a s a
a
q
+
=
O+e, iannnna nennnnna , nn xiin xona o6xen+ncx :ac+o-
cynannxx emi+oi i: iananaxn, mo :nyym+icx, :ximyc+icx n :ony
6inimnx :naneni mnn(ioc+en y noinnxnni : emi+iaxn, xii xam+i
+onii nnxi(ni ioxin nona+oi.
Jii(no : eicnenxen+aninnxn (annxn [1], (nx connonnx anaa+in
: +onc+om nnxi(nom ioxiom nona+oi (ni(nomennx 2 , 0
nnx
a s )
xona na6nneno nnxo(n+n : nac+ynnoio: nn
2i
< 1,3 (oninino
:ac+oconyna+n emi+in : iananaxn, mo :nyym+icx, i : iy+ox ni(in-
ny nnxi(no (inxnin cnnnin 10...12; n o6nac+i 1,3 <
2i
< 1,5 nan-
6inim e]ei+nnni emi+in : nnxi(nom (inxniom cnnnin, xia xac xa-
nnn iy+ ni(inny a6o nxxonininna, i nnme nn
2i
> 1,5 na+o :ac+o-
conyna+n emi+in : iananaxn, mo o:mnmm+icx.
nx +anc:nyionnx o6onnx emi+oi +aio nnxnnxc+icx (onini-
Tcojin mj6innoo cmncnn
nnx :ac+ocynannx no]inin : iy+ox ni(inny nnxi(no (inxnin cnnnin
10...12.
Tainx nnnox, n o6nac+i nani+i noxinnx na(:nyionnx mnn(io-
c+en no+oiy (ne ionoxnn ne no (o:nyioni mnn(ioc+i) connoni i
o6oni emi+in : onyinom nnxi(nom (inxniom cnnnin no]inin o:-
inxny+oio +nny nnxnnxm+icx 6inim e]ei+nnnnxn, ni emi+in : nx-
xonininnom cnnniom no]inm n iocoxy :i:i.
4.3. Kiuneni n1pa1n
Kinneni n+a+n o6yxonneni ciinnennom (onnnom nona+oi y e-
mi+ni i nnnniam+i ynacni(oi xnnm, xaai+ennx (nx o6nac+en, nn-
neinnx (o +onennx nonexoni, xii o6xeym+i ianann 6inx iinnin
nona+oi. o iinnennx nanea+i y+a+n:
ni( +e+x n noiannnnoxy mai na +onennx c+iniax iananin;
ni( nanoio nnxoy;
nee: nn+oin ii:i a(ianinnn :a:o.
Po:inxny+i n+a+n naxonym+icx ioe]inicn+ox iinnennx y+a+
i
.
Y1pa1n ni 1ep1u n norpaunuuouy mapi ua 1opnennx nonepxuux
kauauin xam+i o(naiony nno(y : ananoiinnnxn n+a+axn na no-
]ininnx nonexnxx. Hi i oc+anni, nonn ic+o+no :anea+i ni( moc+-
ioc+i +onennx c+inoi i nncna Pennoni(ca. Jnannnn nnnnn na nnx :(in-
cnmm+i +aio ionc+yinix i ]oxa +onennx nonexoni (]oxa xa-
+onnnn, 6an(a nn ionyc +a in.). Jnanennx nnx y+a+ y :aianinoxy
6ananci c+ac noxi+nnx nnme n emi+iax : nenenniom (onnnom no-
na+oi.
Y1pa1n ni napuoro nnxopy (ni n1opnuunx 1eui). Ha ionin i:
(nox +onennx c+inoi (:onnimnin i nny+imnin) xinona+ionoio ia-
nany ]oxyc+icx noiannnnnn ma. Tenix y nioxy, xi i na no]ini-
nin nac+nni nona+in, xoe 6y+n naxinanom, +y6ynen+nom a6o :xi-
manom.
nx iinnennx y+a+ nnimanine :nanennx xac naxnnic+i noneen-
noio ia(icn+a +nciy n ianani xi nona+iaxn. ini c+yxy cinnne-
ni. V 6y(i-xioxy neei:i no (onnni nona+oi +nci na yniiny+in none-
xni nona+in 6inimnn, ni na cnnnni cyci(nio nona+in. Hannina(, y
+onni A +nci 6inimnn, ni y +onni B (p
A
> p
B
, nc.4.18,). Ho+e
no+ii (nnaxinno ninnonaennn, +oxy mo i:nnni +nciin no+n(ic
Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
ni(nen+ona cnna nac+oi, mo yxam+icx no innonininnnx +aci+oi-
xx. Je cnane(nnno (nx ncic cee(nio no (onnni nac+nnn nona+in.
)

)

) *
) *
+

!
Pnc.4.18. Mexani:x n+onnnnx +enin:
cxexa y+noennx iinnennx nnxoin;
cxexa +eni n noiannnnoxy mai na
+onxx ianany

=
!nme nonoennx no6nn:y +onennx c+inoi ianany. onyc+nxo,
mo noneennnn neei: na nc.4.18, none(eno 6inx +oneno c+inin
ncee(nni noiannnnoio may. Hnn(iic+i y nioxy mai cna(ac (o
nynx na +onenin c+inni. Pa:ox :i mnn(iic+m, ane me mnn(me, nono-
nionanino ina(a+y, :nnyc+icx i ni(nen+ona cnna nac+oi. Tnx
nacox i:nnnx c+a+nnnnx +nciin p
A
p
B
nn6nn:no +aia , xi y cee(-
nin (no (onnni nona+in) nac+nni no+oiy. O+e, y noiannnnoxy mai
no+ii neninnonaennn y noneennoxy nanxxi.
Heninnonaena nac+ia A :nnac+icx : yniiny+o nonexni i ne-
eximyc+icx n nanxxi (o +onin B, ane :nocn+icx no+oiox i nona(ac
na cnnniy cyci(nio nona+in n +oniy C nnne no no+oiy. Tai caxo
nono(x+icx n inmi nac+in A, A +a in. V e:yni+a+i n noiannnnoxy
mai na +onenin c+inni nc+anonnmc+icx ioca +enix, xia neenocn+i
o6one +ino : yniiny+o c+inin na onyiny cnnniy cyci(nio nona+in.
Ha cnnnni nona+in na iinnxx ma na6yxac i +onmac; na(nnmoi o-
6onoio +ina +ene a(ianino n:(on cnnnin ni( iinnin y nanxxi cee-
(nnn. Ha yniiny+in nonexni nnnniac ioxnencymna +enix nac+in ia:y
ni(+iiam+i y:(on yniiny+o nonexni (o iinnin nona+in.
B+onnni +eni n ionoxy ianani :a cnnx+nnnnx yxon (xannn
! Tcojin mj6innoo cmncnn
ni(nocnnn ioi emi+in, (o(a+nnn iy+ a+ain +a in.) ]oxym+i (na
nnxon, no o(noxy no6nn:y iono i: +onennx c+inoi +ai :nani
napni euopu, mo o6e+am+icx n no+nnennx nanxxax. Ha nc.4.18,
noia:ano, mo :onnimnin nnxo (y c+inin ionycy 1) o6e+ac+icx :a
io(nnnnionom c+iniom, a nny+imnin (y o+oa 2 +y6inn) no+n
io(nnnniono c+inin. B+onnni +eni i nani nnxon noinnnam+i ii-
ne+nnny eneiim no+oiy i +nx caxnx :6inimym+i y+a+n n emi+ni 3.
Kix +oio, nonn ni(cnnmm+i neinnoxinic+i naaxe+in i +y6ynen+-
nic+i no+oiy :a emi+iom, mo n nac+ynnin emi+ni nn:no(n+i (o nn-
nninennx (o(a+ionnx y+a+.
Hnx 6inima innn:na ianany, +nx n+onnni +eni 6inim in+encnnni
i 6inimi ni(noni(ni n+a+n. Bennnnna n+a+ ni( nanoio nnxoy, xi i
no]ininnx y+a+, n ai+nnnin emi+ni nnxnnxc+icx :nanno 6inimom,
ni y eai+nnnin.
Hn :6inimenni iy+a
1
y+a+n ni( nanoio nnxoy :xenmym+i-
cx nee: :oc+annx ion]y:onoc+i +eni i :nnennx i:nnni +nciy na
yniiny+in +a onyinin c+oonax nona+in.
nx na6nneno oninin n+a+ y nnocinx emi+iax ni( n+onnnnx
+enin (nn (oninx nona+iax, ionn ne ni(6ynac+icx xnc :xniannx) y
noiannnnoxy mai na +onennx c+iniax xoe 6y+n nnionc+ana na-
ninexninnna ]oxyna [1]
. 2
n n . n
l
a
=
Tainx nnnox, :a inmnx innnx yxon nennnnna
n.n
nacaxnee(
o6eneno nononionanina (onnni nona+oi l, +o6+o n+a+n ni( na-
noio nnxoy nan6inim noxnnxm+icx nn nnionc+anni ioo+inx
nona+oi. Hn :a(anin (onnni nona+oi ni n+a+n :6inimym+icx :i
:oc+annxx no]ininnx y+a+
n
(ociiniin x nno(a o(naiona) i n
i(inx emi+iax (nee: :6inimennx i:nnni +nciin na iannnxx iana-
ny).
V nnna(iy nennioio o:mnennx xen(iannoio no]inm no+on-
no nac+nnn n+a+n ni( nanoio nnxoy +aio xoy+i ic+o+no :oc+n
nee: :xenmennx noc+oono ion]y:onoc+i ianany, mo xoe cnn-
nnnn+n nani+i :xniannx n+onnnnx +enin, a +aio ni(nn no+oiy ni(
+onennx c+inoi.
nx cioonennx n+a+ ni( nanoio nnxoy n emi+iax +y6in xo-
y+i 6y+n nnionc+ani nac+ynni :aco6n:
" Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
a) :xenmennx mnnnn ny:iioio neei:y xinona+ionoio iana-
ny a :6inimennxx nncna nona+oi (nn ne:xinnin nn :xenmenin nenn-
nnni xo(n no]inm). O(nai cni( nax'x+a+n, mo nn nioxy :6inima+i-
cx ioxioni n+a+n, a y nnna(iy :ac+ocynannx 6inim ny:iinx nona-
+oi, iix +oio, :oc+y+i :innanini nanyennx n nona+iax i iy+ o:-
mnennx xen(iannoio no]inm no+onno nac+nnn, a +aio :xen-
ma+icx nncna Pennoni(ca;
6) noiani:anix n+onnnnx +enin i:nnxn cnoco6axn.
Y1pa1n uepes nn1okn kpist paiautun sasop. Ho6 ynniny+n +o-
iannx o+oa i c+a+oa, xi o6onnxn nona+iaxn +a ionycox +y-
6inn nonnnen 6y+n nennnn a(ianinnn :a:o. Heo6xi(na nennnnna nio-
io :a:oy n xono(noxy c+ani nn:nanac+icx +ai, mo6 ne ni(6ynocx (o-
+niy nona+oi (o ionycy na o6onnx enxax i n a:i :ynnnin (nniy-
na (ionn ionyc ye xono(nnn, a o+o me iaxnnn). Ha c+annx e-
nxax o6o+n :a:o xenmnn ni( xon+anoio nnacni(oi 6inimo (e-
]oxani n o6onnx yxonax o+oa n noinnxnni :i c+a+oox. V :n'x:-
iy : nnx nennia ynaia nn(inxc+icx c+noennm +aio ionc+yini io-
nycy, xia (o:nonn+i noxy "c+en+n" :a (e]oxanicm o+oa, mo6
a(ianinnn :a:o :annmancx c+a6ininnx na ncix enxax o6o+n +y-
6inn. Je (o:nonn+i :xenmn+n nennnnny
xon+anoio :a:oy. B cynacnnx +y6inax
y :anenoc+i ni( xnix o:xiin i ionc+yi-
ni xon+annn a(ianinnn :a:o ionnna-
c+icx nn6nn:no n xeax 0,5...1,5 xx.
Tenix ia:y n noonnni a(ianinoio
:a:oy cina(na xi caxa no co6i, +ai i nee:
n:acxo(im : nannx nnxoox. Hee+iian-
nx ia:y ii:i a(ianinnn :a:o xac (no-
xinn xaai+e. Ho-neme, nee: iininennn
neei:, mo ni(noni(ac a(ianinoxy :a:o-
y, +eny+i nen]einni c+yxin ia:y, xii
nnnmnn i: connonoio anaa+a (nc.4.19,).
Hi6n ia: ne xan n'x:ioc+i, +o nanxx nic
+eni :6iicx 6 : nanxxox no+oiy na nnxo-
(i i: connonoio anaa+a. Hacnan(i yna-
cni(oi n'x:ioc+i i :6inimennx nnx c+yx-
iin ocnonnnx no+oiox, mo +ene nee: o-
.n. c.n.
Pnc.4.19. Cxexa nee+iiannx
ia:y ii:i a(ianinnn :a:o:
n ocionoxy nanxxi;
y iononoxy nanxxi

=
# Tcojin mj6innoo cmncnn
6one ioneco, +enix ii:i a(ianinnn :a:o 6y(e ni(6yna+ncx ni( iy+ox
+oxn 6inimnx. Vxonno na:nexo nm +enim nepenitann+ e octoeo+y
nanp+i.
Ho-(yie, nee: a(ianinnn :a:o ni(6ynac+icx nee+iiannx ia:y
: yniiny+o c+oonn nona+in na onyiny ((nn. nc.4.19,), mo nn:no-
(n+i (o n+a+, ananoiinno in(yi+nnnoxy onoy inna ciinnennoio
o:xaxy. Je nee+iiannx ni(6ynac+icx nn6nn:no n nanxxi, nenen-
(niynxnoxy xo(i no]inm. Vxonno na:nexo onncany +enim nepe-
nitann+ y to:oeo+y (naneenia:tno+y) nanp+i.
Koe]inicn+ox iinnennx y+a+ naxonym+icx n+a+n nee: nn+oin
ii:i a(ianinnn :a:o y iononoxy nanxxi. B+a+n ni( nn+oiin n ocio-
noxy nanxxi nanea+i (o iaxennx y+a+ c+ynenx i naxonym+icx
noio nny+imnix KK ((nn. (ani , 4.12).
Bi(nocna iiniiic+i ia:y, mo nee+ene n iononoxy nanxxi : yni-
iny+o nonexni nona+in na onyiny (: yaxynannxx :aiony c+anoc+i
nniynxni) [1],
,
2
ne
c c a
w
w
l D
: B
G
G
G

=
(e ioe]inicn+ nn+a+n nee: :a:o, xinn xona n:x+n nn6nn:no
innnx 0,6; B mnnna no]inm; a(ianinnn :a:o; : nncno
nona+oi; D
c
cee(nin (iaxe+ c+ynenx; l (onnna nona+oi; i

c
iyc+nna ia:y n a(ianinoxy :a:oi i na cee(nioxy (iaxe+i; w
ne

mnn(iic+i nee+iiannx ia:y.

Bi(oxo, mo enmy +nciin, xii (im+i na nona+iy, xona yxonno
:o6a:n+n y nninx(i nxxoiy+nnia, c+oona xioio (oinnmc i:nnni
+nciin :aianixonanoio no+oiy nee( emi+iom i c+a+nnnoio :a nem.
V nioxy nnna(iy w
ne
= w
2
i ni(noni(no
2 2 ne
sin 1 =
a
w w .
To(i nennnnna G na6ynac nninx(y
.
sin
1
6 , 0
2 c c

i
b
lD
D
G
Hee+iiannx o6onoio +ina ii:i a(ianinnn :a:o :xenmyc iy+-
nnn xoxen+ na nany +y6inn i nn:no(n+i (o :nnennx KK.
Lneiix o6onoio +ina, xie nee+iiac n iononoxy nanxxi, n xi-
nona+ionoxy ianani, :ni(in nono nn+iiac, 6y(e nnionc+ana neinno-
$ Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
xino. Lneiix nac+oi, mo nee+iiam+i n o6nac+i nxi(no ioxin, ne
nee+nomc+icx n ioncny no+ynic+i na nany +y6inn; nnx 6nnne
(o nnxi(no ioxin, +nx eneiix o6onoio +ina 6y(e nnionc+onyna-
+ncx n 6inimin xii i, naem+i, n o6nac+i nnxi(no ioxin nee+iiannx
ni(6y(e+icx nnme nicnx nonnoio nnionc+annx eneii nac+oi y xi-
nona+ionoxy ianani. Tainx nnnox, xona nnaa+n, mo eneiix no-
nonnnn +ic iiniioc+i o6onoio +ina, mo nee+ene n iononoxy nanx-
xi, xoe 6y+n nnionc+ana.
V+a+n n a(ianinoxy :a:oi xona ic+o+no :nn:n+n mnxxox :a-
c+ocynannx na nona+iax 6an(annx nnc+on (c+inoi a6o nonnni),
o6na(nannx na6inn+onnx ymininennxx. To(i nee+iiannx o6onoio
+ina n iononoxy nanxxi ycynac+icx niniox, a n ocionoxy cy++cno
:xenmyc+icx.
Kix +oio, enmn naaxe+in no+oiy :a c+ynenex y nen]einnin
nac+nni nona+oi 6y(y+i 6inim innoxinnxn. V ninoxy nnionc+an-
nx 6an(annx nnc+on : ymininennxx (oninine xi (nx 6oo+i6n :
nn:iionac+o+nnxn ionnnannxxn nona+oi, +ai i (nx ni(nnmennx KK
c+ynenx.
nx eiynmnannx +y6inn ino(i xonnne :ac+ocynannx nonoo+-
noio connonoio anaa+a. V nioxy i n (exinx inmnx nnna(iax xi co-
nnonnxn nona+iaxn i ionycox xoe :'xnn+ncx a(ianinnn :a:o.
Haxnnic+i noio na(:nnnanno mii(nnno no:nanac+icx na KK c+yne-
nx i +oxy nennnyc+nxa. Benninn nnnnn nioio :a:oy na KK c+yne-
nx noxcnmc+icx +nx, mo nen]einna nac+nna o6onnx nona+oi o6-
+iiac+icx ni( nenninxn ni('cxnnxn iy+axn a+ain (+y6ina ianixyc+i-
cx), a +aio :nannnxn nee+iiannxxn n iononoxy nanxxi nee: xany
nennnnny iy+a
1
.
Anani:ymnn iinneni n+a+n eneii n oxono(ynannx ia:onnx +y-
6inax, neo6xi(no naxonyna+n, mo cina(na c+yi+ya +eni i neo(no-
i(nic+i no+oiy no6nn:y +onennx nonexoni ianany (o(a+iono :6ini-
mym+icx : na(xo(ennxx oxono(noio noni+x n no+onny nac+nny
+y6inn.
Posnoiu y1pa1 no onnui uona1kn. V cee(nin no (onnni nona-
+oi nac+nni ianany +enim xona nnaa+n (nonnxinom. Ty+ neena-
no cnoc+eiiam+icx no]inini n+a+n. Linx iinnin nona+oi :an(xin
n+onnnnx +enixx no+ii noc+oonnn, +nnnxinnn. V iinnennx o6-
nac+xx cyxym+icx no]inini i iinneni n+a+n, +o6+o +y+ xac ni(6yna-
% Tcojin mj6innoo cmncnn
+ncx ic+o+ne xicnene :oc+annx n+a+. Bnimaninnn nnnnn na nenn-
nnny iinnennx y+a+ cnannxm+i innn:na ianany i ni(nocna (onn-
na nona+oi . b l l =
Ha nc.4.20, noia:annn o:no(in y+a+ no (onnni (i no ioiy)
(oninx (l / b > 10) i cna6ionniny+nx eai+nnnnx nona+oi. Ho]inini
n+a+n n cee(nin o6nac+i cina(am+i nn6nn:no 5...6 (
n

onnna
ini
innnx y+a+
Bi(co+oi
y+a+
Hnoma n+a+
K

o
i
B
+

a
+
n
,

1O
2O
3O
4O
5O
1O
1O
1O
2O
O
B
+

a
+
n
,

C
e

e
(
n
n
a
n
o
n
a
+
i
n
Hnoma n+a+
1O
1O
1O
2O
2O
4O
6O
8O
4O
3O
2O
1O
O
Pnc.4.20. ini innnx y+a+ i nnomi n+a+ (nx eai+nnnnx nona+oi
(ioenennn neei: cnana, nen]einnnn :nina):
(onii nona+in (l /b >10), no]ini cna6ionniny+nn, nynionnn iy+ a+ain;
no]ini :6inimeno innn:nn (l/b = 4,45), i = +10

=
& Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
0,05.0,06), a :aianini xicneni n+a+n (o iinnin xono+onno :oc+a-
m+i, (ocxiamnn nan6inimnx :naneni no6nn:y +onennx c+inoi, (e
cyxym+icx n+a+n +e+x i ni( n+onnnnx +enin; nannn nnxo +y+ ne
]oxyc+icx [14].
Ha nc.4.20, noia:ana ananoiinna ia+nna o:no(iny n+a+ y:-
(on cnnino nniny+nx nona+oi (l /b = 4,45). Ty+ ]oxyc+icx nannn
nnxo. V anoni nnxoy xicneni n+a+n cxiam+i 60...80 ni( xicneno
eneii no+oiy. Knna i nnoma n+a+ noia:ym+i, mo nnnnn nnxoy
nomnmc+icx xane (o cee(nnn nnco+n nona+oi.
Ha nc.4.21, xona 6ann+n no(i6ny inny xicnennx y+a+ (nx
nnocinx emi+oi ai+nnnnx no]inin (l/ b = 3,48). V cee(nin nac+nni
nona+in no]inini n+a+n 0,07, y iinnennx :onax nonn xicnxxn
(ocxiam+i 0,22 nee: naina(ennx iinnennx y+a+. Xaai+eno, mo
xaicnxyx y+a+ o:+amonyc+icx na ni(c+ani (0,10...0,13) l ni( +one-
no c+inin (xi i na nc.4.20,). Lnnne (o c+inin n+a+n :nnym+icx,
Pnc.4.21. Jxina ioe]inicn+a n+a+ no
(onnni ai+nnnnx nona+oi y nnociin
emi+ni:
l/ b = 3,48, Re = 0,1910
6
, M < 0,12,
b/i= 1,585; l/b = 0,619, Re = 0,210
6
,
M = 0,12, b/i = 1,585; y ]ynini ni(-
c+ani ni( c+inin

0
0,25
0,2 y/ l
0,20
0,15
0,10
0,05
0,4 0,6 0,8

0
0,25
0,2 y/ l
0,20
0,15
0,10
0,05
0,4 0,6 0,8

0
0,25
1,2
y/l
0,20
0,15
0,10
0,05
0,4
1,6 0,8
y/l = 0,5l /b
y/l = 0,5l /b

2
1
' Tcojin mj6innoo cmncnn
a 6e:nocee(nio na c+inni i:io :oc+am+i ynacni(oi +e+x na +onxx
ianany.
Hoc+ooni iinneni e]ei+n :axonnmm+i +nx 6inimy nac+iy no-
+oiy, nnx ioo+mi nona+in. Hn (exioxy ni(nomenni l /b, xie xona
na:na+n in+nnnnx
i
l , nonnnac+icx n:acxo(ix (nox iinnennx o6na-
c+en, mo nn:no(n+i (o i:ioio :oc+annx n+a+ y cee(nni nnco+n
ianany ((nn. nc.4.21,). Ty+ +i emi+in, mo i na nc.4.21,, xane
+aii caxi :nanennx nncen Pennoni(ca i Maxa, ane 619 , 0 = l , +o6+o
i
l l < . Hn nioxy +nni +eni no(in y+a+ na no]inini i iinneni no:6an-
nxc+icx :xic+y.
Knna na nc.4.21, cnxe+nnna, a na nc.4.21, necnxe+nnna
mo(o cee(nnn nona+in (y/ l = 0,5). Je noxcnmc+icx nnnnnox a(i-
aninoio :a:oy, xinn ((nn. nc.4.21, i ) cnninimnn n ioo+inx no-
na+iax. Ho+e ximo ni(inac+n xicneni n+a+n y ]ynini ni(nocno ni(-
c+ani ni( +oneno c+inin, +o i nn ioo+inx nona+iax inna n+a+
(inna 2 na nc.4.21,) c+ac cnxe+nnnom, na ni(xiny ni( inno 1, xia
no6y(onana (nx naaxe+in nc.4.21,.
Hane(eni (ani nia:ym+i na icnynannx nnnanxni +iox +nnin o:-
no(iny :aianinnx y+a+ no nnco+i ianany. Hemnn +nn noia:ano na
nc.4.20,, (yinn na nc.4.20, +a 4.21,, +e+in na nc.4.21,. Hinn
+nn c]oxyc+icx n (annx emi+iax, :anen+i ni( ionie+noio cnony-
nennx innn:nn i n:aiani ]oxn no]inm : ni(nocnom (onnnom l
+a enxnnxn naaxe+axn (iy+ox a+ain, nncnaxn Maxa, Pennoni(ca
+a in.).
Hai+nnnnn in+eec c+anonn+i nn+annx no iannnni :nanennx
l/b, nn xinx c+ynxm+icx i n:acxo(im+i iinneni :onn, +o6+o ionn naxn-
nnn +e+in +nn +eni ((nn. nc.4.21,), nan6inim ne6aannn, mo cnn-
nnnxc :nanni n+a+n. Jii(no : (annxn nani [14], (nx ai+nnnnx nona+oi
. ) 6 ... 4 (
n i
l
ana :anenic+i :o6aena ia]inno na nc.4.22.
Ho6 ynniny+n :nanno n+a+n eneii, ni(nocny (onnny nona-
+oi nainy+i 6a+n 6inimom, ni
i
l . Ha nai+nni nx yxona nac+o
:ac+eiiac+icx +nx, mo a6conm+na (onnna nona+oi y +y6innoxy
c+yneni nonnnna 6y+n 6inime 12...15 xx
*)
.
*)
V ioxneconoxy c+yneni, (nx xioio +aio xaai+eni no(i6ni n+a+n, (on-
nna nona+oi nonnnna 6y+n ne xenme 25...30 xx.
Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
nx nn:nanennx :aianino nennnnnn iinnennx y+a+ xoe 6y+n
nnionc+ana ]oxyna [14]
,
sin
2 2
2 2
i
l
a
C
l
i
C

=
(e i
2
i l
2
ioi i (onnna nona+in
na nnxo(i; a mnnna nnxi(noio
neei:y ianany; C 0,07.0,18
(ocni(nnn ioe]inicn+.
Moe +aio nnionc+onyna-
+ncx ]oxyna
,
1
1 i
l
C
l
b
C = =
(e C
1
0,01 (nx connonnx i eai-
+nnnnx o6onnx nona+oi nn 3 , 0 > l i C
1
= 0,02.0,03 (nx ai+nnnnx
nona+oi nn 7 , 0 > l .
V nane(ennx ]oxynax n:acxo:n'x:oi iinnennx i no]ininnx y+a+
6e:nocee(nio ne ni(6nnac+icx. O(nai +ainn n:acxo:n'x:oi c, +oxy
mo iinneni n+a+n :nannom xiom :anea+i ni( noneennoio neena-
(y +nciin y ianani, a oc+annin ni( innn:nn ianany, iy+a nonoo+y
no+oiy, ]oxn no]inm, iy+a a+ain, nncna Pennoni(ca n inmnx e-
nxnnx naaxe+in, ni( xinx :anea+i i no]inini n+a+n.
4.4. Y1pa1n ni nsacuoi pemi1ok i uec1aniouapuoc1i no1oky
ocni(ennx no]ininnx i iinnennx y+a+ n aeo(nnaxinnnx +y-
6ax :(incnmc+icx no(yniom nnocinx i:onionannx emi+oi c+anio-
nannx no+oiox. incni yxonn +eni no+oiy n +y6innnx emi+iax
ni(i:nxm+icx ni( +nx, xii c+nomm+icx n aeo(nnaxinnnx +y6ax. V
+y6innnx c+ynenxx emi+in c iininennxn, a xni nona+in o6+iiam+i-
cx nec+anionannx no+oiox.
Hec+anionanic+i no+oiy n +y6innnx emi+iax o6yxonnena na-
xnnic+m nnxonoio cni(y :a nnxi(nnxn ioxiaxn nona+oi. Vnacni-
(oi nnxonoio cni(y ((nn. , 4.3) +nci i mnn(iic+i no+oiy :a emi+ia-
xn :xinmm+icx no ioiy, nn nioxy n :oni nnxonoio cni(y +nci i
mnn(iic+i xenmi, ni y x(i no+oiy.

# #

Pnc.4.22. o nn:nanennx in+nn-

no ni(nocno (onnnn nona+oi
Tcojin mj6innoo cmncnn
Hee: xannn ocionnn :a:o xi connonnxn i o6onnxn nona+ia-
xn n c+ynenxx +y6inn nec+anionanic+i no+oiy na nnxo(i i: conno-
nnx emi+oi o6yxonnmc nec+anionanic+i no+oiy i na nxo(i n o6oni
emi+in. Bi(noni(no :xinnnxn no ioiy 6y(y+i i naaxe+n nee(
connonnxn emi+iaxn.
ocni(ennx, :(incneni n eicnenxen+aninnx +y6inax, noia:y-
m+i, mo o6+iiannx nona+oi nec+anionannx no+oiox nn:no(n+i (o
necnnx+nnnnx :xin y o:no(ini +nciin no ion+yy no]inm i, xi na-
cni(oi, (o :oc+annx no]ininnx i iinnennx y+a+ y emi+iax. Ji (o-
(a+ioni n+a+n eneii, nninniani :xinom naaxe+in i mnn(ioc+i
no+oiy nee( emi+iom nee: ioxionnn cni(, na:nnam+icx enpana-
+u enepei eio tpo+toeo necnaionapnocni. Ji n+a+n 6inimi n o6o-
nnx emi+iax, ni y connonnx.
Kix ioxiono nec+anionanoc+i no+oiy, n iininennx emi+iax
+y6innoio c+ynenx, oco6nnno o6e+onnx, icnyc paoia:tna nepieno+ip-
nicnt napa+enpie y no+oni, o6yxonnena :xinom no (onnni nona+oi
ieoxe+nnnnx o:xiin emi+in (ioiy, mnnnn ianany), a +aio io-
nono mnn(ioc+i +a in. Pa(ianina neinnoxinic+i naaxe+in cnn-
nnnxc necnxe+nnnic+i noiannnnnx main na c+iniax ianany +a no-
xny (o(a+ionnx n+onnnnx +enin, mo nn:no(x+i (o :oc+annx n+a+
y emi+iax.
Jii(no : (annxn (ocni(ennx [9], :6inimennx ioe]inicn+a n+a+ y
o6onnx emi+iax +y6innoio c+ynenx nee: ioxiony i a(ianiny ne-
c+anionanic+i xoe cina(a+n 0,03...0,14 y :anenoc+i ni( ni(nomen-
nx D
c
/ l, :aiynennx nona+in +omo, y noinnxnni : y+a+axn n nnoc-
inx emi+iax : +nxn no]inxxn o6onnx nona+oi.
V+a+n n o6e+onnx emi+iax ni( a(ianino +eni o6onoio +ina i
ni( nec+anionanoc+i no+oiy, mo na6iiac, xoy+i 6y+n naxonani
xnoennxx cyxn no]ininnx i iinnennx y+a+ na ioe]inicn+ 6inime
o(nnnni. O(nai y nai+nni +ennonnx o:axyniin x :nnnanno nn:na-
nam+i a:ox : (exinxn inmnxn n+a+axn n c+yneni toeqiicnno+ ne-
epaoeanu ynpan.
4.5. Bnunn reoue1pnuunx napaue1pin pemi1ok ua n1pa1n n unx
Kpok pemi1kn. Bi(nocnnn ioi emi+in nnnnnac ne +iniin na n+a-
+n n nin, ane n na xacy, nanyennx n (nciax i nona+iax, o:ximy-
nannx :axiin n o6o(i, ]oxy xen(ionaninoio no]inm no+onno
Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
nac+nnn +a ino(i na xonnnic+i :ac+ocynannx 6an(annx nnc+on.
Kix +oio, o6annn ioi emi+in eani:yc+icx ne o(no:nanno, +oxy
mo xoe 6y+n :(incnennn nn i:noxy cnonynenni nncna nona+oi i
(onnnn xo(n no]inm. !, naem+i, o6namnn ni(nocnnn ioi iini-
nennx emi+oi, +e6a naxonyna+n yxonn x o6o+n ne +iniin n cee(-
nioxy, ane n y iinnennx neei:ax. Toxy :a(ana nannninoio nn6oy
ioiy emi+in, xia o:na(ac+icx ]ai+nnno na (ni nn6i nncna no-
na+oi i xnio mnnnn n iininennx emi+iax i: :a(annx cee(nix
(iaxe+ox i (onnnom nona+oi c cina(nom ioxnneicnom no6ne-
xom. Jnnnanno nona o:n'x:yc+icx n +ainn cnoci6. Bi(nocna (onnna
nona+oi l/b o6nac+icx, nnxo(xnn : y:aianinennx c+a+nc+nnnnx (a-
nnx. B oxono(ynannx nona+iax ia:onnx +y6in xnx mnnna nonnn-
na 6y+n (oc+a+niom (nx o:ximennx noonnn, no xinx nniynmc
oxono(ne noni+x, a neoxono(ynani nona+in nonnnni 6y+n no xo-
nnnoc+i ny:iinxn (nx :nnennx xacn +y6inn, ane 6e: :6n+iy (nx x-
nio xinnoc+i i +exnonoiinnoc+i. To(i :a(ana nn6oy ni(nocnoio io-
iy :no(n+icx (o nn6oy nncna nona+oi. Jii(no : nnina(ennx :nnnan-
no nainy+i :ac+ocyna+n +e xinixanine nncno nona+oi, nn xioxy
n+a+n n emi+iax nai+nnno ne ni(i:nxm+icx ni( +nx (+oxn xen-
mnx), mo ni(noni(am+i on+nxaninoxy nncny nona+oi.
Haxnnic+i on+nxaninoio nncna nona+oi 6aia+o n noxy noxcnm-
c+icx (noxinx nnnnnox ni(nocnoio ioiy emi+in na n+a+n +e+x.
V iyc+nx emi+iax ni n+a+n 6inimi nee: 6inimy nonexnm +e+x
o6onoio +ina o6 nona+in. B i(inx emi+iax y+a+n :oc+am+i ne-
e: :6inimennx nanan+aennx na no]ini. Je nn:no(n+i (o :o-
c+annx mnn(ioc+i na cnnnni i ni(noni(no (n]y:onoio e]ei+y n o6na-
c+i nnxi(no ioxin.
Bennnnna on+nxaninoio ni(nocnoio ioiy
ol
i :anen+i +aio
ni( ioxionnx y+a+: :i :6inimennxx
i
nennnnna
ol
i :oc+ac.
J6inimennx ioiy nn:no(n+i (o :oc+annx +nciy na yniiny+in
nonexni no]inm i :nnennx +nciy na cnnnni. Je, : o(noio 6oiy,
cnnnnnxc :6inimennx iinnennx y+a+, : inmoio 6oiy cnnxc ni(n-
ny no+oiy na cnnnni, (e i:nnnx +nciy na nnxo(i : emi+in i xinixani-
noio +nciy :oc+ac. Kix +oio, :nnennx +nciy na cnnnni nn :6ini-
menni ioiy xoe nninnia+n noxny xnnnionnx y+a+.
Onenn(no, (nx ionoio +nny emi+oi nonnnen icnyna+n on+nxani-
nnn ioi, nn xioxy KK emi+in (ocxiac xaicnxyxy. Bennnnna
nioio ioiy nn:nanac+icx :a yxonn +aioio on+nxaninoio nanan+a-
! Tcojin mj6innoo cmncnn
ennx no]inm, ionn n+a+n xinixanini i ni(nn no+oiy ni(6ynac+i-
cx +iniin na nnxi(nin ioxni, a xnnnioni n+a+n ni(cy+ni.
V eai+nnnnx emi+iax nanan+aennx na no]ini nenennie i oc-
nonnnn nnnnn na KK ) ( 1 i f = = :(incnmc nennnnna nonexni
+e+x. Toxy n nnx emi+iax (ani :anenoc+i 6inim nononc+i, ni n
ai+nnnnx, a xinixyx y+a+ :ximyc+icx n o6nac+i 6inimnx :naneni ni(-
nocnoio ioiy. Xaai+eni :anenoc+i ) ( i f = (nx ai+nnno i eai-
+nnno emi+oi nane(eni na nc.4.23. J nioio ncynia nnnnnnac, mo
inni ) ( i f = n o6nac+i xa-
nnx :naneni ni(nocnoio ioiy
iy+imi, ni n o6nac+i
ol
i i > .
Pi:ie :niennx e]ei+nnnoc+i
ai+nnnnx emi+oi n o6nac+i
ol
i i < noxcnmc+icx +nx, mo n
iyc+nx ai+nnnnx emi+iax ne
+iniin :6inimyc+icx nonexnx
+e+x, ane n xoe :'xnn+ncx (n-
]y:onic+i y xinona+ionoxy
ianani, xia nn:no(n+i (o ni(-
nny noiannnnoio may [1].
o+ene nexac (ocn+i na-
(innnx y:aianinennx (annx
nani+i mo(o :anenoc+i no-
]ininnx y+a+ y emi+iax ni(
x ni(nocnoio ioiy, oco6nnno c+oconno oxono(ynannx emi+oi. Lic-
nenxen+anini (ani, ni(oxi : nioio nn+annx, ne c neeionnnnnxn,
ociiniin o(eani mnxxox o:cynennx no]inin y emi+iax, nn xio-
xy :xinmc+icx iy+ no+oiy na nnxo(i : emi+in. Hi(+nxia noc+innnx
nioio iy+a ni(noni(nom :xinom iy+a yc+anonin no]inin +aio ne c
(oc+a+niom (nx o(eannx ioei+no :anenoc+i ) (
n
i f = , +oxy
mo ionin nennnnni i ni(noni(ac cnin on+nxaninnn no]ini. V +aiin
noc+anonni eicnenxen+ ic+o+no ycina(nmc+icx i :(ooyc+icx, o(-
nai +iniin n nioxy nnna(iy xona o(ea+n (oc+onini (ani mo(o
:anenoc+i ) (
n
i f = .
Jii(no : +eoe+nnnnx (ocni(ennxx [1], nennnnna
ol
i n ocnonno-
xy :anen+i ni( mnn(ioc+en i iy+in no+oiy na nxo(i (o emi+in i nn-
xo(i : ne, +o6+o ni( iy+a nonoo+y no+oiy +a eai+nnnoc+i emi+in, a
J
'$
'
&&
&"
&
%$
%
! " # $ % & '

Pnc.4.23. KK ai+nnno (1) i eai+nn-

no (2) emi+oi y :anenoc+i ni( ni(noc-
noio ioiy
8128
" Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
+aio ni( ni(nomennx (onnn (yi na yniiny+in i onyinin nonexnxx
nona+in S
niin
/S
cn
.
nx nai+nnnoio :ac+ocynannx :ynna ]oxyna
( ), 1
sin
sin
) ( 18O
18O
max
3 1
2
1
2 1
ol

+
= K i (4.4)
(e
b
max
max

= ni(nocna +onmnna no]inm; K ioe]inicn+ nono-

nionaninoc+i.
V nin ]oxyni nemnn xnonni y ina(a+nnx (yiax ni(6nnac
nnnnn iy+a nonoo+y no+oiy, (yinn xnonni eai+nnnoc+i, a xno-
nni y iyinnx (yiax nnnnn ni(nomennx S
niin
/S
cn
. Hi nnnnnnac :
]oxynn (4.4), on+nxaninnn ni(nocnnn ioi emi+in :6inimyc+icx
nn :xenmenni iy+a nonoo+y no+oiy, :oc+anni eai+nnnoc+i i :xen-
menni ni(nocno +onmnnn no]inm.
nx oninin :6inimennx n+a+ y emi+iax nn ni(xnnenni ni( on-
+nxaninoio ioiy xona ionc+a+ncx :anenic+m, o(eanom n xo(i
y:aianinennx eicnenxen+aninnx (annx mo(o no(ynin nnocinx e-
mi+oi i nane(enom na nc.4.24 [1]. Ha nioxy ia]iiy no oci a6cnnc
ni(ina(ena ni(nocna :xina ioiy
emi+in, a no oci o(nna+ ni(noc-
na :xina n+a+n mnn(ioc+i. Hn +a-
ioxy nane(enni (ani c+oconno ai-
+nnnnx i eai+nnnnx emi+oi mini-
no o:+amonym+icx na o(nin in-
nin. Hnnoxy nn(no, mo nn ni(xn-
nenni ni( on+nxaninoio ni(nocno-
io ioiy n+a+n n o6nac+i iyc+nx
emi+oi naoc+am+i noxi+nime,
ni n o6nac+i i(inx emi+oi. Je
(o:nonxc :ac+oconyna+n, nai+nn-
no 6e: :6n+iy (nx KK +y6inn, e-
mi+in, n xinx neennmennx ni(noc-
noio ioiy n noinnxnni :
ol
i xoe
(ocxia+n 1O i 6inime.
Hn nn6oi nennnnnn ioiy
+e6a naxonyna+n ionc+yinim

J J
$
!
&
"

` `" "
Pnc.4.24. !a]ii :anenoc+i ni(no-
cno n+a+n mnn(ioc+i n emi+iax
ni( ni(nocno :xinn x ioiy
# Tcojin mj6innoo cmncnn
nona+ionoio :axia : noinx(y noio xinnoc+i i xonnnoc+i o:ximen-
nx neo6xi(noio nncna nona+oi na (nciy.
Ky1 nonopo1y no1oky n pemi1ni. Hn :6inimenni iy+a nonoo+y
no+oiy n emi+ni, +o6+o :xenmenni cyxn iy+in
1
+
2
, :oc+ac i:nn-
nx +nciin xi yniiny+om c+oonom nona+in +a cnnniom. Hn nio-
xy :6inimyc+icx (onnna (n]y:ono (inxnin na cnnnni, :oc+ac ne-
6e:neia ni(nny no+oiy i :6inimym+icx iinneni n+a+n nnacni(oi in-
+encn]iiani n+onnnnx +enin. Toxy KK emi+in = 1 :i :xen-
mennxx cyxn iy+in
1
+
2
a6o iy+in
O
+
1
+aio :xenmyc+icx.
Hi(nnmennx ion]y:onoc+i emi+in nocna6nxc nnnnn iy+a no-
noo+y, +oxy mo cnnxc 6e:ynnnnoxy naoc+annm mnn(ioc+i n xi-
nona+ionoxy ianani i c+inioc+i +eni.
Hnpnua uona1kn. Cioonennx ((o ni(oxo xei) mnnnn nona+-
in B nn:no(n+i (o :6inimennx ni(nocno (onnnn nona+oi l , mo
nninniac :xenmennx iinnennx y+a+. Ho]inini y+a+n nn nioxy
nee: :xenmennx nncna Pennoni(ca xoy+i :oc+n. B e:yni+a+i nn
(onininoxy :nnenni mnnnn nona+oi cyxannn ioe]inicn+ y+a+
xoe nani+i :6inimn+ncx. Je cni(nn+i no naxnnic+i on+nxanino
mnnnn emi+in, xia :anen+i i ni( enxy o6o+n.
Bn6namnn mnnny o6onnx nona+oi, neo6xi(no nax'x+a+n no
+e, mo :xenmennx mnnnn cnnnnnxc :6inimennx nncna nona+oi i
xoe nninnia+n +y(nomi n o:ximenni x na (nciy. Kix +oio, y ny:i-
inx nona+iax : xinnicnnx i +exnonoiinnnx xiiynani ne :an(n n(a-
c+icx nn+nxa+n on+nxanini +onmnnn nxi(no i nnxi(no ioxoi.
ona+in ia:onnx +y6in nnionym+icx n nemnx c+ynenxx i: mn-
nnom B (O,25.O,4O)l, n oc+annix mnnna xoe cina(a+n ncioio
O,15l [18]. V (onoxinnx ia:onnx +y6inax nee: xany nnco+y nona-
+oi B/l 1.
Bxiua i nnxiua kpoukn. Hn (o:nyionnx mnn(ioc+xx (oninino
ciyinx+n nxi(ny ioxiy ne (ye xannx a(iycox. Tai, on+nxani-
nnn a(iyc :aoiyinennx nxi(no ioxin nonnnen :naxo(n+ncx n xe-
ax (O,O25...O,O4O) b [18].
Ja e:yni+a+axn eicnenxen+aninnx (ocni(eni ai+nnnnx no-
]inin, y xinx a(iyc :aoiyinennx nxi(no ioxin :xinmnancx ni(
O,O7
max
(o O,33
max
, (e
max
xaicnxanina +onmnna no]inm, nannn-
ii(nimnxn nnxnnnncx a(iycn ni( O,15
max
(o O,33
max
. nx c+ynenin,
8*
$ Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
mo nanmm+i neenano na :xinnoxy ni(nomenni u/c
1
, 6aano nn-
6na+n nenninn a(iyc :aoiyinennx, +oxy mo :i :6inimennxx a(iy-
ca nxi(no ioxin KK emi+in c+ac 6inim c+ininx (o :xinn iy+a
a+ain ((nn. , 4.2).
V emi+iax, mo nanmm+i na na(:nyionin mnn(ioc+i nxo(y, nxi-
(ny ioxiy na+o nnionyna+n :aioc+enom n +aiin xii, n xiin ne
(onyciam+i nnxoin xinnoc+i. Bnxi(na ioxia nona+oi nonnnna 6y+n
nnionana xonnno 6inim +oniom. Hannina(, y nona+iax no+y-
nnx ia:onnx +y6in : xo(om no]inm 50...100 xx +onmnna s
nnx
nnxi-
(no ioxin cina(ac :nnnanno 1,0...1,5 xx. Pa(iyc :aoiyinennx nn-
xi(no ioxin o6onnx nona+oi y +ainx +y6inax cina(ac (0,015...
...0,020) b. Linim nn:iii nn]n ne :an(n xonnni : xiiynani xin-
noc+i. nx connonnx nona+oi xona (onyc+n+n a(iyc :aoiyinennx
innnx (0,007...0,015) b.
Eaua i s'cuynautun pi1. J nnina(enoio n , 4.3 nn(no, mo :a-
c+ocynannx 6an(annx nnc+on na o6onnx emi+iax niini(yc iin-
neni n+a+n, nninniani nn+oiaxn ii:i a(ianinnn :a:o y iononoxy
nanxxi. Kix +oio, 6an(a (o:nonxc ymininn+n a(ianinnn :a:o i,
o+e, ic+o+no :xenmn+n ocioni nee+iiannx o6onoio +ina ii:i nio-
io, cnnnnneni i:nnnem +nciin no o6n(na 6oin emi+in.
Jii(no : eicnenxen+aninnxn (annxn [18], nn ni(nocnin nenn-
nnni a(ianinoio :a:oy /l = 0,02 KK neo6an(aenoio c+ynenx na
2,5 xenmnn, a nn / l = 0,03 na 4 xenmnn, ni y c+ynenx, nona+-
in xioio nnionani : 6an(aex.
nx ni(c+onin ni( e:onancy nn ni6ani nona+in ino(i nomn-
nam+i (o+onnx :n'x:iox. Jac+ocynannx +aioio :n'x:iy ((iaxe+ox
3xx) :nn:nno KK c+ynenx nn6nn:no na 1 [18].
Kouycuic1t pemi1kn. Ty6inni c+yne-
ni : nenniom xiom o:mnennx o6ono-
io +ina xam+i y xen(iannoxy neei:i
ioninny ]oxy, xia xaai+en:yc+icx iy-
+axn o:in++x no+onno nac+nnn 6inx
ioenx
i
i na nen]ei
n
. Ciic no+oiy
nn:no(n+i (o (o(a+ionnx aeo(nnaxin-
nnx y+a+. Ha nc.4.25 nane(ena :ane-
nic+i ni(nocnoio ioe]inicn+a iinnennx
y+a+ ni( iy+a o:in++x no+onno nac-
5,O
3,O
1,O
O
15 3O

Pnc.4.25. !a]ii nnnnny io-

nycnoc+i emi+in na (o(a+-
ioni n+a+n
% Tcojin mj6innoo cmncnn
+nnn, mo (o:nonxc oninn+n (o(a+ioni n+a+n, nninniani ionycnic+m
c+ynenx. Ty+
0 i
i
i

= ni(nocnnn ioe]inicn+ iinnennx y+a+, (e

i0

iinneni n+a+n nn = 0 [18].

