COBTCKAH BAACTb H MHA

Copuuk cfufou hon omou ponukuuou

Xuucu Ikufopu u Cuuui Xsuciou
Akunomunockuu hpookf
Cuukf-Iofopypi
2OO6
B o]op:ennn nepenera ncnoiaonan pncynoi
lycrana Kynnca Pa(no-oparop. 3ipan (1922). Bocnponano(nrcn no na(.:
Guslav Klucis: Pelrospellive. Kalalog anlaesslich der Ausslellung Guslav Klucis,
Nuseum lridericianum, Kassel, 24.8. 2b.b.1991; Cenlro de Arle Peina Soia, Nadrid,
11.b. 29.7. 1991] ; Hrsg. von Huberlus Gassner, Poland Nachligaeller. Slullgarl :
Hal[e, 1991. S. 117.
lSBN b-7881-088b-8
Anropi craren, 200b
Aia(e:nuecinn npoeir, 200b
Ha(anne ocymecrneno npn ]nnanconon no((epie ]on(a
Deulsche lorschungsgemeinschal
Diese Arbeil isl im Sonderorschungsbereich b84 Das Polilische als Kommunilalions-
raum in der Geschichle an der Universill Bieleeld enlslanden und wurde au seine
\eranlassung unler \erwendung der ihm von der Deulschen
lorschungsgemeinschal zur \ergung geslelllen Nillel gedrucll
#
XAHC lKH1LP, CA5HHA X3HClLH
BBL]LHHL
Hacronmnn copnni nnnercn peayiraro: :e(ynapo(non nay~non ion-
]epennnn Conercian nacri n :e(na, npoxo(nnmen 18 oirnpn 2008 ro(a
n pa:iax ncce(onareicioro npoeira Honrn~ecioe iai npocrpancrno io:-
:ynniannn n ncropnn n ynnnepcnrere r. 5ne]ei( (lep:annn). Ocnonnan
n(en .roro npoeira cocrona n ro:, ~ro nonn:anne nonrn~ecioro ne orpa-
nn~nnaercn nonrnion n yaio: c:ice, a oana~aer oee mnpoioe noe
naan:o(encrnnn nonrnin c paani:n c]epa:n omecrna. Kon]epennnn cra-
nna cnoen aa(a~en ncce(onanne rpanc]op:annn nonnrnn nonrn~ecioro n
yconnnx nne(ennn n Conercio: Coiae nonix rexnn~ecinx :acc-:e(na, n
ocoennocrn ]ororpa]nn, inno n pa(no.
Hcxo(non ro~ion namen paori nnncn reanc o cocrnennon ornie paa-
nnrnn :e(na. Nono npe(noonri, ~ro :e(na .ro ne roiio nenrpainie
cpe(crna nepe(a~n nn]op:annn; cnoen cnoconocrii i rpanc]op:annn, cnon-
:n nep]op:arnnni:n, .icnpeccnnni:n n cn:non~ecin:n noa:onocrn:n,
cnon:n ioniperni:n ]op:a:n nponnennn onn ca:n y~acrnyir n nponecce
ninnennn c:ica. 5oee roro, conpe:ennie :acc-:e(na ocoenno nnrencnnno
anenpyir i .:onnonainon, a]]eirnnnon cropone ~eoneia, y~acrnyn, rain:
opaao:, n nepecrponie crpyirypi nocnpnnrnn n noanannn. 1ai iai anana
:e(nainix nn]pacrpyiryp opnenrnponan na nay~enne io::ynniannn c:ica
n omecrne, na:enennn annaparno-rexnn~ecioro aanca (oni pacc:arpnnaricn
n cnnan co crpyirypni:n na:enennn:n cncre:i iyirypnix nennocren. 3ra
noannnn noanoner onncari :arepnainocri n :e(nainocri io::ynniannn n
nx noa(encrnnn na penpeaenranni nonrn~ecioro :ecc.(a.
1aine nonie rexnn~ecine :e(na na~aa XX neia, iai ]ororpa]nn, inno n
pa(no, no :epe nx npar:arn~ecinx n .crern~ecinx noa:onocren :orn ni-
nonnri paanie n (ae npornnonoonie ]yninnn. C o(non croponi, onn
oiaaanci na cye yronn~ecioro npoeira ananrap(a, orn~anmerocn pac-
rnopenne: ~acrnoro no nceore:imen nonrnaannn omecrna, a c (pyron
croponi, onn co(encrnonan npornnonoonon ren(ennnn ]a:nnapnaannn
nonrn~ecioro n :n]oornn :acconon iyirypi cranncioro npe:enn, io-
ropan nponnnercn n :n]e o 5oimon ce:ie n (pyrnx nnennnx noccra-
nonennn rpa(nnnonnix apxernnon. ]n cranncion .noxn xapairepno na-
npnenne :e(y apxanaannen iyirypi n ycrpe:enne: i :o(epnnaa-
nnn, naxo(nmen cnoe nipaenne iai paa n ycnenno: npn:enennn rexnn~e-
cinx :e(na.
b
C nne(enne: rexnn~ecinx :acc-:e(na omenne ace lo ace aa:ennercn
aao~non io::ynniannen. Le npocrpancrno pacmnpnercn n norennnaino ox-
narinaer nci crpany. O(nonpe:enno :acc-:e(na ana~nreino nonimair pnci
ney(a~n io::ynniannn, ioropin, iai nnmer Hniac y:ann, npncym io:y
airy omennn, nocioiiy ne cymecrnyer rapanrnn (n a(einarnoro nocnpn-
nrnn nnrennnn ornpannren a(pecaro:
1
. Ha .ry onacnocri paa(poennn c:ic-
a nacri pearnpyer nonirion c(eari io::ynnianni no noa:onocrn o(-
noana~non n omenonnrnon. Honrn~ecian nacri npn .ro: pacc:arpnnaercn
ne roiio iai nnemnnn ]op:a rocy(apcrnennon nacrn, a ciopee iai nnyrpen-
nnn ]op:a, ioropan (encrnyer, iai .ro onncinaer Nnmei 4yio n :nipo]n-
anie nacrn
2
, nocpe(crno: paanix (ncnoanrnnon, rexnni n ]yninnn, cnnaan-
nix c ncnoiaonanne: conon :e(nainon annaparypi. Hpn .ro: :ono
paan~ari (na acneira nacrn (ncnnnnnnpyimnn ionrpoi na( :e(na, io-
ropin nponnnercn, nanpn:ep, n rocy(apcrnennon nenaype, n ynpanenne noc-
npnnrne: pennnnenron ~epea :e(nainie annapari.
B .ron cnnan ce(yer y~nrinari poi, ioropyi cirpan cnenn]n~ecine
(n pyccion iyirypi ]airopi aanoa(aan ninn(annn earpa:ornocrn,
aa:e(ennoe pacnpocrpanenne ne~arnix :e(na n oimoe ana~enne rpa(nnn-
onnix ycrnix ]op: omennn. Ha .ron ocnone nonie rexnn~ecine :e(na ncry-
nair n conie ornomennn naan:o(encrnnn co crapi:n :e(na (nreparypa,
nnonnci, :yaiia, rearp, ]oiiop n r. (.).
Hacronmnn copnni crannr nepe( coon neii crn:ynponari cpannn-
reinin anana :e(na n Conercio: Coiae 192080-x rr. c y(eenne: ocoo-
ro nnn:annn ]ororpa]nn, inno n pa(no. H:enno c nne(enne: .rnx nonix :acc-
:e(na cnnaani ryoine n (o cnx nop :ao ncce(onannie na:enennn n
:e(nainon cncre:e crpani. Ocoennin nnrepec npe(cranner n .ron cnnan
(nciyccnn o coornomennn crapix n nonix :e(na, o (o:nnanrax n ioniypen-
nnn nnyrpn :e(nainon cncre:i, o nepeno(n:ocrn nn nenepeno(n:ocrn n o
noa:onix io:nnannnx n naan:oornomennnx or(einix :e(nainix cpe(crn.
B noce(nne (ecnrnernn noannin paanie no(xo(i n nay~ennn coner-
cion iyirypi c :e(nainon ro~in apennn. Ha ne]ei(cion ion]epen-
nnn ia npe(npnnnra noniria ore(nnnri .rn ycnnn (n oee nonoro
onncannn conercion :e(nainon cncre:i. Y~acrnnin copnnia npe(crann-
ir ca:ie paan~nie, no o(nonpe:enno (ononnimne (pyr (pyra nay~nie
nanpanennn n :ero(i. 1aion :ero(oorn~ecinn nipana: oripinaer paa-
nocroponnnn narn( na ncce(ye:yi npoe:arniy. Conercian cncre:a :e-
(na pacc:arpnnaercn iai ~epea peioncrpyinni ]airn~ecioro :arepnaa, rai
n ~epea oc:icenne .roro :arepnaa n cnere reopern~ecinx ionnennnn.
1ain: opaao: noanniaer noe naan:non pe]eicnn ca:ix paanix noannnn
nanyrpn n nanne.
Opnenrannn na (nna:niy paannrnn pannen conercion iyirypi na nepe-
xo(no: .rane or penoinnonnoro ananrap(a i roranrapnon iyirype n ion-
ne 1920-x n n na~ae 80-x rr. nnncinaercn n airyainyi nay~nyi napa(nr:y,
nponnnimyicn n paanix (ncnnnnnax, aann:aimnxcn nonpoca:n conercion
iyirypi (iyirypoornn, nreparypone(enne, ncropnn, nonroornn, connoo-
rnn). B iyirypoornn n nreparypone(ennn ona npo(oaer rpa(nnni iyi-
%
rypno-ce:norn~ecinx ncce(onannn, nocnnmennix ananay cn:non~ecinx :a-
nn]ecrannn conercion iyirypi n nreparype, n naopaanreino: nciyccrne,
inno n apxnreirype
8
.
5nnapnan rnnoorn~ecian :o(ei, nocrpoennan na npornnonocranennn
iyirypi o(nn n iyirypi (na, r.e. penoinnonnon ananrap(non n con-
peancrn~ecion :acconon iyiryp
4
, (aa o~eni :noro (n ionnenryanaannn
ocnonnon npoe:arnin nepnix (ecnrnernn conercion iyirypi. Ho no-
cioiiy .ra cncre:a nmena (naxponnoro na:epennn, ona ne nii~aer n cen
noa:onocri onncannn n oc:icennn nponeccyainocrn iyirypnoro paann-
rnn. B ocoennocrn .ro omymaercn n rpaironie nepexo(noro nepno(a nepnon
nnrnerin, ioropan nrpaer ii~enyi poi iai paa n nepecrponie :e(nainon
cncre:i. 3ro ro(i nepeii~ennn ananrap(a na :acconin cnpoc n npeopaao-
nannn ero xy(oecrnennix npne:on n coornercrnnn c noni:n nen:n. Ha-
xo(nr mnpoioe pacnpocrpanenne raine :e(na, iai inno, pa(no nn ]oro:on-
ra, ypno :ennn cnon oni n nepenn:an nonyi ]ynnnonainyi narpyaiy.
B noce(nne ro(i nai(aercn ycnennan ren(ennnn i oee nipaen-
non ncropn~ecion (n]]epennnannn n i ionipernon ionreicryanaannn
b
. Hpn
.ro: ncce(onaren e(nni n ro:, ~ro ]op:nponanne conercion :acconon iyi-
rypi neian o(nocroponne orncnnri n(eoorn~ecion :annnynnnen nn (an-
enne: nonrn~ecion nacrn: ono ciopee nnnercn peayiraro: nponeccon co-
noro naan:o(encrnnn paanix ]airopon cnepxy n cnnay
b
. Ne(nainin no(-
xo( no(rnep(aer raion narn(, nocioiiy :acconan io::ynniannn ncer(a npe(-
noaraer nanecrnoe coracne co croponi pennnnenron. Kai nn napa(oicaino,
n:enno noanninonenne conercinx :acc-:e(na cnococrnyer ~acrn~no:y npn-
nenni rocy(apcrnennon n(eoornn i napo(no:y niycy.
B paorax noce(nnx er roe aa:erno ycnenne :e(ncnnnnnapnon
opnenrannn. nreparypone(~ecine, nciyccrnone(~ecine n iyirypoorn-
~ecine no(xo(i nce oime (ononnir (pyr (pyra ncropn~ecin:n :ero(a-
:n
7
. Ho :epe roro, iai ncropn~ecine ncce(onannn nponnnir nnrepec i
iyirypoorn~ecin: nonpoca:, nreparypone(~ecine n nciyccrnone(~ecine
paori onnpaircn na .:nnpn~ecinn :arepna n ncropn~eciyi ionrei-
cryanaanni. Hpn .ro: ncce(onaren paanix (ncnnnnn cxo(nrcn n (nyx
nenrpainix nynirax n neoxo(n:ocrn (n]]epennnannn nonnrnn ro-
ranrapna:a n n nepe:emennn ainenra na cymecrnennyi poi :e(na n
conercion iyirype.
B .ro: ionreicre ocoenno nnrepecni:n oiaainaircn raine nay~nie
(ocrnennn 192080-x rr. XX neia, iai rexno-:e(nainin no(xo( Bairepa
5enin:nna, ]op:ancrn~ecian reopnn n npairnia Kpnn 1innnona nn cnn-
ipern~ecinn :ero( Cepren 3naenmrenna. Ha conpe:ennix anropon neian ne
yno:nnyri reopni :e(na Napmaa Naii.na
8
, cncre:nyi reopni Hniaca
y:anna
9
nn reopni rexnn~ecinx opaaon Bne:a 4yccepa
10
. Ha nep-
cneirnni reopnn :e(na ia(an ncropn~ecian cnryannn oa(aer cnenn]n~e-
cin:n rexnoorn~ecin:n npe(nociia:n, na ]one ioropix raine :e(nainie
cpe(crna, iai ycrnan pe~i, naii ecron n :n:nin, nnci:o, ne~ari, ]ororpa]nn,
inno, pa(no n r. (. opaayir cnenn]n~eciyi ion]nrypanni, onpe(enimyi
]op:i io::ynniannn n (anno: omecrne.
8
]nciyccnn o cnenn]nie paannrnn :e(nainon cncre:i n conercion iyi-
rype ia na~ara necioiio er naaa( n epnncio: nnie einnn Nyai
nacrn. Onynionannie :arepnai
11
aacynnair ocooro nnn:annn, no-
cioiiy .ro i nepnin copnni, nocnnmennin ncii~nreino ]yninnonn-
ponanni :e(na n conercio: ionreicre. B nne(ennn i copnniy na(aren nc-
xo(nr na npe(nooennn, ~ro .noxa :o(epna n :e(naino: ornomennn orn-
~aercn napacraimen conocrii nponeccon coa(annn omnocrn. B or(ei-
nix crarinx ncce(yircn paanie npn:epi :e(nainon oprannaannn nnayai-
noro, conecnoro n n(eoorn~ecioro npocrpancrn.
B nacronme: na(annn npe(cranen mnpoinn cneirp paanix :e(nainix
rexnoornn, ioropie nrpan nanyi poi n conercion iyirype 192080 x rr.
12
Ho ornomenni i npnnr-:e(na :ono ciaaari, ~ro noce penoinnn nepno(n-
~ecian ne~ari, n ~acrnocrn raaera Hpan(a, cranonnrcn cn:noo: nonon na-
crn. Conercian ne~ari nnnercn ycnemnon cncre:on .nrapnon io::ynnia-
nnn cpe(n nonrn~ecinx airnnncron n o]nnnainix nn. Hocioiiy peai-
nie ionrairi c peaini:n ~nraren:n npairn~ecin ncii~anci, .rn :e(na
n cnoen nenocpe(crnennon io::ynniarnnnon ]yninnn ne (ocrnrair mnpoinx
coen naceennn. Pn(o: c ee(nennon raaeron noy~nn onpe(eennyi no-
nynpnocri y ~nrareen nicrpnponannie ypnai (nanpn:ep, Oronei).
Cnon: nnayaini:, npe(e ncero ]ororpa]n~ecin: :arepnao: onn oora-
man reicryainin con, ioropin orn~acn cyryo o(noana~non nonrn~e-
cion ren(ennnen n nanecrnon (oen paaneiareinocrn.
Cymecrnennoe :ecro n n(eoorn~ecio: (nciypce 192080-x rr. aann:aer,
iai nanecrno, nreparypa. Ho.ro:y ne y(nnnreino, ~ro :ero( connancrn~e-
cioro peana:a, nponaran(npye:in na Hepno: crea(e conercinx nncareen n
1984 ro(y, n raine nocryari, iai naprnnnocri, n(ennocri, napo(nocri, onrn-
:na:, reponia n (p. nepenocnrcn na oacrn nreparypi na nce (pyrne :e(na
n nciyccrna. C ro~in apennn ]op:nponannn :acconon iyirypi noccoa(an-
nin nocryar napo(nocrn nnnercn nanoee cymecrnenni:, rai iai n:enno
on no(paay:enaer opnenranni na mnpoinn ipyr pennnnenron. Ho.ro:y n
1980-e rr. iareropnn napo(nocrn no ncen ee :noroana~nocrn nnnercn
ranni: ipnrepne: npeopaayimencn :e(nainon cncre:i.
Ha~nnan c nepno(a nepnon nnrnerin, nce oee nn(noe :ecro cpe(n nnay-
ainix :e(na aann:air ]ororpa]nn n ]oro:onra. ]nciyccnn o cnenn]nie
]ororpa]nn n:eer napa(nr:arn~ecioe ana~enne (n nonn:annn ]yninnonn-
ponannn :e(na n :acconon iyirype. Hcce(yn yconnn n npe(nociin ~eo-
ne~ecioro nocnpnnrnn, Bairep 5enin:nn n cnonx reicrax Naeniian ncro-
pnn ]ororpa]nn (1981) n Hponane(enne nciyccrna n .noxy ero rexnn~e-
cion nocnponano(n:ocrn (198b)
18
npnxo(nr i nino(y, ~ro raine rexnn~ecine
:e(na, iai ]ororpa]nn n inno, crannr nponane(enne nciyccrna n nonoe npe:n
nepe( npoe:on penpo(ynnponannn. Hpn .ro: paapymaercn ero ynniainocri
n no(nnnocri, ero a(eci n cen~ac, ero aypa, coa(aiman nanecrnyi (ncran-
nni no ornomenni i pennnnenry. B peayirare aa:eni opnrnnaa ionnen
ioe nponane(enne nciyccrna cranonnrcn (ocrynni: (n :acconon penen-
nnn n nn(e erio pacnpocrpannimencn ]oropenpo(yinnn.
'
C ro~in apennn nonimennn .]]eirnnnocrn n(eoorn~ecioro noa(encrnnn
na :acci n coa(annn ynn]nnnponannoro npocrpancrna io::ynniannn, npo-
crnpaimerocn or Nocini (o ca:ix (o oipann, nonie rexnn~ecine :acc-
:e(na npnoperair nenrpainoe ana~enne pa(no iai pynop penoinnn,
a inno iai nanenmee na ncex nciyccrn. Hponninonenne n conercioe o-
mecrno nonix cpe(crn :acconon io::ynniannn (r. n. inno]niannn n pa(no-
]niannn) nponcxo(nr napaeino c yciopennon nn(ycrpnanaannen crpani.
B ro npe:n iai cncre:a :acc-:e(na n aana(nix omecrnax paannnaercn npe-
(e ncero n nnrepecax io::epnnanaannn, n conercion Poccnn pemaimee
ana~enne n:eir nonrn~ecine n n(eoorn~ecine :ornni.
O(nn: na pannnx crn:yon n(en :e(nanaannn crpani nnnercn nan
lO3PO, c no:omii ioroporo n 1920-e rr. (ona ia ocymecrnnricn
.eirpn]niannn ncen crpani. 3na:ennroe aannenne ennna Ko::y-
nna: .ro conercian nacri nic .eirpn]niannn ncen crpani cnn(e-
reicrnyer o ro:, ~ro npe(cranenne o ecreecnon nepe(a~e nn]op:annn
~epea yciopennie .eirpn~ecine :e(na io cnnaano n c n(een coa(annn
nonoro nonrn~ecioro npocrpancrna io::ynniannn.
Pa(no iai :e(na, npeo(oenaimee npe:n n npocrpancrno, nrpaer nenrpai-
nyi poi n yronn~ecio: :imennn conercioro ananrap(a. B orn~ne or
ye(nnennoro, nn(nnn(yananponannoro nponecca ~rennn, ananrap( :e~raer o
cnnxponnaannn ncen crpani n ioeirnnno: npocymnnannn live-rpanc-
nnnn nanix coirnn. O(naio pa(noceri crpani n cepe(nne 1980-x rr. eme
ne(ocraro~no paannra. B or~ere \ll crea(y Coneron 1984 ro(a pe~i n(er o
cnmio: :aeniio: ion~ecrne pa(nocrannnn, o nexnarie npne:nnion n r. (.
B oacrn ay(no-:e(na nan~ecrnyir oee aronoy~nie yconnn (n pac-
npocrpanennn rpa:nacrnnoi, noro:y ~ro eme paoraer crapan, (openoinn-
onnan nn]pacrpyirypa npo(yinnn n (ncrpnynnn.
Heco:nenno, inno nanoee coornercrnyer norpenocrn conercion nacrn
n :accono: noa(encrnnn ~epea :e(na. B ia~ecrne npn:epa :ono yiaaari na
npairniy opa:ennn innonoiaaa ycrni: conpono(enne: ipacni:n io:-
:enraropa:n. Knno iai coirne
14
n cnoe: nep]op:arnnno: na:epennn,
ione~no, ninonner nonrn~ecine, opaaonareinie n iyirypnie aa(a~n. Pn-
ryainie ioeirnnnie noxo(i n inno, ioropie ocnemanci n npnnr-:e(na
nn n innoxponniax, (oni in ycnnri noa(encrnne inno na :acci n
ionrpoi na( penennnen.
Bne(enne anyia :yaiin, my:a, pe~n n inno n na~ae 1980-x rr.
oana~ao nonin, pemaimnn .ran n cranonennn cncre:i :yirn:e(naino-
ro noa(encrnnn. 3icnepn:enrainin nnrepec i coni:, acnnxponni: ]op-
:a: naan:oornomennn :e(y anyio: n naopaenne: ciopo ycrynaer conpea-
ncrn~ecio:y crpe:enni i napparnnno:y inno. 'epea cnnxponnyi pe~i any-
ionon ]ni: cnococrnyer ninnenni ]nrypi repon iai nonomennn coner-
cion :n]oornn. 4oiiopnaannn ay(nonnayainix :e(na, n:eiman :ecro n
1980-e rr., npe(cranner coon napa(oicainoe nnenne, ioropoe n reopnn :e-
(na onpe(enercn iai nropn~nan opainocri
1b
. Cyri .roro ]eno:ena n opn-
enrannn conpe:ennix rexnn~ecinx :e(na na rpa(nnnonnie ycrnie opaani.
Hec:orpn na ro, ~ro (n rexnnanponannon io::ynniannn xapairepna pacrnny-
10
rocri, r. e. npe:ennoe paare(nnenne aira niciaainannn n aira penennnn, cnrya-
nnn nropn~non opainocrn coa(aer niani nenocpe(crnennocrn omennn.
B peayirare mnpoioro ncnoiaonannn :yaiin n necen n inno 1980-x rr.
po(aercn .]]eir npn:oro .:onnonainoro y~acrnn n ore(nnennn ioei-
rnna. O .ro: cnn(ereicrnyer, nanpn:ep, nonynpnocri necen conercion in-
noio:e(nn. Boanniaer nne~arenne, ~ro noir ne airepi ]ni:a nn inno-
nynia, a ca:o napo(noe co(pyecrno
1b
. Anenne nropn~non opainocrn noa-
nniaer n onpe(eennon cnryannn npn nepexo(e omecrna or ycrnoro o-
mennn i rexnnanponannon io::ynniannn. Boa(encrnne ~epea aiycrn~ecinn
iana, nanpanennoe na ioeirnnnoe eccoanareinoe, na .:onnonainie a]-
]eiri :acci, n ocoon :epe no((epnnaer apxan~ecine ren(ennnn iyiry-
pi cranncioro nepno(a.
B cnnan co cranonenne: conercioro inno:iania o~eni nnrepecen ]eno-
:en a:epniannaannn. B 1920-e rr. Coe(nnennie Lrari nponaran(nponanci
iai :o(ei conpe:ennoro, (nna:n~ecioro, rexnnanponannoro omecrna. O~e-
pe(ni: oaynro: craa renopnaannn rpy(a. Ha a:epniancinn ]ni: n nonc-
iax cnenn]n~ecinx npne:on opnenrnpyercn n innoananrap(, n ocoennocrn
nann na npnne icrpin a:epniancinn :onra. B paanix nciyccrnax npo-
ncxo(nr a(anrannn nonynpnix ]op: aana(non iyirypi. Kai nn crpanno,
n(ei conercioro lonny(a, conercion ]apnin rpea na~an ocy(ari ne
panime cepe(nni 1980-x, ior(a n yconnnx connana:a n or(eino nanron
crpane a:epniancinn n(ea ye nepecra iri airyaini:. 1e: ne :enee,
po(enne conercion innoio:e(nn, noannimen n ia~ecrne rnpn(noro anpa
na rpann lonny(a n conercioro ]oiiopa, cnn(ereicrnyer o ocoanannon
norpenocrn n coa(annn :acconon iyirypi.
Hpeoa(anne :n]oronanpyimen opnenrannn n nonix ay(no-nnayai-
nix :e(na cranncioro nepno(a no(pinaer nporpa::y (oiy:enrainoro npnn-
nnna n noa:onocrn .:nnpn~ecion nponepin ]airon, ioropan ia c]op:y-
nponana n ananrap(non ]airorpa]nn. Ycranonia na ]air nirecnnercn :yi-
rn:e(nainon nncnennponion n(eoorn~ecinx .:e: n :n]oorn~ecinx o-
paaon. O(nonpe:enno :acconan iyirypa oriaainaercn or conix .crern~e-
cinx ]op: ananrap(a, nanpanennix na aarpy(nenne nocnpnnrnn n nonoe
nn(enne, rai iai onn ne in npnnnri mnpoin:n con:n naceennn, npe(no-
~nranmn:n rpa(nnnonnyi ciernocri :onray n orpaenne nann ocr-
pannimn: npne:a:.
Knno 1980-x rr. npnnn:aer ~epri rpnnnananponannoro Gesamllunslwerl,
nanpanennoro na ncecroponnii :e(nainyi opaoriy apnren. 3ro npnno-
(nr i iopennon nepeonenie cymnocrn :e(nainix rexnoornn. B 1920-e rr. eme
(o:nnnpyer ananrn~ecioe nonn:anne, crannmee ainenr na cnenn]nie or(eino-
ro :e(nainoro cpe(crna. Hpe(crannren ananrap(a, n cnoi o~epe(i, no(~epinna-
ir neoxo(n:ocri o~nmennn inno or nnnnnn nreparypi n rearpa.
B ]yninnonaino: nane noa(encrnne :e(na naneeno ne roiio na noc-
nnranne nonrn~ecion coanareinocrn, no n n oee mnpoio: anrponoorn-
~ecio: c:ice na ncnxo]nan~ecioe npeopaaonanne ~eoneia c no:omii rex-
nnin (ncnxorexnnia, nay~nan oprannaannn rpy(a n r. (.). Honie rexnn~ecine
:e(na pacc:arpnnaircn iai nporeanie pacmnpennn ~eone~ecioro rea, a no-

rennnaino (ae aa:ennimne ero. Hpe(cranenne o :onrae iai nenrpai-

no: ioncrpyirnnno: npne:e n .crernie ananrap(a pacnpocrpannercn na ca-
:ie paanie c]epi ~eone~ecion (enreinocrn. 1exnnia n :amnna cranonnr-
cn :o(eii y(ymero omecrna. B:ecro noiaaa nn(nnn(yainoro ~eoneia
npeoa(aer nncnennponia (nnennn ioeirnnnoro rea penoinnonnon :ac-
ci. Knno y:noaer nnayainyi penpeaenranni ioeirnnnon reecnocrn
re:, ~ro raine :acconie coirnn, iai, nanpn:ep, ro(onmnni Oirnpn, cna~aa
oprannaonanmnecn nenocpe(crnenno iai rearpainie cneirain na ynnax n
noma(nx, nocrenenno nepexo(nr n :e(na-coirnn n n penpo(ynnponannon
]op:e cranonnrcn (ocrynni ecione~no:y ~ncy apnreen.
Ho :epe roro, iai nirecnnercn rexno-yronn~ecian opnenrannn 1920-x rr.,
na~nnaercn nepeo(enanne rexnn~ecioro n neocnaae:ie oprann~ecine ]op-
:i ca:on nann. Crnpanne rpannn :e(y crapi:n n noni:n :e(na npnno-
(nr i cnoero po(a :e(naino:y cnniperna:y. B .ron cnnan :ono nai(ari
(ne npornnonoonie ren(ennnn. C o(non croponi, inno n ocrainie nciyc-
crna 1980-x rr. no(nepraircn penrepapnaannn. Ha ]one noccranonennn rpa-
(nnnonnon (n pyccion iyirypi nreparyponenrpn~nocrn yrnep(aercn ne-
peno(n:ocri paanix :e(na na nreparypy iai aancnin io( n omnn ana:e-
narei. B cnnan c .rn: innocnenapnn :e(nainin rnpn( :e(y nre-
parypon n inno noy~aer ca:ocronreinin craryc. O ren(ennnn noanpara
i ayparn~ecin: anpa: nciyccrna ronopnr n opnenrannn ]ororpa]nn na
nnonnci n nirecnenne ]oro:onraa rpa(nnnonnon iaprnnon no nropon no-
onnne 1980-x rr.
17
B ro e ca:oe npe:n crapie :e(na n rpa(nnnonnie nciyccrna nepeio(n-
pyircn na nonie: nponcxo(nr :acc-:e(nanaannn nreparypi, rearpa, onepi n
oneperri nocpe(crno: inno nn nnonncn n nenx ee pacnpocrpanennn no-
cpe(crno: ]oropenpo(yinnn n nn(e oripiroi, n iaraorax, ypnaax n r. (.
B conpeancrn~ecion .crernie no(~epinnanne cnenn]nin :e(na aa:ennercn
n(eao: rpanc:e(nainocrn. Ho(annircn npe(cranenne o rexnn~ecion ono-
cpe(onannocrn nn]op:annn, paa:imennn o npnpo(e ]op:ainix n :e(nai-
nix cpe(crn. Ha c:eny :e(nainon ca:ope]eicnnnocrn npnxo(nr nonan :e-
(nainan cyrrecrnn noa:onocrn nenocpe(crnennon io::ynniannn.
***
Ocymecrnenne ne]ei(cioro npoeira n na(anne nacronmero copnnia
cran noa:oni:n aro(apn ]nnanconon no((epie co croponi ]on(a
Deulsche lorschungsgemeinschal. Kpo:e (oia(on, npo~nrannix na ion]e-
pennnn 2008 ro(a, n copnni nxo(nr pn( craren ncce(onareen, no paani:
npn~nna: ne cy:enmnx npnexari n 5ne]ei(.
Ha ion]epennni in npnrameni y~acrnnin na paanix crpan (Poccnn,
lep:annn, 4pannnn, Anrnn, CLA), ncce(onaren paanix noioennn n paa-
nix reopern~ecinx opnenrannn, a raie (npeiropa (nyx nn(nix poccnncinx
apxnnon (PlAH, PlA4]), npe(crannnmne n cnonx nicrynennnx nonie :a-
repnai (n y(ymnx ncce(onannn. B paore ion]epennnn y~acrnonan ca-
nncri, innone(i, rearpone(i, :yaiione(i n ]noco]i.
Ha(aren nacronmero copnnia na(eircn na ro, ~ro nyniannn nocynr
ore(nnenni nay~nix ycnnn paanix (ncnnnnn n oiaercn crn:yo: (n
(ainenmen paapaorin :e(nainon npoe:arnin conercion iyirypi. Onn
nipaair aro(apnocri y~acrnnia: ne]ei(cioro ncce(onareicioro
npoeira Honrn~ecioe iai npocrpancrno io::ynniannn n ncropnn, n oco-
ennocrn ero pyiono(nren: Yre 4penepr, Xannny-lepxap(y Xaynry, Bnn-
ai(y Lrann:eny n ioop(nnaropy 5errnne 5pan(r. Ha(aren aro(apni
Kpni Nypamony aa nay~nyi nnnnnarnny n paapaorie npoeira, Hie Ky-
iyi aa rmareinyi pe(airypy nepeno(nix reicron, An(pea Ka:n n Kapnn
aye aa npo(eannyi n:n paory no oprannaannn ion]epennnn n Lnrenni
]openio aa ycranonenne ionrairon c ncce(onaren:n n anronai~no:
:npe.
Ha(aren pa(i, ~ro nacronmnn copnni nixo(nr n ro: e na(areicrne,
~ro n re:arn~ecin naine na(annn Conpeancrn~ecinn ianon (2000) n
Conercioe orarcrno (2002).
5ne]ei(, :apr 200b ro(a
1
C:.: N. Luhmann. Die Unwahrscheinlichleil der Kommunilalion ;; Soziologische
Aullrung 8. Soziales Syslem, Gesellschal, Organisalion. Opladen, 1981. S. 2b84.
2
C:.: M. !oucaull. Surveiller el punir : naissance de la prison. Paris, 197b.
8
C:.: A Clatk. 1he Soviel Novel. Hislory as Pilual. Chicago; London, 1981; H. Gnlhet.
Die \erslaallichung der Lileralur. Lnlslehung und lunllionsweise des sozialislisch-
realislischen Kanons in der sow[elischen Lileralur der 80er Jahre. Slullgarl, 1984; 1he
Cullure o lhe Slalin Period ; H. Gnlher (Ld.). London, 1990; H. Gnlhet. Der
sozialislische bermensch. N. Gorli[ und der sow[elische Heldenmylhos. Slullgarl;
Weimar, 1998; . Hanepnt. Kyirypa (na. Ann Arbor, 198b (N., 199b); . !poc.
Crni Crann |na ne:enio: naiie: Gesamllunslwerl Slalin. Nnchen, 1988] ;;
5. lponc. Yronnn n o:en. Crni Crann. O Hono:. Crarin. N., 1998. C. 11112;
R. Sliles. Pussian Popular Cullure. Lnlerlainmenl and Sociely since 1900. Cambridge,
Nass., 1992; Conpeancrn~ecinn ianon ; Ho( pe(. X. linrepa, L. ]openio. CH.,
2000; Conercioe orarcrno. Crarin o iyirype, nreparype n inno ; Ho( pe(. N. 5an-
non, L. ]openio n K. Nypamona. CH., 2002.
4
C:.: . Hanepnt. Kyirypa (na.
b
C:.: T. Lahusen. How Lie Wriles lhe Bool. Peal Socialism and Socialisl Pealism
in Slalin`s Pussia. llhaca; London, 1997; E. ,o6penxo. 4op:onia conercioro ~nraren.
Connainie n .crern~ecine npe(nociin penennnn conercion nreparypi. CH., 1997.
b
lnlimacy and 1error ; \. Garros, N. Korenevslaya, 1. Lahusen (Lds.). New Yorl,
199b.
7
C:.: S. !il.paltick. 1he Cullural lronl. Power and Cullure in Pevolulionary Pussia.
llhaca; London, 1992; S. Flaggenbotg. Pevolulionslullur. Nenschenbilder und lullurelle
Praxis in der Sow[elunion zwischen Olloberrevolulion und Slalinismus. Kln; Weimar;
Wien, 199b; V. E. onnell. lconography o Power. Soviel Polilical Poslers. Berleley; Los
Angeles; London, 1997; . Ennket. Die Annge des Leninlulls in der Sow[elunion. Kln;
Weimar; Wien, 1997.
8
C:.: M. McLuhan. 1he Gulenberg-Galaxy: lhe maling o lypograic man, 1oronlo,
19b2; M. McLuhan. Underslanding Nedia: lhe exlensions o man. New Yorl, 19b4
(M. Max.n. laairnia lyrenepra. Knen, 2008; M. Max.n. Honn:anne Ne(na:
nnemnne pacmnpennn ~eoneia. N.; Ayioncinn, 2008).
9
O nonnrnn io::ynniannn y y:anna c:.: N. Luhmann. Soziale Sysleme. Grundriss
einer allgemeinen 1heorie. lranlurl a.N., 1984. O ero reopnn :acc-:e(na c:.: N. Luhmann.
Die Pealill der Nassenmedien. 2., erweilerle Aulage. Opladen, 199b.
10
C:.: V. !lusset. lns Universum der lechnischen Bilder. Gllingen, 198b; a raie:
V. !lusset. Die Pevolulion der Bilder. Der llusser-Peader zu Kommunilalion, Nedien
und Design. Nannheim, 199b.
11
Die Nusen der Nachl. Nedien in der sow[elischen Kullur der 20er und 80er
Jahre ; Ju. Nuraov, G. Wille (Hg.). Nnchen, 2008.
12
B noce(nne (ecnrnernn .rn :e(nainie rexnoornn n pyccion rpa(nnnn nc-
ce(onanci c ro~in apennn cpe(crn :acconon io::ynniannn. C:., nanp.: B aepiae
ipnrnin. Ha ncropnn nay~ennn xy(oecrnennix noa:onocren :acconon io::ynnia-
nnn. N., 198b; nn: Cpe(crna :acconon io::ynniannn n xy(oecrnennon iyirype XX
neia. 1. 1. Hcropnn. N., 2001.
18
. entuun. Hponane(enne nciyccrna n .noxy ero rexnn~ecion nocnponano(n-
:ocrn ;; B. 5enin:nn. Oaapennn. N., 2000. C. 1221b2.
14
R. Allman. Cinema as Lvenl ;; Sound lheory, sound praclice ; P. Allman (Ld.).
New Yorl; London, 1992. P. 114.
1b
C:. : W. Ong. Oralill und Lileralill. Die 1echnisierung des Worles. Opladen,
1987.
1b
!. !euet. 1he Hollywood Nusical. London, 1998. P. 21b.
17
C:.: M. Tupilspn. Die ablrelende Avanlgarde: sow[elische Bildwellen unler Slalin
;; Glaube, Liebe, Honung, Anpassung. Sow[elische Bilder 1928194b. Kalalog. Lssen,
199b. S. 1288.
%
1. OBHE ACDEKTL MEHARLHOH KOMMYHHKAUHH
KPHH NYPALOB
3LK1PH4HUHPOBAHHOL COBO
PA]HO B COBL1CKOH H1LPA1YPL H KYL1YPL
192080-x lO]OB
PYHOP PLBOKUHH
Hn c iain: (pyrn: :e(na :n] Oirnpicion penoinnn ne cnnaan rai
recno, iai c pa(no. ]o ca:oro ionna conercioro nepno(a pa(no ]nrypnpyer n
ncropnn penoinnn iai :ornn nporpecca, (nonin: opaao: :apinpyimnn na-
~ao nonon conercion .noxn.
Bo-nepnix, ca:n: cnon: cymecrnonanne: pa(no cynr yipenenni ncro-
pnio-nonrn~ecinx nn(ennn oimennion. Ono nnnercn nicrpannen roro,
iai n napcion Poccnn rennainin pyccinn rexnni A. C. Honon eaycnemno
crapacn (onricn npnanannn cnoero naoperennn, ye or:e~ennoro na Bce-
:npnon nicranie 1900 ro(a n Hapne npne:nnia n nepe(ar~nia pa(no-
non. C npnxo(o: i nacrn ennn n oimennin nocnococrnonan paannrni
(pe:imnx n pyccion iyirype pa(norexnn~ecinx noa:onocren.
Bo-nropix, pa(no nomo n :n] o Kpacno: Oirnpe iai nenocpe(crnenno
cnnaannoe c n(een oimenna:a :e(nainoe cpe(crno, noanonimee ecnpo-
noo~noe pacnpocrpanenne n npocrpancrne necrn o ncropn~ecio: ycnexe
ennna, ~ro io (o cnx nop ne no(nacrno nn rnnorpa]nn, nn reerpa]y.
Hocpe(crno: pa(no penoinnn nepepacraer na ncropn~ecioro n nonrn~e-
cioro coirnn n (nnrep)nannonainin rpny:] io::ynniannn n ror :o:enr,
ior(a ennn npn no:omn pa(noreerpa]a npeo(oenaer oia(y :oo(on
conercion pecnynin n pacnpocrpanner cnon oaynrn no ncen Lnpone. B co-
nercion ncropnorpa]nn .eirpo:arnnrnoe aanoenanne enponencioro npo-
crpancrna pacnennnaercn iai nipaenne n cn:no n(eoorn~ecion cni,
.neprnn n npan(nnocrn oimenncrcion n(en. B .ro: e (yxe o(nn inen-
cinn pa(noypna nponoaramaer n 192b ro(y: 'epea pa(no n c pa(no i
:nponon penoinnn n io::ynna:y!
1
. H rai e nocropenno :ocioncinn
ypna Pa(no nce: :e~raer o pynope penoinnn
2
: Pynop penoi-
nnn` rai naainan pa(no n ne(annne ro(i opii. H, (encrnnreino,
pa(no, iai n noni penoinnn, nepeiarinaoci (aeio aa pyen. Ono
nepe(anao nce:, nce:` rpy(nmn:cn :npa npnaini oca(ennon, oinpye-
:on, repaae:on ~epni:n nopona:n iannrana:a, Conercion Poccnn; ono po-
18
cao n npocrpancrno paaoa~ennn, orneri pao~nx n ipecrinn na noroin
n, paannaimencn no Lnpone; ono io e(nncrnenni: cpe(crno: cnnan c
nnemnn: :npo:... Pa(no, iai n penoinnn, nimo na n:nepnancrcion non-
ni n ypno na~ao paannnaricn, nec:orpn na oia(y, paapymenne, orcyrcr-
nne :arepnaon. |...] B Oirnpe pa(no namo ry ncipy`, ioropan (aa e:y
nani. Lro noni` orpaan (nnenne mnpoinx napo(nix :acc; ero ea-
rpann~nocri iai neian oime coornercrnonaa :npono:y ana~enni Oi-
rnpn...
8
.
Ha .ron cnnan Oirnpicion penoinnn n pa(no ce(yer raie ornia
oimenncrcion :e(nainon nonrnin
4
c ee (nonnon crparernen: pacnpo-
crpanennn n aanpemennn.
1 :apra 1922 ro(a Coner rpy(a n ooponi nocranonner ycranonnri 280
pa(nonpne:nnion n ryepncinx n oipynix nenrpax. 8 ninn 1928 ro(a n
mecrn ro~iax Nocini :ono io n nepnin paa ycimari (onocnmeecn na
rpo:ioronopnren: Ao! Ao! Cymanre ronopnmyi raaery!. Ha na~n-
naimeecn (nnenne pa(noinreen :oo(oe conercioe npannreicrno pea-
rnpyer na(anne: (eipera O ~acrnix pa(nonpne:nniax, ioropin xorn n npe-
(yc:arpnnaer mnpoioe ncnoiaonanne pa(nonemannn n .iono:n~ecinx, nay~-
nix n iyirypnix nenx, a raie npnnercrnyer ioncrpynponanne pa(nonpn-
e:nnion, n ro e npe:n niraercn ionrponponari pa(no.nryanaa: ~epea ne-
oxo(n:ocri noy~ennn paapemennn Hapo(noro io:nccapnara no (ea: no~-
ri n reerpa]a na ~acrnie npne:nnin
b
. 1. n. iycrapnn~ecrno, oprannaannon-
no oya(inae:oe omecrno: inreen pa(no, re: ne :enee, cnococrnyer
pocry ~nca pa(nonpne:nnion: n oirnpe 192b ro(a nx nac~nrinaercn ncero
2b000, a n 192b ro(y ye 88000
b
.
Hec:orpn na ro, ~ro :acmrai pacnpocrpanennn pa(nonemannn n Coner-
cio: Coiae na panne: .rane no cpannenni c CLA, lep:annen n 4pannnen
nirn(nr (ocraro~no cipo:no, pa(no nrpaer n nponecce iyirypnoro ca:oyr-
nep(ennn crpani pemaimyi poi
7
. B nponaran(e pannero conercioro ne-
pno(a pa(no npe(craer iai neinn nce:orymnn nncrpy:enr, noanonimnn npe-
o(oeri neionie npornnope~nn n paapemnri airyainie n(eoorn~ecine, no-
nrn~ecine n connainie ion]niri n npoe:i n ocoennocrn rpn ii-
~enix nynira, aaornnmnx eme omecrnennix (enreen XlX croernn n re-
nepi aann:aimnx nenrpainoe :ecro n napo(no-npocnernreicinx ycnnnx
pannen conercion nonrnin: npeo(oenne npornnope~nn :e(y ropo(o: n
(epennen, ninn(annn earpa:ornocrn ipecrinncrna n opia c cyenepnn:n n
:ncrnion napo(non penrnoanocrn
8
.
Kain: opaao: opyne pa(no ncrynaer n on na .rnx rpex ]ponrax, :ono
nponicrpnponari na o(no: na :noro~ncennix npn:epon n :acconon npecce
1920-x rr. carnpn~ecio: crnxornopennn 1erinna anrenna na pa(noyp-
naa Pa(no nce:. Crnxornopenne nonecrnyer o nonnennn pa(noannapara n
(epenencio: (o:e crapon ipecrinnin n(oni 4eii aro(apn yne~enno:y
rexnnion ne:nnnniy n o ee peainnn na anrnxpncrony mryiy:
Ornnnci ri, carana!!
Hniaion ryr ner nayin.
'
Bce anrnxpncroni mryin!
'ro c:eereci He (o c:exa!
5y(er na: yo norexa.
Y npn(ercn na ro: cnere
5iri na:, rpemnnia:, n ornere!
A , (n :oero n(oncrna,
He eai io(oncrna!
B ionne ionnon ona opamaercn aa no((epion i (epenencio:y nony,
ioropin paa(ener ee crpaxn, no npnanaer cnoe eccnne npornn nonix npe-
:en n nn~e: ne :oer en no:o~i.
Hon, cnnron oren Bacnnn,
1anno rpean o yrin
]aponoro ca:orona,
Hoc:orpe na 4eiy conno
H npo:onn: Cyman, aa,
Hin~e (eo name cao,
5io npe:n, :on :oeen
5i or ncninx e( neeen,
Ni :onrnon ncnenn,
irix econ naronnn,
Ho nacra noce(nnn ~ac:
Hin~e eci... ronnr nac!
1ai n(n ri, :ari, ea na~a
H, ioi nima neaa(a~a,
Hpn:npnci c rnoei (oen
H co~rn rocno(nen noen.
1o, ~ro n (o:e npnii~noci,
He c o(non c roon cy~noci,
Bcni, iro nepyer, ror crpa(er
H (anno cnacenin a(er
Or mainoro nana(enin,
Paanix ... pa(no-crpoennn,
'roi ~epron cpocnri nen,
Hpocrn, rocno(n... anrenn!..
He:nnnniy nce e y(aercn naionen yne~i reriy pa(no, n ra cranonnrcn
crpacrnon pa(nocymareinnnen. Boa:onocri norpeennn (apon opaao-
nannn, pacnpocrpanne:ix pa(no, npnno(nr (ae i ro:y, ~ro ipecrinnia na
crapocrn er y~nrcn ~nrari:
C ron nopi |...]
K (o:y 4eii |...]
Ha ne~epnne ionnepri
Hper napo(, iai panime i nepinn...
20
1eria 4eia pyin n oin.
Paaropnrcn, ipacni mein.
Cnopnr, y~nr ncex, niyer.
Bce: npo pa(no roiyer.
C io:co:oina:n c(pynaci.
Cimno ~renii nay~naci.
Hnrepecno a(eci iai paa n ro, ~ro pa(no (aer (ocryn crapon ipecrinnie i
nnnnnanpyimen rexnnie ~rennn. Pa(no iai nonoe aiycrn~ecioe :e(nainoe
cpe(crno ne aa:enner nnci:o: ono cranonnrcn na~ainon nncrannnen ona(e-
nnn n:.
3ra neon(annan iyi:nnannn carnpn~ecioro crnxornopennn nepexo(
or pa(no i nnci:y noanoner nonnri pa(nyc (encrnnn iyirypnoro nnn-
nnn pa(no n panneconerciyi .noxy. Ono ne roiio oripinaer nonie rexnn-
~ecine noa:onocrn io::ynniannn, no n :omno nnner na noopaenne, no-
anonn neneponrno:y crari :icn:i: n niciaainae:i: n cierax n nappa-
rnnax.
1o, iai pa(no perynpyer ornomennn pyccion n conercion iyirypi i
ocnononoaraime:y :e(na nnnnnaannn i nnci:y, y(er noiaaano n (ai-
nenme: na npn:epax pa(no:ornnon n nreparype
9
. B ~acrnocrn, :i nc-
ce(ye: rpn .rana iyirypnoro paannrnn: n nepnon, ]yrypncrn~ecin-anan-
rap(ncrcion ]aae pannnx 1920-x rr., na npn:epe B. Nanioncioro nn(no, iai
pa(no cna~aa yipenner cnoe nnyrpnnreparypnoe .crern~ecioe nnnnne
noni: :o(enponanne: :npa naiia n anaion, panno iai n cnocoa no.rn~e-
cioro nnci:a. B nepno( nropon ]aai nporpeccnnnon pa(no]niannn, noce
cepe(nni 1920-x rr., npoxo(nr nnrencnnnie (nciyccnn o ornomennn pa(no
i nciyccrny, nreparype n naiiy, cno(nmnecn, n ione~no: nrore, i rpeona-
nni ocooro, opnenrnponannoro na :nipo]on nnci:a. 1perin ]aaa onpe(e-
nercn (aron Hepnoro crea(a conercinx nncareen 1984 ro(a, na ioropo:
raioe pa(no]onnoe nnci:o noano(nrcn na yponeni nporpa::i n no( n:ene:
connancrn~ecioro peana:a na (ecnrnernn ycranannnaercn n ia~ecrne
nop:i n pyccio-conercion ncropnn iyirypi n nreparypi. 3ror reneanc
connancrn~ecioro peana:a na pa(no]onnoro nnci:a nnnercn ne(ymn: re-
anco: namnx paa:imennn, no(rnep(enne ioropo:y :i naxo(n: n nonir-
ie npeo(oennn nnci:enno-nnayainon nreparypnocrn ~epea pa(no]onnyi
ycrnocri n opaanono: nponane(ennn connancrn~ecioro peana:a po-
:ane Ocrponcioro Kai aaianaci crai. C (pyron croponi, :i npoce-
(n:, iai n cy~ae An(pen Haronona .crern~ecioe nenocymanne conna-
ncrn~ecio:y peana:y ne cy~anno oiaainaercn carnpn~ecin nanpaneno
iai paa na .eirpn~ecrno n pa(no.
1LO KAK 3BY'ALAA AH1LHHA (B. NAAKOBCKHH)
Nornn pa(no nrpaer n no.roorn~ecio: ionnenre pannero Nanioncioro
nenrpainyi poi. Hpnnanreino (o cepe(nni 1920-x rr., ior(a Nanion-

cinn ca: nicrynaer nepe( pa(no:nipo]ono:, n ero no.rn~ecio: rnop~ecrne

nocronnno n(er pe~i o neoxo(n:ocrn noanpamennn aiycrnin n rooca n nx
opie npornn nacrn :o~annon nnayaino-rpa]n~ecion nnci:ennocrn
no.rn~ecian opia, npn ioropon nenocpe(crnennocri ycrnoro cona n c]epe
nnci:ennocrn :oer iri ninrpana nmi ]nirnnno, a aa(a~a npeo(oennn
rex npocrpancrnennix cnnaen n paan~nn, ron rnmnni, ioropie napnr n :npe
innrn, orno(nrcn :e(na .eirpn~ecrna. Harn(nin npn:ep ro:y, iai :nponoa-
apen~ecin-yronn~ecine nn(ennn coe(nnnircn c pa(nociero:, npe(cranner
no.:a Nanioncioro Hnrin Hnrepnannona (1922). Cna~aa no.:a paccia-
ainaer o ]yrypncrn~ecio: nn(ennn ocymecrnennn io::ynncrn~ecinx n(ea-
on na ncex nnrn ionrnnenrax. O(naio n nponecce paaneprinannn :nponoa-
apen~ecion yronnn pe~i nocronnno aaxo(nr o rneix onx no.ra aa n(oxno-
nenie, oripinaimee e:y nn(enne y(ymero. 3ra opia aa no.rn~ecioe aanoe-
nanne (io::ynncrn~ecioro) y(ymero npe(cranner coon n pannon crenenn
io:n~ecin-rporecinin n rparn~ecin-noanimennin nenrp no.:i. 3ro or~ann-
no-c:eoe npe(npnnrne c(eari cyx rain: ~yncrnnreini:, ~roi npo-
nri aane(o:oe :o~anne nnci:ennocrn, ~roi ec.namtc n y(ymee n
nocnpnnnri orry(a nonie, nenn(annie (o cnx nop naiionie iaprnni rpe-
yer npe(einon :onnaannn cn no.ra. Hpn .ro: anraronna:e :e(y ion-
cepnarnnni: raao: n penoinnonni: yxo: nponcxo(nr no.rannoe rexnn~e-
cioe npncnocannanne no.ra n ero opranon nocnpnnrnn nnori (o nx nonon
rpanc]op:annn n .eirpn]nnnponannin pa(norexnn~ecinn annapar, ~ro n
ionne ionnon oana~aer no.rn~eciyi noe(y no n:n io::ynna:a na( nnepr-
non, oinpyimen yronn~eciyi .neprni nnci:ennocrii.
B no.:e Nanioncioro pa(nono(roronia no.ra iai ycrnon nncrannnn n
ocymecrnnercn nna~ae nyre: reecionn~ecion nacrponin ymen, npn no-
:omn ioropon npn~ecioe A niraercn npeo(oeri :o~anne (nnci:a):
1nxo (o yrn.
Xori yxo niion.
Ho ymn cyman.
Ymn npnniin.
Cnepna ne paanpa n paannny nor.
(3ro ncero-ro ornnnrnnmnci nepcri na rpn!)
Paane ni(enmi,
ecn iro ioro pyrner
ocoenno rpo:io no omenanecrnon :arepn.
A renepi
ne ro ~ro :yxnn noer paan~air ymn
cimy
nenie nyica na ia(on anie :ymien.
]a ~ro :yxa,
nycrni :yxa.
Cimy
iain:-ro reecionn~ecin: yxo::
:aopno
22
:npa epnon
acnr
10
.
nmi raioe rnnep~yncrnnreinoe, :nipoaiycrn~ecin nacrpoennoe yxo :o-
er coornercrnenno nonnnri na raaa, ~roi ocnoo(nri (nnyrpennnn) narn(
n nanpannri ero na neonpe(eennie, earpann~nie npocrpancrna Bceennon:
Binopa~nnaercn na cnoen ocn.
Ye aa ~ac paan~ai
neo n npnnne.
Hanopa~nnaercn oa~nin nayn na nayn n:.
3ro :ecnn, ana~nr, anea(i nine
n ca:
~epea ~ac
npon(er nonoynne:.
Ka(an neecnan cna
no-cnoe:y roocna.
Paa!
Paa!
.ro naio,
conce: naio
ninopa~nnaercn Napc.
Ha~ia:n ioen
Carypn
pacmypmacn n aernon cyere.
Bi:axnnaer aa rypo: ryp on
cnoe :nponoe ]y.r..
Ho .nncnca:,
no napaoa:,
no ipyra:
aacnncrinair na neneponrnie a(i.
Conne-(npnep,
npnpan nx i pyia:,
mnnnr
mnnenie onnae:on cionopo(i.
(1a: e).
C raion rporecinon ocrporon, n ioropon nn(enne npocrpancrnennon ea-
rpann~nocrn (ocrnraer cnoen nicmen ro~in, ]nrypa no.ra nnoni orpacinaer-
cn naaa( n c]epy nnci:a, oime ne no(~nnennyi, o(naio, yacno:y :o~a-
nni: na .ron crynenn rnnep~yncrnnreinocrn nnci:o :oer iri reecno
nocnpnnnro iai n ero aiycrn~ecion, rai n n rairninon nnrencnnnocrn:
A no neecno:y creiy,
y(ro c ~y(onnmnoro nepa,
cipnn
!
nponnainaer opiecrp neci.
3ro,
ninopa~nnan ~y(onnmnenmyi cnnpai,
cone~nan cncre:a cnncrnr n lepiyec.
Hacronman iaio]onnn!
Ho nor
na .ro: ]one n
ecrine,
iai nyronin,
cra namyninari iaine-ro yionin.
(C. 119).
3ra nnoni operennan nocpe(crno: reecionn~ecioro cyxa reecnocri
nnci:a oripinaer no.ry c]epi :era]nan~ecioro cyxa n cnoconocri ci-
mari .eirpo:arnnrnie noni:
Boa(yx cimy,
pacxo(nrcn noni ero,
rpya ]paa na cnnny nanann.
Hepein(inaircn cono:onneno
Nocina
n ly(aonon aann.
Nocina.
Bce:! Bce:! Bce:!
]a a(pancrnyer io::ynncrn~ecian naprnn!
Hpoerapnn ncex crpan, coe(nnnnreci!
3n!
'niaro.
Bce:! Bce:! Bce:!
]n::n ]oapc npe(araer naprni
oriop:ennenmnx cnnnen!
oni (oeraimee ci(a nanne.
B oipyaimee npoccn.
(1a: e).
1e: ca:i: aanepmaercn rpanc]op:annn no.ra n .eirpo:arnnrnin npn-
e:nni n nepe(ar~ni:
]oernr
n n na~nnai aneneri n aneneri
anrenna:n raaa,
rorin,
noca.
Cero(nn n (oncn cnoero. Bo nceennon conepmnoci nanneneponrnen-
mee npenpamenne.
