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PROPOSAL
ENGLISH DEPARTEMENT
SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
KUSUMA NEGARA
JAKARTA
2
2009
TABLE OF CONTENT
TABLE OF CONTENT i
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study………………………………… 1
B. The Identification of the Problem……………………….. 4
C. The Limitation of the Problem………………………….. 5
D. The Formulation of the Problem………………………… 5
E. Benefit of Research……………………………………… 6
4
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METODOLOGY
A. Purpose of the Study………………..………………… 1
B. Research Method ………………..……………………… 6
C. The Place and Time ……….………………..………… 1
D. Subject of the Research …………………..…………… 6
E. Data Collecting Instrument…………………..………… 1
F. Technique of Data Collection…………………………… 7
3
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Mostly of the teaching method before the past few decades, found the
teacher tend to carry out the teaching process in the classroom by applying
new and modified fashions in order that the result of the teaching learning
process would contribute more input to reach satisfied learning outcome. Whole
around the world recently, where the people encourage that English as their
holding the dominant role of very aspects of their life. English is most widely
or informal environment.
language in many countries on this earth, furthermore in present global era. That
is why experts on language and language teaching range must invent today
reading and writing. Unfortunately the fact has shown that the students are quite
difficult to improve their speaking ability because they are accustomed to use
their native language language in their daily life than using English. This is the
reason why we can not deny the fact that the students still considered speaking
skill as the most difficult skill to be mastered. In class, we as teachers often find
the students can hardly use English for communicative objectives even in the
5
simple form or we may find the students who are able to point the answer of the
question on a text but they can not explain their reason in choosing the answer. It
is also evident that in class, the students have limited time to practice their
speaking skills, and it resulted on their ability to use the target language, as the
students to improve their speaking skill is part of the teacher’s job. He or she is
students will have opportunity to use English among themselves. The teaching –
learning process should not only happen between teacher and students but also
takes place very where and has become part of our daily activities. When
someone speaks, he or she interacts and uses the language to express his or her
ideas, feeling and thought. He or she also shares information to other trough
communication.
Most speakers of language speak one way with their friends , another on a job
6
with their parents and so on. These speaking activities are called daily language.
In an informal style therule of contraction are used more often, the syntactic rules
and agreement may be altered, and many words are used that do not occur in the
formal style.
not permited in formal speech, are olso rule governed. For example, question are
often shortened with the subject you and the auxilary verb deleted.. One can ask
You running the marathon? Instead of the more formal Are you running the
marathon?
In any speaking class, our students may be very different from one
another in terms of how they participate. Some iteractional differences are due
personality factor (such as being shy or having n outgoing nature). Other may
stem from cultural difference (e.g., some cuilures value silence more than other).
speaking skill. The other ways are doing group work or pair work, and limiting
teacher talk.
toward speaking skill for students. The reason for using students’ language habit
is give more opportunities to students to make turns in speaking during the times
7
allocated. The researcher assumes that students’ languages habit are combination
between language practice and role play. They can express their ideas freely
The researcher limits the discussing of the study about, “The Correlation
between the Student’s Language Habit and Their Speaking Skill.” The
researcher fined the effective technique to teach using students’ language habit
language habit and their speaking skill to the ninth grade of SMP Negeri 1
Cisauk Tangerang.
E. Benefit of Research
The researcher hopes that this thesis can develop education institution to
teacher in studying which pursuant and guide liner of the better ways to achieve
The benefit of this research for elementary in SMPN 1 Cisauk that the
headmaster of the school knows actually teaching and teaching speaking are
really acceded by the teacher. The students of course the headmaster tries
The students of STKIP Kusuma Negara can have a good reference for
their knowledge and someday they will make tries connected with learning
speaking. Then they may make some references of this thesis because this
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thesis can be put in the library of STKIP Kusuma Negara and every body can
read it.
ideas, and opinion and even in messages and suggestions and helps students to
CHAPTER II
THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Definition of Habit
Habits are routines of that behavior are repeated regularly and tend to
increase in the link between the context and the action. This increases the
1
Butler, Gillian. Hope, Tony. Managing Your Mind: The Mental Fitness Guide (Oxford
Paperbacks.1995)p, 120
2
Merriam Webster Dictionary. Definition of Habit (Retrieved: August 2008), page. 225
11
ability to do things without occupying the mind with the low level details
usually the result of learning, repetition, and practice of the behavior in that
context.3 Features of an automatic behavior are all or some of: efficiency, lack
Author John Tesh advises that it takes about 21 days to establish or break a
habit.6
oriented impetus for response repetition. In this sense, habits often are a vestige
3
Wood W.Neal. A New Look at Habit and The habit-Goal interface: Psichological Review.
(Cambridge. 2007), p. 843-869
4
Barg JA. The four horsemen of automaticty. Awareness, intention, efficiency, and control
social cognition. In Wyer RS, Srull TK (ed.s), Handbook of social cognition: Vol. 1 Basic
processes, pp. 1–40. Hove: Lawrence Erlbaun Associates Publishers
5
Hull CL (1951). Essentials of behavior. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press
6
John Tesh (2008), Intelligence for Your Life, p. 39
7
Bas Verplanken, Suzanne Faes , "Good intentions, bad habits, and effects of forming
implementation intentions on healthy eating",(European Journal of Social Psychology 21 Juni
1999) (5-6): 591-604
8
ibid.
12
B. Speaking
determining how language is spoken. In school base Curriculum 2006, there are
Speaking is the productive skill in the oral mode. It like the other skill
is more complicated than seems at first and involves more than pronouncing
words.