Ha ni(c+ani (ocni(y (one(ennx ia:onnx +y6in iy+n
i
n
n
n cyci(-
nix emi+iax ne nonnnni o:i:nx+ncx 6inime ni na 8...12. Hn nio-
xy :a6e:nenyc+icx nnannic+i o6no(in no+onno nac+nnn i nai+nnno
ni(cy+ni (o(a+ioni n+a+n [18].
4.6. C1yniut s niuocuo kopo1knun uona1kaun. Mipa peak1nnuoc1i
C+ynenxxn : ni(nocno ioo+inxn nona+iaxn nnaam+i c+yneni,
y xinx 12 ... 10
c
= l D , +o6+o ionn (onnna nona+oi noinnxno :
cee(nix (iaxe+ox c (ocn+i xanom. Himo nn nioxy nona+in xa-
m+i noc+innnn no]ini, +o :xinom naaxe+in emi+in i no+oiy no
a(iycy xona nex+yna+n. O6+iiannx connono i o6ono emi+oi o:-
inx(ac+icx xi o6+iiannx nnocinx emi+oi : naaxe+axn, mo ni(no-
ni(am+i cee(nioxy (iaxe+y c+ynenx, i o6xeenom (onnnom nona-
+oi. Po:axynoi c+ynenx cnomyc+icx, +oxy mo nnionyc+icx +iniin
(nx neei:y na cee(nioxy (iaxe+i. Hnn(iicni ioe]inicn+n nn:na-
nam+icx xi cee(ni no (onnni nona+oi : yaxynannxx no]ininnx
+a iinnennx y+a+.
Po:inxnexo nonec o:mnennx o6onoio +ina n c+yneni, cxexa
xioio nane(ena na nc.4.26,. Ja ion+onini nonexni, xi i anime,
ni:ixexo neei:n: 0 nee( connonnx anaa+ox; 1 y :a:oi xi
connonnx anaa+ox i o6onom emi+iom; 2 :a c+ynenex.
Hexan c+an o6onoio +ina nee( c+ynenex nn:nanac+icx naaxe-
+axn p
0
, v
0
, nona+iona mnn(iic+i o6onoio +ina c
0
; +nci y neei:ax
1 i 2 ni(noni(no p
1
i p
2
; ionona mnn(iic+i na cee(nioxy (iaxe+i u.
Xaai+enc+nin emi+oi (
1
,
2
, +a ) 6y(exo nnaa+n ni(oxnxn.
Ha nc.4.26, +onia 0 c+an o6onoio +ina nee( c+ynenex, 0
*

c+an :aianixonanoio no+oiy +ax e; ninix 01
i
i:oen+oninnnn, a
01 (incnnn nonec o:mnennx o6onoio +ina n connonoxy anaa+i.
Hn nioxy h
ac
i:oen+oninnnn +ennoneena( y connonin emi+-
ni;
2
2
0
ac
*
ac
c
h h + = naxnnnn +ennoneena(; q
c
n+a+n eneii n
connonoxy anaa+i.
& Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
incna mnn(iic+i nnxo(y o6onoio +ina i: connonoio anaa+a na
ni(c+ani , 2.4
*
ac 1
*
0 1 1
2 ) ( 2 h h h c c
i i
= = =
a6o, ionn o:axynoi nnionyc+icx 6e: nnionc+annx hs-(iaiaxn,
nn:nanac+icx :a o(nicm : ]oxyn nee: naaxe+n o6onoio +ina.
,

?
K
D ,
F
G
?
G

F
D
=?
D ,
=
D ,

=
D ,
=F
D ,
=F
D ,

J
?
2

Pnc.4.26. Cxexa +y6innoio c+ynenx

() i nonec o:mnennx n nioxy
o6onoio +ina na hs-(iaiaxi ()

=
V+a+n eneii n connonin emi+ni
( ) ( ) .
2
1 1
2
1
2 *
ac
2
c
i
c
h q = =
Ja ni(oxnxn c
1
, u i
1
xona no6y(yna+n nxi(nnn +niy+nni
mnn(ioc+en, : xioio nn:nanac+icx ni(nocna mnn(iic+i nxo(y no+oiy
(o o6onoio ianany w
1
+a nanxx
1
. Ky+ nxo(y no+oiy
1
nn
o:axyniax c+ynenin nnionc+onyc+icx (nx ni(6oy o6onnx emi-
+oi.
Bennnnnn w
1
i
1
xoy+i 6y+n :nan(eni i 6e: ieoxe+nnno no6y-
(onn :a onenn(nnxn cninni(nomennxxn:
,
cos
sin
lg
1 1
1 1
1
u c
c

=

.
cos
cos
1
1 1
1

=
u c
w
' Tcojin mj6innoo cmncnn
Tonia 1 na hs-(iaiaxi nn:nanac c+a+nnni naaxe+n o6onoio
+ina :a connonom emi+iom, +o6+o na nxo(i (o o6ono emi+in. Hn
nioxy o6one +ino xac a6conm+ny mnn(iic+i c
1
i ni(nocny w
1
. C+an
:aianixonanoio no+oiy n a6conm+noxy n ni(nocnoxy yci (nx nee-
i:y 1 :o6aennn ni(noni(no +oniaxn 1
*
i 1
w
*
. Hn nioxy
2
2
1
1
*
1
c
h h + = ;
.
2
2
1
1
*
1
w
h h
w
+ =
V nnna(iy o:mnennx o6onoio +ina n o6onin emi+ni p
2
< p
1
.
Vxonnnn nonec o:mnennx no+oiy :o6aennn ninicm 12.
V (anoxy nnna(iy h
a
i:oen+oninnnn +ennoneena( y o6onin
emi+ni; w
1
2
/
2 iine+nnna eneiix no+oiy na nxo(i (o o6ono emi+-
in y ni(nocnoxy yci;
2
2
1
a
*
a
w
h h + = naxnnnn +ennoneena( y
o6onin emi+ni.
incna ni(nocna mnn(iic+i nnxo(y o6onoio +ina : o6ono e-
mi+in :a ananoiicm :i mnn(iic+m c
1
( ) .
2
2 2 2
2
1
a
*
a 2
*
1 2 2

+ = = = =
w
h h h h w w
i w i
V+a+n eneii n o6onin emi+ni
( ) ( )
2
1 1
2
2
2 *
a
2

i
w
h q = =
a6o, ociiniin

=
2
2
w
w
i
,
.
2
1
2
2
2
2

w
q

=
Ja ni(oxnxn w
2
, u i
2
xona no6y(yna+n nnxi(nnn +niy+nni
mnn(ioc+en, : xioio :naxo(n+icx a6conm+na mnn(iic+i nnxo(y o-
6onoio +ina : emi+in (:a c+ynenex) c
2
+a nanxx
2
. Onenn(no, mo
,
cos
sin
lg
2 2
2 2
2
u w
w

=

.
cos
cos
2
2 2
2

=
u w
c
Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
Ha hs-(iaiaxi na nnxo(i :i c+ynenx c+an o6onoio +ina :o6a-
ennn +oniom 2, c+an :aianixonanoio no+oiy y ni(nocnoxy n a6co-
nm+noxy yci ni(noni(no +oniaxn 2
w
*
i 2
*
, (nx xinx
2
2
2
2
*
2
w
h h
w
+ = i
2
2
2
2
*
2
c
h h + = . V ninoxy (nx c+ynenx o:i:nxm+i: h
a
i:oen+onin-
nnn +ennoneena(,
2
2
0
a
*
a
c
h h + = nonnnn naxnnnn +ennoneena(.
Honec eneie+nnnnx nee+noeni y +y6innoxy c+yneni xona
oxaai+en:yna+n +ipom peatnuenocni c+ynenx
,
*
a
a
h
h

=
+o6+o ni(nomennxx i:oen+oninnoio +ennoneena(y, mo nnna(ac na
o6ony emi+iy, (o ncioio naxnnoio +ennoneena(y c+ynenx.
J nn:nanennx xin eai+nnnoc+i nnnnnnam+i onenn(ni cninni(no-
mennx (: yaxynannxx +oio, mo h
a
h
a
, (nn. nc.4.26,):
( ),
a
*
ac
*
a a
h h h h + = =
, ) 1 (
*
a
*
ac
h h =
:ni(in
,
2 1 2 1 1
2
2
1
2
1
*
ac a

=
c c
h h
i
.
2 1
1
2 1
1
2
2
1
2
1
*
a

=

=
c c
h
i
Ociiniin

=
2
1
2
2
2
a
2
1
w
w
h i ,
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
a
*
ac
*
a

= + = w
w c
h h h
+o
.
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
w
w c
w
w

=
Tcojin mj6innoo cmncnn
Oc+annx ]oxyna (o:nonxc nn:nann+n xiy eai+nnnoc+i c+yne-
nx 6e:nocee(nio i: +niy+nniin mnn(ioc+en, ximo oninn+n mnn(ii-
cni ioe]inicn+n +a . Jni(cn +aio nnxo(n+i, mo c+yneni : no(i6nn-
xn +niy+nniaxn mnn(ioc+en nn innnx +a xam+i o(naiony
xiy eai+nnnoc+i i nannain.
Hox( : o:inxny+om nennnnnom ino(i (nx nn:nanennx eai-
+nnnoc+i nnionc+onym+i
,
a
a
+
h
h

=
mo xac na:ny nep+oouna+i:no +ipu peatnuenocni. Mi
+
i icnyc
noc+nn :n'x:oi
.
2
1
2
a
2
0
a
2
0
a
a
*
a
a
a
+
h
c
h
c
h
h
h
h
h

+ =

+
=

Jnnnanno, ximo mnn(iic+i c

0
ne (ye nennia,
+
, i nn c
0
= 0

+
= .
Himo = 0 (a +aio
+
= 0), +o +y6innnn c+ynini na:nnac+icx
atnuenu+. Hn 0 < 0,3 c+ynini atnuenu s peaticm. Himo >0,3,
+o c+ynini na:nnam+i peatnuenu+.
Cni( :a:nann+n, mo c+yneni : > 0,5 +a = 0 :ac+oconym+i i(io.
4.7. Kouona poo1a c1yneuu
Ociiniin n c+ynenxx : ni(nocno ioo+inxn nona+iaxn emi+in
o:inx(am+icx xi nnocii, +o (o nnx xona :ac+ocyna+n innxnnx Ln-
nea na cee(nioxy (iaxe+i i :nan+n ociony +a ionony cnnn, mo (i-
m+i na nona+in ((nn. , 3.3).
V neyxoxnx emi+iax (imni :ycnnnx nn:no(x+i (o noxnn na-
nyeni y nona+iax i necynnx enexen+ax ionc+yini. V o6onnx e-
mi+iax, iix nioio, ionone :ycnnnx c yminnnx, +oxy mo :an(xin
noxy na o+oi nnnniac o6e+aninnn xoxen+ i c+ynini :(a+en :(in-
cnmna+n nenny o6o+y.
nx ocionoio +y6innoio c+ynenx nennnnna nioio o6e+aninoio
xoxen+y nn:nanac+icx xi (o6y+oi ionono cina(ono F
u
aeo(nna-
Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
xinno cnnn na nononnny cee(nioio (iaxe+a c+ynenx (nnene nn-
ina(ennx cnnn):
.
2
c
D
F M
u
=
Jnamnn ionony cnny i iy+ony mnn(iic+i o6e+annx o+oa ,
xona :nan+n ceiyn(ny o6o+y ionono cnnn (no+ynic+i), xia (oin-
nmc eneii o6e+annx ioneca,
.
2
c
u F
D
F M 1
u u u
= = =
Je o6o+a, xiy :(incnmc :a 1 c ncx xaca o6onoio +ina, mo no+i-
iac nee: emi+iy.
J yaxynannxx innxni Lnnea
( ) ( ).
2 1 2 1 u u u u u
c c u G w w u G 1 = =
Hn+oxa o6o+a na o6onnx nona+iax, +o6+o :(incnmnana 1 ii
o6onoio +ina, mo nonmno nee: emi+iy, (ic+ana na:ny to:oeo po-
oonu cnynen
( ) ( )
), cos cos (
2 2 1 1
2 1 2 1
+ =
= = = = =
c c u
c c u w w u
G
u
F
G
1
l
u u u u u
u
u
(4.5)
(e G xacona ceiyn(na nn+a+a o6onoio +ina.
J +niy+nniin mnn(ioc+en +y6innoio c+ynenx :a +eoexom io-
cnnycin :naxo(nxo
1 1
2 2
1
2
1
cos 2 + = uc u c w ;
2 2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
2
2
2
cos 2 ) 180 ( cos 2 + + = + = uc u c c u u c w ,
:ni(in
( )
2
1
2 2
1 1 1
2
1
cos w u c uc + = i ( ).
2
1
cos
2 2
2
2
2 2 2
u c w uc =
! Tcojin mj6innoo cmncnn
Hicnx ni(c+anonin nnx innxni y ]oxyny (4.5) o(enxo
.
2 2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
w w c c
l
u

= (4.6)
O+nxana (nx ionono o6o+n ]oxyna (4.6) :6iiac+icx : nna-
:ox (nx +exninno o6o+n (2.24), nnne(ennx i: :aianinoio innxnnx
eneii ia:onoio no+oiy. Je ne nnna(iono, +oxy mo +y+ ionona o6o-
+a +exninna o6o+a nn +eni ia:y n yxoxnx xinona+ionnx iana-
nax o6onoio ioneca.
Konony o6o+y n c+yneni xona +aio nn:nann+n, nnionc+ony-
mnn ]oxyny (nx +exninno o6o+n n o6onoxy ianani
*
2
*
1 T
h h l = .
Ociiniin nn ni(cy+noc+i +ennoo6xiny n connonoxy anaa+i
h
1
*
=h
0
*
, +o (ane innxnnx xona neennca+n y nninx(i
u u
h h h l = =
*
2
*
0
. (4.7)
Bennnnna h
u
, xia na:nnac+icx to:oeu+ nen:onepenaoo+, xoe
6y+n nn:nanena 6e:nocee(nio : hs-(iaiaxn ((nn. nc.4.26,).
J ]oxynn (4.7) nnnnnnac, mo na iononin o6o+i ic+o+no no:na-
nac+icx nennnnna nnxi(no eneii o6onoio +ina
.
2
2
2
nnx
c
q =
Jx eneiix n o(nnnnnoxy i:onionanoxy c+yneni ne nnionc+ony-
c+icx i c (nx nioio n+a+om.
Le:nocee(nio : nonecy, :o6aenoio na hs-(iaiaxi, nenaio
noxi+n+n, mo
nnx c
*
a
q q q h h
u
. (4.8)
Ha6nnenic+i y innxnni (4.8) o6yxonnena (exinx o:xo(ennxx
xi nennnnnaxn h
a
i h
a
nnacni(oi nonenennx +enno+n. Hone-
ny+a +enno+a nnxnnxc+icx n (anoxy nnna(iy n :6inimenni i:oen+o-
ninnoio +ennoneena(y n o6onin emi+ni nnacni(oi y+a+ y conno-
" Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
noxy anaa+i n noinnxnni : nnna(iox, ionn ni n+a+n 6ynn 6 ni(cy+-
ni.
4.8. Kouonn KK octonoro c1yneuu
L]ei+nnnic+i nee+noennx eneii n c+yneni nn:nanam+i to:o-
eu+ KK cnynen, mo xnnxc co6om ni(nomennx ionono o6o+n (o
naxnno o6o+n c+ynenx (naxnna o6o+a eininanen+na naxnnoxy +en-
noneena(y):
.
*
a
*
a
h
h
h
l
u u
u

= (4.9)
J yaxynannxx ]oxynn (4.8) (nx iononoio +ennoneena(y
nnx c
*
a
nnx c
*
a
nnx c
*
a
*
a
1 1 =

+ +
=
=

=
h
q q q
h
q q q h
h
h
u
u
, (4.10)
(e
c
,

i
nnx
ni(nocni n+a+n.
J nnina(enoio nnme nnnnnnac, mo iononnn KK c+ynenx naxo-
nyc:
n+a+n iine+nnno eneii n connonoxy anaa+i q
c
;
n+a+n n o6onin emi+ni q

;
n+a+n eneii : nnxi(nom mnn(iic+m q
nnx
.
Ji n+a+n na:nnam+i to:oeu+u enpana+u +y6innoio c+ynenx.
Hi(c+annxo y ]oxyny (nx iononoio KK (4.9) :nanennx iono-
no o6o+n : innxnnx (4.6). J oinx(y na +e, mo naxnnnn +ennoneena(
c+ynenx
,
) 1 ( 2 ) 1 (
2
1
*
ac
*
a

=

=
i
c h
h
o(eycxo
). 1 (
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1

+
=
i
u
c
w w c c
(4.11)
# Tcojin mj6innoo cmncnn
J nnxi(noio +niy+nnia mnn(ioc+en :a +eoexom iocnnycin
2 2
2 2
2
2
2
cos 2 + = u w u w c .
Hi(c+annxo :nan(eni :anenoc+i (nx c
2
2
i w
1
2
y ]oxyny (4.11).
Hicnx cnomennx o(enxo
.
) cos cos (
) 1 ( 2
2
1
2 2 1 1
i
u
c
w u c u +
=
Ociiniin

( ) = +

= + = =
2
1
*
ac
2
1 a 2 2
1
2
2 2 w h w h w w
i
1 1
2 2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
cos 2
1 1
+ +

= +

= u c u c c w c
i i
,
+o
.
cos 2
1
cos cos
) 1 ( 2
2
1
1 1
2 2
1
2
1 2 1 1
2
c
u c u c c u c u
i
u

+ +

=
Po:(innxo n nanin nac+nni nonnenno nnceninni na :naxennni.
To(i, no:nannnmn
,
1
1
c
u
= (4.12)
oc+a+onno o(enxo
. cos 2 1
) 1 (
cos cos
) 1 ( 2
1 1
2
1
2
2 1 1
1
2

+ +

+
=
u
(4.13)
O+e, iononnn KK c+ynenx xnnxc co6om ]yninim x(y 6e:o:-
$ Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
xinnx nennnnn: ieoxe+nnnnx, aeo(nnaxinnnx i enxnnx naaxe-
+in c+ynenx, +o6+o
). , , , , , (
1 2 1
= f
u
Hnn(iicni ioe]inicn+n cynacnnx emi+oi i +a iy+
1
:xinm-
m+icx :nnnanno n nenenninx in+enanax: = 0,95...0,98, = 0,93...0,97
(nnx 6nnne :nanennx nnx naaxe+in (o o(nnnni, +nx o(no:nanno
nnmnn iononnn KK),
1
= 8...30 (cos
1
= 0,87.0,99). Ky+
2
nn
o:axyniax y ionoxy nnna(iy ni(noni(ac o6anin o6onin emi+-
ni. Toxy nnnnn na KK nnx naaxe+in ne xoe 6y+n nn:nananinnx.
V nioxy :n'x:iy nan6inimnn in+eec c+anonn+i (ocni(ennx nnnn-
ny na KK c+ynenx enxnnx naaxe+in i
1
.
Baian+nnxn o:axyniaxn :a ]oxynom (4.13) nn ]iiconannx
:nanennxx naaxe+in, xii xano nnnnnam+i, :a(amnn i naimmnn

1
, nenaio nc+anonn+n nac+ynne:
nn ]iiconannx :nanennxx iononnn KK cy++cno :anen+i ni(

1
;
naaxe+nnni inni
u
= f (
1
) xam+i naa6oninnnn xaai+e :
xaicnxyxox KK nn (exioxy :nanenni
1
=
1on+
;
:i :6inimennxx xaicnxyx KK :ximyc+icx n 6ii 6inimnx
1
,
+o6+o
1on+
:oc+ac.
Bennnnna
1
= u/c
1
(ic+ana na:ny ueuoticno apatnepucnutu cny-
nen i c o(nnx i: nannnnx naaxe+in, mo nn:nanam+i KK +y6in-
noio c+ynenx.
Linim (e+aninnn anani: ]ynini (4.13) y :aianinoxy nninx(i
ycina(nennn, +oxy o:inxnexo oiexi nnna(in +y6innnx c+ynenin.
Ak1nnui c1yneui ( = 0; h
a
= 0; h
*
ac
= h
*
a
). V +ainx c+ynenxx
o:mnennx n o6onin emi+ni ni(cy+nc (p
2
= p
1
). Hnn(iic+i nnxo(y
o6onoio +ina : o6ono emi+in
1
2
1
a 2
2
2 w
w
h w =

+ = . (4.14)
Ha nc.4.27 :o6aeno nonec na hs-(iaiaxi n +aioxy c+yneni,
:ni(in nn(no, mo nn = 0 nn6nn:na innic+i (4.8) nee+nomc+icx
n +onny.
% Tcojin mj6innoo cmncnn
Konona o6o+a c+ynenx : innxnnx (4.5)
), cos cos ( ) cos cos (
2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1
u w c u c c u l
u
+ = + =
ane : nna:y (4.14) w
2
= w
1
, a : nxi(noio +niy+nnia mnn(ioc+en
,
cos
cos
1
1 1
1

=
u c
w
+oxy nicnx nee+noeni
.
cos
cos
1 ) cos (
1
2
1 1

+ = u c u l
u
Haxnni +ennoneena(n ncioio c+ynenx i connonoio anaa+a :6iia-
m+icx, +o6+o
.
2
2
1
*
ac
*
a
i
c
h h = =
Tainx nnnox, (nx iononoio KK ai+nnnoio c+ynenx xona :a-
nnca+n
,
cos
cos
1 ) cos ( 2
2
1
1
2
1 1
*
a
i
u
u
c
u c u
h
l

+
=
=

=
Pnc.4.27. Honec y c+yneni : = 0:
01 y connonoxy anaa+i;
12 y o6onin emi+ni

L
K
D ,

F
G
?
G
D
=?
D ,

=
D ,
M

& Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in

ane ?
1J
= ?
1
/, +oxy oc+a+onno o(enxo

=
1
2
1
1
1
2
cos
cos
1 cos 2
?
K
?
K
K
a6o, naxonymnn ]oxyny (4.12),
.
cos
cos
1 ) cos ( 2
1
2
1 1 1
2

+ =
K
(4.15)
J ]oxynn (4.15) nn(no, mo iononnn KK ai+nnnoio c+ynenx nn
:nanennxx
1
= O i
1
= cos
1
o6e+ac+icx n nyni (
K
= O). Onenn(no,
mo nn (exioxy on+nxaninoxy :nanenni xaai+enc+nin
1
=
1on+
KK c+ynenx na6ynac xaicnxaninoio :nanennx.
nx :naxo(ennx on+nxaninoio :nanennx xaai+enc+nin (ocni-
(nxo ]yninim
K
= B (
1
) na eic+exyx. V:xnmn ni( ne noxi(ny no
1
+a :innxnmn (o nynx, o(enxo
, O
cos
cos
1 ) 2 cos ( 2
1
2
on+ 1 1
2
1
=

+ =


K
:ni(in
.
2
cos
1
on+
1
on+ 1

=
?
K
(4.16)
Hn
1
= O :ii(no : ]oxynom (4.16)
1on+
= O,5. V (incnoc+i iy+
nnxo(y no+oiy i: connono emi+in
1
= 8...3O, +oxy on+nxanine :na-
nennx xaai+enc+nin ai+nnnoio c+ynenx
1on+
(emo xenme, ni O,5.
Han6inime :nanennx iononoio KK ai+nnnoio c+ynenx, +o6+o
nn
1
=
1on+
, : innxnnx (4.15)
.
cos
cos
1
2
cos
1
2 1
2 2
max

+

=
K
(4.17)
J ]oxyn (4.16) i (4.17), ionn, nannina(,
1
= 12,
1
= 25,
2
=
=21, =O,965 i = O,95, o(eycxo
1on+
= O,489 i
K max
= O,881.
' Tcojin mj6innoo cmncnn
!a]inna :anenic+i iononoio KK ai+nnnoio c+ynenx ni( mnn(-
iicno xaai+enc+nin noia:ana na nc.4.28. Kix c+anoc+i mnn(iic-
nnx ioe]inicn+in i +a iy+a
1
nn no6y(oni inno
K
= B (
1
)
nee(6ananocx, mo ionoxy
:nanennm
1
ni(noni(ac cnin
no]ini o6onnx nona+oi, xinn
:a6e:nenyc 6e:y(annn nxi( no-
+oiy n o6ony emi+iy, nnno-
xy
2
=
1
. V :n'x:iy : nnx nane-
(ena :anenic+i
K
= B (
1
) ni(i-
:nxc+icx ni( ananoiinno :ane-
noc+i, xiy xona o(ea+n ni(
nac (ocni(ennx +y6inn. B
oc+annioxy nnna(iy no]ini
o6onnx nona+oi ne :xinmc+i-
cx i nona+in nn i:nnx :nanen-
nxx xaai+enc+nin
1
o6+iia-
m+icx : nennnxn iy+axn a+ain,
+o(i xi 6e:y(annn nxi( xonn-
nnn +iniin na o(noxy (o:a-
xynionoxy) enxi.
Bna:nxo iononnn KK nee: naxnnnn +ennoneena( c+ynenx i
iononi n+a+n, o:(innnmn nonnenno innxnnx (4.8) na D
a
*
, naxynan-
mn ]oxyny (4.1O):
, 1 1
nnx c
*
a
nnx c
=

+ +
=
D
G G G
K
(4.18)
(e
nnx c
i , ni(nocni n+a+n n connonin i o6onin emi+iax +a :
nnxi(nom mnn(iic+m.
Hn = O
2
c
*
ac
c
*
a
c
c
1 = =

=
D
G
D
G
;
( )
( )
*
a
2
1
2
*
a
*
a
2
*
a

2
1
1
D
M
D
D
D
G

= ;

? K
K
D
K
D

?
N
F
N
N

?I

?I=
Pnc.4.28. Janenic+i iononoio KK
+a ni(nocnnx y+a+ ai+nnnoio c+yne-
nx ni( mnn(iicno xaai+enc+nin
9128
! Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
,
2
*
a
2
2
*
a
nnx
nnx
D
?
D
G

=
(e
*
ac
c
c
D
G

= ioe]inicn+ y+a+ y connonin emi+ni.

Jacnyionyc na ynaiy :anenic+i oiexnx iononnx y+a+ ni(
1
((nn. nc.4.28).
J nna:y (nx
c
nn(no, mo nn ne:xinnoxy :nanenni n+a+n n
connonin emi+ni ai+nnnoio c+ynenx ne :anea+i ni( mnn(iicno xa-
ai+enc+nin c+ynenx.
nx :'xcynannx xaai+ey :anenoc+i ni(
1
n+a+

i
nnx
na
nc.4.29 :o6aeni +niy+nnin mnn(ioc+en ai+nnnoio c+ynenx, no-
6y(onani nn c+anin mnn(ioc+i ?
1
i i:nnx
1
= K/?
1
. !: nnx +niy+nn-
iin nn(no, mo nn :6inimenni
1
mnn(iic+i nxo(y (o o6ono emi+-
in M
1
:xenmyc+icx, a iy+ nxo(y
1
:oc+ac.
Himo n ycix nnna(iax
:a6e:nenyc+icx 6e:y(annn
nxi( y emi+iy, +o nee: :xen-
mennx :iiny+oc+i no]inm
:6inimyc+icx mnn(iicnnn
ioe]inicn+ o6ono emi+in , a
ne a:ox i: :nnennxx mnn(ioc+i
M
1
cnnxc :xenmennm n+a+

.
Ha nc.4.28 none na( innom

K
:o6aac cyxani iononi n+a-
+n n c+yneni. Himo ni( ion:on-
+ani
K
= 1,O :ii(no : nna:ox
(4.18) ni(inac+n n+a+n n conno-
nin emi+ni
c
, a no+ix y o6onin

, +o ni(i:in xi nnniom in-

nom

i innom KK nn io-
noxy :nanenni
1
6y(y+i ni(noni-
(a+n n+a+ax : nnxi(nom mnn(ii-
c+m. Tainx nnnox, xaicnxyx
KK c+ynenx xane :6iiac+icx :
xinixyxox y+a+ : nnxi(nom
mnn(iic+m. A xinixyxy n+a+ :

>

>

M
'

=
>

>

M
=
'

>

>

M
=
'

Pnc.4.29. Tniy+nnin mnn(ioc+en

ai+nnnoio c+ynenx nn i:nnx :na-
nennxx mnn(iicno xaai+enc+nin:
nn
1
<
1on+
; nn
1
=
1on+
;
nn
1
>
1on+
! Tcojin mj6innoo cmncnn
nnxi(nom mnn(iic+m (nn xinixaninin mnn(ioc+i
2
), xi cni(na+i +n-
iy+nnin mnn(ioc+en, ni(noni(ac ocionnn nanxx nnxo(y no+oiy :i
c+ynenx.
O+e, xaicnxyx KK c+ynenx (ocxiac+icx nn
2
= 9O. Han-
6inime nnnnnam+i na KK n+a+n : nnxi(nom mnn(iic+m.
Kix ni(nomennx
1
= K/?
1
na iononnn KK cnannxm+i nnnnn
iy+ nnxo(y no+oiy i: connono emi+in
1
+a ioe]inicn+n mnn(ioc+i
i . Jxenmennx iy+a
1
cnnxc :oc+annm iononoio KK. O(nai
(ye xani iy+n
1
:ac+ocony-
na+n ne(oninino, +oxy mo,
iix ionc+yi+nnnnx +y(no-
min i :6inimennx neinnoxi-
noc+i no+oiy :a connonom e-
mi+iom, :xenmennx
1
nn-
no(n+i (o :oc+annx n+a+ y
o6onin emi+ni i :nnennx
mnn(iicnoio ioe]inicn+a
nee: nenninn iy+ nonoo+y
no+oiy n iananax o6ono e-
mi+in. V (annn nac iy+
1
ne
6ey+i xenmnx 8...9. Jane-
nic+i iononoio KK ni(
1
nn i:nnx iy+ax
1
nane(ena
na nc.4.3O. On+nxanina xa-
ai+enc+nia c+ynenx
1on+
:i
:xenmennxx
1
(emo :6inimy-
c+icx.
Jxenmennx ioe]inicn+in i :nnyc iononnn KK, nnnoxy
6inimnn nnnnn xam+i y+a+n n connonin emi+ni, ociiniin ioe]ini-
cn+ mnn(ioc+i nxo(n+i y ]oxyny (4.15) n ina(a+i.
Peak1nnui c1yneui. !: nncnennoio x(y eai+nnnnx c+ynenin : i:-
nom xiom eai+nnnoc+i oco6nnnnn in+eec c+anonn+i c+ynini, (nx
xioio nnac+nni cninni(nomennx:
M
2
= ?
1
; ?
2
= M
1
;
2
=
1
;
2
=
1
.
Onenn(no, ne oiexnn nnna(oi, ionn n cninni(nomennxx (o +n-
iy+nniin mnn(ioc+en ((nn. nc.1.5,) nn6nn:ni innoc+i nee+nom-
K
D

? K

"
$
&

#
!
! "
&
%
$
#
Pnc.4.3O. Janenic+i iononoio KK ai-
+nnnoio c+ynenx ni( xaai+enc+nin
nn i:nnx iy+ax
1
9*
! Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
m+icx n +onni. Hn nioxy +niy+nnin mnn(ioc+en cnxe+nnni ni(-
nocno oci a, a emi+in no]inin connonnx +a o6onnx nona+oi xo-
y+i 6y+n i(en+nnnnxn, nnme noneny+nxn o(na ni(nocno inmo. Taii
c+yneni na:nnam+icx touepyeunuu+u. B ioniyen+noxy c+yneni xo-
na nnaa+n = , a ximo me w
1
= c
O
(niniox eanino (nx noxinnx
c+ynenin), +o +exo(nnaxinna xia eai+nnnoc+i
+
= O,5. Je o:na-
nac, mo iiniioc+i no+ennianino eneii, xia nee+nomc+icx n iine-
+nnny, o(naioni n o6onin i connonin emi+iax.
Konony o6o+y c+ynenx :annmexo y nninx(i
). cos cos ( ) cos cos (
2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1
u w c u c c u l
u
+ +
Ociiniin c
1
= w
2
i
1
=
2
, +o
). cos 2 (
1 1
u c u l
u

Haxnnnn +ennoneena( eai+nnnoio c+ynenx
.
2
1
2 2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
*
a
]
]
]
]
,
,

(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

+
(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

+ w
w c w w c
h
t t
Hn = i w
2
= c
1
. 2
2
1
2
1
2
1
*
a
]
]
]
]
,
,

(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

w
c
h
!: +niy+nnia mnn(ioc+en
, cos 2
1 1
2 2
1
2
1
+ u c u c w
i +o(i
( ) . cos 2 2
2
1
1 1 1
2
1
*
a
]
]
]
]
,
,

,
+
(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

u c u c
c
h
O+e, (nx iononoio KK c+ynenx xona :annca+n
( )
( ) u c u c
c
u c u
h
l
u
u
+
(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

1 1
2
1
2
1
1 1
*
a
cos 2 2
cos 2 2
!! Tcojin mj6innoo cmncnn
a6o, o:(innnmn nnceninni i :naxennni na c
1
2
,
( )
( )
.
cos 2 2
cos 2 2
1 1 1
2 2
1 1 1
2
+


u
(4.19)
Janenic+i (4.19) xac xaai+e, no(i6nnn (o :anenoc+i (4.15).
Tai, ximo
1
= O +a
1
= 2cos
1
, +o
u
= O, a na cee(nni nioio in+ena-
ny nn
1
=
1on+
(ocxiac xaicnxaninoio :nanennx
umax
(nc.4.31).
O+e,
. cos
1
on+
1
on+ 1

(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

c
u
(4.2O)
Tainx nnnox, on+n-
xanina xaai+enc+nia
eai+nnnoio ioniyen+-
noio c+ynenx n (na a:n
6inima, ni ai+nnnoio.
Konn
1
= O,
1on+
= 1,O.
Himo
1
= 8...25, +o
1on+
+oxn xenme 1,O.
J +niy+nniin mnn(-
ioc+en nn
2
= 9O nn-
nnnnac, mo c
1
cos
1
= u,
:ni(in u/c
1
= cos
1
=
1on+
.
Maicnxaninoxy :nanennm iononoio KK ioniyen+noio c+ynenx ni(-
noni(am+i, xi i n ai+nnnoxy c+yneni, ocionnn nnxi( no+oiy : o6onnx
iananin +a xinixanini n+a+n eneii : nnxi(nom mnn(iic+m.
Hi(c+annxmnn y ]oxyny (4.19) :axic+i
1
on+nxanine :nanennx
xaai+enc+nin
1on+
= cos
1
, nicnx nee+noeni :nan(exo :anenic+i
(nx xaicnxaninoio iononoio KK ioniyen+noio c+ynenx
.
sin 2
cos 2
cos 2
cos 2
1
2 2
1
2 2
1
2 2 2
1
2 2
max

+


u
nx nnna(iy, ionn, nannina(,
1
= 12, = = O,965, o(eyc-
xo
1on+
= O,978 i
umax
= O,91.
Jic+annennx : (annxn ananoiinnoio nnina(y (nx ai+nnnoio c+y-
K
D

? K
1,O
O

?I=

?I =
max K
D
Pnc.4.31. Janenic+i iononoio KK ion-
iyen+noio c+ynenx ni( mnn(iicno xaai-
+enc+nin
!" Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in

=
D ,
D
F
G
F
G
?
G
G
nnx
G
n
K
D ,

2
2
1
1

2
nenx cni(nn+i no +e, mo n eai+nnnoxy c+yneni c xonnnoc+i o(e-
annx +oxn 6inimnx :naneni iononoio KK, ni n ai+nnnoxy. Je
noxcnmc+icx :nnennxn n+a+axn n eai+nnnin o6onin emi+ni nna-
cni(oi xenmnx iy+in nonoo+y no+oiy.
nx c+ynenx : (onininom xiom eai+nnnoc+i on+nxanine :na-
nennx mnn(iicno xaai+enc+nin
1on+
xona :nan+n :a na6nne-
nom ]oxynom
.
) 1 ( 2
cos
1
on+ 1

(4.21)
Onenn(no, mo on+nxanine :nanennx mnn(iicno xaai+enc+nin
6y(e +nx nnme, nnx 6inima xia eai+nnnoc+i n c+yneni i xenmnn iy+

1
nnxo(y no+oiy i: connonnx iananin. Hn = O i = O,5 : ]oxynn
(4.21) nnnnnnam+i oiexi ]oxynn (4.16) i (4.2O).
Lara1oniuneni ak1nnui c1yneui. Cxexy 6y(onn i nnnnnn o6o+n
6aia+oninnenoio c+ynenx 6yno o:inxny+o n , 1.3. Honec na (iaiaxi
hs y (noninnenoxy ai+nnnoxy c+yneni ( = O) +a +niy+nnin mnn(-
ioc+en :o6aeni na nc.4.32 i 4.33. nx +aioio c+ynenx xaai+eni
cninni(nomennx iy+in:

21

11
;
12

21
;
22

12
.

K K
? ?

>

>

K K
? ?

>
K
K
K
K

>

=
Pnc.4.32. Honec o:mnen-
nx n (noninnenoxy c+yneni na
hs-(iaiaxi
Pnc.4.33. Tniy+nnin mnn(ioc+en
(noninnenoio c+ynenx
!# Tcojin mj6innoo cmncnn
o+nxymnnci no:naneni neei:in ni(noni(no (o nc.1.7, (nx
mnn(ioc+en no+oiy xona :annca+n:
; 2 2
*
a
*
ac 11
h h c ;
11 1 21
w w
;
21 n 12
c c ,
12 2 22
w w
a +aio (nx iononnx y+a+:
( ) ; 1
*
ac
2
c
h q ;
2
1
2
21
2
1
2
1
1
w
q

;
2
1
2
12
2
n
2
n
n
c
q

;
2
1
2
22
2
2
2
2
2
w
q

.
2
2
22
nnx
c
q
Ty+ ,
1
,
n
+a
2
mnn(iicni ioe]inicn+n ni(noni(nnx emi+oi.
V nnna(iy eai+nnnoc+i n 6y(i-xinx ninnxx mnn(ioc+i nnxo(y i:
nnx nn:nanam+icx : yaxynannxx i:oen+oninnnx +ennoneena(in, a
na hs-(iaiaxi y+nomm+icx cxo(nnin : nonnennxx +nciy y ni(no-
ni(nnx ninnxx, xi ne ni(6ynac+icx n o6onoxy ninni o(noninnenoio
ai+nnnoio c+ynenx : eainicm.
Konona o6o+a c+ynenx nn:nanac+icx xi cyxa iononnx o6i+ o6ox
o6onnx ninnin, +o6+o
[ ]. ) ( ) (
22 12 21 11 u u u u u
c c c c u l + (4.22)
J nc.4.33 nn(no, mo o6o+a n nemoxy ninni (noninnenoio c+y-
nenx nn6nn:no n+nni neennmyc o6o+y (yioio ninnx.
Hee+nonxo nany nac+nny nna:y (4.22) ananoiinno +oxy, xi
ne o6nnocx y nnna(iax ai+nnnoio +a eai+nnnoio c+ynenin, +ai mo6
i: mnn(ioc+en :annmnnncx +iniin c
11
+a u.
Cnona+iy, ionc+ymnnci +niy+nniaxn mnn(ioc+en, :annmexo
+ + + ) cos cos ( ) ( ) (
21 21 11 11 22 12 21 11
c c c c c c
u u u u
), cos cos (
22 22 12 12
+ + c c
a no+ix nee+nonxo oiexi (o(anin, nnionc+anmn cninni(nomen-
!$ Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
nx xi mnn(ioc+xxn i nonee(nio no:nannnmn:
;
cos
cos
11
21
n

;
cos
cos
21
12
n

.
cos
cos
12
22
n

O(enxo ]oxynn:

u w u w c
11
21
11 11 1 21 21 21 21
cos
cos
cos cos cos
; ) cos (
cos
cos
) cos (
11 11 1
11
21
11 11 1
u u c n u u c

21 21 n
21
12
21 21 n 12 12
cos
cos
cos
cos cos c n c c
[ ] u u c n n u w n ) cos ( ) cos (
11 11 1 n 21 21 n
; ) cos (
n 11 11 n 1
u n u c nn

u w u w c
12
22
12 12 2 22 22 22 22
cos
cos
cos cos cos

u u c n ) cos (
12 12 2
[ ] . ) cos (
n 11 11 n 1 2
u u u n u c nn n
To(i
[ ] + + + ) cos cos ( ) ( ) (
21 21 11 11 22 12 21 11
c c c c c c
u u u u
+ + + + u u c n c c c ) cos ( cos ) cos cos (
11 11 1 11 11 22 22 12 12

+ + ) cos ( [ ) cos (
11 11 n 1 2 n 11 11 n 1
u c nn n u n u c nn
, cos ]
11 11 n
bu ac u u u n
(e ioe]inicn+n
!% Tcojin mj6innoo cmncnn
; 1
2 n 1 n 1 1
+ + + n nn nn n a
. 2
2 n 1 2 n n 1 2 n 1
+ + + + + + n nn n n nn n n n b
Tainx nnnox,
2
11
11 11
) cos ( 2
t
u
c
bu ac u

a6o
). cos ( 2
1 11 1
2
b a
u
(4.23)
V:xnmn noxi(ny : nna:y (4.23) i :innxnmn (o nynx, :nan(exo
on+nxanine :nanennx mnn(iicno xaai+enc+nin (noninnenoio c+y-
nenx nn = O, mo ni(noni(ac xaicnxaninoxy :nanennm iononoio
KK,
.
2
cos
11
on+ 1
b
a

O+e, xaicnxaninnn iononnn KK c+ynenx
.
2
cos
11
2 2 2
max
b
a
u


Ananoiinni ]oxynn (nx KK +a on+nxaninoio :nanennx mnn(-
iicno xaai+enc+nin xoy+i 6y+n o+nxani (nx c+ynenin i: +ioxa
i 6inime ninnxxn. Hn nioxy ioe]inicn+n a i b 6y(y+i ninmna+n
(o(a+ioni nnenn, xii xic+x+i mnn(iicni ioe]inicn+n +a ni(nomennx
iocnnycin iy+in nac+ynnnx ninnin.
Hi noia:ym+i o:axynin, y ncix nnna(iax
,
1
: b
a
(4.24)
(e : nncno o6onnx ninnin 6aia+oninnenoio c+ynenx.
Je cninni(nomennx nnionyc+icx +onno nn ni(cy+noc+i n+a+ y
o6onnx i nanxxnnx emi+iax (
1
=
n
=
2
= 1) +a innoc+i nxi(nnx
i nnxi(nnx iy+in iono : o6onnx i noxinnx nanxxnnx emi+oi
(n = n = n = 1).
!& Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
J yaxynannxx ]oxynn (4.24)
.
2
cos
11
on+ 1
:

J nane(enoio nna:y nnnnnnac, mo (nx ai+nnnoio (noninnenoio
c+ynenx on+nxanine :nanennx mnn(iicno xaai+enc+nin n (na a:n
xenme, ni (nx ai+nnnoio o(noninnenoio, i nn
11
= O
1on+
= O,25.
V 6aia+oninnennx c+ynenxx, xi i n o(noninnennx, xaicnxyxy io-
nonoio KK ni(noni(ac ocionnn nnxi( no+oiy : o6onnx nona+oi
oc+annioio ninnx a6o 6nn:iinn (o ocionoio.
nx eaninoio (noninnenoio c+ynenx nn
11
= 15, = O,965,

1
=
n
=
2
= O,95 i innnx iy+ax nxo(y n nnxo(y : emi+oi

1on+
= O,241 i
umax
= O,76.
J nane(enoio nnina(y nn(no, mo xaicnxanino (ocxnnn KK
(noninnenoio ai+nnnoio c+ynenx ic+o+no nnnnn ni( KK o(nonin-
nennx c+ynenin. Ji :6inimennxx nncna ninnin xaicnxanino (ocxnnn
KK me 6inime :nnyc+icx. Ocnonna nnnnna nioio nonxiac y nenn-
inx y+a+ax eneii n o6onnx i noxinnx nanxxnnx emi+iax ne-
e: x 6inimy iiniiic+i.
Haxnnic+i nenennio eai+nnnoc+i n 6aia+oninnennx ai+nnnnx
c+ynenxx cnnxc (exioxy :oc+annm KK, ane nn nioxy ni(nnmy-
c+icx on+nxanina nennnnna mnn(iicno xaai+enc+nin. nx
(noninnenoio c+ynenx cyxana xia eai+nnnoc+i ncix ninnin
(
*
a an
h h

, (e h
an
i:oen+oninni +ennoneena(n n oiexnx
o6onnx emi+iax i noxinoxy nanxxnoxy anaa+i) (onyciac+icx
ne 6inime O,2O.
Ha nc.4.34 no(ani y:aianineni :anenoc+i (:a nennnx cee(nix

11
, i ) iononoio KK ni( mnn(iicno xaai+enc+nin (nx c+yne-
nin i:nnx +nnin: o(noninnennx (: = 1) ai+nnnoio i eai+nnnoio c+yne-
nin, a +aio (noninnenoio ai+nnnoio (: = 2). nx ncix c+ynenin nioio
inacy inni xam+i +ainn e xaai+e i o:+amonym+icx +ai caxo
xi innnxn = O +a = O,5, 6nnne (o o(nic a6o (yio, :aneno
ni( . On+nxanina xaai+enc+nia
1on+
+a xaicnxaninnn iononnn
KK +aio na6ynam+i noxinnx :naneni xi iannixn, mo ni(no-
ni(am+i = O i = O,5.
!' Tcojin mj6innoo cmncnn
4.9. mopun mnnkicuo xapak1epnc1nkn. Xapak1epnc1nuue
pinuuuuu c1yneuu
V +eoi +y6in +a nai+nni o:axyniin nox( i: mnn(iicnom xa-
ai+enc+niom
1
= u/ c
1
nnionc+onym+i inmi ]oxn, a caxe:
= u/ c
1t
ni(nomennx ionono mnn(ioc+i (o +eoe+nnno mnn(-
ioc+i nnxo(y ia:y i: connono emi+in;

a(
= u / c
a(
, (e c
a(
yxonna (]ii+nnna) mnn(iic+i nn+iiannx, o:-
axonana (nx ncioio naxnnoio +ennoneena(y c+ynenx n +eoe+nnno-
xy noneci, +o6+o
*
a a(
2 h c .
Vci +n xaai+enc+nin o(no:nanno non'x:ani xi co6om:
;
1
1 1

c
u
c
u
t
. 1 1
1
1
2 2
1
1
*
ac
*
a
a(

t
c
u
h
u
h
u
nx c+ynenx : = O
a(
= .
Ananoiinni cninni(nomennx nnac+nni i (nx on+nxaninnx :naneni
nnx xaai+enc+ni, +oxy (nx iinnenoio e:yni+a+y nexac i:nnni,
xiom : nnx ionc+yna+ncx n o:axyniax. Xaai+enc+nin
1
+a
innoninni, n +on nac xi
a(
(emo :ynnima (nx noinnxnnx c+ynenin
: i:nom xiom eai+nnnoc+i.
Haxnnnn (+eoe+nnnnn) +ennoneena( c+ynenx, mo nanmc :a
K
D

H

H

# H
O,6O
O,8O
O,4O
O,2O
O,6 O,8 O O,2 O,4 1,O 1,2 1,4 K?

1
=
Pnc.4.34. Janenic+i iono-
noio KK c+ynenin i:nnx
+nnin ni( mnn(iicno xaai-
+enc+nin
" Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
on+nxaninnx yxon,
.
) 1 ( 2 ) 1 ( 2 1
2
on+ 1
2
2
2
1
*
ac
*
a

u
c h
h
t
Ociiniin (nx o(noninnennx c+ynenin
) 1 ( 2
cos
1
on+ 1

, +o
,
cos
) 1 ( 2
1
2 2
2
*
a



u
h
:ni(in o(enxo xaai+enc+nnne innxnnx +y6innoio c+ynenx
. O , 1
) 1 ( 2
cos
2
1
2 2 *
a

u
h
Je innxnnx nn nennnx +a
1
nn:nanac yxonn o(eannx xa-
icnxaninoio iononoio KK c+ynenx nee: :n'x:oi xi ocnonnnxn ne-
nnnnnaxn h
a
*
, u, . Tainx nnnox, mo6 :a6e:nenn+n on+nxanini yxo-
nn o6o+n c+ynenx, (oninino xona n:x+n nnme (ni i: nnx nennnnn, a
+e+x xac nn:nana+ncx : o(eanoio innxnnx.
V:aianinene xaai+enc+nnne innxnnx (nx c+ynenin ycix +nnin
(naxonymnn 6aia+oninneni ai+nnni) xona :annca+n y nninx(i
, O , 1
) 1 ( 2
cos
2 2
1
2 2 *
a

u :
h
(e : nncno o6onnx ninnin.
4.10. Buy1pimui n1pa1n n c1yneui
Buynpiuui+u enpana+u na:nnam+i y+a+n, mo nnnnnam+i na c+an
o6onoio +ina, xie no+iiac n c+yneni. Bny+imni n+a+n cina(ac i:-
nnnx xi o6o+om i(eaninoio c+ynenx, xinn nanmc 6e: y+a+, i o-
6o+om, nnionynanom na nany (incnnx c+ynenex. Ociiniin nny+imni
n+a+n nnnnnam+i na c+an o6onoio +ina, +o nonn nonnnni :naxo(n-
+n ni(o6aennx na hs-(iaiaxi.
Bny+imni n+a+n n +y6innoxy c+yneni noc(nym+i y (ni ocnonni
" Tcojin mj6innoo cmncnn
iynn:
to:oei enpanu ((nn. , 4.8), (o xinx nanea+i y+a+n n connonin i
o6onin emi+iax, a +aio y+a+n : nnxi(nom mnn(iic+m (q
c
, q

i q
nnx
);
(o(a+ioni nny+imni n+a+n, xii nac+o na:nnam+i +aio ta+ep-
uu+u; nonn nnnniam+i xi nacni(oi ionc+yi+nnnnx oco6nnnoc+en
c+ynenin a6o yxon xnio o6o+n.
o iaxennx nannac+ime ni(nocx+i y+a+n:
ni( nn+oiin ii:i ymininennx (ia]aix;
ni( nn+oiin ii:i nen]einni :a:on;
ni( +e+x (nciin i 6an(aa o6 ia:;
ni( nenonno+n nnyciy;
ni( nonoioc+i nan (n naonnx +y6inax);
ni( oxono(ennx iaxnnx (e+anen c+ynenx (n ia:onnx +y6inax);
inmi n+a+n (o6yxonneni i:nnxn ionc+yi+nnnnxn, +exnonoiin-
nnxn nn eicnnya+aninnnxn ni(c+ynaxn ni( o:axyniono cxexn c+y-
nenx).
V +on nac xi iononi n+a+n :an(n cnoc+eiiam+icx n 6y(i-xio-
xy c+yneni, iaxeni n+a+n nnnniam+i y :anenoc+i ni( ionie+nnx
yxon o6o+n c+ynenin i ionc+yi+nnnoio nnionannx +a ne c o6on'x:-
ionnxn.
Ocnonny nac+iy ncix nny+imnix y+a+ cina(am+i iononi n+a+n.
Kaxeni n+a+n oninmm+i :a (onoxoiom ioe]inicn+in y+a+
,
*
a
h
q
i
i

(e q
i
a6conm+na nennnnna ni(noni(no iaxeno n+a+n, /ii.
4.11. Y1pa1n ni nn1okin kpist ymiutueuuu iaqparu
V 6aia+oc+yninnac+nx ai+nnnnx +y6inax o+o xac (nciony ion-
c+yinim, a connoni anaa+n noxinnx c+ynenin yc+anonnmm+icx n
(ia]aixax, xii xam+i y xicnxx noxo(y ii:i nnx nana na6inn+oni
ymininennx. Je nninniano +nx, mo n ai+nnnnx c+ynenxx na conno-
nnn anaa+ (ic :nannnn neena( +nciin i nn 6aa6annin ionc+yini
o+oa n :a:oi xi connonnxn nona+iaxn +a o+oox ni(6ynanncx 6
nennnyc+nxo nennii nn+oin o6onoio +ina.
Ha nc.4.35 nane(eni +n nan6inim xaai+eni cxexn +eni o6o-
noio +ina n noxinnx c+ynenxx : (ia]aixaxn.
" Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
Cxexa +nnona (nx c+ynenin 6e: o:nan+aynaninnx o+noin y
(nciax, cxexa (nx c+ynenin : ni(nocno nenninxn nn+oiaxn ii:i
ymininennx (ia]aix i : o:nan+aynaninnxn o+noaxn n (nciax,
cxexa (nx c+ynenin : o:nan+aynaninnxn o+noaxn n (nciax +a
e]ei+nnnnx ymininennxx ocionoio :a:oy xi connonnxn anaa+a-
xn i o6onnxn ninnxxn. Hane(eni cxexn ne naxonym+i yci xonnni
nnna(in, mo ycina(nmc +onne nn:nanennx n+a+ ni( nee+iiannx o-
6onoio +ina ii:i ymininennx (ia]aix, ociiniin : ycix nn+a+ i: nn-
nnx+nom +onnic+m xoy+i 6y+n :nan(eni +iniin G i G
y.(
.
/

/
/
/
Pnc.4.35. Cxexn +eni o6onoio +ina n noxinnx c+ynenxx : (ia]aixaxn

Hannoc+ime i : (oc+a+niom +onnic+m o:axonym+icx n+a+n n
c+yneni, mo nanmc :a cxexom i n xioxy o6o+a :(incnmc+icx o-
6onnx +inox y iiniioc+i G G
y.(
, a c+an oc+annioio :a c+ynenex nn-
:nanac+icx :ximynannxx o6onoio +ina, xie nonmno ii:i emi+in
c+ynenx, i o6onoio +ina, xie no+iino cnona+iy nee: ymininennx
(ia]aixn, a no+ix nee: o:nan+aynanini o+non. nx nioio nnna(-
iy n+a+n o6o+n na o6onnx nona+iax c+ynenx
,
( . y ( . y
G q l G
u

(e q
y.(
n+a+n, ni(neceni (o 1 ii o6onoio +ina, mo ni(no(n+icx (o
c+ynenx.
Tainx nnnox,
.
( . y
( . y u
l
G
G
q (4.25)
Koe]inicn+ y+a+ ni( nee+iiannx ii:i ymininennx (ia]aix
.
( . y
*
a
( . y
( . y u
G
G
h
q

(4.26)
"! Tcojin mj6innoo cmncnn
Ln+aninix o6onoio +ina :a c+ynenex nicnx :ximynannx nn:na-
nn+icx : innxnnx
, ) (
*
O ( . y 2 ( . y 2
h G h G G h G
u
+
(e h
2u
en+aninix :a c+ynenex nn naxnnoc+i +iniin iononnx y+a+.
Jni(cn
, ) (
) (
( . y 2 2
*
O
( . y
2
*
O ( . y 2 ( . y
2
q h h h
G
G
h
G
h G h G G
h
u u u
u
+ +
+

+o6+o n e:yni+a+i n+a+ en+aninix ia:y :a c+ynenex ni(nnmyc+icx.

Hane(ena xe+o(nia o:axyniy xoe 6y+n :ac+oconana : (exin-
xn nnnymennxxn i (nx inmnx cxex +eni ia:y n c+yneni. Hannina(, y
cxexax i na+o (onyc+n+n, mo ia:, xinn na(xo(n+i nee: ocionnn
:a:o na o6oni nona+in, ne :6inimyc ioncny o6o+y.
nx oninin n+a+ ni( nn+oiin :a ]oxynaxn (4.25) i (4.26) neo6-
xi(no nonee(nio nn:nann+n nn+a+y ia:y ii:i ymininennx (ia]ai-
xn G
y.(
.
V +y6innnx c+ynenxx (nx :nnennx o:inxny+nx nn+oiin nanna-
c+ime :ac+oconym+i 6e:ion+ai+ni na6inn+oni ymininennx i:noxa-
ni+noio ionc+yi+nnnoio nnionannx. Cxexy 6y(onn i nnnnnn (i
na6inn+onoio ymininennx :o6aeno na nc.4.36.
@

F ,

F
F
F
D
?IJ

D D
@

Pnc.4.36. Cxexa na6inn+onoio ymininennx ()
i nonec +eni n nioxy na hs-(iaiaxi ()
"" Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
Beci neena( +nciin y +aioxy ymininenni p
1
p
2
o:no(inxc+icx
xi oiexnxn na6inn+onnxn iaxeaxn. Tenim ia:y ii:i ymininen-
nx xona o:inx(a+n xi nonecn, mo nocni(onno neiym+icx: o:-
mnennx n minnnax i ianixynannx nnacni(oi y(ain o6 c+inin +a nn-
xooy+noennx n nac+ynnnx :a minnnaxn o:mnmnaninnx iaxeax.
Ha hs-(iaiaxi noia:ana :xina c+any ia:y, xinn +ene ii:i ymini-
nennx, (nx nnna(iy ni(cy+noc+i n+a+ nn o:mnenni n minnnax i
nonnoxy iacinni iine+nnno eneii n o:mnmnaninnx iaxeax. By:-
noni +onin na nexnin xeonin nini h
1
= consl ni(noni(am+i c+anax
ia:y n iaxeax, na nnnin innin (tpuea 4anno) c+anax na nnxo(i :
minnn. Be+nianini ni(i:in na hs-(iaiaxi ni(noni(am+i i:oen+o-
ninnoxy o:mnennm n minnnax, noxnni i:o6anoxy ianixynannm
n iaxeax.
Ji :6inimennxx nncna minnn n ymininenni :xenmym+icx neena-
(n +nciin y ionin i: minnn. Je nnno(n+i (o :xenmennx mnn(io-
c+en ia:y n minnnax, a o+e, i nn+a+n ia:y.
Ha6nnena +eoix na6inn+onoio ymininennx, o:o6nena
A.C+o(onom, na6yna nomnennx n nai+nni +y6o6y(ynannx. Bn:na-
nennx nn+oiy ia:y ii:i na6inn+one ymininennx iyn+yc+icx na na-
c+ynnnx nnnymennxx:
mnn(iic+i, na6y+a ia:ox nn noxo(enni ii:i na6inn+ony
minnny, niniox ianixyc+icx n na6inn+onin iaxei;
y xeax o(noio na6inn+y ia: 6ee+icx nec+ncnnnnx.
Bi(noni(no (o innxnnx neo:nnnoc+i (nx 6y(i-xio minnnn cna-
ne(nnna :anenic+i
. c f v G
Hn c+anin +eni, nex+ymnn i:nnnem iininennx nnom minnn, xo-
na :annca+n
v
c
f
G

(4.27)
(nx ncix minnn ymininennx. Ty+ v nn+oxnn o6'cx na nnxo(i : minn-
nn; c na6y+a n minnni mnn(iic+i.
Ociiniin nn+oxnn o6'cx ia:y nnacni(oi o:mnennx :oc+ac ni(
minnnn (o minnnn, +o (nx :6eeennx innoc+i (4.27) y ionin nac+yn-
nin minnni mnn(iic+i +eni nonnnna 6y+n 6inimom, ni y nonee(nin.
Ociiniin mnn(iic+i y minnni ne xoe neennmn+n in+nnny, a xai-
"# Tcojin mj6innoo cmncnn
cnxanina mnn(iic+i (ocxiac+icx n oc+annin minnni, +o in+nnna
mnn(iic+i xoe 6y+n (ocxiny+a +iniin n nin. V ncix inmnx minnnax
mnn(iic+i +eni :an(n (oin+nnna.
Po:inxnexo nnna(oi, ionn n oc+annin minnni ymininennx +enix
(oin+nnna.
Bn+a+y ia:y ii:i 6y(i-xiy minnny ymininennx (yno(i6nmmnn
(o conna) xona nna:n+n ]oxynom
,
1
2
1 2
]
]
]
]
,
,

,
(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

+
k
k
k
p
p p
p
p p
k
k
RT
p
f G (4.28)
(e p i T naaxe+n ia:y n iaxei nee( minnnom (mnn(iic+i n:x+a
innom nynm); p cna( +nciy n minnni; ioe]inicn+ nn+a+n, xinn
naxonyc nei:oen+oninnic+i o:mnennx n minnnax.
4oxyny (4.28) neiio nee+non+n (o nninx(y
.
1
2
1 2
2
2 2 2
]
]
]
]
,
,

,
(
,
\
,
(
j

(
,
\
,
(
j

+
k
k
k
p
p p
p
p p
k
k
RT
p
f G
Po:ina(amnn n ina(a+nnx (yiax (nonnenn :a nannnox 6ino-
xa Him+ona n o6xeymnnci nee: xanic+i ni(nomennx p/p (noxa
nnenaxn n ionoxy o:ina(i, o(eycxo
]
]
]
,

,

+
+

p
p
k
k
p
p
k k
k
RT
p
f G
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
2 2 2
a6o
.
2
2 2 2
p
RT
p
f G (4.29)
Janncanmn ]oxyny (4.29) (nx ncix nocni(onno o:+amonannx
minnn ymininennx +a ni(cyxynanmn nini i nani nac+nnn ncix innxni,
:nan(exo


: :
p
RT
p
f G
1
2 2
1
2
2
1O128
"$ Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
a6o : yaxynannxx c+anoc+i nac+nnn nxi(nnx nennnnn

:
p p
RT
f G :
1
2 2 2
2
(+y+ +exnea+yy T na nini h = consl +aio n:x+o c+anom).
Jaxinnxo n nanin nac+nni cyxy in+eianox
,
1
2
1

:
p
p
pdp p p
mo ni(noni(ac yxoni : . Jnai "xinyc" y nanin nac+nni noxcnmc+i-
cx o:xo(ennxx :naiin p i dp :a :xic+ox.
Hicnx in+eiynannx o(enxo
,
2
2
2
2
2
1
2 2 2
p p
RT
f G :

:ni(in
:RT
p p
f G
2
2
2
1


a6o, ni(c+annnmn RT = p
1
v
1
,
.
1 1
2
2
2
1
v p :
p p
f G

(4.3O)
Koe]inicn+ nn+a+n :anen+i ni( ionc+yini na6inn+y, xia
nnnnnac na xiy iacinnx mnn(ioc+i n iaxei, ni( ]oxn i ioiy ie6e-
nin. V :aianinoxy nnna(iy ioe]inicn+ nn+a+n naxonyc ne +iniin
n+a+n nn o:mnenni n minnni, ane n xonnne nnionc+annx mnn(-
ioc+i ia:y, na6y+o n nonee(nin minnni, +oxy nin xoe ni(i:nx+ncx
ni( o(nnnni xi y xenmy, +ai i n 6inimy c+oony (nannina(, y nxxo-
+oionoxy ymininenni).
Jannmexo ioe]inicn+ nn+a+n y nninx(i (o6y+iy:
, K
(e K ioe]inicn+, xinn naxonyc ionc+yinim na6inn+onoio ymini-
"% Tcojin mj6innoo cmncnn
nennx. Ha nc.4.37 noia:ano i:ni +nnn na6inn+onnx yminineni i
nane(eno :nanennx K (nx nnx, o+nxani na ocnoni eicnenxen+ani-
nnx (ocni(eni [18]. Ko-
e]inicn+ :anen+i ni(
]oxn ie6enx i (oin-
nmc O,7...O,9. Menmi :na-
nennx ni(nocx+icx (o ie-
6enin : ioc+nxn ioxia-
xn, 6inimi (o :aoiyi-
nennx.
Himo n oc+annin mi-
nnni (ocxiac+icx in+nn-
na mnn(iic+i, innxnnx
(4.3O) cnane(nnne +iniin
(nx (:1)-minnn:
,
) 1 (
1 1
2
1
2
1
v p :
p p
f G
:

(4.31)
(e p
:1
+nci nee( oc+anniom minnnom.
Bn+a+a ii:i ymininennx, : inmoio 6oiy, xi in+nnna nn+a+a
ii:i oc+annm minnny
.
1
2
1
1
1
1
i