24
Hpocrpancrn :nponix o(oennn pa(n,
oxnara pa(n neion (ncrannnn
n c(eacn npo(e
orpo:nenmen pa(nocrannnn.
(C. 120).
Hnrepecno n .ro: ]yrypncrn~ecin-yronn~ecio: nn(ennn ro, ~ro opame-
nne i pa(no ]yninnonnpyer a(eci iai rpa(nnnonnoe noaananne i :yae, ioro-
pi: aainnaercn nepaino-aiycrn~ecian cna noopaennn no.ra. Bnpo~e:,
c o(nn: pemnreini: orn~ne:: nepeii~enne or raaa i yxy nponcxo(nr no
yconnn: nneprnon nnci:ennon c]epi n npe(cranner coon ne :era]nan~e-
cioe coirne, a peayirar rexnn~ecion npone(ypi n :e(naino: npocrpancr-
ne nnci:a
11
. B peayirare paaneprinannn pa(no:ornna y Nanioncioro noa-
pacraer ~yncrnnreinocri no ornomenni i :e(nainon cnenn]nie nnci:a,
ioropon (oen no(~nnnricn no.r. Ho nce:y reicry cinoanon nnnen npoxo-
(nr :ornn ycnnn, neoxo(n:oro no.ry (n roro, ~roi
Horymnri anrenni raa.
Hacrponri na 400 000 nepcr
Anrenni cyxa!
(C. 12b).
Lme oimnx ycnnn cronr no.ry aannnri o cee n :e(nainon c]epe
nnci:a iai o npnnn:aimen crannnn, ocranaricn cnoionni:, ea e(nnon
(y:i (C. 128).
B no(~epinnannn Nanioncin: ricn~ecnnn non (ra: e), c ioropi:
on ona(enaer anono: cocrnennix anrenn, ninnnercn eme o(nn .e:enr
ero no.rnin, cnnaannin c pa(noaiycrn~ecin: nepeii~enne: or raaa i yxy
no(anenne nn(nnn(yainoro rooca no n:n non]onnn ~ynx roocon, ioro-
pi: no.r (aer :ecro n cnoen .eirpn]nnnponannon nnci:ennocrn. Boanpa-
menne aiycrn~ecioro o(nonpe:enno oiaainaercn nrnon npornn nn(nnn(ya-
nanpyimero n conncn~ecioro no(onopora nnci:ennocrn aa opaa no.ra, re-
pnimerocn n ioeirnne nynin n pacrnopnnmerocn n ee non]onnn.
B no.rnie Nanioncioro pa(no:ornn no((epnnaer n ycnnnaer (ne npo-
rnnonoonie ren(ennnn: n ron crenenn, n ioropon ~epea pa(no:ornn ]op-
cnpyircn nepaino-aiycrn~ecine :o:enri, noapacraer nanpnennocri :e-
(y nepainocrii n nnayainocrii. Ho.r Nanioncinn oiaainaercn aane(o-
:o aaii~en n npocrpancrne nnci:a, n nanpnennocri :e(y cocrnenni:
rooco: n non]onn~ecion nonoron ~ynx roocon conercioro ioeirnna
cranonnrcn rparn~ecin nepaapemn:a
12
.
Ha .ron nepcneirnni :ono orncnnri ror ]air, ~ro Nanioncinn i cepe-
(nne 1920-x rr. (encrnnreino na~nnaer paorari (n pa(no n re: ca:i:
paapemaer n no.rn~ecion paore 0. pa(no:nipo]ona n c pa(no:nipo]ono:
ry nanpnennocri :e(y nnci:o: n rooco:, ioropan xapairepnaonaa ero
no.rniy n pannnx nponane(ennnx.
#
O1 PA]HOHCKYCC1BA K PA]HO4HKAUHH
H1LPA1YPL H HCKYCC1BA
Ho(ono ro:y, iai y Nanioncioro pa(no cnococrnyer nepeopnenrannn na
nepainocri n ycrnocri, n conercion iyirypno-nonrn~ecion n npar:arn~-
no-n(eoorn~ecion c]epe raie (aercn ycranonia nreparype na ycrnocri.
1ai, napo(nin io:nccap npocnemennn yna~apcinn na oripirnn Hncrnryra
nnoro cona n 1918 ro(y n Herporpa(e ]op:ynpyer: 5ea(na xy(oecr-
nennix naca(ennn, ncnxoorn~ecinx rynn, coiponennix ipacor nincnnr-
cn nepe( ron iyirypon, ioropan y(er iyirypon any~amen nreparypi
18
.
Pemaimn: (n paannrnn nreparypi or ananrap(nix 1920-x i connan-
crn~ecio:y peana:y 1980-x rr. nnnercn ne croiio .ra opnenrannn nrepa-
rypi n (pyrnx nciyccrn na npn:ar pa(no]onnoro, .eirpn]nnnponannoro
ycrnoro cona, cioiio nocrenennin oriaa or :e(nainon ca:ope]eicnn, io-
ropyi :i :oe: nai(ari n ananrap(e n, n ~acrnocrn, y Nanioncioro. B ro
npe:n iai n ananrap(e on aa any~amyi nreparypy nnoro cona npo-
reiaer npn nep:anenrnon pe]eicnn na yconnn nnayaino-rpa]n~ecion oc-
noni nreparypi n :e(nainon cnenn]nin paan~nix nciyccrn
14
, n nrepa-
rype n nciyccrne 1980-x rr. .ra :e(naino-ananrn~ecian ca:ope]eicnn cnc-
re:arn~ecin pe(ynnpyercn n niii~aercn. 1aion nponecc :e(nainon a:ne-
ann :ono onncari iai peayirar c:eni :e(na, nanpanne:in c cepe(nni
1920-x rr. ~epea paannrne pa(no iai :acconoro :e(nainoro cpe(crna, nocpe(-
crno: ioroporo nncaren n xy(onnin noy~nn noa:onocri yanari na co-
crnenno: onire nepe0 pa(no:nipo]ono: n c pa(no:nipo]ono: (encrnennyi
cny pa(no]onnoro cona
1b
.
3ro paannrne :oer iri npoceeno na npn:epe (nciyccnn o r. n. pa-
(nonciyccrne, ioropie npoxo(nr n ro npe:n, iai yronn~ecine pa(nonn(eLnnn
ananrap(a cranonnrcn rexnn~ecion n nncrnrynnonainon peainocrii, a n-
reparypa n nciyccrno oripinair pa(no iai nonoe :e(na, npenocxo(nmee nnci:o
n cnoe: cn:yiranno: :accono: noa(encrnnn
1b
. 3rn (nciyccnn n nep-
nyi o~epe(i n pa(noypnaax Pa(nocymarei, Pa(no nce: n Pa(no-
]ponr orpaair npe(e ncero ananrap(ncrciyi rnry i .icnepn:enry c
noni:n rexnn~ecin:n noa:onocrn:n. B ro:, ~ro pa(no c ero aiycrn~ecin:
narypana:o: niainaer niani peainocrn ropaa(o nnrencnnnee, ~e: n-
reparypa, rearpainan nrpa nn inno, napnr ioncencyc; ne(i n orn~ne or
rearpa n ]ni:a pa(nonieca :oer nepe(ari cymarei nonyi ni-
ani peainocrn: Heoxo(n:o .icnepn:enrnponari |...] no nnnn pa(no-
cneirain, (aimero cymarei noa:ono nonyi niani peainocrn npo-
ncxo(nmero. Pa(nonciyccrno pacnoaraer n .ro: nanpanennn conepmenno
ncii~nreini:n noa:onocrn:n, ne orpann~enni:n nn yconnocrii cne-
nn~ecion iopoin, nn yconnocrii inno.ipana. Pe~i n(er n (anno: cy~ae
o cnoeopaano: narypana:e` n pa(nonciyccrne. Kpni nannae:oro o no:o-
mn, ycimannin na:n na (pyron io:nari, nn c coce(nero (nopa, nn ~epea
:nipo]on, no cymecrny, nn~e: ne orn~aercn (n nac, cymareen, n n ro:
cy~ae, ecn on (an airepo: c neoxo(n:i: nciyccrno:, .ror ipni npe(eino
nne~arner. Hama ]anraann nocnponano(nr npn .ro: n apnreinie iaprnni
2b
nponcxo(nmero. B ro e npe:n nanenne` n cneiraie rearpa, nn nane-
nne`, noiaaannoe na inno.ipane, nn n ioen :epe ne (air apnrei nonon
niann peainoro nanennn .ro n:enno n aacranner n rearp n inno nc-
iari nyrn nne~arnimero yconnoro nocnponane(ennn rainx ]airon na cnene
nn na .ipane
17
.
Pa(no nicrynaer iai :e(na, cnoconoe ne roiio ycnnri .crern~ecine
.]]eiri rpa(nnnonnix nreparypnix anpon, no n io:nencnponari (oca(-
nin ne(ocraroi no.ann (n, n ione~no: nrore, nreparypi noome) re:, ~ro
ono aiycrn~ecin onnner ne:oe cono nnci:ennoro reicra, noanpaman e:y
re: ca:i: :acconyi (encrnennocri n omecrponreinyi .neprni. 1e: ca-
:i: n Conercio: Coiae 1920-x rr. no.ann n nreparypa na~nnaer ncnoiao-
naricn n nonrn~ecinx nenx ne croiio n(eoorn~ecin-co(epareino, cioi-
io :e(naino-npar:arn~ecin: Ho nonpoc n(er ne roiio o n(eoorn~ecio:
ia~ecrne ca:oro no.rn~ecioro :arepnaa. Be(i (o cnx nop n oimen cnoen
~acrn conpe:ennan no.ann ne(ocrynna n nenonnrna mnpoin: :acca:. B cny
.roro ona eme ne c(eaaci neoxo(n:on (n nnx. l(e ear iopnn .roro
nenonn:annn 'nrarei npnnii nocnpnnn:ari crnxn no reicry. Ho .ro :ema-
er nono:y nocnpnnrni crnxon. Ho.ann (ona nepecrari cymecrnonari iai
npocroe reicronoe nreparypnoe nponane(enne: no.ann (ona crari npona-
ne(enne: na rooc. 3ro no(rnep(aercn n ca:n: ncropn~ecin: nponecco: paa-
nnrnn crnxa. B cnoe: nepnona~aino: nn(e no.ann cymecrnonaa iai cnnrean-
ponannin nn( nciyccrna, coe(nnnimnn n cee n cono iai c:iconoe oo-
ana~enne, n cono iai anyi n (nnenne. B (ainenme: no.ann pacrepna no
nyrn cnoero paannrnn :norne npenocxo(nmne, no neoxo(n:ie .e:enri. B:e-
cre c .rn: ona nenoino norepna n ana~nreinyi ~acri cnoen :acconocrn,
cnoen (encrnennocrn. 1enepi npnma nopa nepnyri no.ann ee npano. Ho.ann
rpeyer rooca, nnoro ~eone~ecioro rooca. 3ror nyri nyri npo(nne-
nnn crnxon no pa(no c rooca ca:in nepnin :acconin n (encrnennin
nyri. Anrenna orn~ecin cranonnrcn conepnnio: rnnorpa]cioro crania. 5ec-
cnopno, npornn :nipocionn~ecinx rnpaen copnnion crnxon rnpa n cor-
nn ricn~ n :nnoni cymareen no pa(no nnnrcn pemaimn:. Crnxn, n(y-
mne ~epea .]np, nocnpnnn:ae:ie ~epea .]np, iai nnon, ~eone~ecinn rooc,
nonin cni, any~annn, re:nepa:enra raine crnxn nyni :acca:. Pa(no-
nenrp, ioropin craner n namnx yconnnx nenrpo: ne(ymero crnxa, (oen
ore(nnnri noipyr cen y~mne no.rn~ecine cni namnx (nen, on (oen
aanoenari nx, ~roi ~epea .]np pocnri nx nponane(ennn n :acci na crpon-
iy. Co cnoen croponi n no.ri (oni y~ecri nci cnenn]niy pa(no, ~roi
(ari nanoee cninie n (encrnennie nponane(ennn
18
.
3ra nnrara noiaaareina raie nnn(y nonopora n (nciyccnn o pa(nonc-
iyccrne, ioropin nai(aercn npnnanreino n ionne 1920-x rr. Cnenn]n-
ia .crernin n ncnxoornn nocnpnnrnn paan~nix :e(na, a raie npenocxo(cr-
no pa(no, ioropoe no cpannenni c nreparypon, rearpo: n ]ni:o: :oer
npe(onri nonyi niani peainocrn, naxo(nr cnoi iyi:nnanni n
ioniypennnn :e(y anrennon n ne~arnon :amnnion n o(noana~no: npe(-
no~rennn :accono-(encrnennon pa(no]onnocrn rpa(nnnonnon innnon iyi-
rype. B ro npe:n iai (rnnorpa]cian) nreparypa npn(aer rearpy nn ]ni:y
%
neiyi nciyccrnennocri, pa(no cnocono na nepnin narn( rai e, iai n
ycrnoe cono n io::ynniannn :e(y npncyrcrnyimn:n nenocpe(crnen-
no rpancnoprnponari (xy(oecrnennin) c:ic n (eari noa:oni: ero o-
mecrnennoe nepennanne. Kai paa .ra :e(nainan ocoennocri pa(no nnn-
ercn re:, ~ro nepepacraer n ocnonnoe xy(oecrnennoe npanno n ]op:ynpy-
ercn iai rpeonanne n, n ione~no: c~ere, iai nporpa::a (n (pyrnx nn(on
nciyccrn. 3ro rpeonanne, n:nnnnpyimee crpe:enne npeo(oeri cnenn]n-
~ecine :e(nainie cnoncrna coornercrnyimnx xy(oecrnennix anpon
(]ni:, nreparypa, rearp) (n roro, ~roi (xy(oecrnennin) c:ic :or ne-
pe(anaricn ecnpennrcrnenno n neaanncn:o or conpornnennn anaion n :no-
roana~nreinocrn nnrepnperannn, ioropie :orn i npononnponari nn(nnn-
(yainie rep:enenrn~ecine roionannn.
Bi(ennmeecn na (nciyccnn o pa(nonciyccrne n ero cpannennn c (pyrn:n
xy(oecrnenni:n anpa:n n :e(na xy(oecrnennoe rpeonanne, n ionne
ionnon, opamaercn i ca:o:y pa(no n pa(nonciyccrny. B Pa(no]ponre npo-
rnn pa(noypnaa lonopnr CCCP npee:nnia ananrap(ncrcioro nicr-
pnponannoro n orn~anmerocn npio nipaenni: :e(naini: ca:ocoananne:
pa(noypnaa Pa(nocymarei, n ioropo:, cocrnenno, n in c]op:yn-
ponani pemaimne nooennn (nciyccnn o pa(nonciyccrne ]op:npyercn
noe:n~ecin-ipnrn~ecian noannnn: oiaainaercn, ~ro pa(nonciyccrna noo-
me ne inaer n nce :e(naino-rexnn~ecine (nciyccnn ne(yrcn roiio (n
roro, ~roi nnri inn :e(y xy(oecrnennon pa(nonepe(a~en n :acco-
ni: nciyccrno:. 1ai, n o(non na craren .roro ypnaa 1988 ro(a no( aaro-
onio: Ho( ]aro: Pa(nonciyccrna` c necipinae:on arpeccnen or:e~a-
ercn: H(er nce ra e crapan necnn o Pa(nonciyccrne`, n(er ycnenne paapi-
na xy(oecrnennoro pa(nonemannn c :acconi: rnop~ecrno:. Pa(noxarypa
npornnonocrannercn npo(nnenni i :nnona: n:eimnxcn n pacrymnx
(ocrnennn xy(oecrnennoro rnop~ecrna CCCP. 'ro e npe(cranner rai
naainae:oe pa(nonciyccrno Lcri n r(e-nny(i y ca:ix npix ero croponnn-
ion xorn i na:ei na ]op:ynponiy na(y:annoro n pa(noxarypnix (epnx
rep:nna Her ]op:ynponin n ne :oer ee iri, noro:y ~ro ner n ca:oro
pa(nonciyccrna`
19
.
Ooman (nciyccni o pa(nonciyccrne, :ono ni(enri rpn ]aai ee paa-
nnrnn:
1) cna~aa nai(aercn npnnnernponanne pa(no, npn ioropo: ono nicry-
naer no ornomenni i npo~n: (npe(e ncero nnayaini:) nciyccrna: iai
npenocxo(nmee nx n nanoee a(einarnoe ~eone~ecion cymnocrn
20
;
2) pa(no oiaainaer :accnnnoe (anenne na (pyrne nciyccrna, ioropie
onennnaircn no nx npnro(nocrn (n rpancnnnn n npncnocoennocrn i nen;
8) naionen, c rpeonanne: ocymecrnne:ocrn pa(no]onnn ycranannnaer-
cn n(ea rpanc:e(nainocrn, ~ro npnno(nr i cncre:arn~ecio:y no(anenni
ncex ]op:aino-.crern~ecinx n :e(nainix pe]epennnn. 3ro, n cnoi o~e-
pe(i, niainaer opnenranni na ciernocri. 1aioe rpanc:e(nainoe (ocronn-
crno ciera n oocnoninaer ero :n]ono.rn~ecinn craryc.
Nn]oornanponannan pa(no]niannn nciyccrna n nreparypi noneia aa
coon (nonine noce(crnnn (n ero naopaanreinon n :e(nainon npoe-
28
:arnin. C o(non croponi, conercioe nciyccrno ionna 1920-x rr. nocronnno n
c noapacraimen cnon aannner o cee n ca:oyrnep(aercn ~epea cocrnen-
nin :n]oorn~ecinn n :n]ono.rn~ecinn craryc, r. e. ~epea ro, n iaion cre-
nenn nciyccrny y(aercn ycranonnri cnoi napparnnnocri n ia~ecrne ioei-
rnnnix c:icoopaayimnx coirnn no ry cropony naopaanreinon n :e(n-
ainon npoe:arnin (or(einix nciyccrn). 3ro raie nnnercn npn~nnon
roro, ~ro ~epea iaioe-ro npe:n n xy(oecrnennon cncre:e connancrn~ecio-
ro peana:a nce na~nnaer neprericn noipyr onpe(eennix n ne:noro~ncen-
nix cieron. Ho c (pyron croponi, re: ca:i: or ia(oro or(einoro nn(a
nciyccrna norpeonaoci npo(e:oncrpnponari :n]oorn~eciyi cny cocr-
nennix cieron n napparnna npn aa(annix :e(nainix noa:onocrnx, ~ro
nocranno xy(onnion n rneoe, ecn ne eanixo(noe, nooenne n aacra-
nno nx n nicmen crenenn ~yncrnnreino pearnponari na naopaanreinie
yconnn n noa:onocrn cocrnennix xy(oecrnennix :e(nainix cpe(crn.
Xy(onnin npn .ro: (oni in nep:anenrno aainari o cocrnennix
:e(na n noiay npe(noonreino cnoo(nix or anaion noroion :n]oorn-
~ecioro c:ica no ry cropony iai ncnioro ]op:ana:a, rai n ncex na-
rypancrn~ecinx coornecennocren.
Ho( nnnnne: pa(no n ionne 1920-x rr. paan~nie nn(i nciyccrna n
Conercio: Coiae paannnair cnoeopaanyi io:neicnyi crpyirypy: c o(non
croponi, na yponne ciera n napparnna nai(aercn noapacraimee ynpome-
nne, nacnicrnennoe npnomenne i rocno(crnyimen n(eoornn, ioropoe :o-
no inan]nnnponari iai nannonanaanni nciyccrn (X. linrep); no c (py-
ron croponi, nciyccrno n cnoen cn:non~ecion nn io:noannnonnon :nipo-
crpyirype (ono io nocronnno paannnari pa]nnnponannie crparernn, ~ro-
i rpancnen(nponari cnoi cocrnennyi :e(nainyi cnenn]niy n npoe-
:arniy naopaennn.
POA]LHHL COUHAHC1H'LCKOlO PLAH3NA
H3 ]YXA PA]HO4OHHH
B cnnan c nepni: nnrnernn: nano: na aace(annn UK 18 nin 1928 ro(a
io npnnnro nonoe Hooenne o pa(nonemannn: ono, oprannaonannoe (o cnx
nop no npnnnnny ainnonepnoro omecrna, nxo(nr n no(~nnenne rocy(apcr-
nennix naprnnnix nncrnryron. O(nonpe:enno UK npnainaer i (ainenme:y
yciopenno:y paannrni pa(nonemannn n i nonimenni ero npo]eccnonaino-
ro yponnn. B cnere .rnx :eponpnnrnn i xy(onnia: n nncaren: ni(nnraer-
cn rpeonanne ycnnri co(encrnne pa(nopaora:. Bino( na (nciyccnn o pa(no-
nciyccrne, n ioropix pa(no no cne cnoero noa(encrnnn na :acci n no crenenn
niaopnocrn onpe(enoci iai :e(na, na:noro npenocxo(nmee innry, naxo(nr,
rain: opaao:, cnoe nncrnrynnonainoe n nonrn~ecioe no(rnep(enne
21
.
Harn(nin npn:ep rpeonannn i nncaren: ncrynnri n ionrair c :ni-
po]ono: npe(araer pa(noypna lonopnr Nocina, ioropin na rnryinon
crpannne cnoero nonoro(nero no:epa (1980;1981) nponaran(npyer paory
pa(nonemannn rain:n crnxa:n:
'
NHKPO4OH
Noen ]nrypi
Ore: nn~roen.
Na. Ho ]air
Bce :acrepa nreparypi
]oni co :non ncrynari n ionrair.
|...]
H: n cee xo~y y(a~n,
Kor(a ~epea :enn n .]np
Hon(yr raine nepe(a~n,
Kainx eme ne cima :np
22
.
Hec:orpn na neci nannnin io:na: crnxornopennn, anropnrapnocri nipa-
ennn nenoa:ono ne aa:ernri. Hpn:e~areino n .ro: .n]e:nanponanno:
npe(cranennn ro, ~ro n conyrcrnyimnx pa(noypnaax ionna 1920 na~a-
a 1980-x rr. ner pe~n o .icnnnnrno: nonrn~ecio: npnne~ennn nncare-
en na cyy nepno:y nnrnerne:y nany, n coornercrnyimne rpeonannn
n(eoorn~ecion ]yninnonanaannn nreparypi ne ]op:ynpyircn. Pe~i n(er
ncii~nreino o :e(nainon, pa(no]onnon nanpanennocrn nreparypi.
B nepno: no:epe ypnaa lonopnr CCCP aa 1984 ro(, nocnnmenno:
Hepno:y crea(y nncareen, connancrn~ecinn peana: npe(cranen ne iai
.crern~ecian nporpa::a, epyman cnoe na~ao n n(eoorn~ecinx n nonrn~e-
cinx :epax, a iai onpe(eennoe :e(naino-npar:arn~ecioe none(enne nnca-
ren, ninonnimero cnoi nreparypnyi paory (n pa(no n c pa(no. Ce(yn
nepe(onnne Hncarei n pa(no, raian nonan :e(nainan opnenrannn nncare-
en nonomaer ocnonnon npnnnnn connancrn~ecioro peana:a nciyccrno
(n :acc: Crea( conercinx nncareen no nci rynny n mnpi nocrann
nonpoc o rnop~ecrne (n :nnonon, o npo(yinnn nicoioro :acrepcrna, oi-
mnx n(en, oimoro nciyccrna, oimon npocrori. Bicrynan co cnon:n npo-
nane(ennn:n na pa(no, nncaren ocymecrnnir ocnonnon npnnnnn connan-
crn~ecioro peana:a rnop~ecrno (n :acc
28
.
3ror no:ep ypnaa lonopnr CCCP, npairn~ecin nonocrii nocnnmen-
nin crea(y nncareen, crannr raie nonpoc o paore nncareen nepe( :nipo-
]ono: n c :nipo]ono:. Honan :e(nainan opnenrannn nreparypnoro nnci:a
na pa(no]onnoe, mnpoio (encrnyimee n n(oxnonnimee :acci cono noy-
~aer n cnoe rpa]n~ecioe nipaenne: na :norocrpann~non cepnn ]ororpa]nn
n ]oro:onraen naopaeni nncaren nepe( :nipo]ono:, a no(nncn no(
]ororpa]nn:n nnnir coon niciaainannn anropon o ana~ennn pa(no (n
nx nncareicion (enreinocrn. Hoiaaareino, ~ro naopaennn nirn(nr ne-
ye(nreino n ne nepe(air ror io::ynniarnnnin nocropr, ioropi: nponnaa-
ni nepainie nicrynennn nncareen n nncareinnn na no(nncnx.
1ai, nanpn:ep, nnrnpyercn Napn.rra Larnnnn, ioropan pacciaainaer o
ro:, iai pa(no n ciaaannoe ~epea :nipo]on cono oripin en nonie ropnaon-
ri .crern~ecion io::ynniannn: Ha:, nncaren:, nyno nay~nricn omenii
ne roiio ~epea nanncannoe, no n ~epea nponanecennoe cono. Kor(a n ronopi
80
nepe( :nipo]ono:, y :enn ocrpoe omymenne cnnan c :nnona:n i(en, n n
nanpanni cono n npocrpancrno c ~yncrno: peainoro, ornercrnennoro npn-
nea. B .ro: orpo:noe ana~enne paori nncaren (n pa(no. ]y:ai, ~ro n
pa(nocymaren cono ca:oro nncaren nocnpnnn:air cninen n rye,
neen cono nnrepnperaropa namnx nponane(ennn
24
.
B nepcneirnne .roro naan:o(encrnnn :e(y pa(no n nreparypon n pa-
(no]nnnponannn nreparypnoro nnci:a :ono npoanananponari n(eoorn-
~ecine nocryari
2b
, c]op:ynponannie (n connancrn~ecioro peana:a na
Hepno: crea(e conercinx nncareen, iai reopern~ecin-nporpa::nie pe]ei-
cnn, n ioropix ipncranayircn nonie crpyirypnie :o:enri, onapynnae-
:ie n no(~nnennon nnnnni pa(no nreparypnon paore. 3ro npe(e ncero
aa:erno no npnanaia: napo(nocrn, nonnrnocrn, :acconocrn, cronmn: n
nenocpe(crnennon naan:ocnnan c pa(no]onni:, mnpoio (encrnyimn: n n(ox-
nonnimn: :acci cono:. Hpnanain naprnnnocrn, orpaennn, rnnnaa-
nnn, penoinnonnon po:anrnin nn noonreinoro repon raie :o-
no cnnaari c noanpamenne: i opnenrannn na ycrnoe, iai i panco(n~ecioe
cono, ioropoe n cpannennn c (.crern~ecion) nnci:ennocrii oiaainaercn n
oimen crenenn nii~enni: n aarponyri: (naprnnnocri, noon-
reinin repon) n onapynnaer ren(ennni i ryoion npo~yncrnonanno-
crn (penoinnonnan po:anrnia). B nenocpe(crnenno: ornomennn i no-
nropno:y oripirni n nepeonenie (ycrnix) napparnnnix npone(yp n aanncn-
:ix or nnx ciernix crpyiryp naxo(nrcn raie n rnnnaannn
2b
. Yrnep-
(ae:oe n (nciyccnnx o pa(nonciyccrne :orymecrno pa(no]onnoro cona
iai nianonncra n cpannennn c nnci:enni: reicro: onpe(ener ana:e-
nnrin conpeancrn~ecinn nocryar orpaennn
27
.
Pa(no]nnnponannan rain: opaao: nreparypa connancrn~ecioro peana:a
onapynnaer re: ca:i: cnoe ornomenne i :e(na nnci:a, cnino orn~ai-
meecn or ananrap(ncrcioro. B ro npe:n iai n ananrap(e on aa nonoe aanoe-
nanne nana~aino opainon c]epi no.ann (n raie iyirypi) nponcxo(nr
iai nep]op:arnnnoe (encrnne na yponne reicra npn yconnnx nnci:a n rnno-
rpa]nn, pa(no]nnnponannan nreparypa connancrn~ecioro peana:a nepe:e-
maer .ry noniriy nonropnoro aanoenannn ncxo(non ycrnocrn n (conercion)
omnocrn na yponeni napparnna n nyciaer n xo( nce, ~roi aara(nri a(eci
iaine-no ce(i oyconennon nnci:ennocrii .crern~nocrn n iix :e-
(naino-penpeaenrarnnnix cpe(crn nipaennn c:ica. Hpn .ro: pa(no]n-
nnponannan nreparypa connancrn~ecioro peana:a nocronnno pacciaaina-
er ncropni cnoen cocrnennon rpanc:e(nanaannn (cnoeopaanon :e(nai-
non a:neann) npn no:omn (ocraro~no conix n npopaorannix crpyiryp.
Kai nporeiaer no(onin nponecc :e(nainoro aanennn n o~nmennn, :o-
no npoanananponari na npn:epe opaanonoro reicra connancrn~ecioro pea-
na:a po:ana Hnioan Ocrponcioro Kai aaianaci crai (1982;84).
Po:an noiaainaer nponecc ca:ocranonennn conercioro repon, or ypnix
er penoinnn n rpa(ancion nonni (o nepno(a nepnon nnrnerin. Knnra
npe(cranner coon cnoeopaanin conercinn nocnnrareinin po:an, paccia-
ainaimnn o paannrnn repon, ioropo:y y(aercn npornnocronri :noro~ncen-
!
ni: npennrcrnnn: n~noro (.porn~ecioro) n nonrn~ecin-n(eoorn~ecioro
xapairepa n, n ionne ionnon, npenparnricn n ncrnnnoro conercioro nncare-
n
28
. B nicmen ro~ie ca:ocranonennn nncaren-repon ni(enircn rpn :o-
rnna cenora, pa(no n nnci:ennocri.
Hapaeino (yxonno:y coapenanni repon nponcxo(nr paapymenne ero
rea, n na noce(nen cra(nn, ye ocenmnn, on nnmer ncropni cnoen nann.
B ocymecrnennn .roro ca:oyrnep(aimero nncareicioro npoeira pa(no
nrpaer nenrpainyi poi. Ono ne roiio io:nencnpyer norepnnnoe apenne,
no n noanoner repoi necrn neoi~anno nnrencnnnyi omecrnennyi nani,
ocymecrnnri io::ynnianni n noy~ari opaaonanne: Yrpo: no ipime
aann i(n, yipennn pa(no:a~ry, a en :onrann~a n inaprnpe, paccia-
ainan nnrepecnenmne .nnao(i cnoero npomoro. Hane ero ne nn(e, no no
pacciaaa: 1an ana, ~ro en on(nn co cneri:n raaa:n, crponnin, nopinn-
crin n (nnennnx, ro ecri n:enno raion, iain: ero n npe(crann cee Hane
c nepnix e :nnyr anaio:crna. B cy:epin aarnci n io:nare rpn `:nipo`.
en ropecrnenno no(a Hany naymnnin. B .]npe napn xaoc anyion. Hrn~-
ia:n ~npnian nopronie :opannin`, r(e-ro (nn(no, naio na :ope) nooco-
na napoxo(nin: nciponni`; n .ro: nopoxe my:on n anyion iarymia napno-
:erpa nama n npn:~aa cnoionnin n ynepennin rooc: Cymanre, cyman-
re, ronopnr Nocina...` Naeniinn annapar onn na cnoi anrenny mecri(e-
cnr crannnn :npa. Anani, or ioropon Hane i orpomen, npinaaci cinoai
crainyi :e:pany, n on omyrn ee :ory~ee (ixanne. Bn(n, iai aaropenci
ero raaa, ycrain 5epcenen yinycn
29
.
3ror :ocioncinn pa(norooc oripinaer repoi noa:onocri noy~nri (ai-
nenmee opaaonanne n nnoni nanrn ionrair c ipyro: e(nno:imennnion: B
ocrainoe npe:n :ari c rpy(o: ornpaa y nero naymnnin, ~roi noiop:nri
ero. Pa(no (anao e:y ro, ~ro ornna cenora, noa:onocri y~nricn, n n
.ro:, ne anaime: nperpa( crpe:ennn on aaina :y~nreinie on npo(o-
anmero roperi rea, aaina noap n raaax n nci cyponyi, neacionyi i
ne:y nani. Kor(a y~ anrenni npnnec na Narnnrocrpon necri o no(nnrax
inon parni, c:ennnmen no( in:oncin: ana:ene: noioenne Kop~arnnix, Ha-
ne i ryoio c~acrnn (C. 884).
1oiio cenora n ocnonannan na pa(no io::ynniannn noanoner repoi
(ocrn~i ron crenenn opaaonannn n apeocrn, ioropan (aer e:y npancrnennoe
npano na~ari nncari. Hpn no:omn ocoon annaparypi, no:oraimen e:y, ne-
c:orpn na cenory, (eari ponnie crpoin, on nnmer ncropni cnoen nann:
Hane ycnoiannaime yinycn. 3anrpa :ne npnnecyr nipeaannin na iap-
rona rpancnapanr. 5ea nero n ne c:ory nncari. Crpoia nanoaaer na crpoiy. A
(oro ncia nixo(a n name nipeaannie na iaprona noocin ne (a(yr
:oe:y iapan(amy nixo(nri na pa:oi npn:on crpoin. Hncari, ne nn(n nann-
cannoro, rpy(no, no ne nenoa:ono. A ye(ncn n .ro:. O~eni (oro nn~ero ne
noy~aoci, no renepi n na~a nncari :e(ennee, rmareino ninoy ia(yi
yiny, n noy~aercn (onoino xopomo`. Hane na~a paorari. On aa(y:a
nanncari nonecri, nocnnmennyi repon~ecion (nnnann Koroncioro. Haananne
npnmo ca:o coon: Po(ennie ypen`. C .roro (nn ncn ero nani nepe-
ii~naci na coa(anne innrn. Ne(enno, crpo~ia aa crpo~ion, po(anci crpa-
82
nnni. On aaina oo nce:, naxo(nci no nacrn opaaon n nnepnie nepen-
nan :yin rnop~ecrna, ior(a npine, neaainae:ie iaprnni, rai or~ernno omy-
mae:ie, ne y(anaoci nepe(ari na y:ary n crpoin nixo(nn e(nie, nmen-
nie ornn n crpacrn. Bce, ~ro nnca, on (oen i no:nnri cono n cono.
Horepn nnrn rop:oana paory (C. 887).
Lcn (.crern~ecioe) nnci:o oycannnaer paa(eenne raaa n yxa n, re:
ca:i:, (o:nnnponanne anro:arnanponannon nnayainocrn no ornomenni i
aiycrn~ecion nepainocrn, ro c rain: cne(enne: noe(nno nnci:a n cenori
y Ocrponcioro ciery (aercn nanpanenne, ioropoe iai paa npn:o npornno-
noono :e(nainon ornie nnci:a: nonecri paanopa~nnaercn nonpein cnon:
cocrnenni: :e(naino oyconenni: noa:onocrn:. Hpn .ro: (e:arepna-
naannn nnci:a ycyrynercn eme oime: roronin :anycipnnr, ornpanen-
nin no~ron n Nociny, repnercn no (opore, n repon-nncarei Hane Kop~arnn
(oen nropon paa no na:nrn (nironari neci reicr aanncinaime:y no:om-
nniy. B .ron ycrnon ]op:e no(a~n, npn ioropon anrop nicrynaer n pon
cenoro ciaanren anrn~nocrn, reicr npnoperaer cnon oion~areinie ia~e-
crna. H:enno .ror napnanr innrn n nona(aer n Nociny, oriy(a ce(yer ree-
rpa]noe no(rnep(enne ero noy~ennn.
CA1HPH'LCKOL PA3TL]HHLHHL NH4H'LCKOH CNL'KH
PA]HO H PLBOKUHH
Lcn n napa(nix reicrax connancrn~ecioro peana:a conercine pac-
ciaai o (ocrnennnx ioeirnna ncer(a oiaainaircn io::ynniarnnni: yc-
nexo:, npn ioropo: nce :e(nainie conpornnennn :arepnaa n rep:enenrn-
~ecine neon(annocrn oiaainaircn npeo(oeni pa(n cnoo(noro, rpanc:e-
(nainoro (n n ione~no: c~ere ecreecnoro) re~ennn :n]n~ecioro c:ica,
ro n paan~nix neo]nnnainix, orionnimnxcn or npe(nncannn connan-
crn~ecioro peana:a nn(ax nnci:a 1980-x rr. :ono nai(ari iai paa o-
parnyi ren(ennni naopaenne aarpy(nennon, ope~ennon na npona nn
nonpocry nycron io::ynniannn.
O raio: aaoinponanno: omennn, crecnenno: .nryanaa:e n aarop:oen-
non nncnnpannn connancrn~ecinx repoen-coan(areen n ~acrnocrn n conercio-
ro ioeirnna n ome: nonecrnyir reicri nnenepa n nncaren An(pen Haro-
nona. Anananpye:ie na:n :ornni n cieri nrpair n narononcinx cippea-
ncrn~ecinx carnpax nenrpainyi poi ne roiio na-aa norpa]n~ecinx npn~nn,
no n na ocnonannn no~rn :n]n~ecioro craryca .eirpn~ecrna (n conercioro
rpanc:e(nainoro n(eaa io::ynniannn
80
. Harononcian carnpn~ecian cciia
na conerciyi pa(noiyirypy pacipinaer cen npn .ro: pa]nnnponanno n c
no(reicro: ocoenno n po:ane Koronan, napo(nn na conercinn crponrei-
nin po:an, n ioropon onaaercn :arn~ecinn n :n]n~ecinn cycrpar conercio-
ro npoeira, a necocronreinocri io::ynncrn~ecion naneyrnep(aimen ncro-
pnn pacipinaercn n rporecino:, rparnio:n~ecio: onncannn.
B npornnonoonocri conercin: cnenapnn: o ycnemnon pa(no]niannn
n ee anrnpenrnoano: npocnernreicio: .]]eire ycranonia pa(no n naro-
!!
noncio: po:ane npoxo(nr o~eni rpy(no. Hona~ay nporecryer .nryanacr n
ioeirnnncr ronapnm Aa~en: na nnnnnarnny ronapnma Ca]ponona nnecrn
pa(no on noapaaer cy:acpo(non n(een omecrnennoro ycrponcrna, ocno-
nannon na npnnnnne :ncrn~ecioro cocrpa(annn:
A ~ro, ronapnmn, ciaaa o(na(i Ca]ponon, ne
nocrannri n na: pa(no (n aacymanin (ocrnennn n (n-
peirnn! Y nac ecri a(eci orcraie :acci, ioropi: noeana ia
i iyirypnan penoinnn n ncninn :yaiiainin anyi, ~ro
onn ne cionnn n cee re:noe nacrpoenne!
y~me (eno~iy-cnporiy npnnecrn aa py~iy, ~e: rnoe pa-
(no, noapaan Aa~en.
A iaine, ronapnm Aa~en, aacyrn nn noy~enie n rnoen
(eno~ie 'e: ona :y~aercn (n noane(ennn ncero crponreicrna
Ona cen~ac caxapy ne ecr (n rnoero crponreicrna, nor
~e: ona cynr, e(nnoracnan (yma na ren non! ornern Aa-
~en.
Ara, ninec :nenne Ca]ponon, ror(a, ronapnm Aa-
~en, (ocrani na: na cnoe: rpancnopre .ry aonyi (eno~iy,
:i or ee :eo(n~noro nn(a na~ne: oee coraconanno nri
81
.
Hpn nocronnno: neycnexe, ioropin conyrcrnyer n po:ane nce: noni:
.nryanaa:a io::ynncrn~ecin: npoeira:, necocronreini: n ciopo: npe:e-
nn oiaainaercn n .ror npoeir, rai ~ro n ionne ionnon ronapnm Haminn
(nreino cna(n nnme ae:eionon pa(nopynopo:, ~roi no npe:n or-
(ixa ia(in :or npnoperari c:ic :acconon nann na rpyi (C. b8).
3ror c:ic :acconon nann oiaainaercn, nnpo~e:, acoirno acyp(-
ni: iai n nce npo~ne coomennn, iimnecn na penpo(yiropa:
1onapnmn, :i (oni :onnaonari ipannny na ]ponr
connancrn~ecioro crponreicrna! Kpannna ecri ne ~ro nnoe,
iai npe(:er ny(i aarpannni...
1onapnmn, :i (oni, ee:nnyrno nponanocna rpe-
onanne rpya, opeaari xnocri n rpnni y oma(en! Ka-
(ie noce:i(ecnr ricn~ oma(en (a(yr na: rpn(nari rpairo-
pon!.. (C. b8)
Cn:yirannocri n npocrpancrnennan nea(ecymnocri, .rn (na cymecrnen-
nix (n conercioro n(eaa io::ynniannn :o:enra, oiaainaircn a(eci rene-
paropo: ecc:icnni nnpo~e:, ecc:icnni pa(no]onnon, nce e oiaai-
naimen cnoe n(oxnonnimee noa(encrnne na pa(nonepyimero ronapnma
Ca]ponona: Ca]ponon cyma n ropecrnona, aen nmi, ~ro on ne :oer
ronopnri oparno n rpyy, (ai ra: cimno io o ero ~yncrne airnnnocrn,
roronnocrn na crpniy oma(en n o c~acrie (ra: e). Kor(a .nryanaa:
Ca]ponona nce e o:pa~aercn ne(ocraro~non cnoconocrii pa(no necrn (na-
or, cranonnrcn ncni: ro paan~ne :e(y pa(no]onnen n (reecnon) io::y-
84
nniannen :e(y npncyrcrnyimn:n, ioropan cncre:arn~ecin perymnpyercn
n conercio: n(eae omecrnennoro ycrponcrna. 3ro paan~ne :e(y nep-
nn~non (naorn~ecion ycrnocrii n rexnn~ecin nropn~non, ecreecnon opai-
nocrii pa(no ycranannnaercn Harononi: aanono. Ocoenno nnrencnnno
nocnpnnn:air .ry paannny :ncrn~ecin nacrpoennie ronapnmn Aa~en n Bo-
men; onn c oimn: rpy(o: ninocnr pa(no]onnoe n ecreecnoe opamenne
nacrn: Aa~eny e, n napanne c nn: Bomeny, cranonnoci ecnpn~nnno cri(no
or (ornx pe~en no pa(no; n: nn~ero ne iaaaoci npornn ronopnmero n na-
crannimero, a roiio nce oee omymacn n~nin noaop. Hnor(a Aa~en ne
:or crepneri cnoero yrnerennoro or~annnn (ymn, n on ipn~a cpe(n my:a
coanannn, iimerocn na pynopa: Ocranonnre .ror anyi! ]anre :ne orne-
rnri na nero!.. (ra: e).
Kai n n o]nnnainon conercion iyirype, pa(no naopaaercn Harono-
ni: iai :orymecrnennoe, (encrnyimee na :acci omecrnenno-oprannayimee
:e(na; npn ero no:omn anrop, o(naio, npeo(oenaer conercinn :n] ioei-
rnnnoro rea. Koeirnnnin .nryanaa:, paanrae:in pa(no, cnnainaercn a(eci
c norepen cyreirnnnocrn, nnyrpennero :npa ~yncrn n nocno:nnannn n :a-
pnonero~non :exannaannen ~eone~ecioro rea: Airnnncr nicrann na ipii-
no Opr(o:a pynop pa(no, n orry(a any~a :apm nenioro noxo(a, a neci ioxoa,
n:ecre c oipecrni:n nemn:n rocrn:n, pa(ocrno ronracn na :ecre. Koxoa-
nie :ynin in cneri nno:, iai ni:irie, n: crao renepi nn~ero ne
aio, eanecrno n npoxa(no n (ymennon nycrore. Lncen, ior(a c:ennaci
:yaiia, nime na cpe(nee :ecro, n(apn no(omnon n aarannena no ae:e,
nn~yri npn .ro: ne crnanci n ne :opran ei:n raaa:n; on xo(n iai
crepeni o(nn cpe(n cron~nx, ~erio paoran iocrn:n n ryonnme:.
Hocrenenno :ynin pacconenci n na~an oxannari noipyr (pyr (pyra, a
ai neceo no(nnn pyin n nomn (nnrari nora:n no( iia:n (C. 9b).
B .ron cnene cnpononnponannoe nocpe(crno: pa(no na ranen omecrno
ronio, no nnno cpannnnaercn c :exanna:o:. Haronon nocronnno nacannaer
rexnn~ecin-:exanncrn~nie :ornni na cnnaannie c pa(no n .eirpn~ecrno:
io:neici naopaennn, c no:omii ioropix c ionna 1920 na~aa 1980-x rr.
ecnpennrcrnenno ]op:npyercn :e:e(nainin noroi :n]n~ecioro coner-
cioro c:ica. Oprann~ecioe nocronnno oiaainaercn y Haronona ce(crnn-
e: :exann~ecinx nn (.eirpo)rexnn~ecinx npone(yp. H n npornnonoo-
nocri opaanoni: reicra: connancrn~ecioro peana:a, r(e (nanpn:ep, y Ocr-
poncioro) pa(no n:ecre c nnci:o: n (pyrn:n :e(na nicrynaer iai ncxo(nin
:ornn ncropnn conercion rpanc:e(nainon yronnn, :exann~ecine n rexnn~e-
cine annapari nocronnno naxo(nrcn y Haronona n no(nemenno: cocronnnn
:e(y ]yninnonnponanne: n (e]eirnocrii.
Coornercrnenno n n pacc:arpnnae:o: reicre Koronan ornia paanep-
rinannn conpeancrn~ecinx :e(nainix ncropnn nnneprnpyercn re:, ~ro n
nicmen ro~ie nncnnpnponannoro nocpe(crno: pa(no connancrn~ecioro npaa(-
nnia, nocepe(nne :yaiiainoro nponane(ennn, rexnn~ecian annaparypa or-
iaainaer. 1parn~ecinn io:na: .ron cneni aaii~aercn n ro:, ~ro, xorn iaio-
:y-ro ino:y airnnncry n y(aercn ycrpannri rexnn~ecinn (e]eir, pa(no ne-
in: :era]nan~ecin: opaao: ocraercn neynpanne:i: n nencnpanni::
!#
Hpymencinn cy:e n iparioe npe:n nonpannri pa(no, no
orry(a nocimaaci ne :yaiia, a nmi ~eonei.
Cymanre namn coomennn: aaroronnnre nnonoe iopie!..
H a(eci pa(no onnri npeiparnoci. Airnnncr, yciman co-
omenne, aa(y:acn (n na:nrn, ~roi ne aairi o nnono-
iopienon ia:nannn n ne npociri na neci panon ynymenne:,
iai c nn: conepmnoci n npomin paa, ior(a on aai npo
oprannaanni (n iycrapnnia, a renepi neci ioxoa cn(nr ea
npyrien. Hpymencinn cnona na~a ~nnnri pa(no, n npomo
npe:n, noia nnenep oxa(enmn:n pyia:n rmareino can-
na :exanna:; no e:y ne (anaaci paora, noro:y ~ro on ne i
ynepen npe(ocrannr n pa(no e(nore yremenne n npoany-
~nr n (n nero ca:oro oriy(a-nny(i :nin rooc (C. 9b).
1exnn~ecine n n(eoorn~ecine noa:onocrn inoro airnnncra ncrynair
a(eci n rparn~ecinn ion]nir, n ioropin repon oiaainaercn nrnnyri: ea
:aenmnx mancon na ycnex. Hpn nepnon, ycnemnon nonirie ncnpannri pa(no,
cyman (onocnmnncn na nero rooc, airnnncr ncno:nnaer o ne ninonennix
n ornomennn ioeirnna onaannocrnx n ninocnr ca:o:y cee onnnnrei-
nin npnronop. Binocn aa cioin nn~rono io:n~nyi npn~nny aairoe
aa(anne n xo(e oprannaannn (n iycrapnnia, nnny airnnncra :ono onpe-
(enri re:, ~ro on cnon: nonn:anne: rexnnin napymaer ray, aa:ernn (.ei-
rpo)rexnn~ecinn xapairep ioeirnnnoro .nryanaa:a n re: ca:i: paaoa-
~nn niani :e:e(nainoro :n]n~ecioro noroia conercioro c:ica. Ha-
pa(oicaini: opaao: airnnncr 0o.en paapymnri .ry niani, ~roi no-
~nnnri pa(no. H:enno n .ro: aaii~aercn ero rparn~ecian, nenciynae:an
nnna, o ioropon e:y cnrnananpyer pa(norooc. 3ra n~nan nnna airnnncra no
ornomenni i ioeirnny n nmaer ero, n ionne ionnon, n(oxnonennn, ioropoe
no:oro i e:y no~nnnri pa(no no nropon paa. H:enno n(eoorn~eciyi
necocronreinocri (n nepnin paa .ro noia~nynmancn nepa n cni (apyime-
ro .nryanaa: pa(no, a n (pyron ocoananne nenara(n:ocrn cnoen nn(nnn(y-
ainon nnni) pacciaa~ni o(noana~no no(aer iai npn~nny nponaa nropon
nonirin no~nnnri pa(no. H(eoorn~ecine n rexnn~ecine noa:onocrn naxo-
(nrcn a(eci no ornomenni (pyr i (pyry n neioe: o(nonpe:enno naan:ooy-
conenno: n naan:oncii~aime: ornomennn, n ioropo: ncnop~ennoe pa-
(no ne ocranner airnnncry mancon cnpannricn c cnryannen.
Kai :i nn(n: na npn:epax (nciyccnn o pa(nonciyccrne n ocoenno nnno
n conpeancrn~ecio: po:ane Ocrponcioro Kai aaianaci crai, ca:oyr-
nep(enne conercion iyirypi aanpyercn na crpannon anopnn. Ho :epe
opamennn conercion iyirypi i noni: :e(na nropn~non opainocrn (pa(no,
ree]on, rpo:ioronopnrei) npone(ypi omecrnennoro ycrponcrna n c:ico-
opaaonannn no(crpannaircn no( n(ea nnoni oripiroro .eirpo-aiycrn~e-
cioro nnoro cona, no ornomenni i ioropo:y oecnennnaercn ne roiio
y:anan :eprnan innnan iyirypa, no n nce :e(nainie cpe(crna nipae-
nnn n penpeaenrannn (n ro: ~nce rep:enenrn~ecian :noroana~nocri). 1a-
in: opaao:, conercian iyirypa yrnep(aercn iai iyirypa :acc, n ioropon
8b
rexnn~ecin :e(nananponannie cpe(crna cnnan npe(e ncero rnnorpa]nn
n nnayainie :e(na (oni nocronnno (oiaainari cnoe npano na y~acrne
n .ro: .eirpn]nnnponanno:, ecnpennrcrnenno reiyme: :n]n~ecio: cone.
B .ro: :e(naino n rexnn~ecin oyconenno: npornnonoroie .icrencnnno-
ro n nnrencnnnoro ycnennn io::ynniannn, c o(non croponi, n ycnnnaimen-
cn raynaannn rexnn~ecin-:e(nainix na:epennn connancrn~ecioro ome-
crnennoro ycrponcrna n conercioro c:icoopaaonannn, c (pyron croponi, n
aaii~aercn anopnn conercion :acconon iyirypi 1980-x rr.
Kai paa .ry anopni (e:oncrpnpyer Haronon n :aeniio: .nnao(e, ior(a
airnnncr crainnaercn c pacnpocrpannimn: conercinn c:ic pa(no iai c
rexnn~ecin:, ny(aimn:cn n pe:onre annaparo: n ncraer re: ca:i: nepe(
neoxo(n:ocrii raioro napymennn ray n rpanc:e(nainoro .roca, ioropoe
omecrno ne :oer ocrannri eanaiaaanni:.
1
Unr. no: S. Flaggenbotg. Pevolulionslullur: Nenschenbilder und lullurelle Praxis
in der Sow[elunion zwischen Olloberrevolulion und Slalinismus. Kln, 199b. S. 1b0.
2
O cipemennn Oirnpicion penoinnn n pa(no n conercion ncropnorpa]nn c:.:
. !peeuu, H. Aapoe. ennn o pa(no. N., 1978; !. Aa.axoe. ennncine n(en o pa(no.
N., 19b8; O~epin conercioro pa(nonemannn n reenn(ennn 1917 1941. N., 1972.
8
S. Flaggenbotg. Op. cil. S. 1b0.
4
1a: e.
b
1a: e.
b
1a: e. O conercion pa(nononrnie 1920-x rr. c:.: T. !opeea. Pa(no Poccnn:
nonrn~ecinn ionrpoi conercioro pa(nonemannn n 19201980-x ro(ax. N., 2000.
7
B ornomennn nnnnnn :e(na, ocnonannix na .eirpn~ecrne (n ro: ~nce pa(no),
na iyirypnie cncre:i ocnononoaraimen (o cnx nop nnnercn paora Napmaa
Naii.na Honn:anne :e(na: nnemnne pacmnpennn ~eoneia (N., 2008).
8
B .ron cnnan :ono raie yno:nnyri oaynr Pa(no nno: i (epenne,
nnnnmnncn onpe(enimn: (n na~ainon ]aai pa(no]niannn 1920-x rr. Hpn:e~a-
reino raie niciaainanne 1ponioro: Hama nporpa::a cocronr n ro:, ~ro ia(an
or(einan (epennn (ona ne roiio anari, ~ro raioe pa(no, no n n:eri cnon cocrnen-
nie pa(nonpne:nnin (n cnnan c nenrpa:n namen conercion iyirypi (Pa(no nce:.
192b. ! b. C. 4).
9
O :e(nainon ncropnn pa(no c:.: !. Husetmann. Padio. 1bingen, 1998 (Grundlagen
der Nedienlommunilalion, b).
10
. Maxoecxu. Honoe copanne co~nnennn n rpnna(narn ro:ax. 1. 4. N., 19b7.
C. 118. (]aee cciin na .ro na(anne n reicre c yiaaanne: crpannn).
11
Hpn .ro: nnrepecno, iai Nanioncinn n cnope c conpe:ennon e:y ipnrnion n
a(eci onncinaer cnoi pa(no]onnyi no.rniy iai npornnonoonocri raaa n yxa. B
ror :o:enr, iai repon cranonnrcn pa(no-no.ro:, na nero ce(yir nana(in nnayainix
:e(na:
C re~enne: npe:enn c ae:n cran aa:e~ari :oe coopyenne. 3e:n omeo:n-
aci. Homn nenri reecioni. Knnra aa innron, aa crarien crarin. Honrexnn~ecinn
:yaen napinacn nenpeipamaimn:ncn (ncnyra:n. A xnara na ery pa(no nanen-
mnx :nennn. Cno(ia:
!%
1e, iro ne nn(nr (aime apmnna,
npocro ne nepnr;
Kaian raian :amnna`
Ho.ri yrnep(air:
Honin ninyci 'ncron`,
npocro nanpanenne raioe
nonoe
ynann:ncron`.
Nncrnin nnmyr:
oroc,
3ro nce:orymecrno. Or rocno(a ora-c`.
H. C. Koran:
Hy, ~ro ni, npano,
.ro
npocro cn:nonanpyercn noc:eprnan cana`.
Napicncri ncecroponne ocy(nn (nno.
Pemnn:
3ro
onnernopennan :omi ioeirnna`.
A. B. yna~apcinn:
3ro on o ioc:oce!`
(C. 120121)
12
O nnyrpennnx ornomennnx pa(no]onnn n ananrap(non no.rnin c:.: !. Milulis.
Padiophonic Onlologies and lhe Avanlgarde ;; 1he Drama Peview. 8;199b. ! 40.
S. b879. C:. raie: Wireless lmaginalions: Sound, Padio and lhe Avanlgarde ; A. War-
ren, D. Kahn, G. Whilehead (Ld.). Cambridge, 1994.
18
Unr. no: M. Muxpxoe. Y ncroion conercion reopnn pa(nonciyccrna ;; B
aepiae ipnrnin. Ha ncropnn nay~ennn ~y(o(encrnennix noa:onocren :acconon io:-
:ynniannn. N., 198b. C. 191.
14
O nnrep:e(nainocrn n pyccio: ananrap(e c:.: A. Hansen-L.e. lnlermedialill
und lnlerlexlualill. Probleme der Korrelalion von Worl- und Bildlunsl. Am Beispiel der
russischen Noderne ;; Dialog der 1exle. Hamburger Kolloquium zur lnlerlexlualill.
Wiener Slawislischer Almanach. Sonderband 11 ; W. Schmid, W.-D. Slempel (Hg.).
Wien, 1988. S. 2918b0.
1b
O pyccion n conercion :acconon iyirype c:.: R. Sliles. Pussian Popular Cullure.
Lnlerlainmenl and Sociely Since 1900. Cambridge, 1992. O conercion pa(noiyirype
1920-x rr. c:.: A. Lepe.t. Pa:na y :nipo]ona. 1earp n pa(no: nyrn naan:noro nnn-
nnn. N., 198b. O npoe:e nnnnnn pa(no na nnci:o c:.: !. Raban. lcon or symbol. 1he
wriler and lhe medium ;; Padio drama ; P. Lewis (Hrsg.). London, 1981. P. 7890.
O nonnrnn pa(no]onnoro nnci:a c:.: N. Neulon. Nalcolm Lowry and lhe Padiophonic
imaginalion ;; 1he Nalcolm Lowry review. 199b. ! 8b87. P. bb9b. Ocooro
nnn:annn (ocronni paori ]. Konnopa Wale Language and lhe Lxperience o Padio
n A(ean(i Noppnc Sound 1echnologies and lhe Nodernisl Lpic, oe n innre: Sound
Slales. lnnovalive Poelics and Acouslical 1echnolodies ; Adalaide Norris (Hg.). Chapel
Hill-London. 1997. (P. 1781; 82bb).
1b
Hoa(nii pe]eicni .rnx (nciyccnn c:.: A. An0peee. Conepnni nn no:om-
nni O nreparype na pa(no ;; nreparypnan raaera. 198b. ! 12. C. 8; o pa(nonciyc-
88
crne c:. raie: R. Atnheim. Padio. London, 198b; R. Atnheim. Padio als Hrlunsl.