It is thinking of what one wishes to say, choosing the right words from our
vocabulary, putting the words in the proper grammatical framework;
communicating the felling we have and so on speaking is producing
movement: movement of the rib cage, the vocal cord and the mouth9
conversation partner.
where the convention is that the audience does not interrupt the speech.
The speaker nevertheless can see the audience and judge from the
9
Anne. Smith. Speaking Communication. (Berkeley Press.2009),p. 125
13
being understood
b. Use stress and rhythmic pattern, and intonation of the language clearly so
c. Use the correct from words, this may mean for example changes in the
h. Make the main ideas stand out from supporting ideas or information
i. Make the discourage hang together so that people can follow what you
are saying
14
C. Classroom Communication
whom definitely have different status, that are not present in any other
and that are set up by the teacher.10 In fact the teacher who controls the whole
Even though it is the classrooms (and set up through teachers’ own use of
language), they are not always aware of these patterns and the effect they have
on their students’ learning. Barnes said, it is important for teacher to study the
10
D. Barnes, From Communication to Curriculum. (Middlesex: Penguin 1976). P. 120
11
ibid
15
D. Hypothesis
In any speaking class, students may be very different from one another in
term of how they participate. Some interact ional differences are due
personality factors (such as being shy or having an outgoing nature). Other may
stem from cultural difference (e.g., some culture value silence more than
others). Still other difference may come from students’ learning style.
16
Learning styles are “the way we learn things in general”12 They are
“natural and habitual, and preferred ways of absorbing processing and retaining
One learning style issue that influences learners’ speaking in class is the
about their answer or comments before speaking in class. They are generally
cautious, while impulsive learners tend to be more impetuous and may take a
gamble. They may respond immediately, often before they’ve thought through
typically those who will speak out quickly, perhaps without much concern for
accuracy. Reflective learners, on the other hand, will want to think through
Penny Ur said, also states some problems that may prohibit the students
to develop their speaking skill, which are inhibition, lack of ideas shy, low
participation, and students; preference to use their mother language15 And also
she says, “Of all four skills (listening, speaking, reading and writing) speaking
12
H.D. Brown, Principal of Language Learning and Teaching, 3rd Edition (Englewood Cliftts,
NJ: Pretice-hall Regent, 1994), p.105
13
K. Kinsella. Understanding and Empowering Diverse Learners. In J. Reid, ed. Learning
Style in the ESL/EFL Classroom (Boston, MA: Heinle/Thomson 1995) p. 171
14
Op cit. H.D. Brown. P. 113-114
15
Ur Penny, A Course in Language Teaching : Practice an Theory (Great Britain : Cambridge
University Press, 1966).p. 121
17
seem intuitively the most important.”16 Based on the statement above speaking
are talking in class so we do not take up all the time the students could be
talking.
Pair work and group work activities can be used to in crease the amount
of time that learners get to speak target language during lessons. One further
interesting point is that when the teacher is removed from the conversation, the
learner take on diverse speaking roles that normally filled by the teacher (such
16
Ibid. Penny Ur, p. 120
18
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOLOGY
because they have very few opportunities to use the target language outside in
the classroom.
B. Research Method
wanted to find out whether there any correlation between habit language and
speaking skill.
19
variables are. The researcher looks at things that already exist and determines if
and what way those things are related to each other. The purpose of doing
outside of the classroom have an impact upon what they say and how they say
it. Speaking activities involve thought and reflection, and provide opportunities
The research will take a place at SMPN 1 Cisauk Tangerang ninth grade
on semester II.
Tangerang as population. The samples would be the ninth grade students. There
were one class and the researcher took twenty students randomly from them as
The data needed was taken from a test. The test is used to identify the
students’ achievement. The test is objective test in the term of essay item
3. Giving pre-test
4. Treatment
- pre- speaking
- while speaking
- Post-speaking
5. Giving post-test
The researcher gave the students pre-test to find out their skill of
Post-test was given to students to find out their ability of speaking after
The data gathered from the experiment was analyzed using the t-test. The steps
a. Find out the mean (M) of each group. According to Burn 17 that for the
the arithmetic mean, the mean (M) is simply the sum of all the score
M = ∑X
n
n is the sample
b. Find out standard deviation (Sd) of each group. According to Burn, that
standard deviation reflects the amount of spread that the score exhibit
around some central tendency measure, usually the ,mean. The standard
- (∑X)²
∑X² N
Sd= N-1
Sd is standard deviation
the difference between the means18. The ratio is called the ratio. In
M1 – M2
t =
Sd1² Sd2²
N + N
1 2
18
Barnes. F.P. Research for the Practitioner in education (Washington: National Education
Assosiation 1990), p,120
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Brown H.D., Principal of Language Learning and Teaching, 3rd Edition (Englewood
Cliftts, NJ: Pretice-hall Regent, 1994)
Bas Verplanken, Suzanne Faes "Good intentions, bad habits, and effects of forming
implementation intentions on healthy eating", European Journal of Social
Psychology 29(21 Jun 1999)
Barg JA. The four horsemen of automaticty. Awareness, intention, efficiency, and
control social cognition. In Wyer RS, Srull TK (ed.s), Handbook of social
cognition:Lawrence Erlbaun Associates Publishers
Butler, Gillian. Hope, Tony. Managing Your Mind: The Mental Fitness Guide
(Oxford Paperbacks.1995)
Gage, N and Fisher. The Scientific Basic of the Art of Teaching, (New York: Teacher
College Press, 1978)