+
(
,
\
,
(
j
+

:
:
k
k
v
p
k
k f G G (4.32)
Jinnmmnn nani nac+nnn innxni (4.31) i (4.32) +a (onyciamnn,
mo ioe]inicn+n nn+a+n o(naioni, o(eycxo
.
1
2
) 1 (
1
1
1
1
1 1
2
1
2
1

(
,
\
,
(
j
+

:
:
k
k
:
v
p
k
k
v p :
p p
Hoxnonnmn n nanin nac+nni nnceninni i :naxennni na p
: 1
, :
yaxynannxx innoc+i p
: 1
v
: 1
= p
1
v
1
(na nini h = consl) o(enxo
, ) 1 (
2
1
2
1
2
1

: :
p : n p p
(e
= 1,27
= 1,15
= 1
= O,7
3,5
3,5
3,5
O,5
1,5
7
3
1,5
2
,
O
45
3O
3O
Pnc.4.37. Cxexn na6inn+onnx yminineni
i:nnx +nnin
1O*
"& Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
,
1
2
1
1

+
(
,
\
,
(
j
+

k
k
k
k n
i, o+e,
.
) 1 ( 1
2
1
2
1
+

: n
p
p
:
Hi(c+annxmnn :nan(ene :nanennx p
2
:1
y innxnnx (4.31), :naxo-
(nxo
.
1
1
) 1 (
1 ) 1 (
1
1
1
1
1 1
2
1
i
v
n
:
p
f
v p :
: n
p
f G G
(
,
\
,
(
j
+

]
]
]
,

,
+

V :anenoc+i ni( nno(n o6onoio +ina oc+annc innxnnx na6y-
nac ionie+noio nninx(y:
nn k = 1,4
;
) 1 , 1 (
1
1
i
v :
p
f G G
+

nn k = 1,3
.
) 5 , 1 (
1
1
i
v :
p
f G G
+

Kn+nnna +enix n oc+annin minnni nnnniac n +oxy nnna(iy, ionn
+nci :a ymininennxx
,
i 2 2
p p
(e p
2i
in+nnnnn +nci (nx (anoio ymininennx.
Kn+nnnnn +nci xona :nan+n, :ac+ocynanmn (nx oc+annio mi-
nnnn innxnnx
.
1 i i 2

:
p p
Bnionc+onymnn nane(ene nnme cninni(nomennx (nx p
2
:1
, o(e-
"' Tcojin mj6innoo cmncnn
ycxo
.
) 1 ( 1
1
i i 2
+

: n
p
p
nx oiexnx nnna(iin:
nn k = 1,4 (
i
= O,528)
;
1 , 1
77 , O
1
i 2
+

:
p
p
nn k = 1,3 (
i
= O,546)
.
5 , 1
85 , O
1
i 2
+

:
p
p
Hi nnnnnnac : oc+annix ]oxyn, in+nnnnn +nci :a ymininennxx
:anen+i ne +iniin ni( p
1
(mo nnac+nne (nx conna), ane n ni( nncna
minnn.
V ]oxynn (nx nn:nanennx nn+a+n ia:y ii:i ymininennx nxo-
(x+i: f iininena nnoma minnnn, x
2
; p +nci, Ha; v nn+oxnn o6'cx,
x
3
/ii.
Kininena nnoma minnnn
f = d
n+

m
,
(e d
n+
(iaxe+ n+ynin, na xioxy nc+anonnmc+icx ymininennx;
m

a(ianinnn :a:o ((nn. nc.4.36).
Onenn(no, mo nnx xenmnxn 6y(y+i (iaxe+, na xioxy nc+anon-
nmc+icx ymininennx, i a(ianinnn :a:o, +nx xenmi 6y(y+i y+a+n
ni( nn+oiin ii:i (ane ymininennx.
Tncin p
1
i p
2
nn o:axyniy nn+oiin ii:i ymininennx (ia]aix
6ey+i innnxn +nciax nee( i :a connonnx anaa+ox, mo c nnme (e-
xinx na6nnennxx (o (incnoc+i, ociiniin nn nioxy ne naxonyc+i-
cx nnnnn o6e+annx (nciin na naaxe+n ia:y n :a:oax xi (nciaxn
i (ia]aixaxn.
# Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
4.12. Y1pa1n ni nn1okin kpist nepnqepiui sasopn
Bnnnn a(ianinnx :a:oin y no+onnin nac+nni na KK xoe nn-
xnnx+ncx (noxa mnxxaxn.
Ho-neme, ii:i a(ianinnn :a:o xi o6onnxn nona+iaxn i
ionycox ni(6ynac+icx nee+iiannx o6onoio +ina : yniiny+o none-
xni nona+in na cnnniy nic nona+in n iononoxy nanxxi ((nn. , 4.3).
Taie nee+iiannx ni(nocx+i (o iinnennx xnnm y emi+iax i naxony-
m+i mnn(iicnnxn ioe]inicn+axn.
Ho-(yie, ii:i a(ianini :a:on nn naxnnoc+i neena(y +nciin
y emi+iax ni(6ynac+icx nee+iiannx (exio iiniioc+i o6onoio +ina
n nanxxi, 6nn:iioxy (o ocionoio, 6e: :(incnennx ioncno o6o+n.
Je nn:no(n+i (o (o(a+ionnx nny+imnix y+a+, xii ne naxonym+i-
cx iononnx KK.
V nnacne ai+nnnnx c+ynenxx i ai+nnnnx : nenenniom xiom eai-
+nnnoc+i nee+iiannx ii:i :a:on n ocionoxy nanxxi ni(cy+ni a6o
xi:eno xani, +nx 6inime, mo o6oni ninni n +ainx c+ynenxx, xi na-
nnno, noinnam+icx 6an(aex, xinn (o:nonxc (o6e ymininmna+n
a(ianini :a:on.
V+a+n ni( nee+iiannx ii:i :a:on n no+onnin nac+nni ai+nn-
nnx c+ynenin : xiom eai+nnnoc+i > O,15...O,2O i eai+nnnnx xo-
y+i 6y+n naxonani n +ainn cnoci6.
Ak1nnui c1yneui s peaknicm. Tnnona cxexa ionc+yi+nnnoio o]o-
xnennx ai+nnnoio c+ynenx : o6an(aennxn nona+iaxn :o6aena na
nc.4.38. Hee(6aneno ocione ymininennx : :a:oox
a
i a(ianini
ymininennx : :a:oox
r
iiniiic+m : (:a
nncnox ymininmnaninnx ie6enin).
Kiniiic+i ia:y, mo nee+iiac ii:i ne-
n]einne ymininennx, y :aianinoxy nn-
na(iy xona :annca+n y nninx(i
,

:a:
:a: :a:
v
f
w G
(e ioe]inicn+ nn+a+n; w
:a:
i v

ni(no-
ni(no mnn(iic+i i nn+oxnn o6'cx ia:y na
nnxo(i : :a:oy; f
:a:
iininena nnoma :a-
:oy.
H
@
=
@
Pnc.4.38. Cxexa ai+nnnoio
c+ynenx : o6an(aennxn
nona+iaxn
# Tcojin mj6innoo cmncnn
Hnn(iic+i w
:a:
yxonna, nn:nanac+icx nee: i:oen+oninnnn +e-
nnoneena( y o6onin emi+ni, +o6+o
, 2
a :a:
h w
a ioe]inicn+ nn+a+n :a:oin
,
1
:

(e : :aianina iiniiic+i minnn ymininennx 6an(aa, ninmnamnn n
ocionnn :a:o.
V+a+n n c+yneni ni( nee+iiannx ia:y ii:i :a:on
,
:a:
:a: u
h
G
G
q
a ioe]inicn+ y+a+
.
:a:
*
a
:a:
:a: u
G
G
h
q

Hn (ncionin ionc+yini o+oa, xia xaai+ena (nx (annx c+y-
nenin, ioe]inicn+ y+a+ ni( nn+oiin ii:i :a:on o6nonanynannx xoe
6y+n nn:nanennn :a ]oxynom [21]
,
8 , 1
sin
1
1
1 c
e
:a: u
l

(
,
\
,
(
j

+
(4.33)
(e
e
eininanen+nnn :a:o; = D
c
/ l

ni(nomennx cee(nioio
(iaxe+a c+ynenx (o (onnnn o6onnx nona+oi; l
c
(onnna conno-
nnx nona+oi;
1
iy+ nnxo(y no+oiy i: connonoio anaa+a; xia
eai+nnnoc+i na cee(nioxy (iaxe+i.
Lininanen+nnn :a:o, mo nxo(n+i (o nna:y (4.33), (nx c+ynenx :
o6an(aennxn o6onnxn nona+iaxn o6nncnmc+icx :a ]oxynom
,
) ( ) (
1
1
2 2
e
r r a a
:

+

(4.34)
# Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
(e
a
i
r
ocionnn i a(ianinnn :a:on n ymininennxx 6an(aa;
a
i

r
ioe]inicn+n nn+a+, xii xona 6a+n: (nx ocionoio :a:oy
a
=O,5,
(nx a(ianinnx :a:oin (nn ni(nomenni :a:oy (o +onmnnn ie6enx
6inx nemnnn
r
/ = 1.3)
r
= O,8O.O,75; : nncno a(ianinnx :a:o-
in.
Himo o6oni nona+in ne xam+i 6an(aa, +o eininanen+nnn :a-
:o nn:nanac+icx xi
. 75 , O
e r
(4.35)
Peak1nnui c1yneui nnionym+icx 6e: (ia]aix, a connoni nona+in
nc+anonnmm+icx 6e:nocee(nio n ionyci a6o y nc+annin o6onxi. Hn
nioxy nexnnyni a(ianini :a:on xi connonnxn nona+iaxn i o+o-
ox +a xi o6onnxn nona+iaxn i ionycox.
Hac+o nona+in eai+nnnnx
c+ynenin ne xam+i 6an(ain, a
ninina nen]einna ioxia cio-
myc+icx i :aioc+mc+icx, mo
(o:nonxc :xenmn+n a(ianini
:a:on (o xinixyxy 6e: :aio:n
(nx 6e:nenno o6o+n emi+oi
(nc.4.39).
V+a+n ni( nee+iiannx
ii:i :a:on ymininennx +aio-
io c+ynenx xona nn:nann+n,
:o6nnmn +aii nnnymennx:
n :a:oax o6onnx nona+oi +enix ia:y ociona;
n :a:oax ia: o:mnmc+icx (o +nx e +nciin, mo n y ninnxx, i
na6ynac +aio :a nennnnnom mnn(ioc+i;
ia:, mo nnxo(n+i i: :a:oy connonnx nona+oi, ynacni(oi o6e-
+annx o+oa xac +on e nanxx, mo n y iananax o6onnx nona+oi, i,
noxo(xnn nee: o6onnn nineni, :(incnmc +ax ioncny o6o+y.
Hn +ainx nnnymennxx nnnnn :a:oin xoe naxonyna+ncx +ai
:nannx eo:m+enpu:uu+ toeqiicuno+
,
sin
1
1
sin
sin
1 1 c
c 1 c

1 1 D
D 1 D
r
r
(e 1 ni(c+ani no a(iycy xi o+oox i c+a+oox.
H
@
? F
,
)
)

`
Pnc.4.39. Cxexa eai+nnnoio c+ynenx
: neo6an(aennxn nona+iaxn
#! Tcojin mj6innoo cmncnn
V+a+n ni( nee+iiannx ii:i :a:on
, ) 1 (
:a: u
h q

a ioe]inicn+ y+a+
.
sin
) 1 (
1
:a: u
r
u
1

(4.36)
nx o6an(aennx ninnin : ocionnx ymininennxx (nc.4.4O,) y
nane(eni ]oxynn :axic+i a(ianinoio :a:oy ni(c+annxc+icx ocio-
nnn :a:o
a
, a :axic+i 1 nnco+a nona+oi l

. Himo no 6an(ay c
(o(a+ioni nnc+o, mo ymini-
nmm+i ((nn. nc.4.4O,), o:a-
xynoi xona nnionyna+n :a
+nxn ]oxynaxn, ane :axic+i
:a:oy cni( 6a+n eininanen+-
nnn :a:o
.
e
:
r

nx o:axyniy n+a+ ni(
nn+oiin ii:i a(ianini :a:on
n eai+nnnnx +y6inax xona
+aio cionc+a+ncx ]oxynom
[21]
,
8 , 1
1
sin
2
1 c
e
:a: u
l

(4.37)
(e eininanen+nnn :a:o
e
y nnna(iy o6an(aennx connonnx i o6o-
nnx nona+oi ((nn. nc.4.4O) :naxo(n+icx :a ]oxynom (4.34), a (nx
c+ynenin : nona+iaxn 6e: 6an(ain ((nn. nc.4.39) :a ]oxynom
(4.35).
Hoinnxnnx ]oxyn (4.36) i (4.37) noia:yc, mo :a inmnx innnx
yxon oc+annx (ac nncnoni :nanennx n+a+ +oxn 6inimi.
V nai+nni (nx nn:nanennx n+a+ ni( nn+oiin y eai+nnnoxy c+y-
neni : neo6an(aennxn nona+iaxn ino(i nnionc+onym+i exninnny
]oxyny [9]
F

H
@
=
@
=
@
Pnc.4.4O. Cxexn eai+nnnnx c+ynenin
: ymininennxxn:
ocionnx; a(ianinnx

#" Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
l
r
4 , 1
:a:
72 , 1

a6o
. 1 , 3
:a:
l
r

V nane(ennx ]oxynax
r
i l cee(ni :nanennx ni(noni(no a(i-
aninoio :a:oy +a nnco+n nona+oi y c+yneni. ani ]oxynn naxony-
m+i cyxani n+a+n ni( nn+oiin y a(ianinnx :a:oax connonnx i o-
6onnx nona+oi.
Heo6xi(no y+onnn+n, mo ]oxynn (nx nn:nanennx n+a+ ii:i
a(ianini :a:on connonnx i o6onnx nona+oi, xi i n:aiani (nx ncix
y+a+, c na6nnennxn. Bonn ne naxonym+i 6aia+o ]ai+oin, xii cy-
nono(ym+i eanini nonecn n c+ynenxx.
Hi nn(no : nane(ennx y nioxy o:(ini ]oxyn, ocnonnnx ]ai+o-
ox, mo nn:nanac n+a+n ni( nn+oiin ii:i a(ianini :a:on n +y6in-
noxy c+yneni, c ni(nocnnn :a:o
r
/l.
Vnacni(oi o6xeeni a6conm+no nennnnnn :a:oin ionc+yi+nn-
nnxn xonnnoc+xxn mo(o :a6e:nenennx na(innoc+i +y6inn, ni(noc-
ni :a:on i, o+e, n+a+n ni( nn+oiin :anea+i y nemy neiy ni( (on-
nnn nona+oi. Hnx 6inima (onnna nona+oi c+ynenx, +nx xenmnxn
xoy+i 6y+n n+a+n ni( nn+oiin ii:i :a:on.
Heo6xi(no ni(:nann+n e]ei+nnnic+i :ac+ocynannx 6an(annx
nnc+on y +y6innnx c+ynenxx. Tai, :ac+ocynannx 6an(aa niniox
nninmnac +aniennianini (iononi) nee+iiannx n a(ianinoxy :a:oi :
yniiny+o nonexni nona+in na cnnniy n ycynac non'x:ani : nnx y+a-
+n : nncna iinnennx y emi+iax. Kix +oio, ionc+yinix (o(a+ionnx
yminineni no 6an(ay (o:nonxc o(nonacno +oxn :nn:n+n i n+a+n
ni( nee+iiannx n ocionoxy nanxxi.
Oco6nnno e]ei+nnne :ac+ocynannx 6an(aa n o6onnx emi+iax
ai+nnnnx c+ynenin : nenenniom (onnnom nona+oi, (e nee+iiannx
o6onoio +ina : yniiny+o nonexni nona+oi na cnnniy xoe ic+o+no
:nn:n+n mnn(iicnnn ioe]inicn+ .
Jac+ocynannx 6an(ain y eai+nnnnx c+ynenxx (o:nonxc ni(nn-
mn+n eionoxinnic+i n ocnonnoxy :a axynoi :xenmennx nn+oiin n
ocionoxy nanxxi, (nx noio 6an(a :a6e:nenyc+icx (noxa-+ioxa
ymininmnaninnxn ie6enxxn.
## Tcojin mj6innoo cmncnn
4.13. Y1pa1n ni 1ep1u nckin i auaa
V+a+n ni( +e+x (nciin i 6an(aa nnnniam+i n ai+nnnnx +y6in-
nnx c+ynenxx : (ncionom ionc+yinicm o+oa. Hn o6e+anni +y-
6innoio (ncia n iaxei, y+noenin neyxoxnxn c+iniaxn, nannina(,
cyci(nix (ia]aix y noxino-
xy c+yneni (nc.4.41,), nnacni-
(oi n'x:ioc+i o6onoio +ina
:'xnnxm+icx cnnn onoy, mo
no+n(im+i o6e+annm. Ha
no(onannx nnx cnn :a+any-
c+icx o6o+a, na nennnnny
xio :xenmyc+icx ioncna o-
6o+a, mo :(incnmc+icx na o-
6onnx nona+iax c+ynenx.
Cnnn onoy o6e+annm
(ncia o6yxonneni +e+xx na
nininnx nonexnxx (ncia i
6an(aa.
Ha nc.4.41, noia:ana
enma mnn(ioc+en no+oiy,
mo nnnniac xi (nciox i ne-
yxoxom nonexnem. Linx no-
nexni (ncia i neyxoxo no-
nexni n enmi mnn(ioc+en
cnoc+eiiam+icx ni(nnmeni
ia(icn+n. B cee(nin nac+nni iaxen mnn(ioc+i no+oiy c
c
(oinnm-
m+i nn6nn:no nononnni ionono mnn(ioc+i (ncia. Ho6nn:y (ncia n
:oni nenninx mnn(ioc+en nnacni(oi (i ni(nen+onnx cnn nnnniac +e-
nix ni( nen+a (o nen]ei, a 6inx neyxoxo c+inin :'xnnxc+icx iox-
nencymna +enix n nanxxiy ni( nen]ei (o nen+a. Tainx nnnox,
y+nomc+icx nniynxninna +enix, na ni(+nxiy xio nn+anac+icx
(o(a+iona eneiix, mo ni(no(n+icx ni( (ncia.
V+a+n ni( +e+x (ncia xona oninn+n n +ainn cnoci6. Hex+ymnn
nnnnnox nniynxninno +eni n xen(ionaninoxy neei:i iaxen i
nnaamnn, mo cnna +e+x nononionanina ina(a+y i:nnni mnn(-
ioc+en, :anncycxo yxony innoc+i cnn +e+x na nonexni (ncia i na
neyxoxin nonexni (nx enexen+anoio iininx, a(iyc xioio r, a mnn-
H
H

iaqaixa
nci
Hanxx
no a(iycy (ncia
Pnc.4.41. Cxexa +eni o6onoio +ina n
iaxei +y6innoio (ncia:
no:(onnin neei: no iaxei (ncia;
enma mnn(ioc+en n :a:oi xi (ia]aixom
i (nciox

#$ Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in

na dr,
.
2
) (
2
2
2
2
c
(
2
c
c
v
c u
dr r K
v
c
dr r K dR

Ty+ K
c
i K
(
ioe]inicn+n +e+x ni(noni(no na neyxoxin nonex-
ni (c+inni) i na nonexni (ncia; v nn+oxnn o6'cx ia:y n iaxei. Himo
K
c
= K
(
, +o c
c
= u c
c
i c
c
= u/2.
Ho+ynic+i +e+x xi (o6y+oi cnnn na ionony mnn(iic+i nn +oxy,
mo +e+x ni(6ynac+icx : o6ox c+oin (ncia, (nx enexen+anoio iini-
nx nn:nanac+icx y nninx(i
, 2
+
dR u dN
a (nx ncioio (ncia
.
2
2 2 2
:
n
:
n
2
c
c +


r
r
r
r
v
c
dr r K dR u N
Hoin+eiynanmn +a naxynanmn, mo u = r, (e iy+ona mnn(-
iic+i, a c
c
= u/2, o(enxo
. 1
4O
2
2
5
:
n
2
5
:
c +
]
]
]
]
,
,

,
(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

r
r
v
u
K N
Bi(innynmn y ina(a+nnx (yiax
( )
5
: n
r r
, xi xany nennnnny,
noinnxno : o(nnnnem, nicnx noc+nx nee+noeni : yaxynannxx,
mo 2r
:
= D
:
, ]oxyni xona na(a+n nninx(y
v
D u
K N
2 2O
2
: :
c +

a6o, :axinnnmn (nx :ynnoc+i o:axyniy :onnimnin (iaxe+ (ncia i

ionony mnn(iic+i na :onnimnioxy (iaxe+i D
:
i u
:
cee(nix (iaxe+-
ox c+ynenx +a iononom mnn(iic+m na cee(nioxy (iaxe+i D
c
i u,
:naamnn na 6nn:iiic+i x :naneni, oc+a+onno o(enxo
.
2
2
c
3
+ +
v
D u
k N
#% Tcojin mj6innoo cmncnn
Koe]inicn+ k
+
y nin ]oxyni :anen+i ni( enxy +eni n iaxei,
+o6+o ni( nncna Pennoni(ca, moc+ioc+i nonexni (ncia, ociono ni(-
c+ani xi (nciox i neyxoxom c+iniom iaxen (nnnnn xen(ionani-
nnx c+yxin y iaxei), naxnnoc+i o:nan+aynaninnx o+noin y (nciy
+a in.
Ha nc.4.42 nane(ena eicnenxen+anina :anenic+i ioe]inicn+a
k
+
ni( nncna Pennoni(ca i ni(nocnoio :a:oy s/r [21]. Bona onncyc+i-
cx ]oxynom
( ) . Re 1O 5 , 2
2 , O
1 , O
2
+

r s k
#
H
I
!

&
"

Re
$
#
%
#
&
#
#

Pnc.4.42. Janenic+i ioe-

]inicn+a k
+
ni( nncna
Pennoni(ca i ni(nocnoio
:a:oy s/r
nx c+ynenin naonnx +y6in :nnnanno k
+
= (O,45...O,8O)1O
3
. Ho-
+ynic+m +e+x 6an(aa n nai+nnnnx o:axyniax nac+o nex+ym+i.
Bi(nomennx no+ynoc+i +e+x (ncia (o +eoe+nnno no+ynoc+i
c+ynenx cina(ac ni(nocni n+a+n ni( +e+x (ncia:
.
2
*
a
2
c
3
+
*
a
+
+
h G v
D u k
h G
N

(4.38)
Jaxinnnmn ni(noni(no (o innxnnx neo:nnnoc+i (nx connonnx
iananin (o6y+oi
, 1
a( c 1 c
c F c F vG
t

a +aio : oinx(y na +e, mo naxnnnn +ennoneena( c+ynenx non'x:annn
#& Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
: ]ii+nnnom mnn(iic+m c
a(
cninni(nomennxx
, 2
2
a(
*
a
c h
nee+nonxo innxnnx (4.38) (o nninx(y
3
a(
c
2
c
+ +
1
(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j


c
u
F
D
k
a6o, nna:nnmn nnomy nnxi(noio neei:y connonnx iananin xi
, sin
1 c c c
l D F
o+nxacxo
.
1 sin
3
a(
1 c
c +
+
(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

c
u
l
D k
(4.39)
Jii(no : (annxn nani [24], n+a+n ni( +e+x (nciin xona oninn-
+n :a ]oxynom
,
1 sin
3
a( 1
c
1 c
c
+ +
(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

c
u
l
D
K (4.4O)
(e K
+
= (O,58...1,15)1O
3
ioe]inicn+, mo :anen+i ni( ionc+yi+nn-
noio o]oxnennx c+ynenx (xenmi :nanennx ni(noni(am+i xenmnx
ocionnx o:xiax iaxen xi (nciox i (ia]aixom);
c
= O,5(
1
+
2
),
(e
1
i
2
iyc+nna o6onoio +ina (o i nicnx o6onoio ioneca. V c+yne-
nxx : xanom eai+nnnic+m
c

1
.
Hi nn(no : ]oxynn (4.4O), n+a+n ni( +e+x :oc+am+i i: :6ini-
mennxx ni(nomennx D
c
/l

i oco6nnno u/c
a(
.
4.14. Y1pa1n ni uenonuo1n nnycky
Hanianine (nac+ione) ni(ne(ennx o6onoio +ina :ac+oconyc+icx
y nnna(iax, ionn o6'cxna nn+a+a o6onoio +ina nenennia, +o6+o n
+y6inax xano no+ynoc+i. V c+ynenxx : nanianinnx nnyciox o-
6one +ino (o o6ono emi+in na(xo(n+i ne no ncioxy iony, a +iniin
na (exiin noio nac+nni oysi enycty ((nn. , 1.1).
#' Tcojin mj6innoo cmncnn
Jac+ocynannx nenonnoio nnyciy nninniac noxny (o(a+ionnx y+a+
y +y6innoxy c+yneni, (o xinx ni(nocx+i eeunu:iui, tpaoei n oooan-
toei enpanu eio nepn ouctie i oauoawa.
Beu1nuuniui n1pa1n. V nnna(iy nac+ionoio nnyciy n iananax
o6onnx nona+oi :a xeaxn (yin nnyciy ni(cy+nin ai+nnnnn no+ii
o6onoio +ina. Ji ianann :anonnmm+icx ":ac+innnx" o6onnx +inox
: iaxen, n xiin o6e+ac+icx (nci.
Hi( (icm ni(nen+onnx cnn y nona+ionnx iananax o6one +ino
neeximyc+icx ni( ioenx nona+oi (o nen]ei. Ha :axiny o6onoio
+ina 6inx ioenin nona+oi : 6oiin na(xo(n+i ioxnencymna xaca ia:y.
Tainx nnnox, y iananax nnnniam+i nniynxninni +eni, a : necnxe+-
nnnnxn no]inxxn i ocione neeximennx o6onoio +ina (nc.4.43,).
Ji n+a+n (ic+ann na:ny eeunu:iuoeo eqetny, a n+a+n, non'x:ani :
nnx, eeunu:iuux ynpan.
Pnc.4.43. Cxexa nen+nnxninnnx +enin n nanianinoxy c+yneni ()
+a :axncnnn ioyx (noninnenoio c+ynenx ()

Hi i nn nn:nanenni n+a+ ni( +e+x (nciin, y o:axyniax nen+n-
nxninnnx y+a+ nnxi(nom c no+ynic+i, neo6xi(na (nx c+noennx +a
ni(+nxin nen+nnxninnoio e]ei+y.
nx o:axyniy no+ynoc+i nen+nnxni :anonononano x( exni-
nnnnx ]oxyn, o(eannx mnxxox cina(annx na 6a:i +eoe+nnnoio
anani:y c+yi+yno ]oxynn, a no+ix eicnenxen+aninoio nn:nanen-
nx ioe]inicn+in.
O(na : +ainx ]oxyn [14] xac nninx(
$ Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
), 1 (
1OO
c
3
c n n
e
u
l D k N

= (4.41)
(e e xia nnyciy.
Koe]inicn+ nen+nnxninnnx y+a+
n
xona :nan+n : nna:y (4.41)
mnxxox +ainx e nee+noeni, xi i nn o(eanni ]oxynn (4.4O)
(nx ioe]inicn+a n+a+ ni( +e+x. V e:yni+a+i o(enxo
.
1
sin
3
a( c

1
n
n

=
c
u
l
l
e
e
k
(4.42)
Koe]inicn+ k
n
eioxen(onano [15,17] 6a+n n xeax (2,4...
...6,2)1O
2
.
Ben+nnxninni n+a+n cy++cno :anea+i ni( o:xiin +a ]oxn ia-
xen, n xiin yxam+icx nona+in na neai+nnnin nac+nni (yin. Toxy
e]ei+nnnnx :aco6ox :xenmennx nen+nnxninnnx y+a+ c nc+anonnen-
nx na nin nac+nni (yin :axncnoio ioyxa ((nn. nc.4.43,), xinn o6xe-
yc noc+i, (e xoy+i o:nnna+ncx n+onnni +eni nen+nnxninnoio
e]ei+y.
V 6aia+oninnennx c+ynenxx y+a+n ni( nen+nnxninnoio e]ei+y ni(-
cyxonym+icx :a ncixa o6onnxn ninnxxn.
4oxyna (4.42) n :aianinoxy nnna(iy, nn naxnnoc+i :axncnoio
ioyxa : ni(nocnom (onnnom nnin+o nnx (yin e
io
i : o6onnx
ninnin 6aia+oninnenoio c+ynenx, xac nninx(
.
5 , O 1
sin
3
a( c

io
1
n
n

=
c
u
l
l
e
e e k :
(4.43)
Kpaoni n1pa1n o6yxonneni xnnmaxn na iaxx (yin nnyciy. o x
cina(y ninmnam+i y+a+n, nninniani:
nac+ionnx :anonnennxx iananin o6onnx emi+oi nn nxo(i i
nnxo(i : ai+nnno (yin, a +aio o:xnnox no+oiy i (o(a+ionnxn nn-
xoaxn na iannnxx (yi;
nn+a+axn eneii na "nn6nnannx" : o6onnx iananin nn xnio-
xy nxo(i n ai+nnny (yiy xanoyxoxoio ia:y i na(annx noxy nncio-
ennx;
nn+a+axn eneii nee: ni(cxoi+ynannx o6onoio +ina : nnio-
$ Tcojin mj6innoo cmncnn

,
)
+

M
enenoio ocionoio :a:oy xi connonom i o6onom emi+iaxn a6o
nee: nn+oin n :a:o y iononoxy nanxxiy.
nx :'xcynannx nno(n nnx y+a+ o:inxnexo cxexy +eni o6o-
noio +ina n nanianinoxy c+yneni (nc.4.44). Ha nanoxy iinni (yin
nnyciy :ac+inne o6one +ino xinona+ionoio ianany nn yci noio
na iannni ai+nnnoio no+oiy nn+icnxc+icx c+yxenex ai+nnnoio o-
6onoio +ina (no iannni C); nn nioxy n ianani nnnniam+i nnxoni
+eni. Ha nnm+onxynannx :ac+innoio ia:y n y+noennx nnxoin nn+a-
nac+icx eneiix ai+nnnoio ia:y. Kix +oio, na nanoxy iinni (yin
nnyciy : :a:oy xi (ia]aixom i o6onnxn nona+iaxn ni(cxoi+y-
c+icx :ac+innnn ia: (no+ii A), na mo +aio nn+anac+icx (o(a+iona
eneiix no+oiy.
Pnc.4.44. o nn:nanennx ianonnx y+a+
Ha ninoxy iinni (yin nnyciy nn nnxo(i xinona+ionoio ianany
:-ni( ai+nnnoio c+yxenx o6onoio +ina n ianan ni(cxoi+yc+icx :a-
c+inne o6one +ino : :a:oy nnacni(oi ineninnoio nnnnny ai+nnnoio
ia:y, mo :annmnncx n ianani n ni(oiexnennn ni( ni(cxoi+ynanoio
ia:y iannnem D. Kix +oio, na ninoxy iinni : connonoio ianany
nnnniam+i nn+oin ai+nnnoio ia:y n xen(ionaninnn :a:o xi (ia-
]aixom i o6onnxn nona+iaxn nnacni(oi nnnnnannx c+yxenx o-
6onoio +ina (o c+inin (ia]aixn (no+ii B). Hi na ni(cxoi+ynannx,
+ai i na nn+oin nn+anac+icx eneiix ai+nnnoio o6onoio +ina.
nx :nnennx nn+oiin o6onoio +ina n xen(ionanini :a:on n
nanianinoxy c+yneni o:axyniona xia eai+nnnoc+i nn6nac+icx
nenenniom ( = O,O2...O,O6).
Tainx nnnox, ianoni n+a+n eneii n nanianinoxy c+yneni nn-
:nanam+icx x(ox n:acxo:anennx xnnm na iinnxx connonnx ceixen-
+in. Ji n+a+n nononionanini iiniioc+i :ac+innoio o6onoio +ina,
11128
$ Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
mo nnm+onxyc+icx i ni(cxoi+yc+icx, +o6+o nononionanini mnnni
n nnco+i o6onnx nona+oi B

i l

. Ha ianoni n+a+n nnnnnac +aio

ni(nomennx mnn(ioc+en u/c
a(
, nncno na iinnin ai+nnnnx (yi (ne :ix-
iny+nx) i iononnn KK
u
.
Han6inim nomnena ]oxyna (nx nn:nanennx ianonnx y+a+
nn e > O,3 xac nninx(
, 25 , O
a(
c

i u
i
c
u
F
l B
= (4.44)
(e i nncno na iinnin (yi nnyciy.
nx (noninnenoio c+ynenx n nnceninniy (o6y+oi B

:xinmc+i-
cx na cyxy (o6y+iin mnnnn na (onnny o6onnx nona+oi o6ox o-
6onnx ninnin

l B .
Hi( F
c
y ]oxyni (4.44) o:yxim+i nnomy nnxi(nnx neei:in ycix
connonnx iananin, nee: xii +ene o6one +ino, nenen(niynxnnx (o
mnn(ioc+i c
1
:
. sin
1 c c c
= l D e F
nx c+ynenx : nonnnx nnyciox i = O i, o+e,
i
= O.
nx o(noninnenoio c+ynenx : xiom nnyciy e = O,O2...O,3O [15]
,
sin
a( 1 c

i i
c
u
D
B
k

=
(4.45)
(e
.
i
D
C e
B
e
A
k +
+
+ =
Koe]inicn+n, mo nxo(x+i (o ]oxynn (4.45): nn e O,1 A=
=O,OO965; B = O,229; C = O,O143; D = O,555; nn e > O,1 A = O,O221;
B= 1,455; C = O,532; D = O,973.
J ianonnxn n+a+axn ni( nn+oiin o6onoio +ina n :a:o xi co-
nnonom i o6onom emi+iaxn non'x:ani o6xeennx xin eai+nnno-
c+i nanianinnx c+ynenin. Jnnnanno na cee(nioxy (iaxe+i xia eai-
+nnnoc+i n nanianinnx c+ynenxx ne neennmyc O,O6.
oa1koni n1pa1n ni 1ep1u nckin i auaa. Bi:ixexo (na :on-
cix o(naioni ai+nnni c+yneni, mo nanmm+i :a o(naionnx yxon nn
$! Tcojin mj6innoo cmncnn
o(naionnx naaxe+ax, xii ni(i:nxm+icx nnme +nx, mo n o(noxy :
nnx nnyci o6onoio +ina nonnnn (e = 1,O), a n (yioxy nac+ionnn
(e<1,O).
J (oc+a+niom +onnic+m xona nnaa+n, mo nn+a+n o6onoio
+ina nononionanini xiax nnyciy, +o6+o
,
1 =
=
e
eG G
a no+ynoc+i +e+x (nciin o(naioni:
.
1
+ +
=
=
e
N N
To(i a6conm+ni n+a+n, ni(neceni (o 1 ii o6onoio +ina, 6y(y+i
o6eneno nononionaninnxn, a caxe
,
1
+
+
e
q
q
e=
=
i n +aiin e :anenoc+i 6y(y+i i ioe]inicn+n n+a+ ni( +e+x (nciin:
.
1
+
+
e
e=

= (4.46)
Jannmexo ioe]inicn+ +e+x n nanianinoxy c+yneni xi cyxy:
,
+
1
+ +
+ =
= e
(e na:nexo (o(a+ionnxn n+a+axn ni( +e+x (nciin y nanianino-
xy c+yneni.
Jaxinnnmn
+
: innxnnx (4.46), o(enxo
,
+
1
+
1
+
+ =

=
=
e
e
e
:ni(in
. 1
1
1
+ +
=

=
e
e
Bnionc+anmn (nx ioe]inicn+a n+a+ ni( +e+x (nciin y c+yneni :
nonnnx nnyciox
1
+
=

e
]oxyny (4.39), oc+a+onno (nx (o(a+ionnx y+a+
11*
$" Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
ni( +e+x (ncia i 6an(aa, nninniannx nanianinic+m c+ynenx, o(e-
nxo
.
1 sin
1
3
a( 1
c
1 c
c
+ +
(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

c
u
l
D
e
e
K (4.47)
Tainn ni(xi( (o nn:nanennx n+a+ ni( +e+x n nanianinoxy c+y-
neni ((nn. ]oxynn (4.46), (4.47)) xi cyxn n+a+ y c+yneni : nonnnx
nnyciox i (o(a+ionnx y+a+ ni( nanianinoc+i nnnan(annn 6aan-
nxx nn(inn+n n oiexy iyny nny+imni n+a+n, non'x:ani : nenonno-
+om nnyciy. Ane no cy+i nin yxonnnn i (emo m+ynnnn. Cnana n +oxy,
mo ]i:nnno n+a+n ni( +e+x (no+ynic+i N
+
) ne :anea+i ni( +oio,
xia c xia nnyciy n c+yneni, a :oc+annx ioe]inicn+a n+a+ ni( +e+x

+
c e:yni+a+ox onocee(ionanoio nnnnny :xinn nn+a+n o6onoio
+ina. Vnennn+ncx n nioxy neiio, ximo :ic+ann+n (na cxoi c+yneni :
nonnnx nnyciox i : nac+ionnx :a o(naionnx D
c
i naaxe+in o6o-
noio +ina, a +aio innnx ioncnnx no+ynoc+en.
Ociiniin nanianini +y6inn i c+yneni xanono+yni : nenenniom
nn+a+om o6onoio +ina, a nnacni(oi nioio xam+i (ocn+i ioo+ii
nona+in, +o :xinom :onnimnioio (iaxe+a (ncia nn neexo(i ni(
nonnoio nnyciy (o nac+ionoio xona nex+yna+n i nnaacxo, mo no-
+ynoc+i +e+x 6y(y+i o(naionnxn, +o6+o
.
1
+ +

e
N N
Hn o(naionnx ioncnnx no+ynoc+xx y xeax nnnnny na KK
iaxennx y+a+ xona nnaa+n o(naionnxn i nn+a+n o6onoio +ina:
.
1

e
G G
To(i o(naionnxn 6y(y+i a6conm+ni n+a+n n o:axyniy na 1 ii
o6onoio +ina ( )
1
+ +

e
q q , a +aio ioe]inicn+n n+a+ ( )
1
+ +

e
,
+o6+o nne(ennx nanianinoio nnyciy nn c+anin no+ynoc+i c+ynenx
ne :xinmc ioe]inicn+a n+a+ ni( +e+x (ncia.
Ociiniin nanianinnn nnyci :ac+oconyc+icx +iniin n ai+nnnnx
c+ynenxx, (nx xinx xaai+ena (nciona ionc+yinix o+oa, +o n (e-
xinx xe+o(niax y+a+n ni( +e+x (nciin o6'c(nym+i : nen+nnxninnn-
xn +a o:axonym+i :a cnininom ]oxynom xi ynpanu eio nepn i
eennu:i.
$# Tcojin mj6innoo cmncnn
O(nicm : nemnx (ocni(nnx :anenoc+en (nx nn:nanennx n+a+
no+ynoc+i ni( +e+x i nen+nnxni 6yna ]oxyna, :anonononana
A.C+o(onom,
[ ]
c
3
5 , 1
c
2
c n . +
1OO
) 1 ( 83 , O 46 , 1 735 , O
(
,
\
,
(
j
+
u
l D e A D N iB+, (4.48)
(e A ioe]inicn+, xinn 6ee+icx innnx 1,O nn o6e+anni o6onnx
nona+oi cnnniom nnee(; 2,8 nn o6e+anni x ioxiaxn nnee(.
Hemnn nnen y ina(a+nnx (yiax ]oxynn (4.48) naxonyc n+a-
+n no+ynoc+i ni( +e+x, (yinn ni( nen+nnxni. Hn nonnoxy nnyc-
iy (e = 1,O) (yinn nnen ni(cy+nin.
nx 6aia+oninnennx c+ynenin y (yioxy (o(aniy ]oxynn cni(
ni(c+ann+n

1,5

l
:axic+i l

1,5
(nx ncix o6onnx ninnin.
Hn :ac+ocynanni no+nnen+nnxninnoio :axncnoio ioyxa n iyi-
nnx (yiax nicnx e xac 6y+n me o(nn ni('cxnni O,5e
io
.
4oxyna C+o(onn (4.48) cnane(nnna nn nenenninx iononnx
mnn(ioc+xx (6O.1OO x/c).
On1nuautua neununua uipn nnycky. nx :a6e:nenennx neo6xi(no
nn+a+n o6onoio +ina nnoma nnxi(noio neei:y connonoio anaa+a
xac cina(a+n nenny nennnnny. Ociiniin
, sin
1 c c c
l D e F
+o nn ]iiconannx D
c
i
1
+e6a :a6e:nenn+n
idem,
c
l e
:ni(in nn(no, mo xia nnyciy i (onnna nona+oi nennnnnn o6ene-
no nononionanini. J6inimennx xin nnyciy cnnnnnxc :xenmennx
(onnnn nona+oi. J nennnnnaxn e i l
c
non'x:ani nen+nnxninni, ia-
noni +a iinneni n+a+n n connonin +a o6onin emi+iax. Hn nioxy e
i l
c
nnnnnam+i na n+a+n no-i:noxy. Tai, i: :xenmennxx e nen+nnx-
ninni +a ianoni n+a+n :oc+am+i, ane :6inimyc+icx +aio l
c
, mo
nnno(n+i (o :xenmennx iinnennx y+a+ y emi+iax. Tainx nnnox,
o(ni n+a+n :i :xenmennxx e :oc+am+i, inmi :xenmym+icx. Je
nnno(n+i (o +oio, mo icnyc on+nxanina (nx ionoio ionie+noio
nnna(iy xia nnyciy, :a xio cyxani n+a+n 6y(y+i xinixaninnxn, a
KK c+ynenx xaicnxaninnx.
$$ Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
Ho6nn:y on+nxaninoio :nanennx xin nnyciy e
on+
cyxa n+a+ y
c+yneni :xinmc+icx ne:nanno, +oxy xonnni nenennii ni(xnnennx o6-
ano xin nnyciy ni( on+nxaninoio :nanennx.
Ha6nneni :nanennx e
on+
cina(am+i [21]:
(nx o(noninnenoio c+ynenx
; ) 7 , O ... 5 , O (
c on+
l e e
(nx (noninnenoio c+ynenx
. ) 34 , O ... 29 , O (
c on+
l e e
Ty+ (onnny connonnx nona+oi l
c
6ey+i y can+nxe+ax.
Hn noei+ynanni +y6in 6inim +onni :nanennx e
on+
xoy+i 6y+n
o(eani, nannina(, naian+nnxn o:axyniaxn.
V c+ynenxx i: connonnx eiynmnannxx xaicnxanine :nanennx
nanianinoc+i e
max
= O,8...O,9 :aneno ni( ionc+yini connonnx cei-
xen+in i nncna neeioo(oi xi nnxn. nx noxinnx c+ynenin, ximo
on+nxanina xia e
on+
> O,7, +aio nac+o 6ey+i e = 1,O, mo6 nninm-
nn+n nennii (nnaxinni nanan+aennx na o6oni nona+in, xii nnnnia-
m+i y nanianinnx c+ynenxx.
4.15. Y1pa1n ni nouoroc1i napn
V+a+n ni( nonoioc+i nnnniam+i y c+ynenxx +y6inn, nee: xii
+ene nonoia naa. nx cy(nonnx i c+anionannx ion(encaninnnx +y-
6in ne oc+anni c+yneni, (nx +y6in a+oxnnx yc+anonoi, mo nanm-
m+i na nacnnenin a6o cna6ioneeii+in nai, ne nai+nnno nci c+y-
neni +y6inn.
Bonoia naa c (no]a:nnx cee(onnmex, +o6+o n cyxin nacnnenin
nai (naona ]a:a) :naeni nac+in nonoin (i(ia ]a:a). Tenix nonoio
nan n +y6innoxy c+yneni cynono(yc+icx x(ox cnenn]innnx xnnm.
V connonin i o6onin emi+iax ni(nocno nennii nac+in nonoin
yxam+icx : ni(c+anannxx ni( naono ]a:n, nn nioxy mnn(iic+i
ianeni nonoin ic+o+no xenma :a mnn(iic+i nan. Bi(nomennx mnn(-
ioc+i ianeni nonoin (o mnn(ioc+i nan c
1non
/c
1
na:nnac+icx toeqii-
cnno+ toesann.
nx no+oiy n +y6innoxy c+yneni nn +eni nonoio nan xona
no6y(yna+n +niy+nnin mnn(ioc+en naono ]a:n i ianeni nonoin
$% Tcojin mj6innoo cmncnn
(nc.4.45). Ociiniin mnn(iic+i ianeni nonoin na nnxo(i i: connonnx
emi+oi n a6conm+noxy yci xana, ni(nocna mnn(iic+i ianeni na
nxo(i (o o6onnx nona+oi cnxxonana ni( nenninx iy+ox (o x nxi(-
nnx ioxoi i nennia :a :nanennxx. Bi( y(ain ianeni nonoin y nxi(-
ny ioxiy nona+in : 6oiy cnnnin y+nomc+icx ianixinnnn xoxen+
na o+oi i, o+e, nnnniam+i y+a+n eneii n c+yneni. J (yioio 6oiy,
ni y(an nn:no(x+i (o ynnynannx xa+eiany nona+oi, xie na:nna-
c+icx eo:innnx :nocox.

Pnc.4.45. Ha+iiannx nonoio

nan na o6ony emi+iy:
+niy+nnin mnn(ioc+en
(nx nan i nonoin; nanxx
no+oiy nan +a iannnn nono-
in ni(nocno no]inm o6ono
nona+in

V +on e nac nn +eni nonoio nan n +y6innoxy c+yneni xona

ni(:nann+n +aii xnnma.
Hn o:mnenni nan ni( neeii+oio c+any no6nn:y nini nacn-
nennx ( = 1,O) xonnne neeoxono(ennx. Je xnnme xaai+en:y-
c+icx +nx, mo n nai ne nnnniam+i ianni nonoin, nexac ion(encani,
xia nonnnna ni(6yna+ncx, ximo o:inx(a+n nen nonec o:mnennx
$& Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
na hs-(iaiaxi. Heeoxono(ena naa :naxo(n+icx n nec+anoxy c+a-
ni, ionn +exnea+ya nan nnna ni( +exnea+yn nacnnennx. Hn
o:mnenni nan : neeoxono(ennxx naxnnnn +ennoneena( y e-
mi+iax nnnnn, ni nn innonanoxy o:mnenni : y+noennxx
nonoin :a yxonn o(naionnx +nciin (o i nicnx emi+oi. Bi(nocna i:-
nnnx +ainx +ennoneena(in na:nnac+icx toeqiicnno+ ynpan eio ne-
peoo:oowenn
.
*
a
*
ne . a
*
a
ne
h
h h

Jnanennx
ne
n :aneno-
c+i ni( ni(nomennx +nciin (o
i nicnx o6onnx iananin nane-
(eni na nc.4.46.
Hn nennoxy iannnno-
xy neeoxono(enni naa :
nec+anoio c+any neexo(n+i
y innonannn : ion(enca-
nicm nac+nnn nan n y+noennxx (i6no(ncnecno nonoin. V en-
xax, ionn nncno Maxa 6nn:iie (o o(nnnni, cnoc+eiiac+icx noxna
a(ia6a+nnx c+n6iin ymininennx, xii xoy+i 6y+n c+anionannxn a6o
nec+anionannxn. Hec+anionani c+n6in ymininennx, xii neeximy-
m+icx nioy i nnn: no no+oiy, xoy+i c+anonn+n ne6e:neiy : noinx(y
ni6aninno na(innoc+i nona+ionoio anaa+a.
Oci(amni ianni nonoin na nonexnxx nona+oi i +onennx c+in-
iax ianany emi+oi y+nomm+i i(iy nniniy, xia, n:acxo(imnn : no-
iannnnnx maox naonoio no+oiy, :6inimyc n+a+n eneii. Pi(ia
nninia, c+iiamnn : nnxi(nnx ioxoi nona+oi, (o6n+icx, mo nn:no-
(n+i (o noxnn nenninx ianeni (nennio(ncnecno nonoin). Kanni
i(nnn :nnam+icx +aio : nonexni nninin.
V iananax emi+oi ianni xoy+i :6inimyna+ncx n o:xiax nna-
cni(oi ion(encani nan, (o6n+ncx ni( (icm aeo(nnaxinnnx cnn
no+oiy i nee: :i+inennx, nnnaonyna+ncx n ioaiynmna+n.
Taci+oix ianeni nonoin n ianani emi+oi :anen+i ni( xnio
nennnnnn. i6ni ianni nonoin (iaxe+ox xenme 1,O...1,5 xix y no-
+oni yxam+icx no ninixx c+yxy naono ]a:n ((i6no(ncnecna no-
noia). Bennii ianni yxam+icx : ni(xnnennxx ni( ninin c+yxy nao-
O,O6
O,O4
O,O2
O

1,5 2,O 2,5 3,O 3,5 4,O 1,O

F F
N
Pnc.4.46. Koe]inicn+ y+a+ ni( neeoxo-
no(ennx n :anenoc+i ni( ni(nomennx
+nciin (o i nicnx o6onnx iananin
$' Tcojin mj6innoo cmncnn
no ]a:n. Je ni(xnnennx +nx 6inime, nnx iynnimi ianni. ye ne-
nnii ianni ((iaxe+ox 6inime 5O...1OO xix) yxam+icx, nai+nnno
ne ni(xnnxmnnci ni( (icm naonoio no+oiy.
Heeaxonani oco6nnnoc+i ne ni(o6aam+i yce i:noxani++x
xnnm nn +eni nonoio nan.
nx +y6innoio c+ynenx xaai+ena neinnoxinic+i o:no(iny
nonoioc+i no ioiy i (onnni nona+oi (nc.4.47). J6inimennx xin
nonoioc+i ni( ioenx (o nemnnn nona+oi non'x:ane : nnnnnox ni(-
nen+onnx cnn na nac+in nonoin xi y iananax connono i o6ono e-
mi+oi, +ai i n :a:oax xi ninnxxn. Hi noia:ym+i (ocni(n, o:no(in
nonoioc+i no nnco+i nona+oi :anen+i ni( ni(nomennx mnn(ioc+en
u/c
a(
. Hn :6inimenni nioio ni(nomennx :oc+ac i xia nonoioc+i na
nen]ei.
?F
,
F

#%
?
K

O,48
O,25
F

O O,O4 O,O8 O N 1

O
Pnc.4.47. Po:no(in nonoioc+i no (onnni nona+oi c+ynenx (D
c
/l

= 2,75)
Tainx nnnox, y+a+n eneii ni( nonoioc+i n +y6innoxy c+yneni
xic+x+i +aii ocnonni cina(oni:
n+a+n ni( y(ay ianeni nonoin : 6oiy cnnnin o6onnx nona+oi
xi e:yni+a+ ianixinno (i nac+oi nonoin;
n+a+n ni( neeoxono(ennx nan;
n+a+n ni( o:iony ianeni nonoin naonnx no+oiox;
n+a+n n noiannnnoxy mai, non'x:ani : y+noennxx i(io nnin-
in na nonexnxx iananin;
% Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
n+a+n ni( :6inimennx o:xiin ioxionoio cni(y :a axynoi
(o6nennx nninin nn cxo(enni : nnxi(nnx ioxoi nona+oi.
Cina(nic+i xnnm nn +eni nonoio nan ne (o:nonxc o:o6n+n
xe+o(niy +onnoio o:axyniy n+a+ eneii ni( nonoioc+i nan. Oc-
nonnnxn ]ai+oaxn, mo nnnnnam+i na n+a+n ni( nonoioc+i n c+yne-
ni, c xia cyxoc+i nee( i :a c+ynenex
O
+a
2
, ni(nomennx mnn(io-
c+en u/c
a(
, a +aio (ncnecnic+i nonoin. Via:ani ]ai+on nxo(x+i (o
naninexninnno ]oxynn [21]
[ ], ) ( 35 , O ) 1 ( 9 , O 2
2 O O
a(
non
x x x
c
u
+
(4.49)
(e nemnn nnen naxonyc n+a+n ni( nennio(ncnecno nonoin, xia
y+nonnacx n nonee(nioxy c+yneni i nn:nanac+icx cyxic+m nee( c+y-
nenex
O
, a (yinn nnen n+a+n ni( (i6no(ncnecno nonoin, xia
y+nonnacx n c+yneni i (oinnmc i:nnni xin cyxoc+i (o i nicnx c+yne-
nx. Koe]inicn+n O,9 i O,35 nee( nnxn nnenaxn noia:ym+i, mo nnnnn
nennio(ncnecno nonoin na n+a+n eneii :nanno 6inimnn ni( nnnn-
ny (i6no(ncnecno nonoin. 4oxyna (4.49) xoe 6y+n nnionc+ana
(nx o:axyniy c+ynenin, xii nanmm+i n o6nac+i nenncoinx +nciin.
nx na6nneno oninin n+a+ ni( nonoioc+i nan xona cion-
c+a+ncx +aio ]oxynom
.
2
1
2 O
non
(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j
+

x x
a
Hi noia:ym+i e:yni+a+n eicnenxen+aninnx (ocni(eni, ioe-
]inicn+ a n nin ]oxyni xoe :xinmna+ncx n mnoinx xeax ni(
O,4 (o 1,4 i 6inime n :anenoc+i ni( ionc+yini, naaxe+in +a yxon
o6o+n c+ynenx. nx nonee(nix o:axyniin ioe]inicn+ a 6ey+i
innnx O,8...O,9.
4.16. Y1pa1n ni oxouoeuuu
Oxono(ennx iaxnnx (e+anen ia:onnx +y6in oiix ionc+yi-
+nnnnx ycina(neni :an(n nnxaiac (nx cnoio ]yninionynannx nn-
+a+ eneii. Toxy nne(ennx oxono(ennx xona nnaa+n nnnan(a-
nnx nnme n +oxy nnna(iy, ionn o(eynannn nn nioxy nniam (:a
axynoi ni(nnmennx nona+iono +exnea+yn ia:y nee( +y6inom)
% Tcojin mj6innoo cmncnn
y noinnxnni : neoxono(ynannx nn:iio+exnea+ynnx naian+ox
ic+o+no neeinnac (o(a+ioni nn+a+n eneii, mo :'xnnxm+icx.
Han6inimoio nomnennx n ia:o+y6innnx (nniynax na6yna ni(-
in+a (ne:axinena) no+onna cnc+exa oxono(ennx (e+anen ia:onnx
+y6in. Oxono(ynanex c c+ncny+e noni+x, xie ni(6nac+icx : ni(no-
ni(nnx c+ynenin ioxnecoa.
o (o(a+ionnx y+a+ eneii n oxono(ynannx ia:o+y6innnx
(nniynax nanea+i:
aeo(nnaxinni no]inini n+a+n, xii :naxo(x+i nnaennx y :xen-
menni mnn(iicnnx ioe]inicn+in i ;
+exo(nnaxinni n+a+n, xii :xenmym+i naxnnnn +ennoneena(;
n+a+n eneii, mo nnnniam+i nn :ximynanni oxono(ynana,
xinn cin(ac+icx n no+onny nac+nny +y6inn, : ia:ox;
nn+a+n no+ynoc+i na ni(io+oniy i noianynannx oxono(yna-
na nee: cnc+exy oxono(ennx
*)
.
Bennnnna (o(a+ionnx y+a+ :anen+i ni( nn+a+ oxono(noio
noni+x, inn6nnn oxono(ennx i +ic iiniioc+i +enno+n, xiy no+i6no
ni(nec+n ni( (e+anen (nx :a6e:nenennx :a(anoio innx xnix +exnea-
+y.
oa1koni npoqiutui n1pa1n npn oxouoeuui :'xnnxm+icx : x(y
nnnnn, mo xam+i i:ny ]i:nnny nno(y. O(na : iononnnx nonxiac
n :xymenoxy ni(c+yni ni( +ic on+nxanino ieoxe+i no]inm i nona+-
ionnx emi+oi, xii 6ynn +eoe+nnno n (ocni(no ni(nanionani (nx
neoxono(ynannx c+ynenin. Je c+ocyc+icx a(iycin nxi(no i nnxi(no
ioxoi, ioiy, mnnnn +a xaicnxanino +onmnnn no]inm, a +aio
xicni nnnyciy oxono(ynana n no+onny nac+nny. B e:yni+a+i mnn(-
iicni ioe]inicn+n connonnx i o6onnx emi+oi :xenmym+icx. nx a-
nionanino cnoei+onannx emi+oi xona 6a+n
oxn
=
oxn
=
=O,OO5...O,OO7;
oxn
=
oxn
= O,OO6...O,OO8. Hn inn6oioxy i(nn-
noxy oxono(enni
oxn
= O,O1O...O,O12.
He 6inime :oc+am+i (o(a+ioni no]inini n+a+n, ionn nona+-
in nnionym+i i: nonc+nx xa+eianin a6o : nenninx nncnox ne]o-
anin. Hn nnxo(i : nnx noni+x noiannnnnn ma na6yxac i n+a+n
noxi+no :6inimym+icx.
ocni(ni (ani noia:ym+i +aio, mo ni(ne(ennx +enno+n ni( no-
*)
Oc+anni : nane(ennx y+a+ 6inimom nac+nnom ne nanea+i (o nny+imnix
y+a+ c+ynenx i naxonym+icx nn nn:nanenni KK ncioio ia:o+y6innoio aieia+y.
% Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
iannnnoio may connonnx nona+oi, nexnnyne nn oxono(enni,
nninniac (exie :6inimennx n+a+ ni( +e+x. O(nai nennnnna nnx y+a+
nani+i nn noinnxno inn6oioxy oxono(enni (ocn+i xana. V ncxio-
xy a:i, nn noni+xnoxy oxono(enni connonnx nona+oi x xona
ne naxonyna+n. B o6onnx iananax ni n+a+n :oc+am+i 6inim ic+o+-
no. Je noxcnmc+icx :xinom iyc+nnn noiannnnoio may, mo n cnni-
noxy noni (i ni(nen+onnx cnn nnno(n+i (o in+encn]iiani n+onn-
nnx +enin.
Tepuonuauiuui n1pa1n n oxouoynaunx pemi1kax o6yxonneni
ni(ne(ennxx +ennono eneii ni( ia:y n noneci noio yxy n connono-
xy i o6onoxy iananax, mo nninniac :nnennx naxnno o6o+n +a
:xenmennx mnn(ioc+i nn+iiannx. Jen nonec ni(6nnac+icx i na naa-
xe+ax ia:y :a emi+iaxn.
Ha nc.4.48 noia:annn nonec o:mnennx ia:y n oxono(yna-
nin connonin emi+ni na +ennonin (iaiaxi. Cynininnxn ninixxn 01
i
i
01 :o6aeni nonecn o:mnennx ia:y 6e: oxono(ennx (i:oen+o-
ninnnn i (incnnn ni(noni(no), nyni+nnnxn ninixxn 01
i oxn
i 01
oxn

nonecn o:mnennx ia:y : oxono(ennxx. Bn(no, mo +exnea+ya
ia:y na nnxo(i : emi+oi :nn-
yc+icx: y (incnoxy none-
ci : T
1
(o T
1oxn
, n +eoe+nn-
noxy : T
1i
(o T
1i oxn.
Tenno+a oxono(ennx,
xia ni(no(n+icx nee: c+in-
in connonnx nona+oi, :o-
6aena na (iaiaxi nnoma-
xn 01
ioxn
ab0 (+eoe+nnnnn
nonec) +a cyxom nnom
011
oxn
0 i 11
oxn
cd1 ((incnnn
nonec). Tenno+a, o6yxon-
nena ni(noni(no nnomaxn
1
i
1
i oxn
ab1
i
i 11
oxn
cd1, ne ni(-
> @