Nnchen, 1979.
17
Pa(nocymarei. 1980. ! 22. C. 4
18
lonopnr Nocina. 1980. ! 88. C. 7.
19
Pa(no]ponr. 1988. ! 8-4. C. 1b.
20
Hpn:epo: ro:y, iai pa(no cnococrnyer cranonenni nocrananrap(nix naiio-
nix ionnenron, :oryr cynri crarin 5epnmrenna o naiie pa(no n ionne 1920
na~ae 80-x rr., copannie n innre: C. epnnmen. Aaii pa(no. N., 1977.
21
O paannrnn pa(no iai :acconoro :e(na n CLA c:.: M. Hilmes. Padio \oices:
American Broadcasling 192219b2. Ninneapolis, 1997.
22
C:. n ro: e ypnae crarii no( aaroonio: Nnipo]on (er nncaren:
Bpe:n iycrapnoro, (o:opomennoro` nemannn npomo. Nnipo]on (oen iri
pyiax :acrepon n n nepnyi o~epe(i :acrepon cona, inan]nnnponannix anro-
pon. 3ra ]op:a npnne~ennn nncareen i paore pa(no neco:nenno npe(cranner
oimyi nennocri, ocoenno n nane noiaaa (ocrnennn conercion nreparypi n
npnnennn nncaren i mnpoion ~nrareicion ay(nropnn (lonopnr CCCP. 1984.
! 19. C. 14).
28
lonopnr CCCP. 1984. ! 19. C. 8.
24
1a: e. C. 7.
2b
C:.: H. Gnlhet. Die \erslaallichung der Lileralur. Lnlslehung und lunllionsweise
des sozialislisch-realislischen Kanons in der sow[elischen Lileralur der 80er Jahre.
Slullgarl, 1984. S. 18b4.
2b
C:.: W. Ong. Oralily and Lileracy. 1he 1echnologizing o lhe Word. London, 1982.
27
B nonnrnn orpaennn n connancrn~ecio: peana:e 1980-x rr. n :enimen
crenenn (nciyrnpyercn npoe:arnia ]ninnn, ropaa(o oime nonpoc :orymecrna
niann n pnropn~ecion cni ye(ennn n(eoorn~ecin npanninoro orpaennn
(c:.: H. Gnlhet. Die \erslaallichung der Lileralur. S. 2b82; ocoenno cymecrnenno
ero yiaaanne na yia~a (S. 29)).
28
C:. A. A.apx. Conercinn po:an: ncropnn iai pnrya. Liarepnnypr. 2002;
H. Gnlhet. Die \erslaallichung der Lileralur. S. 9b10b.
29
H. Ocmpoecxu. Kai aaianaci crai. N., 19b7. ]aee cciin na .ro na(anne
n reicre c yiaaanne: crpannn.
80
Hpn:epo: raioro .eirpn]nnnponannoro reicra :oer cynri 3]npnin
rpair (192b;27)
81
A. H.amonoe. Koronan. 1eicr, :arepnai rnop~ecion ncropnn. CH., 2000.
C. 49. (]aee cciin na .ro na(anne n reicre c yiaaanne: crpannn).
!'
NHXAH PLKHH
3A KYHCANH PLBOKUHH
KPACHLH OK1A5PL BAL1LPA 5LHLANHHA
B cnoe: nanecrno: reicre Bacl rom Noscow, in lhe USSP Aai ]eppn-
(a oparn nnn:anne na ro, ~ro Nocioncinn (nennni i ]par:enro: oi-
moro npoeira Bairepa 5enin:nna, o ioropo: ror coomaer n nnci:e Naprn-
ny 5yepy. Non onncannn y(yr naerari ncnion reopnn. Kai n na(eici,
n:enno aro(apn .ro:y :ne y(acrcn aacrannri ronopnri ca:y peainocri...
1
Peanaonari .ro ~ncro ]eno:enoorn~ecioe onncanne noa:ono nmi n cn-
y roro, ~ro n nacronmnn :o:enr, nenio: onpe(ene:in coirne: Oi-
rnpicion penoinnn, nenocpe(crnenno nocnpnnn:ae:oe ye nnnercn reo-
pnen. Nocioncinn (nennni ce( .roro oemannn, ocranmerocn no :no-
ro: ne ncnonenni:. 3ro, nnpo~e:, ne ana~nr, c~nraer ]eppn(a, ~ro :i :o-
e: ocrannri ea nnn:annn ca: ]air oemannn, ca:o cymecrnonanne ec-
npene(enrnoro no a:nnnoanocrn reopern~ecioro npoeira. 4eno:enoorn~e-
cinn :ornn coe(nnnercn c :apicncrcin:, rai iai nanoee ana~n:ie ]airi
rpairyircn 5enin:nno: iai .iono:n~ecine. ]eppn(a no(~epinnaer, ~ro co-
e(nnenne ]eno:enoorn~ecioro n :apicncrcioro :ornnon (ia(in na nnx
i ncii~nreino ana~n: (n ]op:nponannn (eioncrpyinnn) nnenne
ipanne pe(ioe. B (anno: cy~ae, nonropner on, nonora ca:on nemn nenocpe(-
crnenno npncyrcrnyer, nnner cen n cnoen onaennocrn aro(apn ncii-
~nreinocrn coirnn Benion penoinnn. B .ron onrnie ner nn~ero neoi~-
noro (n npe:enn, ior(a 5enin:nn ne (nennni. Oirnpician penoinnn,
nnca ncropni 4pancya 4ipe, cpaay, n nepnie e nocenoennie ro(i,
npnopea ynnnepcainin craryc. Ona nnncaaci n nnni npee:crnennocrn
no ornomenni i 4pannyacion penoinnn, iai coirne raioro e nopn(ia,
oripinaimee nonyi .noxy n ncropnn ~eone~ecrna. Nono ea ionna nnrn-
ponari npnnercrnnn, a(peconannie Oirnpicion penoinnn n :o:enr ee po-
(ennn. Le nocxnanir iai nepeo: n ncropnn, noion~nnmnn c iannrana:o:
n nonnon, npn .ro: onnpaircn ne na peainie ]airi, a na ro, ~ro ronopnr o
cee ca:n oimennin
2
.
5enin:nn oriaainaercn or anainon nonrnaannn penoinnn: n ero (nen-
nnie no~rn nn~ero ne ronopnrcn o npn:enennn penoinnonnoro nacnnn, nn
paay ne yno:nnaercn, nanpn:ep, 'K. 3aro oee ronine ]eno:eni anrope-
npeccnn n ca:onenaypi aann:air ne:aoe :ecro. On omaercn c ye(en-
ni:n npe(crannren:n penoinnonnon iyirypi n nn(nr Nociny iai i nx
raaa:n; no on aa:e~aer n nnx n ro, ~ro cipiro or nnx ca:nx (yxonnyi
neoecne~ennocri nx nann, nonrn~ecinn ion]op:na: (ocroponocri),
:noro~ncennie nponnennn crpaxa. Napicncrcinn :ornn nponncan n (nen-
40
nnie oee ciyno: ero anrop anaer, ~ro n CCCP npe:enno, no( rocy(apcrnen-
ni: ionrpoe:, (onymeni neioropie nponnennn iannrana:a, ~ro nocnren
.rnx ren(ennnn, n.n:ani npeanpae:in, ope~ennin na ni:npanne iacc
omecrna n ~ro naprnn opnenrnpyer io::ynncron ye ne na .icnponpnanni
rocno(crnyimnx iaccon, a na ona(enne rexnnion.
Nocioncinn (nennni opaa~ni (ecipnnrnnnon ]eno:enoornn, no
nponnnercn ~epea nee ne nonora npncyrcrnnn ca:on nemn, Penoinnn, a
rparn~ecian paaopnannocri, necaancnponannocri ncero nponcxo(nmero. Hpn-
cyrcrnne nnnercn npncyrcrnne: paaopnannocrn; :eccnancian opnenrannn na
nonory onaaer ipannii creneni nenonori.
C o(non croponi, Benian pyccian penoinnn n:ea n raaax oimenn-
ion n oimnncrna aana(nix nai(areen ynnnepcainin craryc (iai co-
nnancrn~ecinn .innnaenr Benion ]pannyacion penoinnn). C (pyron cro-
poni, n Nocine 5enin:nn nn(nr rpan:arn~eciyi nananiy .roro coirnn: on
no(:e~aer ne roiio ro, n ~e: penoinnonepi ye(air ca:nx cen n nnem-
nnn :np, no n ro, ~ro c nn:n nponcxo(nr na oee ryoio: yponne; n ro:
~nce :noroe na roro, n ~e: onn ne npnanaircn ca:n: cee.
Onncannn .rn 5enin:nn nn ncnxoorn~ecin, nn reopern~ecin ne i ro-
ron oomnri. Hcnxoorn~ecin noro:y, ~ro .ro npnneo i i pacna(y na-
nenno nanix (n nero ~eone~ecinx ornomennn, a reopern~ecin noro:y, ~ro,
iai aa:e~aer 4ipe, cono cocrannri cy(enne o ro:, ~ro ne n:eer npene-
(enron
8
. B orn~ne or ]eppn(a, n noarai, ~ro npoeir 5enin:nna ocracn
nepeanaonanni: ne na-aa ero ~pea:epnoro pa(niana:a (c:. aa:e~anne
]eppn(a: Koro y(nnnr ro, ~ro 5enin:nn oiaaacn niny(enni: ecione~no
oria(inari npoeir croi a:nnnoanin n croi pa(niainin, ~ro n cnonx
npnrnaannnx on iaercn (ae nannni:
4
), a iai paa na-aa neroronnocrn
pa(niaino na:ennri cnoi nani, oomnn nai(ennn. B .ro: nane n
:apicncrcinn :ornn nnnercn cnoeopaani: ann: y~me c(eari cnoe
onncanne npnnnnnnaino nenoni: (na-aa ne(ocrynnocrn nanenmnx .iono-
:n~ecinx ]airon nnemne:y nai(arei), neen npnanari npnnnnnnaino
paaopnannon (ocrynnyi onncanni nonory.
]pyrn:n cona:n, ne nnnercn n a:nnnoanocri npoeira 5enin:nna o-
parnon croponon ero (n ne roiio ero) neroronnocrn nocrannri penoinnn
(narnoa Nenee pa(niainin npoeir :or oiaaaricn (n nero iy(a oee rpan:a-
rn~ecin:. He cno(nri noe(nno re:i inn, nponaran(i, ocroponocrn, ycra-
ocrn, (epari nx paa(eenni:n na yponne ]eno:enoorn~ecioro onncannn, ne
ycranannnari :e(y nn:n npn~nnno-ce(crnennix, a re: oee nepapxn~e-
cinx cnnaen raioni n:neparnni ncen enon nnrenrennnn roro npe:enn, a
ne roiio ne:enioro nonyr~nia. Hpocro 5enin:nn rye aarnny aa peno-
innonnie iynci n n ~nce npo~ero aa:ern ra: ro, ~ro io nananion
nponaran(i. On cia(npona ynn(ennoe n cepnnx ne nepeceiaimnxcn :e(y
coon cn:nro:on. 3ro ia aamnrnan, repanenrn~ecian npone(ypa, aro(apn
ioropon on coxpann pn( nanix (n nero ornomennn, n ro: ~nce n ornome-
nnn c in:on enmnnon. A rannoe, on coxpanu. npocmpancmeo monuu,
ana~n:ocri ioroporo y(er roiio noapacrari, ocoenno noce 1988 ro(a, ior(a
n ero po(no: ropo(e, 5epnne, nacri noai:yr nannona-connancri.
"
Hnreeiryaini:n aaonnia:n .ron ne(ociaaannocrn (o cnx nop oc-
rae:cn :i, nixo(ni na inmero CCCP. Ha: rpy(no ronopnri o nananie
penoinnonnoro onira croi e yion~nno, iai 5enin:nn, noro:y ~ro ona n
cocranner ianny namen nann, nonory namen ncropnn.
***
B Nocine Bairep 5enin:nn nepe(io nona(aer n ocoi: opaao: o]op:-
ennie npocrpancrna; onn cyar nano:nnanne: o ro:, ~ro on naxo(nrcn n
crpane noe(nnmero npoerapnara, n cronne :nponon penoinnn. Hpnne(y
necioiio npn:epon.
Hocemenne rocy(apcrnennoro :araanna: Haopaenne n pacnpocrpa-
nenno: a(eci camano: niyce: cepn n :oor, mecrepnn n npo~ne :exann~ecine
npncnocoennn c(eani, neneponrno neeno, na ornnyroro nime: iaprona.
B .ro: :araanne ronap i roiio (n ipecrinn n npoerapnen
b
.
Be~epo: n i c Panxo: n nererapnancio: pecropane, n ioropo: cre-
ni in noipiri nponaran(ncrcin:n na(nncn:n. 5ora ner penrnn .ro
ni(y:ia :np nniro ne cornopn` n r. (. Nnoroe na roro, ~ro n:eo orno-
menne i iannray, Panx ne c:or :ne nepenecrn
b
.
B nnrepnare, r(e nocnnrinaercn (o~i Acn annc, ]ara: Nne ycrponn
.iciypcni no nnrepnary. O~eni nnrepecni iaccnie io:nari co crena:n,
nopon cnomi noipiri:n pncynia:n n iapronni:n ]nrypa:n. 'ro-ro npo(e
xpa:onon creni, na ioropon nicraneni paori (eren iai npnnomennn io-
eirnny. Kpacnin nner npeoa(aer na .rnx nonepxnocrnx. Onn ncnempeni
conercin:n anea(a:n n noprpera:n ennna
7
.
B io:nare y anaio:on, iy(a epnncinn ypnancr aaxo(nr ninnri ~ai:
Ocranonia n a(eci ia ciy(non, iai n no ncex io:narax, ioropie n ye
nn(e. Ha cepon crene oiman ]ororpa]nn ennna, ~nraimero Hpan(y`
8
.
3a n Kpecrinncio: iye na 1pynon noma(n, r(e npoxo(nr cy( na(
(epenencion anaxapion (ona c(eaa aopr, aaion~nnmnncn eraini: ncxo-
(o:): Ni nomn n onrin ipacni: aa, n ioropo: copaoci oioo rpex-
cor ~eonei. 3a i nanr nrio:, :norne cronn. B nnme icr ennna.
Hponecc npoxo(n na cnene, no oe croponi or ioropon in napnconani
]nrypi npoerapnen, ipecrinnnna n ]apn~noro pao~ero. Ha( cnenon coner-
cian .:e:a. |...] B ~nraino: aae :ne pocnoci n raaa, iai n n (ercio:
canaropnn, ~ro creni nonocrii ynemani narn(ni:n :arepnaa:n, ocoen-
no :noro io crarncrn~ecinx (annix, cocranennix |...] ipecrinna:n
9
.
5i ennncinn yrooi n na ]apnie, nponano(nmen eo~nie nrpymin:
Ha~ny c ennncioro yroia. 3a(nnn crena eon io:nari onra ipacni:, c
noroia cnncaer ipacnin op(ip c aooron axpo:on. Cena na .ro: ipacno:
]one pacnooen rnnconin icr ennna on raion e ein, iai eenie
creni. |...] Ha crenax paanemani nponaran(ncrcine naiari n noprperi
ana:ennrix penoinnonepon nn iaprnni, n crenorpa]n~ecion ]op:e nao-
paaimne ncropni poccnncioro npoerapnara. Coirnn 190b1907 rr.
npe(craneni n crne orpo:non oripirin. Ha nen, c naoenne: (pyr na
(pyra, cpaennn na appnia(ax, ripe:nie ia:epi, noccranne eeano(opo-
42
nnion, ~epnoe nocipecenie` nepe( 3n:nn: (nopno:. Nnorne naiari na-
npaneni npornn ninncrna. 3ron e re:e nocnnmena n crennan raaera. |...]
Le crni n neo: noxo na (ercine i:opncrn~ecine na(annn: iaprnnin ~e-
pe(yircn c npoaan~ecin:n nn no.rn~ecin:n reicra:n. B nepnyi e o~e-
pe(i raaera co(epnr xponniy ioeirnna, paoraimero na .ron ]apnie.
|...] ]pyrne naiari nocnnmeni rnrnenn~ecio:y npocnemenni: peio:en(y-
ircn :apenie aananecin iai cpe(crno or :yx, orncnnircn npen:ymecrna
:oo~non (neri
10
.
]ae nepe( nxo(o: n lpanonnryi naary Kpe:n 5enin:nn narainnaer-
cn na orpo:nin noprper ennna; iai opamennie n xpncrnancrno nai~nnin
ycranannnair ipecr ra:, r(e panime npnnocnn eprni crapi: ora:
11
.
B iye ipe:encinx ipacnoap:ennen on ynn(e (epennnnin peie], naopa-
aimnn iapry Lnponi. Lcn noipyrnri py~iy, yipenennyi pn(o:, o(no aa
(pyrn: ocnemaircn n xponoorn~ecio: nopn(ie :ecra n Poccnn n n ocrai-
non Lnpone, n ioropix ina ennn. |...] Nne (ocrann y(onoicrnne naiar,
orncnnimnn c no:omii reicra n npeecrnix nnernix iaprnnoi, iainx roiio
cnocoon ne cymecrnyer, ~roi noprnri innrn
12
.
Kopo~e, 5enin:nn (eraino onncinaer npocrpancrna narn(non arnrannn
n nponaran(i, noannimne noce Oirnpicion penoinnn n npocymecrnonan-
mne (o pacna(a CCCP; or(einie nx ]par:enri (onn (o namnx (nen.
Hannnocri .rnx n(eoorn~ecin nacimennix npocrpancrn, nonropne:ocri
oaynron n (eiopa, na nepnin narn(, cnaer nx c na(enn:n napo(nix
npo:icon, ioropie 5enin:nn nxopa(o~no ioeinnonnpyer n cronne :n-
ponon penoinnn.
Hepnona~aino on ne nn(nr nx cnnan c re:, ~ro ca: e (eniarno n:enyer
rocno(crnyimen n Nocine ocroponocrii n nipaennn :nennn.
L:y o~eni nonpanncn Pennaop n nocranonie Nenepxoi(a, no y(nnno
ro, ~ro nynia no~rn ne ano(nponaa. 3ro, iai nincnnoci, orncnnercn re:,
~ro naprnn niciaaaaci npornn nncnennponin: Ano(nc:enri n rearpe
in n(in:n, n noa:ono, ~ro .ro raie orncnnercn ne croiio ca:n:
nne~arenne:, cioiio o]nnnaini: npnronopo:. |...] 1aine nemn no-nn(n:o-
:y cnnaani c rocno(crnyimen a(eci omen ocroponocrii npn oripiro:
nipaennn :nennn. Lcn cnpocnri :aoanaio:oro ~eoneia o ero nne~are-
nnn or iaioro yro(no cneirain nn ]ni:a, ro n orner noy~aemi roiio: y
nac ronopnr rai-ro n rai-ro` nn oimnncrno niciaainaercn o .ro: rai-
ro`
18
. Nnenne ne niciaainair npn:o na onacennn, ~ro ono :oer ne con-
nacri c naprnnnon ro~ion apennn; ecn e noce(nnn c]op:ynponana, ee
(ocraro~no, ne :y(pcrnyn yiano, npocro nonropnri. Ho(onyi ocroponocri
5enin:nn c~nraer ce(crnne: nacinoai nonrnanponannon nann
14
.
B Nociny ne:enioro nonyr~nia npnnea raie ioni i Ace annc, pe-
noinnonepie na Pnrn. Ha ]nennnia ce(yer, ~ro on xore i n:eri or
nee peenia, no, iai nincnnercn, a(eci, n cronne penoinnn, .ro conepmenno
nenoa:ono. Hepe( nn: ne ra enmnna, c ioropon on noanaio:ncn na ocrpo-
ne Kanpn (na c noonnnon ro(a ro:y naaa(: ona or~y(ena or nero coirne:
penoinnn n re: nepe:emanni: c nocropro: yaco:, ioropin ono nnymaer
nepyimn: n nero i(n:. B penoinnonnon cnryannn rpy(no nponecrn (e-
"!
:apiannonnyi nnni :e(y ye(enne: n ycrpamenne:. 5enin:nn noce-
rn CCCP na naere H3H`a, ior(a, nec:orpn na aanper ]painnn nnyrpn naprnn,
onnoannnn (n ~acrnocrn, rponincrcian) eme (encrnonaa, paanie :nennn ni-
paanci ecn ne o]nnnaino, ro n ~acrno: nopn(ie. Hono:acmranin
reppop na~ner (anari o cee anari ~epea rpn ro(a noce orrea(a 5enin:nna
na Nocini. H ror(a ro, ~ro on yion~nno naainaer ocroponocrii, npenpa-
rnrcn n yac croi cninin, ~ro na nonepxnocrn npn:er ]op:y nionannn
(.ror ]eno:en ocranercn aara(ion (n A. An(a, noinanmero n CCCP n 198b
ro(y).
5enin:nn aacra n Nocine cy:epin penoinnonnon iyirypi, ioropie
eme roiio yra(inanci ee nocnren:n. Lro :nennn airnnno ]op:nponanci
(ny:n (pyrn:n ~ena:n ionnoro rpeyroinnia, 5epnxap(o: Panxo: n
Acen annc c nx ncii~nreino cninon penoinnonnon ye(ennocrii.
He y(i y nero rainx ncro~nnion nn]op:annn (npe(e ncero, ione~no, Pan-
xa), e(na n noce necioiinx (nen npeinannn n neanaio:o: ropo(e (ae
raion nai(areinin ~eonei, iai Bairep 5enin:nn, :or i croi ynepen-
no cy(nri o niancax conoro iyirypnoro ionreicra Nocini. ]ocraro~no
nponcrari :e:yapi Panxa n annc, ~roi ye(nricn, ~ro :norne nx cy(e-
nnn n onenin nain enin:nnoncin:.
Hocioiiy anrop He:enion apo~non (pa:i xo~er, ~roi n Nocine
ero nocnpnnn:an ncepiea (n ~acrnocrn, 5enin:nn na(eercn nanrn :ecro nno-
crpannoro ioppecnon(enra :ocioncioro na(annn), on crapaercn noa(epnnari-
cn or nipaennn neopro(oicainix :nennn. 3ro oiaainaercn (n nero ne-
npocri: (eo: :exanna: nnyrpennen nenaypi npornnope~nr :noroernn:
naniia: paori na cnoo(no: nnreeiryaino: pinie. On, no(ono K. na
po:ana 4. Ka]in 3a:oi, nocronnno nona(aer nnpocai, niranci n:nrnponari
neoxo(n:yi n Nocine ocroponocri: ona npornnope~nr nce: ero npe(-
mecrnyimn: npe(cranennn: o npo]eccnonana:e. Y Panxa e n annc
cninin :exanna: nnyrpennen nenaypi roiio (ononner nx penoinnon-
nyi ye(ennocri, (ocrnraimyi :acmraon penrnoanon nepi. Ho cyrn .ro
nepa n nenorpemn:ocri nacrn.
Cnoero anoren paanoracnn (ocrnrair n .nnao(e c Kapo: Pa(eio:, ioro-
pin no cne ne ycrynaer y~mn: :ecra: na ia]ioncioro po:ana. Bor .ra
(nennnionan aannci or 18 nnnapn 1927 ro(a: B 0ou !epena n npnme pani-
me Panxa. Kor(a on nonnncn, ro npnnercrnona :enn cona:n: Ba: ne no-
neao!` ]eo n ro:, ~ro on i n pe(ainnn .nnnione(nn n nepe(a :oi
crarii o lere. Cy~anno iai paa n .ro npe:n ra: oiaaacn Pa(ei, ynn(e na
croe pyionnci n nan ee. On yrpi:o ocne(o:ncn, iro anrop. ]a a(eci na
ia(on crpannne no (ecnri paa yno:nnaercn iacconan opia`. Panx (oia-
aa e:y, ~ro .ro ne rai, n aannn, ~ro rnop~ecrno lere, npoxo(nnmee n .noxy
oocrpennn iacconon opii, nenoa:ono orncnnri, ne npneran i .ro:y
rep:nny. Ha .ro Pa(ei: Bano roiio ynorpenri ero i :ecry`. Hoce
.roro pacc~nrinari na ro, ~ro crarin y(er npnnnra, no~rn ne npnxo(nrcn, ne(i
yorne pyiono(nren .roro y~pe(ennn cnmio: ne ynepeni n cee, ~roi
orcrannari noa:onocri cocrnennoro :nennn (ae n npornnonec ca:on no-
cion myrie iaioro-no anropnrera
1b
. Ho ca:oe nenpnnrnoe cy~noci, io-
44
r(a Acn annc ]airn~ecin con(apnaonaaci c :nenne: Pa(eia, n o~epe(non
paa ynpeinyn 5enin:nna n ro:, ~ro on conepmenno ne opnenrnpyercn n
:ecrnon cnryannn. Oi~no c(epannin 5enin:nn ne ni(epa n onnnn
in:yi enmnny n rpycocrn n norpenocrn ion nenon (epari noc no
nerpy
1b
.
Ho nna~e necrn cen n cronne :nponon penoinnn neian. ]ae ca:oe
nponanoinoe :nenne ~ena UK, nonoman coon noi naprnn, opro(oicai-
nyi nnni, oa(aer n raaax croponnnion penoinnn ocoi: neco:. 5eni-
n:nny ne y(aercn npncnoconricn i roniocrn: penoinnonnon reoornn: on
nocronnno nnrnpyer ne rex anropon; nipaaer cnon :icn cnmio: ca:o-
cronreino n a]opncrn~no. K ro:y e .rn no-:apicncrcin any~amne :icn
(aein or :ecrnon naprnnnon opro(oicnn, ioropyi ne:eninn nonyr~ni, ne-
c:orpn na nce crapannn, noxo nonn:aer.
1o, ~ro cronnen Benion penoinnn nnnercn ropo(, oime noxonn na
(epenni (iai n n 3a:ie), npn(aer .ro:y coirni ocoyi aara(o~nocri.
Ho ecn nce :nponie penrnn (imar noa(yxo: (epennn (.ry nnrary na
Co:i Noprenmrepn 5enin:nn npnno(nr n innre o Ka]ie), ro no~e:y i ne
ornecrn .ro n i nonon penoinnonnon nepe c ee nannni: iyiro: rexnnin
B:ecro roro, ~roi nocrannri penoinnn (narnoa (~ro :norne (ean (o
n noce nero), 5enin:nn naiannnaer cn:nro:i. Nocioncinn (nennni (e-
cipnnrnnen, no n .ro: ocoo:, or:e~enno: penoinnonnon aro(arii :ec-
re ncnioe onncanne ecri ye reopnn. ]ecipnnrnnnocri .roro reicra
cnn(ereicrno nepi ero anropa n ncii~nreinocri coirnn penoinnn, n
ocoyi or:e~ennocri :ecra ero cnepmennn. Uennocri croi ynniainoro
coirnn ny(aercn n aamnre or noniroi ona(eri n: c no:omii a(panoro
c:ica. 5oiman ~acri rpa(an CCCP nerpa:orna, i(n e(ni, noxo o(eri,
cronr n (nnnix o~epe(nx aa ca:i:n neoxo(n:i:n nema:n, ioropie npo(a-
ir no raona:, cpe(nnn yponeni ry:annrapnon n xy(oecrnennon iyirypi
nnaoi, ornomenne i npe:enn eme (oro y(er ocranaricn aanarcin: na-
menrinaer 5enin:nny a(panin c:ic.
Ho e:y na(o npornnocronri ion nenon.
1yr 5enin:nn i ne o(nnoi. 3ro nonn:a, nanpn:ep, ana:ennrin .iono-
:ncr ]on Kennc. Kor(a na~nnaimne cry(enri Ke:pn(a ornpannircn
n onaareinoe nyremecrnne n cnnryi ae:i oimenna:a, paane onn ncni-
rinair paao~aponanne, ynn(en napnmyi ra: nnmery Bonce ner! Be(i onn aa
.rn: ry(a n npnexan
17
. Lcn conercian nonr.iono:nn, npo(oaer Kennc,
niainaer raion nocropr, ro ne noro:y, ~ro ona npe(cranner paanreinin
ionrpacr c repnnmn: ipax iannrana:o:, a noro:y, ~ro ona (aer n(ea ~eone-
ia, ocnoo(ennoro or noronn aa npniii.
Coirne penoinnn napnr na( nonnimen e(nocrii n nerpa:ornocrii,
iai i ne aarponyroe nce:n .rn:n ae:ni:n (eran:n (~ro n nooeno co-
irni nepi). ]ae ecn nri a(eci neian, noinari n Neiie penoinnn
acoirno neoxo(n:o, ~roi no-nno:y narnnyri na nani n aana(nix crpa-
nax, r(e cn:non~ecioe na:epenne (o ipannocrn ncron~noci. Nnorne enpo-
nenni roro npe:enn no nnyrpennn: npn~nna: ny(anci n penoinnonnon
nepe, no.ro:y onn oxorno nipinan Oirnpiciyi penoinni na poccnncioro
"#
ionreicra, npn(anan en nce:npno-ncropn~ecinn craryc. Conercinn napo( cra-
nonncn :arepnao: (n oio(oninannn nnemnero :npa c no:omii npona-
ran(i, n ocnonannn ioropon ear nenn(n:ie penpeccnnnie nncrnryri. Co-
irne penoinnn aapaaer 5enin:nna cnoen ioncnnparnnnocrii, nenponc-
nennocrii cocrnennix iopnen, neoxo(n:ocrii cipinari or nnemnero :npa
npocrie nai(ennn, c(eannie n .ro: caipaino: :ecre. 1or(a Nocina i-
a e0uncmeenntu :ecro: raioro po(a: nn o Hapne, nn o 5epnne, nn o
Heanoe 5enin:nn ne nannca nn crpoin, ioropyi on ne :or i ryr e
npe(rnnnri :npy. Lro ana:ennran paora o naccaax ia neaanepmennon, no
ne co(epaa .e:enron anronenaypi. Cymecrnennie nacri ioncnnparnn-
nocrn co(eparcn mo.txo n Nocioncio: (nennnie n cnnaani c caipai-
ni: craryco: :ecra, r(e on necn.
Hnrn:nocri Nocioncioro (nennnia aaii~ena ne croiio n coirnn
inn, n a(cio: rpeyroinnie, cioiio n coirnn penoinnn. Hoce(nee
oee nnrn:no; ono rpeyer or nepyimnx n nx oipyennn ocoon (eniarno-
crn n coipirnn or nenocnnmennix ee nenpnrn(nix n npocro anainix
cropon. Xorn nicoinn npo]eccnonana:, npnoperennin na cnoo(no: nnre-
eiryaino: pinie, ne (a 5enin:nny noa:onocrn nenocpe(crnenno pao-
rari na penoinni, Kpacnin Oirnpi aaponn n ne: cnacnreinyi nepy,
ocoenno neoxo(n:yi nepe( nno: crpe:nreino nacrynaimero nannona-
connana:a. Hepnoe, ~ro on aa:e~aer no noanpamennn: onrnia, :anepa nn(eri
conepmenno na:ennnci. 5epnn ~ncro ni:erennin, ynopn(o~ennin, yp-
yaanin ropo(, na ioroporo yma ranna, r. e. nani. 1o~nee, ona c:ecrnaci n
nenrp npoerapcion penoinnn; npornnonocrannn io::ynna: ]amna:y n
]nnae Hponane(ennn nciyccrna n .noxy ero rexnn~ecion nocnponano(n:o-
crn, 5enin:nn eper u0e xouunu.ua, a eoece ne mo, umo on eu0e. e
Mocxee n aa]nicnpona n (nennnie.
Conercian nponaran(a ia ycnemnon noro:y, ~ro orne~aa ryoio:y ((o
cnx nop (o ionna ne nponcnenno:y) eanni ror(amnen enponencion nnre-
nrennnn; naarae:ie na ee pacnpocrpanenne aanperi roiio ycnnnan .ry
.]]eirnnnocri.
Hocrannri (narnoa Oirnpicion penoinnn ana~no i (n 5enin:nna
napn(no oconnri cnoi nani, npairn~ecin nmnn ee cn:non~ecioro npo-
rnnoneca nanna:y, ioropin aarpony ero iy(a oee ocnaae:o. Nocioncinn
(nennni noiaainaer, ~ro 5enin:nn ynn(e n Nocine na:noro oime, ~e:
pemncn coomnri n onynionannix crarinx. Hananion .roro reicra nnn-
ercn ioncnnparnnnocri, ioropon noe(nnmnn oimenna: aapaan oimyi
~acri enponencion nnreeiryainon .nri, npenparnn o(ny ee ~acri n or-
ipirix, a (pyryi, oee omnpnyi n cipirix coomnnion. Lcn :i pa(n-
iaino nepeoc:icn: Oirnpiciyi penoinni, na: npn(ercn nepe~nrari n
nepec:orperi raie ana~nreinyi ~acri nnreeiryainoro apxnna XX ne-
ia. 3ro ne ro coirne, onrniy ioroporo :ono :ennri eaoeanenno (n
ocrainoro :npa n na ioropin ono pemaimn: opaao: nnno na npornennn
(ecnrnernn. Lcn ipnrn~ecine (nciypci, nepennaimne cen~ac ne y~mne
npe:ena, xornr n ooapn:o: y(yme: noapo(nricn, raian paora conepmenno
neoxo(n:a; ee orcyrcrnne nnnercn o(non na npn~nn ninemnero ipnanca.
4b
Lnponencioe nnreeiryainoe npocrpancrno ny(aercn n pacmnpennn,
n ro: ~nce aa c~er onira, naionennoro no ry cropony Aeeanoro 3ananeca.
Lcn na .noxe ioncnnparnnnocrn y(acrcn nocrannri ro~iy, nponaran(a n ee
npeconyran .]]eirnnnocri npe(cranyr n oee npannino: cnere, yrparnn
noanimennin opeo, cnoncrnennin nenin: niann:.
Ha(o nonnri n::anenrnie (n:eimne :ao omero c Poccnen) npn~nni,
no ioropi: nnrenrennnn ny(aaci n penoinnonnon nepe. 1or(a, noa:o-
no, n n y(yme: orna(er neoxo(n:ocri onnemnnri anaorn~nie norpeno-
crn, npn(y:inan :ecra yronnn, r(e n ione~no: c~ere o:aninair roiio rex,
iro xo~er (n (ae pa() o:aninaricn. Xorn nponaran(a eme ne npnnna n
192b1927 rr. .icrpe:ainix ]op:, xapairepnix (n 1980-x, n eme ne no-
nocrii cnaci c nncrnryra:n penpeccnn, 5enin:nn cocranner cnncoi aa-
npernix re: n oacrn inno (n(eoorn~ecin oee no(ionrpoinoro, ~e: re-
arp): nenaypa n inno ecrian, n orn~ne or rearpainon nenaypi ona ype-
aaer noa:onocrn inno iri :oer, c orn(ion na aarpannny n niope
:arepnaa. Cepieanan ipnrnia conercioro ~eoneia a(eci nenoa:ona, ne ro
~ro n rearpe. Ho n ypyaanyi nani roe neian naopaari. ]n rporeci-
non io:e(nn n a:epniancio: (yxe raie ner noa:onocrn. Ona ocnonana na
neorpann~ennon nrpe c rexnnion. O(naio nce, ~ro iacaercn rexnnin, a(eci
caipaino, nn~ro ne nocnpnnn:aercn rai cepieano, iai rexnnia. Ho npe(e
ncero pyccio:y inno conepmenno nn~ero ne nanecrno o .pornie. Kai
nanecrno, npenepeenne ionii n ceicyainon nanii nxo(nr n io::y-
nncrn~ecioe ipe(o. Haopaenne n inno nn rearpe rparn~ecion ionnon
nnrpnrn io i pacneneno iai ionrppenoinnonnan nponaran(a. Ocraercn
noa:onocri connainon carnpi, :nmenii ioropon nnnercn ranni: opa-
ao: nonan ypyaann
18
. Knno a(eci ne ncii~enne; na anaorn~nie aa-
nperi ne:eninn nonyr~ni narainnaercn n no :nornx (pyrnx oacrnx, n ro:
~nce n rearpe, n nreparype n, rannoe, n ~acrnon nann ca:nx penoinno-
nepon, no(~nnnimnx cen (ncnnnnne aanpera no nn(n:ocrn (ciopo .ra
nn(n:ocri, nnpo~e:, orna(er) (oponoino. B 192b1927 rr. croponnnin pe-
noinnonnon iyirypi a raioni n Panx, n annc, n Nenepxoi(, n Nan-
ioncinn, n :norne-:norne (pyrne eme nepnr, ~ro nx cocrnennie yronn~e-
cine on(annn ]pycrpnponani ne y(yr, ~ro nepe( nno: rnranrcion neypa-
nnaonannon :acci, ioropan ciopo aaronnr conercine ropo(a, onn coxpannr
npano na ye(ennn, na cocrnennoe nonn:anne penoinnn.
3ra nepa ia eaaocrno paapymena coirne: ioeirnnnaannn; iyi-
ryp-penoinnonepi o(nonpe:enno no(roronnn .ro coirne n cran ero epr-
na:n.
Kai noiaainaer .nnao( c Pa(eio:, ye no nropon noonnne 1920-x rr.
n(eoornn nnner cen iai cna, nponnranman n nponnaanman coon nnrn:-
nyi riani ~eone~ecinx ornomennn. Ha 5enin:nna npoennpyercn crpax, io-
ropin nnymaer nonan nacri ee npi: croponnnia:, nocnren: penoinnon-
non iyirypi. C .nryanaa:o: paccy(an o or:npannn n CCCP ~acrnon
nann, on oiaaacn nnno ne roron i nropenni n(eoornn n n~nyi c]epy.
B o(non na nepnix aanncen (or 20 (eiapn 192b ro(a) on eme xo~er n:eri or
Acn peenia. Cero(nn n ciaaa en, ~ro xore i renepi, ~roi y nee i or
"%
:enn peenoi. |...] Nne oime ncero xo~ercn, ~roi nac cnnaa peenoi. Ho
n ne anai, cnocoen n n (ae cero(nn na nani c nen
19
. Hocrenenno on
nonn:aer, ~ro n Nocine .ro ncii~eno, ~ro no(nnno nnrn:ni:n a(eci, n
cronne penoinnn, nnnircn ne ornomennn Acn c 5enin:nno:, c Panxo: nn
c ipacni: renepao: Himen, a ee ornomennn c naprnen n ocymecrnen-
non en penoinnen; ona epe:enna penoinnonni: crpaxo:, nepexo(nmn:
n npane(nocri n nponano(nmn: .]]eir caipainoro. 1aioni yconnn nann
n .ro: napanno: n n:ecre c re: npoinro: :ecre.
O(nn ni penoinnn nn(nr aana(nie nnreeiryai, ranno conpaimne-
cn n neoimo: innoaae, ~roi noc:orperi 5ponenocen Hore:inn` (me-
(enpo: :nponoro iacca, nannmer 5enin:nn, .ror ]ni: cra ne n CCCP, a n
lep:annn), Oirnpi nn 'eonei c innoannaparo:. 3ra ocnoo(aiman,
cone~nan cropona opamena io nce:y ~eone~ecrny. ]pyron, rannin, ne npe(-
naana~ennin (n mnpoioro pacnpocrpanennn ni oripinaercn ro~nee, ne-
:noro npnoripinaercn nonyr~niy n .nnnenrpe penoinnonnoro napina.
B .ror :o:enr on ncnirinaer nn c ~e: ne cpannn:in yac: no( yrpoaon
oiaainaircn cranmne nncrnnirnnni:n :icnreinie npnni~in n (ae cno-
conocri nepennari oi~nie ~yncrna. B ia~ecrne io:nencaropnoro :exa-
nna:a n Nocine 5enin:nno: ona(enaer ioeinnonnoe eay:ne: on na-
~nnaer nxopa(o~no noiynari ca:ie paanoopaanie npe(:eri, n ro: ~nce
raine, ioropix on nnr(e, ipo:e Nocini, ne conpa.
Honirin 5enin:nna nponnnri nenocri no ornomenni i enmnne, pa(n
ioropon on npnexa n Nociny, paa(paair ee. 3aro ona nocronnno noana-
rpa(aer ero aa narocri, r. e. aa :o:enri, ior(a .ror oi~no c(epannin
~eonei repner ionrpoi na( coon n n npocrn niciaainaer en nenpnnrnie
nemn. B .ro: :ono nn(eri nepenoc na nnrn:nyi c]epy penoinnonnoro
:aaoxna:a; nnrn:nocri n Nocine npoxo(nr ~epea .icnecc, npnni~noe yxan-
nanne a(eci ne cpaarinaer. Ho.ro:y n:enno n Nocine Acn annc iaercn
e:y raion ecroion n ec~eone~non raiona ona npe(e ncero no ornome-
nni i cee ca:on, a na noionnnia npoennpyircn ye noce(crnnn .roro
ornomennn. C ero ~yncrno: nponcxo(nr ro e, ~ro n c penoinnen: ona ya-
caer n npnrnrnnaer, n yacaer no meu e npuuunau, ~ro n npnrnrnnaer.
C no:omii nponaran(i oimennin crpe:nrcn ye(nri cnonx rpa(an n
nnemnnn :np n ro:, ~ro n crpane yronnn iannrana: npeo(oen, nemnie orno-
mennn ne nrpair cymecrnennon pon, nonnnnci nonie crn:yi i rpy(y, ne
cnnaannie c nannon, n r. (. Bce .rn :ornni ecri, nanpn:ep, n ]ni:e ]. Bep-
rona Lecran ~acri :npa, ioropin 5enin:nn noc:orpe n Nocine.
Ho nponaran(a aapo(aercn nonce ne n cpe(e ye(ennn, a n cpe(e crpaxa
n cnnaannoro c nn: no(~nnennn, n c]epe ioeirnnnon n(enrn~nocrn. B
Nocine ne:eninn nncarei nona(aer n .ry cpe(y nnepnie n nn(nr nepe(
coon ye ne penoinnonepiy na Pnrn, oripinaimyi nepe( nn: nonie,
cnnaannie c penoinnen nnreeiryainie nepcneirnni, a or~y(ennoe or
nero, crpa(aimee cymecrno, npeopaayimee nep:anenrnyi ]pycrpanni n
penoinnonnin .nryanaa:. Le oeani cnn(ereicrno roro, ~ro .ro npe-
opaaonanne cpaarinaer (aeio ne ncer(a. Hponaran(a cneron nann aa-
po(aercn n nicoio ]pycrpannonnon cpe(e, n ioropon (n 5enin:nna c ero
48
raanra:n ne naxo(nrcn :ecra. 1aiona npnnnnnnaino aare:nennan nanan-
ia nponaran(npye:on cneron nann. Horpenocri n cnere noanniaer na
.ron re:nori, na ynn~roennn npocrpancrna ~acrnon nann: ecn ypari
o(no, nc~eaner n (pyroe.
Hoia :i nonn:ae: nponaran(y iai ornocnmyicn i ~e:y-ro nnemne:y, i
ro:y, n ~e: npe(cronr ye(nri ne(onep~nnin aana(nin :np, :i ocrae:cn na
yponne ee cocrnennix npnrnaannn, ne npeinae: y ee ncroia. Kai cpe(crno ye-
(ennn nponaran(a ne o~eni .]]eirnnna; ona ye(aer rex, iro ye ye(en, ~in
norpenocri iri ye(enni: n rai neoi~anno cnina. Ho ona ne ye(a-
er roro, iro eme ne ye(en; ~roi ona cpaoraa, (ncrannnn e (ona
iri yrpa~ena.
Hpn~nni neorpaan:ocrn penoinnonnoro nnnnnn na ana~nreinie con
enponencion nnrenrennnn n 192080-e rr. ear n npnpo(e nepennan-
mnxcn en ror(a nnyrpennnx rpan:, npa~enanne: ioropix no con:ecrnreicr-
ny aanncn Kpacnin Oirnpi. Penoinnn npoennpyer nonne oimne aanaci
narernin, cnnaannie c iooccainon neoecne~ennocrii ~eone~ecion na-
nn n raine npe:ena, c neoxo(n:ocrii noce(onareinon ec~eone~nocrn,
co:nenaricn n ioropon penoinnonepi ne :oryr cee noanonri.
Penoinnonnin n:nyic iai i nponnainaer nanne neonpe(eennocri
ypyaanoro :npa, npenpaman ero n apenme, n aaion~ennin ]eno:en, no(-
(aimnncn cy(enni n o-cy(enni. H xorn noia (iai noiaainaer npn:ep
roro e 5enin:nna) :ao iro na co~yncrnyimnx roron na .roro :npa ninrn,
n penoinnn o~aponinaer caua eo.uonocmt etxo0a, ~yri npnoripinman-
cn (nepi. B .ron noa:onocrn ny(anci ror(a :norne, n orni(i ne roiio (a
ciopee ncero n ne croiio) npoerapnn.
5enin:nn aarnny aa .ry (nepi n na(e(e nonnri, ecri n ra: :ecro (n
nero, ero inn n ero rpy(a. B anaino: c:ice :ecra ne oiaaaoci: penoi-
nnn :ora i nanri ero nenio:, ne (anan naa:en nniainx rapanrnn (iai .ro
nponaomo c Panxo:, ancrpnncin: rpa(annno:, ioropin npnexa n CCCP
ncero aa ro( (o nnanra 5enin:nna), no na .ro on pemnricn ne :or. 1eicri e
ero, n ro: ~nce nanncannie no aaiaay, in cnmio: opnrnnaini n nenpe(-
ciaaye:i, ~roi :npno cocymecrnonari c :apicncrcion opro(oicnen coner-
cioro opaana. 1e e cona npnoperan n nnx nnon c:ic, cnoo(no nepe-
(nnranci, nona(an n neon(annie ((ae (n ne:enion aia(e:n~ecion cpe-
(i roro npe:enn) ionreicri. Hanmne nonropnri, ~ro (n croponnnion nap-
rnnnon nnnn :apicna: c npn:ecii iaai n cippeana:a, c npnxornni-
:n nipanennn:n .iaorn~ecinx nnrar n ro~nix nenocpe(crnennix nai(e-
nnn i nenpne:e:. (Kcrarn, crarii o lere ornepr ne roiio rocno(nn na
ipe:encioro aa:ia Kap Pa(ei, no n o ~e: 5enin:nn ne (ora(inacn
ooae:in n: 5epr 5pexr, naananmnn ee :ncrn~ecion ~ymii, ne n:eimen
nn~ero omero c nacronmen (naeirnion).
5ne ncero i Nocioncio:y (nennniy cronr po:an Ka]in 3a:oi,
xorn 5enin:nn npo~e ero ye noce noanpamennn na Nocini: re e ipecri-
nne; ror e rannin repon cienrni, aa(aimnn nenynie nonpoci; ra e
ipoiparnn, ioropyi ecione~nocri ipecrinncioro repnennn (eaer ncecni-
non n neooapn:on. 5epnnen paarn(e ceiciyi cymnocri Nocini, aa:e-
"'
rnn, ~ro ia(in (nop n nen :aeniian (epennn. 3a(oro (o ioeirnnnaa-
nnn on no~yncrnona, ~ro penoinnonnin aaion aapo(aercn n:enno ra:,
cpe(n ipnion iaraimencn na caaaiax (ernopi, (epennnnix nrpymei n rop-
ronoi, or :opoaa aaipinaimnx cnon ronap naria:n. B iannenpnnx n n
annapare nponaran(i on nmi ynaioninaercn n o]op:nercn. Kai n y Ka]in,
n penoinnonno: :npe neian inri, rai iai ero onraren ne npnna(e-
ar ca:n: cee: onn npnniin nri n yconnnx iooccainoro (e]nnnra
oi~nix, nenonrnanponannix .:onnn. Bcn nx .:onnonainan nani no-
nne, ne npocro n iyax, n ionropax, na copannnx, no n oee pa(niaino:
c:ice cona: onn ne npnna(ear cee (ae nae(nne, na nnx nirpaneno
nce nnrn:noe, n nmi nnor(a y nnx (iai y ron e Acn annc) neon(anno
cpaarinaer aranncrn~ecinn norpenreicinn nncrnnir. 3(eci :i npnn-
ae:cn i ncroiy nponaran(i, i ee no(nnnon npanore, y:o~anne o ioropon
cocranner nanenmyi ]yninni nponano(n:ix ei n aa~acryi npnanannix
me(enpa:n npo(yiron. Hcrnna nponaran(i, ee ncroi .ro yrpara ca:on(en-
rn~nocrn, npnnn:aiman ]op:y npane(nocrn; .ro aannia na nocnpnananne n
ncii~nreino ecroion connainon opie. Ho.ro:y, iai n repon 3a:ia,
nepconan (nennnia nocronnno nanrcn c nor or ycraocrn; nx na:arinaer
iaymancn eccoirnnnocri penoinnonnoro Kon(ania, r(e n:ecro aoora
(eni n no~i npo:inaercn (paronennoe nemecrno nacrn. Bor ~ro rai npio
cnner :npy, ecn c:orperi na nponcxo(nmee nanyrpn; nor ~ro nnnercn nena-
ainae:i: penoinnonnon nponaran(i. Bi(epnnari nponcxo(nmyi c nn:n
:era:op]oay penoinnonepa: rneo: n: ne ocraercn nn~ero nnoro, iai or-
nnnri ee nceomen n npe(onri ee nce: n ia~ecrne nonoro yronn~ecioro
ronapa. Cnpoc e na nero, n ione~no: c~ere, onpe(enercn ne n:n. Hnocrpan-
nie noiynaren ne npocro no(irpinair nponano(nren: penoinnonnon iyi-
rypi nx na]oc ~acro n: nenonnren ciopee, c nx no:omii onn ocymecr-
nnir repanni cocrnennix rpan:. Coe(nnenne (nyx conepmenno paanix
nn(on neninocn:ocrn iannrancrn~ecion n penoinnonnon n (eaer
n 1920-e rr. io:nnrepnonciyi nponaran(y neoi~anno .]]eirnnnon. 1o, ~ro
Oirnpician penoinnn coa(aa ye(nreinin cn:ynip npeo(oennn yp-
yaanocrn no onpe(eenni: npanna: (xorn .ro n orpnnan :norne opro(oi-
cainie :apicncri) npn(anao en ocoyi ye(nreinocri n raaax rex, (n
ioro ypyaanocri nnnaci e .6ou c.uae neninocn:on. Nomi .roro ~yn-
crna ia n ror(amnen Lnpone raiona, ~ro nniaine cnn(ereicrna o penoi-
nnonnix ecroiocrnx ne :orn ee noioeari. Hapa(oicaini: opaao: ioe-
r(e, nanpn:ep no 4pannnn, onn (ae yipennn ee, niainan n na:nrn anao-
rnn c Benion ]pannyacion penoinnen n nionncin: reppopo:. B .ro: na-
ne nannona-connana: eana(eno ycryna cnoe:y io::ynncrn~ecio:y ion-
iypenry.
Aean n Nocine peenia or Acn, 5enin:nn xo~er c(eari rai, ~roi y
nee cnona noannin ~yncrna, a (n .roro ee na(o cnacrn or penoinnn. B ro
e npe:n on ca: napa(oicaini: opaao: nona(aer no( oannne penoinnon-
noro na]oca. B Lnpone .ror napa(oic paapemn:, rai iai ra: .ra nceomnocri
uueem coeepnenno 0peo cutc.; nniro ra: ne conpaercn ocymecrnnri ee
yinaino, iai n Poccnn. Ln oninnnircn na paccronnnn iai ecione~no oro-
b0
(nnrae:on noa:onocrii oemannn, :eccnancioro nixo(a nonne. Lnpona ca-
:a ninpaa, ~ro y(er npnanano me(enpa:n penoinnonnon iyirypi, a ~ro
ner, n (o cnx nop noioeari ycranonnnmyicn ror(a nepapxni ne y(aercn.
Ceiynpnaannn, orcrynenne oron no( nanopo: iannraa oripinaer npo-
crpancrna yronnn, r. e. nepi, no(epnyron ]epo: pannonainocrn n n cny
.roro eme oee nppannonainon, ~e: ro, ~ro en npe(mecrnonao. Ho~e:y
:norne y~mne y:i npomoro neia, nonpein npornoaa: ca:oro Napica, (an
ocymecrnennn ~y(a, nixo(a aa npe(ei ncropnn or ionro:epara nepaann-
rix, ipecrinncinx n ne(anne: npomo: napo(on n no~e:y rai (oro nn~ro nx
n .ro: ne paaye(ao, ocraercn, noa:ono, rannon aara(ion XX neia.
3rn: ynonannn: io cy(eno nepenri CCCP, n (o cnx nop ne (o ionna
ncno, ~ro npn(er n: na c:eny... n npn(er n noome.
1
. entuun. Nocioncinn (nennni. N., 1997. C. 9.
2
v. vpe. Hpomoe o(non niann N., 1998. C. 117.
8
1a: e. C. 170.
4
Aai ]eppn(a n Nocine. N., 1998. C. b0.
b
. entuun. Yiaa. co~. C. 40.
b
1a: e. C. 41.
7
1a: e. C. 48.
8
1a: e. C. 4b4b.
9
1a: e. C. 7274.
10
1a: e. C. 8990.
11
1a: e. C. 98.
12
1a: e. C. 949b.
18
1a: e. C. 48.
14
1a: e. C. 10b.
1b
1a: e. C. 118.
1b
1a: e. C. 120.
17
Unr. no: v. vpe. Yiaa. co~. C. 188.
18
1a: e. C. 8081.
19
1a: e. C. b0b1.
#
CBLH CHHKLP
C1AHH KAK NL]HYN
O CY5HNAUHH H ]LCY5HNAUHH NL]HA
B C1AHHCKYK 3HOXY
Honn:anne :e(na n cranncioe npe:n nncrnenno npornnope~nr ioncr-
pyirnnno-opnenrnponanni:, :exanncrn~ecin: :e(naini: :o(en: ananrap(a
c nx opnenrannen na ncnxorexnniy, nayiy rpy(a n ]airorpa]ni. ]n ananrap-
(a ~eone~ecine omymennn n ~eone~ecioe reo no onpe(eenni nnnnci
oini:n n nenononenni:n, ny(anci n (ononnreinon no:omn oprone-
(n~ecin-:e(nnnncinx annaparon :e(na
1
. C no:omii rainx :e(nainix
cpe(crn, iai ]ni: n ]ororpa]nn, ananrap( coa(a (n ~eoneia n peainon
(encrnnreinocrn ]anraa:arn~ecioe nropoe reo, ioropoe (ono io cnpan-
nricn c rpeonannn:n :npa :amnn n ne cnnaricn c pnr:n~ecioro pannone-
cnn. H:enno rai n noannin innoraa ]anrn Beprona n (ncnnnnnnpyiman
reo oprone(n~ecian :eei ioncrpyirnnncron. 3anncinaimne :e(na-anna-
pari ]oroannapar nn innoia:epy ncropn~ecinn ananrap( pacc:arpn-
na n ia~ecrne nporeanix (ononennn ~eone~ecioro rea nn ero opranon
nocnpnnrnn. 3a(a~a .rnx (ononennn no:o~i ~eoneiy nocnpnnnri ro, ~ro
ycioiaaer ne croiio or ero omymennn, cioiio or ero coanannn. Ne(na
npe(e ncero ]ororpa]nn n ]ni: cyar (n ncropn~ecioro ananrap(a
nncrpy:enra:n n rpaironie Hon Bnpnno: onn cnococrnyir :e(nreino-
:y coananni n (ocrnennn nonoro ciopocrnoro yponnn, na ioropo: nniai
neian io i y(eparicn ea .rnx annaparon. Ne(nainin ioncrpyir anan-
rap(a anrponoorn~ecin nononnercn opaao: ~eoneia iai nenononennoro
cymecrna, ioropo:y n coa(annn ca:oro cen :oryr no:o~i roiio xy(onnin-
nnenepi.
Ne(nainie ]ninnn cranncioro npe:enn nepecran no((anaricn npo-
reano-paarncnnimn: n(eaa: ananrap(a. 1eanc Hniaca y:anna, npe(onn-
mero ncxo(nri ciopee na neneponrnocrn io::ynniannn, ~e: na ee neponrno-
crn, n pacc:arpnnari :e(na iai nncrannnn, ioropi: na(enr c(eari ca:y
no cee neneponrnyi io::ynnianni oee neponrnon
2
, oiaainaercn ne(en-
crnnreen (n :e(nainon iaprnni cranncion nponaran(i. Nono (ae
npe(noonri, ~ro aa(a~a :e(na n .ro npe:n (oiaaari, ~ro raion ~ncro
]op:aino-]yninnonainin anana :e(narexnnin cranncion .noxn ne n:e-
er nniaioro nocronncrna. O(naio n :e(na-]ninnnx cranncioro npe:enn
raine cpe(crna cnnan, iai no~ra nn ree]on, rnroreir i (e:arepnanaannn n
i rnneprpo]nponannon :ncrn]niannn. Hponaran(a or(ener nponecc nepe(a-
~n nn]op:annn or ee rexnn~ecin-annaparnnnix (ncnoanrnnon n coa(aer ~nc-
ryi io::ynnianni ea nocpe(nnion, :e(ny:o: ioropon nnnercn, rai cia-
b2
aari, ca: conercinn .]np. 3ror .]np cn:nonanpyercn Cranni: n onne-
rnopne:on n: (naeirnion ncropn~ecioro paannrnn. B peayirare .roro noa-
nniaer crpannan apxania, npo(ynnpyiman npe-:o(epn cpe(crna:n ca:oro :o(ep-
na, npe-rexnn~ecioe cpe(crna:n rexnnin n nenepe(anae:oe cpe(crna:n :e(na
8
.