F
6

6
J
6

oxn
1 oxn J
F
O

J oxn
6

J
oxn

Pnc.4.48. Honec o:mnennx

ia:y n oxono(ynanin conno-
nin emi+ni
%! Tcojin mj6innoo cmncnn
6nnac+icx na naxnnoxy +ennoneena(i ia:y, a nnme :nnyc noio +ex-
nea+yy na nnxo(i : emi+oi. Jam+nxonani nnomi +niy+nniin
01
i
1
i oxn
0 i 011
oxn
0 no:nanam+i ni(ne(ene +enno, xie nninniac :xenmennx
iine+nnno eneii ia:y, mo nn+iiac i: connonnx iananin.
Bennnnna +ennono eneii, xia ni(no(n+icx ni( ia:y n cnc+exy
oxono(ennx, :anen+i ni( inn6nnn oxono(ennx, ion]iiyani e-
mi+oi, o:no(iny ioe]inicn+in +ennoni((ani n +exnea+y no no]i-
nm +a inmnx ]ai+oin.
Hn nnin(i oxono(noio noni+x n no+onny nac+nny +exo(nna-
xinni n+a+n ic+o+no :oc+am+i nee: nninniane :ximynannxx :xen-
mennx +exnea+yn o6onoio +ina.
Heo6xi(no ni(:nann+n, mo (o(a+ioni +exo(nnaxinni n+a+n n
cnc+exax noni+xnoio oxono(ennx, xii nnionc+onym+i y (annn nac
y ia:o+y6innnx (nniynax, nenennii i nnxn nn o:axyniax ino(i
nex+ym+i. O(nai :i :6inimennxx inn6nnn oxono(ennx nennnnna nnx
y+a+ ic+o+no :oc+ac.
oa1koni n1pa1n euepri ni suimynauuu rasy s oxouoynaueu
nnnniam+i nn nnnyciy oxono(noio noni+x n no+onny nac+nny +y-
6inn nee: minnnn a6o o+non na nonexni nona+in. Bnionc+anmn
innxnnx eneii i iiniioc+i yxy, xona o(ea+n ]oxyny
, cos 1
2
i
n
2
i
i
n :x
(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

i
i
i i
i
c
c
c
c
G (4.5O)
(e :nai o:nanac ni(cyxonynannx :a ncixa xicnxxn nnnyciy noni+x
(iix nnxi(no ioxin, n+a+n :a xiom naxonym+icx oiexo);
i
G
n

ni(nocna nn+a+a noni+x nee: (ane xicne noio nnnyciy; c
ni
i c
ii

mnn(iic+i noni+x na nnxo(i : (anoio o+noy +a cee(nx mnn(iic+i
ia:y n nioxy neei:i ianany; c
i
mnn(iic+i ia:y :a emi+iaxn (nn
ni(cy+noc+i oxono(noio noni+x);
i
iy+ xi niccm o+noy i nonex-
nem nona+in [1].
Hi nn(no : ]oxynn (4.5O), n+a+n ni( :ximannx :nnym+icx nn
:xenmenni iy+a (6aano, mo6 nin ne neennmynan 3O...35). Ociini-
in mnn(iic+i ia:y na cnnnni 6inima, ni na yniiny+in c+ooni no]i-
nm, +o n+a+n :ximannx na cnnnni 6inimi (ne ionoxnn ne no 6ini-
my xonnnic+i ni(nny no+oiy na nin c+ooni no]inm nn n(ynanni
oxono(noio noni+x). !, naem+i, nnx 6nnnnn o+ni (o nnxo(y : e-
%" Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
mi+oi, +nx y+a+n :ximannx 6inimi nee: :oc+annx c
ii
. Bnionani
eicnenxen+anini (ocni(ennx [1] noia:ym+i, mo ne]oanix nxi(-
no ioxin nona+in nai+nnno ne nnno(n+i (o :6inimennx n+a+ y
emi+iax, ne]oanix na yniiny+in c+ooni no]inm cnnnnnxc ne-
:nanne :6inimennx n+a+, a na cnnnni nninniac noxi+ne :6inimennx
n+a+, oco6nnno y nnna(iy o:+amynannx o+noin n o6nac+i xaicn-
xanino innn:nn cnnnin.
oa1koni nn1pa1n euepri ua niro1onky i npokauynauuu noni1pu
nee: cnc+exy oxono(ennx cina(am+icx : (nox nac+nn. Hema : nnx
cnoc+eiiac+icx +iniin nn oxono(enni o6onnx nona+oi i noxcnm-
c+icx :6inimennxx eneii o6e+aninoio yxy noni+x n xiy neexi-
mennx noio ni( a(iyca no(ani (o nen]ei nona+oi (nacocnu, a6o
to+npecopnu, eqetn). V o:axyniy na 1 ii/c oxono(ynana
( ),
nx nx
2
o6 u i
c u u k q (4.51)
(e k ioe]inicn+, xinn naxonyc ioxnencanim n+a+: nn nnnyciy n
a(ianinnn :a:o k = O,75...O,8O nee: :xenmennx n+a+ ni( nn+oiin;
nn nnnyciy : ioxoi k = O,6...O,7 nee: eainim c+yxenx, mo :6ini-
myc ionone :ycnnnx na nona+iax. V nemoxy nnna(iy u
i
= u
ne
(iono-
na mnn(iic+i na nen]ei nona+oi), y (yioxy u
i
= u
c
(na cee(nio-
xy (iaxe+i). V ]oxyni (4.51) u
nx
i c
unx
ionona mnn(iic+i i ionona
cina(ona mnn(ioc+i noni+x na nxo(i.
Hn o:axyniax nn+a+n eneii na to+npecopnu eqetn ni(no-
cx+i (o nny+imnix y+a+ c+ynenx.
yia cina(ona nn+a+n no+ynoc+i na c+ncnennx noni+x n
ioxnecoi cina(ac nan6inimy nac+iy ncix y+a+ ni( oxono(ennx.
Bi(i6ane : ioxnecoa noni+x nicnx oxono(ennx iaxnnx (e+anen
nno(n+icx n ia:onnn +ai+ +y6inn i nn no(animoxy o:mnenni
nac+iono ioxnencyc o6o+y, nn+aneny na noio c+ncnennx. Toxy n+a-
+n o6o+n n o:axyniy na 1 ii/c oxono(ynana
, ) 1 (
n nn+ none n+ n oxn
q q q q
(e
n+ n none n
q q ioe]inicn+ noneny+o o6o+n.
B oxono(ynannx ia:o+y6innnx (nniynax : anionanino cnoe-
i+onanom cnc+exom oxono(ennx
n
(ocxiac O,6...O,8.
%# Tcojin mj6innoo cmncnn
Bi(noni(no (o o:axyniin [18], ioen ni(co+oi noni+x, xie ni(-
6nac+icx : ioxnecoa na oxono(ennx ia:o+y6innoio (nniyna,
:nnyc noio nn+oxy no+ynic+i na 1,2...1,6 i :6inimyc nn+oxy nn-
+a+y nannna na O,4...O,7 y noinnxnni : i(eaninnx nnna(iox (6e:
y+a+ na oxono(ennx nn o(naionin nona+ionin +exnea+yi ia:y).
Ho+e, xona (o(a+ioni n+a+n, nninniani oxono(ennxx, noxi+-
no :nnym+i nn+oxi noia:nnin ia:o+y6innoio (nniyna, iinnena
nnio(a ni( ni(nnmennx +exnea+yn ia:y nee( +y6inom, xi nann-
no, nnxnnxc+icx ic+o+nom.
Bn+a+n na c+ncnennx oxono(noio noni+x n ioxnecoi ni(no-
cx+i (o (o(a+ionnx y+a+ ni( oxono(ennx (nniyna n ninoxy i naxo-
nym+i y noneci +ennonoio o:axyniy ia:o+y6innnx (nniynin (!T).
4.17. Iumi n1pa1n
Kix o:inxny+nx nnme, y c+yneni xoe 6y+n me x( nny+imnix
y+a+, xii ne ni(nxiam+i iiniiicnin oninni nn +ennonnx o:axyn-
iax. o +ainx y+a+ xona ni(nec+n:
n+a+n ni( no+iiannx ii:i c+nin xi connaxn :6innx conno-
nnx anaa+in i c+nin nanin(ia]aix;
n+a+n, non'x:ani : ni(xnnennxxn (incnnx ieoxe+nnnnx o:xiin
(e+anen no+onno nac+nnn ni( noei+nnx;
n+a+n, o6yxonneni nninnnennxx ieoxe+nnnnx ]ox no]inin
y xicni neexo(y o6ono nac+nnn nona+oi y xnoc+onni, nee: :aioc+-
ennx 6e:6an(ano nona+in na nemnni +a in.;
n+a+n ni( :'c(nynaninoio (o+y;
n+a+n ni( nec+anionanoc+i no+oiy i a(ianinnx +enin ((nn. , 4.4);
n+a+n, non'x:ani : ne+onnic+m iiniiicno oninin o:axonannx
+nx nn inmnx cnoco6ox nny+imnix y+a+.
!c+o+nnn nnnnn na n+a+n xac eicnnya+aninnnn c+an +y6inn.
Cnanmnannx enexen+in no+onno nac+nnn, :a6y(nennx, noymen-
nx ieoxe+i nona+oi nn cina(anni n o:6nanni +y6inn, :xina :a-
:oin nee: oci(annx o+oa, ioo6nennx ionycy nn:no(x+i (o :o-
c+annx nny+imnix y+a+.
incna cyxana nennnnna nane(ennx nny+imnix y+a+, xii ani-
me ne 6ynn naxonani, xoe 6y+n :nan(ena nnme mnxxox :ic+annennx
e:yni+a+in o:axyniy : (annxn nnno6ynannx no6y(onanoio :a:-
ia. Hi noia:ym+i no(i6noio o(y :ic+annennx, (nx iononnnx cy(no-
%$ Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
nnx naonnx +y6in nenaxonani n+a+n cina(am+i :nnnanno 1,O...
...1,5 ni( naxnnoio +ennoneena(y [9]. Tainx nnnox, nn o:axyn-
iy c+ynenin nonn xoy+i 6y+n ni(o6aeni ioe]inicn+ox nenaxona-
nnx y+a+
. O15 , O ... O1O , O
n

4.18. Buy1pimui KK i no1yuic1t c1yneuu
Ha nc.4.49 :o6aennn
nonec :xinn c+any o6onoio
+ina n c+yneni : yaxynannxx
ycix nny+imnix y+a+. Ty+

iax i
q
cyxa ncix iaxennx
y+a+ (nny+imnix y+a+, xii ne
naxonym+icx iononnx KK).
Kaxeni n+a+n ni(nnmy-
m+i en+aninim n en+onim o-
6onoio +ina, +oxy ni(ina(a-
m+icx na hs-(iaiaxi nioy
nicnx n+a+n n o6onin emi+-
ni. B+a+y iine+nnno eneii :
nnxi(nom mnn(iic+m q
nnx
ni(-
ina(am+i oc+anniom, +oxy mo
n :aianinoxy nnna(iy nnxi(na
iine+nnna eneiix xoe i ne ne-
e+nomna+ncx n +enno+y (na-
nnina(, nn nnionc+anni xi
nxi(no eneii n nac+ynnoxy
c+yneni).
Ha (iaiaxax neei:y c+y-
nenx 2 ni(noni(am+i (ni +onin:
2 c+an o6onoio +ina y nnxi(noxy neei:i : yaxynannxx +iniin
n+a+n n emi+ni q

; 2 c+an :a o6onom emi+iom : yaxynannxx i

iaxennx y+a+. Je nn(inennx iaxennx y+a+ n nnc+oxy nninx(i c
yxonnnx.
Koncna o6o+a, nnionynana 1 ii o6onoio +ina n +y6innoxy
c+yneni : yaxynannxx ycix nny+imnix y+a+, na:nnac+icx enynpiu-

6
D

=
D ,
?
G

L
F
G
E
D ,

Pnc.4.49. Honec +eni o6onoio +ina

n +y6innoxy c+yneni : yaxynannxx
ycix nny+imnix y+a+
%% Tcojin mj6innoo cmncnn
ntom pooonom l
i
. Bona nncenino (oinnmc nny+imnioxy neena(y
en+aninin (+ennoneena(y) h
i
, xinn :naxo(n+icx :a (onoxoiom
hs-(iaiaxn i (oinnmc i:nnni en+aninin :aianixonanoio c+any ne-
e( i :a c+ynenex : yaxynannxx ycix nny+imnix y+a+, +o6+o
,
iax
*
2
*
O


i u i i
q h h h h l
(e h
u
iononnn +ennoneena( c+ynenx, a6o
.
iax

i u i
q l l (4.52)
Hi( nny+imnix KK +y6innoio c+ynenx o:yxim+i ni(nomennx
nny+imnio o6o+n (o naxnno, a6o ni(nomennx nny+imnioio nee-
na(y en+aninin (o naxnnoio +ennoneena(y c+ynenx, +o6+o
.
*
a
*
a
h
h
h
l
i i
i

J yaxynannxx ]oxynn (4.52)
,
iax
*
a
iax

i u
i u
i
h
q l
(4.53)
(e
u
iononnn KK c+ynenx;

iax i
cyxa ioe]inicn+in iaxennx
y+a+.
Himo nny+imnin KK c+ynenx nn:nanac+icx (ocni(nnx mnxxox
:a nnxixnnxn +nciaxn i +exnea+yaxn na nona+iy +a n iinni none-
cy o:mnennx, +o neo6xi(ni (nx o:axyniy :nanennx nny+imnioio
n naxnnoio +ennoneena(in xona nn:nann+n :a ]oxynaxn
( ) ( )
*
2
*
O
*
2
*
O
1
T T R
k
k
T T c h
p i

i
. 1
1
1
*
O
2
*
O
*
a
]
]
]
]
,
,

,
(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

k
k
p
p
T R
k
k
h
12128
%& Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
O+e,
.
1
1
*
O
2
*
O
*
2
*
O
]
]
]
]
,
,

,
(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

k
k
i
p
p
T
T T
Himo xacona nn+a+a o6onoio +ina nee: c+ynini G, ii/c, +o
c+ynini o:nnnac nny+imnm no+ynic+i
.
*
a i i i
h G h G N
Bny+imnin KK naxonyc iononi n iaxeni nny+imni n+a+n.
Kononi n+a+n cina(am+i nn6nn:no 8O...95 ycix nny+imnix y+a+
c+ynenx.
Hi noia:ano n , 4.8, (nx iononoio KK nnimanine :nanennx xac
mnn(iicna xaai+enc+nia u/c
a(
(a6o u/c
1
). Jne+amnnci (o ]oxyn
,4.1O4.17, neeionycxocx, mo i 6inimic+i iaxennx y+a+ +aio :a-
nen+i ni( u/c
a(
. Oco6nnno :nanna nx :anenic+i y n+a+, non'x:annx
: nanianinnx nnyciox o6onoio +ina.
Ha nc.4.5O :o6aeno :anenoc+i
u
+a

iax i
ni( mnn(iicno
xaai+enc+nin, nane(eno ia]ii ]ynini
i
= f (u/c
a(
), no6y(onannn
:ii(no : innxnnxx (4.53).
Ociiniin :nanna nac+nna
iaxennx y+a+ :oc+ac :i
:6inimennxx xaai+enc+nin
u/c
a(
, +o xaicnxyx ]ynini
i
=
=f (u/c
a(
) :ximac+icx ni(nocno
xaicnxyxy ]ynini
u
=
=f (u/c
a(
) y 6ii xenmnx :naneni
xaai+enc+nin c+ynenx. Jen
:cyn (nx c+ynenx : nonnnx nny-
ciox nenenninn, +oxy on+n-
xanina xaai+enc+nia +aioio
c+ynenx xoe 6y+n nn:nanena
:a xaicnxyxox ]ynini
u
=
=f (u/c
a(
). Hn nanianinoxy
nnyciy nc+anonnene :a iononnx
K
D
E
D
? K

E
N
K
D
E
D
=N
=N
Pnc.4.5O. Janenic+i iononoio i nny+-
imnioio KK +a iaxennx y+a+ c+y-
nenx ni( mnn(iicno xaai+enc+nin
%' Tcojin mj6innoo cmncnn
KK :nanennx on+nxanino xaai+enc+nin cni( :xenmn+n na
8...1O.
Bnme 6ynn nane(eni xane nci nny+imni n+a+n, xii :yc+ina-
m+icx na nai+nni, ane ne nci ni n+a+n nncy+ni n 6y(i-xioxy c+yne-
ni. B o:axyniax c+ynenin +y6in nn(inxm+i nan6inim ic+o+ni n+a-
+n i nn:nanam+i x :a ]oxynaxn a6o na ni(c+ani cnenianinnx eicne-
nxen+in. He:nanni n+a+n nxo(x+i (o cina(y nenaxonannx, xii no-
innam+icx o:axynionnxn :anacaxn. B xiy y+onnennx nno(n i
nennnnnn n+a+ o:axynioni :anacn :nnym+icx.
4.19. Bnsuaueuuu onnun uona1ok conuono i poouo pemi1ok
Hn (o:nyionnx mnn(ioc+xx +eni o6onoio +ina nannnnx o:-
xiox emi+oi c (onnna nona+oi y nnxi(noxy neei:i.
V:xnmn (exinn ]on+aninnn neei: :a emi+iaxn, (e no+ii xo-
na nnaa+n innoxinnx, innxnnx neo:nnnoc+i nee: cee(ni :na-
nennx naaxe+in :annmexo y +aioxy nninx(i:
(nx connonnx emi+oi
, sin
1 1 c c 1 c
c l D e G (4.54)
(nx o6onnx emi+oi
. sin
2 2 c 2
w l D e G (4.55)
!yc+nnn o6onoio +ina y nnxi(nnx neei:ax emi+oi
1
i
2
xo-
y+i 6y+n nn:naneni :a (onoxoiom hs-(iaiaxn a6o o:axonani i:
:ac+ocynannxx innxnnx nonecy n emi+iax. Bi(nocno nn+a+, xii
nxo(x+i y innxnnx (4.54) i (4.55), cni( xa+n na yna:i nac+ynne.
nx ai+nnnnx c+ynenin nn+a+a nee: connony emi+iy
,
( . y c
G G G
(e G iiniiic+i o6onoio +ina, mo ni(no(n+icx (o c+ynenx; G
y.(

xacona nn+a+a ii:i ymininennx (ia]aixn.
nx nnx e c+ynenin nn+a+a nee: o6ony emi+iy nn naxnno-
c+i o:nan+aynaninnx o+noin y (nciy (nnnyciamnn, mo neci nn+ii
ii:i ymininennx (ia]aixn ni(6ynac+icx nee: o:nan+aynanini
o+non)
,
:a: c
G G G
12*
& Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
(e G
:a:
nn+oin ii:i a(ianinnn :a:o nn naxnnoc+i eai+nnnoc+i n
c+yneni.
Himo o:nan+aynaninnx o+noin nexac,
.
:a:
G G G
Tainx nnnox, (onnnn nnxi(nnx ioxoi nona+oi xoy+i 6y+n
:nan(eni 6e:nocee(nio :i cninni(nomeni (4.54) i (4.55):
1 1 c 1
c
c
sin

c D e
G
l
i
.
sin
2 2 c 2

w D e
G
l
V eai+nnnnx c+ynenxx cyxana nn+a+a nee: emi+in n a(i-
aninnn :a:o o(naiona (nx connonnx i o6onnx ninnin i (oinnmc nn-
+a+i o6onoio +ina nee: c+ynini G. Hnnyciamnn, mo mnn(iic+i
+eni n :a:oi (oinnmc mnn(ioc+i nnxo(y : emi+oi, ane xac ocionnn
nanxx, xona :annca+n (nnaamnn, mo xia nnyciy (nx +ainx c+y-
nenin :an(n e = 1)
(nx connonoio ninnx
, ) ( sin
1 c c c 1 1 1 c c 1 c . :a: c
c l D c l D G G G + +
(nx o6onoio ninnx
. ) ( sin
2 c 2 2 2 c 2 . :a:
w l D w l D G G G + +
J nane(ennx cninni(nomeni
]
]
]
,

1 c
c
c
c c
1 1 c 1
c
sin
1 sin
l D
l D
c D
G
l
(4.56)
i
.
sin
1 sin
2

c
c
2 2 c 2

]
]
]
,

+
+

l D
l D
w D
G
l
(4.57)
& Tcojin mj6innoo cmncnn
Ja(ana nn:nanennx (onnn nona+oi o:n'x:yc+icx n (na e+ann.
Cnona+iy, nnaamnn :a:on
c
i

innnxn nynm, :a ]oxynaxn

(4.56) i (4.57) nn:nanam+i (onnnn nona+oi y nemoxy na6nnenni,
+o6+o 6e: yaxynannx nnnnny :a:oin. Ho+ix ni(noni(no (o :nan(e-
nnx l
c
i l

6ey+i nennnnnn a(ianinnx :a:oin i :a +nxn ]oxyna-

xn, ane ne n nonnoxy nninx(i :naxo(x+i y+onneni (onnnn nona+oi.
Mona 6inim (oc+onino nn:nann+n (onnny nona+oi, cion-
c+anmnci ]oxynaxn , 3.6, ximo ni(oxi ioe]inicn+n nn+a+ emi+oi

c
i

.
4.20. Hopinuuutua oniuka ouac1i sac1ocynauuu octonnx
1ypiuunx c1yneuin
Hoinnxcxo c+yneni i:nnx +nnin : +onin :oy :a6e:nenennx x
on+nxaninnx yxon o6o+n.
Jannmexo xaai+enc+nnne innxnnx (nx ionie+nnx nnna(iin:
(nx ai+nnnoio c+ynenx (A: : = 1; = O)
; 1
2
cos
2
1
2 2 *
a

A
A
u
h
(nx eai+nnnoio c+ynenx (R: : = 1; = O,5)
; 1
cos
2
1
2 2 *
a

R
R
u
h
(nx (noninnenoio ai+nnnoio c+ynenx (A2: : = 2; = O)
. 1
8
cos
2
2
11
2 2 *
2 a

A
A
u
h
Hn o(naionnx y ncix nnna(iax
1
+a n:acxo:n'x:oi naxnnnx
+ennoneena(in i iononnx mnn(ioc+en na6ynac nninx(y
.
8 2
2
2
*
2 a
2
*
a
2
*
a
A
A
R
R
A
A
u
h
u
h
u
h

(4.58)
Jni(cn nn(no, mo nn o(naionin iononin mnn(ioc+i (u
A
= u
R
=
& Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
=u
A2
) naxnni (+eoe+nnni) +ennoneena(n, xii xoy+i 6y+n nnion-
c+ani n nnx c+ynenxx :a yxonn :a6e:nenennx xaicnxaninoio ionono-
io KK, xam+i ni(noni(a+n cninni(nomennm
. 8 4
*
a
*
a
*
2 a R A A
h h h
Je o:nanac, mo : +onin :oy xonnnoc+en e]ei+nnnoio nnion-
c+annx naxnnoio +ennoneena(y o(nn (noninnennn ai+nnnnn c+ynini
innoninnnn no+niox ai+nnnnx o(noninnennx a6o nocixn eai+nn-
nnx c+ynenxx. O+e, nn :a(anoxy :aianinoxy naxnnoxy +ennonee-
na(i +y6inn xac 6y+n ni(noni(na iiniiic+i c+ynenin :aneno ni( x
+nny.
Himo naxnni +ennoneena(n y ncix c+ynenxx o(naioni (
*
2 a A
h
*
a
*
a R A
h h ), +o :nony : innxnnx (4.58) o(enxo neo6xi(ne cnin-
ni(nomennx xi iononnxn mnn(ioc+xxn
. 8 2
2 A A R
u u u
Tainx nnnox, i: o:inxny+nx c+ynenin nan6inimo ionono mnn(-
ioc+i no+e6yc eai+nnnnn c+ynini, nanxenmo (noninnennn ai+nn-
nnn.
J nnina(enoio nnme nnnnnnac, mo ai+nnna +y6ina : o(noninne-
nnxn c+ynenxxn xac nn6nn:no n(nini xenme c+ynenin, ni eai+nn-
na. O(nai nee: +e, mo eai+nnni c+yneni xam+i xenmy ociony mnn-
ny, ni ai+nnni, :an(xin ni(cy+noc+i (ia]aix, cy++cno i:nnni n :a-
ianinin (onnni ai+nnno i eai+nnno +y6in ne cnoc+eiiac+icx. Ja-
c+ocynannx (noninnennx c+ynenin xoe na6aia+o cioo+n+n ocionnn
ia6an+ +y6inn.
Bnionacxo noinnxnnx ocionnx c+ynenin :a e]ei+nnnic+m. Ha
nc.4.34 (nx noinnxnnx 6ynn nane(eni ia]inni :anenoc+i iononoio
KK ai+nnnoio, eai+nnnoio i (noninnenoio ai+nnnoio c+ynenin ni(
ni(nomennx mnn(ioc+en
1
= u /c
1
, no6y(onani (nx innnx (o(nnx i
+nx e) :naneni
1
i . !: :ic+annennx innnx nnnnnnac, mo :a (annx
yxon iononnn KK eai+nnnoio c+ynenx na 2...3 nnmnn, ni KK
ai+nnnoio c+ynenx. Oc+annc noxcnmc+icx xenmnxn n+a+axn ene-
ii n o6onin emi+ni eai+nnnoio c+ynenx nee: xany :iiny+ic+i no-
]inm o6ono nona+in.
!nmom neenaiom eai+nnnoio c+ynenx c 6inim nonoia :ane-
nic+i iononoio KK ni( mnn(iicno xaai+enc+nin. Bnacni(oi nio-
&! Tcojin mj6innoo cmncnn
io nin :6eiiac nncoie :nanennx KK y mnoioxy (iana:oni :xinn
xaai+enc+nin
1
, n +on nac xi n ai+nnnoxy c+yneni KK 6inim
ny+nnnnn (o :xinn ni(nomennx mnn(ioc+en u/c
1
.
Kononnn KK naxonyc +iniin iononi n+a+n, +oxy (nx 6inim
nonno oninin eionoxinnnx noia:nniin c+ynenin na+o noinnx+n x
nny+imni KK, xii naxonym+i i inmi n+a+n n c+ynenxx. Hn nioxy
(oc+a+nio, iix iononnx, yaxyna+n n+a+n ni( +e+x (nciin i ni( nn-
+oiin o6onoio +ina n c+ynenxx, +oxy mo :a innnx yxon inmi nny+imni
n+a+n nn6nn:no o(naioni.
V+a+n ni( +e+x (nciin n ai+nnnoxy c+yneni cina(am+i nn6nn:-
no O,5...1,5 , :6inimymnnci i: :oc+annxx nona+ionoio +nciy, (ia-
xe+a (nciin, nac+o+n o6e+annx o+oa. B eai+nnnoxy c+yneni n+a-
+n ni( +e+x nai+nnno ni(cy+ni.
Bn+oin n ai+nnnoxy c+yneni ni(6ynam+icx n ymininenni (ia]ai-
xn. B nen]einnnx :a:oax nee: xannn neena( +nciin nn+oin o-
6onoio +ina nenennii, oco6nnno nn naxnnoc+i na nona+iax 6an(aa
: ymininmnaninnxn ie6enxxn. Jan(xin o:nnny+oxy ymininennm
(ia]aix, xanoxy (iaxe+y nana i nenennioxy :a:oy n ymininenni
n+a+n ni( nn+oiin n ai+nnnoxy c+yneni nani+i nn nncoinx naaxe+-
ax o6onoio +ina ne neennmym+i 2...3 .
V eai+nnnoxy c+yneni nnacni(oi nennioio (iaxe+a o+oa ni(
connonnxn nona+iaxn i nen]einnoio (iaxe+a o6onnx nona+oi, a
+aio nenninx a(ianinnx :a:oin, y+a+n ni( nn+oiin ic+o+no 6ini-
mi, ni n ai+nnnoxy. Oco6nnno nennii n+a+n ((o 1O...15 i 6inime)
ni( nn+oiin y eai+nnnoxy c+yneni nn nncoioxy +nciy i nenenniin
nn+a+i o6onoio +ina. Bny+imnin KK eai+nnnoio c+ynenx :a nnx
yxon nnxnnxc+icx nnnnn, ni ai+nnnoio.
B o6nac+i nn:iinx +nciin, (e n+a+n ni( nn+oiin nenennii, eai+nn-
nnn c+ynini xac 6inim nncoinn nny+imnin KK, ni ai+nnnnn.
O+e, ai+nnni c+yneni xam+i neenain nn nncoioxy +nciy o-
6onoio +ina i xannx nn+a+ax noio, a eai+nnni ionn nn:iinn +nci i
nennii nn+a+n.
Maicnxaninnn KK (noninnenoio ai+nnnoio c+ynenx, xi nn(no
: nc.4.34, :nanno nnnnn ni( KK o(noninnennx c+ynenin nee: y+a-
+n n (o(a+ionnx o6onoxy ninni i noxinoxy nanxxnoxy anaa+i.
Ho(anime :6inimennx nncna o6onnx ninnin nn:no(n+i (o :xenmen-
nx on+nxaninoio :nanennx mnn(iicno xaai+enc+nin, +o6+o o:-
mnmc xonnnoc+i nnionc+annx nenninx naxnnnx +ennoneena(in,
&" Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
?F
,

,
Bxi( ia:y
Bnxi( ia:y
Pnc.4.51. Cxexa a(ianinoio
(onen+onoio c+ynenx
ane eionoxinnic+i nnx(ani noiimyc+icx. J nic nnnnnn +nninneni
c+yneni :aa: nai+nnno ne nnionc+onym+icx.
Ho c+ocyc+icx (noninnennx c+ynenin, +o x :ac+oconym+i +o(i,
ionn +e6a cnanmna+n nenninn +ennoneena( nn xonnno xenmnx
ia6an+ax i ne (ye oc+inx nnxoiax mo(o eionoxinnoc+i. B (annn
nac (noninneni c+yneni :ac+oconym+i n ocnonnoxy xi nnni( (onoxi-
nnx xexani:xin (nnnninnx, nan+annx nacocin +omo). Panime nonn
mnoio :ac+oconynanncx n naonnx +y6inax n oni nemoio (eiy-
nmnaninoio) c+ynenx 6aia+oc+yninnac+nx +y6in, xi c+yneni :xenme-
noio xo(y n ioa6eninnx +y6oaieia+ax, a +aio y +y6inax :a(nio-
io xo(y.
4.21. Ocounnoc1i poouoro nponecy n paiautuouy c1yneui
V no+onnin nac+nni a(ianinoio c+ynenx +enix o6onoio +ina xac
a(ianinnn nanxx ((nn. , 1.5). Je nn:no(n+i (o +oio, mo iononi
mnn(ioc+i na nxo(i i nnxo(i : o6ono emi+in i:ni i o6onoxy no-
necy nnacni(oi nioio nnac+nni (exii oco6nnnoc+i.
Hi nnina( o:inxnexo a(ianinnn (onen+onnn c+ynini
(nc.4.51). Honec o:mnennx n c+yneni na hs-(iaiaxi +a +niy+-
nnin mnn(ioc+en nane(eni na nc.4.52.
A6conm+na mnn(iic+i nnxo(y no+oiy i: connonoio anaa+a nn-
:nanac+icx, xi i (nx ocionoio c+ynenx, :a ]oxynom
.
*
ac 1
h c
Ociiniin mnn(iic+i nee( c+ynenex :nn-
nanno nenennia, +o xona nnnyc+n+n, mo
c
O
= O i naxnnnn +ennoneena( connonoio
anaa+a (oinnmc i:oen+oninnoxy, +o6+o
.
ac
*
ac
h h
Pinnxnnx eneii (nx ianany,
xinn 6ee ynac+i n o6e+aninoxy yci
((nn. , 2.1), xoe 6y+n :anncane y nn-
inx(i
.
2 2
2 2
(
,
\
,
(
j

(
,
\
,
(
j
+
u
d
w
d dh
&# Tcojin mj6innoo cmncnn
Hicnx nee+noeni in+eiana (anoio innxnnx ni(nocna mnn(iic+i
nnxo(y no+oiy : o6ono emi+in
( )
2
2
2
1
2
1 a 2 2
2 u u w h w w
i
+
a6o
( ), 2
io
*
a 2
h h w (4.59)
(e
2
2
2
2
1
io
u u
h

+ennoneena(, mo ni(noni(ac nac+nni eneii, xia

nee+nomc+icx n xexaninny o6o+y :a axynoi (i ioioniconnx cnn;
u
1
i u
2
iononi mnn(ioc+i na nxo(i i nnxo(i : o6ono emi+in.
D

=
D ,

=?
D ,
?
G
F
G
nnx

F
D ,
K
D ,
=F
D ,

*
M

io

K
Pnc.4.52. Honec o:mnennx na
hs-(iaiaxi () +a +niy+nnin
mnn(ioc+en () a(ianinoio (o-
nen+onoio c+ynenx

=
V+a+n n connonin emi+ni nn:nanam+icx :a ]oxynom
( ) ( ) ; 1
2
1
*
ac
2
2
1
2
c
h
c
q
i

n+a+n n o6onin emi+ni
( )( ); 1
2
1
io
*
a
2
2
2
2
2

h h
w
q

&$ Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in

n+a+n eneii : nnxi(nom mnn(iic+m
.
2
2
2
nnx
c
q
Konona o6o+a c+ynenx :a yxonn, mo iononi mnn(ioc+i na nxo(i
(o emi+in i na nnxo(i : ne i:ni,
. cos cos
2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1
+ c u c u c u c u l
u u u
(4.6O)
Ociiniin : +niy+nniin mnn(ioc+en :a +eoexom iocnnycin
2
1
2
1
2
1 1 1 1
cos 2 w u c c u +
i
, cos 2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2 2 2
w u c c u +
+o innxnnx (4.6O) xona nee+non+n (o nninx(y
,
2 2 2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
u u w w c c
l
u

(4.61)
mo :6iiac+icx : innxnnxx (2.24).
Hnenn innxnnx (4.61) xaai+en:ym+i o6o+y, o(eynany na
nany o6onoio ioneca: nemnn :a axynoi :xinn iine+nnno eneii
n a6conm+noxy yci; (yinn n e:yni+a+i :xinn iine+nnno eneii y
ni(nocnoxy yci; +e+in nnacni(oi (i ioioniconnx cnn ne o6o+a,
o+nxana n e:yni+a+i 6e:nocee(nioio nee+noennx no+ennianino
eneii n o6o+y n o6onoxy ioneci. J(incnennx nac+nnn o6o+n :a
axynoi (i ioioniconnx cnn c cnenn]innom oco6nnnic+m o6onoio
nonecy a(ianinnx +y6in.
Kononnn KK a(ianinoio (onen+onoio c+ynenx, xi i ocionoio,
.
*
a
h
l
u
u

J oinx(y na +e, mo 2
2
a(
*
a
c h , o(eycxo
,
2 ) ( 2
a(
2
a(
1
a(
1
2
a(
2 2 1 1
(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

c
c
c
c
c
u
c
c u c u
u u u u
u
&% Tcojin mj6innoo cmncnn
(e
*
a a(
2 h c yxonna mnn(iic+i nn+iiannx i: connono emi+in;
1
c 2
1
2
D
D
u
u

xia a(ianinoc+i c+ynenx, xia (oinnmc ni(nomen-
nm cee(nioio (iaxe+a y nnxi(noxy neei:i (o :onnimnioio (iaxe+-
a o6onoio ioneca ((nn. nc.4.51).
Bnionc+onymnn onenn(ni :anenoc+i, mo nnnnnnam+i : innxn-
nx eneii i +niy+nniin mnn(ioc+en, o(eycxo
, 1
a( 1
c c

1 cos
1 a( 1
c c
u
i
.
cos cos
a(
1
a(
2 2
a(
2 2 2
a(
2
c
u
c
w
c
u w
c
c
u

J yaxynannxx anime o+nxanoio nna:y (nx mnn(ioc+i w

2
:na-
xo(nxo

+
(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j
+

2
a(
2
1
2
2
2
a(
1
*
a
a
a(
2
c
u u
c
w
h
h
c
w
. 1 cos 2 ) 1 (
1
a(
1
2
a(
1
2 2

(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j
+ +
c
u
c
u
To(i ]oxyny (nx nn:nanennx iononoio KK xona neennca+n
y nninx(i
, cos 1 cos 2
2
a(
1
2
1
a(
1
]
]
]
,

,
+
c
u
c
u
u
(4.62)
(e
. 1 cos 2 ) 1 (
1
a(
1
2
a(
1
2 2

(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j
+ +
c
u
c
u
4oxyna (4.62) cni(nn+i, mo iononnn KK a(ianinoio c+ynenx
:anen+i ni( +nx e naaxe+in, mo i KK ocionoio c+ynenx, a +aio
&& Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
ni( ieoxe+nnnoio naaxe+a
1 c 2
D D , xinn (nx ocionoio c+yne-
nx (oinnmc o(nnnni.
Po:axynin :a (onoxoiom ]oxynn (4.62) nn :nanennxx
1
=15;
= O,97; = O,9;
2
= 45 cni(na+i, mo :nanennx iononoio KK a(i-
aninoio (onen+onoio c+ynenx (ocxiac O,88...O,92, +o6+o na 2...3
nnme, ni n ocionoxy eai+nnnoxy c+yneni.
nx (onen+onnx c+ynenin xaai+ene o6xeennx xinixanino
xin eai+nnnoc+i. Je noxcnmc+icx +nx, mo ni(nen+oni cnnn n o-
6onoxy ioneci cnxxonani na:yc+in no+oiy. Minixanino (onyc+nxy
xiy eai+nnnoc+i xona :nan+n : yxonn ni(cy+noc+i (n]y:ono +e-
ni n o6onnx iananax
.
1
2
w
w

(4.63)
Ociiniin
,
2
2
a(
*
a a
c
h h
+o : nna:y (4.59)
.
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
a(
2
2
u u w c
w
+ +
(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

J innxnnx (4.63) o(eycxo

2
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
a( min
w u u w c + +
a6o
). 1 (
2
2
a(
1
min

(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

c
u
Minixanine :nanennx xin eai+nnnoc+i cina(ac nn6nn:no
O,25...O,35.
Jnnnanno (onen+oni c+yneni xam+i xiy eai+nnnoc+i O,45...O,52
i on+nxanine ni(nomennx mnn(ioc+en u
1
/c
a(
= O,65...O,72. V nioxy
nnna(iy iy+ nxo(y no+oiy na o6oni nona+in 6nn:iinn (o 9O, +oxy
nxi(ni ioxin nona+oi nnionym+i a(ianinnxn.
&' Tcojin mj6innoo cmncnn
Kix :a:nanennx iononnx y+a+ y a(ianinnx c+ynenxx nnnnia-
m+i +aio (o(a+ioni nny+imni n+a+n (ni( nn+oiin ii:i :a:on, ni(
+e+x (ncia), xii ne naxonym+icx iononnx KK.
Ha hs-(iaiaxi (o(a+ioni nny+imni n+a+n naxonym+icx ana-
noiinno iaxennx y+a+ax n ocionoxy c+yneni ((nn. nc.4.49).
onen+oni a(ianini +y6inn nn nenenninx no+ynoc+xx nnxn-
nxm+icx 6inim eionoxinnnxn, ni +y6inn ocionoio +nny. Ocnonni
]ai+on, xii cnnxm+i nioxy, +aii:
xenmi n+a+n y nxi(nnx na+y6iax, +oxy mo n (onen+onin +y-
6ini no+ii y cnianinoxy +a +oo(aninoxy na+y6iax ne :xinmc na-
nxxy ni( a(ianinoio (o ocionoio;
xenmi n+a+n n connonoxy anaa+i y nnna(iy :ac+ocynannx inn-
nono(i6nnx no]inin (a6o 6e:nona+ionoio nanxxnoio anaa+a) :a
axynoi :xenmennx iinnennx y+a+ y emi+iax, mo oco6nnno ni(ny+-
no nn nenenniin nnco+i iananin;
:xenmennx n+a+ y o6onoxy ioneci: xona mnn(iicnnn ioe]ini-
cn+ o6onoio ioneca :nanno nnnnn, ni n ocionnx +y6inax, :an-
(xin nee+noennm nac+nnn no+ennianino eneii n o6o+y ni( (icm
ioioniconnx cnn 6e:nocee(nio, xnnamnn ]oxy iine+nnno eneii,
ni(nocna nennnnna n+a+ y ioneci xenma;
xenmi n+a+n : nnxi(nom mnn(iic+m :an(xin xenmnx ni(nocnnx
mnn(ioc+xx y o6onoxy ioneci i xonnnoxy no(animoxy x :xen-
mennm nnacni(oi :ac+ocynannx nnxi(noio na+y6ia y nninx(i (n]y-
:oa.
Kix nioio (onen+oni a(ianino-ocioni +y6inn xam+i me x(
neenai y noinnxnni : ocionnxn +y6inaxn, a caxe:
noc+o+y :ac+ocynannx eiynionanoio connonoio anaa+a i :(in-
cnennx eneca +y6inn;
6inimnn :anac no+ennianino eneii, mo nnionc+onyc+icx n o(-
noxy c+yneni, :an(xin 6inimnx iononnx mnn(ioc+xx, xii (onycia-
m+icx : +onin :oy xinnoc+i;
noc+o+y nnio+onnennx o6onnx ionic :an(xin xanoxy nncny
nona+oi;
6inim noc+y ionc+yinim +a ioxnonynannx +y6inn.
V +on e nac (o ne(oniiin (onen+onnx +y6in noinnxno : ocio-
nnxn cni( ni(nec+n:
+oxn 6inimnn (iaxe+ ionycy;
19O Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
+y(nomi c+noennx 6aia+oc+yninnac+nx +y6in i +y6in nennio
no+ynoc+i;
ni(nnmennn eo:innnn :noc c+inoi iananin.
Hion+e+nnxn o6nac+xxn :ac+ocynannx (onen+onnx +y6in c:
na((ynni aieia+n (n:enin;
ia:o+y6inni (nniynn xano no+ynoc+i;
(nnaxinni nee+nomnani eneii;
xono(nnini +y6oaieia+n n yc+anonin (nx no(iny noni+x.
Hi nnina( :ac+ocynannx (onen+onnx c+ynenin y iononnnx cy(-
nonnx +y6inax xona na:na+n nemnn c+ynini 6aia+oc+yninnac+o
naono +y6inn a+oxnoio inionaxa "Ai+nia".
Kou1poutui sanauuu i nn1auuu
1. Haeeoint t:acuqitaim enpan y nypoinno+y cnyneni.
2. Hpoana:isyne npu:unu eunutnenn npoqi:tnu ynpan.
3. Hocnint, ti qatnopu en:ueamnt naoi:tu cynnceo na ee:u:uny npo-
qi:tnu ynpan.
4. ane apatnepucnuty tineeu ynpan y nypoinno+y cnyneni.
5. Et posnooi:mntc enpanu e cnyneni no ooewuni :onanot?
6. Hpoana:isyne en:ue eeo+enpu:nu napa+enpie peuinot na enpanu e nu.
7. ane apatnepucnuty +ipu peatnuenocni cnynen.
8. Ja oono+oeom tu cnieeionouent +owna eusna:unu to:oey pooony cny-
nen?
9. ane apatnepucnuty to:oeoeo KK nypoinnoeo cnynen.
10. Hpoana:isyne en:ue ueuoticno apatnepucnutu na to:oeu KK atnue-
nu, peatnuenu na oaeanoeineeu cnynenie.
11. Eti qop+u ueuoticno apatnepucnutu eutopucnoeymnt npu pospaynty
nypoinnu cnynenie?
12. Oapatnepusyne ta+epni enpanu e cnyneni.
13. Hocnint ce+y oyooeu na npunun oi :aoipunnoeoeo yi:tnenn.
14. Ja oono+oeom tu piennt +owna eusna:unu eunotu pooo:oeo ni:a tpist
:aoipunnoee yi:tnenn?
15. Hocnint +enoouty eusna:enn enpan eio eunotie tpist nepuqepini sa-
sopu o: pisnu toncnpytnuenu oqop+:ent nypoinnoeo cnynen.
16. ane apatnepucnuty enpana+ eio nenoenonu enycty pooo:oeo ni:a.
17. Hocnint, :u+ eut:utana noea oooantoeu ynpan y cnyneni, tu npa-
mc na eo:oei napi.
18. Hpoana:isyne npu:unu noeu oooantoeu ynpan enepei e oo:oowyea-
no+y cnyneni.
19. ane apatnepucnuty enynpiunto+y KK i nonywnocni cnynen.
20. Ja oono+oeom tu piennt eusna:acntc ooewuna :onanot con:oeu i
pooo:u peuinot?
191 Ocnoou jo:ja:nt octoou: mj6innu: cmncnio
21. ane nopien:tny ointy atnuenoeo, tonepyennnoeo na oeoeineeoeo at-
nuenoeo cnynenie.
22. Hpoana:isyne ocoo:ueocni pooo:oeo npoecy e paoia:tno+y cnyneni.
5. OCHOBH POBPAXYHKY OCbOBHX TYPBlHHHX
CTYDEHlB
5.1. Bnxiui aui
Bnxi(nnxn (nx o:axyniy +y6innoio c+ynenx c +aii (ani
*)
:
1. Tun pooo:oeo ni:a. Po6onnx +inox (nx +y6in ia:o+y6innnx
(nniynin ni(in+oio +nny :nnnanno c no(yi+n :ioxnnx nyineno(-
nennx nannn i:noio nn(y; n +y6inax (nniynin, mo nanmm+i :a
:axiny+nx nninox, :ac+oconym+icx noni+x, ienin, a:o+, nyineinc-
nnn ia:.
Po6onnx +inox (nx naonnx +y6in, xi nannno, c no(xna naa.
2. Bunpana pooo:oeo ni:a G, ii/c.
3. Hapa+enpu pooo:oeo ni:a nepeo cnynene+: (nx ia:in, no(yi+in
:ioxnnx i neeii+o nan c+a+nnnnn p
O
nn nonnnn p
O
*
+nci (Ha) i
ni(noni(no c+a+nnna T
O
nn nonna T
O
*
+exnea+ya (K); (nx nonoio
nan +nci p
O
a6o p
O
*
i xia cyxoc+i nan
O
.
4. Heuoticnt pooo:oeo ni:a na eooi e cnynint c
O
, x/c (y nnna(iy
:a(annx c+a+nnnnx naaxe+in nee( c+ynenex).
5. Cnanu:nu nuct sa cnynene+ p
2
, Ha.
6. Uacnona ooepnann ponopa n, o6/xn, a6o cepeoni oia+enp cny-
nen D
c
, x (xonnne o(nonacne :a(annx nennnnn D
c
i n y oni nnxi-
(nnx (annx).
5.2. Bnsuaueuuu 1enuoqisnuunx xapak1epnc1nk poouoro 1iua
Hn o:axyniy c+ynenx ia:ono +y6inn (nx :a(anoio o6onoio
+ina nn:nanam+icx (exii +enno]i:nnni xaai+enc+nin, (o xinx nane-
*) Hn nanncanni nioio o:(iny nnionc+ani xa+eiann nani [5] i [6].
192 Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
a+i i:o6ana xacona +ennocxnic+i c
p
, /(iiK), noia:nni i:oen-
+onn k +a in(nni(yanina ia:ona c+ana R, /(iiK). Hn nioxy
:nnnanno ionc+ym+icx ia]innnxn :anenoc+xxn ni( +exnea+yn
+ennocxnoc+i c
p
= f (T) i ioxnneicy ) (
1
T f
k
k
n =

= a6o +a6nnnnn-
xn (annxn.
Jnanennx nennnnn c
p
i n o:axonym+icx (nx cee(nio +exnea-
+yn nonecy o:mnennx n c+yneni
,
2
2 O
c
t
T T
T
+
=
(e T
2t
+exnea+ya nanniinni +eoe+nnnoio i:oen+oninnoio o:-
mnennx ia:y n c+yneni.
Jnanennxx T
2t
xona +aio :a(ana+ncx : yxonn
) 12O ... 8O (
O 2
=T T
t
K
: nac+ynnnx y+onnennxx nicnx :naxo(ennx nennnnnn naxnnoio +en-
noneena(y c+ynenx h
a
*
:
.
*
a
*
O 2
p
t
c
h
T T

=
!a:ona c+ana o6onoio +ina xoe 6y+n nn:nanena :a ]oxynom
.
1
n c c
k
k
R
p p
=

=
incni :nanennx +ennocxnoc+i c
p
i ioxnneicy
k
k
n
1
= (nx no-
ni+x, no(yi+in :ioxnnx (n:eninoio nannna +a nno(noio ia:y na-
ne(eni na nc.1 i 2
*)
.
ani +enno]i:nnni xaai+enc+nin nxo(x+i (o anani+nnnnx :ane-
noc+en (nx nn:nanennx naaxe+in o6onoio +ina n xaai+ennx ne-
ei:ax c+ynenx ia:ono +y6inn.
Hn an+oxa+n:onannx o:axyniax c+ynenin ia:onnx +y6in nn-
ionc+onym+i ni(oxi anoicnxaninni :anenoc+i +enno]i:nnnnx xa-
ai+enc+ni ni( +exnea+yn, n oni xio 6ey+i cee(nioan]xe+nn-
ny +exnea+yy nonecy.
*)
Vci ncynin, xii no:naneni nn]om +a ni+eom "", nane(eni n (o(a+iy.
193 Ocnoou jo:ja:nt octoou: mj6innu: cmncnio
5.3. Pospaxyuok c1yneuu ua cepeutouy iaue1pi
Po:axynoi +y6innnx c+ynenin cynono(yc+icx no6y(onom
nonecy na hs-(iaiaxi (nc.5.1).
V nnna(iy c+ynenx ia:ono +y6inn, ionn o:axynin nnionym+i-
cx :a ]oxynaxn, no6y(ona
nonecy xac inmc+a+nnny
xe+y. Ha (iaiaxi neo6xi(no
:o6a:n+n +onin, xii xaai+e-
n:ym+i c+an o6onoio +ina n
o:axynionnx neei:ax c+y-
nenx 0, 1, 2 i c+an :aianixona-
noio no+oiy n nnx neei:ax n
a6conm+noxy 0
*
, 1
*
, 2
*
n ni(-
nocnoxy 1
w
*
i 2
*
w
yci ((nn. +a-
io , 4.18). Cni( no:nann+n +e-
nnoneena(n n emi+iax i c+y-
neni (i:oen+oninni n nonni na-
xnni), iononi n+a+n, a +aio
cyxani iaxeni n+a+n +a nny-
+imnin +ennoneena( c+yne-
nx. iaiaxy 6y(ym+i y (o-
nininoxy xacm+a6i no ion-
:on+ani, nn+nxymnn cninni(-
nomennx ni(i:iin y:(on oci
h, xii 6inim-xenm ni(noni(a-
m+i o:axynionnx.
!o+ona c+an(a+na (iaiaxa hs nnionc+onyc+icx 6e:nocee(-
nio (nx nn:nanennx naaxe+in nan n o:axynionnx neei:ax c+y-
nenin naonnx +y6in, a nee: nnx i +ennoneena(in, +oxy no6y(ona
nonecy n c+yneni na hs-(iaiaxi c oianinno non'x:anom : caxnx
o:axyniox. Bnionimnannx nonecy : (iaiaxn (o(ac+icx (o o:-
axyniy.
Po:axynoi c+ynenx cina(ac+icx : nocni(onnoio o:axyniy no-
necin y connonoxy anaa+i i n o6onin emi+ni. V e:yni+a+i nnx o:-
axyniin nn:nanam+icx:
(nx connonoio anaa+a a6conm+na mnn(iic+i nnxo(y c
1
i n+a-
+n eneii q
c
;

6
D

=
D ,
?
G

F
F
G
E
D ,

=?
D ,

M M

J
Pnc.5.1. Honec o:mnennx n +y6in-
noxy c+yneni
13128
194 Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
(nx o6ono emi+in ni(nocni mnn(ioc+i nxo(y w
1
i nnxo(y w
2
,
a6conm+na mnn(iic+i nnxo(y :i c+ynenx c
2
+a n+a+n eneii q

.
O(nonacno nn:nanam+icx iy+n nxo(y +a nnxo(y no+oiy : emi-
+oi, 6y(ym+icx +niy+nnin mnn(ioc+en.
Ha :anemennx nioio e+any o:axyniy :naxo(x+icx ionona o-
6o+a c+ynenx i iononnn KK, a +aio (onnna connonnx i o6onnx
nona+oi.
Hnn(ioc+i no+oiy n emi+iax o:axonym+icx :a ]oxynaxn ,2.4
+a 2.7 (nx c+ynenx naono +y6inn nee: naxnni +ennoneena(n, (nx
ia:ono nee: naaxe+n o6onoio +ina.
Honecn n emi+iax na (iaiaxi 6y(ym+icx n +aiin nocni(onno-
c+i: 1) : +onin nona+iy nonecy (0 a6o 1) nono(n+icx i:oen+ona (o
+nciy iinnx nonecy n emi+ni; 2) : +onin iinnx i:oen+oninnoio no-
necy (1
i
a6o 2
i
) ni(ina(ac+icx nioy n+a+a eneii (q
c
a6o q

) i nono-
(n+icx ion:on+anina ninix; 3) +onia nee+nny nic ion:on+anino
nini : i:o6aom iinnx nonecy n emi+ni (1 a6o 2) :'c(nyc+icx : +on-
iom nona+iy nonecy. inix 01 a6o 12 ne yxonna ninix (incnoio
nonecy n emi+ni.
Hi( nac :(incnennx o:axyniin nemoio e+any neo6xi(no n:x+n
x( naaxe+in i nn:nananinnx nennnnn.
!eoxe+nnni i enxni naaxe+n c+ynenin y :nannin xii nn:na-
nam+icx +nnox o6onoio +ina +a noio naaxe+axn.
Tai, nannina(, naaxe+n no(yi+in :ioxnnx na nxo(i n ne-
mnn c+ynini +y6in cy(nonnx i c+anionannx ia:o+y6innnx (nniynin
cina(am+i: +nci p
0
*
= 1...3 MHa, +exnea+ya T
0
*
= 1100...1600 K
(nx (nniynin ni(in+oio nniny; +nci p
0
*
= 4...8 MHa i +exnea+ya
T
0
*
= 900...1200 K (nx (nniynin, mo nanmm+i :a :axiny+nx nni-
nox.
Tnci na nnxo(i : oc+annioio c+ynenx +y6inno nac+nnn p
2
=
=0,103...0,110 MHa (nx (nniynin ni(in+oio nniny i p
2
= 0,8...2,0MHa
(nx (nniynin :axiny+oio nniny.
Haaxe+n nan na nxo(i (o connonoio anaa+a nemoio c+yne-
nx naono +y6inn nncoioio +nciy :naxo(x+icx n +ainx xeax: +nci
p
0
*
= 5...10 MHa, +exnea+ya T
0
*
= 740...830 K. Haaxe+n nan na
nxo(i (o connonoio anaa+a nemoio c+ynenx +y6in nn:iioio +nciy:
p
0
*
= 0,3...0,6 MHa, T
0
*
= 420...520 K. Tnci nan na nnxo(i : oc+annio-
io c+ynenx +y6in nn:iioio +nciy p
2
= 0,005...0,006 MHa.
Bninx( no+onno nac+nnn c+ynenx nn:nanac+icx x(ox ionc+yi-
195 Ocnoou jo:ja:nt octoou: mj6innu: cmncnio
+nnnnx, +exnonoiinnnx nnxoi, a +aio yxonaxn ioxnonynannx c+y-
nenx n cina(i (nniyna. Han6inimoio nomnennx n ia:onnx +y6inax
na6ynn c+yneni : noc+innnx cee(nix (iaxe+ox. Ho+onna nac+nna
c+ynenin naonnx +y6in nannac+ime xac nnnin(nnni o6xeymni
nonexni; n +on e nac n oc+annix c+ynenxx +y6in nn:iioio +nciy
xoy+i :ac+oconyna+ncx ioninni o6xeymni nonexni, cyxannn iy+
o:in++x no+onno nac+nnn n nioxy nnna(iy, xi nannno, ne nee-
nnmyc 20...25.
o nncna ocnonnnx naaxe+in, xii 6ey+icx n noneci o:axyn-
iy, nanea+i: ni(nomennx cee(nioio (iaxe+a (o (onnnn o6onnx
nona+oi (nixnonic+i c+ynenx)
c
l D = , xia eai+nnnoc+i na cee(-
nioxy (iaxe+i , iy+ nnxo(y no+oiy i: connonnx iananin
1
+a mnn(-
iicni ioe]inicn+n connono i o6ono emi+oi. Jnanennx :a(a-
m+i (nx c+ynenin ia:onnx +y6in, xi nannno, y (iana:oni 3,5...30, nn-
noxy xenmi :nanennx xaai+eni (nx oc+annix c+ynenin, 6inimi (nx
nemnx. nx c+ynenin naonnx +y6in 6ey+i y xeax 20...40 (nx
nemnx c+ynenin +y6in nncoioio +nciy i 7...9 (nx oc+annix; 12...20
6ey+i (nx nemnx c+ynenin +y6in nn:iioio +nciy i 3,5...4,0 (nx
oc+annix.
Bennnnna nixnonoc+i c+ynenx y+onnmc+icx n noneci +exoia:o-
(nnaxinnoio o:axyniy nicnx nn:nanennx cee(nioio (iaxe+a D
c
i (onnnn o6onnx nona+oi l

. Bennnnna xin eai+nnnoc+i, nn:na-

nena :a y+onnenom nennnnnom , ne nonnnna neennmyna+n xiy e-
ai+nnnoc+i, o:axonany :a anime n:x+nx :nanennxx.
Ky+ nnxo(y no+oiy i: connonnx iananin
1
6ey+i (nx c+ynenin
ia:onnx +y6in y xeax 12...20, nnnoxy xenmi :nanennx (nx ne-
mnx c+ynenin, 6inimi (nx oc+annix. V naonnx +y6inax eioxen(o-
nani :nanennx iy+a
1
= 11...14 (nx c+ynenin +y6in nncoioio +nciy,
12...14 (nx nemnx c+ynenin +y6in nn:iioio +nciy i 24...30 (nx oc+an-
nix c+ynenin +y6in nn:iioio +nciy.
nx nn:nanennx mnn(iicnnx ioe]inicn+in i nnionc+onym+i
eioxen(ani, :ii(no : xinxn (ocionani n aeo(nnaxinnoxy ni(nomen-
ni no]ini :a6e:nenym+i o(eannx (nx connonnx emi+oi = 0,950...
...0,975; (nx o6onnx emi+oi c+ynenin ia:onnx +y6in = 0,94...0,97;
(nx naonnx +y6in = 0,90...0,95.
O(nnx : nannnnx naaxe+in, mo nn:nanam+i e]ei+nnnic+i +y-
6innoio c+ynenx, c mnn(iicna xaai+enc+nia c+ynenx
a(
= u /c
a(
13*
196 Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
(
1
=u/c
1
a6o
i
= u/c
1i
), on+nxanina nennnnna xio :a6e:nenyc xini-
xyx y+a+ eneii n c+yneni i, o+e, (ocxinennx xaicnxaninoio KK.
On+nxanine :nanennx 6e:o:xino xaai+enc+nin xona :nan+n
:a ]oxynom
.
1 2
cos
1
on+ . a(



Bn6i ocnonnnx naaxe+in c+ynenx nonnnen :(incnmna+ncx +ai,
mo6 :a6e:nenynanacx xinnic+i nan6inim nanyennx noio enexen-
+in, (o nncna xinx nanea+i o6oni nona+in.
Bennnnna cyxannx nanyeni, mo nnnniam+i nn o6o+i +y-
6inn n ioenenoxy (nan6inim nanan+aenoxy) noneennoxy neei:i
o6onnx nona+oi, na c+a(i nonee(nioio o:axyniy xoe 6y+n oni-
nena :a ]oxynom
, 1

:i

(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

+
(e

nanyennx o:+xiy, mo nnnniam+i ni( (icm ni(nen+onnx

cnn;
:i
nanyennx :inny. Bi(nomennx
:i
/

ni(noni(no (o eio-
xen(anin 6ey+i innnx 0,1...0,2.
Hanyennx o:+xiy n o6onin nona+ni, :xinnoio no (onnni ne-
ei:y, xoy+i 6y+n onineni :a ]oxynom
, 4 , 1
2
x

u
(e
x
iyc+nna xa+eiany nona+in, ii/x
3
; u ionona mnn(iic+i, x/c.
nx nona+in c+anoio neei:y

2
x
0 , 2
u
.
Po:axyniona +exnea+ya xa+eiany o6onnx nona+oi
,
*
0 o: w
T T T
(e
. 1
cos 1 2
2
a(
1
2
(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

p
w
c
u
T
197 Ocnoou jo:ja:nt octoou: mj6innu: cmncnio
Janeno ni( +exnea+yn i +exiny cny6n o6onnx nona+oi (:nn-
nanno 10000...30000 io( (nx ia:onnx +y6in i 80000...100000 io( (nx
naonnx +y6in) o6nac+icx xa+eian, xaai+enc+nin +nnano xin-
noc+i xioio xoy+i :a6e:nenn+n o(eannx nnnnx+nnx :naneni io-
e]inicn+a :anacy xinnoc+i
.
+
n

n
nx o6onnx nona+oi naonnx i ia:onnx +y6in ioe]inicn+ :ana-
cy xinnoc+i 6ee+icx innnx 1,5...2,0. V nnna(iy, ionn neo6xi(nnn
:anac xinnoc+i ne :a6e:nenyc+icx, y(am+icx (o :nnennx +exnea+y-
n nona+oi :a axynoi oxono(ennx x a6o :xenmym+i ionony mnn(-
iic+i, mo xonnno (ocxi+n :nnennxx nac+o+n o6e+annx o+oa a6o
:xenmennxx cee(nioio (iaxe+a c+ynenx.
Hicnx oninin xinnicnoio c+any nona+oi :naxo(x+i in+nnne ni(-
nomennx +nciin p
i
/p
0
*
((nn. , 2.3). Konn ni(nomennx +nciin y connax
p
1
/p
0
*
xenme ni( in+nnnoio, +o :a connonnxn iananaxn nnnniac na(-
:nyionnn enx +eni, mo o6yxonnmc neo6xi(nic+i nn:nanennx iy+a
ni(xnnennx no+oiy nn o:mnenni n iocoxy :i:i ((nn. , 2.6). Hn
na(:nyionoxy nn+iianni neo6xi(no y+onnn+n mnn(iicni ioe]inicn+n
:a icnymnnxn a+nacaxn i noxanxxn.
Bn:nanamnn in+nnne ni(nomennx +nciin (nx neeii+o nan,
noia:nni i:oen+onn k 6ey+i innnx 1,3, (nx cyxo nacnneno nan
1,135. Hn o:axyniy nonecin nn+iiannx nonoio nan nennnnna
noia:nnia i:oen+onn xoe 6y+n o(eana i: :anenoc+i
, 1 , 0 035 , 1
c
k +
(e
.
2
1 0
c

V nnna(iy, ionn nonec nac+iono ni(6ynac+icx n o6nac+i neeii-

+o nan +a nac+iono n o6nac+i nonoio, noia:nni i:oen+onn 6e-
e+icx xi (nx cyxo nacnneno nan.
Hn nn:nanenni in+nnnoio ni(nomennx +nciin :nnnanno nex+y-
m+i y+a+axn n conni +a o6nncnmm+i noio xi (nx i:oen+oninno +e-
ni.
198 Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
onnna nnxi(no ioxin connonnx nona+oi :naxo(n+icx : in-
nxnnx neo:nnnoc+i.
V nemnx c+ynenxx naonnx +y6in nncoioio +nciy (onnna nn-
xi(no ioxin connono nona+in xoe nnxnn+ncx xenme 12...15 xx. V
nioxy nnna(iy nnnniac neo6xi(nic+i nne(ennx nanianinoio nnyciy
nan. Mia nnyciy :nnnanno 6ee+icx : yxonn :a6e:nenennx xini-
xanino (onyc+nxo (onnnn nona+oi. nx c+ynenx : nanianinnx nny-
ciox nonnnna 6y+n y+onnena mnn(iicna xaai+enc+nia
.
1 2
cos
a(
1 1
on+
a(
1
on+ . a(
(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

c
u
c
u
Joiexa, nn :xenmenni xin nnyciy (o 0,25 nennnnna (u
1
/c
a(
)
cina(ac 0,07...0,09.
Bn:nanennx (onnnn nnxi(no ioxin o6onnx nona+oi xona
:(incnn+n (noxa cnoco6axn. Jii(no : nemnx cnoco6ox nona nn:na-
nac+icx :a ni(oxom (onnnom connono nona+in : ecii:y no+onno
nac+nnn, nnxo(xnn : yxonn :a6e:nenennx nnannoc+i o6ncin. To(i
iy+
2
nn:nanac+icx : innxnnx neo:nnnoc+i (nx n:x+o (onnnn
nona+oi. Bi(noni(no (o (yioio cnoco6y (onnna o6ono nona+in
:naxo(n+icx : innxnnx neo:nnnoc+i (nx nnxi(noio neei:y c+yne-
nx :a n:x+nx iy+ox nnxo(y no+oiy : o6onnx nona+oi
2
.
Binim o:noncm(ennx y o:axyniax c+ynenin ia:onnx +y6in c
nemnn cnoci6. Ho6y(ony ecii:y no+onno nac+nnn c+ynenx o:no-
nnnam+i nicnx nn:nanennx (onnnn nnxi(no ioxin connonnx nona-
+oi. Ky+ o:in++x no+onno nac+nnn 6ee+icx innnx 4...20,
nnnoxy xenmi :nanennx (nx nemnx c+ynenin +y6in nncoioio +n-
ciy, 6inimi (nx oc+annix c+ynenin +y6in nn:iioio +nciy.
Hox(oi no6y(onn ecii:y no+onno nac+nnn nac+ynnnn. Cnona+-
iy nono(n+icx ne+nianinnn ni(i:oi AC, (onnna xioio ni(noni-
(ac (onnni nnxi(no ioxin connonnx nona+oi (nc.5.2,). Ho+ix
nee: iinni nioio ni(i:ia nono(x+icx (ni nini KF i MN, iy+ xi
xinxn (oinnmc n:x+oxy iy+y o:in++x no+onno nac+nnn. Hicnx
nioio na ni(c+ani ocionoio :a:oy s, nennnnny xioio (nx c+ynenin
+y6in ia:o+y6innnx (nniynin 6ey+i 5...20 xx (xenmi :nanennx
(nx nemnx c+ynenin i xannx (onnn connonnx nona+oi), naanenino
ni(i:iy AC nono(n+icx ni(i:oi DE i ni( nioio ni(ina(ac+icx
199 Ocnoou jo:ja:nt octoou: mj6innu: cmncnio
ociona mnnna o6ono nona+in, mo :naxo(n+icx i: ia]inno :ane-
noc+i l

/B

= f () (nc.3). Ho+ix nenen(niynxno nini, mo ni(noni-

(ac :onnimnioxy o6no(y no+onno nac+nnn, ni(ina(ac+icx a(iani-
nnn :a:o
r
, xinn 6ee+icx innnx (0,005...0,010) l

. V e:yni+a+i (a-
nnx no6y(on nn:nanac+icx (onnna nnxi(no ioxin o6ono nona+-
in l

.
?

?
*
F
*

n
i
?

?
*
.n
F
*
.n
F
*
?
*
H
@
D
c
p
1
c
p
2
D
D
a
P
L
T
K
M
C
E
N
i
Pnc.5.2. Ho6y(ona ecii:y no+onno nac+nnn c+ynenx
=
J ecii:y no+onno nac+nnn nn(no, mo (onnna nnxi(no ioxin
o6ono nona+in xoe 6y+n nn:nanena +aio :a ieoxe+nnnom :ane-
nic+m
, ) lg lg )( (
i n c r
B s l l + + +
(e
n
i
i
iy+n o:in++x no+onno nac+nnn na nen]ei +a 6inx
ioenx nona+oi.
V +on e nac (onnna o6onnx nona+oi : oinx(y na ia]inny
:anenic+i l

/B

= f () xoe 6y+n :nan(ena :a ]oxynom

( ) .

B B l l
Jic+annnmn (na oc+anni innxnnx, nicnx nee+noennx o(enxo
]oxyny (nx nn:nanennx neo6xi(no ociono mnnnn o6onnx nona-
200 Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
+oi
( )
.
lg lg
) lg (lg
i n
i n c

+ +

B l
s l
B
r
Ociiniin ociona mnnna nona+oi :nnnanno :xinna ni( ioenx (o
nen]ei, +o nn xen(ionaninoxy no]inmnanni ((nn. nc.5.2,)
eioxen(onano 6a+n ni(nomennx mnnnn n nen]einnoxy neei-
:i B
n
(o mnnnn n ioenenoxy neei:i B
i
(nx connonnx nona+oi
B
n
/B
i
= 1,05...1,30; (nx o6onnx B
n
/B
i
= 0,9...0,7.
onnna nnxi(no ioxin o6onnx nona+oi c+ynenin naonnx
+y6in nn:nanac+icx +oxn inaime. B nioxy nnna(iy 6ee+icx :ii(no
: eioxen(anixxn nennnnna cyxanoio neein++x =
n
+
i
(nc.5.3), a no+ix nn6nac+icx
.
c
+ l l

,
,

?
Pnc.5.3. o nn:nanennx (onnnn o6onnx nona+oi
!no(i cnona+iy 6ey+i iy+ nnxo(y : o6ono emi+in
2
, mo xo-
na :o6n+n, oicn+ymnnci na iy+
1
+a xiy eai+nnnoc+i c+ynenx,
nax'x+amnn, mo
2
<
1
. Hicnx nioio nn:nanam+i (onnny o6onnx
nona+oi i oninmm+i nnnnx+nic+i : +onin :oy nnannoc+i o6no(in
no+onno nac+nnn.
Hac+ynnnn e+an o:axyniy nn:nanennx iaxennx y+a+ i oc+a-
+onnnx noia:nniin c+ynenx.
201 Ocnoou jo:ja:nt octoou: mj6innu: cmncnio
Hn o:axyniy iaxennx y+a+ y c+yneni neo6xi(no 6a+n (o
ynain noio oco6nnnoc+i i ionc+yi+nnne nnionannx: cnoci6 ni(ne(en-
nx o6onoio +ina nonnnn a6o nac+ionnn, naxnnic+i a6o ni(cy+nic+i
6an(aa, naxnnic+i i xicne o:+amynannx :a:oin, xnin +nn (ni(in-
+nn nn :ain+nn :a:o) i nennnnny +a in.
V o:inxny+in xe+o(nni n:x+a innic+i nn+a+ o6onoio +ina ne-
e: connony i o6ony emi+in nn+a+i nee: c+ynini. nx 6inim +on-
nnx o:axyniin nn+a+n nee: emi+in cni( neenin+n : yaxynan-
nxx nn+oiin ii:i ymininennx (ia]aix, nen]einnnn i ioenennn
:a:on.
Hn o:axyniy nncoio+exnea+ynoio c+ynenx : oxono(yna-
nnxn nona+iaxn (o(a+ioni n+a+n, nninniani oxono(ennxx, xoy+i
6y+n n cnomenin noc+anonni naxonani :xenmennxx nennnnnn mnn(-
iicnnx ioe]inicn+in i na 0,015...0,020 y noinnxnni : xnixn :na-
nennxxn (nx neoxono(ynannx emi+oi.
Po:axynoi :aiinnyc+icx nn:nanennxx nny+imnioio KK i no-
+ynoc+i c+ynenx.
Hnina(n o:axyniy ocionoio c+ynenx ia:ono i naono +y6in
na cee(nioxy (iaxe+i nane(eni n +a6n.1 i 2
*)
.
V , 4.64.19, (e o:inx(anncx ocioni c+yneni : ni(nocno ioo+in-
xn nona+iaxn, nnaanocx, mo cee(nin (iaxe+ c+ynenx ne c+ana
nennnnna, a +oxy ionona mnn(iic+i +aio :annmac+icx ne:xinnom,
+o6+o u
2
= u
1
.
V eaninnx c+ynenxx, n :anenoc+i ni( xaai+ey o6no(in no+on-
no nac+nnn n xen(ionaninoxy neei:i, a +nx 6inime n c+ynenxx :
ni(nocno (oninxn nona+iaxn nomneni nnna(in, ionn cee(ni (iaxe-
+n c+ynenx na nxo(i (o o6ono emi+in +a na nnxo(i : ne (emo ni(-
i:nxm+icx o(nn ni( o(noio, i +o(i u
2
u
1
. V nioxy a:i c+ynini, :ann-
mamnnci ocionnx, na6ynac nennnx nc, xaai+ennx (nx a(ianino-
io c+ynenx.
Hn noei+ynanni +ainx c+ynenin :a nenennio i:nnni (iaxe+in
ino(i o:axynoi nnionym+i xi nn c+anoxy cee(nioxy (iaxe+i, :a
xinn 6ey+i cee(nin (iaxe+ na nnxo(i : o6ono emi+in (+o6+o
D
c
=D
c2
).
Binim +onnnn e:yni+a+ (ac naxynannx i:nnni (iaxe+in i io-
nonnx mnn(ioc+en nn o6nncnmnanni mnn(ioc+i nnxo(y o6onoio +ina
: o6ono emi+in w
2
+a ionono o6o+n l
u
, xi y o:axyniax a(i-
*)
Vci +a6nnni, no:naneni nn]om +a ni+eom "", nane(eno n (o(a+iy.
202 Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
aninoio c+ynenx :a ]oxynaxn (4.59) +a (4.60). He noia:ano n nane(e-
nnx nnina(ax o:axyniy ((nn. +a6n.1 i 2).
Kou1poutui sanauuu i nn1auuu
1. Haseint oani, ti c euionu+u o: pospaynty nypoinnoeo cnynen.
2. Hocnint +enoouty eusna:enn nen:oqisu:nu apatnepucnut pooo:oeo
ni:a.
3. Haseint eipoeioni sna:enn napa+enpie pooo:oeo ni:a na eooi euooi si
cnynenie cy:acnu napoeu na easoeu nypoin.
4. Hocnint +enoouty nepeeiptu na +inicnt pooo:u :onanot nypoin.
5. Etu+ :uno+ soicnmcntc eusna:enn ooewun euionu tpo+ot con:oeu
na pooo:u :onanot y pospaynty cnynen?
6. OCOBRHBOCTl POBPAXYHKY DPOCTOPOBOlO
DOTOKY B CTYDEHl
6.1. C1yniut s niuocuo onrnun uona1kaun
Panime nn o:inx(i o6o+n +y6innoio c+ynenx (onycianocx, mo
ionona mnn(iic+i, ieoxe+nnni naaxe+n emi+oi i naaxe+n o-
6onoio +ina no (onnni o6onnx nona+oi :annmam+icx ne:xinnnxn.
Hn +aioxy (onymenni no+ii y c+yneni 6y(e nnocionaaneninnx i
o:axynoi noio xona nnionyna+n :a naaxe+axn o6onoio +ina
+a ieoxe+nnnnxn o:xiaxn na cee(nioxy (iaxe+i, a o6ani (nx
cee(nioio neei:y no]ini connonnx i o6onnx nona+oi 6a+n +a-
inxn i (nx inmnx neei:in nona+oi. Toxy c+yneni, o:axonani n
no6y(onani :a yxonn nnocionaaneninoio no+oiy, xam+i nnnin(nnni
nona+in (noc+innoio no a(iycy no]inm).
C+anic+i naaxe+in no a(iycy xoe 6y+n (onymena, ionn (on-
nna o6onnx nona+oi (ocn+i xana noinnxno : cee(nix (iaxe+ox,
+o6+o nn nenninx :nanennxx = D
c
/ l

. Po:axynoi c+ynenin :a yxo-

nn nnocionaaneninoio no+oiy nnnnx+nnn nn 10...12.
C+yneni : < 10...12 na:nnam+i cnynen+u s eionocno ooeeu+u
203 Oco6uoocmi jo:ja:nt njocmojoooo nomot o cmncni
:onanta+u, a6o cnynen+u ee:uto ei:oeocni. V +ainx c+ynenxx no-
+ii xac ni+io nnaeny noc+oony c+yi+yy, +oxy o:axynoi x i
no6y(ona :a yxonn nnocionaaneninoio no+oiy i: nnnin(nnnnxn
nona+iaxn nn:no(x+i (o noxnn n+a+, non'x:annx i: noymennxx
cnnx+nnnnx yxon o6+iiannx nona+oi, i (o noxi+noio :nnennx KK
c+ynenx noinnxno : o(eannx na cee(nioxy (iaxe+i. Hi n+a+n
(ic+ann na:ny ei:oeu ynpan.
Hanneme, mo nn:nanac noc+oony c+yi+yy no+oiy n c+yneni
nennio nixnonoc+i, ne :xina ionono mnn(ioc+i no (onnni nona-
+oi. Bi(nomennx iononnx mnn(ioc+en na nen]ei n y ioenenoxy
neei:i nona+oi nee: nixnonic+i
.
1
1
c
c
i
n
i
n

+

+

l D
l D
D
D
u
u
!a]inne ni(o6aennx nic :aneno-
c+i nane(eno na nc.6.1. Onenn(no, mo nn
nenninx :nanennxx ni(nomennx mnn(-
ioc+en u
n
/u
i
nenennie i :xinom ionono
mnn(ioc+i no (onnni nona+oi xona ne-
x+yna+n. Ho+e, ionn = 10...12, +o u
n
/u
i

1,2, +oxy ne naxonyna+n ne ne nexo-

nnno, ximo xa+n na yna:i, mo n oc+an-
nix c+ynenxx naonnx i ia:onnx +y6in
:nnnanno = 3,5...4,0.
Kix :xinn ionono mnn(ioc+i na
]oxynannx noc+oono c+yi+yn no-
+oiy n c+yneni cy++cno nnnnnac :xina y:-
(on a(iyca naaxe+in o6onoio +ina n
:a:oax xi emi+iaxn nona+oi. V nemy neiy ne c+ocyc+icx +nciy.
Haxnnic+i iononnx cina(onnx mnn(ioc+en o6onoio +ina (n :a-
ianinoxy nnna(iy c
0u
, c
1u
, c
2u
) nn:no(n+i (o nnnninennx ni(nen-
+onnx cnn, xii (im+i na nac+in enonnnn n a(ianinoxy nanxxi.
Himo nn nioxy a(ianini cina(oni mnn(ioc+en ni(cy+ni, +o, onenn(-
no, n no+oni (im+i me nenni cnnn, xii ninnonaym+i ni(nen+oni cnnn.
Taii cnnn c nacni(iox neeo:no(iny +nciy n :a:oi no a(iycy: +nci
xac :oc+a+n ni( ioenx o6onnx nona+oi (o nen]ei.
Himo nac+in ia:y xam+i a(ianini cina(oni mnn(ioc+i, +o6+o

#
#
K
K
n
i
Pnc.6.1. Jxina ionono mnn(-
ioc+i nee: nixnonic+i
204 Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
nini c+yxenx n xen(ionaninoxy neei:i ne inno6ini oci c+ynenx,
:'xnnxm+icx (o(a+ioni cnnn, cnxxonani ni( nen]ei (o nen+a a6o
ni( nen+a (o nen]ei, xii nocna6nmm+i a6o nocnnmm+i neinno-
xinic+i o:no(iny +nciy, nninniany (icm ni(nen+onnx cnn.
O+e, nnnnnom :xinn +nciy no (onnni nona+oi c :aiynennx
no+oiy, xie nn:no(n+i (o noxnn ionono cina(ono mnn(ioc+i. One-
nn(no, mo nn ocionoxy nanxxi yxy +nci y :a:oi 6y(e ne:xinnnx.
Ho+ii y c+yneni cnnino :aiynennn n :a:oi xi connonom i o-
6onom emi+iaxn (xannn iy+
1
), +oxy +ax cnoc+eiiac+icx cy++cna
:xina +nciy n:(on a(iyca.
V :aianinoxy nnna(iy :aiynennx no+oiy ni(6ynac+icx i :a o-
6onom emi+iom (nn neon+nxaninnx :nanennxx xaai+enc+nin
1
=
=u/c
1
iy+ nnxo(y o6onoio +ina
2
90), +oxy +nci :a c+ynenex +a-
io c :xinnom nennnnnom. Ho+e neinnoxinic+i +nciy :a c+ynenex
noinnxno nenennia, mo noxcnmc+icx xanom mnn(iic+m nnxo(y :
o6ono emi+in c
2
i cina(onom c
2u
. Mano :xinmc+icx i +nci nee(
c+ynenex, ionn :aiynennx no+oiy nee( nnx 6y(e necy++cnnx. Hn
6nn:iinx (o ocionoio nanxxax no+oiy nee( connaxn +a :a o6onn-
xn nona+iaxn +nci nee( c+ynenex i :a nnx, a o+e, i naxnnnn nee-
na( en+aninin y c+yneni :annmam+icx no (onnni nona+oi ne:xinnn-
xn. Ociiniin +nci y :a:oi xi connonnxn n o6onnxn nona+iaxn
:6inimyc+icx ni( ioenenoio neei:y (o nen]ei, xia eai+nnno-
c+i c+ynenx no a(iycy :oc+ac (nc.6.2).
Jxina xin eai+nnnoc+i no a(iycy nn:no(n+i (o +oio, mo n
ioenenoxy neei:i o6onnx nona+oi
nona nnxnnxc+icx nnnom, ni na ce-
e(nioxy (iaxe+i. O+e, ximo na ce-
e(nioxy (iaxe+i n:x+n = 0, +o n
ioenenoxy neei:i (i n ycix inmnx, (e
D < D
c
) eai+nnnic+i c ni('cxnom.
Hn ni('cxnin eai+nnnoc+i +nci
:a o6onom emi+iom 6inimnn, ni
nee( nem, n emi+ni nnnniac (n]y-
:ona +enix : nnxonnxn :onaxn, xo-
nnni :nnni xnnma. He nce nn:no-
(n+i (o :oc+annx n+a+ eneii n c+y-
neni i +oxy c ne6aannx.
Ho6 ynniny+n neia+nnnnx na-
D
c
p
D
i
D
n
l
c
r
p, H

F H

F
n
H
n
i
H
i
Pnc.6.2. Jxina +nciy :a connonn-
xn iananaxn +a xin eai+nnno-
c+i c+ynenx no (onnni nona+oi
205 Oco6uoocmi jo:ja:nt njocmojoooo nomot o cmncni
cni(iin ni('cxno eai+nnnoc+i y ioenenoxy neei:i, xia eai+nn-
noc+i nonnnna :an(n 6y+n +oxn 6inime nynx. Jnnnanno 6ey+i

i
0...0,2. Bnxo(xnn : nioio, nn:nanam+i neo6xi(ny xiy eai+nn-
noc+i na cee(nioxy (iaxe+i c+ynenx.
nx c+ynenin : nona+iaxn noc+innoio no]inm :n'x:oi xin eai-
+nnnoc+i na cee(nioxy (iaxe+i +a n ioenenoxy neei:i xona onn-
ca+n nn6nn:nom ]oxynom [14]
.
1
) 1 ( 1
2
i c
(
,
\
,
(
j

Hac+o +aio ionc+ym+icx cnomenom ]oxynom [21]
.
8 , 1
8 , 1
i c
+
+
Ha nc.6.3 noia:ano nxi(ni +niy+nnin mnn(ioc+en (nx +iox
neei:in c+ynenx : yaxynannxx :xinn ionono mnn(ioc+i +a xin
eai+nnnoc+i no (onnni o6onnx nona+oi. Connoni n o6oni nona+-
in c+ynenx n:x+o nnnin(nnnnxn. Mia eai+nnnoc+i :6inimyc+icx
ni( ioenenoio neei:y (o nemnnn nona+in, +oxy mnn(iic+i c
1
nnxo(y no+oiy i: connonnx iananin (o nemnnn nona+oi :xenmyc+i-
cx. Ky+ nnxo(y no+oiy
1
y ncix neei:ax :annmac+icx ne:xinnnx.
0 1 2

?
n

?
n

=

> > >
i

M
i
i
u
u
u
i
n
n
u
a
Pnc.6.3. Xaai+eni neei:n c+ynenx ()
+a nxi(ni +niy+nnin mnn(ioc+en ()

=
Hi ne nn(no : +niy+nniin mnn(ioc+en, iy+
1
nxo(y ni(nocno
mnn(ioc+i w
1
n o6ony emi+iy :6inimyc+icx ni( ioenenoio neei-
:y (o nen]ei (
1n
>
1
>
1i
). Toxy, ximo na cee(nioxy (iaxe+i
206 Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
nxi( y o6ony emi+iy 6e:y(annn, y ncix neei:ax no+ii na(xo(n+i y
emi+iy : ni('cxnnx (nn
1
>
1ieox
) a6o (o(a+nnx (nn
1
<
1ieox
)
iy+ox a+ain. J ncynia +aio nn(no, mo :xinmc+icx ne +iniin iy+

1
nanxx mnn(ioc+i w
1
, ane n caxa ni(nocna mnn(iic+i nxo(y, xia
ni( ioenx (o nemnnn nona+oi :xenmyc+icx.
Tainx nnnox, :ac+ocynannx nnnin(nnnnx nona+oi y c+ynenxx :
xannx ni(nomennxx nn:no(n+i (o neon+nxaninnx yxon o6+iian-
nx nxi(nnx ioxoi nona+oi, noxnn ni(nnnnx :on nee: nennii iy+n
a+ain, a(ianinnx nee+iiani no+oiy n iananax, mo ic+o+no :nnyc
KK +y6innoio c+ynenx.
Heo6xi(no +aio yaxonyna+n :6inimennx n+a+ nee: ni(xnnen-
nx ni(nocnoio ioiy emi+oi ni( cnoio on+nxaninoio :nanennx, mo
6y(e nnnnia+n y ncix neei:ax c+ynenx, iix o:axynionoio (xi na-
nnno, cee(nioio).
O+e, c+ac onenn(nom neo6xi(nic+i noei+ynannx c+ynenin : xa-
nnx ni(nomennxx (nx :xenmennx nixnonnx y+a+, yaxonymnn no-
c+oony c+yi+yy no+oiy.
Honinmn+n o6o+y c+ynenx xona, ximo nona+in nnio+onn+n :i
:xinnnx y:(on a(iyca no]inex, +o6+o :ac+ocyna+n satpy:eni no-
na+in.
6.2. Hanpoc1imn cnoci sakpyueuuu uona1ok
Jac+ocynannx :aiynennx nona+oi (o:nonxc :xenmn+n n+a+n, mo
nnnniam+i nee: neon+nxaninic+i iy+a a+ain i ioiy n:(on a(iy-
ca, y:io(n+n na ionoxy a(iyci no]ini connonnx i o6onnx nona-
+oi : xaai+eox o6o+n c+ynenx (eai+nnnic+i, nncno Maxa +a in.),
ic+o+no :xenmn+n a(ianini nee+iiannx n o(nnx nnna(iax a6o anio-
nanino oiani:yna+n x n inmnx.
Jaiynennm nona+oi 6y(i-xinx cnoco6ox nee(yc o:axynoi
c+ynenx na cee(nioxy (iaxe+i xi c+ynenx : ni(nocno ioo+inxn
nona+iaxn, +oxy na nen nac yci (ani mo(o cee(nioio (iaxe+a ne
ni(oxi. Ho6y(onani ne n +niy+nnin mnn(ioc+en (nx cee(nioio
(iaxe+a.
Hannoc+imnn cnoci6 :aiynennx nona+oi yaxonyc :xiny +ini-
in ionono mnn(ioc+i no x (onnni. Bin nnnnnnac 6e:nocee(nio :
o:inx(y +niy+nniin mnn(ioc+en c+ynenx, no6y(onannx (nx x(y
neei:in nona+oi. Hn nioxy nci naaxe+n o6onoio +ina n xaai-
207 Oco6uoocmi jo:ja:nt njocmojoooo nomot o cmncni
+ennx neei:ax c+ynenx 0, 1, 2 6ey+i c+annxn no (onnni nona+oi
i innnxn naaxe+ax na cee(nioxy (iaxe+i. Connoni nona+in xa-
m+i noc+innnn no]ini, :aiynym+icx +iniin o6oni.
Hacni(iox ne:xinnoc+i naaxe+in o6onoio +ina no (onnni
nona+oi c c+anic+i +ennoneena(in y ninoxy n c+yneni h
a
*
n y ionin
: emi+oi h
a
*
c
i h
a
. Hoc+innom :a nennnnnom i nanxxox, +ainx
nnnox, :annmac+icx i mnn(iic+i nnxo(y i: connonoio anaa+a c
1
.
Bxi(ni +niy+nnin mnn(ioc+en nn neexo(i ni( o(noio neei:y
(o inmoio (e]oxym+icx +iniin nnacni(oi :xinn ionono mnn(ioc+i u.
Bn:nanamnn mnn(iic+i nnxo(y : o6ono emi+in w
2
, naxony-
m+i :xiny nxi(no mnn(ioc+i w
1
nn c+anoxy i:oen+oninnoxy +en-
noneena(i n o6onin emi+ni h
a
.
Ha nc.6.4 :o6aeni +niy+nnin mnn(ioc+en (nx +iox neei-
:in: ioenenoio (i), na cee(nioxy (iaxe+i (c) +a 6inx nen]ei no-
na+oi (n).

>

>

>

>
>

>

>

>

>

>

>

>

?
K
K
K
K
K
K

K
=
Pnc.6.4. Tniy+nnin mnn(ioc+en nn nannoc+imoxy cnoco6i
:aiynennx nona+oi
!: nxi(nnx +niy+nniin mnn(ioc+en nn(no, mo (nx :a6e:nenennx
6e:y(anoio nxo(y no+oiy n o6onnn nineni neo6xi(no iy+
1
6inx
ioenx :o6n+n xenmnx, a 6inx nemnnn 6inimnx, ni na cee(-
nioxy (iaxe+i, +o6+o ieoxe+nnnnn nxi(nnn iy+ o6ono emi+in
nonnnen :oc+a+n ni( ioenx (o nemnnn nona+oi.
208 Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
V nanin nac+nni nc.6.4 cynininnxn ninixxn noia:ano nnxi(ni
+niy+nnin mnn(ioc+en nn :6eeenni iy+a
2
noc+innnx no (on-
nni nona+oi. Hnn(iic+i nnxo(y :anen+i ni( :xinn nxi(no mnn(-
ioc+i w
1
. A6conm+na mnn(iic+i no+oiy :a c+ynenex c
2
n nioxy nnna(-
iy ic+o+no :xinmc nennnnny i nanxx, +o6+o no+ii nnxnnxc+icx :aiy-
nennx.
nx ycynennx :aiynennx no+oiy :a c+ynenex (oninino :o6n+n
:xinnnx no (onnni nona+oi +aio i nnxi(nnn iy+
2
. Bnxi(ni +niy+-
nnin (nx +aioio nnna(iy no:naneni m+nxonnxn ninixxn. Hi nnnnn-
nac : no6y(on, nnxi(nnn iy+ o6ono emi+in ni( ioenx (o nemnnn
nonnnen :xenmyna+ncx.
Hi( +niy+nniaxn mnn(ioc+en na ncyniy noia:ano no]ini o-
6ono nona+in (nx o:inxny+nx neei:in. Hn nioxy ociona mnnna
no]inm :xenmyc+icx (o nemnnn. Tainx nnnox :xenmym+i nany-
ennx n nona+iax ni( ni(nen+onnx cnn.
Po:axynoi :aiynennx nnx cnoco6ox nonxiac n :naxo(enni
:naneni iy+a
1
n i:nnx neei:ax. Tainn cnoci6 :aiynennx nona-
+oi, :acnonannn na (ocn+i na6nnennx nnnymennxx, (o:nonxc nn
xannx ic+o+no :nn:n+n nixnoni n+a+n, o(nai, ne nnnenyc xonn-
noc+i no(animoio ni(nnmennx e]ei+nnnoc+i +y6innoio c+ynenx.
Hnina( o:axyniy :aiynennx nona+oi nannoc+imnx cnoco-
6ox (nn c+anoc+i iy+a
2
) nane(eno n +a6n.3.
6.3. Pinuuuuu paiautuo pinuonarn uac1ok rasy
Po:inxny+nn nannoc+imnn cnoci6 :aiynennx nona+oi ((nn. , 6.2)
yaxonyc :xiny +iniin ionono mnn(ioc+i. Binim (ocionani xe+o(n,
mo naxonym+i :xiny no a(iycy +aio i naaxe+in o6onoio +ina,
:acnonani na nnionc+anni innxnnx a(ianino innonain nac+oi ia:y.
Haxnnic+i iononnx cina(onnx mnn(ioc+en +eni ((nn. , 6.1) nn-
:no(n+i (o nnnninennx ni(nen+onnx cnn i neeo:no(iny +nciin y
xininnennx neei:ax: ni( ioenx (o nen]ei +nci nonnnen :oc+a-
+n.
Ha neeo:no(in +nciin nnnnnac +aio xaai+e +eni n xen(io-
naninoxy neei:i. Himo nini c+yxy n nioxy neei:i xam+i (exiy
innn:ny, +o :'xnnxm+icx (o(a+ioni cnnn, xii :6inimym+i a6o :xen-
mym+i neinnoxinic+i o:no(iny +nciin, nninniany ni(nen+onnxn
cnnaxn.
209 Oco6uoocmi jo:ja:nt njocmojoooo nomot o cmncni

@F
F
@
@H
H
?
K

@F F
@N
@N
F
H
@
H
@
H

H
K
?
=
?
=
?
@M
4
C
?
H
?

Hn nnnnenni noc+oonoio no+oiy n c+yneni n nemy neiy o:-

inx(am+i nonx mnn(ioc+en i +nciin y xaai+ennx neei:ax 0, 1 i 2
(nc.6.5).
Pnc.6.5. o nnno(y innxnnx a(ianino innonain
Bn:nannxo yxonn a(ianino innonain nac+oi ia:y (nx xioio-
ne6y(i i: yia:annx neei:in. Bn(innxo n no+oni enexen+any nac+iy
ia:y, o6xeeny (noxa nnnin(nnnnxn ioaicianinnxn nonexnxxn :
a(iycaxn r i r + dr, (noxa ]on+aninnxn nnomnnaxn na ni(c+ani
d o(na ni( o(no +a (noxa xen(ionaninnxn neei:axn, mo y+no-
mm+i xi co6om iy+ d.
A6conm+na mnn(iic+i nac+in n :aianinoxy nnna(iy xoe 6y+n
o:ina(ena na +n cina(oni: ionony c
u
, ociony c
a
i a(ianiny c
r
, nn
nioxy
,
2 2 2 2 2 2
n u r a u
c c c c c c + = + + =
(e
2
1
2
1 r a n
c c c + = xen(ionanina cina(ona mnn(ioc+i.
Ha nac+iy ia:y y a(ianinoxy nanxxi (im+i:
ni(nen+ona cnna (na nc.6.5 cnxxonana nioy)
;
2 2 2
2 2
d r d d
r d
r
dr r
c
n d
r d r
c
u u

+
+
=
+
14128
210 Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
cnna ni( +nciy na nny+imnm nonexnm (yioy)
; d prd
cnna ni( +nciy na :onnimnm nonexnm (nnn:)
; ) ( ) ( d d dr r dp p + +
cnna ni( +nciy na 6inni iani (yioy)
;
2
sin
2
2

+
d
drd
dp
p
cnna, o6yxonnena a(ianinnx nncioennxx (nanxx :anen+i
ni( :naia innn:nn ninin c+yxy),
.
2

+ =
d
dc
drd d
dr
r
d
dc
dn
r r
Vxona innonain ncix cnn, mo (im+i na nac+iy, :annme+icx y nn-
inx(i
+ + + +
+

+ d d dr r dp p d prd
r d r
c
drd d
dr
r
u
) ( ) (
2 2
2
. 0
2 2
sin
2
2 =

+ +
d
dc
drd d
dr
r
d
drd
dp
p
r
(6.1)
Hee( oc+annix nnenox y ninin nac+nni innxnnx :nai "xinyc" 6e-
e+icx, ximo ninix c+yxy o:+amonana onyinic+m nnn: ((nn. nc.6.5),
a :nai "nnmc" ximo onyinic+m nioy.
Po:incxo (yin i :ne(exo no(i6ni nnenn, (onyc+nnmn nee:
xanic+i iy+a d, mo
2 2
sin

d d
. J innxnnx (6.1) :nan(exo
0
2
) (
2
2
2
=

d
dc dr
d
dc
rdr dp
dr
rdp drc
r r
u

a6o, ni(innynmn nnenn 6inim nncoioio nox(iy xanoc+i, nicnx (e-
211 Oco6uoocmi jo:ja:nt njocmojoooo nomot o cmncni
xinx nee+noeni
. 0
2
=

d
dc
dr
dp
r
c
r u
(6.2)
uoxyna (6.2) ne innxnnx a(ianino innonain nac+oi ia:y n
:aianinoxy nninx(i.
Pinnxnnm innonain xona na(a+n n inmoio nninx(y. J nc.6.5
nnnnnnac, mo
. sin =
n r
c c
To(i
. cos sin

=
d
d
c
d
dc
d
dc
n
n r
(6.3)
Himo xn++cnnn a(iyc innn:nn nini c+yxy R, +o
,

=
d
d
R c
n
:ni(in
.
R
c
d
d
n
=

Hicnx ni(c+anonin n innxnnx (6.3), a no+ix y (6.2) o(enxo

. cos sin
2 2

=
R
c
d
dc
r
c
dr
dp
n n u
(6.4)
Ty+ cnna, o6yxonnena a(ianinnx nncioennxx, :axinena (no-
xa cnnaxn: ineninnom, xia nninniana :xinom xen(ionanino mnn(-
ioc+i i nononinna

sin
d
dc
n
, i ni(nen+onom, mo o6yxonnena in-
nn:nom nini c+yxy i nononinna cos
2
R
c
n
.
nx (exinx oiexnx nnna(iin innxnnx innonain na6ynac cno-
menoio nninx(y. Tai, nn R , +o6+o ionn nonexni c+yxy c io-
ninnnxn, : nna:y (6.4)
. sin
2

=
d
dc
r
c
dr
dp
n u

14*
212 Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
Hn R i = 0, ionn nac+in yxam+icx no ioaicianinnx nnnin-
(nnnnx nonexnxx,
r
c
dr
dp
u
2
(6.5)
a6o
. 0
2

r
dr
c
dp
u
(6.6)
Oc+annin nnna(oi xac n nai+nni nan6inime :nanennx, +oxy mo
:nnnanno innn:na ninin c+yxy nenennia i xona ne naxonyna+n,
a iy+ (ocn+i xannn.
Pinnxnnx (6.5) c ni(+ne(ennxx +oio, mo nn ni(cy+noc+i iono-
nnx cina(onnx mnn(ioc+i ia(icn+ +nciy no (onnni nona+oi (oin-
nmc nynm, +o6+o +nci y neei:i c+annn.
C+oconno ionie+nnx neei:in innxnnx (6.6) xona neennca-
+n n +aioxy nninx(i:
(nx neei:y 1
; 0
2
1
1
1

r
dr
c
dp
u
(6.7)
(nx neei:y 2
. 0
2
2
2
2

r
dr
c
dp
u
(6.8)
Hex+ymnn o6o+om +e+x n nona+ionnx iananax, : innxnnx Be-
nynni o(eycxo:
(nx connonoio anaa+a (dl
r
= 0, dl
T
= 0)
;
1 1
1
1
dc c
dp

(nx o6onnx nona+oi (dl

T
= dl
u
0, dl
r
= 0)
.
2 2
2
2
u
dl dc c
dp

Hicnx ni(c+anonin y ]oxynn (6.7) i (6.8) o(enxo

213 Oco6uoocmi jo:ja:nt njocmojoooo nomot o cmncni
, 0
2
1 1 1
+
r
dr
c dc c
u
(6.9)
. 0
2
2 2 2
+ +
u u
dl
r
dr
c dc c (6.10)
n]eennianini innxnnx a(ianino innonain (6.9) i (6.10) xo-
y+i 6y+n noin+eionani nnme :a nennnx (o(a+ionnx yxon. Pinnxn-
nx n in+eianinoxy nninx(i nn:nanam+i xaai+e :xinn ieoxe+nn-
nnx naaxe+in emi+oi i naaxe+in no+oiy no (onnni nona+oi (a6o
no a(iycy) i, o+e, xoy+i 6y+n ocnonom (nx :aiynennx nona+oi.
Janeno ni( (o(a+ionnx yxon, xii 6ey+icx nn in+eiynanni (n-
]eennianinnx innxni a(ianino innonain, o(eym+i xa+exa+nn-
nnn nna: +oio nn inmoio :aiony :aiynennx nona+oi : yaxynannxx
:xinn naaxe+in o6ono enonnnn n:(on a(iyca. Xona :aionin :a-
iynennx xoe icnyna+n 6aia+o, nai+nnnoio :ac+ocynannx na6ynn
nnme (exii : nnx.
6.4. 3akpyueuuu uona1ok sa sakouou c1auoc1i nnpkyuuni
Vneme :aiynennx nona+oi xe+o(ox c+anoc+i nniynxni 6yno
:ac+oconano aia(exiiox M.C.Xyionciinx (nx no]inmnannx noni+-
xnnx innn+in i nona+oi nen+nnx+oin. Jio(ox nen xe+o( 6yn o:o6-
nennn no]ecoox B.B.Vnaonnx c+oconno (oninx nona+oi naonnx
i ia:onnx +y6in. He:naamnn na +e, mo xe+o( :acnonannn na nnio-
nc+anni innxni no+ennianinoio no+oiy nec+ncnnno i(nnn, nin
mnoio :ac+oconyc+icx n nai+nni ionc+ymnannx no+onnnx nac-
+nn +y6in.
V (anoxy nnna(iy xi (o(a+iony yxony nn in+eiynanni innxn-
nx a(ianino innonain ia:y 6ey+i
consl,
1

a
c (6.11)
mo ni(noni(ac innoxinoxy nonm ocionnx mnn(ioc+en y :a:oi xi
connonnxn i o6onnxn nona+iaxn.
Hee( c+ynenex, a +aio :a nnx ni:ixexo nanxx no+oiy ocio-
nnx (+o6+o
0
=
2
= 90 i c
1u
= c
2u
= 0), a nonx ncix naaxe+in innoxi-
nnxn. Hn nioxy naxnnnn +ennoneena( y c+yneni h
a
*
no (onnni
nona+oi 6y(e :6eiia+ncx o(naionnx.
214 Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
Ociiniin
,
2
1
2
1
2
1 u a
c c c +
+o :a yxonn (6.11)
.
1 1 1 1 u u
dc c dc c
Hicnx ni(c+anonin n innxnnx (6.9) o(enxo
, 0
2
1 1 1
+
r
dr
c dc c
u u u
:ni(in
. 0
1
1
+
r
dr
c
dc
u
u
!n+eiymnn oc+annc innxnnx, o(eycxo
. consl
1
r c
u
(6.12)
Mi (onininnx a(iycox i ioiox emi+in icnyc :n'x:oi
, 2 :i r
(e : nncno nona+oi.
To(i :axic+i yxonn (6.12) xona :annca+n
consl
2
1

:i
c
u
a6o, 6eynn (o ynain, mo :/2 nennnnna c+ana,
. consl
1
i c
u
Ane nn ocionoxy nxo(i (o c+ynenx (c
0u
= 0) c
1u
i nniynxnix
mnn(ioc+i no ion+yy, mo oxonnmc no]ini nona+in connono emi+-
in ((nn. , 3.4). Hn ocionoxy nnxo(i :i c+ynenx (c
2u
= 0) c
1u
i nniynx-
nix mnn(ioc+i no ion+yy, xinn oxonnmc no]ini nona+in o6ono
emi+in, +iniin :i :noo+nnx :naiox. Tainx nnnox, yxona (6.12) ni(-
noni(ac c+anoc+i no (onnni nona+oi nniynxni mnn(ioc+i :a ion+y-
axn, xii oxonnmm+i no]ini nona+oi connono i o6ono emi+oi.
Ha nin ni(c+ani +aie :aiynennx nona+oi na:nnam+i satpy:enn+
sa satono+ cna:ocni upty:i.
215 Oco6uoocmi jo:ja:nt njocmojoooo nomot o cmncni
Vxonn (6.11) i (6.12) :a6e:nenym+i 6e:nnxony +enim y ncioxy
noc+oi xininnenoio :a:oy c+ynenx n onncym+i yx nininoio nn-
xoy. Toxy n nayionin ni+ea+yi nen xe+o( :aiynennx +aio ino(i
na:nnam+i satpy:enn+ sa satono+ ei:tnoeo euopy.
Jnan(exo :xiny naaxe+in c+ynenx no a(iycy y nnna(iy :aiy-
nennx :a :aionox c+anoc+i nniynxni.
Jannmexo yxony (6.12) (nx (onininoio a(iyca r i cee(nioio
a(iyca c+ynenx r
c
y nninx(i
2
c
2
c 1
2 2
1
r c r c
u u

a6o
( ) ( ) .
2
c
2
1
2
c 1
2 2
1
2
1
r c c r c c
a a

Po:n'x:anmn innxnnx mo(o mnn(ioc+i c
1
, :nan(exo
( ) .
2
1
2
1
2
c 1
2
c
2
1 a a
c c c
r
r
c +
(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

Bne(exo no:nanennx:
;
1
c 1
1
c
c
c
.
c
r
r
r

To(i : yaxynannxx +oio, mo , sin consl

c 1
c 1
1

c
c
a
( ) [ ]. sin 1 1
1
c 1
2 2
2
2
1
+ r
r
c
Haxnni +ennoneena(n n connonin emi+ni y (onininoxy neei:i i
na cee(nioxy a(iyci
2
2
1
*
ac
2

c
h +a .
2
2
c
2
c 1
*
c . ac

c
h
Himo (onyc+n+n c+anic+i no a(iycy mnn(iicnoio ioe]inicn+a ,
+o
.
2
1
2
c 1
2
1
*
c . ac
*
ac
c
c
c
h
h

216 Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in

nx o:no(iny xin eai+nnnoc+i no (onnni nona+oi o(enxo
:anenic+i
. ) 1 ( 1 1
*
c . ac
*
ac
c
*
a
*
ac
h
h
h
h

J yaxynannxx nonee(nix ]oxyn oc+a+onno o(enxo
( ) [ ]. sin 1 1
1
1
c 1
2 2
2
c
+

r
r
(6.13)
O+e, :i :6inimennxx ni(nocnoio a(iyca r xia eai+nnnoc+i
:oc+ac.
J innxnnx (6.13) xona o(ea+n ]oxyny (nx nn:nanennx xin
eai+nnnoc+i na cee(nioxy (iaxe+i nn :a(anin eai+nnnoc+i n io-
enenoxy neei:i:
( )
.
sin 1 1
) 1 ( 1
c 1
2 2
i
2
i
i c
+

r
r
(6.14)
J oinx(y na +e, mo
,
1
c
i
i

r
r
r
]oxyna (6.14) nee+nomc+icx (o nninx(y
.
sin ) 2 1 (
) 1 (
) 1 ( 1
c 1
2 2
2
i c
+


Hnn(iicna xaai+enc+nia
( )
c 1
2 2
2
c
1 c 1
c 1
c 1
c
1
1
sin 1 1 +
(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

r
r
c
u
u
u
c
c
c
u
c
u
+aio :oc+ac ni( ioenx (o nemnnn nona+oi.
Xaai+enom ncom (anoio nn(y :aiynennx c +e, mo ni(nomen-
nx u/c
1
n 6y(i-xioxy neei:i nona+oi :annmac+icx on+nxaninnx,
ionn nono o6ane nannnii(nimnx n o(noxy neei:i, ociiniin :6ini-
mennx u/c
1
:i :oc+annxx a(iyca ni(noni(ac ni(nnmennm xin eai-
217 Oco6uoocmi jo:ja:nt njocmojoooo nomot o cmncni
+nnnoc+i. Hacnan(i nn c
2uc
= 0 :aiynennx no+oiy :a o6onnx
ionecox ni(cy+nc no ncin (onnni nona+in.
Ky+ nnxo(y i: connonoio anaa+a na (onininoxy a(iyci nonnnen
ni(noni(a+n yxoni
. lg
c 1 c
1
1
1
1
1
1
u
a
u
a
u
a
c r
rc
rc
rc
c
c

Ociiniin
c 1 1 a a
c c , a
c 1
c 1
c 1
lg
u
a
c
c
, +o
. lg lg
c 1 1
r
nx iy+a nxo(y n o6ony emi+iy xona :annca+n
. lg
c 1 c
1
1
1
1
1
1
ru c r
rc
ru rc
rc
u c
c
u
a
u
a
u
a

Bna:nnmn u nee: ionony mnn(iic+i na cee(nioxy a(iyci u
c
i o:(innnmn nnceninni i :naxennni nano nac+nnn na r
c
c
1uc
, :nan-
(exo
2
c 1
c
c 1
1
1
lg
lg
r
c
u
r
u

a6o
.
cos
1
lg
lg
c 1
2
c
1
c 1
1

(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

r
c
u
r
Haaxe+n :a o6onom emi+iom n o:axyniy (oninx nona+oi
:ii(no : :aionox c+anoc+i nniynxni nn:nanam+i, (onyciamnn ne-
:xinnic+i c+a+nnnoio +nciy n:(on a(iyca n :a:oi :a o6onnxn no-
na+iaxn, +o6+o
0
2
2
2
2

r
c
dr
dp
u
218 Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
a6o
. 0
2

u
c
Ja nic yxonn :a6e:nenyc+icx c+anic+i ionono o6o+n n:(on a-
(iyca:
consl, 2 ) (
1 2 1
r nc c c u l
u u u u
(e n nac+o+a o6e+annx o+oa, c
1
.
Himo en+aninix ianixynannx nee( connonnxn iananaxn h
0
*
c+a-
na no (onnni nona+oi, +o yxona c+anoc+i o6o+n n:(on a(iyca
nnno(n+i (o nncnoniy no +e, mo en+aninix ianixynannx :a o6o-
nnxn nona+iaxn h
2
*
+aio ne:xinna. Ociiniin c+a+nnnnn +nci p
2
=
=consl, +o nn ne:xinnnx :nanennxx mnn(iicnnx ioe]inicn+in i
nonnnni 6y+n ne:xinnnxn n+a+n : nnxi(nom mnn(iic+m, +o6+o i caxa
nnxi(na mnn(iic+i :a o6onnxn nona+iaxn n nioxy nnna(iy +aio
ne:xinna no (onnni nona+oi (c
2
= c
2a
= consl).
Ky+ nnxo(y : o6ono emi+in
2
:a +ainx yxon xona :nan+n :i
cninni(nomennx
.
lg
lg
c 2
c
c
2 2
2
r
r
r
u
c
u
c
a a


Tniy+nnin mnn(ioc+en c+ynenx : nona+iaxn, :aiynennxn o:-
inxny+nx cnoco6ox, (nx +iox xaai+ennx neei:in :o6aeni na
nc.6.6.