Pacc:orpn: n ia~ecrne npn:epa nponaran(ncrcinn ]ni: Knrna
(1949). B ne: n(ona ionapno ynroro iyaio: ipecrinnnna Herpona (ona
nepe(ari ennny nnci:o, n ioropo: Herpon (onocnr na ynnny iai na iya-
ia. Ho (opore n lopin n(ona noiaainaer nnci:o :ya cnon: nonyr~nia:,
copanmn:cn co ncex ionnon conercioro rocy(apcrna. Bce onn e(yr i ennny
n cnonranno yanair cnoi cy(iy n ncropnn Herpona. Kaercn, ~ro Herpon
n cnoe: nnci:e, orpaaime: ero nn(nnn(yainyi cy(iy, nnmer or nna
ncero iacca ipecrinn.
B aaii~ennn .ron cneni or~ernno nponnnircn n :e(nainie ia~ecr-
na ca:oro ennna, nepeno(nmero ncex n craryc ronopnmnx :e(na. Nnnonan
:noro~ncennie npennrcrnnn, rpynna (ocrnraer nen. H xorn nincnnercn, ~ro
ennn ye y:ep n, rain: opaao:, nnci:o e:y ne :oer iri nepe(ano, crano-
nnrcn ncno, ~ro no(nnni: a(pecaro: nnci:a nnnercn ne ennn, a ero nepeno-
nomenne Crann, ioropin n noy~aer nnci:o n pemaimnn :o:enr. Oia-
ainaercn, ~ro n Conercio: Coiae ipo:e rocy(apcrnennon no~ri iain:-ro
opaao: cymecrnyer eme o(na no~ra :e(nainoe cpe(crno no ry cropony
rexnn~ecioro (ncnoanrnna, anaimee ucmunnoeo a(pecara no~ronix ornpane-
nnn n coornercrnyimn: opaao: na:ennimee nanpanenne nnci:ennoro no-
roia.
Cnena na Knrni ye(nreino nicrpnpyer necoornercrnne iyirypi
cranncioro npe:enn conpe:ennon aana(non reopnn :e(na. 1ai, conercine :e-
(na-]ninnn npornnope~ar reancy :are:arnia Ko(a L.nnona (ce:anrn~ecine
acneiri io::ynniannn nppeenanrni npoe:e nnenepnn
4
): n:enno ce-
:anrnio-n(eoorn~ecine acneiri onpe(enir a(eci rexnn~ecine (ncnoanrn-
ni nepe(a~n nn]op:annn. 'e: y~me n nennee coomenne, ~e: oime ono
nacimeno (naeirnion ncropnn n ~e: oime aannrepeconannocri n oaao~en-
nocri ero cocrannren, re: oime manc, ~ro coornercrnyimee coomenne (oc-
rnrner cnoero noy~aren. Lcn no~ronan io::ynniannn ]yninnonnpyer roi-
io aro(apn (onymenni roro, ~ro nnci:a norepnircn nn ne (ocrnrnyr a(pe-
cara
b
, ro a(eci nepe( na:n ncii~nreinin cy~an: n cranncinx :e(na-]ni-
nnnx coomennn ncer(a (ocrnrair cnoero noy~aren, ecn on naxo(nrcn na
npanninon cropone ncropnn. 3ro ana~nr, ~ro (ono cymecrnonari raioe :e-
(nainoe cpe(crno, ioropoe rpancnen(npyer rexnn~ecine (ncnoanrnni :e(na n
aaornrcn o ro:, ~roi coomennn (ocrnran a(pecaron, (ae ecn ]op:ainie
yconnn nx nepe(a~n nearonpnnrni n, n c:ice y:anna, neneponrni. Ho
ornie conercion nponaran(i, .rn: :e(ny:o: nnnercn ca: Crann. Ha nanecr-
no: naiare 1940 ro(a ana~nrcn: O ia(o: na nac aaornrcn Crann n Kpe:-
e. Crann (na naiare cn(nmnn aa croo: n nnmymnn) ne npocro nnmer, a
n:enno aaornrcn nn e eme y~me: on aaornrcn nnmyme. 3ror cnoco
nipaennn o~eni rnnn~en (n crannna:a, n ioropo: ne :oer cymecrnonari
nenrpainoro ornomennn i :e(na n ia~ecrne annaparnnno-oreirnnnix npn-
opon ea npnne~ennn nx .:onnonaino-.rn~ecion npar:arnin.
#!
Heaanncn:ocri (ocranin nn]op:annn or rexnn~ecin-:arepnainix (nc-
noanrnnon, anrn:aiy.nna: cranncioro (nciypca :e(na npnno(nr i apxan-
aannn nn :n]oornaannn, o ioropix ye yno:nnaoci n na~ae. 3ana(nie
ncce(onannn pacc:arpnnan ]ninnonainyi penpeaenranni rexnn~ecinx
:e(na cranncioro npe:enn no~rn ncii~nreino no( anaio: .ron apxanaa-
nnn. B ionreicre raion ren(ennnn :e(na-]ninnn npn crannna:e ]yninno-
nnpyir (n aana(nix ncce(onareen npe(e ncero iai cn:non~ecine npn-
anain conercion nacrn. nmi nocrenenno na~nnaercn ncce(onanne oee
npar:arn~ecinx ipoiparn~ecin-ionrponpyimnx ]yninnn :e(na n crann-
cioe npe:n n nx ana~ennn (n crpyirypi roro, ~ro :i naainae: conercion
nacrii. 1ai, a:epniancinn ncropni Herep Xoinncr yiaainaer, ~ro :noro-
~ncennie ~ncrin n naprnnno: n noenno: annaparax ne :orn i iri ocy-
mecrneni ea nanpanennoro nne(ennn n ionne 1920-x rr. n rocy(apcrnen-
nix apxnnax iapro~non cncre:i, c no:omii ioropon neyro(nie i(n cncre-
:arn~ecin naxo(nnci n ninn(nponanci
b
.
Ne(ny:, cronmnn aa :e(ny:o:, ioropin (ocrann no~ry (ae ror(a, ior(a
npn connmnxcn yconnnx .ro iaercn nenoa:oni:, oa(a, rain: opa-
ao:, conepmenno ionipernon annaparnon aaon: .ro ipoiparnn c ee ion-
rpoini:n ]yninnn:n. Bimeyno:nnyrin naiar npe(cranner ne roiio
npoecc nuctua iai cnoco aaori, no u cauo nuctuo n ia~ecrne :e(na
ipoiparn~ecioro ionrpon.
1e: ca:i: :e(na-]ninnn npn crannna:e :ono pacc:arpnnari c (nyx
cropon: no-nepnix, n ia~ecrne aeropn~ecinx yiaaannn na nceoxnarinai-
mee :orymecrno conercion nacrn n, no-nropix, n ia~ecrne yiaaannn na ion-
rpoinie ipoiparn~ecine ]yninnn .rnx :e(na. Nono ciaaari, ~ro npe(-
cranenne o :e(na n conercion nponaran(e ioeercn :e(y cn:non~e-
cion nacrii (r. e. nacrii na( :e(na) n nacrii ipoiparnn (r. e. ionrpo-
e: nocpe(crno: :e(na).
Nn]n~ecin-apxananponannin n npar:arn~ecin-]yninnonainin acneiri
~acro ncrpe~aircn n:ecre n :e(na-]ninnnx cranncioro npe:enn. 1ai, na
:noro~ncennix naiarax n iaprnnax Crann n ]op:e renepanccn:yca nao-
paaercn ~ame ncero noae croa, n oipyennn innr, nnce:, aanncnix inn-
ei nn e cocrnennix aanncen, ~acro c iapan(amo: n pyie. Ha: nanecrno,
~ro Crann y(en ocooe nnn:anne ro:y, iain: nnero: on nnca, n ne(anrn~-
no no(~epinna nce omnin n pyionncnx n cnenapnnx. 1aine naopaennn, c
o(non croponi, ce(yer nonn:ari iai na:ei na nceananne Cranna, na ero
panr nenioro ]noco]a, no.ra n ncropnia ncex npe:en. O(naio onn cyar
ne roiio cn:non~ecion (e:oncrpannen nacrn na( nnci:o:, no n na:eio:
na ro, ~ro :e(na n Conercio: Coiae n:eir ionrpoinie ]yninnn, npocrnpai-
mnecn or a(:nnncrparnnno-ipoiparn~ecioro ionrpon (o ynpanennn onpe-
(eennon omecrnennon :e(nanpairnion
7
.
Ha nimeyno:nnyro: naiare ionna 1940-x rr., naananne ioroporo (Hpn-
(e: i naonni!) nniai ne cnnaano c naopaenne:, Crann npe(cranen
iai nepxonnin na(een no~ri, na croe ioroporo napnr n(eainin nopn(oi.
3rn naopaennn :ono rpaironari, c o(non croponi, iai rpa(nnnonnie
naopaennn na(iin, ~en ipacnin iapan(am aa:enner e:y cinnerp; c (py-
b4
ron croponi, nx :ono raie pacc:arpnnari iai ionipernie cnryannn n
ipo, r. e. iai npar:arn~nie yiaaannn na ionrponpyimne ]yninnn nnci:a.
Crann npe(craer n ia~ecrne na(iin co anaia:n noennon n ipoiparn~e-
cion nacrn; on xoannn :e(na, renepainin ceiperapi
8
n npn:o: c:ice
.roro cona, ~in nacri oxnarinaer ne roiio nnci:o, no n reerpa] n npeccy.
Ho:n:o .roro, iaprnna yiaainaer raie na ro n ciopee npar:arn~no, ~e:
aeropn~no ~ro nacri na( :e(na ncer(a nnnercn n nacrii nocpe0cm-
eou :e(na. Coracno .ro:y, renepanccn:yc cronr n ipo, na ero croe napnr
rmareinin nopn(oi, e:y na(o aanepmnri nanie (ea, npo~nrari reerpa:-
:i n r. (. Bn( Cranna, ~nraimero reerpa::y, nionorpa]n~en. ]pyrn:n
cona:n, iai roiio :i noin(ae: aony ~ncroro, craryapnoro rocno(crna coner-
cion nponaran(i, :i anro:arn~ecin oiaainae:cn n ipo. B naopaanrei-
non nporpa::e cranncion nponaran(i oa acneira cnnaircn.
***
Oparn:cn i ocoo nani: (n nac :e(naini: cpe(crna:, nrpanmn: oco-
yi poi n :e(na(nciypce noa(nero crannna:a ree]ony n reerpa]y.
4ni:i, na ioropix :i y(e: ocnoninaricn, in cnnri Nnxano: Po::o::
ennn n 1918 ro(y (1989) n ennn n Oirnpe (1987) n Nnxano:
'naypen: Knrna (194b) n Ha(enne 5epnna (1949). Ca:n no cee .rn
]ni:i npece(yir n neioropo: po(e ree]onnyi orniy, r. e. orniy onoa(a-
nnn n io:nencannonnoro nonropennn. Kai nanecrno, Crann i conepmenno
omeo:en nana(enne: lnrepa na Conercinn Coia, o(naio n ]ni:ax renn-
ainin renepanccn:yc oiaainaercn ye (anno ye(en n nenaenocrn non-
ni n c oc:orpnreinocrii n y:enne: ne(er cnon noncia i noe(e.
4ni:i Nnxana Po::a nncnennpyir ]op:nponanne conercion nacrn n
coornercrnnn co cranncion ro~ion apennn iai nacrn :e(na, n npono(nr
xapairepnie (n naopaennn ree]ona n crannciyi .noxy napaen :e-
(y rpa(ancion nonnon n :e(narocno(crno:. Hepnin ]ni: Po::a, ennn
n Oirnpe, n ioropo: :e(nanacri oimennion noia orpann~nnaercn py-
ionncni: ne(enne: (oiy:enrannn ipncro: ennni:, npeno(nocnr nanrne
oimennia:n reerpa]non cern iai nepmnny nx noopyennoro noccrannn
coracno ennncio:y aa:e~anni, ~ro ea no~ri n reerpa]a |...] conna-
na: conepmenno nycran ]paaa
9
. B o(non na cnen, r(e noiaaan aaxnar oi-
mennia:n reerpa]a, :i nn(n:, iai ree]onncria na(aer or crpaxa n o:o-
poi, no, o(naio, ycnenaer nonpe:n nepecoe(nnnri mreiep n ycranonnri cnnai c
ennni:.
3ra cnena or:e~aer nepexo( or iannrana:a i connana:y iai nepexo( or
pyionncn i .eirponno-io(npyime:y reeranny n (e:oncrpnpyer conerciyi
nacri iai nacri pee. Ynanman n o:opoi ree]onncria ye (anno nnn-
ercn ~acrnnen .roro pee n :oer ncnonnri cnon cyenie onaannocrn
(ae n eccoanareino: cocronnnn. Kai ncer(a n cranncion nponaran(e,
anrponoorn~ecian npe(nociia (encrnyer n a(eci, r. e. :e(na ne nnnircn
nporeani:n npo(oennn:n nenrpainon nepnnon cncre:i, iai y Naii.na
n ncropn~ecioro ananrap(a, a coe(nneni c npannini: coananne:.
##
Bo nropo: ]ni:e Po::a, ennn n 1918 ro(y, oimennin ye ona(en
reerpa]non n ree]onnon cern:n n conercian nacri npe(cranena iai nacri
na( ree]ono: n reerpa]o:. B na~ae ]ni:a :i nn(n: :ocionciyi mra-
inaprnpy oimennion, ioropan nano:nnaer reerpa]nyi crannni nn e ion-
ropy 1980-x rr. ennn nonnnercn npairn~ecin roiio aa nnci:enni: croo:,
y reerpa]a nn ree]ona, n ninonner poi nicoio.]]eirnnnoro rani ipo,
ioropin (n io::ynniannn co cnon:n ronapnma:n noiayercn n nepnyi o~e-
pe(i ree]ono:. Hone(enne ennna, ~acro repnimero npn ree]onnix paaro-
nopax c(epannocri, nirn(nr peancrn~no no cpannenni c :ony:enraini:
Cranni:, ocrannimn: y ree]ona nne~arenne :e(ny:a, c no:omii ioropo-
ro coomennn (ocrnrair cnonx noy~areen.
B ce(yimen cnene ]ni:a :i nn(n: ennna, or(aimero no ree]ony
npniaa o ecnoma(no: paccrpee cneiynnron xeo:, n cpaay e npocnmero
o ro:, ~roi 'K ocoenno noaaornaci o (ernx. 3(eci nponnnercn o(nn na
ocnonnix acneiron cranncinx ree]onnix ]ninnn: ree]on n ia~ecrne
nncrpy:enra ipoiparn~ecioro ionrpon nnnercn opyne: (He:e(enno
paccrpenri!) n ro: e c:ice, ~ro n nnnronin n raynni. Kai noiaainaer
npn:ep c aaoron o (ernx, :e(na n cranncion nponaran(e nnior(a ne nnn-
ircn nenrpaini:n nncrpy:enra:n, a nanpornn, iai (encrnennoe oenoe cpe(-
crno cyar (n n(enrn]niannn nn ynn~roennn nparon
10
.
B ]ni:e ennn n Oirnpe npenocxo(crno oimennion na( cnon:n npa-
ra:n cocronr ne roiio n nicoio: nonn:annn iacconoro anraronna:a, no n n
ro: ]aire, ~ro onn oa(air io:an(non crpyirypon, y~me npncnocoennon i
ciopocrn conpe:ennon (rpa(ancion) nonni. 1ee]on n reerpa] c nx cereo-
paani:n, ropnaonraini:n npono(ni:n cncre:a:n n nx peeopaani: nen-
rpo: Connapio:o: c ennni: n nenrpe or~ernno orn~aircn or on-
rapxn~ecin-neprniainix, nonocrii ne ipoiparn~ecinx n, rain: opaao:, ea-
na(eno orcranmnx io:an(nix crpyiryp cnonx nparon n npornnnnion.
1ee]on iai :ona(nin :e(ny:, npornnonoonin pa(no n, n orn~ne or
nero, ne niainaimnn nniainx :ncrn~ecin-ioeirnnnix nepennannn, ne (o-
nyciaer nonnrnn rooca n nocrnraer rooc iai cnnei(oxy rea (ree]on ocra-
ercn nmi annaparo:). On, ione~no, npe(cranner n yrpoay (n conercion
nacrn. B cranncinx :e(na-]ninnnx Crann o~eni pe(io noiayercn ree-
]ono: n, (ae ecn on .ro (eaer, ro roiio (n or(a~n ioporinx ro~nix
npniaaannn, npn~e: n raion noae, ioropan ne coornercrnyer conpe:enni: re-
e]onni: npnni~ia:. B ia~ecrne ionrpacra :ono npnnecrn nanecrnyi ]o-
rorpa]ni A. Po(~enio enmnna c ree]ono:, reo ioropon conno npe-
npamaercn n ree]onnyi rpyiy. B .ron cnnan ce(yer y~nrinari, ~ro ni-
crpannn no(onix ree]onnix cnryannn n nponaran(ncrcinx ]ni:ax cra-
nncioro npe:enn neca raie n :accono-ne(arorn~eciyi ]yninni. Pe~i
n(er a(eci o oy~ennn n(eoorn~ecin-nennnno:y ioeirnnno:y opame-
nni c :acc-:e(na, ionrpoi na( ioropi:n n:e nanoe ana~enne (n coner-
cioro pen:a. 3ror ionrpoi na~nnaercn c (ncnnnnni rea no npe:n paaro-
nopa no ree]ony, iai .ro opaanono (e:oncrpnpyer Crann, n aaian~nnaercn
ero e noiaaareino cnoionni:, ionrponpye:i: paaronopni: rono:, nc-
ii~aimn: iyi neorpe]eirnponannyi cnonrannocri.
bb
B cranncion nponaran(e ree]ony npnnncinaercn coaannreino-nn-
(oanan cna, ioropon ne oa(air nn pa(no, nnnimeecn, iai ye ronopnoci,
:e(na-npne:nnio: (n mnpoinx :acc, nn reerpa], ne o~eni mnpoio pacnpo-
crpanennin n, ipo:e roro, nnayananponanmnn nepe(anae:ie coomennn. Kai
npanno, .ro aa:erno n cranncinx ]ni:ax 1940-x rr., r(e Crann nicrynaer
n ia~ecrne repon~ecioro aamnrnnia conercion crpani, ~en ionrpoi na( ra-
in:n :e(na, iai ree]on n reerpa], eme conepmennee, ~e: y ennna. Hanpn-
:ep, n o(non cnene na ]ni:a Ha(enne 5epnna Crann (niryer a(riranry
npniaa n (aer e:y aa(anne reerpa]nponari .ror npniaa na ]ponr. B noce-
(yimen cnene :i nn(n: rannoio:an(yimnx, ioropie nocrenenno, cono aa
cono:, pacmn]poninair nepe(annin no reerpa]y npniaa Cranna. Ko:an-
(yimne Kpacnon Ap:nn ionrponpyircn nporpa::on cnnan, ioropan io(npy-
er n npenpamaer n .eirponnie cnrnai pe~i Cranna n, n ionne ionnon, n
nn(e onrn~ecinx cnrnaon nepe(aer coomenne a(pecara:.
1ain: opaao: ca:o no cee :e(ennoe nnci:o npncnocannaercn i no-
nimenni: re:na: noennoro (encrnnn c no:omii reerpa]a. Ho(ono ni-
nemnen innoia:epe, reerpa] ionrponpyer n peaino: npe:enn (i o~enn(-
no:y y(nnenni renepaon) ncropn~ecine coirnn n nx ca:nx.
1eerpa] n ree]on naxo(nrcn nonocrii no( ionrpoe: Cranna. B (py-
ron cnene na ]ni:a Ha(enne 5epnna, n ione~non ]aae nrni aa onor
]amna:a, :i nn(n: ero cronmn: y ree]ona n rnnn~non (n nero noae.
Opaa Cranna iai y:eoro oneparopa :e(na no(rnep(aer ror ]air, ~ro
(nirarop orn~no cnpannercn c nocrenenni: nc~eanonenne: onrn~ecin-aiy-
crn~ecioro nan~nn
11
(Kay]:ann), n orn~ne or cnoero npornnnnia lnrepa,
ioropin cn(nr n cnoe: yniepe n ne anaer, ~ro nponcxo(nr. B npornnonoo-
nocri cnoe:y npornnnniy, Crann orn~no pyiono(nr onrn~ecin nenn(n:i:n
noncia:n. Ye c na~aa XlX neia, a ro~nee, c pyccioro noxo(a Hanoeona, io:an-
(yime:y npairn~ecin nenoa:ono onrn~ecin necrn cnon noncia, nai(an aa
nn:n c npniaanoro xo:a. On niny(en npnerari i no:omn conpe:ennix cpe(crn
cnnan, npe(e ncero reerpa]a, ~roi npe(crannri cee cnryanni n na(aeia
or(anari cnon pacnopnennn
12
. 1o ecri conpe:ennin io:an(np .ro ipoipar,
n c:ice niciaainannn npyccioro renepa-]ei(:apmaa ]on Ln]ena, ioro-
pin npe(crann cee io:an(npa y(ymero cn(nmn: y cen (o:a aa nnci:en-
ni: croo:, c nponoo~ni: reerpa]o: n pa(no, ree]onni:n n cnrnaini:n
annapara:n no( pyion
18
. Conercian nacri raie ninrpinaer nonny, nocioiiy
Crann nnner coon rennainoro io:an(npa, (n ioroporo opamenne c :e(na
conpe:ennon nonni crao nropon narypon.
Paay:eercn, npn naopaennn ree]ona n ]ni:ax o Cranne neian aai-
nari o r. n. oacrn npanninoro coanannn. B nenrpe nnn:annn naxo(nrcn ne
ree]on iai rexnn~ecinn annapar, a, ciopee, paaoa~ennan nnrepainnn noiaona-
reen .rn: annaparo:. B cymnocrn, nniaioro :e(na(nciypca n cranncion
nponaran(e ne cymecrnyer, cymecrnyer nmi n(eoorn~ecian npar:arnia. Ha-
npn:ep, n ]ni:e 'naypen Knrna ree]on cynr npe(e ncero ]aimn-
non io::ynniannn: no ne:y paaronapnnair (pyr c (pyro: ne:ni, ne cnoconie
cnnaari annapar c npan(on. 4pannyacinn :nnncrp nnocrpannix (e, i npn:epy,
oxornee (oronapnnaercn o ncrpe~e no ree]ony co cnoen cnercion noaiennon,
~e: cnpannercn o ipnrn~ecion ocranonie no 4pannnn y conercioro noca.
#%
B nponaran(ncrcinx ]ni:ax cranncioro npe:enn ree]on nnnercn an-
naparo:, nocpe(crno: ioroporo ]aimnnoe coananne naronnercn napyy, na
onrn~eciyi noma(i ]ni:a. Konrpacr :e(y paaronapnnaimn: no ree]o-
ny ]pannyacin: :nnncrpo: nnocrpannix (e n Cranni:, ioropin ca: nnn-
ercn :e(ny:o:, ocoenno noiaaareen. B orn~ne or npn:oro, iai ]aoc,
Cranna, ]pannyacinn :nnncrp paaronapnnaer cn(n. 1ain: opaao:, npe(cran-
enne ree]onnon npairnin n .ron cnene cynr, iai n oi~no n nponaran-
(ncrcinx ]ni:ax, n nepnyi o~epe(i n(enrn]niannn npara. Ne(na npn cran-
nna:e, iai .ro ye io ciaaano, nnior(a ne nicrynair oreirnnni:n npn-
opa:n io::ynniannn, a naoopor.
B .rnx ]ni:ax ree]on ]yninnonnpyer n nn(e rainnnaropnoro ycn-
nren: .ro :e(ny: ]anraa:arn~ecinx nanna~nnix n(en, ioropie ycnnnair-
cn eme oime n cny roro, ~ro ne n:eir nn~ero omero c peainocrii. 1ai,
n ]ni:e Knrna ne:ni coomair no ree]ony n 5epnn cnon pe(onie
]anraann o ciopo: aaxnare Nocini. 1ee]on nnnercn nncrpy:enro: noo-
paennn: on cynr coa(anni peainocrn, ioropon ne cymecrnyer. 1o, ~ro
cnnai c 5epnno: no ne ycranannnaercn nonce, nn e ycranannnaercn c
rpy(o:, no(~epinnaer ana~n:ocri acneira hardware. 3a(a~en ]ni:a nnn-
ercn naopaenne roro, ~ero ne cymecrnyer, ~roi erymen npoeinnen ia(pon
coa(anari niani pacciaaa. H:enno .ry ]yninni nepenn:aer (n ne:nen
ree]on n .ron cnene, cranonnci inno. B ro npe:n iai (n Cranna ree]on
.ro nmi aiceccyap io::ynniannn ~epea yxo, ne aa:ennimnn, o(naio, ca-
:oro conercioro no(n, nenocpe(crnennoro :e(ny:a conercion nacrn, y ne:-
nen .ro npe(craneno nna~e. 1ee]on no:oraer n: ynn(eri ro, ~ro onn :e~ra-
ir ynn(eri o(naio .ro, iai ye anaer Crann, ne coornercrnyer (encrnn-
reinocrn. B ro npe:n iai ne:ni, naxo(nci no( Nocinon, paaronapnnair no
ree]ony, Crann ye anaer, ~ro onn nnior(a ne crynnr na ae:i .roro ropo-
(a. H on yana o .ro: ne no ree]ony.
O(na na cnen (e:oncrpnpyer ece(y Cranna n :apmaa Ayiona, ~in re-
e]onnie paaronopi no npe:n coa(annn ]ni:a in aanncani rannon cy-
on Cranna c no:omii :omnix npnopon. 1ee]on n .ron cnene ne npncyr-
crnyer. B ro npe:n iai Crann y~acrnyer n conemannn lenepainoro mraa,
Ayion naxo(nrcn conce: n (pyro: :ecre. 1e: ne :enee, oa onn ea npoe:
omaircn, (ae ~epea creny. Ho-nn(n:o:y, n .ron cnene pe~i n(er o raioro
po(a paaronope na paccronnnn, or coanannn i coananni, o coe(nnennn, ioropoe
coa(aer ionrair n nacronmee, ea aa(epei, xapairepnix (n ree]ona. 3ry
cneny, c o(non croponi, :ono nnrepnpernponari n nepcneirnne apxan~ecinx
napa(nr:, n ro: c:ice, ~ro io::ynniannn co Cranni: ne ny(aercn nn n
iainx rexnn~ecinx annaparax, rai iai Crann n ecri :e(na na( nce:n :e(na,
npncyrcrnyimnn nonci(y, ne ny(anci npn .ro: n rexnn~ecinx aiceccyapax.
O(naio, c (pyron croponi, cnena raie onncinaer npoe, nnayaini: nipa-
enne: ioroporo nnnercn crena, no ioropon cioianr ia:epa na nyrn i
Cranny, npoe, ioropin coe(nnner, n n ro e npe:n paa(ener Cranna n
Ayiona. Noer iri, n:enno .ror npoe y~me ncero onncinaer noannni
ree]ona n cranncio: (nciypce.
Hepeeo0 c neuexoeo .a0uuupa e.tuuncxoeo
b8
1
C:. raie: S. Spieket. Das Auge der Avanlgarde: Orlhopdie und Prolhese bei
Dziga \erlov ;; Apparalur und Phapsodie. Zu den lilmen des Dziga \erlov. lranlurl
a.N., 1999. S. 1471b9.
2
C:.: N. Luhmann. Die Unwahrscheinlichleil der Kommunilalion ;; N. Luhmann.
Auslze und Peden. Slullgarl, 2001. S. 7b98.
8
Kpnn Nypamon n leopr Bnrre ro~no nipaann .ry npoe:y no ncrynennn i
na(anno:y n:n copnniy Nyai nacrn. Ne(na n conercion iyirype 20-x n 80-x
ro(on. Onn nnmyr, ~ro rpa(nnnonnie ncce(onannn crannna:a, ioropie ionnenrpn-
pyircn na ce:norn~ecinx naiciannnx, no~rn ne aarparnnair cnenn]n~ecine :e(n-
ainie yconnn n npe(nociin |...] ioeirnnnoro coanannn n ioeirnnnoro noopa-
ennn. C:.: Die Nusen der Nachl. Nedien in der sow[elischen Kullur der 20er und
80er Jahre ; Ju. Nuraov, G. Wille (Hg.). Nnchen, 2008. S. 7. <3(eci n (aee n innre
nepeno(i nnonai~nix nnrar npn orcyrcrnnn cciin npnna(ear anropa: craren.
Hpuu. pe0.>.
4
|1he] semanlic aspecls o communicalion are irrelevanl lo lhe engineering problem
(C. Shannon, W. Wea.et. 1he Nalhemalical 1heory o Communicalion. Urbana, 1998.
S. 82).
b
C:.: . Siegetl. Pelais: Geschicle der Lileralur als Lpoche der Posl. 17b1
1918. Berlin, 1998. S. 42.
b
F. Holquisl. Slale \iolence as 1echnique: lhe Logic o \iolence in Soviel
1olalilarianism ;; Landscaping lhe Human Garden: 20lh-Cenlury Populalion Nanagemenl
in a Comparalive lrameworl ; A. Weiner (Hg.). Slanord, 2008. S. 1281bb.
7
Oaop onncannn Cranna c:. n in.: F. utke. Lyewilnessing: 1he Uses o lmages
as Hislorical Lvidence. llhaca, 2001.
8
Cono ceiperapi nponcxo(nr or cona secrelus; ceiperapi i re: corpy(-
nnio: n npe(mecrnennnne conpe:ennoro ipo crapon iannenpnn, ioropin aann-
:acn nnci:ennon (enreinocrii n ~acrn omecrnennoro ipo, or(eennon or oc-
rainoro npocrpancrna cnennaini:n apiepa:n cancelli.
9
. H. Lenun. Honoe copanne co~nnennn. 1. 27. C. 278.
10
]n Kapa L:nrra rexnnia no npe:n nonni nnior(a ne nnnercn nenrpaini:
nncrpy:enro:: 1exnnia ncer(a aann:aer noannni iai nncrpy:enra, rai n opynn, n
n:enno n cny roro, ~ro ona cynr ia(o:y, ona ne nenrpaina. |...] Bce nn(i iyiry-
pi, nce napo(i n nce penrnn, ian nonna n :np :oryr nocnoiaonaricn rexnnion iai
opyne: (C. Schmill. Der Begri des Polilischen. Berlin, 199b. S. 90). Coracno
L:nrry, rexnnia, no:n:o .roro, cynr (n n(enrn]niannn npara. 1o e ca:oe :o-
no yrnep(ari n no nono(y rexnn~ecinx :e(na n cranncion iyirype.
11
S. Aau[mann. Kommunilalionslechnil und Krieghrung 181b194b. Nnchen,
199b. S. b9.
12
1a: e. C. 81b8.
18
1a: e. C. b1.
#'
2. AYHO-MEHA
1A1LAHA lOPALBA
BLHKAA KHHlA ]HA
PA]HO H COUHOKYL1YPHAA CPL]A
B CCCP B 192080-e lO]L
Boanninonenne pa(no iai io::ynniannonnoro cpe(crna n nonoro :e(na
io cnnaano c ca:i:n c:ei:n npornoaa:n n on(annn:n
1
. O(naio ca:i:
ananrap(ni: n opaani: crao npe(nn(enne B. B. Xenniona:
Pa(no y(ymero rannoe (epeno coanannn oripoer
ne(enne ecione~nix aa(a~ n ore(nnnr ~eone~ecrno.
Oioo rannoro crana Pa(no, .roro eeanoro aa:ia, r(e
ry~n npono(on paccinanci ro~no nooci, nanepnoe, y(er na-
~eprana napa iocren, ~epen n anaio:an na(nnci: Ocropono`,
no :aenman ocranonia paori Pa(no nianaa i (yxonnin
o:opoi ncen crpani, npe:ennyi yrpary ei coanannn.
Pa(no cranonnrcn (yxonni: conne: crpani, nenin: ~apo-
(ee: n ~aponaree:.
Boopaan: cee rannin cran Pa(no: n noa(yxe nayrnna
nyren, ry~a :onnn, ro noracaimnx, ro aanraimnxcn nnoni,
nepenocnmnxcn c o(noro ionna a(annn na (pyron. Cnnnn map
ipyron :onnn, nncnmnn n noa(yxe ro~no nyrnnan nrnna, io-
co npornnyrie cnacrn. Ha .ron ro~in ae:noro mapa eecyro~-
no, noxone na necennnn npoer nrnn, paanocnrcn cran necren
na nann (yxa.
B .ro: noroie :onnnnix nrnn (yx y(er npeoa(ari na(
cnon, (opin coner na( yrpoaon.
]ea xy(onnia nepa n incrn, oripirnn xy(onnion :ic-
n (Ne~nnion, 3nnmrenn), n(pyr nepenocnmne ~eone~ecrno i
noni: epera:...
Coneri na npocroro onxo(a y(yr ~epe(onaricn co crarin-
:n rpa(an cneronix nepmnn ~eone~ecioro (yxa. Bepmnni
non nay~noro :opn paanocnrcn no ncen crpane i :ecrni: cra-
na: Pa(no, ~roi n ror e (eni crari yina:n na re:nix
noornax orpo:nix innr, pocro: nime (o:on, nipocmnx na no-
ma(nx (epeneni, :e(enno nepenopa~nnaimnx cnon crpannni
2
.
b0
Kyirypoorn~ecioe npocrpancrno, ioropoe cero(nn aann:aer io:nii-
repreenn(ennennrepner, n na~ae XX neia npo~no npnna(eao pa-
(no. H. Hi] no-cnoe:y, no neci:a ro~no ooana~n .ror ]eno:en: B ]anra-
crn~ecinx po:anax c~nraoci, ~ro ior(a y(er pa(no, ~eone~ecrno (ocrnrner
c~acrin. H nor pa(no ecri. A c~acrin ner.
B :o(enponannn nonoro io::ynniarnnnoro ianaa npnnn:ao y~acrne
nce :nponoe co(pyecrno, ioropoe ypno ona(enao noni:n noa:onocrn:n
nn]op:annn n nciyccrna. B .ron cnnan nnrepecen onir H.-P. 5exepa, ioro-
pin, noa:ono, no(coanareino, raie c:or nepe(ari rannin nacrpon .noxn
ocnoennn pa(no.]npa: oiinonennoe ~y(o
8
.
Lcn ~y(o nxo(nr n namn y(nn,
'y(o: :i ero n naaone:.
Ho ono na: ronopnr o ~y(no:
Bpe:enn, n ioropo: :i nne:.
Hy, npncn(i. H rnon npne:nni cipo:nin,
Lcn pi~aoi ri nonepnemi,
Ler no.r na-aa npocrpancrn orpo:nix
Crnx raion, ~ro ne ncer(a non:emi.
Honepnn eme, n iro npe(craner
Hpe( roon nocymen nomecrna:
Hecnn n repon n :eprno: crane
Hrnni i aamee~yr no iycra:
Hn rooc no(oaaa naae:i
Ha :open (on(er, n na( roon
Nopn my:. H ca: ri no(oaao:,
Ho( aeenoi n(emi no(on.
'eonei nenn(n:in noer
]n ren na ca:on rpann cnera.
B necne (pyro: on ren aoner,
Ho noer iai i c (pyron naneri.
'epea ropi, napomennie i conny
K ne~nocrn ae:non npnon
looc cimnin cinoai rnoe oionne
B re:nore na(eer na( roon.
Ban pi~ar. H rooca ner cnona.
Bnoni :o~nr .]np n neirnn.
3ro n ne ~y(o 1i nanononan,
1i aai npo ropecrn cnon.
$
O(oen n npe:n n npocrpancrno,
Coxpann ne~epnnn cnon yir,
Bce pa(ncri ca:ix (ainnx crannnn
]n necein rnoero noir...
B :on apai, ~ro cnero: oronci(y
3anecen, n |aa:ann] nony.
Pa(no oi(ennoe ~y(o
Benno napymnr rnmnny.
Ha iponarin cima .rn anyin,
Nai~ni :on ne xo~er oime cnari,
K pa(no nocropennie pyin,
3ainan nai~nin cocari.
Ham apai or ropo(a (aeio,
'acro n an:nii oimyi no~i
Pa(no nac remno nicoio,
3acrannn (pa:y npenoa:o~i.
Lcn ~y(o nxo(nr n namn y(nn,
'y(o: :i ero n naaone:,
Ho ono na: ronopnr o ~y(no:
Bpe:enn, n ioropo: :i nne:
4
.
Lcn ne nocnpnnn:ari .ror reicr iai apxan~no-nannnin, ro cnpane(nnocrn
pa(n ce(yer npnanari npoaopnnocri n nai(areinocri anropa, onpe(ennmero
n necioiinx crpo]ax :ero(oorni ]yninnonnponannn pa(noianaa. 3ro
oneparnnnocri n (ocrynnocri, nonre:arn~nocri n (e:oiparna:, paaneiarei-
nocri n (n]]epennnponannocri, ncnxoorn~nocri n (oiy:enrainocri.
Hcropnn ]op:nponannn nonoro nponaran(ncrcioro ianaa connaa c nc-
ropnen cranonennn cranncioro pen:a. C o(non croponi, ne na(o io
o:ari crapie rpa(nnnn n ]op:i, a c (pyron iai ne~ro conepmenno nonoe,
pa(no iai n cnoen co(epareinon, rai n n oprannaannonnon ocnone o~eni
~yrio nnnrinao nce arpnyri roranrapnon nacrn. Bor no~e:y ncropnn
npenpamennn ~y(a XX neia, (encrnnreino aa(y:inanmerocn iai napo(nan
rpnyna n :omnan iyiryprperepcian crpyn, rpanc]op:nponaaci n nocro-
nnno ynnmyi ~epnyi rapeiy
b
, cn:nonanpyimyi crannciyi .noxy.
3ra ncropnn ocoenno noiaaareina c ro~in apennn nonn:annn nponcme(-
mnx n .ror nepno( (e]op:annn, ioropie c(ean nci cncre:y connoiyi-
rypnix nennocren conercioro omecrna npairn~ecin neoparn:on.
He cronr aainari, ~ro pe~i n(er o aapo(ennn nonoro cnnrern~ecioro
io::ynniarnnnoro ianaa, c paannrne: ioroporo :np ope nonie ncnxo-
.crern~ecine ]op:i omennn n noy~ennn nn]op:annn. Ocoyi npnneia-
reinocri pa(no n:eo n raaax oinaren, :n]oornanponanmero ncex, iro
i cnnaan co any~amn: nenn(n:ion. Orci(a rai nenpocro n npornnope-
b2
~nno cia(inanci naan:oornomennn :e(y ~ernepron nacrii n na-
crii nepnon, or~ernno coanananmen aanncn:ocri cnoero nonrn~ecioro
ycnexa or yponnn anranponannocrn ypnana:a.
O(nn na ycron~nnix :n]on, ncn~ecin no((epnnae:ix o]nnnainon nc-
ropnorpa]nen, racn, ~ro H. Crann, y(enn orpo:noe nnn:anne nreparype
n inne:arorpa]y, ne(oonennna poi pa(no. 3ro erio onponepraercn ne
roiio nce: io:neico: ninnennix :arepnaon, no n mnpoio nanecrni:n
]aira:n, cnn(ereicrnyimn:n o ro:, ~ro n poionie :o:enri ncropnn Cra-
nn npnera n:enno i earpann~ni: noa:onocrn: pa(no.]npa. 1ai, nan-
oimyi ana~n:ocri n nocnnrannn narpnorna:a n oenoro (yxa nannn n:e-
n pa(noopamenne H. Cranna 8 nin 1941 ro(a co ana:ennri: 5parin n
cecrpi! n ero pe~i na Kpacnon noma(n na napa(e 7 nonpn 1941 ro(a,
ioropan rpancnponaaci no nce:y :npy.
Cnenn]nia nepe(a~n n nocnpnnrnn nn]op:annn c(ean pa(no ocoenno
npnneiareini: (n naprnnno-rocy(apcrnennon nacrn. Bacri roranrap-
noro rnna crpe:naci i npe(einon ionnenrpannn n :onononn rocy(apcrna
na cpe(crna :acconon nn]op:annn. H ranni: nnnercn ne nponaran(a iai
raionan, a ro, ~ro ona cynr o(non n ron e nen, a ia(oe na ee opy(nn n
neci annapar oprannaoninaercn rai, ~roi ioop(nnnponanni: opaao: nn-
nri na i(en n o(no: nanpanennn n, n ione~no: c~ere, (ocrn~i nonon
ynn]niannn ncex y:on
b
.
Hcce(onanne .ranon paannrnn pa(no na paan~nix yponnnx ocymecrnn-
:o nmi c y~ero: oprannaannonnoro, rexnn~ecioro n rnop~ecioro acneiron.
Conercioe pa(no(eo na~nnao cnon nyri n ro(i H3Ha, no.ro:y ]op:on
oprannaannn io ainnonnponanne, ioropoe npenpamao pa(no n ca:ocron-
reinyi, ca:ooiynae:yi n (ae nnone (oxo(nyi c]epy (enreinocrn, ra-
panrnpyimyi ainnonepa: n ypnancra: cnoo(y ne roiio ]nnanconyi,
no n rnop~eciyi. H:enno n .ror, nanoee no(ornopnin, nepno( in aao-
eni ocnoni pa(noypnancrnin n pa(nonciyccrna.
Honrn~ecinn ionrpoi pa(no n:e cnoi nipaennyi cnenn]niy. 3ro
io cnnaano c ynniaini:n noa:onocrn:n anyionon nepe(a~n nn]op:a-
nnn n ocoennocrn:n ee nocnpnnrnn. Ho.ro:y (oroe npe:n rpa(nnnonnan
ne~arnan nenaypa ne :ora a(anrnponaricn i nono:y oreiry. 4airn~e-
cin roiio c nne(enne: onaareinoro npe(napnreinoro (oiy:enrnponannn
pa(nonporpa:: n ionne 1920-x rr. crao noa:ono ronopnri o peaino: ion-
rpoe aa .]npo:
7
. O(naio npn:ie rpancnnnn, ioropie noy~nn pacnpo-
crpanenne no :epe rexnn~ecioro paannrnn pa(nonemannn, ne no((ananci
npnni~no:y (oconno:y ionrpoi. 5earpann~nie nnronannonnie cpe(crna
~eone~ecioro rooca, cnoconoro nopari n cen nci nanrpy :icen n
~yncrn, ne no(ionrpoinix (ae ca:on (nreinon nenaype. Honn:anne .ro-
ro npnmo i naprnnni: n(eoora: ne cpaay, a nocrenenno, iai n ocoananne
iooccainix nn]op:annonno-nponaran(ncrcinx noa:onocren, ioropie ran-
o n cee pa(no npe(re~a reenn(ennn.
5opia aa rorainin ionrpoi n orocy(apcrnenne npoxo(na n rpn .ra-
na. Hepnin i cnnaan c oprannaannen nonrn~ecion nenaypi pa(no no(
pyiono(crno: Arnrnpona UK BKH(). Bropon ana:enonacn ipnrnion n npecce
$!
n na aace(annnx :noro~ncennix pa(noio:nccnn n pa(noconeron n UK
BKH(), lannonrnpocnere, Hapio:npoce PC4CP, lanpeneprio:e n npo~nx
ioniypnpyimnx n(eoorn~ecinx nncrannnnx c neii coa(annn nerarnnnoro
omecrnennoro :nennn. H rpernn .ran conna c ninn(annen ainnonepnoro
omecrna Pa(nonepe(a~a, orocy(apcrnenne: ncex ]op: (enreinocrn pa-
(no n nepe(a~en rexnn~ecion aai pa(nonemannn n pacnopnenne opranon
ynpanennn cnnan.
Ho pemenni UK n 1988 ro(y Hocranonenne: CHK CCCP i opaao-
nan Bcecoianin io:nrer no pa(no]niannn n pa(nonemanni (BPK) npn CHK
CCCP, (enreinocri ioroporo nonocrii ]nnancnponaaci n ionrponpona-
aci rocy(apcrno:, a npnna(enocri npne:no-nepe(aimnx cpe(crn Hapio-
:ary cnnan CCCP ia o]op:ena aaiono(areino
8
.
Peaini:n nponnennn:n n(eoorn~ecioro ynpanennn cran ninn(a-
nnn pa(noraaer, aanpemenne pa(nonepein~ei, nenrpanaannn cncre:i no(-
roronin rnpanponannix :nipo]onnix reicron pa(nonepe(a~ n annapare
BPK n nx onaareinan pacciia (n :ecrnoro nemannn (r.e. nacnicrnen-
noe pacnpocrpanenne ~epea :ecrnie pa(nocrannnn :arepnaon na Nocini),
perynpnie ia(ponie ~ncrin
9
.
4op:nponanne co(epannn .]npa n ero crpyirypi npairn~ecin c na~a-
a perynpnoro pa(nonemannn nponcxo(no n coornercrnnn c ~erio paapa-
orannon :ero(nion, ioropan n:ea (na ocnonnix nanpanennn (n]]e-
pennnannn ay(nropnn n nporpa::nponanne. Hpn .ro: y~nrinaaci crpyiry-
pa n ia~ecrno ay(nropnn no paan~ni: noiaaaren: nannonaino-naiio-
ni:, connaini:, reononrn~ecin: n (p. 1ai, n ocnonax nocrpoennn cerin
Uenrpainoro pa(nonemannn na 192829 rr. ea neci:a npo(y:annin
npe(napnreinin anana ay(nropnn. Hanpn:ep, xapairepncrnia nannonai-
nix ocoennocren pecnyni nirn(ea ce(yimn: opaao::
YCCP. Ocnonnan nannonainan rpynna ipecrinne, pao-
~ne, nnrenrennnn. Pyccian nnrenrennnn n pao~ne.
Knen oimon iyirypnin nenrp YCCP, orarin nay~-
ni:n n xy(oecrnenni:n cna:n. H:eercn pn( nay~no-ncce-
(onareicinx y~pe(ennn. Bceyipanncian aia(e:nn nayi, pn(
BY3on, necioiio rearpon.
B pa(nyce cimn:ocrn npeoa(aer erian npo:imennocri,
no.ro:y pao~ne n ocnonno: ne nopnan cnnan c ipecrinncr-
no:.
Knencian pannn nnnercn o~aro: pa(nonemareinon pao-
ri npanoepein, rpann~amero c iannrancrn~ecin:n rocy(ap-
crna:n.
|...]
1amienr Yaeician CCP.
Oipynon nenrp. Ocnonnan nannonainan oce(an rpynna
naceennn yaeician, necioiio :enime io~enan inprnacian.
Yaeician rpynna ipecrinncian ((eixane). Ocnona c;x
xonoi n pnc. Knprnai ciorono(crno. Pyccian rpynna
pao~ne n nnrenrennnn.
b4
B npe(cronmyi an:y n 1amienre paoraer oneperra n (pa-
:a n nannonainin yaeicinn rearp. Onepi n 192829 rr. ne
y(er. Hpe(noaraercn oripiri Hapo(nin ynnnepcnrer no pa-
(no` npn y~acrnn ceinnn nay~nix paornnion
10
.
Pe(airopcin: cocrano: y~nrinaoci coornomenne reicronon n :yaiiai-
non nn]op:annn. 1ai, na omero ore:a nemannn reicr aann:a 88 (crannnn
n:. Ko:nnrepna) n 27 (crannnn n:. Honona), a n cpe(ne: 84. Ocrai-
non ore: nemannn i or(an :yaiie n anrpaira:. Hocioiiy n ionne
1920-x rr. n(en :nponon penoinnn in eme nonynpni, ro ee(nenno n
pa(nonporpa::ax npncyrcrnonaa (na(narnnnrn:nnyrnan nn]op:annn na nai-
ie .cnepanro n ypoin nnocrpannix naiion.
Hopaaer n(y:~nnocri n ananrn~nocri oprannaaropon nemannn. B :a-
repnaax lannciyccrna coxpannnci (oiy:enri o oprannaannn n cranon-
ennn xy(oecrnennoro nemannn, npe(naana~ennoro (n ipecrinncion ay(n-
ropnn. Onn (e:oncrpnpyir, iai acoirno ne no(roronennan iareropnn cy-
mareen perynpno no(nepraaci nanpanennon nponaran(e, n peayirare
ioropon ]op:nponanci ee niyci n nnrepeci.
lannon aa(a~en pa(no nepno(a iyirypnon penoinnn nnnaci aa:ena
nepinn n nponone(n cnnmennnia ycrni: noa(encrnne: rooca na penpo(yiro-
pa. Hcxo(n na .roro, Hapio:no~rei peio:en(ona ycranannnari rpo:ioro-
nopnren n no:emennn nepinen, ioropie i ro:y npe:enn ye in oopy-
(onani no( iyi n nai-~nrainn.
]n nipaorin crparernn n rairnin pa(nonponaran(i, opnenrnponannon
na ipecrinncrno, ia coa(ana Ko:nccnn no (epenencio:y nemanni. Le pao-
ra, c o(non croponi, crponaci n coornercrnnn c peio:en(annn:n Arnrnpona
UK BKH(), c (pyron y~nrinaa cnenn]niy (annon ay(nropnn. 1ai, n
anrycre 1929 ro(a ocy(anci nonpoci :yaiiainoro nemannn. Hpe(noa-
raoci ncnoiaonari napo(nie nncrpy:enri (rap:onnin rpno, inaprer) n
nonie, yconepmencrnonannie napo(nie nncrpy:enri ((o:pi, cnnpei, a-
enia n r. (.). Ho n or cn:]onn~ecioro opiecrpa oriaainaricn io neian,
n ero nipannn neoimn:n (oaa:n, ncnoiayn (ae opran.
O(naio nanoee airyaini: nn(o: nciyccrna, :yaiiaini: nipaanre-
e: :acconoro (nnennn npnananaaci yn~nan necnn, cnnaannan c coirnn-
:n omecrnennon nann n cynnman xy(oecrnenno-nocnnrareini: ne-
n:. ]n ooramennn :yaiiainoro araa copa n ananaa napo(noro
rnop~ecrna n (epenne npe(noaranci iri coa(ani ]oiiopnie ao-
paropnn. lopn~en no((epion ia ncrpe~ena nporpa::a copa necen n o-
paaonanmnxcn ioxoaax n conxoaax. 3rn nponane(ennn (epenencinx no.ron
n xy(onnion co(epan, napn(y c .rnorpa]n~ecin: :arepnao:, nce npn-
anain yn~non :apmenon n npn~ecion necnn c noni:n reicra:n n nonon
:yaiiainon crnncrnion
11
.
Ho :nenni penccepa n (pa:arypra B. ]. Napiona (18901978), nepe(
rpo:ioronopnree: cronr ipecrinncian :acca, n cnoe: oimnncrne c xy(o-
ecrnennon npo(yinnen ropo(a ne anaio:an, n n ro e npe:n aa~acryi
n:eiman n cnoe: xy(oecrnenno: arae naniin n npnni~nie ]op:i na-
$#
po(noro ca:o(enreinoro nciyccrna, cia(inanmerocn na npornennn croe-
rnn no( paan~ni: ncropn~ecin: noa(encrnne:
12
. Napion or:ern rai-
e, ~ro onpcio-(pynnnoe necennoe rnop~ecrno, nepionnoe nenne, co(ar-
cine necnn, npo(yinnn ]apn~no-aano(cion ynni paan~nix ncropn~ecinx
nepno(on, ~yncrnnreinie po:anci ropo(cioro :emancrna, Heipacon, nepeo-
ennin na :yaiiy, n (pyron penepryap (epenencion nnrenrennnn, niran-
mnna ropo(cinx nnnnymei, naionen, necnn penoinnn nce .ro n paan~-
nix nponopnnnx n naan:o(encrnnn nneoci n cymareicinn ara ipe-
crinncrna. 1o e ca:oe iacaercn nncrpy:enrainon :yaiin (or an(ypi n
rycen ~epea aaaniy, rap:onniy, cipnniy y~nreen n perenron, nnori (o
peinnanponannix ponen n o:enennix na :yiy rpa::o]onon) n :acrepcrna
xy(oecrnennon pe~n (or ciaaoi aymei n npnayroi cna(enoro (pyia
(o ca:ocronreinon (eia:annn n paairpinannn niec :ecrni:n :oo(e-
ni:n ipyia:n raion nyri npnni~nix npe(cranennn o nnon xy(oe-
crnennon pe~n). B aaii~enne io or:e~eno, ~ro (n roro, ~roi na ocnone
npe(i(ymero cymareicioro onira ipecrinncrna coa(anari raine nporpa:-
:i xy(oecrnennix nepe(a~, ioropie i erio nocnpnnn:anci ipecrinna-
:n n npnneian i nx i cymanni xy(oecrnennoro nemannn, neoxo(n:o
nocronnno .icnepn:enrnponari, nay~ari (epenenciyi ay(nropni, a raie
necrn ee i c:i~ie c npoerapcin: ropo(o: iai n nane n(eoorn~ecio:
(no nnnn co(epannn), rai n n ]op:aino-xy(oecrnenno: (no nnnn npn-
omennn i ropo(cion npoerapcion xy(oecrnennon iyirype)
18
. Hapn(y c
.rn: io npnnnro pemenne necrn opiy c ranna:n .porn~ecioro xapaire-
pa c no:omii pacnpocrpanennn n (epenne ]naiyirypnix n :acconix ran-
nen
14
.
O(naio xy(oecrnennoe pa(nonemanne nocno ncno:orareinyi ]yni-
nni no ornomenni i ocnonnon re:arnie, ocnemaimen ir, xoanncrno n yia(
(epenencion nann. Bor neioropie na re:, nome(mnx n iaen(apnin nan
nemannn na ceaon 192829 rr.:
Oxm6pt
Honin xoanncrnennin ro( (n paa(ee nnrnerin).
Xynrancrno.
Ha iyirypno: ]ponre (naa-~nrainn, pa(no, penra aa y~e-
on n r. (.).
Heniaanan rpnai (ioeirnnnan opia c nen... 'ro ny-
no c(eari).
Ho6pt
B ipecrinncion nae (rpnai, (yxora, rpeonanne rnrneni, a-
nn).
,exa6pt
Hnionn (eni (npecroinie npaa(nnin n (epenne c ninn-
ion, oopcrno:, c iya~ni:n on:n).
Oxpana econ (nopyin).
Becrn nyaonna (necrn na ropo(a).
Ceixoaipyin.
bb
Xneapt
Connenopor ((y:in o ypoae: crapoe ion(in, ra(a-
nnn; nonoe nay~nie (annie).
Ko:co:oicioe po(ecrno (n npornnonec nepionno:y).
Kponanoe nocipecenie n c:epri ennna.
Namnnnie ronapnmecrna.
veepa.t
Nacennna n neninn nocr.
]eni Kpacnon Ap:nn.
Hpnno( (nrnnra, renra, yy~menne nopo().
Ho(roronia i ceny (coprnponia, pe:onr nnnenrapn, y(ope-
nne, pannnn nap).
Mapm
Hnanepenne ca:o(epannn.
]eni paornnni n ipecrinnin.
Hapncian io::yna.
Be~ep anro(opa (neniaanan rpnai).
5eciop:nna.
3aroronia i(a.
Ciopo encinn (eni.
Ciopo cnona rpnai
1b
.
Ha ]op:, nponepennix oniro:, n xy(oecrnenno: nemannn ncnoiaona-
nci n in nonynpni: a) opiecrponan :yaiia (npen:ymecrnenno napo(-
nie nncrpy:enri); ) xy(oecrnennoe pacciaainanne, (naorn n (pa:arn~e-
cine nncnennponin; n) xoponoe nenne; r) :yaiia (n rannen; () rporeci
paaronopnoro anpa (Herpymia na pa(no); e) ~acrymin; ) xy(oecrnennoe
~renne n conpono(ennn anyionoro :onraa; a) paei; n) nrpi no(nnnie n
nrpi ocrpoy:nn. ]n ipecrinncion ay(nropnn (epenencian ne~epnnia-
rynnia, (epenencian nocn(eia, npe(npaa(nn~nie n nocipecnie nepe(a~n,
ionneprnie nporpa::i. 1aine conie ]op:i, iai (pa:arn~ecian nieca,
onepa, oneperra, cn:]onn~ecian :yaiia, nannponan nno(nri n nporpa::y
nocrenenno, no :epe naionennn aoparopnoro onira, nocnnrannn ia(pon
pa(noanropon n pa(noncnonnreen, a raie no :epe nocrenennoro pocra
yponnn xy(oecrnennoro nocnnrannn :acci pa(nocymareen. Hpn~e: no
npen:ymecrny .]npnon nncnennponie no(nepranci orpinin nponane(ennn
nn nx :onran nn nperro.
Cnennainan :ero(n~ecian npopaoria nemareinix ]op: nii~aa ]op-
:ynponiy neenix ycranonoi, nanncanne ion]epanca n :yaiiainoe o]op:-
enne. Hanpn:ep:
Hporpa::i npaa(nn~nix n nocipecnix xy(oecrnennix
nepe(a~ (oni iri pacc~nrani na orne~enne ipecrinn (no
npen:ymecrny enmnn n crapmnx noioennn) or nepinn. lan-
non ycranonion .rnx nepe(a~ nnnercn yneiareinocri, r. i.
nepioni, n yconnnx (epenencion e(nocrn nne~arennn, (aer
$%
cnon:n orocyennn:n cypporar .crern~ecinx noa(encrnnn
(nenne, nemecrnennoe o]op:enne, iocri:nponia, (eia:annn),
ioropie npnneiair n creni nepionnix a(annn ne roiio
nepyimnx, no n apenrnoanix ipecrinn. C .ron .crern~ecion
npnrnrareinocrii orocyenix apenm nyno oporicn
nporpa::on, nnrepecno n yneiareino no cnoen ]op:e cocran-
ennon.
Ho:n:o re:arn~ecinx ocoennocren, onpe(ene:ix raion
neenon ycranonennon nen~nnon. Xopomnx yn~nix necen
ner, a norpenocri n raion necne rpo:a(na. Cen~ac epercn
~acro nomin :ornn, (aercn rnep(o penoinnonnin reicr, n
necnn iryer. Ha(o aannricn a(anrannen yn~nix necen, :e-
nnri reicr nx, nipannnari nonie, coany~nie :o:enry, iyne-
ri. npn~ecian necnn neoxo(n:a (n ay(nropnn.