>

>

>

>

>

=
K
=
Pnc.6.6. Tniy+nnin mnn(ioc+en nn :aiynenni nona+oi :a :aionox
c+anoc+i nniynxni
219 Oco6uoocmi jo:ja:nt njocmojoooo nomot o cmncni
Miy eai+nnnoc+i c+ynenx na ionoxy a(iyci xona +aio
o6nncnn+n :a mnn(ioc+xxn ia:y, :nan(ennxn : +niy+nniin mnn(io-
c+en:
( )
.
1
1
2
1
2 2
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
w w
c
w
w
c
w
w

(
,
\
,
(
j

+
(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

Hn :aiynenni nona+oi :a :aionox c+anoc+i nniynxni iyc+nna
i +nci o6onoio +ina n xininnenoxy :a:oi, a +aio eai+nnnic+i
c+ynenx in+encnnno :oc+am+i ni( ioenx (o nen]ei. J6inimym+i-
cx ni( ioenx (o nen]ei nnxi(nnn iy+ connonnx nona+oi
1ieox
i
nxi(nnn iy+ o6onnx nona+oi
1ieox
, nnnoxy
1
xoe :oc+n n 1,3...
...2a:n, a
1
y 4...6 a:in. Ky+
2ieox
:xenmyc+icx (o nen]ei na
iiniia ia(ycin.
Hn +aiin :xini iy+in xoe c+a+ncx, mo y ioenenin o6nac+i

1
<
2
, a ne ne6aano. Ha nen]ei no]ini n+anac innn:ny i xoe
nno(n+ncx n nnac+nny nn
1
180
2
.
Ha nc.6.7 noia:ano xaai+e :xinn no a(iycy (exinx naaxe+-
in c+ynenx nn :aiynenni :a :aionox c+anoc+i nniynxni.
Hnina( o:axyniy :aiynennx nona+in :a nnx :aionox nane-
(eno n +a6n.4.
?F

JC
JC
>
>
H

?F

JC
JC
>
>
?F

JC
JC
=
=

JC
JC
?F

=
=
?F

JC
JC
>
>
?F
H
H

JC
JC
?F

>
>
?F
H
H

Pnc.6.7. Jxina no a(iycy naaxe+in c+ynenx nn :aiynenni nona+oi

:a :aionox c+anoc+i nniynxni
220 Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
6.5. 3akpyueuuu uona1ok sa yuonn
1
= const
Jaion c+anoc+i nniynxni nnxaiac :nannoio :aiynennx conno-
nnx i oco6nnno o6onnx nona+oi, mo ic+o+no ycina(nmc +exnonoiim
xnioio nnio+onnennx. Toxy nn xanin nixnonoc+i c+ynenin nac+o :a-
c+oconym+i noc+imi xe+o(n, mo :(emennmc nno6nnn+no 6e: cy++c-
noio noiimennx eionoxinnoc+i. Cee( nnx xe+o(in cni( ni(:nann+n
xe+o(, n xioxy 6ey+i ne:xinnnx no (onnni nona+oi iy+ nnxo(y
no+oiy i: connonnx iananin (
1
= consl).
Hen xe+o( :aiynennx c (onininnx, ociiniin na(ac xonnnic+i
nnio+onnx+n connoni nona+in ne:aiynennxn.
Ky+
1
nn:nanac (incnnn cee(nin nanxx no+oiy n :a:oi xi
connonnxn n o6onnxn nona+iaxn. Ociiniin nennnnna nioio iy+a
:anen+i ni( ni(nomennx a
c
/i
c
((nn. , 3.1), :xinnoio no a(iycy, +o
ieoxe+nnnnn iy+
1ieox
nn
1
= consl ne 6y(e :annma+ncx ne:xin-
nnx.
Bnaamnn ne:nannom :xiny iy+a
1
no a(iycy n emi+ni i: mn-
oinx nona+oi noc+innoio no]inm, xona o:axyna+n naaxe+n
no+oiy n neei:i 1 (xi connonnxn n o6onnxn nona+iaxn), :ac+o-
conymnn innxnnx, nane(eni nnne.
V nnna(iy ny:iinx (oninx connonnx nona+oi : noc+innnx no]i-
nex no (onnni :xina iy+a
1
6nn:iia (o :aiony
c 1 1
lg lg r
. nx
:6eeennx noc+innnx iy+a
1
no (onnni nona+oi y +aiin emi+ni
connony nona+iy no+i6no ni(iy+n+n.
Jaion :aiynennx nona+oi : noc+innnx iy+ox
1
+aio, xi i no-
nee(nin xe+o(, mnoio :ac+oconyc+icx n nai+nni +y6o6y(ynannx.
Hoio o:inx(am+i y nnnymenni nnnin(nnnoc+i ninin c+yxy.
Po:inxnexo c+ynini, nee( xinx (y neei:i 0) mnn(iic+i xac ocio-
nnn nanxx i none mnn(ioc+en innoxine. Ociiniin ionona cina(o-
na mnn(ioc+i ni(cy+nx, +o n +nci y neei:i no a(iycy o(naionnn.
Himo n:x+n (o +oio c+anic+i +exnea+yn T
0
*
, +o i nci inmi naaxe-
+n n nioxy neei:i 6y(y+i ne:xinni.
B:xnmn (o ynain, mo c
1u
= c
1
cos
1
, : innxnnx a(ianino innona-
in nac+oi ia:y (6.9) nicnx nonnennoio (inennx na c
1
2
o(enxo
. 0 cos
1
2
1
1
+
r
r d
c
dc
V:xnmn xi (o(a+iony nn in+eiynanni innxnnx innonain yxo-
221 Oco6uoocmi jo:ja:nt njocmojoooo nomot o cmncni
ny
1
= consl, o(enxo
consl, ln cos ln
1
2
1
+ r c
:ni(in
. consl
1
2
cos
1

r c
C+any :nan(exo : yxonn na cee(nioxy (iaxe+i c+ynenx
. consl
1
2
cos
c c 1

r c
Tainx nnnox,
,
1
2
1
2
cos
c c 1
cos
1

r c r c
:ni(in na (onininoxy a(iyci
.
1
2
1
2
cos
c 1
cos
c
c 1 1

(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

r
c
r
r
c c (6.15)
Hi nn(no : innxnnx (6.15), mnn(iic+i nnxo(y i: connonoio ana-
a+a :xenmyc+icx ni( ioenx (o nemnnn nona+oi. O+e, :xenmy-
c+icx i +ennoneena( y connonnx iananax.
Ky+ nxo(y n o6ony emi+iy xona nc+anonn+n no6y(onom nxi(-
nnx +niy+nniin mnn(ioc+en (nx i:nnx neei:in :a :nan(ennxn nnme
mnn(ioc+xxn c
1
a6o :i cninni(nomennx
.
cos
1
lg
cos
sin
lg
1
cos 1
c
1
1
1 1
1 1
1
1
2

(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

+
r
c
u
u c
c
Bxi(nnn iy+
1
ni( ioenx nona+oi (o nemnnn :6inimyc+icx.
!: nxi(noio +niy+nnia mnn(ioc+en ni(nocna mnn(iic+i
.
sin
sin
1
1
1 1

c w (6.16)
Haxnnnn +ennoneena( y connonoxy anaa+i +a xiy eai+nnno-
c+i c+ynenx na (onininoxy a(iyci xona :nan+n :a ]oxynaxn:
, ) 1 (
1
2
cos 2
*
a
c
*
ac

r
h
h . 1 1
1
2
cos 2
c
*
a
*
ac

r
h
h
222 Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
nx nn:nanennx naaxe+in na nnxo(i : o6ono emi+in neo6-
xi(no :a(a+n (o(a+ioni yxonn. Mona, nannina(, n:x+n c
2u
= 0. V
nioxy nnna(iy mnn(iic+i nnxo(y c
2
6y(e xa+n ocionnn nanxx, +nci
:a c+ynenex p
2
6y(e noc+innnx no (onnni nona+oi, o(naionnx no
a(iycy 6y(e i +ennoneena( na c+ynini. To(i nenaio :nan+n (nx (o-
nininoio a(iyca
, 2
2
1
*
a 2
w h w +
(e w
1
ni(nocna mnn(iic+i i: innxnnx (6.16), a no+ix iy+
, aiccos
2
2
w
u

xinn :xenmyc+icx ni( ioenx (o nemnnn.
A6conm+na mnn(iic+i nnxo(y, :annmamnnci ocionom :a nanx-
xox, :xenmyc+icx ni( ioenx (o nen]ei:
. cos 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
+ u w u w c
Konona o6o+a
, cos 2 ) (
1
2
1
2
sin
1
cos
c c 1 1 2 1

r r nc uc c c u l
u u u u
(e n nac+o+a o6e+annx o+oa, c
1
.
J nane(eno ]oxynn nn(no, mo ionona o6o+a no (onnni nona-
+oi +oxn :oc+ac.
Tniy+nnin mnn(ioc+en c+ynenx : nona+iaxn, :aiynennxn o:-
inxny+nx cnoco6ox, (nx +iox xaai+ennx neei:in :o6aeni na
nc.6.8.

>
n

>
i

>
n
=

>
i
K
i
K
n
K
c
K
i
K
n
K
c

M
i
M
n

?
n

?
i

?
n
i
i

M
i

M
n
K
=
Pnc.6.8. Tniy+nnin mnn(ioc+en nn :aiynenni nona+oi :a yxonn

1
=consl
223 Oco6uoocmi jo:ja:nt njocmojoooo nomot o cmncni
Hnina( o:axyniy :aiynennx nona+oi :a yxonn
1
= consl
nane(eno n +a6n.5.
6.6. 3akpyueuuu uona1ok sa yuonn

= const
V c+ynenxx nennio nixnonoc+i ni(nnmennx +nciy n :a:oi xi co-
nnonnxn n o6onnxn nona+iaxn ni( ioenx (o nemnnn nn:no(n+i
(o neeo:no(iny nn+a+n nee: o(nnnnm nnomi xi nen]einnnxn
+a ioenennxn neei:axn iananin i n e:yni+a+i nioio (o a(iani-
nnx nee+iiani o6onoio +ina ni( ioenx (o nen]ei i cinnnennx
ninin c+yxy n xen(ionaninin nnomnni. He cnnnnnxc :6inimennx
n+a+ eneii n c+yneni.
Pa(ianini neeximennx nac+oi y xininnenoxy :a:oi 6y(y+i +nx
6inimnxn, nnx xenmnn iy+ nnxo(y
1
, +o6+o nnx cnninime :aiyne-
nnn no+ii :a connaxn, i xenmnn naaxe+ nixnonoc+i . Oco6nnno
:nanni +aii neeximennx nn 5.
Hanxenmi (+eoe+nnno nynioni) a(ianini nee+iiannx :a6e:ne-
nyc :aion :aiynennx no+oiy :a yxonn c
a
= consl, (e iyc+nna ia:y,
mo ni(noni(ac c+anoc+i nn+oxo xacono nn+a+n n:(on a(iyca
*)
.
Jaiynennx :a (annx :aionox nee(6anac o(eannx c+oio nn-
nin(nnno +eni. nx nioio neo6xi(no nniona+n yxony
. consl
1 1

a
c
Pa:ox : yxonaxn
0
c
0a
= consl i
2
c
2a
= consl ne xac :a6e:nenn+n
ni(cy+nic+i a(ianinnx nee+iiani y xeax :a:oin nee( c+ynenex,
xi emi+iaxn i :a c+ynenex.
Jaion :xinn iyc+nnn ia:y n:(on a(iyca n xininnenoxy :a:oi,
nn:nanennn :a yxonn i:oen+oninno +eni, (nx o:inxny+oio cnoco6y
:aiynennx xona :annca+n y nninx(i
, cos 1 1 1
1
1
i 1
2
i 1
*
0
2
2
i
i 1
1
1

]
]
]
,

(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j
+

k
T
T
r
r
(6.17)
(e
1i
, T
1i
,
1i
naaxe+n ioenenoio neei:y a(iycox r
i
, xinn n
(anoxy nnna(iy n:x+nn y oni nnxi(noio.
*)
nx ncix o:inxny+nx nnme :aionin :aiynennx nnac+nne a(ianine :ximennx
ninin c+yxy nn noxo(enni nee: nona+ioni ninni.
224 Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
J oinx(y na +e, mo
,
i 1 i 1 1 1 =
?
:aion :xinn ociono cina(ono mnn(ioc+i :nan(exo :a ]oxynom
;
1
1 i 1
1
1

(nx ionono cina(ono mnn(ioc+i

.
sin
cos 1 1
cos
1
2
1
i 1
2
1
2
2
2
i
i 1 i 1
1
1

(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

H
H

K
K
K
nx iy+a nnxo(y no+oiy i: connonnx iananin xona :annca+n
,
lg
lg
1 1
i 1
1
K
?

a (nx iy+a nxo(y no+oiy n o6ony emi+iy
.
cos
lg
lg
i 1 i
i
1
1 1
i 1
1
]
]
]
,

(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

H
H
?
K
?
K
Bi(nocny mnn(iic+i nxo(y n o6ony emi+iy xona o:axyna+n
:a ]oxynom
,
cos
cos
1
1 1
1

K ?
M
(e ionona mnn(iic+i na (onininoxy a(iyci
,
i
i
H
H
K K
a a6conm+na mnn(iic+i nnxo(y i: connonoio anaa+a
.
2
1
2
1 1 = K
? +
Haaxe+n, mo xaai+en:ym+i :aiynennx no+oiy :a c+ynenex,
225 Oco6uoocmi jo:ja:nt njocmojoooo nomot o cmncni
nn:nanam+icx :i cxonx ]oxyn, o+nxannx (nx yxonn
. consl
2 2

a
c
Jxiny xin eai+nnnoc+i no (onnni nona+oi (ionn nxi(na iine-
+nnna eneiix xana n noinnxnni : eneiicm na nnxo(i i: connonnx ia-
nanin) xona oninn+n :a ]oxynom
. cos 1 1 ) 1 ( 1
i 1
2
2
2
i
i ]
]
]
,

(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

r
r
Anani: ]oxynn (6.17) cni(nn+i, mo iyc+nna o6onoio +ina n xi-
ninnenoxy :a:oi :oc+ac ni( ioenx (o nen]ei, ociiniin :an(n
r/r
i
> 1 i T
0
*
> T
1i
. Hnic+ iyc+nnn (i +nciy) ia:y n :a:oi +nx 6inimnn,
nnx 6inimnn cna( +exnea+yn n connax. Ha ne nnnnnac i ieoxe+ix
emi+oi: nnx 6inimi
1i
i r/r
i
(+o6+o nnx 6inima nixnonic+i nona+oi),
+nx 6inimnx 6y(e nnic+ iyc+nnn.
Ociona cina(ona mnn(ioc+i nn nioxy xe+o(i :aiynennx :xen-
myc+icx (o nen]ei. !n+encnnnic+i :xenmennx c
1a
cy++cno :anen+i
ni( :nnennx +exnea+yn n connax: nnx 6inime :nnyc+icx +exne-
a+ya, +nx :nannime :xenmyc+icx c
1a
(o nen]ei.
He ic+o+nime :nnennx ionono cina(ono c
1u
y:(on a(iyca.
Ociiniin
2
1
2
1 1 a u
c c c + , +o onenn(ne :nanne :xenmennx a6conm+-
no mnn(ioc+i ni( ioenx (o nen]ei. Bi(noni(no :xenmyc+icx i na-
xnnnn +ennoneena( y connax ) 2 (
2 2
1
*
ac
c h . Peai+nnnic+i, nanna-
in, :oc+ac (o nen]ei, xi i nn anime o:inxny+nx cnoco6ax :a-
iynennx.
Ky+ nnxo(y i: connonnx iananin
1
:6inimyc+icx ni( ioenx (o
nen]ei +nx in+encnnnime, nnx 6inimnn cna( +exnea+yn n con-
nax. Ky+
1
ic+o+no :6inimyc+icx ni( ioenx (o nen]ei, (e nin
xoe c+a+n n iiniia a:in 6inimnx, ni 6inx ioenx.
Cnoci6 :aiynennx nona+oi :a :aionox c+anoc+i nn+oxo xacono
nn+a+n n (annn nac :ac+oconyc+icx (nx c+ynenin no+ynnx c+aniona-
nnx naonnx +y6in, xii xaai+en:ym+icx :nannom nixnonic+m ( =
=3,0...2,5) [21,23].
15128
226 Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
6.7. Hopinuuuuu pisunx cnocoin sakpyueuuu uona1ok
C+yneni, cnoei+onani :ii(no : i:nnxn :aionaxn :aiynennx
nona+oi, ni(i:nxm+icx xaai+eox :xinn ieoxe+nnnnx xaai+en-
c+ni y:(on a(iyca, :xinom enxnnx naaxe+in, +exnonoiinnic+m
nnio+onnennx, a +aio eionoxinnic+m nonecy nee+noennx eneii,
+o6+o KK.
Po:inxnexo ocnonni ni(xinnoc+i c+ynenin : nona+iaxn, :aiyne-
nnxn nan6inim nomnennxn cnoco6axn.
Ky1 sakpyueuuu conuonnx uona1ok. Ky+
1
ni(nxiac nan6inimnx
:xinax :a yxonn c
1u
r = consl, (e noio +anienc :xinmc+icx nononio-
nanino a(iycy. Hn :aiynenni :a :aionox
1
= consl iy+
1
no
a(iycy ne :xinmc+icx. Me+o( :aiynennx c
a
= consl :anxac n nioxy
noinnxnni noxine nonoennx: nn o(nnx iox6inanixx naaxe+in
:aion :xinn
1
6nn:iinn (o :aiynennx, ionn c
1u
r = consl; nn in-
mnx
1
:xinmc+icx ne:nanno.
Bxiun ky1 poounx uona1ok
1
i:io :oc+ac no a(iycy, nan-
6inime :xinmmnnci nn :aiynenni :a :aionox c
1u
r = consl.
!n+encnnnic+i :xinn iy+a
1
no nnco+i emi+in c+nomc nenni
+y(nomi (nx no]inmnannx nona+oi. Toxy nac+o (onyciam+i na
nemnni ni('cxnnn, a 6inx ioenx (o(a+nnn iy+n a+ain, mo6 iy+
1ieox
ne :xinmnancx n +ainx mnoinx xeax, xi iy+
1
. o(a+nnn iy+ a+a-
in n ioenenoxy neei:i nnxnnxc+icx (onininnx i +oxy, mo (incnnn
iy+
1
:an(n 6inimnn ni( o:axynionoio. Toxy nn noei+ynanni
+y6innoio c+ynenx n ioeni nona+oi o:axynionnn iy+
1i
(ony-
ciam+i na 5...7 xenmnn ni( iy+a
2i
, a no]inmm+i nona+iy : iy+ox

1ieox.i
=
2i
.
3uiua peak1nnuoc1i nson paiyca. Jic+annennx o:axynionnx
:anenoc+en, nane(ennx y nonee(nix o:(inax, noia:yc, mo :a in-
nnx yxon noinnxnnx :xina eai+nnnoc+i n:(on a(iyca nai+nnno
o(naiona n c+ynenxx, :aiynennx :a :aionaxn c
1u
r = consl i c
a
=
=consl. V nnna(iy :aiynennx :a yxonn
1
= consl :oc+annx eai-
+nnnoc+i 6y(e +oxn 6inimnx, a +oxy nn+oin ii:i a(ianinnn :a:o
6inimi, ni nn (nox inmnx xe+o(ax. By(y+i +aio ne:nanni o:xo-
(ennx n +exnea+yi nona+oi, n ocionoxy nanan+aenni na o+o
+omo.
227 Oco6uoocmi jo:ja:nt njocmojoooo nomot o cmncni
nx nn6nn:noio nn:nanennx xin eai+nnnoc+i na (onininoxy
a(iyci r :aiynennx nona+oi xona cionc+a+ncx ]oxynom
, ) 1 ( 1
2
c
c
(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

r
r
(e r
c
i
c
cee(nin a(iyc c+ynenx +a xia eai+nnnoc+i na nioxy
a(iyci.
Ociiniin
;
1
c
c
i
c
i
c

l D
D
D
D
r
r
,
1
c
c
n
c
n
c
+

+

l D
D
D
D
r
r
+o (nx xin eai+nnnoc+i n ioenenoxy i nen]einnoxy neei:ax
o(enxo
2
c i
1
) 1 ( 1
(
,
\
,
(
j

i
,
1
) 1 ( 1
2
c n
(
,
\
,
(
j
+

a (nx x i:nnni
.
) 1 (
4
) 1 (
2 2
3
c i n

Texuouoriuuic1t. J noinx(y +exnonoiinnoc+i i +y(oxic+ioc+i nn-
io+onnennx :aiynennx :a :aionox c+anoc+i nniynxni +oxn cina(-
nime, +oxy mo ni(i:nxc+icx 6inimnxn iy+axn :aiynennx no]inin
connonnx i o6onnx nona+oi.
Bi(cy+nic+i :aiynennx connonnx nona+oi :a nannoc+imoio cno-
co6y i :a :aionox
1
= consl nn:nanac +oxn xenmy cina(nic+i i na-
+ic+i nnio+onnennx c+ynenx.
15*
228 Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
KK c1yneuu. Lionoxinnic+i c+ynenx xac nnimanine :nanennx
nn :ic+annenni i:nnx cnoco6in :aiynennx.
Hexonnno nc+anonn+n anani+nnnnxn o:axyniaxn e]ei+nn-
nic+i +oio nn inmoio xe+o(y :aiynennx nona+oi, +oxy c(nnnx xe+o-
(ox noinnxnnx i:nnx c+ynenin c eicnenxen+anini (ocni(ennx.
Haionnnennn n nioxy nnani (ocni( noia:yc nac+ynne.
Binim noc+i y nnio+onnenni c+yneni : :aiynennxn +iniin o6o-
nnxn nona+iaxn c n +on e nac, xi nannno, xenm eionoxinnnxn.
Hn neexo(i (o cina(nimnx cnoco6in :aiynennx in+encnnnic+i
:xenmennx nixnonnx y+a+ :nnyc+icx. Hannoc+imnn cnoci6 :aiy-
nennx :xenmyc nixnoni n+a+n nn6nn:no na (ni +e+nnn n noinnxn-
ni :i c+ynenex i: nnnin(nnnnxn nona+iaxn. ! nnme n xeax o(nic
+e+nnn, mo :annmnnacx, xonnne :nnennx n+a+ :a axynoi y(o-
cionanmnannx xe+o(y :aiynennx.
L]ei+ ni( :ac+ocynannx :aiynennx nona+oi ic+o+no :anen+i ni(
nennnnnn , :oc+amnn : :xenmennxx. Tai, nn < 5 :aiynennx
(ac (ye ni(ny+nnn e]ei+, y +on nac xi nn > 10...12 (:aneno ni(
ionie+nnx xaai+enc+ni c+ynenx) :aiynennx nai+nnno ne :6ini-
myc KK. Konn 10 > > 5, i:nnnx n KK xi c+ynenxxn i: :aiy-
nennxx nn c
1u
r = consl,
1
= consl i c
a
= consl c+ac xanoic+o+nom.
Hoinnxno nncoia e]ei+nnnic+i xe+o(y :aiynennx nona+oi :a
:aionox c+anoc+i nniynxni, xinn (o:nonxc (o xinixyxy :nec+n n+a+n
ni( nixnonoc+i, nn:nannna noio nan6inime nomnennx, oco6nnno n
c+ynenxx : < 5.
V +nx nnna(iax, ionn nnxoin (o eionoxinnoc+i c+ynenx ne (ye
oc+ii, : xe+om cnomennx ionc+yini +a :nnennx na+oc+i nnio-
+onnennx neenaiy na+o ni((ana+n 6inim noc+nx cnoco6ax :aiy-
nennx.
Jaiynennx nn
1
= consl 6ynac (onininnx i n oxono(ynannx
c+ynenxx ia:onnx +y6in, +nx 6inime, mo :nnnanno n nnx c+ynenxx
> 5.
J6eeennx nennnnnn ionono o6o+n no (onnni nona+oi y nn-
na(iy :aiynennx :a :aionox c+anoc+i nniynxni nn noc+innoxy na-
xnnoxy +ennoneena(i nn:nanac c+anic+i iononoio KK, +ai mo nin
(nx c+ynenx n ninoxy na6nnyc+icx (o KK, o:axonanoio na cee(-
nioxy (iaxe+i (nx cee(nix :naneni mnn(iicnnx ioe]inicn+in emi-
+oi.
KK c+ynenin, :aiynennx :a xe+o(axn c
1u
r = consl i c
a
= consl,
229 Oco6uoocmi jo:ja:nt njocmojoooo nomot o cmncni
nai+nnno :6iiac+icx y ncioxy (iana:oni nn on+nxaninin mnn(-
iicnin xaai+enc+nni n y mnoiin o6nac+i no6nn:y on+nxaninoio
enxy. Heo6xi(no naxonyna+n, mo :aiynennx :a :aionox c+ano-
c+i nn+oxo nn+a+n n c+ynenxx nennio nixnonoc+i :a6e:nenyc xenmy
:aiynenic+i connonnx i oco6nnno o6onnx nona+oi y noinnxnni :
:aionox c+anoc+i nniynxni.
Oniniy nixnonnx y+a+ xona :o6n+n, nnxo(xnn : nac+ynnnx
nonoeni.
V e:yni+a+i eicnenxen+aninnx (ocni(eni c+ynenin : i:nnxn
cnoco6axn :aiynennx nona+oi nn = 5 6ynn o(eani +aii :na-
nennx ioe]inicn+in nixnonnx y+a+ [6]:
y c+yneni : nnnin(nnnnxn nona+iaxn

= 0,06;
nn nannoc+imoxy cnoco6i :aiynennx (: yaxynannxx :xinn
+iniin ionono mnn(ioc+i)

= 0,02;
nn :aiynenni :a yxonn
1
= consl

= 0,05.
onyc+nnmn, mo cninni(nomennx

nn i:nnx cnoco6ax :aiy-

nennx :6eiiam+icx +ainxn i nn inmnx :nanennxx , i n:xnmn (nx
ioe]inicn+a nixnonnx y+a+ y nnna(iy nnnin(nnnnx nona+oi ]oxy-
ny [6]
, 08 , 0
1
42 , 0
(
,
\
,
(
j

xona o(ea+n:
nn nannoc+imoxy cnoco6i :aiynennx
; 08 , 0
1
14 , 0
06 , 0
02 , 0
08 , 0
1
42 , 0
(
,
\
,
(
j

(
,
\
,
(
j

nn :aiynenni :a yxonom
1
= consl
. 08 , 0
1
035 , 0
06 , 0
005 , 0
08 , 0
1
42 , 0
(
,
\
,
(
j

(
,
\
,
(
j

Mi +ioxa ocnonnnxn xe+o(axn :aiynennx (:a yxon c

1u
r =
=consl,
1
= consl i c
a
= consl) c o:xo(ennx y nennnnni iy+in, eai-
+nnnoc+i i +exnonoiinnoc+i, y (ocxnoxy KK c+ynenx o:xo(en-
nx xanoic+o+ni. Toxy nennie :nanennx xac c]oxonana nai+nia i
+exnonoiix na (anoxy +y6o6y(innoxy :ano(i, naxnnic+i yc+a+iynan-
230 Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
nx +a +exnonoiinnoio ocnamennx. Hnx noxcnmc+icx :nanne nomnen-
nx xe+o(in c
1u
r = consl i
1
= consl. Me+o( c
a
= consl, o6iyn+onannn
ni:nime, :ac+oconyc+icx n (annn nac i(me.
Kix o:inxny+nx, :ac+oconym+i n inmi xe+o(n, cnxxonani na
noninmennx +nx nn inmnx nnac+nnoc+en c+ynenin : (oninxn nona+ia-
xn. Hannina(, (nx :xenmennx ia(icn+a eai+nnnoc+i no (onnni
nona+oi (y +oxy nncni n 6e:ia(icn+nnn c+ynini) :ac+oconym+i xe-
+o(, nn xioxy iy+
1
:xenmyc+icx ni( ioenx (o nen]ei +a in.
6.8. Hpoqiumnauuu uona1ok 1ypiu
Me+om (anoio e+any noei+ynannx +y6inn c no6y(ona no]ini-
no nac+nnn nona+oi, +o6+o nai+nnna eani:anix o+nxannx nn ia-
:o(nnaxinnoxy o:axyniy iy+in nxo(y n nnxo(y no+oiy : nona+io-
nnx ninnin (nx :a6e:nenennx nncoinx KK i ionono o6o+n, a +aio
neo6xi(no nn+a+n o6onoio +ina.
Ho]inmnannx nona+oi nonxiac n no6y(oni emi+oi no]inin (nx
(eiiniiox o6annx ion+oninnx neei:in no a(iycy, ninmnamnn
o:axynionnn (:nnnanno cee(nin) neei:, nicnx noio emi+in n :a-
:nanennx neei:ax cnonynam+icx xi co6om nnannnxn neexo(axn
xano innn:nn.
Cynacni xe+o(n noei+ynannx emi+oi xoy+i 6y+n o6'c(nani n
+n ocnonni iynn [16]:
ni(6i no]inin :i cnenianinnx a+nacin, xii xic+x+i (o6e ni(na-
nionani eicnenxen+aninnxn n +eoe+nnnnxn xe+o(axn emi+in
no]inin;
noei+ynannx emi+oi no]inin mnxxox nninny cnenianinoio
aeo(nnaxinnoio no]inm;
no]inmnannx emi+oi mnxxox 6e:nocee(nio no6y(onn cnnn-
in, yniiny+o nonexni, nxi(no i nnxi(no ioxoi no]inm.
J yia:annx naniamnx c nemnn mnxx, ociiniin nin (o:nonxc ne
+iniin nnionc+onyna+n io+onnn no]ini, ane n :a:(aneii(i :na+n
noio xaai+enc+nin (aeo(nnaxinni xaai+enc+nin no]inin na-
no(x+icx n a+nacax y ]ynini x(y ieoxe+nnnnx i enxnnx naaxe-
+in). Ho+e n 6inimoc+i nnna(iin ne ne n(ac+icx :o6n+n nee: nenn-
iy iiniiic+i nnxoi, xinx nonnnen ni(noni(a+n no]ini. Toxy nn6i
emi+oi no]inin o6xeennn, a ineni xnio e]ei+nnnoc+i nac+o nn-
:nanac+icx nacox x c+noennx.
231 Oco6uoocmi jo:ja:nt njocmojoooo nomot o cmncni
Hn noei+ynanni emi+oi :a (yinx nanxxox no]ini o(e-
ym+i mnxxox o:no(iny +onmnnn n:(on noio cee(nio nini, +o6-
+o naomynannxx cnenianinoio cnxe+nnnoio no]inm. Tainn ni(-
xi( (o no]inmnannx 6a:yc+icx na +eoi o6+iiannx inn i n ocnonno-
xy nnionc+onyc+icx n ioxnecoo6y(ynanni. He(oniiox +aioio cno-
co6y no]inmnannx c +e, mo nee: nnxoin xinnoc+i n eaninnx yxo-
nax (ono(n+icx ni(xo(n+n ni( ]oxn aeo(nnaxinnoio no]inm, xinn
:innac+icx. Koeinix no]inm nn:no(n+i, xi nannno, (o noiimen-
nx noio aeo(nnaxinnnx xaai+enc+ni.
Te+in nanxx noei+ynannx nnionc+onyc+icx nn no]inmnan-
ni +y6innnx emi+oi i 6a:yc+icx na +eoi +eni o6onoio +ina n iana-
nax. He nnneno (o +oio, mo n +y6o6y(ynanni no]inmc+icx ne oie-
xnn no]ini, xi ne ni(6ynac+icx n (yioxy nnna(iy, a xinona+io-
nnn ianan y ninoxy.
Ho]inmnannx connonnx i o6onnx nona+oi naonnx +a ia:onnx
+y6in xoe nnionyna+ncx ia]innnx +a o:axynionnx (anani+nn-
nnx) cnoco6axn. Hn nioxy (nx onncy cnnnin n yniiny+o nonexni
no]inm nnionc+onym+icx ni(oxi inni: naa6onn, iine6onn, nex-
nicia+n, noninoxn n-io c+enenx, iine6oninni cniani, (yin iin i x(
inmnx innnx [16].
Auaui1nuui ue1on npoqiumnauuu. Cy+nic+i (annx xe+o(in no6y-
(onn no]inm n nnocinx emi+iax i nea nona+in n ninoxy nonxiac n
+oxy, mo o:axynionnx mnxxox (: nnionc+annxx enei+onno-o6-
nncnmnanino +exniin) o(eym+i no]ini, xinn xac neo6xi(ni na-
axe+n. Hn nioxy (nx anani+nnnoio onncy o6no(in no]inm xo-
y+i nnionc+onyna+ncx i:ni inni, nannina(, +aii, mo onncym+i-
cx c+enenennxn noninoxaxn +nny [1]
,
0

n
i
i
i
a y
n xinx noia:nni c+enenx xona 6a+n n xeax n = 3...7.
Tainx nnnox, ocnonnom :a(anem o:inxny+oio xe+o(y no]i-
nmnannx c nn:nanennx ioe]inicn+in noninoxa a
i
, mo ni(noni(am+i
:a(annx ieoxe+nnnnx naaxe+ax no]inm.
V oni naaxe+in (nx no6y(onn no]inm nnionc+onym+icx +aii
nennnnnn: ieoxe+nnni iy+n no]inm na nxo(i n emi+iy i nnxo(i : ne

1ieox
i
2ieox
, iy+ yc+anonin no]inm
y
, ociona mnnna emi+in B,
232 Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
a(iycn nxi(no i nnxi(no ioxoi r
1
i r
2
, xaicnxanina +onmnna no-
]inm
max
, ioi emi+in i, mnnna nnxi(noio neei:y ianany a, iy+
ni(inny cnnnin no]inm :a in+nnnnx neei:ox .
Hac+o nn no6y(oni nnionc+onym+i c+a+nc+nnni :anenoc+i,
nannina(, (nx nn:nanennx iy+in :aioc+ennx ioxoi
1
i
2
, :nannx
xinx neo6xi(ne (nx neexo(y ni( ieoxe+nnnnx iy+in no]inm (o ieo-
xe+nnnnx iy+in ioxoi no cnnnni
cn
n yniiny+in nonexni
niin
(nc.6.9):
2
1 ieox 1 cn 1
i ; 2
1 ieox 1 niin 1
+
2
2 ieox 2 cn 2
i . 2
2 ieox 2 niin 2
+
y

H
B
t
a
C
om
a
x
B

|
ieo

|
niin

|
cn

|
niin
cn
a
O
O
cn

O
cn

O
niin
x
O
>
nx
ieo
Pnc.6.9. o anani+nnnoio no]inmnannx nona+oi
Hannina(, (nx noninoxa n'x+oio c+enenx +e6a :na+n :nanennx
mec+n ioe]inicn+in, +o6+o (nx no]inm n ninoxy neo6xi(no xa+n (na-
na(nx+i iannnnnx yxon. V oni +ainx yxon xoy+i 6y+n nnionc-
+ani :anenoc+i:
233 Oco6uoocmi jo:ja:nt njocmojoooo nomot o cmncni
:nanennx ]yninin y
cn
i y
niin
n +oniax = 0 +a = 1:
;
2
sin sin
2
cos
2
2
2
2
2
cn 2

B
r
y ; 0
niin 2
y
; clg
y cn 1
y ;
2
sin sin
2
cos
2 clg
1
1
1
1
y niin 1

B
r
y
:nanennx nemnx noxi(nnx ]yninin y
cn
i y
niin
n +oniax = 0 +a
= 1 (mo (oinnmm+i lg
2cn
, lg
1cn
, lg
2niin
i lg
1niin
);
i:nnnx iy+in naxnny (o+nnnnx (o cnnnin n +oniax A i B
; ) ( aiclg ) ( aiclg
niin cn
A y B y
ni(c+ani xi +oniaxn C i B, mo (oinnmc mnnni nnxi(noio ne-
ei:y ianany a;
i:nnnx


1
0
1
0
niin cn
d y d y , xia nn6nn:no (oinnmc nnomi nee-
i:y;
(iaxe+ iona, nnncanoio n no]ini, nen+ xioio :naxo(n+icx na
nenen(niynxi, nc+anonnenoxy (o nxxo, mo inno6ina xo(i i
(o+nnna (o cnnnin no]inm, nn6nn:no innnn
max
.
O+nxana cnc+exa : 12 innxni (o:nonxc nn:nann+n ]ynini y
cn
i
y
niin
, nicnx noio :annmac+icx :axiny+n :a(any :a (onoxoiom nnncy-
nannx iin : a(iycaxn r
1
i r
2
, (o+nnnnx (o innnx y
cn
= f () i y
niin
= f().
ani neenixm+i ni(noni(nic+i y+noenoio no]inm :a(annx yxo-
nax i n a:i no+e6n nnocx+i ioei+nnn (nannina(, :xinom iy+a yc+a-
nonin no]inm
y
). Aeo(nnaxinna xiic+i no]inm neenixc+icx
mnxxox o:axyniy o:no(iny mnn(ioc+en na nioxy.
Ho(i6nnx mnxxox 6y(ym+icx no]ini (nx ncix :a(annx neei:in
i neenixc+icx ]oxa o+nxano no]inino nac+nnn, :oiexa mo(o
n:acxnoio o:+amynannx nen+in nain neei:in y noc+oi.
Ipaqiuui ue1on npoqiumnauuu. Hox( : anani+nnnnxn xe+o(a-
xn no]inmnannx nona+oi, mo na6ynn n oc+anni oin :nannoio no-
mnennx, :ac+oconym+i +aio ia]inni.
234 Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
nx :a6e:nenennx xinixaninnx no]ininnx y+a+ (ninmnamnn
ioxioni) nn no6y(oni no]inin +y6inno nona+in n ionoxy ion-
+oninoxy neei:i neo6xi(no (o+nxyna+nci ocnonnnx nannn [2,4].
1. Bi(nocnnn ioi no]inin y emi+iax nonnnen 6y+n xonnno
6nnnnx (o on+nxaninoio. Ho+e nn no6y(oni no]inino nac+nnn
nona+oi, oco6nnno : xannx :nanennxx naaxe+a , nac+o nnnniac
neo6xi(nic+i ni(c+yna+n ni(
on+
i , nnnoxy n ioenennx neei:ax y
6ii :xenmennx ( i <
on+
i ), a n nen]einnnx y 6ii :6inimennx ( i >
on+
i ).
Hn ni(xnnenni i ni(
on+
i na+o naxonyna+n ne +iniin :xiny no]ini-
nnx y+a+, ane n :xiny iy+a nnxo(y no+oiy
1
(
2
).
2. Ky+n a+ain i =
1ieox

1
na o:axynionoxy enxi o6na-
m+icx (n]eenninonano: (nx cee(nix (o:axynionnx) neei:in o-
6onnx nona+oi xona 6a+n i = 2 (ni(noni(no
1ieox
=
1
2), (nx
ioenennx i +12 (
1ieox

1
+ 12), (nx nen]einnnx neei:in
xona (onycia+n iy+n a+ain i ni( 2 (o 6 (+o6+o
1ieox

1
2...6).
nx connonnx nona+oi na o:axynionoxy enxi xona (ony-
cia+n iy+n a+ain (o 10 (ni(noni(no
0ieox
=
0
10), mo nai+nnno
ne 6y(e no:nana+ncx na no]ininnx y+a+ax.
3. Bnxi(nnn iy+ no]inm
1ieox
(
2ieox
) o6nac+icx innnx iy+y

1
(
2
) a6o +oxn xenmnx (na 1...1,5). exie :6inimennx
1ieox
(
2ieox
)
y noinnxnni :
1
(
2
) (onyciac+icx nnme (nx ioenennx neei:in
nona+ionnx ninnin nee: ni(nocno nenniy +onmnny nnxi(nnx ioxoi.
4. Minona+ionnn ianan y ionoxy : neei:in xac 6y+n ion]y-
:onnx na ncin (onnni. Himo nexonnno nniona+n nm nnxoiy :
xinnicnnx nn +exnonoiinnnx nnnnn, +o xona (onycia+n nenenniy
xicneny (n]y:onic+i ianany (y xeax 5 ), 6aano n :oni xaicn-
xanino innn:nn na cnnnni nona+in.
5. Cnnniy no]inm na+o oiecnmna+n ninicm, xia xac nnanni
:xinn innn:nn, (nx noio xona nnionc+onyna+n ni(i:in naa6o-
nn (yioio nox(iy a6o nexnicia+n Benynni. Hn nioxy :a ny:iinx
neei:ox innn:na cnnnin no]inm xac :a6e:nenyna+n iy+ ni(inny
(nc.6.10) n xeax 5...15 y :anenoc+i ni( nncna Maxa M
c
2
(xenmi
:nanennx nonnnni ni(noni(a+n 6inimnx nncnax Maxa).
Ho6 ne noymyna+n nennnnny ne o6anoio :nanennx xinixani-
noio noxi(noio neei:y emi+in a n ynniny+n noxnn xicneno (n-
]y:onoc+i na ni(xo(i (o nioio, neo6xi(no nn no]inmnanni (o-
235 Oco6uoocmi jo:ja:nt njocmojoooo nomot o cmncni
O
>
B
o
m
a
x

b
x
@
t

H
a

|
ieo

|
ieo
Pnc.6.10. o nn:nanennx ieoxe+nnnnx naaxe+in no]inm
+nxyna+nci yxonn
.
2
>
6. Hn :a(annx :nanennxx iy+a yc+anonin no]inm
y
n ociono
mnnnn emi+in B xo(a b xoe 6y+n : (oc+a+niom xiom +onno-
c+i (n xeax (onyciin na o6o6iy nona+in) nn:nanena :a ]oxynom
.
sin
1
1 054 , 0
sin
1
y y
B b
]
]
]
]
,
,

,
(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

V nemoxy na6nnenni iy+ yc+anonin no]inm (nx cee(nix i

:onnimnix neei:in nona+in xona 6a+n innnx iy+y naxnny nei+o-
a cee(nio ieoxe+nnno mnn(ioc+i w
n
(nx ioenennx neei:in
c+ynenx, xinn xona no6y(yna+n n +ainn
cnoci6. Honinmn ni( iy+axn
1
i
2
nei-
+on mnn(ioc+en w
1
i w
2
(nc.6.11), no(i-
nnxo nannin :axniamny ninim nn. Hnx
nn:nanac+icx nennnnna iy+a
n
, ni( xinx
naxnnennn nei+o cee(nioieoxe+nnno
mnn(ioc+i. Bennnnny nioio iy+a 6eexo
:a iy+ yc+anonin no]inm
y
.

>

>

>

M
K
=
Pnc.6.11. o nn:nanennx
iy+a yc+anonin no]inm
236 Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
ocn+i nncoiy +onnic+i (ac ]oxyna
. 8221 , 0 3929 , 0 84 , 57
ieox 2 ieox 1 y
+
7. Maicnxanina ni(nocna +onmnna no]inm
b
max max

((nn.
nc.6.10) o6nac+icx : yaxynannxx nnxoi eionoxinnoc+i, xinnoc+i i
+exnonoiinnoc+i. V nen]einnnx neei:ax ni(nocny +onmnny no-
]inm xenme no+niox ni(co+iin :ac+oconyna+n ne eioxen(yc+icx,
+o6+o b ) 045 , 0 ... 040 , 0 (
max
.
Bi(oxo, mo (nx :xenmennx nanan+aeni, xii (im+i : 6oiy ni(nen-
+onnx cnn, no]ininy nac+nny o6onnx nona+oi ni( ioenx (o nen-
]ei c+onmym+i. Hn nioxy ni(nomennx nnom nen]einnoio i io-
enenoio neei:in nona+in
n
= F
n
/F
i
xoe cina(a+n ni( 1,0 (o 0,20.
nx ioenennx neei:in o6onnx nona+oi : nnnnn xinnoc+i n
6aia+iox nnna(iax, oco6nnno nn xannx :nanennxx , (ono(n+icx
:6inimyna+n +onmnny, a o+e, :xenmyna+n ni(nocnnn ioi y noin-
nxnni : on+nxaninnx, : ni(noni(nnx :6inimennxx y+a+.
Bn6anmn +onmnny ioenenoio neei:y
max
, xona :a (onoxo-
iom ]oxynn [2]
max
77 , 0 b F
oninn+n nnomi (nx nen]einnoio n ioenenoio neei:in o6ono
nona+in +a xnc cninni(nomennx, nicnx noio nniona+n nonee(nm ne-
eniiy nanyeni y nona+ni. Himo o(eani ne:a(oninini e:yni+a-
+n, +onmnny ioenenoio neei:y xona cioeiyna+n.
V ioenenoxy neei:i xaicnxanina +onmnna no]inm ne nonnn-
na neennmyna+n nennnnny
), sin 1 (
e] 2 max
i
(e
2e]
e]ei+nnnnn iy+ nnxo(y no+oiy : iananin ((nn. , 3.1).
8. Bi(c+ani, nnxixny no xo(i, ni( nxi(no ioxin (o nen+a iona
xaicnxaninoio (iaxe+a
max
((nn. nc.6.10), nnncanoio n no]ini,
xona nn:nann+n i: :anenoc+i
. ) 40 , 0 ... 25 , 0 ( b

Bi(nocna ni(c+ani nn:nann+icx xi b

.
9. Bnxi(ny ioxiy no]inin nainy+i o6n+n xi xona +onmom,
+oxy mo :i :xenmennxx a(iyca :aoiyinennx r
2
nnxi(no ioxin
237 Oco6uoocmi jo:ja:nt njocmojoooo nomot o cmncni
((nn. nc.6.10) :nnym+icx ioxioni n+a+n. Ho+e, naxonymnn nn-
xoin (oc+a+nio xinnoc+i i oc+ioc+i nea nona+in, neo6xi(no o6n-
a+n ni( r
2
= (0,003...0,08)
max
y ioenennx neei:ax (o r
2
=
=(0,08...0,16)
max
y nen]einnnx i: nnannnx noio :xenmennxx no
(onnni nona+in.
Ja xa+eianaxn c+a+nc+nin connonnx i o6onnx nona+oi i:nnx
+y6in, xona 6a+n r
2
= (0,005...0,025) b.
10. Pa(iyc nxi(no ioxin r
1
((nn. nc.6.10) 6ee+icx :nnnanno
6inimnn :a r
2
. Pi:nnnx xi nnxn +nx 6inima, nnx mnmnn (iana:on
iy+in a+ain na nxo(i n emi+iy nn :xinnnx enxax o6o+n. Ji6a-
nnn c+a+nc+nnnnn xa+eian yia:yc na mnoinn (iana:on ]ai+nnnnx
:naneni a(iyca :aoiyinennx r
1
= (0,008...0,081) b.
nx na6nneno oninin xona +aio eioxen(yna+n ]oxyny
r
1
= (0,115...0,385)
max
.
Binim +onni e:yni+a+n (ac c+a+nc+nnna :anenic+i [2]
(
) . 18 , 0 053 , 0 236 , 0
sin 0071 , 0 sin 0527 , 0
2 max max
ieox 2 ieox 1 1
r
r
+ +
+ +
Han6inime (onyc+nxe :nanennx r
1
nn:nanac yxona, :a xiom (ia-
xe+ iona, xie nnncyc+icx y nxi(ny nac+nny xinona+ionoio ianany,
6y(e 6inime (1,05...1,10)a.
11. Hnnna nnxi(noio neei:y nona+ionoio ianany nn:nanac+i-
cx :a ]oxynom
, sin
2

i a
(e
2 2 2
, a iy+ ni(c+anannx no+oiy
2
nn:nanac+icx :a ia-
]iiaxn a6o :a xiom-ne6y(i : exninnnnx ]oxyn, nannina( [2]
. 28 , 4 2759 , 0 66 , 26 13 , 4
max 2
i +
Menmy +onnic+i (ac ]oxyna
, 3 , 16 1625 , 0 47 , 14
2
i
me xenmy
. 2011 , 0 46 , 3
2

Ky+n y ]oxynn ni(c+annxm+icx n ia(ycax.
238 Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
12. Ky+n :aioc+ennx ioxoi na nxi(nin i nnxi(nin nac+nnax no-
]inm xona nn:nann+n :a ]oxynaxn, o+nxannxn na ni(c+ani c+a-
+nc+nnno o6o6in nennio iiniioc+i (annx [2]:
;
2
aiclg 51 , 3
1 n
1 max
1
r 1
r

,
) 1 (
2
aiclg 16 , 2
2 n
2 max
2
r 1
r

(e (onnna o:io+in no]inm : (ye xanom noxn6iom

. ) 367 , 0 176 , 0 125 , 0 32 , 1 (
max ieox 2 ieox 1 n
b 1 +
Ky+
2
ne cni( (onycia+n 6inime 5...6, mo6 ynniny+n noxi+noio
:oc+annx no]ininnx y+a+.
Po:inxnexo nan6inim o:noncm(eni ia]inni cnoco6n no6y(o-
nn no]inin.
Hoyona npoqium sa yraun napaoun. Hox(oi no6y(onn no-
]inm +ainn.
1. Hono(x+icx (ni inno6ini nini AA i CC na ni(c+ani mnnnn
emi+in B (nc.6.12). Pa(iycox r
2
nono(x+icx na ni(c+ani ioiy i
(na iona, (o+nnni (o nini CC. Hee: nen+n nnx iin ni( iy+ox
2ieox
nono(nxo nxxy nn. Bn:nannnmn iy+ :aioc+ennx
2
, nono(nxo

|
ieo
C
C
B
a
a
o
m
ax

H
f
a

|
t
n
n
O
|
p
q
C

>
d
l

g
h
k
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
ieo
ieo
Pnc.6.12. Ho6y(ona no]inm :a (yiaxn naa6onn
239 Oco6uoocmi jo:ja:nt njocmojoooo nomot o cmncni
ni( iy+ox
2
/2 (o+nnni (o iona nnxi(no ioxin, xii o(nonacno c
(o+nnnnxn (o cnnnin n yniiny+o c+oonn no]inm n x iinnennx +on-
iax d i l.
2. Ja(anmnci iy+ox ni(c+anannx no+oiy
2
(: nac+ynnnx noio
ioei+ynannxx), nn:nanacxo iy+ emi+in
2 2 2

i mnnny
nnxi(noio neei:y ianany a. Pa(iycox r
2
+ a : nen+a iona nnxi(no
ioxin nono(nxo (yiy, xia nn no(animin no6y(oni no]inm no-
nnnna +oiny+ncx cnnnin n (exiin +onni f. Hm +oniy :naxo(nxo
mnxxox none(ennx (o+nnno (o (yin iona a(iycox r
2
+ a ni( iy+ox

2ieox

2
/2 + (o nini CC, (e o6annn iy+ ni(inny cnnnin :a
nnxi(nnx neei:ox.
3. O6nncnnnmn iy+ yc+anonin no]inm
y
, nono(nxo (o+nnny
(xo(y no]inm) (o iona nnxi(no ioxin ni( iy+ox
y
(o nini CC,
a +aio nono(nxo a(iycox r
1
(yiy nxi(no ioxin, (o+nnny (o
nini AA i xo(n no]inm.
4. Hee: nen+ (yin nxi(no ioxin nono(nxo nxxy pq ni(
iy+ox
1ieox
(o nini AA. Bn:nannnmn iy+ :aioc+ennx nxi(no iox-
in
1
, nono(nxo ni( iy+ox
1
/2 (o nxxo pq (o+nnni (o iona
nxi(no ioxin, xii o(nonacno c (o+nnnnxn (o cnnnin n yniiny+o
nonexni no]inm n x nona+ionnx +oniax g i h.
5. ani mnxxox iecnennx nnannnx innnx no+i6no o(ea+n
o6no(n no]inm, xii noxo(x+i nee: +onin d, f, g, l, h. Hannac+ime n
oni +ainx innnx nnionc+onym+i (yin naa6onn (yioio c+enenx.
Ho(onycxo (o+nnni, none(eni n +oniax d i g, (o x nee+nny n
+onni k. innxo ni(i:in dk i gk na inne nncno nac+nn, nyxeycxo
+onin n +oxy nox(iy, xi ne :a:naneno na nc.6.12, i :'c(nycxo o(no-
nxenni +onin nxxnxn. Knna, (o+nnna (o nnx nxxnx, xnnxc co6om
naa6ony. Himo nona ne nonmna nee: +oniy f, +o +oxn :xinmcxo
nanxx (o+nnnnx dk i gk a6o iy+ yc+anonin no]inm (o+n, noin
naa6ona ne non(e nee: +oniy f.
6. Oiecnmcxo yniiny+y nonexnm no]inm. nx nioio nono-
(nxo nnanny inny, (o+nnny (o iin nxi(no i nnxi(no ioxoi y +on-
iax h i l.
Ho6y(ynanmn no]ini, cni( neenin+n, nn o(eana :a(ana xai-
cnxanina +onmnna
max
(a6o nnoma neei:y), i n a:i no+e6n nnec+n
ni(noni(ni ioei+nnn n iy+n :aioc+ennx no]inm.
7. Heenixcxo ]oxy o+nxanoio xinona+ionoio ianany. nx
nioio nono(nxo (yin iin a(iycox a : nen+in, o:+amonannx na
240 Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
cnnnni no]inm. Konn nn nioxy :onnimnx nac+nna ianany xnnxc
co6om innonininny cxyiy : nnanno :xinmnanom mnnnom ni( xai-
cnxanino na nxo(i n ianan (o nynx na nnxo(i, +o +aiy ]oxy xino-
na+ionoio ianany xona nnaa+n :a(onininom.
Hoyona ueuuicka1uoro npoqium. Hemi no+nn nyni+n no6y-
(onn no]inm +aii , xi i n nonee(nioxy cnoco6i. Honnnamnn : n'x-
+oio nyni+y, nnionycxo no6y(ony n +aiin nocni(onnoc+i (nc.6.13).
C
C
a
a
B
t
t

>
ieo
n
n
n
n

d
l
a

H
f
C
O
>
@
m
a
x
x
@

>

>

q
q
p p
g
E E
R
n
O
h
4
n

N
ieo
ieo
Pnc.6.13. Ho6y(ona nexnicia+noio no]inm +y6inno nona+in
5. Ja (onoxoiom nexnicia+noio neiana a6o ianiin : naiecne-
nom cix'cm nexnicia+ : ni(noni(nom nonmcnom ni(c+annm ni(6nac-
xo no+i6ny (yiy nexnicia+n +ainx nnnox, mo6 nxxa (inxnia
:6iinacx : ninicm ndN, a caxa inna +oianacx (yin a(iycox r
2
+ a n
+onni f i 6yna (o+nnnom (o nini qg, y+nommnn nn nioxy neo6xi(-
nnn iy+ ni(inny .
Cnnnia no]inm xoe oiecnmna+ncx o(nic nn iiniioxa nexni-
cia+axn, xii cnonynam+icx n +oniax inno innn:nn.
6. By(ycxo yniiny+y nonexnm no]inm, xia xoe oiecnmna+n-
cx (yiaxn iin, nexnicia+om, naa6onom a6o (onininom neianinom
241 Oco6uoocmi jo:ja:nt njocmojoooo nomot o cmncni
innom. Hannac+ime ne (yin (nox iin. ani : +onin E onncycxo iono
(iaxe+ox
max
, (o+nnne (o cnnnin no]inm na ni(c+ani

=(0,25.
...0,40)b ni( nen+a (yin nxi(no ioxin. J +onin l 6y(ycxo nenen-
(niynx (o nini nl. Hnxxox ni(6oy :naxo(nxo a(iyc R
n
, xinx i:
nen+a O onncyc+icx (yia, (o+nnna (o nini nl (y +onni l) i (o iona
(iaxe+ox
max
. J +onin h 6y(ycxo nenen(niynx (o nini qh, +onia
nee+nny xioio O : ninicm OE c nen+ox (yin a(iycox R
n
, mo
c+niac+icx : (yiom a(iycox R
n
+a ionox a(iycox r
1
(y +onni h).
Hoyona npoqium sa onouorom uekau. Ha nonee(nix e+anax
noei+ynannx nnnan(an ce6e cnoci6 no6y(onn no]inm, xinn nnio-
nc+onyc cnonynennx (yi iin i nnannnx ninin, :a]iiconannx na cneni-
anino ni(io+onnenin cei neian. Ocnonnom nnxoiom (nx ia]inno
no6y(onn no]inm c ni(cy+nic+i c+n6iin innn:nn nn cnonynenni
oiexnx noio (inxnoi (xono+onna :xina innn:nn).
Peioxen(ycxo nac+ynnnn nox(oi no6y(onn no]inm nnx cno-
co6ox.
Ha nxxin AB (nc.6.14,) ni(ina(acxo ni(i:oi, innnn ioiy i,
: iinnin xioio nono(nxo (na iona a(iycox r
2
. J +onin O
2
nono(n-
xo (yiy a(iycox r
2
+ a, (o xio no+ix nono(n+icx (o+nnna ni( iy-
+ox
2c
=
2ieox

2
/2. ani :a (onoxoiom neiana : xono+onno :xinm-
nanom innn:nom nono(nxo (inxniy c
2
n cnnnin no]inm 6inx noio
nnxi(no ioxin, nn nioxy neenixcxo o+nxane :nanennx iy+a
ni(inny :a :aianinnxn eioxen(anixxn, nane(ennxn nnme.
J +onin O
2
((nn. nc.6.14,,) nono(nxo (yiy a(iycox b r
2
i
nxxy O
2
F ni( iy+ox yc+anonin
y
(o nee+nny : nicm (yiom. !:
nen+a O
1
, o:+amonanoio na nxxin O
2
F, a(iycox r
1
nono(nxo
iono, (o+nnne (o (yin a(iycox b r
2
.
nx no6y(onn nxi(no (inxnin cnnnin no]inm : +onin O
1
((nn.
nc.6.14,,) nono(nxo nxxy ni( iy+ox
1ieox
(o nxxo CD, mo
inno6ina AB (nee(nioxy ]on+y emi+in). Hono(nxo (o+nnny
c (o iona a(iycox r
1
ni( iy+ox
2
/2 (o nanxxy no+oiy na nxo(i i :
+onin (o+niy nic nxxo : ionox 6y(ycxo nenen(niynx. Ha nioxy
nenen(niynxi n +onni T o:+amonycxo nen+ (yin R
c
, :a (onoxo-
iom xio oiecnmcxo nxi(ny nac+nny cnnnin no]inm. Konn ne n(a-
c+icx (oxoi+ncx nnannoio cnonynennx nic (yin : innom c
2
n, +o noio
o(eym+i naimnannxx
y
a6o iy+a oiecnennx inno c
2
n mnxxox
nnionc+annx (o(a+ionnx neianinnx innnx.
16128
242 Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
nx no6y(onn yniiny+o nonexni no]inm : +onin f ((nn.
nc.6.14,,) nono(nxo (o+nnny kk (o iona a(iycox r
1
. Ha nenen-
(niynxi (o nic (o+nnno : nen+a O
1
o:+amonycxo nen+ (yin,
xiom oiecnmc+icx nxi(na (inxnia no]inm : yniiny+o noio c+oo-
nn. Hx (yia nonnnna +oia+ncx iona a(iycox
max
/2, nen+ E xioio
o:+amonyc+icx na ni(c+ani

ni( nxi(no ioxin.

B a
C D

t
a

>
cn
C

?
n

>
ieo
f
c
c

T
Q
'
'

H
I
O
>

H B
b

f
k
k
k

@
max
E
x
@
P
b
R
i
4
c
Pnc.6.14. Ho6y(ona no]inin +y6innnx nona+oi
:a (onoxoiom neianinnx innnx +a (yi iin
Hee: nen+ E i +oniy T, mo c nen+ox (yin a(iycox R
c
, nono-
(nxo nxxy (o nee+nny : nxxom, nenen(niynxnom kk. Tonia
nee+nny Q 6y(e nen+ox (yin a(iycox R
i
. yiy a(iycox R
i
cno-
nynacxo :a (onoxoiom neiana : ionox a(iycox r
2
na nnxi(nin iox-
ni. Hn nioxy neenixcxo nnnyc+nxnn iy+ :aioc+ennx
2
, xinn y
ncix nnna(iax (nx (o+nxannx yxonn :6eeennx mnnnn nnxi(noio
neei:y ianany a nonnnen 6y+n xenmnn ni( iy+a ni(inny .

243 Oco6uoocmi jo:ja:nt njocmojoooo nomot o cmncni

Ho6y(onani ia]innnx cnoco6ox no]ini nona+oi no+ix neeni-
xcxo na (o+nxannx (oc+a+nio xin ion]y:onoc+i xinona+io-
noio ianany. nx nioio innoni((aneno ni( inno nny+imnioio no-
]inm 6y(ycxo inny na ni(c+ani a (no ncioxy ion+yy) +a anani:ycxo
xaai+e :onn, mo :annmnnacx, : noinx(y xin ion]y:onoc+i ((nn.
+aio n.7 nemoio cnoco6y).
Vci nnina(eni nnme ia]inni xe+o(n o:inx(anncx na nnina(i
eai+nnnoio no]inm. Ananoiinno no]inmm+icx n ai+nnni emi+-
in. V nioxy nnna(iy cee(nx nac+nna cnnnin +a yniiny+o nonexni
no]inm xoy+i 6y+n oiecneni (yiaxn iin, xii nannac+ime nono-
(x+icx : o(noio nen+a. Minona+ionnn ianan xac nn6nn:no no-
c+inny mnnny.
Hoyona npoqiutuo uac1nun uona1ok. Heo6xi(na iiniiic+i ion-
+oninnx neei:in no a(iycy, (nx xinx :(incnmc+icx no6y(ona no-
]inin o(nnx : o:inxny+nx nnme cnoco6in, nn:nanac+icx ni(nocnnxn
n a6conm+nnxn o:xiaxn no]inino nac+nnn nona+in i :nnnanno
cina(ac +n-cix, y ne nncno o6on'x:iono nxo(x+i ioenennn, cee(nin
i nen]einnnn neei:n. Kix +oio, : yaxynannxx :ac+oconynannx
+exnonoiinnnx nonecin o6o6in (o(a+iono 6y(ym+icx no]ini no-
na+in n (nox iannix neei:ax, xii :naxo(x+icx :a xeaxn no]ini-
no nac+nnn.
Kannixn c :nnnanno neei:n, ni((aneni na 2...4 xx ni( a(iani-
nnx iannni no+oiy, +oxy mo no]inina nac+nna nona+in neexo-
(n+i y :axiony nac+nny : nenninx a(iycox :aoiyinennx, a na nen-
]ei o6an(aena nona+ia xaai+en:yc+icx :nannnxn a(iycaxn :a-
oiyinennx nn neexo(i ni( nea (o 6an(aa, neo6an(aena nona+-
ia na nen]ei nac+o :aioc+mc+icx.
J xe+om 6inim na(innoio ion+onm +onnoc+i o6o6in no]inino
nac+nnn nona+in ni(c+ani xi oiexnxn neei:axn ne cni( 6a+n
6inime 25...30 xx, oco6nnno (nx cnnino :aiynennx o6onnx nona+oi.
Hoei+ynannx no]inino nac+nnn nona+in nonnnac+icx : no6y-
(onn emi+in no]inin (nx ioenenoio, cee(nioio i nen]einno-
io neei:in, nicnx noio 6y(ym+icx ia]iin :xinn no (onnni nona+-
in +ainx ocnonnnx ieoxe+nnnnx naaxe+in emi+in: b, i, B, r
1
, r
2
,

1ieox
,
2ieox
,
y
+a in. Bnionc+onymnn :a:naneni ia]iin, oiecnm-
m+i a6o ioei+ym+i no]ini n inmnx noxinnx ion+oninnx nee-
i:ax nona+in.
16*
244 Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
O+nxana n e:yni+a+i no(i6no no6y(onn ieoxe+nnna ]oxa
no]inino nac+nnn nona+in nonnnna ni(noni(a+n nnxoiax xinnoc+i
i 6y+n nn nioxy (ocn+i +exnonoiinnom, +o6+o (onycia+n nnio+on-
nennx nncoiono(yi+nnnnxn i ne :ana(+o (ooinxn cnoco6axn. Toxy
nac+ynnnx e+anox no6y(onn no]inino nac+nnn c nn:nanennx nen+in
nain no]inin y ion+oninnx neei:ax +a y:io(ennx xnioio o:+a-
mynannx mo(o oci : nona+in (nc.6.15), mo nonnnno :a6e:nenn+n
neo6xi(ni yxonn xinnoc+i
*)
.
Hona+oi ioo(nna+ o:+amonym+i y nen+i
nain ioenenoio neei:y, a oci , y, : oicn+ym+i
+ai, xi ne noia:ano na nc.6.15.
Hicnx oc+a+onnoio oicn+ynannx no]inin y
ionoxy : ion+oninnx neei:in mo(o ocen , y,
: i ioei+ynannx
**)
x ieoxe+nnnnx naaxe+in :
noinx(y ni(noni(noc+i nnxo:i nnannoc+i cnonynen-
nx no ncin (onnni nona+in nn:nanam+icx ioo(n-
na+n no]inin no oci y. Hn nioxy nici y no(inx-
c+icx na inni (inxnin, iix nxi(no i nnxi(no io-
xoi, (nx xinx o6nam+icx xenmi in+enann. Ociini-
in no]ini na :a:nanennx (inxniax xac nenniy in-
nn:ny, nnannic+i o6ncy oiexnx innnx (o(a+io-
no neenixc+icx x iecnennxx y :6inimenoxy xac-
m+a6i ((o 50:1).
V (exinx nnna(iax nnannic+i :xinn innn:nn no]inm cnnnin
nona+in neenixc+icx :a (onoxoiom nn:nanennx (yinx i:nnni io-
o(nna+, +o6+o +ai, mo6 (yia noxi(na n xicnxx cnonynennx oiexnx
(inxnoi ne xana o:nnin. nx ion+onino neeniin no]inino
nac+nnn nona+in ino(i 6y(ym+i ia]iin :xinn ioo(nna+n y (nx
*)
Hn cyximenni no]inin naxaiam+icx :o6n+n +ai, mo6 nen+n nain ncix ne-
ei:in neann na o(nin a(ianinin nini, none(enin i: nen+a nana nee: nici :axia
+a nen+ nain ioenenoio neei:y. !no(i nen+ nain nona+in n ninoxy :ximym+i
ni(nocno nia:ano nnme a(ianino nini n c+oony cnnnin. Hnx c+nomc+icx :innani-
nnn xoxen+ ni( ni(nen+ono cnnn, no+nnennn :a nanxxox xoxen+y ni( (i ia:o-
(nnaxinno cnnn, mo nnno(n+i (o x nac+iono ioxnencani i o:nan+aennx nea
nona+in ni( :innaninnx nanyeni.
**)
Koei+ynannx ioo(nna+ no]inin y noxinnx ion+oninnx neei:ax xoe
nono(n+nci +aio y :n'x:iy : +exnonoiinnnxn nonecaxn o6o6in no]inino nac+n-
nn nona+in, nannina( i: ]e:eynannxx :a ioniaxn, o6ia+iom nnnin(nnnnx a6o
]aconnnx i:aninnx inc+yxen+ox :a o(nnx nn :a (noxa nnocinxn ioniaxn +a in.
:
y
x
Pnc.6.15. o no6y-
(onn no]inino
nac+nnn nona+in
245 Oco6uoocmi jo:ja:nt njocmojoooo nomot o cmncni
o(naionnx :naneni y ionoxy : o6annx ion+oninnx neei:in
((nx ni(noni(no ioo(nna+n : = consl).
Kou1poutui sanauuu i nn1auuu
1. ane apatnepucnuty cnynen s eionocno ooeeu+u :onanta+u.
2. Haseint qatnopu, ti eusna:amnt npocnopoey cnpytnypy nonoty e cny-
neni ee:uto ei:oeocni.
3. Ja oono+oeom tu sa:ewnocne +owna oinunu sesot +ipu peatnueno-
cni na cepeonto+y oia+enpi i e topeneeo+y nepepisi?
4. ane apatnepucnuty nanpocniuo+y cnocooy satpy:enn :onanot.
5. Hpoana:isyne piennn paoia:tno pienoeaeu :acnot easy.
6. Hocnint +enoouty satpy:enn :onanot sa satono+ cna:ocni upty:i.
7. ane apatnepucnuty +enooy satpy:enn :onanot sa y+oeu
1
= consl.
8. Hocnint ocnoeni ocoo:ueocni satpy:enn :onanot sa y+oeu c
a
= consl.
9. Hopienne naoi:tu nouupeni cnocoou satpy:enn :onanot.
10. Oapatnepusyne cy:acni +enoou npoetnyeann nypoinnu peuinot.
11. Haseint ocnoeni npaeu:a, tu neooiono oonpu+yeanuct npu nooyooei
npoqi:ie nypoinnu :onanot.
12. Hocnint +enoouty nooyooeu npoqi:m :onantu sa oyea+u napaoo:u.
13. Et soicnmcntc nooyooea npoqi:m :onantu sa oono+oeom :e+nictan?
14. Hocnint, t soicnmcntc nooyooea nypoinnu npoqi:ie sa oono+oeom
:eta:.
7. BAlATOCTYDlHHACTl TYPBlHH
7.1. Yuonn sac1ocynauuu
Hi cni(nn+i xaai+enc+nnne innxnnx ((nn. , 4.9), :anac no+en-
nianino eneii, mo xoe 6y+n nee+noennn : xaicnxaninom e]ei-
+nnnic+m n xexaninny o6o+y n +y6innoxy c+yneni :a(anoio +nny,
:anen+i ni( ionono mnn(ioc+i. Hnx 6inimnn naxnnnn +ennonee-
na( c+ynenx, +nx 6inimom nonnnna 6y+n mnn(iic+i.
J6inimennx ionono mnn(ioc+i cnnnnnxc :oc+annx ni(nen+o-
nnx nanan+aeni, mo (im+i na enexen+n o+oa nn o6o+i +y6inn,
i :oc+annx n nnx nanyeni o:+xiy. Toxy :a nnxoiaxn xinnoc+i
246 Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
iononi mnn(ioc+i n c+yneni o6xeym+icx, xi nannno, nennnnnom
280...400 x/c, a o+e, o6xeym+icx i +ennoneena(n, xii cnaniony-
m+icx n o(noxy c+yneni.
Honnnn naxnnnn +ennoneena( y +y6ini :anen+i ni( nona+io-
nnx naaxe+in o6onoio +ina i iinnenoio +nciy +a n 6inimoc+i nnna(-
iin :nanno neennmyc +ennoneena(, nnnyc+nxnn (nx o(noio c+yne-
nx. B +ainx nnna(iax :ac+oconym+icx 6aia+oc+yninnac+i +y6inn.
Baia+oc+yninnac+i +y6inn :i c+ynenxxn +nciy :(a+ni neeo6nx-
+n nai+nnno ne o6xeennn :anac no+ennianino eneii. Jac+ocynannx
+ainx +y6in y nao+y6innnx yc+anoniax c+nomc (o(a+ioni xo-
nnnoc+i ni(nnmennx x KK ynacni(oi nnionc+annx noxinoio
neeiiny nan i eienea+nnnnx ni(6oin (nx ni(iiinannx nnnni-
no no(n.
Heexi( ni( o(noc+yninnac+o +y6inn (o 6aia+oc+yninnac+o xac
cenc nani+i +o(i, ionn n n o(noc+yninnac+oxy naian+i xona :a6e:-
nenn+n on+nxanini yxonn o6o+n, mo ni(noni(am+i xaai+enc+nn-
noxy innxnnm ((nn. , 4.9) i nnxoiax xinnoc+i. Taie imennx (o:no-
nxc :6inimn+n :aianinnn KK +y6inn :an(xin oco6nnnoc+xx 6aia-
+oc+yninnac+nx +y6in a6o nnacni(oi :nnennx mnn(ioc+en o6ono-
io +ina, ximo 6, nannina(, n o(noc+yninnac+in +y6ini nnnniann na(-
:nyioni mnn(ioc+i.
Vce, mo 6yno nnina(eno n nonee(nix o:(inax (nx oiexoio c+y-
nenx, nnac+nne i (nx ionoio c+ynenx 6aia+oc+yninnac+o +y6inn.
Ho+e n o6o+i +ainx +y6in c (exii oco6nnnoc+i, non'x:ani i: n:acxo-
(icm c+ynenin.
Heo6xi(no +aio yaxonyna+n, mo :ac+ocynannx 6aia+oc+yninna-
c+o ionc+yini non'x:ane : o6nanennxx +y6inn i :6inimennxx
(onnnn. Haxnnic+i nennoio nncna c+ynenin ycina(nmc ionc+yinim,
+exnonoiim nnio+onnennx i +y(oxic+iic+i. o +oio nn nennioxy
nncni c+ynenin xoe nnnniny+n neo6xi(nic+i no(iny +y6inn na iiniia
oiexnx ionycin (nnnin(in), nc+anonnennx (o(a+ionnx ono +a in.
7.2. Ocounnoc1i ara1oc1yniuuac1nx 1ypiu
V 6aia+oc+yninnac+nx +y6inax :aianinnn naxnnnn neena( en-
+aninin H
a
*
cnanionyc+icx nocni(onno n +ai :nannx cnynen nu-
cty. Hncno nnx c+ynenin :anen+i ni( :aianinoio +ennoneena(y +y-
6inn H
a
*
i neena(y en+aninin h
a
, xinn cnanionyc+icx oiexnxn
c+ynenxxn, +o6+o ni( x +nny.
247 Laamocmninuacmi mj6inu
V , 1.4 :a:nananocx, mo c+yneni +nciy n 6aia+oc+yninnac+in +y-
6ini xoy+i 6y+n o(noninnennxn ai+nnnnxn a6o eai+nnnnxn, ai+nn-
nnxn : eainicm, a +aio 6aia+oninnennxn ai+nnnnxn (iononnnx
nnnox (noninnennxn). Janeno ni( +nny c+ynenin, +y6inn n ninoxy c
+iox nn(in: ai+nnni, eai+nnni i :ximanoio +nny.
J oinx(y na xa+eian , 6.16.3 (oninino o:inxny+n nn+annx mo(o
inacn]iiani +y6innnx c+ynenin +a xonnnoc+en eani:ani na nai-
+nni x +nnin ni( (emo inmnx iy+ox :oy.
Hacaxnee(, anani: o6o+n +y6innoio c+ynenx n mnoioxy (ia-
na:oni xaai+enc+nin nixnonoc+i (ac ni(c+ann (nx +ainx nncnoniin:
xia eai+nnnoc+i no (onnni o6onnx nona+oi :xinmc+icx +nx
6inime, nnx xenme = D
c
/l

*)
. Tai, nn = 4...5 i:nnnx xi xiom
eai+nnnoc+i na nen]ei +a n nnioenennx neei:ax nona+in
= 0,70...0,56;
:6inimennx xin eai+nnnoc+i ni( ioenx o6onnx nona+oi (o
nen]ei :xymyc na cee(nioxy (iaxe+i 6a+n (o(a+ny eai+nnnic+i
+nx 6inimy, nnx xenme , mo6 :ano6ii+n nnnninennm ni('cxno eai-
+nnnoc+i n nnioenennx neei:ax. Minixanini :nanennx
c
(nx c+y-
nenin nn nia:annx = 3,5...5,0 ni(noni(no c+anonnx+i nn6nn:no
0,49...0,36;
ximo (o+nxyna+ncx inacn]iiani +y6innnx c+ynenin i +exino-
noii , 4.6, +o ai+nnnnx c+ynenin :
c
= 0 ne icnyc. Hani+i nn (ye
ni(nocno ioo+inx nona+iax, nannina( nn = 40,
c
xac 6y+n
nn6nn:no 0,05. Ociiniin cy+o ai+nnnnx c+ynenin nexac, +o ai+nnnn-
xn na:nnam+i c+yneni ai+nnni : eainicm, ni(in(amnn (nx cioonen-
nx cnona ": eainicm";
nn:nananinom cni( nnaa+n xiy eai+nnnoc+i na cee(nioxy (ia-
xe+i c+ynenx. To(i, n:xnmn :a eai+nnni c+yneni :
c
0,3, :'xcycxo,
mo c+yneni : 7,0 (nn6nn:no) xoy+i nnionyna+ncx nnme eai+nn-
nnxn, nn > 7,0 xi ai+nnnnxn, +ai i eai+nnnnxn. Menmi :nanen-
nx xaai+eni (nx oc+annix c+ynenin +y6inn, +o6+o (nx o6nac+i
nn:iinx +nciin, y +on nac xi nennii (nx o6nac+i nncoinx +nciin;
nn6i +nny i xin eai+nnnoc+i c+ynenin nn noei+ynanni 6aia-
+oc+yninnac+nx +y6in :nyyc+icx: nn 7,0 c+yneni eai+nnni
(
c
0,3...0,5), nn > 7,0 ai+nnni (
cmin

c
< 0,3) a6o eai+nnni
(0,3
c
0,5). Min eai+nnnoc+i
c
> 0,5 :nnnanno naxaiam+icx
*)
Ja nnnx+iox cnenianino cnoei+onanoio 6e:ia(icn+noio c+ynenx, xinn nai-
+nnnoio :ac+ocynannx ne na6yn.
248 Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
ynnia+n, +oxy mo ne non'x:ane : na(xinnx :xenmennxx on+nxani-
noio naxnnoio +ennoneena(y i :oc+annxx y+a+ ni( nn+oiin ia:y
nee: nen]einni :a:on;
nani+i :a nnx yxon no(in c+ynenin na ai+nnni +a eai+nnni n 6ini-
moc+i nnna(iin yxonnnn, +oxy mo n xeax o(noio n +oio c+ynenx
na (exiin nac+nni (onnnn o6onnx nona+oi eani:yc+icx ai+nnnnn
nnnnnn o6o+n, a na inmin eai+nnnnn.
Ho c+ocyc+icx (noninnennx ai+nnnnx c+ynenin, +o nnionc+annx
x y no+ynnx 6aia+oc+yninnac+nx +y6inax o6xeene. Bonn :ac+oco-
nym+icx n naonnx +y6inax cy(nonnx +a c+anionannx y oni eiy-
nmnaninoio c+ynenx (nx cnanmnannx xioxoia 6inimoio +ennonee-
na(y i :xenmennx +nx caxnx iiniioc+i neeiynionannx nac+ynnnx
c+ynenin, a +aio y cy(nonnx naonnx +y6oaieia+ax xi c+yneni :a(-
nioio xo(y, a n ioa6eninnx i xi c+yneni xannx xo(in : xe+om :xen-
mennx xacn +a ia6an+in aieia+y.
noninneni c+yneni :an(n o:+amonym+icx n :oni nncoioio +nc-
iy, +oxy ni(nocna (onnna nona+oi xana (nennii ) i xia eai+nnno-
c+i nenennia. Hi(nnmennx eai+nnnoc+i n noxinoxy nanxxnoxy
anaa+i nn:neno 6 (o noc+ynono +anc]oxani (noninnenoio c+y-
nenx n (na ai+nnni c+yneni, a ni(nnmennx eai+nnnoc+i n o6ox o6o-
nnx ninnxx i nanxxnoxy anaa+i n (na eai+nnni c+yneni. ! n ne-
moxy, i n (yioxy nnna(iy ne cnnnnnnno 6 :xenmennx naxnnoio
+ennoneena(y, xinn xoe 6y+n e]ei+nnno cnanionannx, a6o ni(-
nnmennx ionono mnn(ioc+i, mo :neno 6 nanineni neenain, xii cno-
nyiann (o :ac+ocynannx (noninnenoio c+ynenx.
Oco6nnnoc+xxn 6aia+oc+yninnac+nx +y6in, xii no+e6ym+i oie-
xoio o:inx(y, c nnionc+annx nnxi(no eneii +a noneny+a +enno-
+a (yioio o(y.
7.3. Bnkopnc1auuu nnxiuo euepri c1yneuin
Ja nennnx yxon y 6aia+oc+yninnac+nx +y6inax nnxi(na iine+nn-
na eneiix, xia c n+a+om (nx (anoio c+ynenx, xoe 6y+n nnionc+a-
na n nac+ynnoxy c+yneni xi iine+nnna eneiix na nxo(i (o noio conno-
noio anaa+a. Be:nocee(nc nnionc+annx iine+nnno eneii nnxo(y
no+oiy : nonee(nioio c+ynenx n nac+ynnoxy 6e: noxinoio nee-
+noennx n +ennony ni(nnmyc KK 6aia+oc+yninnac+o +y6inn, +oxy
mo ne(e (o :xenmennx n+a+, non'x:annx : neo6oo+nic+m nonecy.
249 Laamocmninuacmi mj6inu
Bnionc+annx nnxi(no eneii xoe 6y+n nonnnx a6o nac+ionnx.
nx naniamoio nnionc+annx neo6xi(na innic+i cee(nix (iaxe+-
in cyci(nix c+ynenin, xannn ocionnn :a:o xi nnxn, a +aio y:io-
(ennx ieoxe+nnnoio iy+a nxo(y n connony emi+iy nac+ynnoio c+y-
nenx : iy+ox nnxo(y no+oiy : nonee(nioio c+ynenx, +o6+o :a6e:ne-
nennx iy+a a+ain, 6nn:iioio (o nynx. Oc+annx yxona :nnnanno xoe
6y+n :a6e:nenena +iniin (nx nennoio enxy o6o+n 6aia+oc+ynin-
nac+o +y6inn. Hn :xini enxy :oc+ac ney:io(enic+i i nnion-
c+annx nnxi(no eneii noiimyc+icx.
V :aianinoxy nnna(iy : nnxi(no iine+nnno eneii c+ynenx q
nnx

2
2
2
c
n nac+ynnoxy c+yneni nnionc+onyc+icx +iniin nac+nna
2
2
2
nnx
c
, a em+a
2
) 1 (
2
2
nnx
c
ne nnionc+onyc+icx i nee+nomc+i-
cx n +enno+y. Koeqiicnn eutopucnann euiono enepei
nnx
y :ane-
noc+i ni( ionie+nnx yxon na6ynac :naneni ni( 0 (o 1,0.
V eai+nnnnx +y6inax :nnnanno 6ey+i
nnx
= 1,0. V o:axyn-
iax ai+nnnnx +y6in nac+o (onyciam+i, mo nnionc+onyc+icx +iniin
ociona cina(ona nnxi(no mnn(ioc+i c
2a
. To(i
2 2
2
2
2
2
nnx
a
c c

i, o+e,
. sin
2
2
2
2
2
nnx

(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

c
c
a
(7.1)
J yaxynannxx ni(noni(nnx no:naneni (nx (k1)-io i k-io c+yne-
nin xona :annca+n
.
2 2
2
0
2
) 1 ( 2
) 1 nnx(
k
k
k
c
c

Tainx nnnox, o:axyniona nxi(na mnn(iic+i

,
) 1 nnx( ) 1 ( 2 0

k k k
c c
250 Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
a : yaxynannxx ]oxynn (7.1)
.
) 1 ( 2 0

k a k
c c
Bnionc+annx nnxi(no eneii ycina(nmc+icx a6o nani+i c+ac
nexonnnnx y nnna(iax:
i:io :xinn cee(nioio (iaxe+a nn neexo(i ni( o(noio c+yne-
nx (o inmoio (nannina(, nicnx eiynmnaninoio c+ynenx n naonnx
+y6inax);
naxnnoc+i noxinoio ni(6oy a6o ni(ne(ennx o6onoio +ina (nna-
cni(oi :6inimennx ocionoio :a:oy, a +aio nexnnynoio noymennx
c+yi+yn no+oiy);
nn neexo(i (o inmo xin nnyciy n nac+ynnoxy c+yneni.
V nnx nnna(iax 6ey+i
nnx
= 0. Koe]inicn+ nnionc+annx nnxi(-
no eneii (oinnmc nynm i (nx oc+annioio c+ynenx +y6inn.
V o:axyniax 6ey+i c
0
= 0 +aio (nx nemoio c+ynenx nao-
no +y6inn i ni(oco6neno iynn c+ynenin.
Ha nc.7.1 noia:ane c+niynannx nonecin (nox cyci(nix c+ynenin:
: nonnnx nnionc+annxx nnxi(no eneii nonee(nioio c+ynenx n
nac+ynnoxy; i: nac+ionnx nnionc+annxx nnxi(no eneii; 6e:
nnionc+annx nnxi(no eneii.
h
q

?
=

G
ia( 1) `
=
nnx
=
nnx
<
nnx
p = p
2( 1) 0
0

0
0
2
2
( 1) `
[
nnx( 1)

( 1) `
( 1) `

nnx( 1)
q

?
=
nnx( 1)

q
n
n
x
(

1
)

n
n
x
(

1
)

Pnc.7.1. C+niynannx nonecin y cyci(nix c+ynenxx

251 Laamocmninuacmi mj6inu

7.4. Cnocon oniukn eqek1nnuoc1i npouiunx c1yneuin
Ha nc.7.2 :o6aennn nonec :xinn c+any o6onoio +ina n no-
xinoxy k-xy c+yneni 6aia+oc+yninnac+o +y6inn. V c+yneni nac+io-
no nnionc+onyc+icx nnxi(na eneiix nonee(nioio (k1)-io c+ynenx

nnx(k1)
q
nnx(k1)
, a nac+nna nnxi(no eneii (anoio c+ynenx
nnxk
q
nnxk
nn-
ionc+onyc+icx n (k + 1)-xy c+yneni.
Ha (iaiaxi h
a
*
i h
i
ni(noni(no naxnnnn i nny+imnin +ennone-
ena(n; nn nac+nna nini yxonnoio nonecy n +y6ini, xia noxo-
(n+i nee: +onin (incnoio c+any o6onoio +ina nee( i :a ionnx :i
c+ynenin.
Bny+imnin KK c+ynenx ni(noni(no (o , 4.18
*
a
h
h
i
i

G
` G
nnx( 1) `

G
ia( 1) `

G
ia

=
D ,

F
0

F
F
2
` G
nnx

G
EI
D ,
E
D ,

( 1) `

[

=
D ,
G
?
G
F
nnx
nnx nnx

( 1) `
nnx( 1) `
nnx( 1) `
nnx( 1) `

( 1) `
Pnc.7.2. Honec y noxinoxy c+yneni 6aia+oc+yninnac+o +y6inn
252 Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
a6o : (oc+a+niom +onnic+m
.
) 1 nnx( ) 1 nnx( a
iax nnx c ) 1 nnx( ) 1 nnx( a


+
+


k k
k k k k
i
q h
q q q q q h
(7.2)
Pinnxnnx (7.2) (nx nn:nanennx KK xona nnionc+onyna+n +ini-
in +o(i, ionn n e:yni+a+i (e+aninoio o:axyniy c+ynenx ne ni(oxi
xaai+enc+nin emi+oi i c +niy+nnin mnn(ioc+en.
Ha nemnx c+a(ixx noei+ynannx, ionn (e+aninnx o:axyniin
me ne none(eno, ane c yxonnnn nonec o:mnennx n 6aia+oc+ynin-
nac+in +y6ini (ninix nn) a6o +ainn nonec me neo6xi(no no6y(yna+n,
c+ac nannnnx :a:(aneii(i oninn+n xiic+i c+ynenin.
nx nioio xona nnionc+a+n +ai :nannn yenu KK c+ynenx,
ni( xinx o:yxim+i ni(nomennx yxnnoio nnionc+anoio +ennonee-
na(y (o i:oen+oninnoio +ennoneena(y c+ynenx:
.
a
h
h
is
is

(7.3)
Vxnnnn nnionc+annn +ennoneena( nn:nanac+icx xi i:nnnx
en+aninin o6onoio +ina na nxo(i i nnxo(i :i c+ynenx, xii :naxo(x+i :a
c+a+nnnnxn naaxe+axn. Himo nnxi(na eneiix n 6aia+oc+yninnac-
+in +y6ini ne nnionc+onyc+icx, +o yxnni nny+imnin +ennoneena( i
KK inni (incnnx. Hn nnionc+anni nnxi(no eneii
is
>
i
.
Vc+anonnxo :n'x:oi xi
is
i
i
. Bi(noni(no (o n:x+nx no:naneni
neennmexo innxnnx (7.3) y nninx(i
.
) 1 (
a
nnx nnx iax c a
h
q q q q h
k k k
s i

(7.4)
Jic+annnmn ]oxynn (7.4) i (7.2), o(enxo
.
) 1 (
a
) 1 nnx( ) 1 nnx( a
iax nnx c ) 1 nnx( ) 1 nnx( a
nnx nnx iax c a
h
q h
q q q q q h
q q q q h
k k
k k k k
k k k
i
s i

253 Laamocmninuacmi mj6inu

Himo
;
nnx nnx ) 1 nnx(
q q q
k k

,
nnx nnx ) 1 nnx(

k k
+o
i s i
h h
i +o(i
. 1
a
nnx nnx
(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

+
h
q
i s i
Miy (ocionanoc+i no+onno nac+nnn +y6innoio c+ynenx nac+o
oninmm+i +ai :nannx :onantoeu+ KK, xinn naxonyc +iniin n+a-
+n n connonin i o6onin emi+iax i xnnxc co6om xaai+enc+niy xio-
c+i emi+oi,
.
a
c a
n
h
q q h

Hi nn(no : innxnnx (7.4), nona+ionnn KK nnxnnxc+icx innnx
yxnnoxy nny+imnioxy KK noxinoio c+ynenx 6aia+oc+yninnac-
+o +y6inn nn nonnoxy nnionc+anni nnxi(no eneii (
nnx k
= 1,0) i
:a yxonn, mo iaxeni n+a+n ni(cy+ni.
Aeo(nnaxinny (ocionanic+i nona+ionoio anaa+a xona oni-
nmna+n +aio :a (onoxoiom aoiaoannoeo KK, xinn nn:nanac+icx
+ai caxo, xi i nona+ionnn, +iniin :axic+i i:oen+oninnoio +ennone-
ena(y y ]oxyny ni(c+annxc+icx naxnnnn +ennoneena( c+ynenx:
.
*
a
c
*
a
a(
h
q q h

V nai+nni o:axyniin +y6in ia:o+y6innnx (nniynin, oco6nn-
no (nx c+ynenin, nnxi(na eneiix xinx nnionc+onyc+icx, +aio :na-
xo(n+i :ac+ocynannx KK sa noenu+u (saea:t+oeanu+u) napa+enpa+u
nnx a
*
*
q h
h
u
u

a6o ,
nnx
*
a
*
q h
h
i
i

(e q
nnx
nnxi(na eneiix c+ynenx.
254 Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
=
0 A
h
T
a d c b
A
h
a
1
A
h
a
3
A
h
a
2
A
h
a
3
0
A
h
a
2
0

'
!
' '
!
'
6

' '
6

'
6

'
6

''
7.5. Honepuy1a 1enuo1a n ara1oc1yniuuac1nx 1ypiuax
Hi ni(:nananocx n , 2.4, nn +eni o6onoio +ina n +y6innoxy
ianani ne ncx o6o+a +e+x n+anac+icx. Hac+nna noeepnyna nen-
:ona nepuoeo pooy ne n caxoxy ianani :nony nee+nomc+icx n
iine+nnny eneiim, xia xoe 6y+n na(ani nnionc+ana.
V 6aia+oc+yninnac+in +y6ini +aio cnoc+eiiac+icx no(i6ne xnn-
me: :aianini nny+imni n+a+n nani+i 6e: nnionc+annx nnxi(no ene-
ii nnxnnxm+icx xenmnxn ni( cyxn nny+imnix y+a+ oiexnx c+yne-
nin. He noxcnmc+icx +nx, mo nac+nna +enno+n n+a+ oiexoio c+yne-
nx nnionc+onyc+icx (nx nee+noennx n ioncny o6o+y n nac+yn-
nnx c+ynenxx, +o6+o (ic xexani:x noeepnyno nen:onu opyeoeo pooy.
Cy+nic+i noneny+o +enno+n n 6aia+oc+yninnac+in +y6ini neiio
ycni(oxn+n :a (onoxoiom en+oninnnx (iaiax. Ha (iaiaxax hs i
Ts (nc.7.3) :o6aennn nonec :xinn c+any o6ono enonnnn n +n-
c+yninnac+in +y6ini. nx cnomennx 6y(exo nnaa+n, mo mnn(iic+i
na nxo(i n nemnn c+ynini (oinnmc nynm (c
0
= 0), a ninix, mo :'c(nyc
+onin 0
1
i 2
T
, noxo(n+i nee: +onin nona+iy i iinnx nonecy n io-
noxy c+yneni.
Pnc.7.3. Honec y 6aia+oc+yninnac+in +y6ini:
na hs-(iaiaxi; na Ts-(iaiaxi
=
255 Laamocmninuacmi mj6inu
Vnacni(oi +oio, mo i:o6an na hs-(iaiaxi o:xo(x+icx nn :6ini-
menni en+oni, o(eycxo +aii :anenoc+i (nx i:oen+oninnnx nee-
na(in (yioio i +e+ioio c+ynenin:
2 a 20 a 2 a
h h h + i .
3 a 30 a 3 a
h h h +
o(a+in (o i:oen+oninnnx neena(in :o6aeni nnomaxn na (ia-
iaxi Ts:
h
a2
= nn.0
2
0
2
0
3
0
3
0
2
i h
a3
= nn.0
3
0
3
2
T
2
T
0
3
.
Cyxa i:oen+oninnnx +ennoneena(in oiexnx c+ynenin

+ +
3 a 2 a 1 a a
h h h h
.
a 3 a 2 a 30 a 20 a 1 a
Q H h h h h h + + + + +
V nin ]oxyni
+
3 a 2 a
h h Q nn.0
2
0
2
0
3
0
3
2
T
2
T
0
2
xnnxc co6om noneny+y +enno+y. Tainx nnnox, cyxa i:oen+oninnnx
+ennoneena(in oiexnx c+ynenin 6aia+oc+yninnac+o +y6inn 6ini-
ma ni( :aianinoio i:oen+oninnoio +ennoneena(y na nennnnny no-
neny+o +enno+n (yioio o(y.
Hi nnnnnnac : (iaiaxn Ts, nny+imni n+a+n nemoio c+ynenx
(nn.0
2
0
2
ba0
2
) nac+iono nnionc+onym+icx na :6inimennx i:oen+onin-
noio +ennoneena(y (yioio c+ynenx (nn.0
2
0
2
0
3
0
3
0
2
), nac+iono na
:6inimennx +ennoneena(y +e+ioio c+ynenx (nn.0
3
0
3
2
T
2
T
0
3
). Bny+im-
ni n+a+n (yioio c+ynenx (nn.0
3
0
3
cb0
3
) nac+iono nnionc+onym+icx
na :6inimennx i:oen+oninnoio +ennoneena(y +e+ioio c+ynenx
(nn.0
3
0
3
2
T
2
T
0
3
). O+e, nan6inimy nac+iy n noneny+y +enno+y nnocn+i
nemnn c+ynini, nanxenmy nee(oc+annin. Bny+imni n+a+n oc+an-
nioio c+ynenx niniox n+anam+icx i (nx ncic +y6inn.
Bi(nomennx cyxn i:oen+oninnnx +ennoneena(in oiexnx c+y-
nenin (o i:oen+oninnoio +ennoneena(y ncic +y6inn
a a
a
a
a
1
H
Q
H
Q H
H
h
R

xac na:ny toeqiicnna noeepnyno nen:onu 6aia+oc+yninnac+o +y-
6inn.
256 Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in

nnx( 1) `
G

E
D ,
=
0 ,
=
0 ,

?
F
0
1
2
F
,0
E
nnx
G

=
D ,
nnx( 1) `

Pnc.7.4. o :n'x:iy xi KK +y6inn n
ninoxy +a KK oiexnx c+ynenin
Honeny+a +enno+a n +y6ini :anen+i ni( KK c+ynenin i x iini-
ioc+i. Ji :xenmennxx KK i :oc+annxx nncna c+ynenin noneny+a
+enno+a :6inimyc+icx. V nemoxy nnna(iy :6inimennx o6yxonnene
6inimnxn n+a+axn n c+ynenxx, n (yioxy nonnimnx nnionc+an-
nxx nnx y+a+ y nac+ynnnx c+ynenxx. Himo nncno c+ynenin : = ,
noneny+a +enno+a n +y6ini na (iaiaxi Ts eininanen+na nnomi
0
1
2
T
2
T
0
1
.
V naonnx +y6inax R cina(ac 1,02...1,08 n :anenoc+i ni( nncna
c+ynenin, x KK, a nac+iono +aio ni( c+any nan (neeii+a a6o
nonoia). V ia:onnx +y6inax, xii xam+i 6inim nncoinn KK oiexnx
c+ynenin i nenennie :aianine nncno c+ynenin, ioe]inicn+ noneny+o
+enno+n R = 1,015...1,030.
7.6. KK 1ypiun 1a oro sn'usok is KK okpeunx c1yneuin
Ha nc.7.4 :o6aennn
yxonnnn nonec y 6aia+oc+y-
ninnac+in +y6ini : nnion-
c+annxx nnxi(nnx eneiin. He,
xi i anime (ninix nn na nc.7.2,
ninix 0
1
2
T
na nc.7.3), ninix, mo
noxo(n+i nee: +onin nona+-
iy i iinnx nonecy n io-
noxy :i c+ynenin.
Ha (iaiaxi c
2
01
/2
iine+nnna eneiix na nxo-
(i (o nemoio c+ynenx;
q
nnx :
n+a+n : nnxi(nom
mnn(iic+m n oc+annioxy
c+yneni; H
a
, H
a
*
i H
i

i:oen+oninnnn, naxnnnn
i nny+imnin +ennonee-
na(n n +y6ini; no:nanen-
nx (nx (exioio noxi-
noio k-io c+ynenx +aii ,
xi i n:x+i anime.
Bny+imnin KK
+y6inn
257 Laamocmninuacmi mj6inu
,
*
a
T
H
H
i
i

=
(e nny+imnin +ennoneena( +y6inn
,
1

=
=
:
k
ik i
h H
a naxnnnn +ennoneena(
.
2
2
O1
a
*
a
c
H H + =
Vc+anonnxo :n'x:oi xi KK +y6inn n ninoxy i KK oiexnx
c+ynenin. nx nny+imnix +ennoneena(in o(eycxo
;
2
1
2
O1
1 a 1
*
1 a 1 i i i
c
h h h

+ = =
( ) ;
2 1 nnx nnx1 2 a 2
*
2 a 2 i i i
q h h h + = =
( ) ;
3 2 nnx 2 nnx 3 a 3
*
3 a 3 i i i
q h h h + = =
...
( ) ;
) 1 nnx( ) 1 nnx( a
*
a ik k k k ik k ik
q h h h + = =

...
( ) .
) 1 nnx( ) 1 nnx( a
*
a i: : : : i: : i:
q h h h + = =

Cinanmn nini i nani nac+nnn :anncannx innxni :a yxonn, mo
nny+imni KK c+ynenin o(naioni i inni (exioxy cee(nioxy :na-
nennm
i
, o(enxo
,
2
1
1
nnx nnx
2
O1
1
a i
:
k
k k
:
k
k i
q
c
h H

+ + =


= =
a KK +y6inn : yaxynannxx ioe]inicn+a noneny+o +enno+n
.
2
2
2
O1
a
1
1
nnx nnx
2
O1
a
T
c
H
q
c
H R
i
:
k
k k
i
+

+ +
=

=
(7.5)
17128
258 Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
Jnaamnn na +e, mo n 6aia+oc+yninnac+nx +y6inax nxi(na iine-
+nnna eneiix 2
2
O1
c (ocn+i xana n noinnxnni : H
a
i mo 6nn:iii :a
:nanennxx nennnnnn 2
2
O1 i
c +a 2
2
O1
c nxo(x+i xi (o(a+in ni(noni(-
no (o nnceninnia i :naxennnia, ne (onyciamnn :nanno noxnnin,
xona ni nennnnnn : ]oxynn nninmnn+n.
To(i nicnx noc+nx nee+noeni
. 1 1
1
a
1
1
nnx nnx
a
1
1
nnx nnx
T i
:
r
k
:
r
k k
i
:
k
k k
i
h
q
R
H R
q
R

+ =

+ =

=
Himo nnaa+n, mo (nx ncix c+ynenin i:oen+oninni +ennoneena-
(n h
a
o(naioni, a +aio o(naioni ni( nemoio (o (:1)-io c+ynenx

nnx
i q
nnx
, +o o(eycxo
.
1
1
a
nnx nnx
T i i
h
q
:
:
R

+ =
Jo6nxo :axiny
,
1
nnx nnx
nnx
nnx nnx
*
a
nnx
a
nnx

=

=
q h
q
h
q
(e
*
a
nnx
nnx
h
q

= ioe]inicn+ y+a+ c+ynenx : nnxi(nom mnn(iic+m.

Tainx nnnox, ]oxyna (7.5) nee+nomc+icx (o nninx(y
.
1
1
1 1
1
nnx nnx
T i i
:
:
R

+ =
O+nxany ]oxyny nnionc+a+n (nx 6e:nocee(nioio nn:nanen-
nx KK +y6inn naio, ane nona naonno ni(o6aac :n'x:oi xi
i T
i
i
. Hi nn(no, nny+imnin KK 6aia+oc+yninnac+o +y6inn 6inimnn
ni( cee(nioio nny+imnioio KK oiexnx c+ynenin. He c nacni(-
259 Laamocmninuacmi mj6inu
iox nnionc+annx nnxi(nnx mnn(ioc+en i (i xexani:xy noneny+o
+enno+n. J nic ]oxynn +aio nnnnnnac:
nn ne:xinnoxy KK c+ynenin KK +y6inn ni(nnmyc+icx i:
:6inimennxx x nncna nnacni(oi :6inimennx xnonnia
:
: 1
+a ioe-
]inicn+a noneny+o +enno+n R;
:6inimennx ioe]inicn+a nnionc+annx nnxi(no eneii cnnxc
noninmennm KK +y6inn;
:6inimennm KK +y6inn cnnxc +aio (nn ne:xinnoxy :nanenni

nnx
) :oc+annx ioe]inicn+a n+a+ : nnxi(nom mnn(iic+m, ximo nn
nioxy ne ni(6ynac+icx noiimennx KK c+ynenin (nannina(, :a a-
xynoi :xenmennx n+a+ y emi+iax q
c
i q

). O(nai +ainn nnna(oi c

xanonxoninnx.
Hi(nnmennx KK oiexnx c+ynenin :an(n nnno(n+i (o nonin-
mennx KK ycic +y6inn, xona ioe]inicn+ noneny+o +enno+n R nn
nioxy :xenmyc+icx. To(i KK +y6inn i c+ynenin nncenino :6nny-
m+icx. Tainx nnnox, :6inimennx ioe]inicn+a R nnii(ne +iniin +o(i,
ionn nono (ocxiac+icx nnacni(oi ni(nnmennx iiniioc+i c+ynenin +y-
6inn.
Tai caxo, xi (nx oiexoio c+ynenx, (nx +y6inn n ninoxy +aio
xona nn:nann+n KK sa noeuu+u (saea:t+oeauu+u) napa+enpa+u:
.
nnx
*
a
*
T
:
i
i
q H
H

=
Hen KK na6yn nomnennx n o:axyniax ia:onnx +y6in.
7.7. Eqek1nnua no1yuic1t i KK 1ypoarpera1y
Ha hs-(iaiaxi (nc.7.5) noia:annn nonec :xinn c+any nan n
cy(nonoxy (noionycnoxy +y6o:y6na+oxy aieia+i, cxexa xioio
:o6aena na nc.7.6.
Ha (iaiaxi hs +onin A, B, C, D, E i F nn:nanam+i c+an nan
ni(noni(no nee( xanenonnx nnc+ocx, y connonin ioo6ni ne-
moio c+ynenx +y6inn nncoioio +nciy (TBT), :a oc+annix c+ynenex
TBT, nee( nemnx c+ynenex +y6inn nn:iioio +nciy (THT), :a oc+an-
nix c+ynenex THT, na nxo(i (o ion(enca+oa.
ini AB, CD i EF ni(noni(am+i nonecax (ocenmnannx nan
nn nee+iianni n xanenonoxy nnc+o, naonnx nxi(nnx i eiynm-
17*
26O Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
naninnx oianax, y ecnnei xi TBT i THT +a y nnxnonnoxy na+y6-
iy THT nn nee+iianni n ion(enca+o; BC i DE nonecn o:mn-
ennx nan n TBT i THT.
Ha (iaiaxi H
O
, H
a
i H
i
i:oen+oninni +ennoneena(n n +y-
6oaieia+i i nnacne n +y6ini +a nny+imnin +ennoneena( y +y6o-
aieia+i. Kine+nnna eneiix nan nee( +y6oaieia+ox n:x+a innom
nynm, +o6+o H
O
*
= H
O
i H
a
*
= H
a
.
L]ei+nnnnn KK +y6oaieia+y xnnxc co6om ni(nomennx e]ei-
+nnno no+ynoc+i (no+ynoc+i na nnxi(noxy ]nanni :y6nac+o nee-
(ani) (o +eoe+nnno no+ynoc+i +y6oaieia+y:
.
O
N
N
e
e
=
L]ei+nnnnn KK naxonyc nci n+a+n n +y6oaieia+i, xii cy-
nono(ym+i nno6nennx ioncno no+ynoc+i.
V +y6oaieia+i 6e: noxinnx ni(6oin nan +eoe+nnna no+y-
=
0 ,

0 ,
D
,0

F
F
F

)
*
+
,
-
.