]epenencine ionnepri pacc~nrani na ocynnanne ay(n-
ropnn c nonimenni:n xy(oecrnenni:n rpeonannn:n. Hx
aa(a~a xy(oecrnennoe nocnnranne.
Konneprnie nporpa::i cocrannircn na cepieanix no:e-
pon nennn, :yaiin, xy(oecrnennoro cona. Hpn~e: ion]epanc
:icnrcn n nane xy(oecrnennoro npocnemennn
1b
.
Ho ornomenni i nocnpnnrni xy(oecrnennoro nemannn pa(nocyma-
reician :acca (n]]epennnponaaci oprannaaropa:n nemannn no nponano(-
crnenno-ironi: npnanaia:. Bi(ennci rpn ocnonnie rpynni:
1) Kpecrinncian rpynna xapairepnayercn n oee or(a-
ennix n ryxnx :ecrnocrnx ocraria:n crapon rpa(nnnn n na-
po(noro xy(oecrnennoro rnop~ecrna (napo(nan necnn, noco-
nnni n r. (.). B :ecrnocrnx, cnnaannix c ]apn~no-aano(cion n
ropo(cion iyirypon, ipecrinncian rpynna xapairepnayercn noc-
npnnrne: nanoee ynpomennon xy(oecrnennon npo(yinnn ro-
po(cion iyirypi (~acrymia, yn~nin anei(or, inreicinn
rearp n r. (.).
2) Pao~an rpynna n cnoi o~epe(i (enrcn na no(rpynni:
a) Pao~ne, recno cnnaannie c (epennen, nnymne ee iro-
ni:n n xy(oecrnenni:n rpa(nnnn:n. 3ra rpynna n oacrn
xy(oecrnennoro nocnpnnrnn n ocnonno: cxo(na c ipecrinn-
cion, no n cny ee cnnan c nn(ycrpnen nnnercn ye oee
cnoconon i nocnpnnrni xy(oecrnennon npo(yinnn n oee
conoro nopn(ia.
) pao~ne ~ncrie npoerapnn, :acconnin, xapairepnay-
ircn (onoino paanoopaani:n xy(oecrnenni:n aanpoca:n,
nipocmn:n, c o(non croponi, na no~ne nponano(crnennix orno-
mennn, c (pyron croponi neioroporo anaio:crna c npocren-
mn:n opaana:n xy(oecrnennon npo(yinnn ropo(cioro rnna
(inno, inno-:yaiia, raaernan nreparypa, iynin rearp n .cr-
b8
pa(a n r. (.). 3ra no(rpynna ye nnnercn ana~nreino oee
no(roronennon i nocnpnnrni xy(oecrnennon npo(yinnn n
oee conoro nopn(ia.
n) Pao~ne inan]nnnponannie nonimennoro iyirypnoro
yponnn, anaio:ie ye co nce:n ocnonni:n nnennn:n xy(o-
ecrnennon npo(yinnn nonimennoro rnna (xy(oecrnennan n-
reparypa, onepa n oneperra, (pa:arn~ecinn rearp, :yaiiainie
anca:n n r. n.).
3ra no(rpynna n neioropon :epe no(roronena i nenocpe(-
crnenno:y nocnpnnrni nononennix npo(yiron xy(oecrnen-
noro rnop~ecrna.
8) 1py(onan nnrenrennnn :oer iri paanra na (ne oc-
nonnie no(rpynni:
a) no(rpynna, nnman crapi:n noy:emancin:n, noyipe-
crinncin:n rpa(nnnn:n, rnroreiman i ynpomennon ropo(cion
xy(oecrnennon npo(yinnn (nonynpnie yn~nie necenin, (e-
menan .crpa(a n r. (.) n or~acrn no rpa(nnnn, a ne no cymecrny
nnraiman ynaenne i iaccn~ecin: opaana: xy(oecrnenno-
ro rnop~ecrna, ranni: opaao: cnnaanni: co crapi: ironi:
yia(o: (nreparypa (nopnncioro nepno(a, 'anioncinn n r. (.);
) no(rpynna nonimennoro xy(oecrnennoro niyca, na-
ian i rperien no(rpynne pao~en rpynni.
4) Y~nrinan ocoennocrn nponano(crnenno-ironix n noa-
pacrnix rpynn, xy(oecrnennoe pa(nonemanne (ono ce(o-
nari nanecrno:y ne(arorn~ecio:y npnnnnny, ne(n ay(nropni
or anaio:oro i neanaio:o:y, or npocroro i cono:y. Hpn
.ron ycranonie oee npn:nrnnnie n :enee nennie npo(yiri
xy(oecrnennoro rnop~ecrna nan(yr cee n pa(nonemannn :e-
cro roiio iai ncxo(nie :o:enri n nepexo(nie crynenn i
xy(oecrnenno nononenni: nponane(ennn:.
b) Xy(oecrnennoe nemanne, epn yponeni nocnpnnrnn yia-
aannix rpynn aa ncxo(nin :o:enr, (ono necrn nce rpynni
(n :epy noa:onocrn ia(on na nnx) i nocnpnnrni nepe(o-
noro xy(oecrnennoro rnop~ecrna, coany~noro nponecca: conna-
ncrn~ecioro crponreicrna n ome:y xapairepy n re:ny nn-
(ycrpnainoro nponano(crna. 3ro (ono onpe(enri niop
re:arnin, .:onnonainon oipacin n rexnn~ecioro o]op:ennn
nponane(ennn nciyccrna.
b) Hacron~nno npono(n nocnnranne xy(oecrnennoro niyca
pao~en n ipecrinncion :acci nyre: no(opa xy(oecrnen-
no-nononennoro penepryapa, ne ce(yer n ro e npe:n oria-
ainaricn or airnnnon opii c orpnnareini: n npn:nrnn-
ni: xy(oecrnenni: niyco: (rnrorenne i (emenon yn~non
necenie, i cenrn:enrainon nn ceicyainon :yaiie n r. (.).
B:ecro cncre:i aa:a~nnannn nenononennix nn :aonen-
nix xy(oecrnennix nponane(ennn, na(o, n cy~ae, ecn onn
npnneiair i cee nnn:anne :acci, no(neprari nx ecnoma(-
$'
no:y n(eoorn~ecio:y n xy(oecrnenno:y ananay, paanen~n-
nan nx nce:n cpe(crna:n, nnori (o napo(nponannn n oc:ennnn,
pac~nman re: ca:i: no~ny (n nocnpnnrnn nononennon xy(o-
ecrnennon npo(yinnn (o(nn: na npn:epon n .ro: nanpane-
nnn :oer iri, nanpn:ep, oprannaonannoe cymanne :yaiin)
17
.
Apio nipaennan ionrinirypa nponnnaci n xy(oecrnennix nocra-
noniax 1980-x rr. ]n .roro oime ncero oiaaanci npncnocoeni npona-
ne(ennn conercinx anropon. 3nyionan oprannaannn ia raie na nicoio:
yponne. Hpe:iepa n 1982 ro(y pa(no]ni:a no o(non:enno:y nponane(e-
nni A. Cepa]n:onn~a Aeeanin noroi, eayconno, aanncannoro na nen-
iy, n:ea ce(yimnn ncrynnreinin reicr:
1on., cen~ac ni ycimnre orpinin na ALL3HOlO HO-
1OKA`.
B 18 ro(y na Cen. Kaniaae no(nnnci no:emnin, iyain,
ypyaann. Conercian nacri npe:enno ia ynn~roena. H
cran oraren iaaain, o]nnepcrno, renepai nemari, pynri,
ronnri n Kyann e(nory, ne ma(n (eren, enmnn, crapnion.
5e(nora noxnaraa penrnmei, iaion nonacn no( pyin ciap, n
noma na coe(nnenne c ranni:n cna:n Kpacnon Ap:nn, aa
orcrynanmn:n or(eini:n ipacni:n orpn(a:n.
Bor .ro rnioe orcrynenne n pacciaaano n Aeeano:
noroie`.
Cero(nn, n nnrna(naryi ro(onmnny, cimnre n ni rpoano
napacraimnn rycron ry maron, ry maron coren ricn~ 3ro
crponno n necoipymn:o n(er nexora Kpacnon Ap:nn.
Cimnre n ni ec~ncenno-anoninn cioi ionanix ionir
3ro necercn ipacnan ionnnna.
Cimnre n eeanin rpoxor, corpncaimnn ae:i (o ca-
:on rynni 3ro rnio n rpoano na(nnraircn ioonni ran-
ion.
Cimnre n my: ec~ncennix ipiien n nimnne 3ro
oenie ca:oeri, my:n, ipoir neo, pocan cnomnyi (nny-
myi reni na ae:i.
Cimnre n :ory~e-pa(ocrnie inin nec:ernix ron 3ro
npoerapnar, .ro ioxoannin npnnercrnyir cnoi Kpacnyi Ap-
:ni, nenoioen:yi aamnrnnny Conercion crpani, crpani
crponmerocn connana:a npornn aono n ncnyranno ociaen-
noro ypyaanoro :npa.
Y :nipo]ona nncarei Cepa]n:onn~, anrop Aeeanoro noroia`.
Cymanre ron. Cepa]n:onn~a.
1onapnmn, n po:ane Aeeanin noroi` pacciaainaircn nc-
rnnnie coirnn, ioropie paairpanci n 18-: ro(y na Cenepno:
Kaniaae...
Cymanre orpinin na Aeeanoro noroia`...
18
.
70
O(naio (ae iaccn~ecine nponane(ennn :orn crari ocnonon (n coa(a-
nnn xy(oecrnenno oprannaonannix nponaran(ncrcinx reicron. 3ro naaina-
oci ipnrn~ecin: ycnoenne: n nepepaorion iaccn~ecioro nreparyp-
no-xy(oecrnennoro nace(crna.
H:eircn no(ponie aanncin B. ]. Napiona (nonpi 1988 ro(a) o pa(no-
nocranonie pa(no]ni:a Cnon i(n co~re:cn (:yaiia B. Kpiiona,
penccep n anrop io:noannnn B. Napion). Anrop onpe(en nocranoniy iai
iaprnni iyne~ecion Nocini no A. H. Ocrponcio:y n ]e:inny 5e(no:y.
H:eircn cne(ennn, ~ro ia c(eana aannci, ioropan xpannrcn n BPK.
Ko:noannnn, n ocnony ioropon i nooen reicr ]. 5e(noro, paaoa-
~aa, no cona: anropon, cannno]nicio-monnnncrciyi in~nnocri aaro-
ranon Nocini. Hieca Ocrponcioro Cnon i(n co~re:cn ia nanra
iai :arepna, ncipinaimnn n opaaax roprono-:omennn~eciyi no(oneiy
:ocioncioro npanocannn n napo(nocrn. Orpinin na pacciaaon H. 4. lop-
ynona (air anponie iaprnni ira Nocini, npniap:nnaimencn noae
rainx cronon, ryaon, iai :ocioncinn nepnon rni(nn iynen Ca:con Cn-
i~ 5oimon
19
.
Boa:onocrn :acconoro noa(encrnnn na rpan(noanyi ay(nropni cpe(cr-
na:n pa(nonciyccrna in croi npnneiareini, ~ro (ae anropi ron~an-
mero no.rn~ecioro (apa ne c:orn naeari coaana pa(no.]npa. B na~ae
1980-x rr. ia nncnennponana no.:a 5. . Hacrepnaia 190b ro(, noiao-
nanmancn y cymareen nena:enni: ycnexo:. B 1981 ro(y cocronaci pa-
(nonpe:iepa xy(oecrnenno-(oiy:enrainon io:noannnn A. A. 1apioncio-
ro Honecri o c]arny:e (5aa(a o rop]e). Ona ia nocnnmena ncropnn
paapaorin rop]a n Poccnn n nonecrnonaa o ecroiocrn pyccinx napen-
yrnerareen n rneenme: rpy(e no(nenoinoro i(a, crpa(annn ioroporo
aaian~nnanci cpaay noce 1917 ro(a:
l(e panime npacran n ae:i a~yrn pao~nx nicnrcn
xopomo oopy(onannie apain, .eirpn~ecinn cner ier na oion,
ipacnie yroin, croonie, cyar pao~n:.
Crpana :on!
Ce:n~aconon pao~nn (eni
Crpana :on!
1op] nam! Crpana :on! Haprnn!
(Nyaiia)
Ni no( oimenncrcin: ana:ene: penoinni (ean. Hap-
rnn nac n on nea.
Haprnn!
Ha xoanncrnennix ]ponrax :i cpaae:cn no( pyiono(-
crno: naprnn, :i npenimae: nani.
Haprnn!
Ka(an ronna yrn ninnn~ena npo:]nnnano:. Bcrpe~-
ni: nano:.
Ho( ana:ene: oimenncrcion naprnn :i noe(ae: na
xoanncrnennix ]ponrax.
%
Haprnn.
1or ipecrinnnn, pao~nn ror,
1b0000000.
Ba(eer crpanon pao~nn napo(.
1b0000000.
Hac naprnn ne(er. looc. 1nep(ie pyin, Pao~nn na-
po(... looc.1b0000000. Bce: Hama crpana. Xop: Cna!
20
Ornomenne i xy(oecrnenno:y pa(nonemanni io o~eni rnop~ecin:.
Ho nnnnnarnne B. Napiona ia coa(ana cry(nn-aoparopnn no xy(oecr-
nenno:y nemanni. Cpannenne pa(no c inno, rearpa (n ryxnx, po(ao
opaa xy(oecrnennoro pa(no iai rearpa (n cenix. H n ro:, n (pyro:
cy~ae pe~i ma o ca:ocronreinix nn(ax nciyccrna. B aa(a~n aoparopnn
crannn orop n nocnnranne cnenn]n~ecioro pa(noncnonnren na ocnone
pa(norenn~nocrn n pa(no rpennnra
21
.
Ho nce: aaiona: rnop~ecion .crernin n oprannaannn :arepnaa pa(no
aanponaoci na ocoix pa(nonemareinix nreparypnix n io:noannn-
onnix anpax n rpiiax. B ia~ecrne yaonix naainanci npoe:i ona-
(ennn ia(i: (npnepo:, ia(i: penccepo:, paoraimn: na pa(no, rexnn-
~ecin:n noa:onocrn:n anyia
22
. Nne iaercn, ~ro poi pa(no n oacrn
nciyccrna n rearpa y nac eme n ne(ocraro~non crenenn oneneni, ronopn
A. 1anpon n 1988 ro(y. Ka(in airep, no.r, nncarei, rnop~ecinn paor-
nni (oen nonnri, ~ro ior(a on cronr y :nipo]ona, ero cimar n cymair
:nnonnie :acci namen crpani n ~ro roiio npn no:omn pa(no ecri
noa:onocri omaricn c raion orpo:non ay(nropnen
28
.
y~me ncex noa:onocrn pa(no c:or peanaonari B. 3. Nenepxoi(, io-
ropin aaon ocnoni pa(nopenccypi. Lro nyminnnana craa orpo:ni:
iyirypni: coirne: cepe(nni 1980-x rr.
24
Y(nnnreinie noa:onocrn any~amero rearpa n any~amen nreparypi
ncer(a in ocoenno nocrpeonani n nepno(i nanoee ecrinx n(eoo-
rn~ecinx orpann~ennn. Heoi~anno roninn nnronannonnin rooconon pn-
cynoi noanon penccepy n airepy ncnoiaonari ero iai (ononnreinoe
cpe(crno (n nepe(a~n cipiron nn]op:annn, oee nanecrnon n Poccnn iai
.aonon naii. Bor no~e:y n nepno(i eanpe:enin anropi rearpa y :ni-
po]ona ~acro opamanci i iaccn~ecio:y penepryapy, ~epnan n ne: :are-
pna (n conpe:ennon nnrepnperannn ne~nix npoe:.
B:ecre c re: pa(no(pa:aryprnn neci:a ~yrio pearnponaa na nce c:eni
nonrn~ecioro neiropa n no npe:ena ornocnreinix cnoo( nciaa nonie
]op:i (n orpaennn nonrn~ecion ar:oc]epi. B ioporinn orpeaoi :e-
(y oion~anne: Bropon :nponon nonni n nepni: n(eoorn~ecin: nocranon-
enne: UK BKH() or 14 anrycra 194b ro(a O ypnaax 3nea(a` n e-
nnnrpa(` crpyirypa xy(oecrnennoro .]npa ia neci:a opnrnnaina no
]op:e n nenpnni~no ypyaana no co(epanni. Hanoee npin: npn:e-
po: :oer cynri reicr cnenapnn eene(einoro pa(nopeni (n anro-
a:epniancioro or(ea Pa(noio:nrera:
72
Muxpoon e eocmx u.6upame.e
2b
(Becean (aaonan :yaiia, :eo(nn necenin :nipo]ona).
BL]YLHH (c(epnnan nonenne): Ao, pa(nocymaren!
K coaenni, ~aci noiaainair ce:na(nari ~acon no rpnnnn~-
cio:y npe:enn!.. Hpocrnre, n ne ro xore ciaaari!.. K coae-
nni, n (oen y(y cen~ac npeiparnri nepe(a~y!... Hpocrnre, n
onnri ciaaa ne ro!..
NHKPO4OH (paa(paenno): ]a nepecranire e, naionen!
Be(i nce rai npocro! Ornnnre pa(nocymaren:, ~ro n :n-
ipo-]on n ~ro cen~ac n y(y necrn nepe(a~y ca: ea namen
no:omn, rai e iai (eai .ro ia(oe nocipecenie n ce:na-
(nari ~acon no lpnnnn~y. Pa(nocymaren ye (anno npn-
niin i :on: nocronnni: nocipecni: nporyia:, a ni nniai
ne ocnonreci. Horynnre noia ea :enn! Noere (ae nocnari,
noia n y(y orcyrcrnonari :ne conepmenno eapaan~no.
Nn-ipo-]on ne ny(aercn n oneie! Hpomanre!
.. A ne na:epen cero(nn ornpannricn (aeio. A xo~y cero-
(nn noinari n rocrnx y ninon iaioro-nny(i oiinonen-
noro (o:a, r(e-nny(i no coce(crny. He noconeryere n ni ia-
ion-nny(i (o:.. l(e ni ca:n nnere
BL]YLHL (ycnoioenno): Ha ynne Aeicen 1ocroro. 3ro
o~eni nicoinn n ipacnnin (o: co :noecrno: inaprnp. Bor
na: :on nnanrnan iapro~ia c a(peco:. Lcn aan(ere i ynpan-
nime:y (o:o: aaxnarnre, noayncra, :on o~in. A aai y
nero cnon o~in.
NHKPO4OH: Kone~no, ione~no! A .ro onaareino c(e-
ai. Cnacno aa a(pec! A ornpannici n nam (o:! Hpomanre!
BL]YLHH: Hpomanre!
(Cnncr (nnennn)
NHKPO4OH: Bor .ror (o:!..
(1onranne :aeniinx noei no ecrnnne).
NHKPO4OH: Bor na (nepn iapro~ia: Ynpannimnn (o-
:o:. Hoanoni!
(3nonoi. Ly: ornopnimencn (nepn).
NHKPO4OH (Ho-anrnncin): 3(pancrnynre! Bi ynpan-
nimnn (o:o:.. (Cnoxnarnnmnci, nonropner ciaaannoe no-pyc-
cin).
NYACKOH lOOC (Ho-pyccin): O-o, .ro Nnipo]on! 3(pan-
crnynre! Bon(nre, noayncra! (Ha o:ano: anrnncio: nai-
ie). Bon(nre, noayncra! A y:ei ronopnri no-anrnncin. Nne
npannrcn .ror naii. On nano:nnaer :ne o :oe: ne(anne: npo-
mo:.
NHKPO4OH (nay:enno): O name: npomo:
YHPAB]ON: A ne(anno (e:onnaonacn na ]ora. A cy-
n crapmn: ipacno]orne:. B ro(i nonni n i neioropoe
npe:n n A:epnie n nay~ncn anrnncio:y naiiy. Ni noy~a-
%!
n ra: rpaimni, na ioropo: n noro: nana. 3ror rpaimni
nona n nepnie pyin :i noronnn rpn ne:enine no(no(-
nie o(in. Bor .ra royan enro~ia na :ne :e(ai 3a
oopony Conercioro 3anonpin`... . Xornre nocymari namy
oenyi necni :opnion.. A nocrani (n nac nacrnniy...
NHKPO4OH: Hoayncra!
(3ny~nr necnn :opnion. ]ainenmnn (naor npo(oaercn
na ]one necnn)...
NHKPO4OH: ... B coce(nen inaprnpe nner Hnioan Nac-
on. 3ro oimon cnennancr no .icnopry pyccion nymnnni,
cyamnn Bnemropra, orn~no ronopnmnn no-anrnncin.
NHKPO4OH: 3(pancrnynre!
NACOB (Ho-anrnncin): O, o, a(pancrnynre, (oporon Nni-
po]on! O~eni pa( na:! 3axo(nre! A na:ennin pa(noinrei
n ncer(a nac cymai.
NHKPO4OH: Cnacno!
(Nacon nii~aer pa(nonpne:nni. Cnncr n nnar .]npa).
NACOB: A :ory cymari iyi crpany :npa. 'ro xorn-
re..
NHKPO4OH: 5aro(api nac. Hpocro xopomyi pycciyi
necni...
NACOB: Hoayncra! Bor na:... 3ro nepe(aer ennn-
rpa(...
(3ny~nr crapnnnin pyccinn po:anc. ]naor npo(oaercn
na ]one necnn)
NHKPO4OH: He no:ema n n na: 'e: ni in aannri
NACOB: A paarncnn crapymie :arepn :oen eni
o(nn nanin nonpoc.
NHKPO4OH: Kaion
NACOB: Ona o~eni orop~ena, ~ro nner ne n ro: nanpa-
reino: oipyre, r(e (a coracne aornponaricn ronapnm Cra-
nn. A en, iai n ia(o:y na nac, o~eni xoreoci i rooconari
aa ian(n(arypy ronapnma Cranna.
NHKPO4OH: 'ro e ni en ciaaan
NACOB: A orncnn en, ~ro ronapnm Crann (a cora-
cne aornponaricn n (pyro: nanpareino: oipyre, ne n na-
me:. A nce namn ian(n(ari, n ro: ~nce 4e(opona n 5yrannn,
ni(nnnyri nanpareini: oio: io::ynncron n ecnaprnn-
nix. 3ror nanpareinin oi e(nno(ymen n :ory~, n ero na-
ainair n namen crpane cranncin: nanpareini: oio:.
A orncnn en, ~ro or(anan rooc io:y na ian(n(aron cra-
nncioro nanpareinoro oia, ona re: ca:i: roocyer aa
ronapnma Cranna.
NHKPO4OH: A ona
NACOB: Paay:eercn, coracnaci c :on:n (ono(a:n. Be(i
ro, ~ro n ciaaa npan(a.
74
NHKPO4OH: Paccianre :ne, noayncra, o i(nx, nny-
mnx n name: (o:e.
NACOB: B .ro: (o:e raioe paanoopaanoe naceenne!
Hnenepi, ne(arorn, pao~ne, cyamne, y~enie, (enren nc-
iyccrn... Bi nan(ere a(eci npe(crannreen iix npo]eccnn.
3(eci ner roiio nn iannrancron, nn eapaornix. Ho nx no-
ome ner n namen connancrn~ecion crpane... A, nanpn:ep,
cnennancr no .icnopry pyccion nymnnni. A o~eni ii
cnoi cnennainocri. Lcn i ni aarnnyn io :ne na cy-
y n noiaaa i na: opaani namen aa:e~areinon pyc-
cion nymnnni, na noce(nen naprnn na .icnopr! 'epnoypie
nci, royie necni... Kaian meionncrocri!..
NHKPO4OH: 5aro(api nac, n iai-nny(i aarnny i na:.
Ho cen~ac n cnemy (aime. Bcero xopomero!
NACOB: ]o cnn(annn!
2b
]ainenman ncropnn noiaaaa: n .icrpe:ainix cnryannnx pa(no npn-
rnrnnaer i cee :nnoni, onepean (pyrne conpe:ennie cpe(crna io::y-
nniannn. Oneparnnnocri n (ocrynnocri, .:onnonainocri n (e:oiparna:
.ro ia~ecrna, ioropie ocoenno n ipnrn~ecine :o:enri (eair pa(no nan-
oee conepmenni: cpe(crno: coe(nnennn i(en. Honenman ncropnn Poc-
cnn ionna XX neia, nopanman n cen coirnn anrycra 1991 ro(a, oirnpn
1998 ro(a, noapa na Ocraninncion amne 2000 ro(a, nmnnmero :ocion-
cinn pernon reennanonnoro cnrnaa, aacranner no-nono:y onennri n npo-
~yncrnonari, ~e: ia ~epnan rapeia pa(no (n noioennn conercinx
i(en 19201980-x rr.
Bor no~e:y, nec:orpn na nce rpanc]op:annn, ioropie nponaomn n onen-
ie paan~nix crpannn conercion ncropnn, namn npe(cranennn o pon n
ana~ennn pa(no c y~ero: nonon ]airorpa]nn ocranci nena:enni:n.
1
C:.: Hcropnn conercion pa(noypnancrnin. ]oiy:enri. 1eicri. Bocno:nna-
nnn. 1917194b ; Ho( pe(. A. H. 3acypcioro, orn. cocr. 1. N. lopnena. N., 1991.
C. 9197.
2
Pa(no y(ymero io nanncano B. Xennioni: n 1921 r. n onynionano n
ypnae Kpacnan Honi (1927. !8). He~araercn no in.: . A.e6nuxoe. Yrec na
y(ymero. Hpoaa, crarin ; Cocr. P. ]yranon. 3ncra, 1988. C. 288284.
8
Hep. A. N. ee(ena c ne:enioro naiia. 8 nonpn 1988 r. Ha reicre npnnncia
anropa o nocnnmennn crnxornopennn B. ]. Napiony.
4
Unr. no no(nnnniy nepeno(a A. N. ee(ena c ne:enioro naiia c (aron 8 non-
pn 1988 r. (PlAH. 4. 2882 (B. ]. Napion). On. 1. ]. 22b. . 14). Ha reicre
npnnncia anropa o nocnnmennn crnxornopennn B. ]. Napiony.
b
. Xuno.tcxu. Nocioncian ynna ;; 3na:n. 1988. ! 2. C. 108.
b
v. Aaex. ]opora i pacrny ;; Honin :np. 1991. ! 8. C. 19b-19b.
7
C:. nporoio ! 88 aace(annn Ceiperapnara UK BKH() or 7 nnnapn 1927 r.
(PlACHH. 4. 17. On. 118. ]. 2b7. . 28).
8
C:.: Pa(noeero(nni. N., 1984. C. 21.
%#
9
Ho(ponee c:.: T. !opeea. Pa(no Poccnn. Honrn~ecinn ionrpoi conercioro
pa(no. N., 2000.
10
PlAH. 4. b4b. on. 1. ]. 878. . b19b.
11
1a: e.
12
1a: e.
18
PlAH. 4. 2882. On. 1. ]. 211. . 17.
14
1a: e.
1b
1a: e.
1b
1a: e.
17
PlAH. 4. b4b. On. 1. ]. 878. . 188.
18
PlAH. 4. 4b7. On. 1. ]. 24. . 140.
19
PlAH. 4. 2882. On. 1. ]. 10. . 110.
20
Pa(no(eia(a. 1981. ! 1. C. 1114.
21
PlAH. 4. 2882. On. 1. ]. 41. . 24.
22
1a: e. . 2b2b.
28
PlAH. 4. 2828. On. 1. ]. 91. . 1.
24
C:. o .ro:: A. Lepe.t. Pa:na y :nipo]ona. N., 198b.
2b
Anropi nnia Heoi~annie noxo(ennn :nipo]ona N. Uenrnn n 5. Ar-
nnr. 3]np 8 ]enpan 194b r.
2b
PlAH. 4. 29bb. On.1. ]. 40. . 2187.
7b
BA]HNHP KOA]A
AY]HO]OKYNLH1L B KONNYHHKAUHOHHOH
CPL]L CCCP 192080-x lO]OB
4ono(oiy:enri nonnnnci n Poccnn n noce(nen ~erneprn XlX neia n
pa:iax :nponoro nne(pennn n npairniy nonix cpe(crn io::ynniannn. B nep-
nie (ecnrnernn XX neia n namen crpane (encrnonao oee 20 ]np: rpa:-
aanncn, ninycianmnx ana~nreinie no ore:a: rnpan rpa:nacrnnoi. 5a-
ro(apn .ro:y n (onoino ioporinn cpoi rpa:nacrnnin npo~no nomn n ir
ca:ix mnpoinx coen naceennn, ~e:y cnococrnonan (ocrynnie neni n
pino~nan airnnnocri nponano(nreen. 1ain: opaao:, i na~ay 1920-x rr. n
crpane io n opamennn ana~nreinoe ion~ecrno rpa:nacrnnoi n n:e-
oci croi e nnymnreinoe ~nco rpa::o]onon n nare]onon. Han~ne
raion rpa(nnnn coa(anao aronpnnrnie yconnn (n ncnoiaonannn rpa:-
aanncn n nonix nenx, nocranennix Conercion nacrii.
Hpn nay~ennn npoe: io::ynniannonnon cpe(i CCCP 192080-x rr. n
ornomennn ay(nonn]op:annn neoxo(n:o y~nrinari nein pn( oreirnnnix
n cyreirnnnix ]airopon, onpe(ennmnx ee cnenn]niy. Han~ne nimeyiaaan-
non rpa(nnnn, yponeni rexnnin roro ncropn~ecioro nepno(a, a raie n:eimne-
cn ]nnanconie n nponano(crnennie noa:onocrn coxpannn (n rpa:aanncn
npnopnrernie noannnn (o ionna 1980-x rr. Pa(nonemanne eme ne npnopeo
raioro :acmraa n raion pacnpocrpanennocrn, ~roi cocrannri rpa:aanncn
airepnarnny: ecn cncre:a pa(nonemannn orcrpannaaci npairn~ecin c nyn,
ro nponano(crno rpa:nacrnnoi io ocnoeno n oecne~eno :arepnainon n
ia(ponon aaon. A rannoe rpa:nacrnnia i .ro:y npe:enn nnnaci npn-
ni~ni: norpenreicin: npe(:ero:. Ho.ro:y ona n npnneiaa ecrecrnennoe
nnn:anne rocy(apcrnennix opranon, ornercrnennix n crpyirype conercioro
rocy(apcrna aa nponaran(ncrciyi (enreinocri. Heian aainari raie n ror
]air, ~ro (o ionna 1980-x rr. i nacrnnie n nare]ony coxpannoci ornomenne
iai i cnoero po(a npe(:ery npecrna, noiaaarei nanennoro yponnn ne(a-
po: n conercioe npe:n onn ~acro ncnoiaonanci npn noompennn orn~nnmnx-
cn paornnion, nepe(onnion, noe(nreen copennonannn.
C1AHOBLHHL HPOH3BO]C1BA H HH4PAC1PYK1YPL
lPAN3AHHCH
Hepnie (ecnrnernn cymecrnonannn ore~ecrnennon rpa:aanncn ((o 1917
ro(a) xapairepnayircn noni: orcyrcrnne: iaioro-no rocy(apcrnennoro n:e-
mareicrna n nonpoci ]op:nponannn penepryapa, rnpanix ore:on, pacnpo-
%%
crpanennn n r. n. Conce: nnan cnryannn noannia c nepnix (nen Conercion
nacrn, ior(a ocnononoaraimn: no(xo(o: i anyioaanncn cpaay n nancer(a
cra no(xo( n(eoorn~ecinn. 4ono(oiy:enr pacc:arpnnacn iai (encrnen-
nin nncrpy:enr arnrannonno-nponaran(ncrcion paori, na nepnin nan ni-
(nnnyaci ero connaino-nonrn~ecian ]yninnn. C ro~in apennn oimenn-
ion raion no(xo( neian ne npnanari a(pani: n pannonaini:. Conercian
nacri ne :ora nponrn :n:o croi :omnoro nn]op:annonnoro ]airopa, ia-
in: nnnoci any~amee cono n nepno( cranonennn nonon rocy(apcrnennon
n(eoornn n nonoro :acconoro coanannn n :aorpa:ornon crpane, npnni~non,
o(naio, i cranmn: pacnpocrpanenni:n npe(:era:n ira rpa::o]ony n rpa:-
nacrnnie.
'roi oprannaonari na(anne nonix nacrnnoi, neoxo(n:o io paao-
paricn c (ocranmn:cn n nace(crno ay(noxoanncrno:, ynopn(o~nri ero n
npeopaaonari n nonie ]op:i. Cry(nn rpa:aanncn n nponano(crnennie npe(-
npnnrnn in nannonananponani, pyiono(crno nponano(crno: n pacnpocrpa-
nenne: rpa:nacrnnoi, napn(y c (pyrn:n arnrannonni:n :arepnaa:n, io
noaoeno na Arenrcrno BUHK no pacnpocrpanenni ne~arn (Uenrpone~ari)
n crpyirype ioroporo oprannaonacn cnennananponannin or(e Conercian
nacrnnia.
B ~acrn ay(nonponano(crna (eo oconnoci ipannen nanomennocrii
ocnonnix ]on(on. Hponano(crnennan aaa ]yninnonnponaa aa c~er n:yme-
crna n oopy(onannn (openoinnonnix ]np:. Ocnonnon aa(a~en npn paann-
rnn (annon orpacn craa peioncrpyinnn npe(npnnrnn, ~ro n io onpe(ee-
no n ia~ecrne rannoro nanpanennn (enreinocrn coa(annoro n cncre:e
Hapio:ara rneon npo:imennocrn locy(apcrnennoro rpecra rpa::o]on-
no-nacrnno~non npo:imennocrn (lpa:nacrrpecr). B Hocranonennn Con-
napio:a CCCP or 22 cenrnpn 1988 ro(a crannaci aa(a~a n nanmne nnri
er (ocrnrnyri ore:a ninycia nacrnnoi n ion~ecrne 90 :nnonon .i-
ae:nnpon
1
. Hpe(noaraoci n nepnyi o~epe(i oecne~nri na(anne nonoro
conercioro penepryapa no nce: anponi: rpynna:. O]nnnainan crarncrnia
yrnep(aer, ~ro nanonoe aa(anne, ione~no, nepeninonnn, n aa nepno( 1984
1989 rr. io nponane(eno oioo 200 :nnonon .iae:nnpon nacrnnoi.
Kai i ro nn io, no c .roro nepno(a nponano(crno conercinx rpa:aanncen
(encrnnreino nomo nnepe( aa:erni:n re:na:n.
Hpn noce(yimnx peoprannaannnx ynpanennn npo:imennocrii lpa:-
nacrrpecr :enn no(~nnennocri, no ocranacn ocnonni: pyiono(nmn: op-
rano: n oacrn rpa:aanncn. B re ro(i ]apnin rpa:nacrnnoi aann:anci
n naroronenne: nare]onon, ioropie ninycianci raie neioropi:n :amn-
nocrponreini:n aano(a:n (nanpn:ep, Koo:encin:). Peanaannn ncen .ron
npo(yinnn noaaraaci na rpecr Neraocirmnpnorpe Hapio:ara O-
mero :amnnocrpoennn CCCP
2
.
B 1980-e rr. na(anne: rpa:nacrnnoi aann:anci n paan~nie :eine
npe(npnnrnn cncre:i Hapio:ara :ecrnon npo:imennocrn, Hpo:iconon
ioonepannn, Pa(noio:nrera, ninycianmne :aornpanyi npo(yinni. 1e:
ne :enee, omnn ore: rainx nacrnnoi (ocrnra :nnona .iae:nnpon n
ro(. Cir nx me n ~epea ropronyi ceri, n ~epea o:ennie nyniri, r(e aa
nonie nacrnnin npnnn:acn on crapix (ncion, nacr:acconie na(enn n
78
r. n. Kone~no, co(epanne .rnx aanncen crporo ionrponponaoci: iai npa-
nno, :eine nponano(nren ncnoiaonan :arpnni, pacciae:ie lpa:nacr-
rpecro:.
B neoimon cnoen ~acrn rpa:nacrnnin, ninymennie Pa(noio:nrero:,
orn~anci ncnoiaonanne: .icnepn:enrainon rexnnin aanncn (nanpn:ep, .ei-
rpoaanncn), onirni:n :arepnaa:n nocnren, a nnor(a raie n mry~ni:n or-
e:a:n na(annn, pacc~nrannoro nmi na norpenocrn .]npnoro nemannn.
Omn: (n ncex nepe~ncennix rpa:nacrnnoi io cpannnreino ne-
nicoioe ia~ecrno, na-aa ~ero nanamnnanci onn ropaa(o icrpee npo:imen-
nix n cranonnnci pe(iocrii ye ~epea necioiio er.
Hapa(oic conercioro ay(no(ea n 192080-e rr. aaii~acn n ro:, ~ro
npn nce: n(eoorn~ecio: ionrpoe rpa:aannci ocranaaci n ne(ennn ~ncro
npo:imennix ne(o:crn, coxpannaci rpa(nnnn crapix ]np:, aann:anmnxcn
roiio nponano(crno:. B ro e npe:n, n orn~ne or pa(no(ea iai (nna:n~-
no paannnaimencn c]epi ay(no:npa, ninyci rpa:nacrnnoi (ae ]op:ai-
no ne nixo(n na ne(ennn rocy(apcrna. Lcn Ainnonepnoe omecrno Pa(no-
nepe(a~a xorn i no:nnaino c~nraoci n:enno ainnonepni:, ro npe(npn-
nrnn rpa:aanncn ncer(a ocrananci n crpyirype rocnpo:imennocrn. O~e-
nn(no, o(non na npn~nn .roro nnnaci cnenn]nia .noxn, n ioropyi nare]on
n nacrnnia in nanoee pacnpocrpanenni:n n (ocrynni:n cpe(crna:n
anyionon io::ynniannn, a ce(onareino, n oee (encrnenni:n n c:ice
noa(encrnnn na ay(nropni. 3rn: orncnnercn nnn:anne i :o(epnnaannn n
peioncrpyinnn :arepnainon aai rpa:aanncn, ni(eenne n .rnx nenx ana-
~nreinix cpe(crn, aro(apn ~e:y n conercion ay(nonpo:imennocrn npo-
ncxo(nr aa:ernie noonreinie na:enennn. Peioncrpyinnn Anpeencioro
aano(a, nyci n .icnyaranni nonoro Hornncioro aano(a rpa:nacrnnoi, or-
ipirne Uenrpainoro (o:a anyioaanncn ana~nreino ynen~nn norennna
orpacn, ~ro noanono lpa:nacrrpecry peaio no(nnri rnpan npo(yinnn.
Bipoco n rexnn~ecioe ia~ecrno nacrnnoi, pacmnpncn n cra paanoopaa-
nee nx accoprn:enr, nce pee ncnoiaonanci nepene~arin co crapix :arpnn.
O5LHL HPO5LNL PLHLP1YAPA
C na~ao: nponano(crna conercinx rpa:nacrnnoi n .ron c]epe con-
aci cnryannn, coxpannnmancn na nce: npornennn cymecrnonannn ay(no(ea
n CCCP. C o(non croponi, rpa:aannci (ona ia ninonnri nnone ~er-
ine n(eoorn~ecine ]yninnn, (n ~ero :acconi:n rnpaa:n na(ananci arn-
rannonnie nacrnnin coornercrnyimero co(epannn, pacnpocrpannnmnecn
oi~no n onaareino: nopn(ie, ne npnnocn npe(npnnrnn: npnin. C (py-
ron croponi, rpa:nacrnnia ncer(a n nea(e rpa(nnnonno nnnercn xo(oni:
ronapo:, (aimn: nenoxon (oxo(, ecn ee co(epanne npnneiaer norpenre-
n. A .ro rpeonao ninycia aanncen rannenainoro, nonynpnoro necennoro
n paaneiareinoro penepryapa, ne ncer(a orne~anmero crporn: nenaypni:
nop:a:. 1o ecri io::ep~ecine na(annn (oni in, n npnnnnne, oiynari
aarpari na na(annn nonrn~ecine, ~ero nnior(a rai n ne y(aoci (ocrn~i,
xorn co npe:ene: ]nnanconan cropona (ea aann:aa n crpyirype rpa:aann-
%'
cn nce oimee :ecro. Ocoyi airyainocri .ra npoe:a npnopea c nepe-
xo(o: conercioro xoanncrna na rpecronyi cncre:y, npe(noaranmyi n n(eae
nne(penne .iono:n~ecinx :ero(on n nne(enne ocnon xoapac~era n (enrei-
nocri npo:imennix npe(npnnrnn.
Lcn oparnricn i crarncrn~ecion xapairepncrnie penepryapa rpa:aann-
cn 1980-x rr., ro ero crpyirypa nirn(nr ce(yimn: opaao:: omecrnenno-
nonrn~ecine aanncn 27,9, iaccn~ecian :yaiia 11,4, napo(noe nc-
iyccrno (nciyccrno napo(on CCCP) 28,b, cn:]onn~ecian n nncrpy-
:enrainan :yaiia 7,1, conercian necnn n erian :yaiia 24,8,
nreparypno-(pa:arn~ecine aanncn 2,2, y~enie n (ercine 8,b
8
.
3aeran nnepe(, ce(yer or:ernri, ~ro raioe coornomenne anponix rpynn
:ao na:ennoci n ~epea b0 er. B na~ae 1980-x rr. y ]np:i Neo(nn
ono nirn(nr rai: omecrnenno-nonrn~ecine aanncn 27,9 , iaccn~e-
cian :yaiia 14,8, napo(noe nciyccrno 28,b, conercian necnn n
erian :yaiia 24,8, nreparypno-(pa:arn~ecine aanncn 2,b, (er-
cine b,9. Ho(onan craninocri n nepnyi o~epe(i nicrpnpyer no-
cronncrno orne~anmnx nnone onpe(eenni: n(eoorn~ecin: ycranonia:
npnnnnnon ]op:nponannn penepryapa rpa:aanncn.
B ro e npe:n craninocri crarncrnin no anponi: rpynna: ne oana~a-
er nocronncrna nx nnyrpennero nanonennn. Ha:enennn nponcxo(nn iai ec-
recrnenni: nyre:, rai n no( nnnnne: ionrinirypnix :o:enron. B .ro: ~er-
io npocennaercn cnnai ]ono(oiy:enron c ncropn~ecin:n peann:n: roi-
io n ionipernix, yaio orpann~ennix xponoorn~ecinx pa:iax :orn na(a-
naricn nacrnnin c Napme: nnreppnra( nn Hpomainon necenion inon-
cioro (aaa, nnior(a nnoce(crnnn ne nepena(ananmnecn.
lPANHAC1HHKA KAK lOOC BAC1H
B (oiy:enrax o coa(annn or(ea Conercian nacrnnia ocoo no(~epin-
naoci, ~ro ncnoiaonanne rpa::o]ona n nenx rocy(apcrnennon nponaran-
(i io::ynna:a cpe(n mnpoinx npoerapcinx :acc Conercion Pecnynin
nnnercn nacymnon norpenocrii nepennae:oro ncropn~ecioro npe:enn
4
.
Ocnonnon aa(a~en Or(ea naainaaci ranni: opaao: cnennainan aa-
nnci pe~en ni(aimnxcn nonrn~ecinx oparopon, nanrpinanne nonix penoi-
nnonnix rn:non, necen, opiecrponix n coinix :yaiiainix nponane(ennn
npoerapcinx no.ron n nncareen n r. (., pacnpocrpanenne rpa::o]onon n
nacrnnoi i nn: c pe~a:n no(en npoerapcion penoinnn n io::ynna:a.
]n airnnnaannn paori no aanncn nicrynennn nn(nix (enreen peno-
innn norpeonaoci cnennainoe iareropn~ecioe pacnopnenne B. H. e-
nnna, noce ~ero n inmen :ocioncion cry(nn Nerponoi Peiop( nponane-
n aannci nicrynennn ca:oro B. H. ennna, . ]. 1ponioro, A. B. yna~ap-
cioro, H. H. Ho(noncioro, A. N. Koonran, N. H. Kannnna, . 5. Ka:enena,
H. H. 5yxapnna, l. L. 3nnoniena, H. B. Kpienio, K. Uerinn
b
. 3rn aanncn
(eanci, n ome:, cnonranno, no co(epanni onn in naneeni na paarnc-
nenne ca:ix airyainix nonpocon reiymero :o:enra. ]annie rpa:nacrnn-
in pacnpocrpannnci no cern nonropranon. O ro:, iaioe ana~enne npn(ana-
80
oci .ro:y (ey, cnn(ereicrnyer ror ]air, ~ro n nepno( rpa(ancion nonni
n ia(o: ipacnoap:encio: arnrannonno: no(paa(eennn npe(nncinaoci
n:eri rpa::o]on nn nare]on c io:neiro: coornercrnyimnx nacrnnoi.
Xapairepno, ~ro na cny noa(encrnnn any~amero cona pacc~nrinan ne
roiio n nonrn~ecion nponaran(e. Hanpn:ep, aanncn ece( ror(amnero nap-
io:a a(panooxpanennn H. Ce:amio nocnnmeni npoe:a: cannrapnn, rnrne-
ni, opii c aapaani:n oeann:n.
Co npe:ene: nepe~ncennie nime aanncn npenparnnci n cnoeopaanie
papnreri, r.i. n cny nanecrnix npn~nn oimnncrno na nnx ne nepena(ana-
oci. Hcii~enne, ecrecrnenno, cocrannn nmi aanncn B. H. ennna, no n
cpe(n nnx nepena(annn pacnpe(ennci (aeio nepanno:epno.
C pyea 192080-x rr. ninyci pe~enix rpa:nacrnnoi ~erio npnnnai-
nacn i onpe(eenni: ncropn~ecin: nn nonrn~ecin: coirnn:. Hpn:epo:
cyar nicrynennn y~acrnnion nonpnix .icne(nnnn n ncce(onannn, anna-
nnonnix nepeeron n nenrpe nnn:annn rpa:aanncn cronr re ]airi, ioro-
pi: npn(anaoci ocooe rocy(apcrnennoe ana~enne n noipyr ioropix paano-
pa~nnanci n(eoorn~ecine ia:nannn. B cepe(nne 1980-x rr. ia na(ana
cepnn nicrynennn nn(nix naprnnnix (enreen, nocnnmennan npnnnrni no-
non Koncrnrynnn CCCP. B ia~ecrne ncropn~ecioro ncro~nnia .rn rpa:na-
crnnin nnrepecni ne roiio co(epanne:, no n nepconann:n, cocran ioro-
pix orpaaer nponecc c:eni npannmen .nri n ee oipyennn. 3ror acneir
npe(cranner rpa:aannci n ia~ecrne neci:a cnoeopaanoro n no-cnoe:y ynn-
iainoro (n noro:ion ncro~nnia, nocioiiy n nen nenaypnin ionrpoi (n
~acrnocrn, n nepconainoro xapairepa) i eme crpoe, ~e: n nepno(nie nn
.eirponnix CNH. 3ror ionrpoi, icrarn, pacnpocrpanncn ne roiio na no-
nie na(annn, no i opamen n n npomoe aanncn penpeccnponannix nn
nai:anci na oopora n ynn~roanci.
B 1980-e rr. conercian rpa:aannci cranonnrcn (encrnnreino conercion
ne roiio no ]op:aini: npnanaia:: cia(inaercn ee penepryap, conepmen-
no nonin n no crpyirype, n no co(epanni. Ocooe :ecro n ne: aann:air
rpa:nacrnnin c pe~a:n B. H. ennna, nepena(ananmnecn npairn~ecin pery-
npno. ]o 19b8 ro(a croi e nocronnno ninycianci n aanncn nicrynennn
H. B. Cranna. Hepconainin e cocran pyiono(nmnx naprnnnix n rocy(ap-
crnennix (enreen, ~in pe~n na(ananci n anyie, :enncn n coornercrnnn c
:o:enro:: B. N. Nooron, K. L. Bopomnon, C. N. Knpon, l. K. Op(onnin(ae,
A. A. Bimnncinn, . N. Karanonn~, N. H. Kannnn... Ha ncex nnx nerepano:
anyioaanncn no xponoorn~ecio:y nocronncrny cy:e crari nmi noce(nnn.
lPAN3AHHCL HA CYA5L KYL1YPHOH PLBOKUHH
Honrn~ecian nynnncrnia aann:aa, ione~no, nmi ~acri penepryapa
conercion rpa:aanncn. He :enee npncrainoe nnn:anne opamaoci n na
na(annn xy(oecrnennix nponane(ennn, xorn a(eci in cnon npoe:i. Or
npennx ]np: rpa:aanncn ocranci ana~nreinie :accnni :arpnn, cionnen-
rpnponannie na cia(ax nannonananponannix npe(npnnrnn. Hpe(e ~e: nc-
noiaonari nx n nono: nponano(crne, neoxo(n:o io nponecrn ne roiio
&
.e:enrapnyi nnnenrapnaanni, no n paaoparicn c n(eoorn~ecin:n :o:en-
ra:n nx co(epannn, na ~ro opamaoci nepnoo~epe(noe nnn:anne.
B .ro: c:ice nnrepecen nponecc no(onon npopaorin :noro~ncennix
aanncen napo(nix necen anpa, noiaonanmerocn oimn: cnpoco: n npe-
nnn nepno(. 3ror nponecc i nanpanen na ]op:nponanne conepmenno nono-
ro penepryapa n yiaaanno: ceirope. Lcn panime ncnonnren aanncinan
peainyi napo(nyi :yaiiy, ro renepi nce oimyi (oi n rnpaax aann:a-
n nponane(ennn, npnanannie crari napo(ni:n n nirecnnri npennn penepry-
ap. Ha .rn rpa:nacrnnin noaaraaci aa(a~a ]op:nponannn nonoro napo(noro
nciyccrna, ioropoe coornercrnonao i n(eoorn~ecin: ycranonia:. Hanpn-
:ep, n ia~ecrne onaareinon any~aa re:a rneon nann napo(a n napcioe
npe:n n, iai ionrpacr, nponoaramaoci na~ao c~acrnnon .pi (necnn 3a:y-
~en rneon nenoen, C:eo, (pyain, ne repnnre, Cenre oioni, C:i~ia
ropo(a n (epennn, ]aemi :orop). Xapairepno, ~ro na .rnieriax rainx na-
crnnoi anropcrno, iai npanno, ne yiaainaoci o~enn(no, (n roro, ~roi
no(~epinyri n:enno napo(nin, ]oiiopnin xapairep aanncannix nponane(e-
nnn, ioropie, ione~no, in nanncani npo]eccnonaini:n anropa:n.
'ro iacaercn npennx aanncen, ro nx onenia ia o~eni crporon: crapie
opnrnnai npoxo(nn ca:in ecrinn nenaypnin orop n no co(epanni, n
no nepconann: anropon n ncnonnreen. O ipnrepnnx, npn:ennnmnxcn n
nponecce raioro oropa, ipacnope~nno cnn(ereicrnyer o(nn na cnncion rpa:-
nacrnnoi, no(eanmnx narnrni na npo(an n aanpemennix i nepena(a-
nni Ko:nccnen no ionrpoi rpa::o]onnoro penepryapa
b
. Po:anc Bixoy
o(nn n na (opory aanpemen iai nieca :ncrn~ecioro co(epannn; po:anc
Hapa rne(ix nocnponano(nr aarxin ir npomoro c ero ornomenne:
i enmnne iai i opy(ni naca(ennn; napo(nie necnn Boae pe~eniin,
Be~op noa(no na eco~ia, Kai-ro ocenii nai:anci iai necnn ipenocr-
nn~ecioro xapairepa. 3anpemanci nce ea ncii~ennn aanncn Hennnion
no ron npn~nne, ~ro naneroe ei ne npe(cranner xy(oecrnennon nennocrn,
ca:a ona n cnoe npe:n ia ni(nnnyra n ana:ennrocrn n paapeia:nponana
:onapxncra:n, a (enreinocri ee n .:nrpannn nocnr nnno ~epnocorennin
xapairep. B ornomennn i iaccnie onenin in croi e iareropn~ni:
oimnncrno nponane(ennn ne ycrpannao n(eooron io:nccnn no npn~nne
roro e ipenocrnn~ecioro xapairepa nn :onapxn~ecinx nacrpoennn.
C ionna 1920-x rr. nocrenenno na~nnaercn nponano(crno nonix opnrn-
nainix aanncen. B nepnyi o~epe(i .ro, ione~no, in penoinnonnie nec-
nn n :apmn (C:eo, ronapnmn, n nory, Bnxpn npa(enie, Kyaneni n
(p.). B neo: penepryap ncrnnno conercion rpa:aanncn c]op:nponacn
npn:epno i na~ay 1980-x rr., ior(a n c]epe nciyccrna onpe(ennci .crern-
~ecine opnenrnpi n ycranonin, nipaoraaci ncno ooana~ennan rocy(apcr-
nennan pyiono(nman nnnn. Hepno( noncion, .icnepn:enron, :erannn, reopnn
o nono: penoinnonno: nciyccrne, croi nono orpaennin n nreparype
(na(narix, npome :n:o rpa:aanncn. C o(non croponi, .ro orncnnercn
cocronnne: ee nponano(crnennon c]epi, ~ncro rexnn~ecin ne noanonnmen
oneparnnno pearnponari na nonnenne nonix no ]op:e n co(epanni npona-
ne(ennn. C (pyron croponi, nenaypnin ionrpoi cya noa:onocrn .icne-
pn:enrnponannn n oacrn co(epannn rpa:aanncen. lanni: e, ciopee
82
ncero, io ro, ~ro :acconan ay(nropnn iai ocnonnon norpenrei anyionon
npo(yinnn :ao nnrepeconaaci ananrap(ni:n reopnn:n n re~ennn:n, n ee
ecrecrnennin ioncepnarna: i nmnn: nono(o: (n oocnonannn o]nnn-
ainon n(eoorn~ecion nnnn.
Hpnnnnni connancrn~ecioro peana:a, cranmero ocnonon conercioro nc-
iyccrna, ~erio npopnconinaircn n co(epannn conercinx rpa:nacrnnoi :ac-
conoro nponano(crna. Ho .rn: npnnnnna: ]op:nponacn iaccn~ecinn penep-
ryap, na nnx aanponaaci conercian necnn n :acconan :yaiia, n: ce(ona-
n npn aanncn nreparypno-(pa:arn~ecinx nponane(ennn. ]ae napo(noe nc-
iyccrno npe(craer n .rnx rpa:aanncnx ne rain:, iain: ono io peaino, a
rain:, iain: ono (ono io iri n connancrn~ecio: omecrne. Hanno-
nainie ~epri a(eci ecn n nponnnircn, ro nmi n :yaiiaino: pn(y, rei-
cri e cyryo conercine, ione~no, c npnnpanon :ecrnoro ioopnra: na
ire xara noeennan, n Aann ropnin ay, no nea(e c~acrnnan n,
iai npanno, ioxoanan nani. Hpeoa(air ncen(onapo(nie crnnaannn, npn-
anannie c]op:nponari nonin penepryap n .ro: anpe. Kpacnope~nni ca:n
naanannn Koxoanan, Koxoanan necnn o Nocine, O er~niax, ]ai-
nenocro~nan norpann~nan, Hecnn o Kpacnon ap:nn, Cranncian Koncrnry-
nnn, Koxoanie ~acrymin, Hecnn o Knpone. Ha .rnieriax .rnx nacrnnoi,
iai n npe(e, oi~no yiaainaercn: :yaiia n cona napo(nie ~ro, ione~-
no, neci:a co:nnreino.
B nanoee rnpano: ceirope penepryapa rpa:aanncn noni: nnenne:
craa conercian necnn. Ocnonnoe ee orn~ne n ~erion ]yninnonainon
aa(annocrn co(epannn, npnanannoro ]op:nponari nonyi conerciyi :acco-
nyi .crerniy. 3ano:nnaimnecn n erio nocnponano(n:ie :eo(nn n reicri
ropaa(o ycnemnee aaia(inan n coananne re ]op:yi, ycranonin n mra:ni,
ioropie cpe(crna:n nponaran(i nne(pnnci :e(ennee n ne croi .]]ei-
rnnno. Hecnn npn ~acro: n (ae ~ncro cy~anno: npocymnnannn ycnannaer-
cn n .ro: c:ice ropaa(o npome n ne niainaer orropennn. B neo: anp
conercion necnn npe(cranner coon peainin cn:noa nciyccrna n npona-
ran(i. lpa:nacrnnin c rain:n aanncn:n nnnircn cnoeopaani: n noiaaa-
reini: ncro~nnio: no ncropnn ]op:nponannn :acconoro .crern~ecioro npo-
crpancrna n conercion connainon ncnxoornn iai n xy(oecrnenno:, rai n
n nonrn~ecio: nane. 3rn rpa:nacrnnin in npnanani nirecnnri na
nn]op:annonnoro n ironoro oopora nonynpnyi necni npennx er, ne
orne~anmyi nonon n(eoornn.
Kone~no, n ror nepno( onaareinyi ~acri ioro necennoro penepryapa
cocrannn necnn o Cranne. Onn na(ananci na ncex cymecrnyimnx naiiax
napo(on CCCP. Hnrepecno, ~ro necen o ennne, npn nce: o]nnnoano: npeio-
nennn nepe( nn:, na(anaoci nce e :enime.
Croi e onaareinyi rpynny cocrannn aanncn necen o Po(nne, o Co-
nercio: Coiae, co croi e onaareini: ncnonenne: nx na nannonainix
naiiax n n nannonaino: crne, a raie noenno-narpnorn~ecinn penepryap.
Nnnrapnaannn coanannn (ocrnraaci n ~epea na(anne rpa:nacrnnoi c ra-
in:n necnn:n, iai Kpacnoap:encian, Lcn aanrpa nonna, Bnnronia, 5enre
c nea, ca:oeri, O noenno: io:nccape, Hecnn npnainnnia, Nopcian
norpann~nan, Hecnn :oo(ix onnon, Crpeionan aaoaepnan, Hnci:o no-
&!
rpann~nnia, L(e:, parni, npnainaricn... A ecn y~ecri, ~ro raine cieri
any~an n no :nornx (pyrnx, (ae npn~ecinx necnnx, ro ]yninni rpa:na-
crnnin no nocnnranni conercinx i(en no nnone onpe(eenno: (yxe rpy(-
no nepeonennri. 1aian ren(ennnn xapairepna ne roiio (n 1980-x rr., c ron
nopi ona craa rpa(nnnen ore~ecrnennon rpa:aanncn.
B necnnx nimeyiaaannon anponon rpynni oneparnnno orpaaircn nce
nanenmne coirnn roro npe:enn. C conepmenno ioniperni:n ]aira:n cnn-
aano na(anne nacrnnoi c aanncn:n necen Cenepnin Hoic, Hecnn o nana-
nnnnax, Hpoman, nanannncian i(nna, Nocioncioe :erpo, Napm xerary-
ponoi, Cranncinn aaion, Crpana ninpaer, Hama (enyraria. B necnnx
o noennix ion]nirax onaareino npncyrcrnyir nparn, ioropie repnnr co-
ipymnreinoe nopaenne, npn~e: npar inaer iai ro~no ooana~enni: (ca-
:ypan), rai n oomenni: (npain cran). B reicri necen nii~aircn
oaynrn (nn (:aon iponii, :ory~n: y(apo:, ~yon ae:n :i ne xorn:
nn nn(n, no n cnoen nepmia ne or(a(n:), npary npornnocronr nam repon
norpann~nni, ranincr, ipacno]oren, nnonep, nyrenon oxo(~ni, ioropin nce-
r(a eai:nnen. Hepconn]nnnponanci repon~ecine ]nrypi roiio nicmnx
(enreen, ~ame ncero K. L. Bopomnona, N. H. Kannnna, . N. Karanonn-
~a. Hpan(a, yno:nnanne neioropix n:en nopon npe(onpe(eno ioporiyi
nani aanncn (iai, nanpn:ep, Hecnn onnon HKB] co cona:n Ni cnoi
crpany Coneron no-eoncin cropon:). ]oronree: n .ro: ornomennn
(iai n n yinaino: c:ice cona) cra C. N. 5y(ennin anaionan ]nrypa
conercion necnn na (orne (ecnrnernn.
lpa:aanncn conercion necnn (air omnpnin n cnoeopaanin :arepna
(n nay~ennn croi conoro nnennn, iai npeo:enne ncropn~ecinx coi-
rnn n xy(oecrnennix ]op:ax, naan:onnnnne nciyccrna n omecrnennoro
coanannn. B ro e npe:n, ronopn o nacrnniax conercion necnn, ecc:icen-
no cyari re:y roiio (o ee connaino-nonrn~ecinx ]yninnn. lpa(ancr-
nennocri a(eci nepeneraaci c npnion, (n(airnia c (ymennocrii, arnr-
ia c ~eone~nocrii. Nacconie nacrnnin 1980-x rr. npe(crannir coon
croi e conoe nnenne, iaion ia nani i(en roro npe:enn n omecr-
nennan ar:oc]epa. Heian ne y~nrinari n ecro~anmne nenaypnie yconnn
n na(annn rpa:aanncen. O~enn(no, n ry nopy cymecrnonan n any~an (pyrne
necnn, (pyrne re:i, no na-aa orcyrcrnnn noa:onocrn nx aane~arennn anyio-
aanncii onn rai n ocranci n ycrnon rpa(nnnn n co npe:ene: ymn na
na:nrn. Ha .ro, cocrnenno, n ia nanpanena ncn nponaran(a conercion nec-
nn, npe(naana~anmancn (n coa(annn nonon :acconon conercion .crern~ecion
cpe(i nyre: nirecnennn na anyionoro non necen npennx er. ]n nino-
nennn .ron aa(a~n n(eoorn~ecian cncre:a ncnoiaonaa nce noa:onie ia-
nai. lpa:nacrnnia nrpaa a(eci oimyi poi eme n n cny nn(nnn(yai-
nocrn ee npocymnnannn. Pa(nonemanne rex er io no ]op:e cnoen oee
ioeirnnni:, rpancnnnonnie ro~in ycranannnanci n iyax, arnrnyni-
rax, ipacnix yroiax, ropo(cinx noma(nx. Hare]on e ocranacn ironi:
npnopo:, cymarei n npnnnnne :or ca: ninpari rpa:nacrnnin no cno-
e:y niycy. ]pyroe (eo, ~ro n .ro: niope on i orpann~en npe(oenne:
nponano(nreen rpa:aanncn, npo(yinnn ioropix ecrio pera:enrnponaaci
84
nenaypni:n oprana:n. Hepe]paanpyn nanecrnoe niciaainanne lenpn 4op(a,
:ono ciaaari, ~ro conercinn ~eonei :or nipari iyi nacrnniy, ecn
.ra nacrnnia ia npe(naana~ena e:y cnime.
Ocnonnoe rpeonanne i conercion necne aaii~aoci n npn(annn en aa-
no:nnaimencn :yaiiainon ]op:i, orn~anmencn onrn:na:o: n aa~acryi
panypno :apmenon :eo(nen. B reicrax rannoe nnn:anne opamaoci ne
croiio na xy(oecrnennie (ocronncrna, cioiio na npanninoe co(epa-
nne. Bne(penne e nonix necen n omecrnennyi cpe(y oecne~nnaoci ne-
i: io:neico: :ep. 1npan rpa:nacrnnoi c rain:n nponane(ennn:n ana-
~nreino npenocxo(nn nce ocrainie anponie rpynni. 3rn e necnn no-
cronnno any~an n pa(no.]npe iai n nno: ncnonennn, rai n n rpa:aann-
cn. Onn nii~anci n onaareinin penepryap iynoro, ionneprnoro, .cr-
pa(noro n ipyionoro ncnonennn. H:n oany~nnanci :acconie :eponpnn-
rnn, onn e nynionanci n :noro~ncennix necennniax rex er.
B (ee nonynpnaannn conercion necnn recno c:iianci rpa:aannci n
inne:arorpa]. Cranman onaareinon npnna(enocrii nonix conercinx
inno]ni:on, necnn oneparnnno na(anaaci na rpa:nacrnniax. A cymecrno-
nanman n 1980-e rr. ennnrpa(cian Knnocry(nn :aix ]op: ninyciaa n
mnpoinn npoiar rai naainae:ie ]ni:i-necnn neioe no(one :yai-
iainix innoinnon, n ioropix necnn nicrpnponanci no(xo(nmn:n no
c:icy ]par:enra:n xponniainix n xy(oecrnennix ]ni:on. 5aro(apn
nce: .rn: :epa:, conercian necnn n neci:a carie cpoin cranonnrcn neorr-
e:e:on ~acrii omecrnennoro coanannn, nxo(nr n ncropn~eciyi ianny, npe-
npamanci n iaio:-ro c:ice n cn:no npe:enn.
Croi nnnan n(eoorn~ecian ]yninnn ne (ona, re: ne :enee, aaconnri
xy(oecrnennie (ocronncrna y~mnx nponane(ennn .roro anpa. Heian aa-
inari n o ro:, ~ro ioe na .rnx nponane(ennn, iai n nce onn n:ecre, nnn-
ircn cnoeopaani: ncropn~ecin: cnn(ereicrno:, xapairepnayimn: iaprnny
.noxn. 1e: oee, ~ro n (anno: anpe paoran :norne anropi n ncnonnre-
n, aannnmne no npany nn(noe :ecro n ncropnn ore~ecrnennon iyirypi,
~ie:y raanry conercian necnn onaana cnoen ncrnnno ncenapo(non nonynp-
nocrii. C .rn: anpo: n ore~ecrnennoe nciyccrno noma nen(a aprncron,
~ie rnop~ecrno, nec:orpn na nce nianci, crao aa:erni: nnenne: conercion
iyirypi no :noro: aro(apn anyioaanncn, aane~arenmen nx nponane(e-
nnn n npn(anmen n: :acconin xapairep.
Kpo:e necnn, ononenne penepryapa aarponyo aanncn iaccn~ecion :y-
aiin n roocon :acrepon nciyccrn. B ionne 1920-x rr. io ninymeno
oioo (ecnrn nacrnnoi co aoo(nenni:n crnxornopennn:n n carnpn~ecin-
:n iynera:n n ncnonennn ]e:inna 5e(noro: 5aroconenne rpy(a, Ho(
ana:n npan(i, 3a yinapn, Honi-rpyrnn, Hononcian ia:apnncian, 1nr-
o(ipi n (p. Hanecrnin ~ren 5. 5opncon aanncina rpa:nacrnnin arnra-
nnonnoro co(epannn: ]oon earpa:ornocri, Hepe( ipemenne:, Kro ri,
ipacnoap:een, 1opecrnennoe oemanne ipacnoap:enna.
B opiecrpono: penepryape nce oimee :ecro aann:an nonie aanncn, npn
nepene~arie e crapix :ennn nx naanannn. 1ai, :apm Hpeopaencioro
noia cra 1opecrnenni: :apme:, :apm ce:enonnen Hoxo(ni: :ap-
&#
me:. B nncrpy:enrainon n rannenainon :yaiie (o na~aa 1980-x rr. npe-
oa(an nepene~arin rpa:nacrnnoi co crapix opnrnnaon, ecrecrnenno
noce cepieanoro nenaypnoro npocennannn. 3ro iacaercn n noiainix npona-
ne(ennn, r(e any~ar rooca nce rex e ncnonnreen orcoprnponannix npona-
ne(ennn npennx er. Hepena(anaaci n iaccn~ecian :yaiia, xorn n .ror
nepno( ore:i ninycia nacrnnoi .roro anpa aa:erno coiparnnci.
Hepene~arin co crapix rpa::opnrnnaon noome nocrenenno nc~eaair
na npairnin conercion rpa:aanncn, onn na(aircn nmi n e(nnn~nix cy~anx,
ior(a ninyciaircn nacrnnin poccnncinx ni(aimnxcn ncnonnreen npo-
moro nn aapyenix iopn]een onepi. 1nop~ecrno conercinx ncnonnre-
en io aane~areno na nonix aanncnx, cocran e nponane(ennn ocraercn
nena:enni:: oimyi ~acri cocranner pyccian iaccnia. Honoro conercio-
ro penepryapa n .ro: anpe eme ne io, roiio ~ro nonnnnmnecn onepi
1nxnn ]on, Ho(nnran nenna, Lopc, 5ponenocen Hore:inn, Horpa-
nn~nnin nnnnci peanaannen nonrn~ecioro aaiaaa n no xy(oecrnenno-
:y yponni ne :orn cpannnricn c onepon XlX neia. Boome, iaccnia ne
nnnaci (n n(eoorn~ecinx opranon croi nani: (eo: n peanaannn nx
aa(a~: ipyr norpenreen rainx nacrnnoi i yain:, inan]nnnponannin n
.ro: anpe cymarei n:e c]op:nponanmnncn nnrepec n niyc n ciopee
roron i coxpannri crapie nacrnnin, ~e: npnoperari nonie. B ncropn~e-
cio: acneire aanncn iaccnin rex er npe(crannir nanoimnn nnrepec n
ia~ecrne ncro~nnia no ncropnn ore~ecrnennoro noiaa, rai iai (air omnp-
nin cpannnreinin :arepna n ycronnme:cn ipyre nponane(ennn.
Heian ne or:ernri n eme o(nn cnoeopaanin :o:enr. Xorn (aeio ne ncn
:yaiiainan iaccnia nxo(na n yrnep(ennin i cnenn~ecio:y ncnone-
nni conercinn penepryap, aannci or(einix ~acren, naprnn n onycon, nnior(a
ne any~anmnx co cneni, nce e npairnionaaci.
Hacrnnin c aanncn:n rannenainon n paaneiareinon :yaiin na(ana-
nci ana~nreini:n rnpaa:n, (n ioropix xapairepen paanoopaanin nn-
(onon (nanaaon naici, noiin, ]oicrpori, iai, py:i, ranro, yancreni,
innicreni coce(crnonan c nnconi:n, ipaionnia:n, :aaypia:n. 3rn :eo-
(nn ~acro ncnonnnci n anca:n:n onepnix rearpon. Hnrepecno, ~ro npn
ncen o]nnnainon ipnrnie niranmnni nirancine necnn, po:anci n ranni
n rpa:aanncn .roro nepno(a npe(craneni (onoino mnpoio. O~enn(no, co-
nce: ne pearnponari na norpenreicinn cnpoc io nenoa:ono, nacrnnin
nce e na(ananci (n npo(an.
Bocnnrareino-ne(arorn~ecian ]yninnn rpa:nacrnnin, paannnae:an n pyc-
e rocy(apcrnennon nnnn, ~erio nponnnercn n pocre npo(yinnn (n (eren n
inomecrna. Ho crpyirype penepryapa .rn na(annn ~erio nonropnir n ca-
ro: nn(e omyi crpyirypy conercion rpa:aanncn 1980-x rr. B ncropn~ecio:
nane a(eci nanoee nnrepecni nacrnnin c aanncn:n necen n nreparyp-
no-(pa:arn~ecinx nponane(ennn.
B (ercion necne n(eoorn~ecian nanpanennocri cionnenrpnponana n ipan-
nen crenenn: oimnncrno cocrannir necnn o Cranne, nnonepnn, io:co:o-
e, npeoa(aer noenno-narpnorn~ecian re:arnia, :eo(nn n ocnonni: pa-
nypnie, :apmenie, erio aano:nnaimnecn. B (ercio-inomecio: :yaiiai-
8b
no: penepryape ana~nreinoe :ecro aann:air aanncn ~ncro y~enoro xapai-
repa, npe(naana~ennie (n oanaio:ennn mioinnion c nponane(ennn:n, nxo-
(nmn:n n nporpa::nin ipyr onaareinoro anannn. lpa:nacrnnin .ron
rpynni nonocrii nnnnci nonon npo(yinnen, aanncannon cnennaino (n
ne(arorn~ecinx neen.
nreparypno-(pa:arn~ecine aanncn 1980-x rr. npe(craneni n ocnonno:
~renne: ]par:enron nponane(ennn . H. 1ocroro, A. H. 'exona, A. N. lopi-
ioro, H. B. loron, A. C. Hyminna, N. K. ep:onrona, B. B. Nanioncioro,
or(eini:n cnena:n na cneiraien NXA1a n Naoro rearpa. 3(eci any~ar
rooca ne(ymnx (pa:arn~ecinx airepon roro nepno(a, ~ro npn(aer ana~nrei-
non ~acrn (annix rpa:nacrnnoi n :e:opnainoe ana~enne.
B opiecrponon n nncrpy:enrainon :yaiie na:enennn iocnynci n co-
(epareinon, n ncnonnreicion c]epi. 1e:arnia aanncen orpaaer (yx n
rpeonannn npe:enn, o ~e: cnn(ereicrnyir raine naanannn, iai lepon:
Xacana, Nocioncine nnonepi, lepon rpy(a, Kpacnoana:ennin io:co-
:o, Kpacnan Nocina no anpy a(eci npeoa(air :apmn.
lPAN3AHHCL H PA]HO.
HPO5LNL NACCOBOlO BOCHPHA1HA AY]HO-NL]HA
B 1920-e rr. rpa:nacrnnia mnpoio npn:ennaci (n oecne~ennn .]np-
noro nemannn, rai iai (aeio ne ncer(a n:eaci noa:onocri npn:on nepe(a-
~n xy(oecrnennix nporpa:: c :nipo]ona pa(nocry(nn. nmi nape(ia n
npairnie pa(nonemannn ncnoiaonanci cncre:i oneparnnnon aanncn anyia
na innoneniy (onrn~ecine n :exann~ecine), no na-aa conocrn rexnn~ecio-
ro nponecca onn rai n ocranci npnna(enocrii cyryo npo]eccnonainon
c]epi. Lcn aapanee npe(noaraoci (ainenmee ~acroe ncnoiaonanne ra-
inx aanncen, ro onn, iai npanno, nepeaanncinanci na rpa:nacrnniy. ]n
]nicannn nanoee nanix omecrnenno-nonrn~ecinx coirnn penopra-
en o npaa(nn~nix :eponpnnrnnx na Kpacnon noma(n Nocini, :nrnnron n
ropecrnennix copannn no ana:enareini: (ara: nn coirnn:, nicryne-
nnn or(einix naprnnno-rocy(apcrnennix (enreen npn:ennaci aannci
na innoneniy. Hcropn~ecian nennocri .rnx ]ono(oiy:enron aaii~aercn
n nepnyi o~epe(i n nx ynniainocrn iai anyionoro cnn(ereicrna. Onn
(ononnir re:arn~ecinn (nanaaon anyionix ncro~nnion (annoro xponoo-
rn~ecioro nepno(a nn]op:annen, ninonnnmen arnrannonno-nponaran(ncrcine
aa(a~n, ~ro nenio: n nonocrii onpe(eno n nx co(epanne.
H:enno n 1980-e rr. ~erio n o(noana~no onpe(ennci :ecro n ]yninnn
conercioro ]ono(oiy:enra n omecrnennon cncre:e. Hpn .ro: ocnonni: no
pacnpocrpanennocrn n (ocrynnocrn nocnree: nn]op:annn ia rpa:na-
crnnia, npnni~nan n nonynpnan cpe(n ca:ix mnpoinx coen naceennn.
B .ro: c:ice ror(amnne :acmrai pa(nonemannn ne n(yr n cpannenne c
noa:onocrn:n rpa:aanncn, re: oee, ~ro nacrnnia, iai or:e~aoci nime, n
ana~nreinon :epe ncnoiaonaaci (n oecne~ennn nemannn.
Paan~ne :e(y rpa:aanncii n pa(nonemanne: n ro npe:n n cnenn]n~e-
cinx yconnnx namen crpani cocrono n ro:, ~ro pa(no nnnoci oee io-
&%
eirnnni: cpe(crno: io::ynniannn n arnrannn. Hpn .ro: (oroe npe:n
npeoa(ao ne .]npnoe, a cerenoe (npono(noe) pa(nonemanne, (o ionna
1980-x rr. n:enmee n ocnonno: omecrnennin xapairep rpancnnnn. Hpn ipan-
ne :ao: ion~ecrne pa(nonpne:nnion y naceennn ocnonni: :ecro: npo-
cymnnannn pa(nonepe(a~ in iyi, arnrnyniri, ipacnie yroin nn e
npocro ropo(cine ynni n noma(n c nanoimn: cionenne: naceennn.
O(nn: na nepnix npn:epon no(onon ]op:i pa(nonemannn nnnercn opra-
nnaannn n nonpe 1928 ro(a :acconoro npocymnnannn nepe(a~n na ]nopno-
non noma(n n Herporpa(e. Copoia:nnyrnin ceanc niana orpo:nin peao-
nanc n ay(nropnn ne croiio co(epanne:, cioiio ca:n: ]airo: any~annn
nnix roocon. ]n 1920-x rr. neci:a xapairepni: nnnercn n:enno raioe
nocnpnnrne pa(nonepe(a~; nmi c pacmnpenne: c]epi nemannn ono cranonn-
oci nce oee npnni~ni: n npenpamaoci n ]airop peainoro noa(encrnnn
na ay(nropni. Ho nocno:nnannn: conpe:ennnion, .:onnonainan cropona noc-
npnnrnn pa(nonepe(a~ n re ro(i ia cnepx.]]eirnnnon, ~ro nmnnn paa
no(rnep(aer (encrnennocri anyionon nn]op:annn.
O crenenn nnnnnn nacrnnin na :acconoe coananne ronopnri cono,
nocioiiy c]epa .ra nanoee cona (n ncce(onannn, n ro: ~nce n na-aa
orcyrcrnnn cne(ennn connoorn~ecioro xapairepa. Nono, o(naio, npe(noo-
nri, ~ro .ro nnnnne io neci:a (encrnenni:. Crapie nacrnnin nocre-
nenno cxo(nn na ner, coxpannnci nmi n or(einix ioeinnnx yaioro ipy-
ra anaroion. Kpo:e ~ncro npe:ennix ]airopon, .ro:y no:oran n o:ennie
ia:nannn, ior(a aa on crapix (ncion ni(anan nonie nacrnnin ione~no,
c noni:n aanncn:n. H:nopra rpa:nacrnnoi ne cymecrnonao, pa(nonpne:-
nni i pe(iocrii, rpancnnnonnoe nemanne noce ioporioro ornocnreino
cnoo(noro nepno(a cepe(nni 1920-x rr. raie ]yninnonnponao n crporo
onpe(eennix pa:iax.
lonopn o ay(noarnrannn rex er, neian ne y~nrinari n paapina n oec-
ne~ennocrn cpe(crna:n pa(nonemannn :e(y cronna:n, ipynni:n npo:im-
enni:n nenrpa:n n nponnnnnen, ceicin:n panona:n n r. n. B .ro: acneire
rpa:nacrnnia nnnaci oee (ocrynni: n :acconi: cpe(crno: io::ynnia-
nnn n n(eoorn~ecioro noa(encrnnn na ay(nropni.
1nnnaannn n pera:enrannn anyionon nn]op:annn i na~ay 1980-x rr.
npnopea nnone aaion~ennyi ]op:y, nonocrii peanaonannyi n pa:iax
nonrn~ecinx rpeonannn cncre:i. B c]epe rocy(apcrnennon n(eoornn rpa:-
nacrnnia ninonna nanyi aa(a~y coa(annn nonon :n]oornn ore~ecrnen-
non ncropnn n nonon :acconon iyirypi. 3ro:y cynn ne roiio nyn-
nncrn~ecine, no n :yaiiainie (necennie) ay(nona(annn, npn~e: nropie (a-
e n oimen :epe iai oa(aimne ana~nreini: .]]eiro: npn cncre:arn-
~ecio: npocymnnannn :acconon ay(nropnen. Bce, ~ro nina(ao na .roro crporo
pera:enrnponannoro noroia, ocranaoci na yponne ycrnoro pacnpocrpanennn
n nocrenenno nc~eaao na ncropn~ecion na:nrn.
Poi rpa:aanncn n nponecce ]op:nponannn :acconoro coanannn coner-
cinx i(en rpy(no nepeonennri, nocioiiy ona ncnoiaonaaci no paanona-
npanenni: ianaa: n e(nno:, ~erio onpe(eenno: nanpanennn. Coxpannn-
mnecn n Poccnncio: rocy(apcrnenno: apxnne ]ono(oiy:enron :accnni rpa:-
88
nacrnnoi nay~ae:oro nepno(a noanonir c neci:a oimon (oen (ocronep-
nocrn peioncrpynponari co(epareinoe nanonenne conercioro ay(no:npa
rex er. 3rn io:neici ncro~nnion nnrepecni re:arn~ecion nanpanenno-
crii, (aimen ~erine npe(cranennn o omecrnennon ncnxoornn ror(amne-
ro omecrna, ro~nee, o neenix aa(a~ax, cronnmnx nepe( oprana:n, npe(naana-
~enni:n (n ]op:nponannn .ron ncnxoornn.
Heoxo(n:o or:ernri ror ]air, ~ro npn n:enmencn rexnnie anyioaanncn
npairn~ecin ne cymecrnonao airepnarnni o]nnnaino na(anni: ay(no(o-
iy:enra:: rocy(apcrnennie oprannaannn nnnnci e(nncrnenni: n :ononoi-
ni: ncro~nnio: ay(nonn]op:annn, ~ro ne :oro ne ciaaaricn na xapairepn-
crniax omecrnennon n(eoorn~ecion n .crern~ecion cpe(i, ioropan nenio:
naxo(naci n c]epe rai naainae:on rexnn~ecion nponaran(i. Nono c
nanecrnon (oen ynepennocrn ronopnri o (encrnennocrn .roro arnrannonnoro
nncrpy:enra, y~nrinan nponecci, nporeiaimne n oacrn omecrnennon ncn-
xoornn n crpane no nacronmee npe:n. Heoxo(n:o npnnn:ari no nnn:anne
n :ononoinoe nooenne o]nnnainon ay(noarnrannn n CCCP roro npe:e-
nn: pa(nonpne:nni, (a eme cnoconin npnnn:ari nnonemanne, i pe(iocrii,
nemanne no co(epanni ne orn~aoci or rpa:aanncn n norpenrei anyio-
non nn]op:annn :or noy~ari roiio ro, ~ro nponano(noci rocy(apcrnenni-
:n CNH. K .ro:y (oannnci na(annie na rpa:nacrnniax necnn na inno-
]ni:on, noy~anmne ca:yi mnpoiyi nonynpnocri.
Ho.ro:y n c]epe rocy(apcrnennon n(eoornn rpa:nacrnnia ninonna
nanyi aa(a~y coa(annn nonoro omecrnennoro coanannn, nonon .crern~e-
cion cpe(i, nonon :n]oornn ore~ecrnennon ncropnn, nonon :acconon iyi-
rypi. Kone~no, ]ono(oiy:enri nmi orpaan nponecci, nponcxo(nnmne n
conercio: omecrne pacc:arpnnae:oro ncropn~ecioro nepno(a, n n .ro: ac-
neire rpa:nacrnnia npe(craer n ia~ecrne nennoro n nn]op:arnnnoro ncro-
pn~ecioro ncro~nnia, co(epamero nein nacr paanoacneirnix cne(ennn,
xapairepnayimnx onpe(eennin .ran paannrnn crpani.
1
C:.: Copanne aaionon n pacnopnennn Conercioro npannreicrna. Or(. 1. N.,
1988. ! b2. C. 872.
2
C:.: E. Feeupep. lpa::o]onnan nacrnnia. N.; ., 1940. C. 70b707.
8
3(eci n nne ncro~nni crarncrnin: . Ao.0a. lpa::o]onnan nacrnnia
paanonn(nocri (oiy:enron ore~ecrnennon ncropnn ;;Apxeorpa]n~ecinn eero(nni
aa 1998 r. N., 199b. C. 89.
4
3(eci n nne: 3nyionon apxnn. Oaop ]on(on Poccnncioro rocy(apcrnennoro
apxnna ]ono(oiy:enron. '. 12. N., 2001. C. 7.
b
C:.: A. e.xun. Cymae: Ba(n:npa Hin~a. O rpa:aanncnx pe~en B. H. enn-
na. N., 1982. C. 1218.
b
3(eci n nne: locy(apcrnennin apxnn Poccnncion 4e(epannn (lAP4). 4. P-b908.
On. 7. ]. bb4. . 8b87.
&'
AHHA HOBHKOBA
C1AHOBLHHL COUHALHOH NACKH
COBL1CKHH 'LOBLK B PA]HO1LA1PL
H PA]HOHY5HUHC1HKL 192080-x rr.
Hcropn~ecinn nepno(, ooana~ennin na:n n aarannn paori, oxnarinaer
(na conepmenno paanix .rana n ncropnn poccnncioro nciyccrna. Ha rpannne
.rnx (ecnrnernn npoera nponacri, iaaaoci, nancer(a or(ennman CCCP or
nnnnnaonannoro ~eone~ecrna n npepnanman orniy paannrnn pyccion iyi-
rypi.
B nciyccrne 1920-x rr. npo(oaoci nnepnnonnoe (encrnne :ory~en no-
ni na~aa XX neia. 1pa(nnnonnie nciyccrna nreparypa, rearp, naopaan-
reinoe nciyccrno n r. (., a raie roiio napo(aimnecn rexnn~ecine nc-
iyccrna inne:arorpa] n pa(no crapareino onpe(enn cnoe :ecro n
nono: :npe, noanniaime: nce(crnne rexnoorn~ecion penoinnn. Honrn-
~ecine iaraina:i iaaanci ror(a nonce ne no:exon, a orn~ecin: npo(oe-
nne: na:enennn, nponcxo(nnmnx no ncex oacrnx nann: ypnan .noxa 1917
1922 rr. (anaa no(ornopnyi .:onnonainyi no~ny (n paannrnn nciyccrn.
Kpo:e roro, aronpnnrni: ]airopo: in nnyrpnnaprnnnie cnopi, aann-
:anmne nnn:anne naprnnnix no(en. Onn ne (anan (o nopi nipaorari
e(nnyi, ro~nyi nnni oya(annn iyirypi. B peayirare naopaanrei-
noe nciyccrno, rearp, inno, nreparypa n:en n 1920-e rr. raiyi noa:onocri
paannrnn, iaion noa(nee onn ne y(yr n:eri (orne ro(i.
]n pa(nonemannn, (eanmero n ror nepno( nepnie marn, .ro io oi-
mn: no(apio: cy(ii. Ocoananne nipaanreinix noa:onocren n rnop~e-
cioro norennnaa nonoro nn(a nciyccrna (iain: pa(no ror(a c~nran :norne)
npoxo(no n eme nnone noinie ro(i. Pa(no iai nn( rnop~ecion (enrei-
nocrn npnneiao :nornx aa:e~areinix :acrepon rearpa, nreparypi, ny-
nnncrnin Hacrepnaia, Nan(eimra:a, Nanioncioro, Ka~aona, Nenepxoi(a,
Koonen n (p. 5aro(apn n: n :norn: (pyrn: n re~enne 1920-x na~ae
1980-x rr. ycnea conricn conercian mioa pa(nonciyccrna.
Hoce nepeo:a ionna 1920-x rnop~ecinn no(re: xy(oecrnennon :icn
na pa(no cra aaryxari n i cepe(nne 1980-x come na ner. Pa(no crao ran-
ni: n(eoorn~ecin: nncrpy:enro: n (ee nocnnrannn :acc. Ho c(eannoro
xy(onnia:n ye neian io or:ennri: pomennoe n:n ce:n nponnaoci,
npopacrao n opaaonanmnxcn menx :noro (ecnrnernn cnycrn.
Hpn:epo: cy(ii nnrenrenra crapon aaiain na pa(no :oer cynri
rnop~ecian norpa]nn penccepa Naoro rearpa, nepnoro xy(oecrnennoro
pyiono(nren Bcecoianoro pa(no Hnioan Ocnnonn~a Boioncioro. B 192b ro-
(y on nannca pa(noniecy Be~ep y Napnn Boioncion n ca: nocrann ee
90
na pa(no i croerni noccrannn (eiapncron na Cenarcion noma(n. B ocno-
ny nieci on noon 3anncin innrnnn N. H. Boioncion, npenparnn nx n
paaronop aa ~ae:, ioropin nponcxo(nr n cciino: (o:e Boioncion nepe(
orrea(o: na nonoe :ecro noceennn. B xoo(non iaropnon Cnnpn innrnnn
n ee (pyain ncno:nnair Herepypr n ro npe:n, ior(a :oo(ie renepai 1812 ro-
(a eme roiio conpanci no(nnri noncia npornn napn. Bce( aa xo(o: :ic-
n nepconaen n Herepypr nepenocnrcn n (encrnne cneirain.
B nocranonie io ncnoiaonano :noro :yaiin: .ro n naic lpnoe(ona,
n :apm en-rnap(nn Lro Ben~ecrna Ha:anoncioro noia, n nacropainan
apiapoa, n cyxon rpeci apaanon, conpono(anmnn na(enareicin iea-
nin rooc Hnioan l. O(naio orcyrcrnonao iaioe-no my:onoe o]op:e-
nne, (ae na irono: yponne ne io nn anyia maron, nn xonanin (nepen,
nn noiora ionir.
K coaenni, ne roiio aannci, ioropon n rainx cy~anx ne (ean, no n
reicr .ron nieci na: ne(ocrynni. Xorn ronopnri o ro:, ~ro noce(nnn ro~no
ne coxpanncn, roe ner ocnonannn. Ho nocno:nnannn: conpe:ennnion, nieca
ia eayconnon rnop~ecion y(a~en. B nen coe(nnnnci n npo]eccnonai-
nie anannn n onir, napaorannie n rearpe, n n~noe ornomenne i re:e (no
ncen nn(n:ocrn, N. H. Boioncian ia po(crnennnnen nocranonmnia, n ro-
nopn on ne o nocroponnnx i(nx, a pacciaaina ncropni cnoero po(a). Ho
.ra e npn~nna, ioropan c(eaa paory oimon y(a~en penccepa, aacrann-
a ero cnycrn ncero nnri er aairi o nen. B 1980-e rr. yno:nnanne o
(nopnncinx iopnnx :oro cronri ne roiio iapiepi, no n nann. A ne(i .ra
nocranonia, npn ncex ee xy(oecrnennix aacyrax, n neo: ia n pyce
omen iyirypnon nonrnin naprnn. Ona :ora nocnpnnn:aricn iai ~acri
oimoro nana no ni~enenni na ncropnn Poccnn .nnao(on, ioropie roro-
nnn penoinni 1917 ro(a. ]eiapncri nnone no(xo(nn na poi npe(me-
crnennnion, no(rorannnanmnx noe(y oimennion. H opaa napn Hnioan l,
n oany~ennoe ornomenne (eiapncron i cymecrnonanme:y pen:y yia(i-
nanci n pa:in o]nnnainon ncropnn.
H re: ne :enee n anronorpa]nn 1982 ro(a Boioncinn nannmer, ~ro ero
nepni: oniro: paori na pa(no ia no(roronennan i Oirnpicion ro(on-
mnne cnennainan nocranonia ]ecnrn (nen, ioropie norpncn :np no inn-
re ]ona Pn(a. Ho-nn(n:o:y, cnoo(oine nocno:nnannn N. H. Boion-
cion nponnaoci cinoai crpo~in n :oro noiaaaricn cnmio: onacni: n
ro(i yecro~anmencn necnoo(i.
O(naio nce .ro ne nacroiio nyrao xy(onnion, ~roi aacrannri nx
npeiparnri rnop~ecinn nonci ne(i pa(no noanono .icnepn:enrnponari
na( coa(anne: nonix ]op: n nciyccrne. Paori Boioncioro npe(crannn
o~eni paanie anpi: :eo(pa:a 3ano( no Ka:ny e:onie, o~epi yp-
nancra n y~enoro l. layanepa Hyremecrnne no Anonnn, narern~ecian no.:a
190b ro( no 5. Hacrepnaiy n pa(nocneiraii ]nnnpeicran no niece A. A]n-
norenona. Boioncinn nno(n n cnon nocranonin my:i n anyin, no ipnrnin aa
ia(i: rono: ncian iacconin no(reicr, ~ro o~eni oconno paory.
Penccep nnor(a pacn aa aane(o:o cain :arepna, n e:y y(anaoci
c(eari na .ron ocnone ~ro-ro nnrepecnoe, ro, ~ro :orn onennri ne roiio
'
(neranri, no n i(n co niyco:. 1aion ia, nanpn:ep, :eo(pa:a 3ano(.
Hpn:nrnnnan no co(epanni, ona pacciaainaa o napine na aano(e n 5ei-
rnn n 1870-e rr. n o ncnimie nero(onannn y pao~nx n cnnan c .rn:. Ho
no(op airepon n cnoconocri penccepa crannri nepe( nn:n neon(annie
xy(oecrnennie aa(a~n nipy~an ero, (anan noa:onocri c(eari nocranon-
iy ye(nreinon. Ho~rn naiarnie opaai pao~nx n xoannna aano(a n no-
cranonie npe(cranan ne yconni:n :acia:n, a nni:n i(i:n. Penccep
(onnacn or airepon nponninonennn n xapairepi n ncnxoorn~ecion (oc-
ronepnocrn. 5aro(apn raio:y oniry n conercio: .]npe npo~no oocnona-
aci :eo(pa:a, ioropyi (o .roro c~nran anpo:, ne no(xo(nnmn: (n co-
nercioro ~eoneia.
Lme o(non cymecrnennon aacyron H. O. Boioncioro ce(yer c~nrari ro,
~ro on cra po(ona~ainnio: (oiy:enrainon pa(no(pa:i, orn~aimencn or
rpa(nnnonnon ncropn~ecion nieci npe(e ncero re:, ~ro n nen ne paapy-
maercn crpyirypa nooennoro n ocnony (oiy:enra, ne :ennercn co(epa-
nne n crni. K coaenni, n conerciyi .noxy n:enno na (oiy:enrainin
pa(norearp ia napa(oicaini: opaao: noaoena aa(a~a ]aicn]niannn
:nornx coirnn, ncropn~ecin (ocronepnoe naopaenne ioropix ne ycrpan-
nao pyiono(crno crpani. Ye n na~ae 1980-x rr. nonnnaci ren(ennnn
n:nrnponari (oiy:enrainyi ocnony pa(no(pa:i, no(:ennn anana nocryn-
ion ionipernix i(en onncanne: none(ennn neinx rnnn~ecinx nepcona-
en, onnernopnnmnx ry nn nnyi iacconyi noannni.
K ~ncy rainx iaccono opnenrnponannix paor npnna(enr inman
~peani~anno nonynpnon n 1980-e rr. pa(nonieca A. A]nnorenona ]nnnpei-
cran. ionirno, ~ro y oimnncrna nepconaen .roro rnopennn ne io
cocrnennix n:en n ]a:nnn, nycri (ae ni:imennix, a ia nmi ~erio
c]op:ynponannan connainan, noapacrnan, npo]eccnonainan n nannonai-
nan npnna(enocri. 1ai n:nrnponaoci :nororoocie napo(nix :acc. Ho
xo(y cneirain npoxo(na nepeionia necoanareinix ipecrinn n :acrepo-
nix, npnniimnx rpy(nricn n cocrane rpa(nnnonnon apren n no(~nnnricn
noe crapocri, n inan]nnnponannix conercinx pao~nx. 5eai:nnnie nep-
conan, nna~ae paa:imnnmne no-crapo:y n crpamamnecn ncex nononne(e-
nnn, nocrenenno cranonnnci coanareini:n crponren:n connana:a.
5y(y~n xy(oecrnenni: pyiono(nree: pa(no, Boioncinn ne :or nperpa-
(nri .ron niece nyri n .]np, xorn, eayconno, nonn:a nci nennocri .roro
rnopennn naprnnnon nponaran(i. On niny(en i ninonnri n(eoorn~e-
cinn aaiaa. Bnpo~e:, repnn:ocri, ycnemnan n nonrn~ecin nnone nacimen-
nan paora ne c:orn orpa(nri H. O. Boioncioro or nana(oi ipnrnin. B ionne
1981 ro(a npecca onnnna penccepa n nepenoce ypyaanix ianonon na
conerciyi pa(nono~ny. Lro ynpeian n ro:, ~ro pa(nocymaren in nne-
(eni n (o: nnonna-ypya, a ne pao~ero nn ipecrinnnna (Hyremecrnne no
Anonnn), n noiaae paaaraimencn Lnponi (Hoce(nne nonocrn 5epnna)
n (ae n ro:, ~ro n ]nnnpeicrane no( nn(o: (e:oncrpannn connancrn~e-
cioro crponreicrna on ocymecrnner reopni o :npno: npacrannn ]oicrpo-
ron n connana:, ncnoiayn (emenyi :yaiiy manranon n iaaion
1
. B peayi-
rare Boioncinn niny(en i noinnyri pa(nocry(ni. On nnca nieci, aa-
92
nn:acn omecrnennon (enreinocrii n npo]coiae paornnion nciyccrn,
no:ora :oo(i: ioera:. A ~epea 14 er y:ep, rai n ne cy:en oion~arei-
no onpannricn or roro, ~ro nona no( ioeca ncropnn. Bnpo~e:, ero cy(ia
:oer noiaaaricn neci:a aronoy~non no cpannenni c (pyrn:n ero ioe-
ra:n.
Hnrenrenri, pnnynmnecn no:orari conercion nacrn oycrpannari no-
nyi connancrn~eciyi iyirypy, o~eni icrpo no~yncrnonan ne roiio nci
rmery cnonx ycnnn, no n no~rn oripiryi npa(enocri cranennnion napr-
annapara. O onacnocrn, rpoanmen iyirype, nnmer n re (nn Lnrennn 3a:n-
rnn: Ni nepenn .noxy no(anennn :acc, :i nepennae: .noxy no(ane-
nnn n~nocrn no n:n :acc
2
. Hncarei Bepecaen cnn(ereicrnyer o ro: e:
Omnn cron cronr no~rn no nce:y ]ponry conpe:ennon pyccion nrepary-
pi. Ni ne :oe: iri ca:n coon. Hamy xy(oecrnennyi conecri nce npe-
:n nacnyir. Hame rnop~ecrno nce oime cranonnrcn (nyx.rani: o(no
:i nnme: (n cen, (pyroe (n ne~arn
8
.
Ho ecn i (eo io roiio n naprnnno: (anennn! H(eoorn n cno-
nx nina(ax npornn xy(onnion (openoinnonnon aaiain onnpanci na
:o~annyi nn airnnnyi no((epiy mnpoinx napo(nix :acc. Hacee-
nne crpani, r(e oimnncrno ne y:eo nn ~nrari, nn nncari, ye noei
.roro ocronreicrna io opnenrnponano na npn:nrnnnie acconnannn n
nciyccrne, niyconmnny n anpnopnocri cy(ennn. Bor ni(epin na nnce:,
npnxo(nnmnx n a(pec Pa(noio:nrera: Ho~e:y .ro panime ypyaann :ora
cymari nirancine nncin n necnn, a na: neian :i ~ro, xye Hn :i
ne rpy(n:cn na nnne nceomero crponreicrna nonon nann A na: no
pa(no (air ciyiy na necen no( apaan. A eme pn( ronapnmen npocnr
(oannri ecn apaan, rai y y~me na iaccnin. H: 5erxonena no(a-
nan. Ni ne noapaae:, roiio ~ro 5erxonen na: ne :ema or(ixari. Or
n:enn n no nopy~enni pao~ero omenrnn (ce(yer (nena(nari no(nn-
cen)
4
. Hn: A ne:oo(on pao~nn, cecapi, ~eonei ney~enin. Ho n yana,
~ro cnoi :yaiiy, ioropyi ni nepe(aere nocronnno, 5erxonen nnca (n
napn n (n rpa]on ero. 1ai aa ~ro :i oponci 3a ~ro nponnan iponi
na ipacnix ]ponrax Xopomo i nam 5erxonen i eme ne raion aany(-
nin. Bi xornre, ~roi :i yipaman nam noia eme cyponin ipacnin ir
.ron :yaiion, (a eme ionrppenoinnonnon. Heyen neio:y n .ro: paao-
paricn n ioro ce(yer naiaaari Noer, na: nyna no:omi pao~ero
ionrpoepa 1ai .ro :i c y(onoicrnne:
b
.
ornia .crern~ecin :aopaannroro ~eoneia npe(eino npocra: ecn :ne
.ro ne npannrcn, ana~nr, .ro noxo, ne nyno n, ciopee ncero, npe(no. 1ai
:oer :icnri nn(nnn(yy:, ioropo:y nocronnno (e:arorn~ecin n(anna-
ir, ~ro on coi con ae:n, ~ro iyirypa cymecrnyer (n nero n nciyccrno
npnna(enr e:y n~no. Be(i rocy(apcrno nocronnno aanrpinao c :aorpa-
:ornon nynion na pao~en n ipecrinncion cpe(i, crpe:nci ii:n cnocoa-
:n ne ninyciari ee na-no( a(:nnncrparnnnoro n n(eoorn~ecioro ionrpon.
Paay:eercn, c o(non croponi, nnone :ono pacc:arpnnari raiyi nonrn-
iy iai nepexo(nin .ran na nyrn iyirypnon penoinnn. Hponacri, ioropyi
npe(crono npeo(oeri n ioropyi (neian .roro ne npnananari nonce) nce-
'!
rain npeo(oen, ia mnpoia n ryoia. Corpy(nnin y~pe(ennn iyirypi,
n ro: ~nce n pa(no, niny(enno ncnoiaonan anaio:ie npocro:y i(y
]op:i apenm, ~roi (onecrn neoxo(n:yi nn]op:anni. Hanpn:ep, pa(no-
]eieron Kaion nam npnnoa na-aa rpannni (Ycrnan raaera POC1A, ne
noa(nee 14.08.1921) i crnnaonan no( paemnni: Bicymanre, ronapnmn,
.rn nn]ponie (annie ne n nn(e ciy~non ranni, a n pn]:onanno: paemnn-
ie. 3arpann~nan nama parnn eornap(encian marnn ncnyciaer nonn:
cran, :o, conercine (ea noxn, nanocnnci oimennin (o py~in ana~nr
nopa nyciari na: n xo( noce(nne namn mry~in...
b
Hcnoiaonan :ero(i n npne:i aarannoro nciyccrna n penccepi (pa-
:arn~ecinx rearpon. ]n nnx .ro roe i cnoco nanrn ionrair co cnon:
xy(oecrnenno neapei:, no .neprn~ni: n aannrepeconanni: cymaree:.
5oimnncrno crpan nnnnnaonannoro :npa n na~ae XX neia n neo:
nepexo(no or rocno(crna .nrapnoro nciyccrna (n yaioro ipyra no(roron-
ennon nynin i napcrny :acconon iyirypi. Cpe(crna :acconon io::ynn-
iannn aa necioiio (ecnrnernn na:ennn ncnxoorni ~eoneia n ~eone~e-
crna. i(n, po(nren ioropix aronoy~no nponnan cnoi nani, ne niea-
an aa npe(ei po(non (epennn, oiaainanci nepe( noa:onocrii, a nnor(a n
nepe( neoxo(n:ocrii cnoo(no n icrpo nepe:emaricn no :npy. 1e, ioro
y~nn ~nrari no Hcarnpn n Lnanreni, noy~nn (ocryn i nyn~ni: n-
noreia: n nay~ni: ]on(a:. Heoxo(n:o io npe:n, ~roi ncnxnia i(en
npncnoconaci i .rn: na:enennn:, ~roi c]op:nponacn niyc i noni: nn-
(a: paane~ennn.
]enren iyirypi n ome: c nonn:anne: ornocnnci i .ro:y nponeccy.
K. C. Cranncancinn, nonpein on(annn: nepnynmnncn n anrycre 1924 ro(a
noce aapyenix racrpoen, i pa(ocrno y(nnen ro:y, ~ro cneirain Xy-
(oecrnennoro rearpa npo(oan conpari nyniy, npn~e: nyniy ne pan-
no(ymnyi, a c nopaanreinon ncipennocrii nocnpnnn:aimyi nponcxo(n-
mee na cnene. Y .roro ia n oopornan cropona: mnpoio nanecrni ne~ai-
nie nnnn(enri, nponcxo(nnmne n paan~nix rearpax crpani, ior(a ipacnoap-
:enni na cocrpa(annn, nanpn:ep, i ]ea(e:one crpenn n Oreo.
O(naio neian aainari, ~ro aropo(noe (eo oimenncrcioro npocne-
mennn :acc n:eo neci:a onpe(eennyi nei n neci:a onpe(eennie rpann-
ni. Kai aa:ern ne:eninn ncropni P. 4ien-Niep, nocernnmnn CCCP,
oimennin oprannaonan napo(noe opaaonanne rai, ~roi nniro ne :or
ninrn aa npe(ei o]nnnaino paapemennoro yponnn anannn n opaaonannn,
(ai (n npoerapcioro rocy(apcrna ne noannia onacnocri npnoperennn
rpa(ana:n nanmnero ore:a anannn, ~ro npenparno i rainx i(en n
no(pinnon .e:enr
7
.
Ho.ro:y oimnncrno pa(no:arepnaon ye n re ro(i nocno ~peani-
~anno npn:nrnnnin xapairep. ]onecrn ioe nanennoe nn xy(oecrnen-
noe nnenne (o npn:nrnna .ro nenpe:ennoe crapronoe yconne npn coa(a-
nnn :exanna:a nonrn~ecioro n connainoro :n]a. 1aioe yconne io aa-
nporpa::nponano (n ncex ea ncii~ennn nanpanennn nemannn, no c oco-
i: crapanne: ono peanaoninaoci n nn]op:annonnix, omecrnenno-non-
rn~ecinx n npocnernreicinx nepe(a~ax.
94
1ai repon:n pa(noio:noannnn C Honi: ro(o:! (Pao~an pa(noraaera,
! 29b or 81.12.1927)
8
cran npe(eino ynpomennie nepconan npornn-
nnin connancrn~ecioro crpon nn i(n, :emaimne ero yipenenni. Pe~i
ia(oro na (encrnyimnx nn, eanmnx noa(pannri crpany c Honi: ro-
(o: ipoipara, cneiynnra, nona, ninnnni n (p. ye ncnoiaye:on ei-
cnion n ocoennocrn:n nocrpoennn ]paai on~aa ronopnmero. ]a n n
reicrax onn niciaainan cnon ca:ie coiponennie ~annnn. O(naio, ipo:e
.roro, noce ia(oro nx nixo(a i pa(no:nipo]ony :yaiia eme (ononn-
reino noncnna, iai na(o ornocnricn io nce:y nimeciaaanno:y:
5ipoipar: Hycri n y(yme: ro(y crpoanmee coi(e-
nne ncex nnpiynpon, npniaaon n paarncnennn nnnrcn yipame-
nne: namero y~pe(ennn. Ho eme (pennne pn:nne ronopnn:
nepear :yn(yc, ]nar icrnnna, ~ro no-pyccin oana~aer: no(oxnn-
re ni nce, roiio i io nce na aaionno: ocnonannn.
(3ny~nr necnn: Aema-ma, noai:n norono: nne`)
Cneiynnr: locno(a, no-io::ep~ecin: paa, (na, rpn, ioporio n
ncno, (emeno n cep(nro. Bam or, nam or nanenari. ]an or,
~ro n y(yme: ro(y Conercian nacri craa eme cninee. Ho-
~e:y ner. Ho ~roi lHY aann:aoci cnon:n oimn:n n na-
ni:n nonrn~ecin:n (ea:n, a ne namn:n :aeniin:n io:-
:ep~ecin:n nycrnia:n. |...] H ~roi nce :i, c ena:n n (eria-
:n, noexan n Kpi:, a ne n Hapi:. Ypa!
(Hecnn: Hon, acro~ia, non`)
Hon: 'a(a :on, (neci n ianyn nicoioropecrnennoro npaa(-
nnia opeaannn rocno(nn, aa, nio nepen n nacripi (ym namnx,
noaramai: (a a(pancrnyer n y(yme: ro(y Conercian nacri,
nocioiiy necri nacrn ame ne or ora. |...] ]a npnaoner nac n
y(yme: ro(y Conercian nacri i con:ecrnon paore.
(3ny~ar ~acrymin: Ceprnn non`).
Kpo:e eai:nnnix conpareinix nepconaen, n(ymnx ne n nory c na-
crii, n pa(noio:noannnn npe(craneni n iapniarypi na ncropn~ecinx (en-
reen ('e:epena, ]erep(nnra, Nai(onai(a). Bor orpinoi na reicra ree-
rpa::i c.pa 'e:epena: Hcipenne eai, ~roi n y(yme: ro(y oi-
mennin paciannci n nepnyn i aaionni: na(eina: ae:n, aano(i n
]apnin. 1or(a n roron pacneonaricn co nce: Ko:nnrepno: n oiaaari ncn-
~ecioe co(encrnne Conercion nacrn. 3a naioe paciannne oimennion
rnn-rnn-ypa! (3ny~nr Napm 5y(ennoro`).
Anananpyn nepconaen .ron nporpa::i, ye nnone :ono ronopnri o
]op:nponannn n ncnoiaonannn :acoi npornnnnion conercioro :nponoa-
apennn.
Lcri cpe(n repoen .ron pa(noio:noannnn n noonreinin nepcona
conercinn ~eonei. 3ror repon naanan Paiopo:. On nmen (ae :nnn:y-
:a nn(nnn(yainix ~epr n eren(i ((o.]npnon norpa]nn). O orpnna-
reinix reponx, npn ncen nx cxe:arn~nocrn, :i ioe-~ro anae:: ipoipar neci
'#
ro( nnca y:arn, on opaaonan, nocioiiy anaio: xorn i nonacimie c
rnopennn:n (pennnx pn:nn; cneiynnr rop(nrcn re:, ~ro cy:e nipaorari
cnon :ero(i ycnemnon paori, on arencrn~ecin nacrpoen, n:eer ce:ii, onr-
cn lHY; non nocnpnnn:aer nani ~epea npna:y nepionnix npaa(nnion, onn-
paercn n cnonx paa:imennnx o nacronme: n y(yme: na nnrari na Cnn-
mennoro Hncannn n Hpe(annn, no(~nnen crporon nepionnon nepapxnn. Hep-
cona e, nocnmnn :aciy Paiopa, conepmenno eani. nmi o(nn paa aa
npe:n cnoero :onoora on ronopnr n: A nac cyma. A :enn nocymari
ne xornre n. ]aee on ynorpener roiio :ecron:enne :i: 1pncra
er ni ea(nn na namen re:nore, (a roiio panime :i n nninyri ne
:orn
9
. A n ]nnae on n nonce pncyer iaprnny ioeirnnnon (enreino-
crn cee no(onix:
A renepi (pyrne npe:ena npnmn.
Hpoerapnn nay~nnci ne :o~ari:
Y nac ecri pa(no, crenraaera, ne~ari.
Hponecrn na (ee ne rai y npocro.
3a na:n ce(nr neycinni: naopo:
Nnnonnan ap:nn npoerapnen-paiopon.
Paiopa na .ron pa(noio:noannnn :ono naanari connainon :acion.
Ho( .rn:n cona:n a(eci no(paay:enaercn rnn repon pa(nonponane(ennn nn
ne(ymero nepe(a~n, ioropin cnon:n narn(a:n n none(enne:, crne: omennn
c ay(nropnen nipaaer omecrnennoe :nenne, :nponoaapenne n connaino-
ncnxoorn~ecine ycranonin onpe(eennon ~acrn ay(nropnn.
5oee npinn noprper conercioro ~eoneia paiopa :i naxo(n: n
pa(no]eierone A. N. lannioro Hpan(nnan ncropnn o conercion paiopnn
(Pa(noraaera, ! 12 or 12.12.1924):
3ror napeni npono(nr nci nani y crania,
Ha aano(e neci (eni or ry(ia (o ry(ia.
1ai e:y n ne anari npo nce ne(o~eri..
Hpo oeann n nani ]apn~non paori..
On aano(o: nner, a ]apnion (imnr
'ro ynn(nr aa:ernr, ~ro ycimnr aannmer
H n raaery nomer, ~ro npn(ari oracie.
ln(nmi, enrnn: (air ocrpacriy,
Hoxoro (npeiropa aanpair n anin,
Paarni(ni n nanro~nniy (air no manie...
1aion connainon :acie nnone :ono (onepnri oneniy (enreinocrn
npa(enix .e:enron, ioropix npe(crann na: anrop pacc:orpennon nime
pa(noio:noannnn C Honi: ro(o:!
Boome rep:nn connainan :acia aan:crnonan na:n na paori nanecr-
noro poccnncioro rearpone(a 5. Anepca 1earp connainon :acin, nocnn-
mennon rnop~ecin: .icnepn:enra: Bc. 3. Nenepxoi(a, n npe(crannercn n
9b
(anno: cy~ae nanoee ro~ni:. Ycrpannn rep:nnoorn~eciyi nyrannny,
nianannyi na:ennnmencn connainon cnryannen na pyee XlXXX nn.,
Anepc yrnep(a, ~ro nonnrne a:nya i airepa: :enepxoi(oncinx no-
cranonoi nenpn:enn:o, rai iai airepi niraircn orpaari nnyi, eme ne
aacrinmyi n ne npnnnnmyi oion~areinie ]op:i nani: Cncre:a a:nya
npn:enn:a roiio no ornomenni i :arepnay npomon nann, i :arepnay
orcronnme:ycn, aaipennnme:ycn n nreparypnon ]op:e n npnnnnme:y aa-
ion~ennin nn(. Cncre:a a:nya npe(noaraer nan~ne connmnxcn n ne-
no(nnnix connainix cran(apron
10
.
O(naio cono :acia ne ea ocnonannn acconnnpyercn n name: coana-
nnn c ~e:-ro aacrinmn:, nena:enni:. Boanniaer cnoero po(a npornnope~ne:
nonan nani n ee repon eme ne onpe(ennci, ne namn cen, a ye npenpama-
ircn n :acin. 3rn: n npnneiareen i rearp Nenepxoi(a, o ioropo:
nnca 5. Anepc. 3pnren nn(en na cnene aa:epmn: ror ypnin noroi, ioro-
pin nx oipya aa npe(ea:n rearpainoro a(annn: Cero(nnmnnn (nny-
mancn, o:aimancn nani, nona(an n .ror rearp, neon(anno cranonnrcn :epr-
non, aanepmennon n crarn~non
11
.
Hpn:epno ro e ca:oe nponcxo(no n na pa(no. Ono raie niraoci
ocranonnri neine opaai icrpo:ennimencn nann, ~roi (ari cnon: cy-
maren: narn(nie npn:epi n opnenrnpi nonon conercion npancrnennocrn,
opaani (n no(paannn nn erio yananae:ie oreiri (n on~ennn n
ocy(ennn
12
.
Conercian nnrenrennnn, ioropan nipacraa na napo(non :acci n npnxo-
(na na c:eny nnrenrennnn (openoinnonnon aainacin, (ona ia iri,
no :nenni H. H. 5yxapnna, narpennponana n(eoorn~ecin na onpe(eennin
:anep. 5yxapnn oripiro aannn: ]a, :i y(e: mra:nonari nnrenren-
ron, y(e: nipaarinari nx, iai na ]apnie
18
.
Ar:oc]epa n crpane oceniian:on 1929 ro(a na~aa naianricn. Paa-
nopa~nnaaci rpann 5. Hninnia n L. 3a:nrnna. laaeri n ypnai in
noni nporecryimn:n nyniannn:n c ]op:ynponion: Ni npornn....