F
F
F
F

I
E
Pnc.7.5. Honec :xinn c+any nan n
naonoxy (noionycnoxy +y6oaieia+i
F

F
A

!
#
$
"
Pnc.7.6. Cxexa ioxnonynannx cy-
(nonoio naonoio +y6oaieia+y:
1 xanenonnn nnc+in; 2 TBT;
3 THT; 4 ion(enca+o; 5 +y6i-
na :a(nioio xo(y, xia n6y(onana n
THT; 6 :y6nac+a nee(ana
261 Laamocmninuacmi mj6inu
nic+i
,
O O
H G N =
(e G nn+a+a nan na +y6oaieia+, +o6+o iiniiic+i nan, mo ni(-
no(n+icx n o(nnnnm nacy (o xanenonoio nnc+om. O+e, (nx e]e-
i+nnno no+ynoc+i xona :annca+n
.
O e e
H G N = (7.6)
V+a+n, xii naxonym+icx e]ei+nnnnx KK, xona o:(inn+n
na nny+imni i :onnimni. Buynpiuui+u na:nnam+icx n+a+n n +y6o-
aieia+i, mo nnnnnam+i na c+an nan i ni(o6aam+icx na hs-(ia-
iaxi.
o nny+imnix y+a+ n aieia+i nanea+i:
n+a+n n +y6inax (y nonecax BC i DE, (nn. nc.7.5);
n+a+n (ocenmnannx nn nee+iianni nan n eiynmnaninnx
oianax i cnonynnnx enexen+ax (y nonecax AB, CD i EF);
n+a+n, o6yxonneni nn+oiaxn nan, xii none+am+icx n no+on-
ny nac+nny +y6in. Tai, nannina(, nac+nna nn+oiin ii:i :onnimnc
ymininennx TBT : 6oiy nnyciy :nnnanno none+ac+icx n ecnne i
nnionyc (o(a+iony o6o+y n THT. Ociiniin nx naa n ymininenni
(ocenmc+icx, +o, :ximymnnci : ocnonnnx no+oiox, nona nnnnnac na
c+an o6onoio +ina na nona+iy nonecy n THT i na cax nonec.
Bny+imni n+a+n n +y6oaieia+i naxonym+icx nny+imnix KK
aieia+y
.
O
TA
H
H
i
i

=
Hoxnonnmn i o:(innnmn nany nac+nny oc+annioio innxnnx
na H
a
, :annmexo
,
( T
O
a
a
TA
k
H
H
H
H
i
i
i
=

=
(e
i T
nny+imnin KK nnacne +y6in; k
(
ioe]inicn+, mo naxo-
nyc n+a+n n aieia+i, non'x:ani : (ocenmnannxx nan.
Joeuiuui enpanu ne n+a+n, mo ne nnnnnam+i na c+an nan n
+y6oaieia+i. Jo6aennx nonecy na (iaiaxi ne :anen+i ni ni(
nennnnnn, ni ni( caxoio icnynannx nnx y+a+.
262 Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
o :onnimnix y+a+ nanea+i y nemy neiy xexaninni n+a+n:
na +e+x n ni(mnnnniax +y6inn i nn+a+n na nnni( nanimennx
enexen+in cnc+exn eiynmnannx i :axnc+y (naxonym+icx +exaui:uu+
KK nypoiuu
x
);
na +e+x n ni(mnnnniax i xi :y6nxxn :y6nac+o nee(ani (naxo-
nym+icx roeqiicuno+ ropucuo oi peoyrnopa

);
na xonoc+e o6e+annx nenanmmnnx c+ynenin, nannina(, y +y-
6inax :a(nioio xo(y nn o6o+i aieia+y na nee(nin xi( (naxony-
m+icx ioe]inicn+ox
:.x
).
Vci xexaninni n+a+n n ninoxy naxonym+icx +exaui:uu+ KK
nypooaepeeany
.
x . : x xTA
=
Jonnimni n+a+n, iix xexaninnnx, ninmnam+i +aio y+a+n ni(
6e:nonoo+nnx nn+oiin nan : +y6oaieia+y. o +ainx nn+oiin na-
nea+i nn+oin ii:i ymininennx m+oiin xanenonoio nnc+om i
connonnx inananin, ni( no(ynannx +y6in (iononnnx nnnox n oc+an-
nix c+ynenxx, (e ni(nnmena nonoiic+i nan), nn+oin ii:i iinneni
ymininennx +y6in. V+a+n ni( nnx nnxnnxm+icx nee: :xenmennx
(incno nn+a+n nan n nac+ynnnx c+ynenxx.
Tai, nannina(, y +y6oaieia+i 6e: noxinnx ni(6oin nan
nn ni(cy+noc+i 6e:nonoo+nnx nn+oiin nny+imnx no+ynic+i aie-
ia+y cinana 6 GH
i
. V (incnoc+i nnacni(oi nn+oiin nny+imnx no-
+ynic+i 6y(e xenmom:
.
ne(
nn+ nn+

= H G H G N
i i
Cyxa (o6y+iin nn+oiin nan na ne(onnionc+annn nnxn nny+im-
nin +ennoneena( xnnxc co6om ne(oo+nxany nee: nn+oin nny+im-
nm no+ynic+i.
Oc+annc innxnnx :nnnanno nee+nomc+icx (o nninx(y
), 1 (
nn+
=
i i
H G N
(e
i
H G
H G

=

ne(
nn+ nn+
nn+
ioe]inicn+, mo naxonyc n+a+n ni( 6e:no-
noo+nnx nn+oiin nan.
L]ei+nnny no+ynic+i +y6oaieia+y xona nn:nann+n, nnxo-
263 Laamocmninuacmi mj6inu
(xnn : nny+imnio no+ynoc+i +a naxonymnn xexaninni n+a+n, +o6-
+o
xTA
=
i e
N N
a6o :ii(no : oc+annixn ]oxynaxn
. ) 1 (
xTA nn+ TA O
=
i e
H G N
Hoinnmmnn o+nxane innxnnx : ]oxynom (7.6), (nx e]ei+nn-
noio KK +y6oaieia+y o(eycxo
xTA nn+ TA
) 1 ( =
i e
a6o
,
:onn TA
=
i e
(e
i TA
i
:onn
nny+imnin i :onnimnin KK +y6oaieia+y.
V o:iony+oxy nninx(i
. ) 1 (
x . : x nn+ TA
=
i e
Kou1poutui sanauuu i nn1auuu
1. Hocuint y+oeu sacnocyeauu oaeanocnyniu:acnux nypoiu.
2. ane xaparnepucnury ocoo:ueocn+ oaeanocnyniu:acnux nypoiu.
3. Hpoaua:isyne y+oeu europucnauu euxiouo euepei cnyneuie.
4. Hocuint, sa oono+oeom rux norasuurie soicumcntc oiura eqernueuo-
cni npo+iwuux nypoiuuux cnyneuie.
5. ane xaparnepucnury yeuoeo, :onanroeoeo na KK sa noeuu+u ,saea:t-
+oeauu+u) napa+enpa+u.
6. Hpoaua:isyne europucnauu noeepuyno nen:onu e oaeanocnyniu:acnux
nypoiuax.
. ane xaparnepucnury roeqiicuna noeepuyno nen:onu.
8. Hpoaua:isyne sesor KK nypoiuu is KK orpe+ux cnyneuie.
9. ane xaparnepucnury euynpiuui+ na soeuiuui+ ynpana+ y nypooaepe-
eani.
10. Hocuint, r eusua:acntc eqernueua nonywuicnt na KK nypooaepe-
eany.
264 Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
CDHCOK RlTEPATYPH
1. Aouau B.X. Teonx annannonnix ia:onix +y6nn. M.: Mamnno-
c+oenne, 1979. 246 c.
2. Apouoe E.M., yroecru M.H., ypae:ee B.A. Ho]nnnonanne no-
na+oi annannonnix ia:onix +y6nn. M.: Mamnnoc+oenne, 1975. 192 c.
3. Apne+oe I.A., Iopooe B.M., Fo+auoecru I.4. Cy(onie yc+anonin c
ia:o+y6nnnixn (nnia+enxxn. Hnionaen: V!MTV, 1997. 233 c.
4. !a:o+y6nnnie yc+anonin. Konc+yinnn n acne+: Cnanonnoe no-
co6ne / Ho( o6m. e(. d.B.Apceuteea n B.I.Topouruua. .: Mamnnoc+o-
enne, 1978. 232 c.
5. Iopooe B.M. Pacne+ +y6nnnix c+ynenen: Vne6. noco6ne. Hniona-
en: HKH, 198O. 65 c.
6. Iopooe B.M., Hnaneuro A.B. Pacne+ ocenix c+ynenen cy(onix +y-
6nn: Vne6. noco6ne. Hnionaen: HKH, 1986. 54 c.
7. t:euro E.C., Fo+auoecru I.4., dnuc K.A. Tennonon acne+ nao-
non +y6nni na JBM: Vne6. noco6ne. Hnionaen: HKH, 198O. 56 c.
8. Eeopoe E.B., Hacc A.H. Cy(onie +y6nni. .: Cy(oc+oenne, 1981.
144 c.
9. Jaee B.H., Ipua d.d., Mouceee A.A. Cy(onie naonie n ia:onie
+y6nni. M.: Tancno+, 1981. 312 c.
1O. Inaneuro O.B. Ocnonn +eoi o6onoio nonecy n naonnx +a ia:o-
nnx +y6inax: Hann. noci6nni. Mnionan: VMTV, 1999. H.1. 54 c.
11. Inaneuro O.B. Ocnonn +eoi o6onoio nonecy n naonnx +a ia:o-
nnx +y6inax: Hann. noci6nni. Mnionan: VMTV, 1999. H.2. 38 c.
12. Hnaneuro A.B. Pa6o+a +ennx n no:namennoe +enno nn +enennn
cnxaexon ce(i // Ty(i HKH. Hnionaen: HKH, 1976. Bin.112.
C.1518.
13. Hnaneuro A.B. Pa6onnn nonecc n +y6nnnon c+ynenn: Vne6. noco-
6ne. Hnionaen: HKH, 198O. 44 c.
14. Kypsou A.I. Teonx cy(onix naonix n ia:onix +y6nn. .: Cy(o-
c+oenne, 197O. 592 c.
15. deeeuoepe B.. Cy(onie +y6onnno(i. .: Cy(oc+oenne, 1983.
328 c.
16. deeeuoepe B.., Eopuceuro B.., Iu:t+ynouuoe d.A. Anann+nnecioe
no]nnnonanne +y6nnnix eme+oi (nx cnc+exi an+oxa+n:nonannoio
noei+nonannx: Vne6. noco6ne. Hnionaen: HKH, 198O. 51 c.
17. deeeuoepe B.., Fo+auoecru I.4. Ho+en n KH xanoacxo(nix
+y6nnnix c+ynenen: Vne6. noco6ne. Hnionaen: HKH, 1978. 65 c.
18. dora B.H., Marcynoea M.K., Cnpyuruu B.A. !a:onie +y6nni (nn-
ia+enen ne+a+eninix annaa+on. M.: Mamnnoc+oenne, 1979. 447 c.
265 Cnucot imcjamju
19. Maonnni c+anen n cnnanon / Ho( o6m. e(. B.I.Coporuua. M.:
Mamnnoc+oenne, 1989. 64O c.
2O. Mac:euroe C.E. C+ann n cnnani (nx nicoinx +exnea+y. M.: Ma-
mnnoc+oenne, 1991. 546 c.
21. Haonie n ia:onie +y6nni / Ho( e(. A.I.Kocnmra, B.B.4po:oea.
M.: Jneioa+oxn:(a+, 1985. 352 c.
22. Foseuoepe I.H., Tra:ee H.M., Kocnporuu B.4. Hen+oc+exn+eni-
nie +y6nni cy(onix yc+anonoi. .: Cy(oc+oenne, 1973. 213 c.
23. Xo:ueeuuroe K.B., E+uu O.H., Munpoxuu B.T. Teonx n acne+ anna-
nnonnix nona+onnix xamnn. M.: Mamnnoc+oenne, 1986. 432 c.
24. Jnexen+i +eonn cy(onix +y6nn n nnxeax n :a(anax, nonocax
n o+ne+ax: Vne6. noco6ne / B..deeeuoepe, A.M.Aunouoe, B.M.Iopooe,
A.B.Hnaneuro. Hnionaen: HKH, 1988. 65 c.
266 Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
Tao:u 1. Tepuorasonuauiuun pospaxyuok octonoro c1yneuu rasono
1ypiun ua cepeutouy iaue1pi
Hanmenynannx napamerpa Cnoci nnsnauennx
uncnone
snauennx
1. Pooue rino
(npoykrn sropxnnx nsentnoro nannna)
Bnxini ani
2. Bnrpara poouoro rina G, kr/c Bnxini ani 45,0
3. Crarnuni napamerpn na nxoi o crynenx:
rnck p
0
, Ha Bnxini ani 125010
3

remneparypa T
0
, K Bnxini ani 1250
4. Bnnkicrt noroky na nxoi o crynenx
c
0
, m/c
Bnxini ani 120,0
5. Crarnunnn rnck sa crynenem p
2
, Ha Bnxini ani 82010
3

6. uacrora oeprannx poropa n, o/xn Bnxini ani 8500
7. Koe|inicnr nannmky nonirpx o Bnxini ani 4,5
8. Temneparypa poouoro rina sa crynenem
,
2 t
T ' K
Fepertcx s noant-
mnm yrounennxm
T
0
(80...120)
1132
9. Cepenx remneparypa nponecy n cryneni
T
cp
, K
0,5 (
O
T
t
T
2
' ) 1191
10. Tennocmnicrt poouoro rina c
p
,
x/(krK)
Pnc.1 1110
11. Komnnekc
k
k
n
1
= Pnc.1 0,238
12. Hokasnnk isoenrponn k
n 1
1
1,312
13. Iasona crana R, x/(krK) c
p
m 264,2
14. Bnnkicrt snyky na nxoi o crynenx
a
0
, m/c
O
kRT
657,7
15. uncno Maxa na nxoi o crynenx M
0
c
0
/ a
0
0,182
16. Honni napamerpn na nxoi o crynenx:
rnck ,
*
O
p Ha
1
2
O O
M
2
1
1

]

\
|

+
k
k
k
p
127710
3

remneparypa ,
*
O
T K
]

\
|

+
2
O O
M
2
1
1
k
T 1256
17. Haxnnnn rennonepena crynenx
*
a
h A ,
x/kr
(
(
(

]
]

\
|

k
k
p
p
p
T c
1
*
O
2
*
O
1 138742
QOQATOK
267 ooamot
Hpoooew. nao:.1
Hanmenynannx napamerpa Cnoci nnsnauennx
uncnone
snauennx
18. Temneparypa rasy sa crynenem ,
2 t
T K
p
p
c
h T c
*
a
*
O
A

1131
19. Teopernuna mnnkicrt sa connonnmn
kananamn, xka nnsnauacrtcx sa naxnnnm
rennonepenaom crynenx, c
a
, m/c
*
a
2 h A
526,8
20. Bixnonicrt crynenx
2 c
l D = i
Fepertcx 3,5...30 ra
yrounmcrtcx nicnx
ouncnennx onxnnn
poouo nonarkn
8,3
21. Mipa peakrnnnocri crynenx n kopenenomy
nepepisi
k

Fepertcx 0,03...0,05 0,04
22. Mipa peakrnnnocri crynenx na
cepentomy iamerpi
2
i
1 2
i
i
+
0,266
23. Kyr nnxoy noroky is connono pemirkn
1
o'
, rpa
Fepertcx 11...20 14,0
24. Bnnkicnnn koe|inicnr connono
pemirkn
Fepertcx 0,95...0,975 0,96
25. Haxnnnn rennonepena y connonnx
kananax
*
ac
h A , x/kr
) 1 (
*
a
Ah 101837
26. Bnnkicrt nnxoy noroky is connono
pemirkn c
1
, m/c
*
ac
2 h A
433,2
27. Xapakrepncrnka crynenx
a( 1 a(
c u = v

o'
1 2
cos
1

0,544
28. Konona mnnkicrt na cepentomy
iamerpi sa connonnmn kananamn u
1
, m/c
a( a(
v c
286,6
29. Cepenin iamerp crynenx na nnxoi is
connono pemirkn ,
1 c
D m
n
u
t
1
6O

0,644
30. Pospaxynkona remneparypa poounx
nonarok ,
o:
T K
]
]

\
|

v
o'

1
cos 1 2
2
a(
1
2
1
*
O
p
c
u
T

1184
31. Mapka marepiany (3H929) Fepertcx is |19,20]
3
268 Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
Hpoooew. nao:.1
Hanmenynannx napamerpa Cnoci nnsnauennx
uncnone
snauennx
32. Iycrnna marepiany nonarok
x
, kr/m
3

Bnsnauacrtcx n sa-
nexnocri ni opano
mapkn marepiany
8500
33. Ipannnx rpnnano minnocri marepiany
,
+
o Ha
Bnsnauacrtcx n sa-
nexnocri ni opano
mapkn marepiany ra
pospaxynkono rem-
neparypn nonarok
7510
6

34. Hanpyxennx posrxry n kopenenomy
nepepisi poounx nonarok

o , Ha
i

2
1
x
) O , 2 ... 4 , 1 (
u
117,710
6

35. Cymapni makcnmantni nanpyxennx n
poouin nonarni o, Ha
]
]

\
|
o
o
+ o

:i

1 ,
e 2 , O ... 1 , O
:i
~ o o
129,510
6

36. 3anac minnocri npo|intno uacrnnn
poounx nonarok
n
n
o o
+

0,58
37. Hepenipka ymonn (nepenipka ne nnkony-
crtcx)
O , 2 ... 5 , 1
n
> n

38. Pospaxynkona remneparypa poounx no-
narok s ypaxynannxm oxonoxennx
o:
T , K
Fepertcx 1070
39. Ipannnx rpnnano minnocri marepiany
,
+
o
Ha
Bnsnauacrtcx n sa-
nexnocri ni opano
mapkn marepiany ra
pospaxynkono rem-
neparypn nonarok
19510
6

40. 3anac minnocri npo|intno uacrnnn
poounx nonarok
n
n
o o
+

1,51
41. Hepenipka ymonn (nepenipka nnkonycrt-
cx)
O , 2 ... 5 , 1
n
> n

42. Vrparn enepri n connonnx kananax q
c
,
x/kr
*
ac
2
) 1 ( h A
7984
43. Crarnuni napamerpn poouoro rina sa
connonom pemirkom:

rnck p
1
, Ha
1
*
O
*
ac
*
O
1

(
(

k
k
p
T c
h
p
90910
3

269 ooamot
Hpoooew. nao:.1
Hanmenynannx napamerpa Cnoci nnsnauennx
uncnone
snauennx
remneparypa T
1
, K
p
c
c
T
2
2
1
*
O

1171
rycrnna
1
, kr/m
3

1
1
RT
p

2,94
44. Kpnrnune ninomennx rnckin
*
O i
p p
1
1
2

]

\
|
+
k
k
k

0,544
45. Binomennx rnckin y connax c
1

*
O 1
p p 0,712
46. Kyr nnxoy noroky is connonnx kananin s
ypaxynannxm posmnpennx n kocomy spisi o
1
,
rpa:

npn
*
O 1
p p >
*
O i
p p
1
o'
14,0


npn
*
O 1
p p
*
O i
p p
]
]
]
]
]
]

|
c c
]

\
|
+

\
|
o'
+

+
k
k
k
k
k
k k
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
sin aicsin


47. Bnnkicrt snyky na nnxoi is connono
pemirkn a
1
, m/c
1
kRT
637,1
48. uncno Maxa na nnxoi is connonnx
kananin M
1

1 1
a c 0,680
49. onxnna nnxino kpomkn connonnx
nonarok l
c
, m
1 1 1 c 1
sino t c D
G

0,072
50. Kyr poskpnrrx nporouno uacrnnn
,
i n
+ = rpa
Fepertcx 4...20
8,0
(4,0 4,0)
51. Octonnn sasop y cryneni s, m Fepertcx
0,005...0,020
0,010
52. Bnpnna connonnx nonarok B
c
, m Pnc.3 0,035
53. Binomennx onxnnn o mnpnnn
poounx nonarok

B l
Pnc.3 2,75
27O Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
Hpoooew. nao:.1
Hanmenynannx napamerpa Cnoci nnsnauennx
uncnone
snauennx
54. Bnpnna poounx nonarok B
p
, m 3 eckisy nporouno
uacrnnn (nn. pnc.5.2)
0,028
55. Paiantnnn sasop o
r
, m Fepertcx
(0,005...0,010)

l
0,0004
56. onxnna nnxino kpomkn poounx
nonarok l
p
, m
3 eckisy nporouno
uacrnnn (nn.
pnc.5.2) l
2
o
r

0,077
57. Cepenin iamerp na nnxoi s poouo
pemirkn ,
2 c
D m
2
lg
) ( 2
i n
1 c

+ + B s D
0,644
58. Konona mnnkicrt na cepentomy iame-
rpi nnxinoro nepepisy poouo pemirkn u
2
,
m/c
6O
2 c
n D t

286,6
59. Bixnonicrt crynenx i
2 c
l D
8,36
60. Minimantno onycrnma npn snanenin ne-
nnunni i mipa peakrnnnocri na cepentomy
iamerpi
min

2
i
1 2
i
i
+ 0,265
61. Hepenipka ymonn
*)

5 ... O
1OO
min
min
~
~

0,4 %
62. Kyr ycranonkn connonnx nonarok o
y
,
rpa
) (
1 O y
o o = o f sa
pnc.4
38,0
63. Xopa npo|inm connono nonarkn b
c
, m
y
c
sino
B

0,057
64. Binocnnn kpok connono pemirkn
c c c
b t t =
Fepertcx 0,75...0,90 0,80
65. Binocna mnnkicrt nxoy noroky n
pooui kanann w
1
, m/c
1 1 1
2
1
2
1
cos 2 o + c u u c

169,9
66. Kyr nxoy noroky n pooui kanann y
ninocnomy pyci |
1
, rpa
1
1 1
sin
aicsin
w
c o
38,1
67. Bnnkicnnn koe|inicnr poouo pemirkn

Fepertcx 0,94...0,97 0,95
*)
Ty+ xia eai+nnnoc+i na cee(nioxy (iaxe+i c+ynenx, nn:nanena n n.22
nic +a6nnni.
271 ooamot
Hpoooew. nao:.1
Hanmenynannx napamerpa Cnoci nnsnauennx
uncnone
snauennx
68. Isoenrponinnnn rennonepena y poouin
pemirni ,
a
h A x/kr
*
a
h A 36767
69. Haxnnnn rennonepena y poouin
pemirni ,
*
a
h A x/kr
2
2
1
a
w
h + A
51200
70. Binocna mnnkicrt nnxoy noroky s
poounx kananin w
2
, m/c ]

\
|
A
2
2
2
2
2
1
*
a
u u
h
304,0
71. Vrparn enepri n poouin pemirni q
p
,
x/kr 2
2
2 2
2
) 1 (

w

4992
72. Crarnuni napamerpn noroky na nnxoi s
poouo pemirkn:

remneparypa T
2
, K
p
c
u u w w
T
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
+

1142
rycrnna
2
, kr/m
3

2
2
RT
p

2,72
73. Bnnkicrt snyky na nnxoi s poouo
pemirkn a
2
, m/c
2
kRT
629,2
74. uncno Maxa na nnxoi s poouo
pemirkn
2
M
w

2 2
a w
0,483
75. Kyr nnxoy noroky s poouo pemirkn
,
2
| rpa
2 2 c 2
aicsin
l w D
G
t

20,4
76. Kyr ycranonkn npo|inin poouo
pemirkn ,
y
| rpa
Pnc.4 63,5
77. Xopa npo|inm poounx nonarok b
p
, m
y

sin|
B

0,031
78. Binocnnn kpok poouo pemirkn

b t t =
0,4 0,6 0,706
79. Aconmrna mnnkicrt nnxoy noroky s
poouo pemirkn c
2
, m/c
2 2 2
2
2
2
2
cos 2 | + w u u w

106,0
80. Vrparn enepri s nnxinom mnnkicrm
,
nnx
q x/kr
2
2
2
c 5616
272 Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
Hpoooew. nao:.1
Hanmenynannx napamerpa Cnoci nnsnauennx
uncnone
snauennx
81. Kyr nnxoy noroky si crynenx o
2
, rpa
2
2 2 2
cos
aiccos
c
u w |
90,9
82. Kononi cknaoni aconmrnnx
mnnkocren:

sa connonom pemirkom ,
1u
c m/c
1 1
cos o ? 420,3
sa poouom pemirkom
u
c
2
, m/c
2 2
cos o ? 1,7
83. Konona poora crynenx ,
u
l x/kr
u u
c u c u
2 2 1 1
+ 119971
84. Kononnn KK crynenx
u
q
*
a
h
l
u
A

0,865

85. Xapakrepncrnkn ymintnennx ia|parmn:
uncno minnn Bnnpacrtcx s kon-
crpykni ymintnennx
4
koe|inicnr nnrparn Fepertcx (nn. 4.11) 0,88
paiantnnn sasop ,
m
o m
Fepertcx (nn. 4.11) 0,0004
iamerp nrynkn ,
n+
d m
Bnnpacrtcx s kon-
crpykni ymintnennx
0,350
kintnena nnoma minnnn B, m
2

m n+
o td
4,410
4

86. Bnrokn kpist ymintnennx ia|parmn
,
( . y
G kr/c
O
2
1
2
O
:RT
p p
f


0,289
87. Koe|inicnr yrpar ni nnrokin kpist
ymintnennx ia|parmn
( . y
u
G
G
q
( . y

0,0055
88. Xapakrepncrnkn nepn|epinnnx sasopin:
octonnn sasop n ymintnenni no anaxy
,
a
o m
Bnnpacrtcx s kon-
crpykni ymintnennx
0,0015
koe|inicnr nnrparn octonoro sasopy
a
Fepertcx (nn. 4.12) 0,5
koe|inicnr nnrparn paiantnoro sasopy
r

Fepertcx (nn. 4.12) 0,8
uncno ymintnmnantnnx rpeenin
paiantnoro sasopy
Bnnpacrtcx s kon-
crpykni ymintnennx
2
89. Ekninanenrnnn paiantnnn sasop
e
o , m
nx oanaxennx
poounx nonarok
2 2
) ( ) (
1
1
r r a a
:
o
+
o
2,210
4

273 ooamot
Hpoooew. nao:.1
Hanmenynannx napamerpa Cnoci nnsnauennx
uncnone
snauennx
89. Ekninanenrnnn paiantnnn sasop ,
e
o m
nx poounx nonarok
es anaxa
r
o 75 , O
2,210
4

90. Koe|inicnr yrpar ni nnrokin kpist
nepn|epinni sasopn
:a:

u
l
q
i
+
o
o ]

\
|
i
+
8 , 1
sin
1
1
1 c
e

0,0098
91. Cepenx rycrnna noroky n poounx
kananax ,
c
kr/m
3

) ( 5 , O
2 1
+
2,83
92. Koe|inicnr
+
K Fepertcx (nn. 4.13) 0,710
3

93. Koe|inicnr yrpar ni reprx ncka i
anaxa o pooue rino
+

3
a(
1
1
c
1 c
1 c
+
1 sin
]
]

\
|

o
c
u
l
D
K

0,0047
94. Bnyrpimnin KK crynenx
i
q
+ :a: ( . y
q
u

0,845
95. Bnyrpimnin rennonepena crynenx ,
i
h A
x/kr
i
h q A
*
a
117237
96. Bnyrpimnx noryxnicrt crynenx ,
i
N Br
i
h GA
5275,710
3


Hanmenynannx napamerpa Cnoci nnsnauennx
uncnone
snauennx
1. Pooue rino (noxna napa) Bnxini ani
2. Bnrpara poouoro rina /, kr/c Bnxini ani 37
3. Crarnuni napamerpn na nxoi o
crynenx:

rnck ,
O
p Ha Bnxini ani 150010
3

remneparypa ,
O
T K Bnxini ani 620
mipa cyxocri
O
x
3a D`I-iarpamom noxno
napn
1,0
4. Bnnkicrt noroky na nxoi o
crynenx ,
O
c m/c
Bnxini ani 100,0
Tao:u 2. Tepuorasouuauiuuu pospaxyuok oconoro c1yueua uapono
1ypiuu ua cepeuouy iaue1pi
18128
274 Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
Hpoooew. nao:.2
Hanmenynannx napamerpa Cnoci nnsnauennx
uncnone
snauennx
5. Crarnunnn rnck sa crynenem ,
2
p
Ha
Bnxini ani 100010
3

6. uacrora oeprannx poropa , o/xn Bnxini ani 5000
7. Kinernuna eneprix poouoro rina
na nxoi o crynenx ,
nx
h A x/kr
2
2
O
c 5000
8. Honni napamerpn napn nepe
crynenem:

rnck ,
*
O
p Ha
3a D`I-iarpamom noxno
napn
152710
3

remneparypa ,
*
O
T K
3a D`I-iarpamom noxno
napn
622,6
9. Haxnnnn rennonepena crynenx
,
*
a
h A x/kr
3a D`I-iarpamom noxno
napn
113000
10. Teopernuna mnnkicrt napn sa
connonnmn kananamn, xka nnsnaua-
crtcx sa naxnnnm rennonepenaom
crynenx ,
a(
c m/c
*
a
2 h A
475,4
11. Bixnonicrt crynenx
2 c
l D = i
Fepertcx 3,5...40 ra yrou-
nmcrtcx nicnx ouncnennx
onxnnn poouo nonarkn
25
12. Mipa peakrnnnocri crynenx n
kopenenomy nepepisi
i

Fepertcx 0,03...0,05 0,04
13. Mipa peakrnnnocri crynenx na
cepentomy iamerpi
2
i
1 2
i
i
+ 0,118
14. Kyr nnxoy noroky is connono
pemirkn ,
1
o'
rpa
Fepertcx 10...30 14,0
15. Bnnkicnnn koe|inicnr connono
pemirkn
Fepertcx 0,95...0,975 0,96
16. Haxnnnn rennonepena y conno-
nnx kananax ,
*
ac
h A x/kr
) 1 (
*
a
Ah 99666
17. Bnnkicrt nnxoy napn is conno-
no pemirkn ,
1
c m/c
*
ac
2 h A
428,6
18. Xapakrepncrnka crynenx
a( 1 a(
c u = v :

s nonnnm nnyckom

o'
1 2
cos
1

0,496
275
Hpoooew. nao:.2
Hanmenynannx napamerpa Cnoci nnsnauennx
uncnone
snauennx
s napniantnnm nnyckom
]
]

\
|
A

o'
a(
1 1
1 2
cos
c
u


19. Konona mnnkicrt na cepentomy
iamerpi sa connonnmn kananamn ,
1
u
m/c
a( a(
v c
235,8
20. Cepenin iamerp crynenx na
nnxoi is connono pemirkn ,
1 c
D m
n
u
t
1
60
0,900
21. Pospaxynkona remneparypa
poounx nonarok ,
o:
T K
3a D`I-iarpamom xk rem-
neparypa sarantmonanoro
noroky y ninocnomy pyci
na nxoi n poouy pemirky
(nn. n.51)
586
22. Mapka marepiany (3H802) Fepertcx is |19,20]
23. Iycrnna marepiany nonarok ,
x

kr/m
3

Fepertcx n sanexnocri ni
opano mapkn marepiany
7850
24. Ipannnx rpnnano minnocri
marepiany (nx 100000 ro) ,
+
o Ha
Fepertcx n sanexnocri ni
opano mapkn marepiany ra
pospaxynkono remnepary-
pn nonarok
68510
6

25. Hanpyxennx posrxry n
kopenenomy nepepisi poounx
nonarok ,

o Ha
i

2
1
x
) 0 , 2 ... 4 , 1 (
u

24,410
6

26. Cymapni makcnmantni
nanpyxennx n poouin nonarni o, Ha
]
]

\
|
o
o
+ o

:i

1 ,
e 2 , 0 ... 1 , 0
:i
~ o o
26,910
6

27. 3anac minnocri npo|intno uacrn-
nn poounx nonarok
n
n
o o
+

25,5
28. Hepenipka ymonn (nepenipka nn-
konycrtcx)
0 , 2 ... 5 , 1
n
> n
29. Vrparn enepri n connonnx
kananax ,
c
q x/kr
*
ac
2
) 1 ( h A 7814
30. Crarnuni napamerpn napn sa
connonom pemirkom:

rnck ,
1
p Ha
3a D`I-iarpamom noxno
napn
105010
3

18*
276 Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
Hpoooew. nao:.2
Hanmenynannx napamerpa Cnoci nnsnauennx
uncnone
snauennx
remneparypa ,
1
T K
3a hs-iarpamom noxno
napn
575
nnromnn o'cm ,
1
v m
3
/kr
3a hs-iarpamom noxno
napn
0,246
mipa cyxocri
1
x
3a hs-iarpamom noxno
napn
1,0
31. Kpnrnune ninomennx rnckin
*
O i
p p
1
1
2

]

\
|
+
k
k
k

0,546
32. Binomennx rnckin y connax
1
c
*
O 1
p p 0,688
33. Kyr nnxoy noroky is connonnx
kananin s ypaxynannxm posmnpennx n
kocomy spisi ,
1
o rpa:

npn
*
O 1
p p >
*
O i
p p
1
o'
14,0
npn
*
O 1
p p
*
O i
p p
]
]
]
]
]
]

|
c c
]

\
|
+

\
|
o'
+

+
k
k
k
k
k
k k
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
sin aicsin


34. Mipa nnycky e Fepertcx 1,0
35. onxnna nnxino kpomkn
connonnx nonarok ,
c
l m
1 1 1 c
1
sino t c D e
v G

0,031
36. Octonnn sasop y cryneni s, m Pnc.5 0,005
37. Bnpnna connonnx nonarok
,
c
B m
Fepertcx 0,02...0,07 0,024
38. Bnpnna poounx nonarok ,

B m
Pnc.6, 7 0,022
39. Bnpnna ia|parmn ,
(
B m ) O3 , O ... O1 , O (
c
+ B
0,04
40. Hepekpnrrx poounx nonarok:
inx kopenx ,
i
A m
4
c
1O ) 5 ... 3 ( O13 , O

+ l 0,0007
na nepn|epi ,
n
A m
4
c
1O ) 15 ... 1O ( O13 , O

+ l 0,0014
nonne nepekpnrrx A, m
n i
A + A 0,0021
41. Paiantnnn sasop ,
r
o m Fepertcx (0,005...0,010)

l
0,0004
277 ooamot
Hpoooew. nao:.2
Hanmenynannx napamerpa Cnoci nnsnauennx
uncnone
snauennx
42. onxnna nnxino kpomkn poo-
unx nonarok ,

l m
A +
c
l 0,033
43. Cepenin iamerp na nnxoi s po-
ouo pemirkn ,
2 c
D m
3 eckisy nporouno uacrnnn
(nn. pnc.5.3)
0,900
44. Konona mnnkicrt na cepentomy
iamerpi nnxinoro nepepisy poouo
pemirkn ,
2
u m/c
6O
2 c
n D t

235,8
45. Bixnonicrt crynenx i
2 c
l D
27,2
46. Minimantno onycrnma npn snan-
enin nennunni i mipa peakrnnnocri
na cepentomy iamerpi
min

2
i
1 2
i
i
+ 0,113
47. Hepenipka ymonn
*)

5 ... O 1OO
min
min
~

4,4 %
48. Kyr ycranonkn connonnx nonarok
,
y
o rpa
Fepertcx 40...55 ao nn-
snauacrtcx sa xapakrepn-
crnkamn cranaprnnx npo-
|inin
45
49. Xopa npo|inm connono nonar-
kn ,
c
b m
y
c
sino
B

0,034
50. Binocnnn kpok connono pemir-
kn
c c c
b t t =
Fepertcx 0,75...0,90 ao
nnsnauacrtcx sa
xapakrepncrnkamn
cranaprnnx npo|inin
pemirok
0,80
51. Binocna mnnkicrt nxoy noro-
ky n pooui kanann ,
1
w m/c
1 1 1
2
1
2
1
cos 2 o + c u u c
207,8
52. Kyr nxoy noroky n pooui kana-
nn y ninocnomy pyci ,
1
| rpa
1
1 1
sin
aicsin
w
c o
29,9
53. Bnnkicnnn koe|inicnr poouo
pemirkn
Fepertcx 0,90...0,95 ao nn-
snauacrtcx sa xapakrepn-
crnkamn cranaprnnx npo-
|inin
0,94
4 in n
*)
Ty+ xia eai+nnnoc+i na cee(nioxy (iaxe+i c+ynenx, nn:nanena n n.13
nic +a6nnni.
278 Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
Hpoooew. nao:.2
Hanmenynannx napamerpa Cnoci nnsnauennx
uncnone
snauennx
54. Isoenrponinnnn rennonepena y
poouin pemirni ,
a
h A x/kr
*
a
h A 13334
55. Haxnnnn rennonepena y poouin
pemirni ,
*
a
h A x/kr
2
2
1
a
w
h + A
34924
56. Binocna mnnkicrt nnxoy
noroky s poounx kananin ,
2
w m/c ]

\
|
A
2
2
2
2
2
1
*
a
u u
h
248,4
57. Vrparn enepri n poouin pemirni
,

q x/kr

2
2
2 2
2
1

w
4064
58. Crarnuni napamerpn noroky na
nnxoi s poouo pemirkn:

nnromnn o'cm ,
2
v m
3
/kr
3a hs-iarpamom noxno
napn
0,257
remneparypa ,
2
T K
3a hs-iarpamom 570
mipa cyxocri
2
x
3a hs-iarpamom noxno
napn
1,0
59. Kyr nnxoy noroky s poouo pe-
mirkn ,
2
| rpa
2 2 c
2
aicsin
l w D e
v G
t

24,2
60. Kyr ycranonkn npo|inin poouo
pemirkn ,
y
| rpa
Fepertcx 78...85 ao nn-
snauacrtcx sa xapakrepn-
crnkamn cranaprnnx npo-
|inin
82
61. Xopa npo|inm poounx nonarok
,

b m
y

sin|
B

0,024
62. Binocnnn kpok poouo pemirkn

b t t =
Fepertcx 0,60...0,85 ao nn-
snauacrtcx sa xapakrepn-
crnkamn cranaprnnx npo-
|inin
0,075
63. Aconmrna mnnkicrt nnxoy
noroky s poouo pemirkn ,
2
c m/c
2 2 2
2
2
2
2
cos 2 | + w u u w
102,2
64. Vrparn enepri s nnxinom
mnnkicrm ,
nnx
q x/kr
2
2
2
c 5227
65. Kyr nnxoy noroky si crynenx
,
2
o rpa
2
2 2 2
cos
aiccos
c
u w |

95,1
279 ooamot
Hpoooew. nao:.2
Hanmenynannx napamerpa Cnoci nnsnauennx
uncnone
snauennx
66. Kononi cknaoni aconmrno
mnnkocri:

sa connonom pemirkom ,
1u
c m/c
1 1
coso c
415,9
sa poouom pemirkom ,
2 u
c m/c
2 2
coso c
9,1
67. Konona poora crynenx ,
u
l x/kr
u u
c u c u
2 2 1 1
+
95923
68. Kononnn KK crynenx
u
q
*
a
h
l
u
A

0,849
69. Xapakrepncrnkn ymintnennx
ia|parmn:

uncno minnn : Bnnpacrtcx s koncrpykni
ymintnennx
5
koe|inicnr nnrparn Fepertcx (nn. 4.11) 0,88
paiantnnn sasop ,
m
o m
Fepertcx (nn. 4.11) 0,0004
iamerp nrynkn ,
n+
d m
Bnsnauacrtcx s koncrpykni
ymintnennx
0,35
kintnena nnoma sasopy f, m
2

m n+
o td
4,410
4

70. Hnromnn o'cm napn nepe
crynenem ,
O
v m
3
/kr
3a hs-iarpamom noxno
napn
0,186
71. Bnrokn kpist ymintnennx
ia|parmn ,
( . y
G kr/c
O O
2
1
2
O
v p :
p p
f


0,351

72. Koe|inicnr yrpar ni nnrokin
kpist ymintnennx ia|parmn
( . y

u
G
G
q
( . y

0,0080
73. Xapakrepncrnkn nepn|epinnnx
sasopin:

octonnn sasop n ymintnenni no
anaxy ,
a
o m
Bnsnauacrtcx s koncrpykni
ymintnennx
0,0015
koe|inicnr nnrparn octonoro
sasopy
a

Fepertcx (nn. 4.12) 0,5
koe|inicnr nnrparn paiantnoro
sasopy
r

Fepertcx (nn. 4.12) 0,75
uncno ymintnmnantnnx rpeenin
paiantnoro sasopy :
Bnnpacrtcx s koncrpykni
ymintnennx
2
28O Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
Hpoooew. nao:.2
Hanmenynannx napamerpa Cnoci nnsnauennx
uncnone
snauennx
74. Ekninanenrnnn paiantnnn sasop
e
o , m
nx oanaxennx poounx
nonarok
2 2
) ( ) (
1
1
r r a a
:
o
+
o
;
nx poounx nonarok es
anaxa
r
o 75 , O
2,010
4

75. Koe|inicnr yrpar ni nnrokin
kpist sasopn
:a:

nx crynenx s nckonnm
poropom
u
l
q
i
+
o
o ]

\
|
i
+
8 , 1
sin
1
1
1 c
e
;
nx crynenx s apaannnm
poropom
u
l
q
i
+
o
o
8 , 1
1
sin
2
1 c
e

0,0205
76. Cepenin nnromnn o'cm noroky
n poounx kananax ,
c
v m
3
/kr
) ( 5 , O
2 1
v v +
0,251
77. Koe|inicnr
+
K Fepertcx (nn. 4.13) 0,5810
3

78. Koe|inicnr yrpar ni reprx ncka
i anaxa
+
(nx nckono kon-
crpykni poropa)
3
a(
1
c
1
1 c
1 c
+
1 sin
]
]

\
|
o
c
u
v
v
l
D
K

0,0089

79. Vrparn ni napniantnoro nnycky:
kpanoni
i
Hpn 3 , O > e
u
i
c
u
l D e
l B
q
o t
a(
1
1 c 1 c

sin
25 , O ,
e i uncno yr nnycky;
npn e 0,02...0,30
a(
1
1 1 c

i
sin c
u
D
B
k
o
,
e
i
k nnsnauacrtcx srino
s 4.14

281 ooamot
Hpoooew. nao:.2
Hanmenynannx napamerpa Cnoci nnsnauennx
uncnone
snauennx
nenrnnxninni
n

3
a(
1
c

1
n 1
sin
|
|
.
|

\
|

o c
u
l
l
e
e
k
,
e
n
k nnsnauacrtcx srino
s 4.14

oarkoni ni reprx ncka i an-
axa
+
A
+
1
1
|
.
|

\
|

e


80. Vrparn ni nonorocri napn
non

) ( 35 , O
) 1 ( 9 , O 2
2 O
O
a(
1
x x
x
c
u
+
+


81. Bnyrpimnin KK crynenx
i
q q
+ :a: ( . y u

non + n i
A
0,812
82. Bnyrpimnin rennonepena
crynenx ,
i
h A x/kr
i
h q A
*
a
91756
83. Bnyrpimnx noryxnicrt crynenx
,
i
N
Br
i
h GA
3395,010
3

Tao:u 3. Pospaxyuok sakpyueuua uoua1ok uaupoc1imuu cuocoou
Xapakrepni nepepisn
Hanmenynannx
napamerpa
Cnoci nnsnauennx
inx
kopenx
nonarok
na cepe-
ntomy
iamerpi
na nepn-
|epi cry-
nenx
1. Paiyc nepepisy
H, m
3a niomnmn snauen-
nxmn
2 c
D i

l
0,284 0,322 0,361
2. Binocnnn paiyc
r
2 c
2
D
r

0,880 1,000 1,120
3. Konona mnnkicrt
K, m/c
r u
c 2

252,2 286,6 321,0
Bnxi(ni (ani (: o:axyniy c+ynenx na cee(nioxy (iaxe+i):
,
cp2
=O,644x;
p
=O,O77x; K
2cp
=286,6x/c;
1
14; ?
1
=433,2x/c; (K/?
1
)
cp

0,662; 0,95; D
ap
= 36767 /ii;
2

20,4; ,
cp2
/
p
8,36
282 Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
Hpoooew. nao:.3
Xapakrepni nepepisn
Hanmenynannx
napamerpa
Cnoci nnsnauennx
inx
kopenx
nonarok
na cepe-
ntomy
iamerpi
na nepn-
|epi cry-
nenx
4. Kyr nxoy noroky
o poouo pemirkn
,
1
| rpa
1
c
1
1
cos
1
lg
aiclg
o
|
.
|

\
|

o
r
c
u

32,0 38,1 46,6
5. Binocna mnn-
kicrt nxoy o poo-
uo pemirkn ,
1
w m/c 1
1 1
sin
sin
|
o c
197,8 169,9 144,2
6. Binocna mnn-
kicrt nnxoy s poo-
uo pemirkn ,
2
w m/c
2
1 a
2 w h + A 318,9 304,0 291,8
7. Aconmrna mnn-
kicrt noroky sa cry-
nenem ,
2
c m/c
2 2
2 2
2
cos 2 | + w u u w 120,6 106,0 112,3
8. Kyr nnxoy noroky
si crynenx ,
2
o rpa
2
2 2
cos
aiccos
c
u w |
67,2 90,9 115,0
9. Koe|inicnr nixno-
nnx yrpar

|
.
|

\
|

O8 , O
1
14 , O 0,0055
Tao:u 4. Pospaxyuok sakpyueuua uoua1ok sa sakouou c1auoc1i uupkyuaui
Bnxi(ni (ani (: o:axyniy c+ynenx na cee(nioxy (iaxe+i):
,
cp2
=O,644x;
p
=O,O77x; K
2cp
=286,6x/c;
1cp
=14; ?
1cp
=433,2x/c; (K/?
1
)
cp
=
=0,662;
2cp
90,9; ?
2cp
=1O6x/c;
2cp
=20,4; M
2cp
=3O4,Ox/c; =0,96; = 0,95
Xapakrepni nepepisn
Hanmenynannx
napamerpa
Cnoci nnsnauennx
inx
kopenx
nonarok
na cepe-
ntomy
iamerpi
na nepn-
|epi
crynenx
1. Paiyc nepepisy
H, m
3a niomnmn snauennxmn
2 c
D i

l
0,284 0,322 0,361
2. Binocnnn paiyc
r
2 c
2
D
r

0,880 1,000 1,120
3. Konona mnnkicrt
K, m/c
r u
c 2

252,2 286,6 321,0
4 A
283 ooamot
Xapakrepni nepepisn
Hanmenynannx
napamerpa
Cnoci nnsnauennx
inx
kopenx
nonarok
na cepe-
ntomy
iamerpi
na nepn-
|epi
crynenx
4. Aconmrna mnn-
kicrt nnxoy noroky
is connono pemirkn
,
1
c m/c

c 1
2 2
c 1
sin 1 1 o + r
r
c

489,0 433,2 389,7
5. Kyr nnxoy noro-
ky is connonoro ana-
para ,
1
o rpa
) lg ( aiclg
c 1
o r
12,4 14,0 15,6
6. Xapakrepncrnka
crynenx K/
1
c

c 1
2 2
2
c
1
sin 1 1 o +
|
.
|

\
|
r
r
c
u

0,516 0,662 0,824
7. Kyr nxoy noroky
o poouo pemirkn
,
1
| rpa
c 1
2
c
1
c 1
cos
1
lg
aiclg
o
|
|
.
|

\
|

o
r
c
u
r

24,9 38,1 62,7
8. Binocna mnn-
kicrt nxoy o poo-
uo pemirkn ,
1
w m/c 1
c 1 c 1
sin
sin
|
o c

248,9 169,9 117,9
9. Kyr nnxoy noro-
ky s poouo pemirkn
,
2
| rpa
r
c
u r
c
c 2 c 2
c 2
c 2 c 2
cos
sin
aiclg
o
+
o
22,9 20,4 18,4
10. Binocna mnn-
kicrt nnxoy s poo-
uo pemirkn ,
2
w m/c 2
c 2 c 2
sin
sin
|
| w

272,3 304,0 335,7
11. Kyr nnxoy noro-
ky si crynenx ,
2
o
rpa
Hpn
c 2
o 90
); lg ( aiclg
c 2
o r
npn
c 2
o ~ 90
180 ) lg ( aiclg
c 2
o r
91,0 90,9 90,8
12. Aconmrna
mnnkicrt noroky sa
crynenem ,
2
c m/c 2
c 2 c 2
sin
sin
o
| w

106,0 106,0 106,0
13. Mipa peakrnn-
nocri
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
w
w c
w
w

|
.
|

\
|

+
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|

0,072 0,265 0,402
Hpoooew. nao:.4
284 Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
Tao:u 5. Pospaxyuok sakpyueuua uoua1ok sa yuonu
1
= const
Bnxi(ni (ani (: o:axyniy c+ynenx na cee(nioxy (iaxe+i):
D
c2
= O,644 x; l

= O,O77 x; u
2c
= 286,6 x/c;
1
= 14; c
1c
= 433,2 x/c;
c
= O,265;
h
a
*
= 138742 /ii; (u /c
1
)
c
= O,662; = D
c2
/l

= 8,36; (o(a+iona yxona:

2
9O
Xapakrepni nepepisn
Hanmenynannx
napamerpa
Cnoci nnsnauennx
inx
kopenx
nonarok
na cepe-
ntomy
iamerpi
na
nepn|epi
crynenx
1. Paiyc nepepisy
H, m
3a niomnmn
snauennxmn
2 c
D i

l
0,284 0,322 0,361
2. Binocnnn paiyc
r
2 c
2
D
r

0,880 1,000 1,120
3. Konona mnnkicrt
K, m/c
r u
c 2

252,2 286,6 321,0
4. Aconmrna mnn-
kicrt nnxoy noroky
is connono pemirkn
1
c , m/c
1
2
cos
c 1
o
r
c
488,6 433,2 389,4
5. Haxnnnn rennone-
pena y connonomy
anapari
*
ac
h A , x/kr
1
2
cos 2
*
a
c
) 1 (
o
A

r
h
129727 101975 82380
6. Kyr nxoy noroky
o poouo pemirkn
,
1
| rpa
1
cos 1
c
1
1
cos
1
lg
aiclg
1
2
o
|
.
|

\
|

o
o +
r
c
u

28,1 38,1 59,0
7. Binocna mnn-
kicrt nxoy o poo-
uo pemirkn ,
1
w m/c
1
1 1
sin
sin
|
o c

251,0 169,9 109,9
8. Mipa peakrnnnocri
*
a
*
ac
1
h
h
A
A

0,065 0,265 0,406
9. Binocna mnn-
kicrt nnxoy s poo-
uo pemirkn ,
2
w m/c
2
1
*
a
2 w h + A
270,4 304,0 335,5
10. Kyr nnxoy noro-
ky s poouo pemirkn
,
2
| rpa
2
aiccos
w
u

21,1 19,5 16,9
285 ooamot
Hpoooew. nao:.5
Xapakrepni nepepisn
Hanmenynannx
napamerpa
Cnoci nnsnauennx
inx
kopenx
nonarok
na cepe-
ntomy
iamerpi
na
nepn|epi
crynenx
11. Aconmrna
mnnkicrt noroky sa
crynenem ,
2
c m/c
2 2
2 2
2
cos 2 | + w u u w 97,3 101,5 97,5
12. Koe|inicnr nix-
nonnx yrpar

|
.
|

\
|

O8 , O
1
O35 , O
0,0014
286 Tcojin ma jo:ja:not najoou: i a:oou: mj6in
F
?

(
n
o
n
i
+

x
)
(
n
o
n
i
+

x
)

F
?

/
(
i
i

K
)
1
3
6
0
1
3
2
0
1
2
8
0
1
2
4
0
1
2
0
0
1
1
6
0
1
1
2
0
1
0
8
0
1
0
4
0
1
0
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
8
0
0
9
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
2
0
0
1
3
0
0
1
4
0
0

,

K
2
3
4
6
1
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70
60
50
40
30
20 0 40 60 80
I, xx

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xx
16
12
8
4
0 100 200 300
!

Pnc.3. o nn6oy mnnnn nona+oi ia:onnx +y6in:
1 connoni nona+in; 2 o6oni nona+in
Pnc.4. o nn:nanennx iy+a yc+anonin no]inm
Pnc.5. Ocioni :a:on n c+yneni:
1 ai+nnnnn c+ynini nn l/B > 1O; 2 ai+nnnnn c+ynini nn l/B < 1O;
3 eai+nnnnn c+ynini
289 ooamot

xx

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50
40
30
20
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0 100 200 300
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20
30
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Pnc.6. Ociona mnnna o6onnx nona+oi ai+nnnoio c+ynenx

naono +y6inn:
1 nn u = 22O x/c; 2 nn u = 18O x/c; 3 nn u = 15O x/c
Pnc.7. Ociona mnnna eai+nnnoio ninnx:
1 nn u = 2OO x/c; 2 nn u = 15O x/c
'

Hee(xona ..................................................................................... 3
1. Jaianini ni(oxoc+i no 6y(ony i o6o+y +y6in ....................... 4
, 1.1. By(ona +a nnnnnn (i nannoc+imo ociono +y6inn 4
, 1.2. Ai+nnni +a eai+nnni c+yneni ........................................ 8
, 1.3. Baia+oninneni ai+nnni c+yneni ....................................... 12
, 1.4. Baia+oc+yninnac+i +y6inn :i c+ynenxxn +nciy............. 14
, 1.5. Pa(ianini +y6inn .......................................................... 17
2. Texoia:o(nnaxinni ocnonn +eoi +y6in ............................... 2O
, 2.1. Ocnonni innxnnx yc+anenoio o(nonnxinoio ia:onoio
no+oiy ..................................................................................... 2O
, 2.2. Haaxe+n ianixynannx n a6conm+noxy i ni(nocnoxy
yci .......................................................................................... 3O
, 2.3. !:oen+oninna +enix o6onoio +ina n connonnx iananax 34
, 2.4. incnnn nonec +eni n connonnx iananax .................... 45
, 2.5. Hoia:nni noni+onn o:mnennx nn (incnoxy nn+i-
ianni i: conna .......................................................................... 48
, 2.6. Po:mnennx n iocoxy :i:i conna ................................. 53
, 2.7. Tenix n yxoxnx nona+ionnx iananax ........................... 59
3. Tenix n nnocinx +y6innnx emi+iax ........................................ 62
, 3.1. !eoxe+nnni xaai+enc+nin emi+oi ocionnx +y6in-
nnx c+ynenin ............................................................................ 62
, 3.2. Hnocii emi+in +y6innnx nona+oi .............................. 66
, 3.3. Cnnn, mo (im+i y nnociin emi+ni nn o6+iianni no-
+oiox ia:y............................................................................... 67
, 3.4. Teoexa M.C.Xyionciioio no cnnn, mo (im+i na no-
na+iy nnocio emi+in n no+oni ............................................. 7O
, 3.5. Ho+ennianina +enix ia:y n emi+ni ................................ 74
, 3.6. Bn+a+a o6onoio +ina nee: emi+in +a ioe]inicn+n
nn+a+n ................................................................................... 76
4. Teoix +y6innoio c+ynenx........................................................ 78
, 4.1. Oco6nnnoc+i eaninoio o6+iiannx emi+oi. Knacn]i-
ianix n+a+ y emi+iax ........................................................... 78
, 4.2. Ho]inini n+a+n .......................................................... 81
, 4.3. Kinneni n+a+n ............................................................... 1O1
'
, 4.4. V+a+n ni( n:acxo(i emi+oi i nec+anionanoc+i no+oiy 11O
, 4.5. Bnnnn ieoxe+nnnnx naaxe+in emi+oi na n+a+n n
nnx........................................................................................... 111
, 4.6. C+ynini : ni(nocno ioo+inxn nona+iaxn. Mia eai-
+nnnoc+i .................................................................................. 117
, 4.7. Konona o6o+a c+ynenx ................................................. 121
, 4.8. Kononnn KK ocionoio c+ynenx .................................. 124
, 4.9. uoxn mnn(iicno xaai+enc+nin. Xaai+enc+nnne
innxnnx c+ynenx .................................................................... 139
, 4.1O. Bny+imni n+a+n n c+yneni ......................................... 14O
, 4.11. V+a+n ni( nn+oiin ii:i ymininennx (ia]aix.......... 141
, 4.12. V+a+n ni( nn+oiin ii:i nen]einni :a:on ............. 15O
, 4.13. V+a+n ni( +e+x (nciin i 6an(aa .............................. 155
, 4.14. V+a+n ni( nenonno+n nnyciy...................................... 158
, 4.15. V+a+n ni( nonoioc+i nan .......................................... 166
, 4.16. V+a+n ni( oxono(ennx ............................................. 17O
, 4.17. !nmi n+a+n .................................................................. 175
, 4.18. Bny+imni KK i no+ynic+i c+ynenx......................... 176
, 4.19. Bn:nanennx (onnnn nona+oi connono i o6ono e-
mi+oi ....................................................................................... 179
, 4.2O. Hoinnxnina oninia n o6nac+i :ac+ocynannx ocionnx
+y6innnx c+ynenin ................................................................. 181
, 4.21. Oco6nnnoc+i o6onoio nonecy n a(ianinoxy c+yneni 184
5. Ocnonn o:axyniy ocionnx +y6innnx c+ynenin ..................... 191
, 5.1. Bnxi(ni (ani .................................................................... 191
, 5.2. Bn:nanennx +enno]i:nnnnx xaai+enc+ni o6onoio
+ina .......................................................................................... 191
, 5.3. Po:axynoi c+ynenx na cee(nioxy (iaxe+i ................ 193
6. Oco6nnnoc+i o:axyniy noc+oonoio no+oiy n c+yneni ....... 2O2
, 6.1. C+ynini : ni(nocno (oninxn nona+iaxn ....................... 2O2
, 6.2. Hannoc+imnn cnoci6 :aiynennx nona+oi .................. 2O6
, 6.3. Pinnxnnx a(ianino innonain nac+oi ia:y.................. 2O8
, 6.4. Jaiynennx nona+oi :a :aionox c+anoc+i nniynxni .. 213
, 6.5. Jaiynennx nona+oi :a yxonn
1
= consl ..................... 22O
, 6.6. Jaiynennx nona+oi :a yxonn c
a
= consl .................... 223
, 6.7. Hoinnxnnx i:nnx cnoco6in :aiynennx nona+oi........ 226
'
, 6.8. Ho]inmnannx nona+oi +y6in..................................... 23O
7. Laia+oc+yninnac+i +y6inn ........................................................ 245
, 7.1. Vxonn :ac+ocynannx ...................................................... 245
, 7.2. Oco6nnnoc+i 6aia+oc+yninnac+nx +y6in ...................... 246
, 7.3. Bnionc+annx nnxi(no eneii c+ynenin ....................... 248
, 7.4. Cnoco6n oninin e]ei+nnnoc+i noxinnx c+ynenin ..... 251
, 7.5. Honeny+a +enno+a n 6aia+oc+yninnac+nx +y6inax..... 254
, 7.6. KK +y6inn +a noio :n'x:oi i: KK oiexnx c+ynenin 256
, 7.7. L]ei+nnna no+ynic+i i KK +y6oaieia+y............... 259
Cnncoi ni+ea+yn ........................................................................ 264
o(a+oi ......................................................................................... 266
POMAHOBCLKHH Feopri 4epopoau
lHATEHKO Onekcaupp Hkoau
HATHAHHYK Bonopuuup Mukonaoau
TEOPIR TA PO3PAXYHOK HAPOBHX I FA3OBHX TYPBIH
Hasvansu noc/ux
Pepakfop M..Ecniki
usau oknapuuku .Cfapoyk
Koun'kfepua npaaka fa aepcfka T.M.Hepepuieuko
lnkcfpai B.M.Hafnayk, A.Eipuieuko
Kopekfop H.O.Lakiua
Hi(nncano (o (yiy 17.O5.O2. 4oxa+ 6O84/16. Hani o]ce+nnn.
Vx. (yi. ai. 17. O6n.-nn(. ai. 18,3. Tna 3OO nnx.
Bn(. N 3O. Jax. N 128. Jina (oionina.
Bn(annnn+no VMTV, 54OO2, x.Mnionan, nyn. Ciooxo(ona, 5