Paay:eercn, nponecc aaipy~nnannn raei na~acn ne n o(no~acie. On roro-
nncn nocrenenno, no (o nopi (o npe:enn na yecro~aimnecn nenaypnie
rpeonannn :ono io ne opamari nnn:anne. O(naio ye n cepe(nne
1920-x rr. lannr paapaarinaer nay~nin :ero( nennocrnon iaccn]nia-
nnn niec. lanpeneprio: pacciaer cnennainoe nnpiynpnoe nnci:o no
.ro:y nono(y, n ioropo: naoen npnnnnn connaino-nonrn~ecion ana~n-
:ocrn (pa:aryprn~ecioro nponane(ennn
14
. Hpn~e: .ro ornocnrcn ne roi-
io i nponane(ennn: conpe:ennix anropon, no n i iaccnie. Hanpn:ep, (ae-
io ne nce nieci A. H. Ocrponcioro peio:en(onanci i nocranonie n coner-
cinx rearpax.
B (eiape 192b ro(a Pa(noio:nccnn Arnrnpona UK BKH() npnnn:aer
pemenne o ne:e(enno: ionrpoe pa(nonemannn co croponi opranon lan-
nra n Honrionrpon lHY n nne(ennn cnennainon nncrpyinnn, pera:enrn-
pyimen .ry paory
1b
. Hpan(a, ror(a ainnonepnoe omecrno Pa(nonepe(a~a
npairn~ecin nrnopnponao nenaypnie peio:en(annn UK BKH(). 1e: ne :e-
nee, (oro rai npo(oaricn ne :oro.
'%
Bciope Hapio:npoc ycrpannaer necioiio ocy(ennn pa(nonemannn. B ~a-
crnocrn, 80 nonpn 192b ro(a H. K. Kpyncian (oia(inaer na ioernn Hap-
io:npoca o npoeire O ycranonennn ionrpon na( ne~epa:n paane~ennn,
nepe(anae:ix no pa(no c iareropn~ecin: yiaaanne:: 'acro ro, ~ro :oer
iri (onymeno i ncnonenni n (pyrnx :ecrax, (ono iri aanpemeno i
nepe(a~e no pa(no
1b
.
10 nnnapn 1927 ro(a nonnnercn Hocranonenne UK BKH() O pyiono(-
crne pa(nonemanne:, r(e n nynire 2 ciaaano: Ycranonnri onaareinin n
npe(napnreinin npoc:orp naprio:nrera:n nanon n nporpa:: ncex pa(no-
nepe(a~, a nynir 4 noome any~nr iai noennan (npeirnna: Hpnnnri :epi i
oecne~enni oxpani :nipo]onon, c re: ~roi ncnian nepe(a~a no pa(no
nponcxo(na roiio c ne(o:a n coracnn ornercrnennoro pyiono(nren
17
.
Lme ~epea ro( ainnonepnoe omecrno Pa(nonepe(a~a io n nonce n-
inn(nponano. 3a pa(nonemanne nannci ocnonareino. Lcn n noynoinix
192b27 rr. A. B. yna~apcinn (~eonei, ncrareino na(enmnn ycrni:
cono:
18
) ~nra pa(nocymaren: einnn o aana(no: nciyccrne, npnneian
:aicn:aino noa:onyi no re: npe:ena: ay(nropni, ro n 1929 ro(y napio:
npocnemennn cra crpanno iocnonai~en. B re~enne nnrna(narn:nnyrnoro
nicrynennn n pypnie ]nennni napio:a o crponreicrne pao~nx iy-
on n na-~nraen on ce:i paa o(nn:n n re:n e cona:n nponanocn ]pa-
ai o ro:, ~ro nce iyirypnoe orarcrno necyr napo(y ne iaine-nny(i iyi-
ryprperepi co croponi, a oimennin, noaranne:ie cranncin: UK
19
.
B 1981 ro(y Crann ronopn 4. A. Kony, naana~enno:y npe(ce(aree:
pa(noio:nrera: Ha npairnie :i (oni oripiro n nocronnno, nn~ero ne
crecnnnci, orncnnri n npannino orncnnri napo(y nce, ~ro nponcxo(nr n
ero nann
20
. H pa(no, ncnonnn noi no(n, orncnno npocri:n cona-
:n nce, nii~an :yaiiy n nreparypy. Bor iai io::enrnponaaci, nanpn:ep,
nyminncian Hnionan (a:a: ]aime naon: cier. lnap(encinn o]nnep,
rpa]nnn, ioropan npo(aa (ymy ~epry`, n naa ee nny~ia. |...] O(na(i
no~ii o]nnep npnme n cnaini rpa]nnn n, :e(y na:n ronopn, cra i nen
npncranari. H npncrana (o rex nop, noia ona e:y n noycne ne mennya rpn
iapri
21
.
C cepe(nni 1980-x rr. (o 90 npocnernreicinx nporpa:: na :ecrno:
nemannn einnn na ncropn~ecine nn nreparypno-xy(oecrnennie re-
:i in ~ncri:n (yn:n Nocini. ]n ynpomennn :exanna:a nepe(a-
~n .ron nn]op:annn nixo(no cnennainoe na(anne no( naananne: Paor-
nni pa(no, n ioropo: nce neoxo(n:ie reicri ne~aranci aapanee, coopa-
aynci c ro(n~ni: ipyro: npnanannix npaa(nnion n inennix (ar. 1ain:
opaao: ia aaoena cncre:a nenrpanaonannoro ionrpon aa no(opo: n
opaorion nn]op:annn.
O .ro: npe:enn :ono ronopnri iai o aanepmaime: .rane ]op:npona-
nnn nnemnero n nnyrpennero onia conercioro ~eoneia. ]o .roro :o:enra
oreiro: noa(encrnnn nnnnci, n ocnonno:, pao~ne n ipecrinne, ioropie
(oni in ~epea n(eoorn~ecioe npocnemenne crari i(i:n y(ymero.
Ocrarin e nnrenrennnn :orn, ne cnmio: a]nmnpyn cnon iyirypnie
npncrpacrnn, coxpannri nno. 1enepi e .ro crao conepmenno nenoa:o-
98
ni:. Crpana cioa~nnaaci n e(nnoe omecrno, npornnocronri ioropo:y i-
o ecnoeano. 1or, iro no ron nn nnon npn~nne ornnncn npornnnnio:
connancrn~ecioro crpon, :rnonenno oiaainacn n onae n n naonnnn.
B io: nn(e rnop~ecion (enreinocrn nano io ne npan(nno onncari
coirne n npoanananponari ero, a nanrn ero opaanoe orpaenne, nepene(n
na ionreicra peainon nann n eanoa(ymnoe yconnoe npocrpancrno :e~-
ri. Opaa npe(noaracn n(eainin, no yno:nnanne neioropix (encrnnrei-
nix rpy(nocren n npoe: nnion: opaao: ne noapannoci.
O(nn: na ca:ix npinx npn:epon .roro craa ana:ennran nepe(a~a 100
:nnyr na( ]nenpocrpoe:, npone(ennan 2 (eiapn 1980 ro(a. Ha Nocini na
crponiy niexan nncaren, ypnancri, penccepi, pa(norexnnin, nnenepi.
Ha paanix y~acriax ]nenpocrpon na nornne, n :amnnno: aae, y nxo(a n
a(anne l3C, na noma(n, r(e npoxo(n :nrnnr io ycranoneno 1b :nipo-
]onon n 11 ycnnreen. Bo npe:n nepe(a~n 2b paa nponano(noci nepeii-
~enne c :nipo]ona na :nipo]on. lonopnn o ecconnix no~ax, o npoe:ax,
o y(apnn~ecrne n caorae cono:, na nepnin narn(, o (encrnnreinix
rpy(nocrnx n noe(ax na rnranrcion crponie. A na ca:o: (ee cnenapnn n nce
ea ncii~enne reicri in co~nneni n aannanponani eme n Nocine, no-
ro: necioiio (nen mn penernnnn. i(n npnmn i :nipo]ony c ncro~ia-
:n, n nn o(nn na ypnancron-io::enraropon ne noanon cee nn e(nnon
n:nponnaannn. 1ai n:nrannn (ocronepnocrn, xopomo orpenernponannin (o-
iy:enrainin cneiraii i ni(an aa penopra.
H n .ro e npe:n, no(rnep(an :ici o napa(oicainocrn .noxn, na pa(no
nce eme npo(oaercn paora no rnop~ecio:y oc:icenni nipaanreinix
cpe(crn pa(nonemannn n noanniair opnrnnainie nocranonin. Hanpn:ep, n
19811982 rr. n .]npe nonnnircn pa(nonieci no.ra Apcennn 1apioncioro
(n ro npe:n o(noro na pyiono(nreen xy(oecrnennoro pa(nonemannn, pe]e-
penra npe(ce(aren Pa(noio:nrera) Honecri o c]arny:e n Creio.
3naio:nci c reicro: nieci Honecri o c]arny:e, neian ne aa:ernri,
~ro ocnonnoe nacrpoenne ee, re n(en n omymennn, ioropie po(aircn noce
npocymnnannn, n:eir nnnie ~epri cxo(crna c :npocoaepnanne: xy(onn-
ion Omecrna cranionncron (OC1). Ha~ao .ro:y xy(oecrnenno:y ore-
(nnenni io nooeno n :ae 1924 ro(a na Hepnon (nciyccnonnon nicran-
ie, paanepnynmencn n aaax BXY1LNACa. OC1onni ornnnn cen ncrnn-
no penoinnonni:n xy(onnia:n. lannon (n cen re:on onn c~nran nn-
(ycrpnanaanni n rexnn~ecinn nporpecc. 3rn nenni nonoro crpon n, iaaa-
oci i, nocxnanren cneroro y(ymero in no-cnoe:y (pa:arn~ecin:n
xy(onnia:n. ]n nnx ~eonei oiaainacn eprnon nacrynaimero no(an-
nimero ora rexnnin. 3e:enri cippeana:a, .icnpeccnonna:a n :ncrnin
neon(anno npocrynair n paorax rex er y ]ennein, Hn:enona, Lrepen-
epra, aaca n (pyrnx penoinnonepon.
Anani, npe(cranennan na iaprnnax xy(onnion rpynni OC1, conce: ne
nirn(ea n(nn~ecion. He(apo: :oo(on A. 4e(opon-]ani(on nnca, ~ro
on norpncen eaicxo(nocrii n eana(enocrii, nceomn: orpnnanne:,
npe(cranmn: nepe( nn: (ae na noornax io::ynncrn~ecinx xy(onnion.
|...] Orci(a nenaenin nyri i :ncrnnna:y
22
.
''
3ro omymenne :ncrn~ecioro iai paa n noanniaer npn anaio:crne c xy(o-
ecrnenno-(oiy:enrainon pa(noio:noannnen Honecri o c]arny:e. Ye
ca: narn( anropa na ae:i iai i cre:ia omn: nano: c nicori noe-
ra a.ponana nacrpannaer cymaren na onpe(eennin a(:
Namnni noayr no mnpoin: crenn:.
H i(n nanpaircn no ropa:.
K nepmnna: xoo(nix rop.
H ryioe .xo rpe:nr n rpe:nr.
'eonei napinaer rnein rpannr...
28
Hn:
Boai:nre reorpa]n~eciyi iapry
Conercioro Coiaa.
Hoc:orpnre: on oipyen :opn:n royi:n,
H rpn(nari (ne pein ero anennr,
Cnnayn cenep c iro:, n eryr
Hepeceian crenn n eca
Ho ncen crpane eeanie (oporn.
1nopennn npnpo(i :opn n pein cronr n ro: e pn(y nepe~ncennn,
~ro n rnopennn ~eone~ecinx pyi eeanie (oporn. ]aee .rn napaen
npo(oaircn: napn(y c (epenin:n pacryr ropo(a n aano(i. Cpe(n ncero
.roro nen~nn or(einie i(n n :amnni npe(crair noxo nn(ni:n raay
nec~nnia:n, noaymn:n r(e-ro nnnay. Anrop npnnaer i na: roiio nc-
ropn~ecinx nepconaen, iai i nixnarinan na rynni neion nx :n:oer-
nie ipynnie nani:
B na~ae X\lll neia n:neparop Herp l npnnn:a n cnonx
noionx roan(na 3paa:a Ap:yca.
'ro cne
Cne ecri rop]. B ronnx ar rnner ocooro po(a :ox,
n:enye:in: c]arny:. 1a: opamaercn on, nicymen icri, n cne
nemecrno. 1op] ecri ronnno or:ennoe n nn ~ro ne ne(o:o,
cioi cnino y(er ono no npe:enn.
H cnona nec~nnin-n~nocrn opaayir :omnyi cny npnpo(nyi, ioropan
cnopa~nnaer ropi:
Cro mecri(ecnr :nnonon.
1or ipecrinnnn, pao~nn ror,
cro mecri(ecnr :nnonon.
onary eper. Nooroi eper
B ipenine pyin pao~nn napo(
Cro mecri(ecnr :nnonon.
100
Pao~ne, nponanocnmne pennin, nniai ne ooana~aircn, onn npocro roo-
ca, ioropie cnnaircn n e(nnyi pe~i. Hacronmn:n repon:n nnnircn Pao-
~nn napo( n Haprnn:
Ni no( oimenncrcin: ana:ene: penoinni (ean.
Haprnn nac n on nea.
Haprnn!
Ha xoanncrnennix ]ponrax :i cpaae:cn no( pyiono(-
crno: naprnn, :i npenimae: nani.
3ro omymenne cen n ia~ecrne nnnrnia n :ncrn~ecio: :exanna:e, yipo-
maime: Bceennyi, ne npornnope~no n(eoornn npannmero pen:a. 5oi-
mennia: io o~eni nano, ~roi cymarei nce npe:n omyma (ncrannni
:e(y coon, ioecnio: n nnnrnio: orpo:noro rocy(apcrnennoro :exanna-
:a, n neonren:n-pyiono(nren:n, aro(apn noenarnnenni ioropix
nponcxo(nr n :npe croi cymecrnennie na:enennn.
Paorari na pa(no cranonnoci nce rpy(nee. Ono, iai n (pyrne nn(i rnop-
~ecion (enreinocrn, (ono io necrn n napo( roiio noanrnn, ~ro, ione~-
no, ~peani~anno yconno nani rnop~ecinx i(en.
Onrn:na:a :acc cranonnrcn nnno ne(ocraro~no, ne(i penoinnn oroma
ye (ocraro~no (aeio n npomoe n i(n nnyr oinareicion nanii,
ioropan no(paay:enaer rocno(crno n~nix nennocren na( omecrnenni:n.
H xorn :acconie (encrnnn nce eme ocraircn ana~nreinon ~acrii iyirypi,
cranonnrcn neoxo(n:i: narn(no noiaainari, iai y~mne conercine rpa-
(ane coxpannir oenon (yx ca:oorpe~ennn n :npnoe npe:n, n iry. Ha re-
pon~ecion roni xy(onnin (oni ni(enri or(einix repoen, ioropie
:oryr no(rnep(nri npanninocri n .]]eirnnnocri naprnnnoro iypca na npo-
cnemenne n ocnoo(enne napo(a.
H. N. Kepennen (o~epe(non pyiono(nrei Pa(noio:nrera) n .ron cnn-
an ronopn, ~ro npn(y:inari repoen ne na(o, nx cioiio yro(no, na(o roiio
npannino nx ninpari. 3ro n crao o(nn: na naiennix npne:on ore~e-
crnennon pa(nonponaran(i 1980-x rr.: Kor(a crpana iri npniaer repoe:,
y nac repoe: cranonnrcn ion (B. ee(en-Ky:a~). lepoen paaicinnan n
repoen (ean. B ro npe:n pa(no crapaoci ~ame nixo(nri aa npe(ei cry-
(nn. 3nyioaanncn no~rn ne io, n penoprepi ro onycianci n maxri, ro
aanpanci na 3ipyc, ro nen nepe(a~y c opra conercioro (npnan. 3ro
in o~eni ia~ecrnennie nepe(a~n, n n nenrp pacciaaa crannnci repon-
er~nin, repon-aaonmnin, repon-ciaoaai.
5in n repon-nncaren, repon-y~enie, repon-npa~n. lepon nyni in no
ncex oacrnx nane(enreinocrn ~eoneia, no rannoe, ~roi onn in i(i-
:n c nponepennon, ~ncron norpa]nen. 5norpa]nn .ra ~acro no(~epinnaer-
cn (ae n pa(nocoomennnx. Hanpn:ep, n penoprae c 5eopyccioro noiaa-
a or 28.08.1987 o ncrpe~e N. N. lpo:ona, A. 5. K:amena, C. A. ]annnna
repoen, conepmnnmnx ecnoca(o~nin nepeer Nocina Cenepnin noic
CLA na ca:oere AH1-2b, nepe( :icenni: naopo: cymareen npe(crair
po(nren o(noro na er~nion: Cpe(n ncrpe~aimnx :i yanae: orna Nnxana

lpo:ona, Nnxana Koncranrnnonn~a. Lnpoian nornan ]nrypa, nicoinn oi-

mon o, :aeniian ce(an opo(ia, yiia on(annn na nne. Nnxan Kon-
cranrnnonn~ o(nn na crapenmnx n nonynpnenmnx eeano(oponix npa-
~en. Ha aniane ero nn(aia ana~oi Ho~erno:y eeano(oponniy`. |...]
A pn(o: c Nnxano: Koncranrnnonn~e: nicoian n conce: eme crponnan,
nec:orpn na cnon b0 er, enmnna. B npanninix, npn:ix ~eprax ee nna, n
.neprn~no: onae no(opo(ia :i yanae: anaio:ie ~epri cannoro nepnoro
nnora AH1-2b. 3ro :ari Nnxana Nnxanonn~a lpo:ona ioni Hrnarien-
na. B ee pyiax nepnin npnner ciny yier nneron, roiio cero(nn cpeaan-
nix n :aeniio: ca(nie n ocnnoocrponcion, r(e nnyr po(nren lpo:o-
na
24
. Kaprnnia n(nn~ecian: nacronman conercian ce:in, nipacrnnman na-
cronmero repon.
Ho repoe: :or crari n ~eonei c oee conon norpa]nen. nmnee na
eren(i nai:aoci, a nynoe yrpnponanno no(~epinnaoci. 1ai (ean repo-
e: nncaren A. N. lopiioro. Ha conon, npornnope~nnon, :nrymencn n~no-
crn on npenparncn n connainyi :aciy. lepoen inn, n: (onepnn, nx
crapareino (ean, n ro: ~nce n cpe(crna:n pa(no, ~roi noro: noaonri
na nx ne~n :nccni o:ana pn(onoro rpa(annna.
B ycra lopiioro nia(inan noxnai na~nnaimn: conercin: nncare-
n:: Bor renepi y nac nein nacr nonix nncareen nime. Bor cn(nmi,
nnmemi, no(npaemi, mn]yemi, a on na ree, nan, (a rai c(eaer, raion opaa
(aer, ~ro n nnei ne na(y:aemi. 3ro nce orroro, ~ro ar:oc]epa y nac na Po(nne
nacimena o(non e(nnon noen. A onn-ro, nncaren, nponnrinaircn .ron no-
en n rnopnr. Hn renepainyi nnni n nonrnie naopaennn B. H. enn-
na: Heian e ero naopaari rai npocro n nn(aie, n oi~non noae. Hei-
an, nor .ro renepi cn:no. ]a y :enn ca:oro ne nipnconinaoci nacronmero
opaaa ero na:nrnnia. Cnmio: on naoi eme. Kai na crnxnn ninnpaer
:ory~nn, eeanin ~eonei, neci ~erinn, crpornn
2b
. 'ro na .roro lopiinn
(encrnnreino (y:a, a ~ro ero aacranna (y:ari nponaran(a cen~ac
onpe(enri o~eni cono. ]a n ca: on n ionne nann oion~areino aanyra-
cn, npnnnn or Cranna nocr ocnononoonnia connancrn~ecioro peana:a n
paareaan no crpane c oimn: rpny:]o:.
5y(y~n pacrnpanponannon cpe(crna:n :acconon io::ynniannn, n ro:
~nce pa(no, n~nocri repon pano nn noa(no (ona ia norepnri nn(nnn-
(yainie ~epri, aacriri, npenparnricn n rnn, n rpancnropa iainx-ro onpe-
(eennix n(en n :o(een naan:oornomennn c oipyaimn: :npo:. 3ra cy(i-
a (aa ne roiio lopiioro, no n npo~nx repoen. Honan n ia~ecrne nepco-
naa n onxo( :acc-:e(na, n~nocrii ocranaricn o~eni rpy(no. Coa(anne
connainon :acin nponcxo(nr nonpein noe ~eoneia, npocro aro(apn
cnoncrna: ianaa. ]n .roro rpeyercn nmi perynpnoe nonnenne nepe(
ay(nropnen n nan~ne y ~eoneia oee nn :enee noce(onareinon conn-
ainon noannnn, a ona onaareino (ona ia iri y ia(oro rpa(annna
CCCP.
K cepe(nne 1980-x rr. nponecc nanrnn pa(no no( rorainin n(eoorn~e-
cinn ionrpoi aanepmncn. Ha~anmancn eme c ionna (na(narix airnnnenman
opia aa o]nnnoanocri pa(no ynen~aaci ycnexo: nonce:ecrno. 1enepi pa-
102
(no npe(cranno nacri, rocy(apcrno, n no.ro:y ne n:eo npana orcrynari or
crpororo, o]nnnainoro rona. Orcyrcrnne n~nocrnix nnronannn n re: oee
n~nocrnoro ornomennn i naarae:i: ]aira: n coirnn: c~nraoci onaa-
reini: ia~ecrno:, ea ioroporo (onyci i :nipo]ony ne nponcxo(n. B .]n-
pe na (orne (ecnrnernn nonapnnci ne rnopni n nx nepconan, n (ae ne
pn(onie n nepe(onie rpa(ane, a connainie :acin, naopaanmne .raon-
nix conercinx i(en pao~nx, ipecrinn, naprnnnix pyiono(nreen, rnop-
~eciyi nnrenrennni.
1
C:.: lonopnr Nocina. 1981. ! 2b. C. 89.
2
E. 3aumun. nna. Hii-Hopi. 19bb. C. 189.
8
Unr. no: Hepnin crea( conercinx nncareen. Crenorpa]n~ecinn or~er. N., 1984.
C. 174.
4
Unr. no: lonopnr Nocina. 1981. ! 11. C. 18.
b
1a: e.
b
lAP4. 4. 891. On. 1. ]. 89. . bb. Ho(nnnni.
7
R. !lp-Mllet. 1he Nind and lace o Bolshevism: An examinalion o cullural lie
in Soviel Pussia. New Yorl, 19bb. P. 248.
8
PlAH. 4. 44b9. On. 7. ]. 49. . 17b180. Nnipo]onnin :arepna.
9
3(eci n nne iypcnn :on. A. H.
10
. A.nepc. 1earpainie o~epin. 1. 1. N., 1977. C. 108.
11
1a: e. C. 108.
12
Hpn~e: o~epe(non :n] nn connainan :acia ne (oni in iri omeco-
iani:n, aa ncii~enne: or(einix (ocraro~no pe(inx cy~aen. 1o ecri ]airi pa-
nci o(nn n re e, no nx anana, c:iconan n .:onnonainan onenia :ennnci n
aanncn:ocrn or a(pecara. O .ro: ronopn ca: Crann na cnennaino: aace(annn n
UK naprnn. Pe~i ma o nanpanennnx paori pa(no n rpex pernonax: n Poccnn, na
Kaniaae n n Cpe(nen Aann. Ha ocnonannn nporoioinon aanncn onn ]op:ynpyircn
ce(yimn: opaao::
]n Poccnn :aicn:ainan (e:oncrpannn (onepnn i nacrn, ne(onepnn i npara:
nacrn, ioropie naainanci npara:n napo(a, ye(enne n io::ynna:e n cnero: y(y-
me:.
Crann: Pyccinn napo( (ocraro~no (onep~nn, ero :ono ye(nri.
]n 3aianiaain, n ocoenno Ap:ennn n lpyann, :aicn:ainan onopa na nanno-
nainie xy(oecrnennie nennocrn.
Crann: Hx nnrenrennni na(o iynnri (onepne: |...] nx crapnin (onepnir
opaaonanni: i(n: n orn~ne or pyccinx |...] a napo( non(er aa crapnia:n.
]n 1ypiecrana n noome Cpe(nen Aann ne pacc~nrinari na (onepne. Paora
(ona necrnci n (nyx nanpanennnx: nonan nacri necer na Poccnn opaaonanne n
y~myi nani; oimennin n Poccnn o~eni cnini n noenari c nn:n ecnoeano.
Crann: A n~no ne nepi n ro, ~ro onn nac noinr, no onn (oni onricn.
(lAP4. 4. b908. On. 1. ]. 81. . 181)
Ha npairnie .ro oana~ao orop :arepnaon no npnnnnny iai i ne on(eri
naceenne onpe(eennoro pernona. 1e:a (pyi napo(on n (ennrn cy~anx na (e-
cnrn pemaaci n o(no:-e(nncrnenno: ee acneire nceomen inn n (onepnn naprnn
n n~no Cranny. Hpono(n:ie n cepe(nne 1980-x ro(on pa(no]ecrnnan neci:a or~er-
!
nno ]op:ynponan raiyi n(ei: ione~no, CCCP nacenir paanie napo(i, :e(y
ioropi:n ecri npornnope~nn n (ae (annne ncropn~ecine ion]niri. Ho renepi nac
ore(nnner ioni i ronapnmy Cranny, a ioni .ro raioe ~yncrno, ioropoe no-
anoner npeo(oeri iie ion]niri.
18
Cy(ii conpe:ennon nnrenrennnn. N., 192b. C. 2b.
14
PlAH. 4. b4b. On. 1. L(. xp. b28. . 171172.
1b
lAP4. 4. b4b1. On. 9. ]. 4b7. . 24, 2829.
1b
lAP4. 4. 280b. On. b9. ]. b71. . 49-o.
17
Cnpano~nni naprnnnoro paornnia. Bin. \l. '. 1. N., 1928. C. 789.
18
3ro (oiaainaer (ae neoimon orpinoi na ero pe~n, nocnnmennon pa(no:
Hpn yconnn mnpoioro ncnoiaonannn pa(no (eo marner c iooccainon icrporon
eme (aime nnepe(. Ni :oe: ciaaari ye cen~ac rai, ~ro noipyr ia(oro ~eoneia
n noa(yxe n na nanmnx nacrax npocrpancrna, npneraimero i nonepxnocrn namen
naneri, peir neornrnie iooccainie ncnxn~ecine nennocrn, nepe(aimne nn]op-
:annonnie nanecrnn, ia(yi ~eone~eciyi :ici, pacnpocrpannimne xy(oecrnen-
nie nennocrn n ~eone~ecine ~yncrna. (A. . Lnauapcxun. Kyirypa CCCP n ana-
~enne pa(no. Ha pa(noeinnn 28.11.1924 ;; PlAH. 4. 279. On. 1. ]. 91. . 88
44. Konnn)
19
C:.: A. Lepe.t. Ay(noiyirypa XX neia. Poi pa(no n coa(annn conercioro
:n]a. N., 2004. C. 41.
20
Nnrnnr :nnonon. 1981. ! 1. C. 20.
21
Pa(nocymarei. 1928. ! 1b. C. 1b.
22
A. ve0opoe-,aet0oe. Ho nicrania: ;; Pyccian conercian xy(oecrnennan
ipnrnia. 19171941. N., 1982. C. 2b2.
28
3(eci n (aee nnr. no: Hcropnn conercion pa(noypnancrnin. ]oiy:enri.
1eicri. Bocno:nnannn. 1917194b. N., 1991. C. 1481b1.
24
PlA4]. ! L-801 (1, 4). Bp. an. 20.4b. Lopnno]on.
2b
Bcrpe~a c A. N. lopiin:. Koppecnon(ennnn ;; Pa(noraaera. ! 2b4, 1b.10.192b
(lAP4. 4. 44b9. On. 7. ]. 12. . 110. Nnipo]onnin :arepna).
104
ALKCAH]P LLPLL
PA]HOBLLAHHL 192080-x lO]OB
K HPO5LNL B3AHNHOlO BHAHHA
HLNLUKOH H PYCCKOH AY]HOKYL1YP
Pa(noypnancrnia n onir (pa:arn~ecioro rearpa mn (pyr (pyry na-
ncrpe~y, npeo(oenan :noecrno co:nennn n nonce ne npe(noaran nna~a-
e, ~ro peayiraro: .roro cnennn y(yr nanenmne oripirnn, ioropie
na :norne (ecnrnernn nnepe( oyconnr nanoee no(ornopnie cpe(cr-
na n :ero(i orpaennn peainon (encrnnreinocrn n anyie. 3rn oripi-
rnn npooar nyrn, na ioropix n e(nnie .crern~ecine noroin y(yr cn-
naricn cono, nponanecennoe y :nipo]ona, n cry(nnnie my:i or nc-
iycnon n:nrannn paanoopaani:n anyiorexnn~ecin:n npnopa:n na ap-
cenaa ~ncro rearpainon, cnenn~ecion, anyiono(paareinon annapary-
pi (o aanncn n ncnoiaonannn n xy(oecrnennix nenx no(nnnix any-
ionix nanennix peann, aa]nicnponannix paan~ni:n rexnn~ecin:n cno-
coa:n or ]onorpa]a n innonenin ea naopaennn (o cynep:arnnro-
]onon ionna XX neia.
Bonpoc o naan:no: nnnnnn :acrepon ne:enioro, pyccioro n conercioro
nciyccrna n nponecce ]op:nponannn nipaanreinix ay(nocpe(crn inne:a-
rorpa]a 1920-x rr. noanoner ronopnri o cnenn]n~ecion .crern~ecion cnrya-
nnn, ioropan noannia na nepeipecrie n npocrpancrne cpaay rpex nciyccrn:
inno, rearpa n pa(no.
B paore na( cneiraie:-ooapenne: Ha ncnioro :y(pena (onoino npo-
crori no niece A. H. Ocrponcioro penccep Cepren 3naenmrenn crann
anai panencrna :e(y noa:onocrn:n rearpainix my:on n nce:n ocrai-
ni:n cocrannimn:n rearpainoro annapara. Ly:i cranonnrcn pannoana~-
ni:n .e:enra:n penccepcion naprnrypi cneirain, nocranennoro 3n-
aenmrenno: necnon 1928 ro(a n Nocioncio: rearpe Hpoeriyira.
B re e ro(i 3. Hnciarop paoraer na( cneirain:n-ooapennn:n 5yp-
nin noroi n 1onymnn iopai, na( mneponcin:n Paaonnnia:n. One-
nnnan .rn paori n nnrepnii no :ocioncio:y pa(no nciope noce npnea(a
n Nociny n 1981 ro(y n ronopn o crnncrnie cnoero rearpa, Hnciarop no(-
~epinnaer nanocri anyionoro naiia cneirain, ioropin cia(inaercn na
rpa(nnnonnix rearpainix my:onix .]]eiron n na nii~ennn n ero riani
]par:enron pa(nonepe(a~ :ao anaio:ix nn, nanpornn, xopomo anaio-
:ix apnrei no npnnnnny nx acconnarnnnix cnnaen c ciero: npe(cran-
ennn nn nacrpoenne: (encrnyimnx nn
1
. 3ror npne: nne(enne pa(no n
cnenn~ecioe (encrnne i ncnoiaonan Hnciaropo: n 1927 ro(y n o(non
na ii~enix cnen cneirain lon-n, :i nne:! n n Hoxo(ennnx pano-
ro co(ara Lnenia.
#
Conna(enne noannnn ni(aimnxcn :acrepon rearpa n inno no nono(y any-
ionaopaanreinix pemennn na cnene ne cy~anno. Nono (ae ciaaari, ~ro
ono cn:nro:arn~no, no n nonciax nonix nyren i :accono:y apnrei noann-
ian oimne co:nennn n ncii~nreino: npnopnrere nepainoro opa-
mennn i apnreino:y aay. Hpn:epno n ro e npe:n 5eproi( 5pexr nann-
mer: Nero( Cranncancioro, niranci coa(ari nacrpoenne, npenpamaer aire-
pa n cocy( (n cona`. |...] Hcro~nnin cnera n anyia yipinaircn, rearp ne
xo~er iri rearpo:, on nicrynaer anonn:no. B .rnx yconnnx (eiopannn
nncioiio ne aannrepeconana nicrynari n pon (eiopannn: ona n:nrnpyercn
no( npnpo(y, a npn cy~ae n no( npnpo(y noanimennyi
2
. A 3naenmrenn
n:ecre c B. Hy(oninni: n l. Aeican(poni: aannnr nporecr no nono(y roro,
~ro io::ep~ecinn ycnex crn:ynpyer n inno aannci anyia |...] n nane
narypancrn~ecio:, ro~no conna(an c (nnenne: na .ipane n coa(anan neio-
ropyi niani` ronopnmnx i(en
8
...
Lcn n(y:aricn n ro, ~ro cronr aa .rn:n onenia:n npn .ro: n na:nrn
noanniaer rnranrcinn :accnn .:nnpn~ecioro :arepnaa ro nnone npano-
:epno, na nam narn(, niciaaari n(ei o crpe:ennn paan~nix nn(on nc-
iyccrn i ca:oonpe(eenni aa c~er renepanaannn ron nn nnon rpynni
nipaanreinix cpe(crn.
Ananeno(one rearpa oecne~nnaoci npe(e ncero cono: n no(~nnenn-
e: e:y cnenn~ecinx pemennn, noncia:n xy(onnia-o]op:nren; naneno(o-
ne inno ero nacrnion, (ae n ca:o: .icnpeccnnno: napnanre :onraa.
Kai roiio inno noy~no cono, a rearp noa:onocrn .ipannon na-
crnin, nonnncn ion]nir. 3nyi n inno (ononenne i iaprnnie nn opra-
nn~ecioe coe(nnenne nacrnin n anyia 3nyi .e:enr io:neica nipaan-
reinix cpe(crn nn cpe(crno (n (n(airn~ecioro roionannn, neoxo(n:o-
ro .crern~ecin ne(ocraro~no paannro:y apnrei
Hpn:ar anyia na( naopaenne: n(en, noy~nnman paannrne y a:epn-
iancinx reopernion Y. Hnrinna n Y. Napcrona n nx innre Hciyccrno any-
ionoro inno. 1a e ren(ennnn (eiapnpyercn n anpeicio: no:epe ne:en-
ioro ypnaa Der lilm aa 1980 ro(
4
. 1o, ~ro ncrnna enr nocepe(nne, io
ncno oimnncrny npairnion n reopernion, naeranmnx .icrpe:na:a n cno-
nx paa:imennnx. Ho nyri i .ron ncrnne na .ipane oiaaacn (ocraro~no
coen, no norpeona n ye(nreino apry:enrnponannoro, a ne npocro (eia-
pnpye:oro reopern~ecioro oocnonannn, n croi e xy(oecrnenno (ocronep-
non npairn~ecion nponepin.
Lcn anyi nmi nonpoc rexnoornn, ro nnion: opaao: ne ce(onao
noiymaricn na :onranin :ero( cre:in, no(paay:enaimnn paory na no-
ma(ie ioporin:n ]par:enra:n, r(e (nna ia(pa ne npenimaer 28 :erpon
(4b ceiyn(). B .ro: cy~ae nn o iaion cepieanon paore c airepo: ronopnri
ne npnxo(nrcn, no ne roiio nenpepinnocrn (encrnnn, no n (ae .e:enrap-
non noa:onocrn (n roro, ~roi copari nnn:anne, y airepa ne io.
C (pyron croponi, onopa na airepa, n npe(e ncero na cono ciaaannoe,
npnno(na i o(non na ocnonnix norepi inno ono nepecranao opnenrnpo-
naricn na nocronnnyi paory noopaennn, na coanareinoe, airnnnoe co-
rnop~ecrno apnren. He cy~anno o(na na ran innrn 3. Kpaiay.pa Hpnpo(a
10b
]ni:a oaaranena locno(crno pe~n ne(er i co:nnreinon inne:arorpa-
]n~ecion cnnxponnaannn.
Cnop o ]yninnnx n noa:onocrnx anyia i ~peani~anno airyaen (ae
(n ca:ix roninx, ryoinx n re:nepa:enrnix :acrepon .ipannon nacrnin.
B 1980 ro(y n ece(e c l. Pnxrepo: 3naenmrenn ronopn: A nipacrai na
pa:oi inno, inne:arorpa]n~ecine cpe(crna <n:eircn n nn(y nacrn~ecine
noa:onocrn ne:oro inno A. L.> cnmio: npn:nrnnni (n :enn
b
.
O~eni nanon ia aa(a~a ninnennn aaiono:epnocren con:ecrnoro ]yni-
nnonnponannn .rnx nipaanreinix cpe(crn. H a(eci inno opamaercn i oni-
ry pa(no. An(pe Naipo n cnoen innre O~epi ncnxoornn inno nnca rai:
Conpe:ennin ]ni: po(ncn ne na ron noa:onocrn, ~ro y(yr cimni
cona, ioropie nponanocnr repon ne:oro ]ni:a, no na nonix noa:onocren
con:ecrnon nipaanreinocrn naopaennn n anyia. Hoiy(a .ra nipaanrei-
nocri roiio ]ororpa]nn ona c:emna rai e, iai n ne:on ]ni:, noia on
ocranacn roiio ]ororpa]nen. Hciyccrno: ona craner roiio ror(a, ior(a
innoxy(onni non:er, ~ro (e(ymion inne:arorpa]n~ecioro anyia nnnercn
ne rpa::o]onnan nacrnnia, a io:noannnn pa(no
b
.
Hpn:ennreino i namen re:e paaronopy o naan:no: nnnnnn :acre-
pon ne:enioro inno n pyccioro pa(nonciyccrna npano:epno ciaaari, ~ro
pa(no io nonrono: opaorin onira rearpa n nepe(a~n ero inne:arorpa-
]y. Oparn: nnn:anne na ce(yimyi npe:ennyi n coirnnnyi neno~iy.
Bropan noonnna 1920-x rr.: 3pncr 1oep paoraer na( niecon-ooapenn-
e:, ioropan noy~aer nonomenne n rearpe Hnciaropa. Onir, naionennin n
.ron paore, aiiy:ynpyercn n pa(noniece Honocrn 5epnna ocrpoci-
erno: .icnpeccnnno: nonecrnonannn, nocrpoenno: na airyainenme: n non-
rn~ecin ana~n:o: nanenno: :arepnae. Hpe:iepa n 5epnne cocronaci
4 (eiapn 1980 ro(a. A 2b nnnapn 1981 ro(a, ro ecri :enee ~e: ~epea (na
:ecnna, Honocrn 5epnna ye any~ar no :ocioncio:y pa(no n nocranonie
pyccioro penccepa H. O. Boioncioro o(noro na pyiono(nreen coner-
cioro pa(no ionna 1920-x rr. On i anropo: nepnix pa(noniec n pa(noio:-
noannnn n CCCP, n n ipyry npo]eccnonaon ero no npany naainan orno:
conercioro pa(norearpa.
Nocioncian nepcnn Honocren 5epnna ma c :yaiion, cnennaino na-
nncannon n:enno (n .roro pa(nonpe(cranennn nieci 1oepa. ]n anyio-
noro pemennn Boioncinn cna~aa npe(ara ncnoiaonari xy(oecrnennin
npne:, nan(ennin n: no npe:n paori na( (oiy:enrainon pa(noio:noannn-
en Hyremecrnne no Anonnn ocnony (n nee cocrannn o(non:ennie o~epin
nanecrnoro ypnancra l. layanepa n ~rennn o(noro na nonynpnenmnx ai-
repon Poccnn 3. lapnna, :noro n oxorno corpy(nn~anmero c Nocioncin:
pa(no n co Crannnen n:. Ko:nnrepna
7
: lapnn ~nra reicr layanepa, n no xo(y
ero pacciaaon nii~anci nare]oni, ycranonennie nepe( necioiin:n :ni-
po]ona:n. ]n ia(oro nare]ona ia aapanee aaroronena oi~nan na-
crnnia, na ioropon in aa]nicnponani peainie anyin paan~nix nnon-
cinx ropo(on 1oino, Knoro n (p. B nepnon ~erneprn XX neia raine na-
crnnin n oimo: ion~ecrne ninycianci n paanix crpanax :npa, n y re:
oee erio nx :ono io nanrn iai cynennpi n cronnax paan~nix crpan.
%
Kor(a pacciaa Hyremecrnennnia npo(oacn n no:emennn iaioro-no na
crapnnnix (nopnon conpe:ennon (1oino) nn (pennen (Knoro) nnoncion cro-
nni, anyiorexnnin nii~an (pyron nare]on. Cnennainin :nimep noano-
n nepeno(nri nnn:anne cymareen na o(noro :ecra (encrnnn n (pyroe
nn or o(noro xapairepnoro my:a i (pyro:y. 1ai noanniaa cnoeopaanan
anyionan nanopa:a nann ropo(a, ero xpa:on n (nopnon, ioropie c:ennnci
anyia:n ron nn nnon ynni nn noma(n.
B Honocrnx 5epnna penccep Nocioncioro pa(no ne ionnpyer ~pea-
ni~anno oraroe anyionoe pemenne epnncioro cneirain (epnncinn
pa(no(o: i .ro:y npe:enn i e(na n ne y~mn: no cnoe:y rexnn~ecio-
:y ocnamenni n :npe, a n Nocine nmi na~nnaoci ocnoenne noa:ono-
cren nonix pa(nocry(nn n a(annn Uenrpainoro reerpa]a na ynne lopi-
ioro). Boioncinn ce(yer ranno:y npnnnnny, paapaoranno:y 1oepo:
n nocranonmnio: ne:enioro pa(nocneirain :yaiia n my:i n .ro:
npe(cranennn panni cony, croi e .]]eirno ninonnn cieroopaayi-
mne ]yninnn.
Ycnex cneirain i orpo:en. Cpe(n penenaenron, nncanmnx o npe:iepe
n lep:annn n n Conercio: Coiae, opamaer na cen nnn:anne onne reope-
rnion n ipnrnion inne:arorpa]a. B ~acrnocrn, necioiio paa i .ro:y cnei-
raii n ero :ocioncio: napnanre noanpamaercn n cnonx crarinx n nicryn-
ennnx B. Lioncinn. H:enno no ero peio:en(annn ror(a e na conercio:
pa(no ycrpannaircn npoc:orpi iaprnni Pnxrepa Bce neprnrcn, nce (nner-
cn (1929), r(e anyionon pn( ooana~en ioani: coe(nnenne: :yaiin,
~eone~ecinx roocon n aiycrn~ecinx .]]eiron, n ioporio:erpain B. Pyrr-
:ana 3ny~aman nona (192b), cnnron no ro:y e npnnnnny n ia~ecrne
peia:noro ponia ionnepna anyioaanncinaimen annaparypi.
B ycrnix pacciaaax H. O. Boioncioro, ioropie anrop nacronmnx aa:e-
roi conpa eme n cnoen npo]eccnonainon :oo(ocrn, n ipyry airepon n
paornnion pa(no, airnnno corpy(nn~anmnx c Boioncin: n ionne 1920
na~ae 1980-x rr., ~acro any~aa ]paaa: 1oep ne npocro no(ciaaa na:, iai
nanoee pannonaino n n ro e npe:n nanoee .]]eirno nocnponanecrn
(ixanne ropo(a`, a :oer iri n ncen crpani, n neoimo: no npe:enn
.]npno: npocrpancrne pa(nononocren, no no cyrn pemn (nreinin cnop,
ioropin cymecrnona na ore~ecrnenno: pa(no c :o:enra nixo(a n .]np nep-
nix nn]op:annonno-nponaran(ncrcinx n nonocrnix nepe(a~.
B coornercrnnn c peio:en(annn:n, niciaaanni:n n~no B. H. ennni:,
.rn nepe(a~n noy~nn naananne Pa(noraaeri. Hanecrnoe nipaenne e-
nnna o pa(no iai o raaere ea y:arn n paccronnnn n ne :enee nonynpnan
]op:ya Bcn Poccnn y(er cimari raaery, ~nrae:yi n Nocine (an cnon
npairn~ecine n neci:a paanoopaanie ncxo(i.
laaera, (a eme naprnnnan raaera, paay:eercn, ne (onyciaer nn crnncrn~e-
cinx, nn .:onnonainix noinocren. H nor (eo (oxo(nr (o anei(orn~ecinx
rpeonannn. B paan~nix innrax n y~enix noconnx no ncropnn conercion
pa(noypnancrnin :i naxo(n: reicr (oiy:enra, ioropin n cepe(nne
1920-x rr. noy~n pyiono(nrei (niropcion rpynni pa(nocrannnn n:. Ko-
:nnrepna na iannera nicoioro nponaran(ncrcioro na~aicrna. B .ro: (oiy-
108
:enre io :noro con o nanocrn pa(noraaer (n crponreicrna connana-
:a n io::ynna:a. H n ~acrnocrn, ronopnoci o ro:, ~ro enmnni ne (oni
(onyciaricn (o ~rennn :arepnaon Pa(noraaer`, rai iai encine rooca
~acro ne rap:onnpyir c co(epanne: nanix nponaran(ncrcinx reicron
Pa(noraaeri`
8
. Hpan(a, ia eme n npnnncia: Hcii~enne :oer cocra-
nnri ~rnna, rooc ioropon noxo na :ycion! ]npeirnna ia o]op:ena n
nono: coornercrnnn c npanna:n naprnnnoro (eonponano(crna c no(nncii
n ne~arii.
Hepnie Pa(noraaeri nonnnnci n conercio: .]npe ocenii 1924 ro(a.
Honrn~eciyi nanpanennocri nepe(a~ (ocraro~no nono xapairepnaonan
ye nx naanannn: Pao~an pa(noraaera, Kpacnoap:encian pa(noraaera, Ko:-
co:oician npan(a no pa(no, Pa(nonnonep n r.n. Ho cyrn cnoen .ro in
pa(nonporpa::i ro~non n ne(nyc:icennon, crporo a(pecnon nanpanenno-
crn. B aa(a~y oprannaaropon nxo(no ne roiio pemenne npoe: no(opa
rex nanennix nonocren, ioropie npe(e ncero (oni in co(encrnonari
io::ynncrn~ecio:y nocnnranni naceennn n airnnnaannn ero na ninone-
nne nponaran(ncrcinx, opaaonareino-nocnnrareinix n npo~nx no(onix
aa(a~: na(o io eme n nanrn raiyi ]op:y nepe(a~, ioropan npnneiaa n
y(epnnaa nnn:anne ay(nropnn n re~enne ncen nporpa::i
9
.
K 1982 ro(y crao ncno, ~ro nn]op:annonnan pa(nocya rpeyer npnn-
nnnnaino nonix oprannaannonnix, rexnoorn~ecinx n .crern~ecinx peme-
nnn. Pa(noraaeri, npo(e:oncrpnponanmne i ro:y npe:enn cnoi :ayi .:o-
nnonainyi, a ce(onareino, n c:iconyi .]]eirnnnocri, cnennaini: pe-
menne: nicmnx naprnnnix nncrannnn in aaipiri, a nx rnop~ecine io-
eirnni iai n Nocine, rai n n (pyrnx ropo(ax in pac]op:nponani. lan-
non pe(ainnn nenrpainon nn]op:annn no pa(no io n:eneno n onaan-
nocri oprannaonari nn]op:annonnyi cyy rain: opaao:, ~roi nepe(a-
~n Hoce(nnx nanecrnn n (pyrnx nn]op:annonnix ninycion in i
nanoneni ne roiio ]aira:n, no n .:onnn:n. H ryr ncno:nnn o Honocrnx
5epnna paore, coa(annon na pyee 1980-x rr.
A nano:ni, ~ro cier .roro pa(nocneirain 1oepa (ocraro~no npocr:
neinn nrei cronni lep:annn pacipinaer cnenn ninyci 5epnncion
raaeri, n nepe( nn: noanniaer anyionan iaprnna :npa. Hpn~e:, ~nran raaery,
repon Honocren 5epnna ne npocro nocropraercn nn orop~aercn no nono(y
roro nn nnoro coomennn, no n:eer noa:onocri nipaanri .ro cnoe ornome-
nne paay:eercn, ne (ononnreini: conecni: io::enrapne:, no ~epea
cnoe cocrnennoe nocnpnnrne, nipaennoe n nnronannn, re:ponix n .:o-
nnonainix oneniax n r. n.
1o ecri, no cyrn (ea, (nirop Hoce(nnx nanecrnn npenpamacn n roro
ca:oro repon Honocren 5epnna, ioropin, ne n:en, paay:eercn, npana (ono-
nnri ~nrae:in n: reicr cnon:n cocrnenni:n cona:n, nonce ne nmacn
noa:onocrn pa(onaricn nn orop~aricn ro:y, ~ro on roiio ~ro yana.
Ho (n .roro pe(ainnn nyno io pemnri iai :nnn:y: (ne oprannaa-
nnonno-rnop~ecine aa(a~n. Bo-nepnix, na(o io npnnecrn ynny n pa-
(nocry(ni. H n crpyirype Bcecoianoro pa(noio:nrera nonnnercn cnenn-
ainoe rexnn~ecioe no(paa(eenne, ioropoe noy~aer naananne Or(e nne-
'
cry(nnnix aanncen. Or(e onnpacn na cocrnennin onir anyiopencce-
pon n anyiooneparopon n nnn:areinenmn: opaao: npnc:arpnnacn i na-
niia:, ye naionenni: rexnn~ecin:n cya:n, npe(e ncero 5epnn-
cioro pa(no.
3nyiorexnnin Nocioncioro pa(no n ]o:a pa(nonemannn n anyioaanncn
na ynne Ka~aona, 24, ncrynnnmero n crpon n 1927 ro(y, cipynyeano nay~an
onir ne:eninx ioer (n roro, ~roi ne roiio n xy(oecrnennix nporpa:-
:ax, no n n nn]op:annonno-coirnnnix penopraax noccoa(anari n :aicn-
:aino noa:ono: ore:e peainyi ar:oc]epy roro nn nnoro coirnn,
nponcxo(nmero na nen.pe, na npo:imenno: npe(npnnrnn, na cra(none, n
rearpe, ionneprno: aae n r. (. Hocrenenno onn ona(enan io:neico: rex
anyionix nipaanreinix cpe(crn, ioropie noanonn noccranonnri y :nipo-
]ona n cry(nn ar:oc]epy ioro nanennoro coirnn or napa(a na cra-
(none n (o ionnepra n 5oimo: aae Koncepnaropnn.
H ne cy~anno n 1982 ro(y roiio ~ro coa(annan Pe(ainnn nenrpainon
nn]op:annn na Bcecoiano: pa(no cpaay e npono(nr naop n cnennainyi
(niropciyi rpynny, pyiono(nri ioropon, oy~ari n rpennponari :oo(ix (ni-
ropon in npnrameni ni(aimnecn :acrepa Nocioncioro Xy(oecrnen-
noro aia(e:n~ecioro rearpa y~ennin K. C. Cranncancioro n B. H. He:n-
ponn~a-]an~enio. Hepni:n nacrannnia:n npo]eccnonainon (niropcion rpyn-
ni npnaina 1982 ro(a cran B. H. Ka~aon n H. H. nronnena.
H:enno onn npnnecn n ore~ecrnennyi pa(nomioy neoxo(n:ocri n
y:enne nponninonennn n xapairep n :imenne ~eoneia, ioropin nepni:
yanaer o coirnnx n :npe n, nponycrnn nx ~epea cen, ~epea cocrnennoe
nocnpnnrne, :imenne, pa(ocrn n orop~ennn, (onocnr nn]op:anni (o :nno-
non i(en.
Honropi eme paa: y nnx ne io npana io::enrnponari coirnn, n nx
pacnopnennn in roiio nnenepainie cpe(crna nipaanreinocrn. H .ro
ia nenian npo]eccnonainan mioa, ioropan (aa ore~ecrnenno:y pa(no
Kpnn ennrana, Ba(n:npa lepnnia, Oiry Biconiyi n :nornx nx ioer,
~in:n rooca:n :ocioncioe pa(no :norne (ecnrnernn ronopno co ncen na-
neron.
B 198182 rr. n conercio: .]npe nonnnircn o(na aa (pyron (ne pa(no-
nieci aa:e~areinoro no.ra, iaccnia pyccion no.ann Apcennn 1apioncio-
ro orna innopenccepa An(pen 1apioncioro Honecri o c]arny:e n
Creio. Apcennn 1apioncinn pacciaaina anropy .rnx crpoi, ~ro on onn-
pacn n cnoen paore na onir 1oepa n n ron c]epe, ioropan iacaercn
(pa:aryprn~ecinx npnnnnnon nocrpoennn (oiy:enrainon pa(no(pa:i, n oco-
enno n oacrn ncnoiaonannn anyia iai npo(oennn cona: .ro iacaercn
n :yaiin, n my:onix .]]eiron.
Beci:a nonynpni:n n .ro npe:n n ipyry npo]eccnonaon pa(no crano-
nnrcn (nciyccnn noipyr nime(mnx n 1982 ro(y n lep:annn innr lopocion
pa(nonieci Koia n Pa(nonocnpnnrne a:ne. Hyniannn n ypnaax
lonopnr CCCP, lonopnr Nocina, Nnrnnr :nnonon n (pyrnx na(annnx
]op:nponan rpn nanpanennn n pa(nonciyccrne. Ni ooana~n: nx ce(yi-
mn: opaao::
110
nannnin narypana:, coornercrnyimnn ne:enio:y nanpanenni
Hrbild (cyxonie iaprnni); ono nnpn:yi cnnainaoci c aiycrn~ecin:
ioncrpyirnnna:o: Pnxrepa n Pyrr:ana n inno;
nepana:, nponoaramaimnn acoirnin npn:ar cona n (oiy:en-
rainon pa(no(pa:e;
n, naionen, rperie nanpanenne, ioropoe yconno :ono naanari :eo-
(na:o:; cyri .roro nanpanennn n ro:, ~ro cono n pa(nonepe(a~e cymecrny-
er ne ca:o no cee, no n onpe(eenno: pnr:e, nireiaime: na omero pnr:a
cneirain, na ionreicra nreparypnoro :arepnaa.
Paapaoria npnnnnnon n npne:on onrn:ainoro coe(nnennn cona, :yai-
in n my:on, ninnenne aaiono:epnocren .roro nponecca n pa(nonciyccrne
npnna(enr npe(e ncero pyccio:y penccepy Bc. Nenepxoi(y. C noan-
nnn namen re:i nnrepecno oparnri nnn:anne, ~ro npnea( n CCCP 3. Hnc-
iaropa n ero (pyecine ionrairi c Bc. Nenepxoi(o: conna(air no npe:enn
c airnnni: nnrepeco: noce(nero i paore y :nipo]ona.
B 198184 rr. Hnciarop ina ne roiio na cneirainx Nenepxoi(a, no
n na ero penernnnnx. Pacc:arpnnan coxpannnmnecn n apxnnax a(:nnncrpa-
rnnno-pacnopn(nreinie (oiy:enri, y(aoci ycranonnri, ~ro Hnciarop npn-
cyrcrnona n pa(nocry(nn na penernnnnx pa(nonepcnn nocranonoi Nenep-
xoi(a. K. Py(nnninn ipynnenmnn anaroi nann n rnop~ecrna Nenep-
xoi(a no(rnep(n namy rnnoreay o y~acrnn Hnciaropa n paore na(
pa(nonepcnen cneirain ]a:a c ia:enn:n.
ero: n ocenii 1984 r. Nenepxoi( roronn pa(nonporpa::i Bce:npno-
ro rearpainoro ]ecrnnan, ioropin na:e~acn n Nocine. Hnciarop i
aannr cre:ia:n n :onrao: inno]ni:a Boccranne piaion. On ne c:or
y~acrnonari n nepe(a~ax ]ecrnnan onn in na:e~eni na nepnyi (eia-
(y oirnpn, a na b oirnpn naana~nn npe:iepy ]ni:a Hnciaropa.
Ho na no(roronnreino: .rane cornop~ecrno (nyx :acrepon io no(o-
rnopni:. B .ron nx paore onpe(encn rannin npnnnnn rnop~ecrna penc-
cepa n cry(nn y :nipo]ona, nei n c:ic ioroporo n oacrn anyionoro
orpaennn (encrnnreinocrn y:enne ooana~nri ne(ymyi n e(nnyi nn-
ronanni nponane(ennn.
Crpe:nci ninnnri n pe~n n :yaiiaino: conpono(ennn ainenri, ro~in
noa:onoro nepece~ennn, npn con:emennn ioropix noanniaer e(nnan :eo(nn,
Nenepxoi( npn y~acrnn Hnciaropa nine npnnnnn oprannaannn .:onnonai-
non cpe(i pa(no- n anyionoro innonpe(cranennn. Ocoan poi n coa(annn
.ron cpe(i npn(aercn conna(enni nn npornnonocranenni pnr:n~ecinx oc-
non nreparypnoro reicra, pe~n ncnonnren n :yaiin. Hpn:ar cona, ~eone-
~ecion pe~n a(eci ne onaareen onaareina nx cnoconocri i ionrairy c
:yaiion, pnr:a:n my:on onpe(eennoro, aa(annoro nacrpoennn n re:no:.
B npairnie pa(no Nenepxoi( nanoee nono peanaona .ry ionnen-
nni npn nocranonie cneirain Pycaia no A. C. Hyminny n 1988 r. 1eope-
rn~ecion crarin ca: Nenepxoi( no .ro:y nono(y ne ycne nanncari on
norn n cranncio: aacrenie. B reopnn pa(no n inne:arorpa]a cxoan n(en
noy~na ]nicanni n paapaoriy n aa:e~areinon paore C. N. 3naenmren-
na Nonra ron]ni:a (1987). Crarin .ra (oro ia nenanecrna, nocioi-

iy ne noma n copanne co~nnennn penccepa n ia npo~nrana nmi

yain: ipyro: cnennancron. K mnpoio:y ~nrarei ona npnma roiio n
198b ro(y n copnnie nay~nix rpy(on Hncrnryra innonciyccrna n Noci-
ne. 3naenmrenn ]op:ynpyer npnnnnni nceore:imnx ]yninnn anyia n
inno, no(pono anananpyer paanoopaanie noa:onocrn no(nnnoro nnyr-
pennero e(nncrna naopaennn n anyia
10
.
Ha orpo:noro ion~ecrna npn:epon npairn~ecion peanaannn .ron ion-
nennnn :i niepe: nmi o(nn nanpn:yi cnnaannin n c pa(no, n c oniro:
naan:noro rnop~ecioro ooramennn :acrepon paanix crpan.
Omenanecrno, ~ro anyionie naprnrypi inno]ni:on A. A. 1apioncioro
Conpnc, 3epiao, Hocrairnn ne npocro naompenno paapaorani nocra-
nonmnio:, no n co(epar nnrepecnenmne npne:i ironix narypancrn~ecinx
anyion n ia~ecrne cn:noon c iooccaini: ce:anrn~ecin: nanonenne:.
Ocoenno npio .ro nponnnercn n ]nnae inno]ni:a Craiep: (nn-
n:in narn(o: peenia, (peeanr na croe oiinonennin craian. Nnp
aa:inyr (o pa:oi io:nari, r(e .ror craian yna(er na no n paaoiercn.
lpannni io:nari paa(nnraer my: (aeioro noea(a.
lpannny npe:enn n ca:yi nepcneirnny irnn paaopner n ooana~nr er-
xonencian o(a K pa(ocrn, any~aman conno my: na penpo(yiropa, no npn-
ni~noe na: n ironix ocronreicrnax paoraimee pa(no (anno npenparn-
oci n ]on.
1aioe co~eranne iai i ironix anyion, ninonnimnx na ca:o: (ee
conenmyi acconnarnnno-n(eoorn~eciyi ]yninni, innone(a:n ncero :n-
pa npnanano iai o(no na ni(aimnxcn npo]eccnonainix oripirnn An(pen
1apioncioro. Ho :ao io:y nanecrno, ~ro .rn npne:i in npe(napnreino
rmareino orpaorani n nponepeni n ero paore na pa(no.
B 19bb ro(y 1apioncinn nocrann na :ocioncio: pa(no cneiraii Ho-
nin nonopor ipyro:. Penccep nan aa opaaen ye aairie i ro:y npe:e-
nn cyxonie nieci, nonynpnie na epnncio: n :ocioncio: pa(no n
ionne 1920-x rr. On anaio:ncn c pa(nonieca:n 5nmo]a, ]yiepa, Keccnepa.
1o~io: n nono(o: i nonciy, ioropin xoreoci peanaonari cna~aa n
pa(no.]npe, a noro: n npocrpancrne n npe:enn inno.ipana
11
, ia no
neo(noiparni: npnanannn: ca:oro An(pen 1apioncioro ninymennan n
19b0 ro(y na anrnncio: naiie innra Kpaiay.pa Hpnpo(a ]ni:a, ocoen-
no ee rani ]naor n anyi n Nyaiia.
1ain: opaao:, :i nn(n:, nacioiio cepieani n no(ornopni oiaaanci
ypoin, ioropie pyccine ioern noy~nn y ne:eninx :acrepon pa(no n
inne:arorpa]a. Or rearpainix cneiraien Hnciaropa, or nepnix pa(nooni-
ron 1oepa, or nepnix reopern~ecinx ncce(onannn Koia, Kpaiay.pa n nx
ioer npornrnnaercn n nacronmee npe:n nenpepinnan n nepaapinnan nnri,
ioropan npocennaercn n rnop~ecrne :nornx ni(aimnxcn :acrepon na .i-
pane n y :nipo]ona.
1
C:. no(pono: Nnrnnr :nnonon. 1981. ! 28. C. 1718.
2
Unr. no: 5pexr o inne:arorpa]e ;; Bonpoci innonciyccrna. Bin. 2. N., 19b8.
C. 21.
112
8
C. J.ennmen, . H0oexun, !. A.excan0poe. 5y(ymee anyionon ]ni:i.
3annia ;; C. 3naenmrenn. Hapannie nponane(ennn n b-rn ro:ax. 1. 2. N.,
19b4. C. 81b.
4
C:.: Der lilm. 1980. ! 4. C. 28.
b
Unr. no: E. Ten.u. Hcropnn innonciyccrna. 1. 8: 19281988. N., 1971. C. 208.
b
Unr. no: lilm[e umeni. Praha, 19b8. S. 288289. (Hepeno( :on. A. L.).
7
1ai n:enonaaci ca:an rannan npannreicrnennan pa(nonemareinan oprannaa-
nnn Conercioro Coiaa, roronnnman no nropon noonnne 1920-x rr. i nepe(a~e n .]np
ocnonnyi :accy nponaran(ncrcinx n npocnernreicinx pa(nonporpa::, opamennix i
paan~ni: con: ay(nropnn.
8
3(eci n nne nnr. no: Pa(noypnancrnia. Y~enni. N., 2002. C. 2b.
9
B CCCP i na~ay 1982 ro(a ee(nenno nixo(nn n .]np oee 800 paan~nix
pa(noraaer, opamennix io nce: noapacrni: con: naceennn n connaini: rpynna:.
3]]eirnnnocri nx ia nenenia, ~ro neo(noiparno or:e~aoci iai na crpannnax
npecci, rai n n pemennnx (npeirnnnix opranon.
10
Ha rnop~ecioro nace(nn C. N. 3naenmrenna. N., 198b. C. b0.
11
Unr. no aanncn ece(i anropa crarin c A. 1apioncin: noce npe:iepi pa(no-
cneirain Honin nonopor ipyro:. K coaenni, nonin reicr ece(i, no(roron-
ennin (n ypnaa Conercioe pa(no n reenn(enne, ne i onynionan na-aa
neracnoro aanpera nenaypi na nynianni :arepnaon A. 1apioncioro n ne(o:crnen-
no: na(annn locy(apcrnennoro io:nrera CCCP no reenn(enni n pa(nonemanni.
!
LLHA HL1PYLAHCKAA
3XO PA]HOHPOCBLLLHHA B 192080-e lO]L
NY3LKALHAA lALBAHH3AUHA
COUHALHOlO OH1HNH3NA
Bcrpe~anci nine c nenocrpeonannocrii cepieanon :yaiin n Poccnn,
nirae:cn nanrn npn~nni .roro nnennn, iaymerocn nea(einarni: (oro:y
airnnno:y npocnernreicrny na pa(no. l(e n iai nponcxo(nn opini nn-
ren ncropn~ecion npee:crnennocrn, (yxonnon iyirypi Ha npn:epe pa(no-
nponaran(i :yaiin nn(ni aaiono:epnocrn iyirypnon nonrnin n ocoen-
nocrn :e(na n (annin nepno(, ~ro nponnnercn n omen crparernn ocoon
npeaenrannn nciyccrna, ero pon n n(eoorn~ecion paore.
B noyrpa:ornon crpane rpa:aannci n pa(no, aro(apn ecnnci:ennon
nepe(a~e nn]op:annn, nnnn coon ne roiio nenn(anno :acconie rnpan
(ocrynnoro penepryapa, ecnarnie cyxonie y(onoicrnnn, no n nonin pynop
:yaiiainoro npocnemennn.
Oa rexnn~ecinx cpe(crna :acconon io::ynniannn o~eni npnro(nnci
napo(aimencn nonrn~ecion cne. He cy~anno n Poccnn c 1910 ro(a iro-
nan nacrnnin c penoinnonni:n necnn:n, a rpa::o]onnie ypnai anon-
cnponan ipacnie aanncn n peia:nponan ln:ni, necnn n pe~n Cnoo-
(i
1
. Arnrannonni: no(paa(ea: Kpacnon Ap:nn npe(nncinaoci n:eri rpa:-
:o]on nn nare]on c pe~a:n no(en n penoinnonni:n necnn:n.
Pa(no e iai :nrnnr :nnonon crao cn:noo: n nonomenne: crpon-
reicrna nonon, connancrn~ecion iyirypi. H ocnonni: ]ponro: npo-
cnemennn, n ro: ~nce :yaiiainoro. Ho ncnoiaye:an n n(eoorn~ecinx
nenx npocnernreician paora nocrenenno cranonnaci nce ren(ennnoanee n
opnenrannn na nocnnranne :acc, n (ocrnennn npomoro c ionna 1920-x rr.
pa(niaino ioppeirnponanci, ~acro c nepe(eprnnannn:n n nciaennn:n.
C neii cnnxponnaannn ioeirnnnix .:onnn ycnnaci poi pa(no n
iai n(epa n aanenai ncepoccnncioro xopa. 3ny~annn, norpene:ie n
coa(anae:ie .rn: xopo:, nonoman n(en n xy(oecrnennie ianoni conn-
ancrn~ecioro crponreicrna. ]nciyccnn 19811982 rr. no(irona: rnop-
~ecrno io:noanropon (n :acconoro cymaren (ono iri pa(norenn~-
ni:`, ne(i nyri nne(pennn <ero> n pao~yi n ioxoanyi :accy enr,
ranni: opaao:, ~epea :nipo]on
2
. 1peonannn i rnop~ecrny (n :acc co-
e(nnnnci c nen:n pa(nonponaran(i n n(eao: noennanponannoro, crpoeno-
ro nciyccrna, iai n Anca:e necnn n nncin Kpacnon Ap:nn. He cy~anno
o(nn na oprannaaropon pa(nonemannn :yaiione( l. Honnoncinn, c]op:yn-
pona 5oenie aa(a~n xoponoro pa(noanca:n
8
(xop mnennnion, ero (ern-
me, c(ea na pa(no noma(iy ca:o(enreinocrn).
114
C neii nponano(crna cocrnennon anyionon npo(yinnn, ocoenno n npo-
cnernreicio: paiypce, coa(anacn nonin cnan :yaiin n cona: nce (ono
io ornparicn, npncnocannaricn n nnrepecax conercion nacrn. 1o:y
cyna neni nanecrnix nocranonennn, naneennix na orpann~ennn n ionr-
poi aa pa(no(enreinocrii, (ae n, iaaaoci i, eaon(non c]epe :yaiie.
Bocxnmenne necixanno mnpoion n re ro(i :yaiiainon nponaran(on,
nanon poii pa(nonpocnernreicrna iai (yxonnoro ncro~nnia crao rpa(n-
nnonni:. Ynaennn (ocronni oprannaaropi n y~acrnnin nepe(a~: npn:e-
po: :oer cynri nnnnnarnnnan rpynna Pa(no:yaiia, coa(annan n 1924
ro(y (n nay~ennn na npn:epe :yaiin onrn:ainix yconnn any~annn no-
cpe(crno: :nipo]ona (panee :yaiiainan ipima conyrcrnonaa naopere-
nni oxpannon cncre:i Kpe:n; ncce(onannn, nanie (n rocy(apcrnennon
eaonacnocrn, ce(onan aa paannrne: anyiorexnnin).
Ho, norpyanci n :arepnai rex er, (ora(inaemicn o npn~nnax ocrpo-
ro nnrepeca i ocoennocrn: :nipo]onnon nepe(a~n, io:nencannnx npn cy-
ennn (nna:n~ecioro n nicornoro (nanaaonon. 1yr ne croiio noncin n
pa:iax rexnn~ecinx orpann~ennn, cioiio nnma n yconnnx ecrion nen-
aypi. Be(i nacrn ne in eciopicrni no ornomenni i nciyccrny: anan-
rap( n iaccnia naxo(nnci n nponecce npncnocannannn i nen: :acc-
:e(na n rocy(apcrnennon nponaran(e, a ornocnreino cnoo(nan penepryap-
nan nonrnia nce oee ecrio ionrponponaaci roranrapni: pen:o:.
H io::enrnponanne anyionix :arepnaon no.ro:y no(nepraoci croi pa-
anreinon rpanc]op:annn, nponaran(ncrcion opaorie, ~ro y~me io n
ypnaax ocy(ari nonpoci rexnnin, pa(nocnenn]nin, neen aa(y:i-
naricn na( npn~nna:n n noce(crnnn:n acyp(no-nyirapnon npn:nrnnnaa-
nnn, npar:arn~ecin-connainon no(a~n n ren(ennnoanoro pa(noionreicra
:yaiin.
Lme n 1920-e rr. in aaoeni ocnoni nepeio(nponin neen n cpe(crn
:yaiiainoro pa(nonpocnemennn. Or n(en roainoro pa(no (B. Xennion,
A. Anpaa:on) mo .icrarn~ecioe nocxnaenne nce:npnoro .]npnoro pacnpo-
crpanennn :acmranix any~annn, iai n crnxornopennn A. lacrena:
Pa(no ianei:encrep.
Uniono-nnoon~ei coo.
Ho copoia amnn: c:i~ia:.
4an]api no .inaropy.
Cn:]onnn no napaen 7.
Xopi no :epn(nany b.
3eirpocrpyni i ae:no:y nenrpy...
Ho raine nocnapennn cnnainan nmi c (ocrnennn:n conercion nacrn.
Bnoce(crnnn, ~ame ncero niny(enno, :yaiione(~ecio-ypnancrcian
nnrepnperannn no cyrn craa nnon (c ro~in apennn ncrnnnix aa(a~ nciyc-
crna n npocnemennn). C ro(a:n arne na:epennn necrn iyirypy n :acci
nce pemnreinen coe(nnnnci c nenaeni: ao: connainoro nne:epnn,
ynpomenne: (o npn:nrnna (n (oxo(~nnocrn, nonnrnocrn. 5ncrarei-
#
nie pa(noeinnn yna~apcioro n (pyrnx npinx oparopon noae nepepocn
n connaino oyconennie orncnennn :yaiiainoro nponane(ennn iai
npn:oro aepiaa iacconon opii. Hponcxo(no n orpann~enne eicnin
(niropon: conno no(paan pe~n Cranna, pacia(inan nce no y(oni: no-
o~ia:, n nnrepecax rpy(nmnxcn. Kor(a na~ao ynpomenni io nooeno,
npnmn n i iacconon rpaironie (ae rainx cieron, iai Hnionan (a:a:
nx npenparnn n paemnni, naiar, naan(anne opna: c .icnyararopa:n.
Byirapni: io::enrapne: iaccnin no(~ac cranonncn na pa(no n ion-
reicr ee npn:enennn: cyenan poi iaccn~ecion :yaiin n aarannix
nponaran(ncrcinx pa(nonocranoniax cno(naci i ee ynnenni, rpyo:y ep-
nn~ecio:y .]]eiry na ionrpacre c coornercrnyimn:n (yxy npe:enn npocro-
napo(ni:n iynera:n.
icrnnie aanepennn, ~ro rannan cna pao~nn iacc, npnnen i ca:o-
:nenni: n nnci:ax n Pa(noio:nrer orpaanaci peaiocri cy(ennn rex :acc,
nancrpe~y ion: conno i ornpannaci c no:omii pa(no nicoian iyirypa;
cymaren pynn cne~a nce, ~ro nenonnrno. ennncian ]op:ya npocne-
rnreicrna, nciyccrno (ono iri nonnro napo(o:, nciaanaci (o nciyc-
crno (ono iri nonmno napo(y.
'roi yrynricn n .cinano npo~ep~ennie a(eci nnennn, nanie (n
ore~ecrnennon iyirypi, nonnri npnpo(y nponeccon nepeio(nponin npo-
cnemennn, npn:enn: (aee ]nan~ecinn rep:nn ea.teanu.au.
NY3LKALHAA lALBAHH3AUHA
Hpe(crannercn, ~ro rynnnan cyri nponcxo(nmero n pacnpocrpanennn
:yaiin no pa(no n Poccnn n (annin nepno( cranonnrcn nncrnennen n cnere
:yaiiainon rainannaannn. Bnepnie ncnoiayn a(eci .ro nonnrne n cne-
re ornomennn conercion nacrn n pa(no 192080-x rr. n pacmnpnreino:
c:ice (n xapairepncrnin nponcxo(nmero n :yaiiainon iyirype, n oc-
nonno: nanpanennon na :acci, pacipoe: cna~aa ero nepnona~ainin c:ic.
1ep:nn n:eer necioiio napnanron npo~rennn; nce onn nani (n re:i.
B na~ae XX neia rainannaannn npnpannnnaaci i .eirpnaannn: raina-
nna: i oripir iai cy~an noay(ennn rai naainae:oro nnornoro .ei-
rpn~ecrna, n:nrnpyimnn nnoe (nnenne nyre: :ime~noro coipamennn y
:eprnoro rea
4
. K rainanna:y ornocnrcn .]]eir noironon (yrn, .eirpo-
:arnerna: n .eirpo(nna:nia. !a.teanu.au raie uemo0 .exmpo-
mepanuu nocronnni: roio: neoimon cni n nanpnennn npn aaoena-
nnnx nepn]epn~ecion nepnnon cncre:i
b
. !a.teanuuecxuu naainaercn n
noipirne npe(:eron :ero(o: .eirponrn~ecioro oca(ennn. lainanocre-
peornnnn cnoco naroronennn crepeornnon :ero(o: rainanonacrnin,
~ro oecne~nnaer xopomee ia~ecrno n nicoiyi nanococroniocri ]op:.
1ain: opaao:, iai nnenne rainannaannn co(epnr ce(yimne acneiri:
a) .eirpnaannn rea, oreira, nponecca; ) cnnaannin c .eirpn~e-
crno: :arnerna:; n) noirona (yra, nanpnenne :e(y nein:n noica-
:n; r) noay(enne n:nrannn (nnennn; () :ero( repannn c no:omii no-
11b
cronnnoro roia neoimoro nanpnennn; e) rainann~ecioe noipirne ion-
crpyinnn noni: aamnrni: coe:; ) rainanocrepeornnnn.
Ni pemae:cn npn:ennri xapairepncrnin ]nan~ecinx nnennn no orno-
menni i coni:, neo(noana~ni: nponecca: omecrnennon nann, nocioiiy
nimenaanannie acneiri nn(nrcn na: ocnonni: co(epanne:, rynnnon
cymnocrii pacnpocrpanennn :yaiin n CCCP c no:omii pa(no.
a) J.exmpu.au
Boncrnny, Oirnpician penoinnn, (an cnrna cnepennn npennx oron,
na:erna nonix. Cpe(n nnx 3eirpn~ecrno. ]n mnpoinx :acc n(eoorn
coa(an :n]oore:y cneronocnon penoinnn, n :era]opn~ecio: n yinaino:
c:icax (a:no~ia Hin~a) ooana~nn npnxo( nonon .pi. Anaoro: cnerono-
cnren nnnoci n pacnpocrpanenne pa(no n Conercion Poccnn 1920-x rr.: npn-
cyrcrnne rapein rpo:ioronopnren crao nonomenne: anyionoro cne-
ra, npoceeenu (n oimen ~acrii :aorpa:ornoro naceennn.
Nyaiiainan rainannaannn nipaaaci n nocrpenoinnonnoe npe:n
n ro:, iain: opaao: nciyccrno, npnna(eamee napo(y, nponaran(npona-
oci c no:omii mexnuuecxux :e(na. Hpncoe(nnenne .eirpn]niannn i
conercion nacrn, no ]op:ye ennna, (aer n cy::e io::ynna:. 1ai n
npn:enenne rexnn~ecinx cpe(crn ]nicannn, pacnpocrpanennn :yaiin, npn-
~e: nenpe:enno c no:omii .eirpn~ecrna, c~nraoci ncii~nreino (ocrn-
enne: penoinnn; noro:y nanpanennoe pa(nonpocnemenne ocoenno npn-
nercrnonaoci n noompnoci.
Poi pa(nonemannn ~peani~anno nana n:enno (n Poccnn c ee orpo:ni-
:n npocropa:n, noyrpa:orni: naceenne:, noxon cncre:on coomennn :e(y
or(aenni:n :ecra:n. Ne~ri o pa(nonpocnernreicrne panno:epni: pac-
npocrpanenne: :yaiiainix .eirponon oiaaanci y(nnnreino coany~-
ni ror(amnn: n(en: uexanucmuuecxoeo panencrna n pacnpe(eennn ar
~ro, ecrecrnenno, npnneo i :icn o :amnnno: nponano(crne n rpancn-
nnn xy(oecrnennix (ocrnennn. 1ai, Apcennn Anpaa:on n npe(penoinn-
onnon paore lpn(yman :yaiiainan nayia n nonan .pa ncropnn :yaiin
cnnaa y(onernopenne norpenocren :acc, (e:oiparnaanni c rnpanpona-
nne:: Heoxo(n:o npe(e ncero nonrn nancrpe~y omen ren(ennnn conpe-
:ennon ropo(cion nann |...] i :accono:y, :amnnno:y nponano(crny ncn~ec-
inx nennocren`. |...] 5y(ymee npnna(enr :amnne |...], ona (acr :yaiie ro,
~ro neior(a (ao :amnnnoe innrone~aranne: rnop~ecinn aa:ice xy(onnia
n ero cocrnennon anropcion nnrepnperannn n (ecnriax, cornnx ricn~ ionnn
pacceercn no ncen crpane
b
.
Hoae rain: cpe(crno: o(nonpe:ennoro n pannoro pacnpe(eennn npo-
(yiron iyirypi c~nraoci pa(no. K aacyra: ne(anno noe(nnmen coner-
cion nacrn npnnncinanci ecrecrnennin .ran nnnnnaannn, cnpane(nnoe
pacnpe(eenne iyirypnix ar :acca:
7
n .eirpn]niannn. Penoinnn co-
nyrcrnonaa ycrpe:ennocri i icrpi: noe(a: rexnn~ecioro nporpecca,
:amnnno:y nponano(crny, nono:y co(epanni nciyccrna
8
. Hpe(nn(en :y-
aiiy y(ymero (n .eirpo:exann~ecioro opiecrpa r(e ne y(er npe(ea
%
nu eupmo.no mexnuxe (:exann~ecioe cnnrne npoe:i :acrepcrna.
E. H.), nu cxo.t eo0no unoeocmnenntu .exop0au (a(eci :exann~ecin
or:enena re:nepannn, c :o(ni: ror(a pacmnpenne: ~nca anyion n oira-
ne c no:omii ~ernepri- n (aee ronon. E. H.), nu xonmpacmau 0unauu-
uecxo xcnpeccuu (ryr orpaannci peaiocrn, moionie ror(a .]]eiri pin-
rna:a. E. H.)
9
.
]o Hocranonennn 1982 ro(a O nepecrponie nreparypno-xy(oecrnen-
nix oprannaannn in xapairepni paa:imennn o pa(nocnenn]nie n o
nono: rexnnanponanno: ocnoo(enno: rpy(e, n ro: ~nce n :yaiiai-
no: ncnonnreicrne n rnop~ecrne. 3eirpn]niannn :yaiiainoro nciyc-
crna cnnainaaci c na(e(on na nonin nncrpy:enrapnn: Honan .pa :yaiin
(H3N) aanncnr |...] or roainon .eirpn]niannn :yaiin: or rpn(ymero nn-
rencnnnoro paannrnn .eirpopenpo(ynnpyimnx cpe(crn, pa(no]niannn n nonn-
ennn nonaropcinx :yaiiainix nncrpy:enron .eirpn~ecinx annaparon
10
.
Hpenne any~annn iaaanci ne(ocraro~ni:n. Coany~ni:n e .pe .ei-
rpn~ecrna (oni in crari nnie nncrpy:enri n npnopi (n paori co
anyio: iai, nanpn:ep, n 19291982 rr. :era:op]on, ncnoiaonanmnncn
(n oany~annn nepnix conercinx anyionix ]ni:on (Hnrneria). Lnpn-
nci naiciannn n oacrn cnnrern~ecion :yaiin, pnconannoro anyia (Lono,
Uexanoncinn, Anpaa:on). Boannian :noro~ncennie .eirpo:yaiiainie
npncnocoennn (annapar 5ponmrenna, mopnno]on, noa(nee airnnno ncnoi-
aye:in na pa(no). Kai n n npornoanpye:ix rexnn~ecinx :yaiiainix nncr-
py:enrax y(ymero, n nnx yc:arpnnaoci noeamopcxoe eo.0ecmeue peeo-
.uonno noxu.
Coe(nnenne penoinnonnoro na~aa c rexnnaannen io eanni: n
n nponaran(nponannn n coa(annn nonix any~annn. H:enno no.ro:y npn pac-
npocrpanennn no pa(no coiponnm iyirypi ynonan na :exann~ecioe npo-
cnernreicrno.
Kaercn napa(oico:, ~ro n nepno: rocy(apcrne rpy(nmnxcn coiponennon
:e~ron io naoperenne npnopon, npo(ynnpyimnx anyin, nponano(n:ie... ea
rpy(a! A n re ro(i n:enno rain: iaymn:cn .]]eiro: aanopanna nepnin
.eirponnin nncrpy:enr rep:ennoic, nanrin na noopyenne conercion npona-
ran(on. 5y(ro i ne ny(anci n npo]eccnonaino: :yaiianre-ncnonnree, on
conno nonoma oaynr Kro i nnie:, ror craner nce:: nioi ion ~eo-
nei :or naneiari :yaiiy na noa(yxa. Nyannnponanne na rep:ennoice npe(-
crannoci ~y(ecni: opaao: (ocrynni: ea oy~ennn, ea rpyaa iyirypi.
'ro , na(anna npnneiareina :e~ra enrnn, napo(noro repon L:en o ne~ie n
myie, c nomenon eriocrii ninonnimnx nce eannn. 1ai re:a .eirpnaa-
nnn nanpn:yi cnnainaercn co cxa.ountu, no cmu unanmu.tntu npe(cran-
enne: o .eirpn~ecrne iai nomenon nao~ie-nipy~ao~ie ne roiio n
c]epe rexnnin, no n n nciyccrne. B .ro: ii~e ecnenna nomenan rapeia
pa(nopenpo(yiropa, npncoe(nnennoro i e(nno:y, nenrpanaonanno:y npono(y, ea
nn(n:ix ycnnn niainaiman any~annn n necyman (ap:onie anannn. H .nryan-
acra: pa(no:yaiiainoro npocnemennn nona~ay ncipenne iaaaoci, ~ro coipo-
nnma nciyccrna n anannn aemouamuuecxu, c no:omii ~y(ecnon .eirpnaannn
(on(yr (o ocoanannn mnpoin:n :acca:n.
118
6)
Cnnaannin e c .eirpn~ecrno: uaenemu.u nponnncn n neneponrno
cninon, conno rnnnorn~ecion npnnnaannocrn i n(ee connainoro n rexnn-
~ecioro nporpecca. Hanecrno, ~ro :arnn :exanncrn~nocrn n ~acrnocrn,
:exann~ecioro nocnponane(ennn :yaiin (encrnyer cyrrecrnnno, ocoenno
na nnreeiryaino cayi n~nocri. Haccnnnoe nocnpnnrne onpe(eenno
oropannoro (npe(nemaimero xy(mee n :acconon iyirype) nomoro penep-
ryapa rpoano c:eprii napo(no:y :yaiiaino:y rnop~ecrny. 3ro npoaopn-
no or:ern C. Hpoio]ien eme n 1909 ro(y: He(anno n name aaxoycrie
nponnia nnnnnaannn, nipaannmancn n ro:, ~ro o(nn :yni iynn cee
rpa::o]on. H nor no( ne~ep .ro (innoicioe naoperenne ycranannnaercn
nepe( xaron, na~nnaer xpnneri cnon yacnie necnn. Copanmancn rona ra-
(nr or y(onoicrnnn n ]aimnno no(nenaer...
11
.
'api oer~ennoro, erio ycnannae:oro npo(yira n coe(nnennn c xn:e-
pon .eirpnaannn iai nananen pacnpocrpannnci no crpane c na~aa XX
neia. A na~nnan co ncrynennn conercioro rocy(apcrna n c]epy ynpanennn
iyirypon, (ocrania :yaiiainoro npo(yira :acce cymareen ia npn-
pannena ne roiio i anro:arn~ecio:y nporpeccy, no n i nanon n(eoorn~ec-
ion paore. Ha~acn nonin nnroi caipanaannn n(eanaannn n n(onaa-
nnn rexnn~ecinx cpe(crn, npenpamenne nx n npn(aroi ]op:npyimencn ro-
ranrapnon cncre:i.
Narnn, nomecrno rexnnin :arnernanponan rnopnon n iai neian npo-
rpa::a (n :yaiiainoro co~nnennn, n n nipaorie nonoro nncrpy:enrapnn,
nonix npne:on coa(annn nonix any~annn, a raie, c no:omii pa(no, no-
nix cnocoon ironannn n nocnpnnrnn :yaiin. 'epnin penpo(yirop npn-
anan i necrn nocanne cnime, aa:ennn npennx nacrnix nocnreen
Cona. Nyaiiainie e any~annn na .ron ro~in conno ore(nnnn nacee-
nne n e(nnin xop, pyiono(n:in na nenrpa. Koeirnnnoe cymanne nn-
no coon cno~enne paanix cnonix nnnn n o(nn noroi, c ncre~enne:
.eirpo.neprnn n penoinnonnoro nocannn na ncex, nii~enne cymare-
en n e(nnyi neni
12
. Crpanni: opaao: .ro pa(enne nyirapnanponao
erxonencio-cipnnncioe cneroe :e~ranne o e(nnennn :nnonon. Nnc-
rn~ecinn pnrya noromennn e(nnnn ioeirnno: :annnynpona nonce:ecr-
ni:, ecrecrnenni: (onepne: cymareen i :yaiie (iaaaoci, croi (aeion
or ecrinx pyi rocy(apcrna) (n pacnpocrpanennn nynix nacrn n(en n
~yncrn.
O raion pon :yaiin na pa(no n nepnoe (ecnrnerne ero ]yninnonnpona-
nnn nenoino nporonopncn no.r N. Hcaioncinn n crnxornopennn Pa(no-
:ocr (192b). On aane~are, iai ipecrinne noce ryroro nenonn:annn pe~en
(niropon no pa(no nocnpnnn:an :yaiiy neponrno, iaccn~eciyi, crpyn-
nin opiecrp iai arrpainnon. 3nyin pa(no:yaiin, niainan cna~aa :ncrn-
~ecinn yac nenn(n:ocrii cnoero nonnennn, cnococrnonan nane(enni
neioero .:onnonainoro ionraira, niainan (onepne, na none ioroporo (oc-
rnranci ncio:ie nen:
'
Be~epo: (oia( na Connapio:a
Cyman, cronnnmnci, :ynin.
lpy(i nona nocropennoro rya,
Ho ipyro: raian rnmnna,
5y(ro ncex nneaanno aaxecrnya
loyan pa(nonona.
A ior(a nenn(n:ie cipnnin
3aanenen crpyna:n n(an,
1enie mnpoine yiin
Ha iopnnix nnax aannen
18
.
Xapairepno, ~ro ionnennnn yronennn nn(nnn(yainoro n omecrnenno:
conyrcrnonaa ]op:nponanni roranrapna:a. H:enno noce 1982 ro(a n~-
nocrnoe na~ao crao oreiro: ocoenno ecroinx nana(oi (ae n :yai-
iainon c]epe. Hanpn:ep, rai naainae:i: nnrn:ncrcin: anpa: (iy(a
nii~anci n npn~ecine, coiponenno-:onoorn~ecine :yaiiainie co~nne-
nnn, n npn~ecine :nnnaripi) na pa(no n n npecce rex er ia ornnena
ncrnnnan nonna
14
. Bnpo~e:, n panee, nyirapnanpyn n(en :nponoro pa(no,
ornepran paaneiareinocri. Pa(no npnanano io necrn opiy co ncn-
~ecion nnrn:nocrii: c ia:epni:n, ironi:n anpa:n, ornnmen npnion,
ionnon pyxn(ii, c iyne~ecin:n po:anca:n, niranmnnon, caonni:n
anpa:n. Pa(nonemanne n :yaiia no pa(no onaani in npe(cranari iai
nciyccrno, pacc~nrannoe na ropo(a, (enapra:enri, rocy(apcrna.
3a(y:inanci ror(a n neine :ncrepnn, conno pa(no-:ecci (n ncex.
B ypnaax rex er :noro ocy(aoci coa(anne pa(noonepi n pa(nooparo-
pnn. O(naio, nec:orpn na npnaini n oemannn iai ne(ymero ror(a io:noan-
ropa Hnioan Pocanna, rai n ye cionnimerocn i noanpamenni n CCCP
Cepren Hpoio]iena, conercian pa(noonepa nce e coa(ana ne ia. A ore~e-
crnennie pa(nooparopnn noannian napaeino ne:enin: Hrspiele
1b
, ce-
(yn n: n cnoen crnncrnie. 1aioni, nanpn:ep, Yrpennnn cnrna (no B. y-
roncio:y), 190b ro( (na crnxn 5. Hacrepnaia), 3na:n na ecax (no npona-
ne(ennn: A. laopa). Ho onncanni o~enn(na, onn no ]op:e nocxo(nr i
pa(no: rooc oparopa |...] c:ennercn :yaiiaino-xoponi:n .nnao(a:n |...],
:yaiia (ona ionipernanponari co(epanne ia(oro .nnao(a...
1b
. Narn-
~ecin-noneiaiman poi my:onon (pa:aryprnn nponnnaci ne cpaay; nmi
nocrenenno io ocoanano ee noa(encrnne, .:onnonaino nanpannimee
nocnpnnrne n:ecre c :yaiion. Ye n pa(noniece A. A]nnorenona ]nnn-
peicran anyionan naprnrypa, rnnnorn~ecin noneian n (encrno, airnnno
ncnoiaonaa my:i n (yxe cyxonon nieci (.ro aa:ernee n ne:enion
peioncrpyinnn pa(nonocranonin n 1970-e rr.). Hepconan, y(y~n rooca:n-
anonn:a:n, nicrynan ra: npairn~ecin n pon noiainix naprnn, nncrpy-
:enrainix anyionix nnnn, nocrenenno nicrpannanci n e(nnin coracnin
opiecrp ioeirnn rpy(nmnxcn.
Hnrepecno, ~ro ne~ro no(onoe .crernie pa(nonocannn, cyxonoro ape-
nma, :i naxo(n: no Bropon cn:]onnn Locraionn~a Oirnpi (1927,
on. 14), r(e noce(onareino n iaprnnno nonomaircn .rani opii. B
120
aanepmennn cn:]onnn, n xope na yacnie crnxn ~ena PAHH 5eai:encioro,
rooc oparopa n xoponie npnaini conno niainair caipainie ]nrypi
(Oirnpi! ennn!). Coa(annoe i (ecnrnerni penoinnn, .ro co~nnenne
nnrepecno n nnnrno nonorno ]yn(a:enrainyi uuo.oeuuecx cxeu .noxn,
cranmyi aaon ianona connancrn~ecioro peana:a: or xaoca n :paia, anyio-
noro paapo(a nocroponnnx .e:enron i e(nnenni, xoponon rap:onnn.
1aian crpyirypa oprann~ecin cnnaana n c rnnn~ni:n pa(nocneirain:n, r(e
ncer(a n re ro(i ecroio npornnocronn crapin n nonin :npi. Kon-
]nir xorn n i ~penar rparn~ecin:n norepn:n, rneii eprn, n(epon
opii, no :ncrn~ecin nenaeno npnno(n i noe(e nporpeccnnnoro.
O(naio ne roiio .ro npornnocronnne, coa(aimee nocronnnoe nanpne-
nne noicon, neorre:e:yi .neprern~eciyi cocrannimyi :n]oorn~ec-
ion cxe:i nciyccrna connana:a, xapairepno (n pacnpocrpanennn, nponaran-
(i :yaiin no pa(no.
e) o.tmoea 0ea no.coe
4yninnonnponanne n nocnpnnrne nonoro cpe(crna :acconon io::ynnia-
nnn orpaao n ionnenrpnponao nanpnenne :e(y noica:n omecrnen-
nix cn.
B paiypce namero nnrepeca noncrnny (pa:arn~non npe(craer noirona
(yra paanonanpanennix neiropon: xy(oecrnennon riann :yaiin n npona-
ran(ncrcio-n(eoorn~ecioro ionreicra ee any~annn. Ocoenno o~enn(no .ro
npn noniriax npncnocoennn iaccn~ecion :yaiin i nicrpannn nonrn-
~ecinx pa(nonepe(a~. lopecrnie noce(crnnn no(onix npncnocoennn
nace(nn :i omymae: n cero(nn.
Kai e n(eoorn~ecin nanpannoci nnn:anne pa(nocymaren
Ce(yn norpenocrn: npe:enn, reoperni n npairni inoro pa(no npo]eccop
C. 5yrocancinn onpe(en nen conecnoro io::enrapnn npn nocrpoennn
nporpa::i no :ero(y ore(nnennn na o(no: re:arn~ecio: :arepnae ce(y-
imn: opaao:: 3ror io:neicnin :ero( ore(nnnr aa(a~n nonrn~ecine n
iyirypno-npocnernreicine c xy(oecrnenni: nocnnranne: :acc
17
.
Hanpn:ep, n nn]op:annonno: anpe, pa(noraaere, n ia~ecrne anyiono-
ro npn:epa ecnpocnernon nann (o penoinnn ncnoiaonaaci noiainan
:nnnaripa N. Nycoprcioro. 1oninn ncnxoorn~ecinn anronoprper, naician-
nin opaa o(nno~ecrna, ona, aro(apn paarncnenni, npe(craa raion: Hec-
nn Ko:naria recnan` nanra na neoro pn(a necen io:noanropa, ioropie naai-
naircn omn: n:ene: 5ea conna`. 3(eci anrop pacciaainaer o ecnpo-
cnernon, rnion nann e(nix i(en, (nn ioropix npoxo(nr iai i ea
conna
18
. Ho(oni:n nno-ren(ennnoani:n ii~a:n niny(enno co-
npono(anci npairn~ecin nce :yaiiainie nepe(a~n. Hpornnope~a any~a-
nni, nicrpannaaci cxe:a pa(noio::enrapnn c :apicncrcinx noannnn, npo-
(e: Nonapr ocoana cnoi npnna(enocri i nipacranme:y n ro npe:n iac-
cy nn lpnr nnnercn rnnn~ni: npe(crannree: n nipaanree: nopnec-
ion :eion ypyaann
19
. Hpeipacnan :yaiia conno :enna aapn( na npo-
rnnonoonin, niny(enno cranonnci anranponanni: npn:epo: n noe:

connaino opnenrnponannon nrni. Heapn:o noanniaa npn .ro: noirona

(yra :e(y ncrnnni: reicro: n conpe:enni: ionreicro: ero any~annn n
io::enrapne:.
Hanpnenne io ocrpi: raie n :e(y opnrnnaini: reicro: :y-
aiiainoro nponane(ennn n ionreicro: conecnix pa(nonepe(a~, r(e :yaiia
npnanana ia ~yncrnenno (ononnri n o(noana~no npoio::enrnponari cia-
aannoe, nicrpnponari anyio:, conno ]ororpa]nen, pncynio: nn inno-
ia(po:.
Cymecrnonaa n noirona (yra :e(y panee naanannon ren(ennnen i
rexnn~ecio:y nporpeccy n nocrenenni: (noce necioiinx er paarya anan-
rap(a) cyenne: rpannn paapemennoro n iyirype. Nennimeecn nanpne-
nne :e(y crapi: n noni: ~yncrnyercn n nocronnnon opie, n na:enennnx
iyirypnon nonrnin pa(no, ce(yimen aa rocy(apcrnennon nnnen.
Hoce ]eipera CHK PC4CP O ionrpoe na( nponano(crno: ]onorpa]n-
~ecinx aanncen, :arpnn n rpa::o]onnix nacrnnoi, ior(a cnennaino co-
a(annon (n aanperon Ko:nccnn npe(nncan iri ocoo nnn:areinon i
noa:onocrn rnpanponannn nponane(ennn, ~y(ix npancrnenno n n(enno
conercio:y norpenrei, n (eiape 192b ro(a io npnnnro pemenne O
ne:e(enno: ionrpoe pa(nonemannn, yconnnmeecn eme n nocranonion
nonpoca o ycranonennn ionrpon na( ne~epa:n paane~ennn, nepe(anae:i-
:n no pa(no. H a(eci noirona (yra aanperon n ncrnnnix aanpocon rpoan-
a crpamni:n paapn(a:n nenaypa pa(noianaa ia crpoe nnix: 1o, ~ro
(onymeno i ncnonenni n (pyrnx :ecrax, (ono iri aanpemeno i nepe(a-
~e no pa(no
20
.
O(naio nporpa::i pa(no pa(onan, coa(anan nne~arenne nnrencnnnoro
noroia nonynpnaannn anannn: ~ro e nponcxo(no na ca:o: (ee
e) o.60enue uuumauu 0euenu
C o(non croponi, nanecrno neneponrnoe noay(enne nonix iyiryp-
nix (nnennn noce penoinnn, npn:epno (o :o:enra ropecrna npoerap-
cion n(eoornn n c]epe ynpanennn iyirypnon nanii nepno(a ore-
(nnennn pao~nx n nponano(crnennix ioeirnnon n Conercion Poc-
cnn. Orroocin .ron cnoo(i n c:eoro noncia cimni n n nepnie ro(i
nann :yaiin na ore~ecrnenno: pa(no. Hycri na~ainie oniri nenaeno
rexnn~ecin neconepmenni, a ncnonnren, oc:ennmnecn corpy(nn~ari c no-
ni: cpe(crno: io::ynniannn, no(~ac ne nepnoiaccni, no :yaiianri n opra-
nnaaropi nemannn in ncnoneni ncipennero .nryanaa:a n npnaran nce
cni i ro:y, ~roi c no:omii pa(no necrn :yaiiainyi iyirypy n
:acci. Nnoroiparno onncani (yni, roiio co con penenaenron n npecce
rex npe:en) nonaropcine (ocrnennn, anponie cnani :yaiin n cona, no-
ncin y~mnx cnocoon rpancnnnn anyia iai na pa(nocry(nn, rai n na ion-
neprnix n rearpainix aaon. Oprannaaropi nemannn crpe:nnci npo(nn-
nyri iai :ono oime :arepnaa na ncropnn :yaiin, ~ame nepe(anari
paanoopaanie onepnie cneirain. O(naio noae na~aoci nnoe (nne-
nne: pa(niainoe iacrpnponanne :yaiiainoro penepryapa n pyce n(eoo-
122
rn~ecinx rpeonannn .noxn. 1ai, ore(nnenne PAHN (Poccnncioe ore(nne-
nne npoerapcinx :yaiianron), npairn~ecin noarannnmee iyirypnyi no-
nrniy n oacrn :yaiiainoro npocnernreicrna n Pa(noio:nrere, neo
cnoi nypncrciyi rairniy, orceian neie nacri (yxonnoro nace(nn n co-
npono(an ocranmeecn noce aanperon npocnernreicin:n :yanoncnenn-
n:n npo(e nnrnponannix nime. Nyaiiaino-npocnernreicine nepe(a~n
aann:an ana~nreinoe :ecro n nemannn, no ~ro neco .ro npocnernrei-
crno H io n ono raioni: no cyrn
Kaaaoci i, n:eercn croiio cnn(ereicrn nocropennoro nocnpnnrnn
:yaiiainix pa(nonepe(a~. Bnpo~e:, nnone :ono nepnri ro:y, cioi na-
ni: oeprono: nciaennoro, no nce e npucmcmeu n0auenma.tno,
x.accuuecxo x.tmpt nnnnci raine nepe(a~n (n nnrenrennnn oc-
rarion npenero omecrna. O(naio .rn i(n ne ny(anci n ren(ennnoa-
nix :yanoncnennnx, onn a(no nnn:an .naxau npomon iyirypi; :yai-
iainan iaccnia n penoinnonno: penpo(yirope onnernopna coxpane-
nne ocnon, :npa ]o:a. O .ro: cnn(ereicrnyer cnena na nieci N. 5yraio-
na A(a: n Lna. Hoia no pa(no any~nr ana:enareinan (n nncaren onepa
lyno 4aycr n rpancnnnn na Napnnncioro rearpa :np neaie:, cnere,
neocren. 1penora napacraer, ior(a aanoir n rpo:ioronopnree :omnie xopi
c opiecrpa:n, cn:no connancrn~ecioro omecrna: Po(nni cany ne no-
cpa:n:! Be(i nncarei c~nra: nenne xopo: (iai nonomennn omecrna
pannix npan) onaareino ne~er eaornercrnennin paana, (paiy. Kor(a
penpo(yirop crnxaer (pe:apia anropa: Nyaiia n rpo:ioronopnree paana-
nnaercn. Cimen rninn ry roocon... nacrynaer nonoe :o~anne nci-
(y) ror(a, nonn:air repon, n nponcxo(nr ipymenne, ionen cnera
21
.
1ai npncyrcrnne n .]npe iaccn~ecion :yaiin, ocoenno n pannne ro(i
pa(no, coa(anao niani nenpepinaimencn nnnn iyirypi. O(naio npo-
ncxo(no n npn .ro: (nnenne nciyccrna n :acci
Pa(norpancnnnn iaccn~ecion :yaiin, na~arie n 192b ro(y n opnenrn-
ponannie, no nana: n (eiapannn: ycrponreen, na mnpoine :acci, in
noni nocropennoro rya .nryanacron-npocnernreen. Hona~ay onn pac-
c~nrinan na nonn:anne, a(y oripinmen (n cen iyirypy :acci. Ho nce
oee onapynnaaci no :nn:ocri a(peca .ron nponaran(i, no cenora
ee oprannaaropon, nrnopnpyimnx nepeayirarnnnocri. A ]ponr iacconon
opii ne :nnona n npocrpancrno :nipo]ona. Ha npn:epe :nornx npn:e-
pon iaccn~ecioro nace(nn naronnn ornnmee npomoe, n connaino-
aaocrpennie io::enrapnn na~an nonnnricn na pa(no noce no(onix onac-
nix nina(on npornn rpa(nnnonnoro npocnernreicrna: Homan ionno-
onepnan ~enyxa naaraercn n :yanoncnennnx` conepmenno (opoconecrno,
ea :aenmen ipnrnin |...]. Heno(roronennin cymarei |...] rai or(aercn
|...] no nacri :ornnon |...], ioropi: ye (anno :ecro n :ycopnon iopannie
ncropnn. Pao~nn, ioropo:y nonropni:n rpancnnnn:n nannaan n rain:n
:yanoncnennn:n n(onn (onoronnoe Cep(ne ipacannni` (pyccinn nepe-
no( apnn lepnora na onepi ]. Bep(n Pnroerro. E. H.) nn Ky(a
iy(a` (apnn encioro na onepi H. 'anioncioro Lnrennn Onernn. E. H.),
n iai cyreir n iai oreir nonon :yaiiainon iyirypi norepnn nanein
22
.
!
Bpo(e i, nnrari na nacimennon no~ri pa(nocymareen no(rnep(air,
cioi nepanno(ymno ocy(aer pa(nocymarei npoe:i :yaiiainoro pa-
(nonemannn, penepryapa. Ho n~nrae:cn nnn:areinen n cona npocrix cyma-
reen, nanpanennie npornn orpann~ennn pa(nopenepryapa n nnrepecax npo-
erapnara: ]encrnnreino n rpancnnnn na lA51 n 3icnepn:enrainoro nn-
nercn connaino onacnon` n iaccono ~y(on` (n mnpoinx :acc pa(nocy-
mareen ]encrnnreino n :yaiia ecc:eprnix nponane(ennn, iai 4aycr`,
Lnrennn Onernn`, Pnroerro` nnnercn na: iaccono-nenonnrnon` n ion-
no-onepnon ~enyxon` |...] (aeio ne nce ronapnmn pa(nocymaren raioro yna-
(o~noro` :nennn n nnnircn onepnonenanncrnnia:n |...] Nemancinn yir` n
napcrnennoe nponcxo(enne` onep |...] na (ecnro: ro(y penoinnn noiaaaoci
connaino onacni:` |...] H neyen :yaiia |...] (ona iri npnnecena n
eprny nn~e: ne onpan(anno:y nonnrni o iacconon n(eoornn n onepe...
28
.
3ror naii, crni naoennn ne noxo na pe~i cymareen-rpy(nmnxcn:
neponrno, pennin n cnope (ani ca:n:n nocnren:n ]yn(a:enrainon iyi-
rypi, corpy(nnia:n :yaiiainoro nemannn, n noniriax y(epari (ocronnin
penepryap nne aanperon. 1aioro e po(a eicnion n apry:enra:n necrpnr
oimnncrno o(opnreinix nnce: nioi or :acconon pa(noay(nropnn
no ~ro nepnrcn c rpy(o:. A :oer, a(pecanri na (ee :eprnie (ymn,
n onynionannan ioppecnon(ennnn c]aicn]nnnponana 1e e orinin, ~ro
nirn(nr n any~ar npan(ono(ono, noni noa:ymennn npocrix cymareen:
no~e:y aacrannir cymari nenonnrnyi ciyiy n:ecro nirancinx necen Hc-
ipennn: iaercn n nnci:o c ceronannn:n na conocri (n nocnpnnrnn
onepi 5opnc lo(ynon n noeannn:n cymari no pa(no oee naine n
nonnrnie napo(nie necnn. Bce( no(nnni: aanpoca: n noannia nepe(a~a
Hocn(ein c ioeirnno: N. L. Hnrnnnioro
24
, niainanman o(openne n
nocropr ocoenno cpe(n ipecrinncioro naceennn xorn .ro ia pa(nonn-
cnennponia crapnnnix nocn(eoi no cnenapni H. Kaai:nna, ncnonennan
aprncra:n 1earpa ~rena n npo]eccnonaini: xopo:.
Kai nanecrno no reopnn :acc-:e(na, :ao nociin coomennn, nano
ero nonn:anne a(pecara:n. O crenenn .roro nonn:annn cnn(ereicrnyer
ncrnnnan no~ra Pa(noio:nrera. Hpnne(e: nmi ]par:enr nnci:a, r(e rpynna
no(nncanmnxcn npocnr, roiio ~ro 5erxonen ne :ema na: or(ixari... H
or cecapn, ioropin yana, ~ro cnoi :yaiiy, ioropyi ni nepe(aere no-
cronnno, 5erxonen nnca (n napn n rpa]on ero. 1ai aa ~ro :i oponci |...]
Bi xornre, ~roi :i yipaman nam noia eme cyponin ir .ron ciyion, (a
eme ionrppenoinnonnon. |...] Noer, Ba: nyna no:omi pao~ero ionrpo-
n 1ai :i .ro c y(onoicrnne:
2b
.
Coa(aercn nne~arenne, ~ro nocropr rpy(nmnxcn no nono(y rpancnnnn
na aia(e:n~ecinx rearpon, nipaae:in n oimnncrne nnce: (n Pa(noio-
:nrera n n pa(noypnai, ciopee ncero, cn:ynponan, ]aicn]nnnponan. 3ro
aa:erno no crni, naiiy nocannn n ce(yer na ncero noce(yimero ornome-
nnn :acc i :yaiiainon iaccnie n na neioropix nnce:-nporecron, nnno
orn~aimnxcn or noxnainix.
Hanecrno, iai :noro .]npnoro npe:enn aann:aa ror(a na pa(no onepa; n
cepe(nne 1920-x rr. ee rpancnnnn cocrannn oimyi ~acri :yaiiainoro
124
nemannn. Hoa(nenmne ncce(onaren aann(yir npe:enn, ior(a onepnie rpanc-
nnnn any~an no pa(no (na(i n ne(ei (napn(y c ~acri:n ia:epni:n,
xoponi:n ionnepra:n y pa(no:nipo]ona n (pyrn:n :yaiiaini:n nepe(a-
~a:n), nopaaircn n(eainon npocnernreicion nanpanennocrn pannero
pa(no, (onep~nno rpairyir npeccy rex er. Ho :nenni A. Lepen, nocnpnn-
rne onepnix rpancnnnn ncnxoorn~ecin ninepeno ycrponren:n n ia~e-
crne oee (ocrynnoro. Ho n ornomennn raioro ]eno:ena nporpa::nponannn,
ior(a :aorpa:ornan n .crern~ecin :aopaannran ay(nropnn niciaainaa
no .ro:y nono(y o~enn(noe y(onernopenne
2b
, ecri ocnonannn npe(noarari,
~ro (eo nonce ne croi onrn:ncrn~no. Ho nrora: nocnnrareinon paori
ce(yer, ~ro oimnncrno noanrnnnix orainon npoerapnara n ipecrinncrna
roro npe:enn or raionix na ca:o: (ee ne ncxo(nr. Kpo:e roro, rpancnpona-
nne onepnoro cneirain c xopomn:n nenna:n, ~acro na 5oimoro rearpa,
io (eo: xorn rexnn~ecin ne npocri:, no :enee xonorni:, ecnponrpim-
ni:, neen oprannaannn ionnepra n cry(nn, nona~ay neci:a ney(onon.
Beponrno, :acconoro cymaren, na~nnaimero ~yncrnonari cen xoannno:
nooennn, no(aa(opnnao coananne, ~ro apcioe paane~enne renepi :ono
noy~nri (ocraro~no erio, ecnarno n na (o:. Ho(onyi nnronanni npar-
:arn~ecioro nnrepeca i pa(norexnnie n, napaeino, cepnnncrcioro orno-
mennn i nciyccrny na rpann ecnepe:onnoro xa:crna orpaan B. Nanioncinn
n crnxornopennn Pacciaa pao~ero Hana Karyminna o npnoperennn o(no-
ro ~e:o(ana:
Ho(ari, ronopi,
na (o:
onepy Kap:en.
Ho(an,
n cymai,
n iponarn ea
27
.
1ai npo(nnenne nciyccrna n :acci oiaaaoci nianen (nnennn ea
ncrnnnoro coy~acrnn, no npocnernreicrno io nocnemni:, no :noro: :e-
xann~ecin:. Hpocneman connaino nanpanenni: io::enrapne:, ono ne-
pe(io :oro ornyrnnari, orpannri nne~arenne. Kaioro ornomennn i :yaiie,
ipo:e orropennn, n peayirare raioro npocnernreicrna :ono (ari or
cymareen, ne no(roronennix i nocnpnnrni n ne crpe:nmnxcn i rpare
npe:enn n cn na .ro Bo :noro: npocnernreicinn na]oc :yaiiainix
nepe(a~ oiaaacn, yni, oni:, nec:orpn na nonie .nryanaa:a ycrpe:ennn.
lynnnan cyri nponecca :yaiiainon rainannaannn mnpoion pa(noay(n-
ropnn cocrona n ro:, ~ro .ro io eo.60enue uuumauu 0euenu, na-
ne(enreinocrn no cyrn :eprnoro oreira: (nnenne xy(oecrnennix nen-
nocren n :acci nmi cn:ynponaoci.
3ro iacaoci n ncen(o(oiy:enrainocrn n .]npe, pa(nonepein~ei
no(ono nepe(a~e co crponreicrna ]nenpor.ca, r(e n:nrannn (ocronepnoc-
rn, xopomo orpenernponannin (oiy:enrainin cneiraii` i ni(an aa
penopra ca:in (ocronepnin anp pa(nonemannn
28
.
#
Nyaiiainan rainannaannn noce H3Ha aaii~aaci n crpe:ennnx
nnemne onnnri penoinnonnin (yx nponaran(on necen penoinnonnoro
no(noin, iaroprn n cciin. lpa(ancian nonna ia oion~ena, no n nec-
nnx ocrananci nocronnnie nparn; any~annn pa(no necn arpeccnnnocri
ecronoro none(ennn, no(coanareino no(rorannnan neoxo(n:ocri cra-
nncioro reppopa. Honce:ecrnan no(oapnreinocri, paccoraconanne peai-
nocrn n con o nen neo i napymennn: nepnnon cncre:i omecrna. H ryr
npnro(naci :yaiiainan rainanorepannn c no:omii pa(no...
0) !a.teanomepanu
3ra :era]opa noa(encrnnn nenpepinno any~amero pa(no na ncnxniy :acc
ncnxniy, neco:nenno, rpan:nponannyi ~epe(on rparn~ecinx coirnn n
na:y~ennyi paa(noennocrii :e(y nnemnen n nnyrpennen nanii ia-
ercn na pe(iocri o~enn(non. Ho(ono ]nanorepanenrn~ecio:y e~enni c
no:omii nocronnnoro .eirpn~ecioro roia, npncyrcrnne pa(no coa(anao
:nn:o-peainyi anyionyi aypy.
Be(i ero :yaiiainie anyin, narneraimne pa(ocrno-ea:nrenyi ar:oc-
]epy, in o:ano: n yremenne:. Hpornnope~a oipyaimen (encrnnrei-
nocrn, .ra onoainnaiman c]epa :ora cranonnricn cnacnreinon; iai i
neenon (oae, oinaren npnniian i ee npaa(nn~no-niyime:y ronycy.
1oiio ne:norne :orn npornnocronri nenpeipamaime:ycn conopno:y nrop-
enni n ~acrnyi nani. 1ai, nanecrno, ~ro nnanncria Napnn K(nna n n
onacnie 192080-e rr. orii~aa pa(no c e(nnon rocy(apcrnennon nporpa:-
:on, (ae niipy~nnan mnnna:n nenpniacae:in pi~aoi penpo(yiropa n
noea(ax, r(e pa(noanyin (ocranan nonci(y. Ho (n oimnncrna .ro nocro-
nnnoe anyionoe nacnne crao oi~ni: n (ae eanni:. 1ai po(aaci
cnoeopaanan napioaanncn:ocri or npnni~noro any~annn penpo(yiropa. Le
rennaino or:ern nncarei An(pen Haronon n aanncnix inniax ionna
1920-x rr.: Koxoai nnyr, noay(anci pa(no:yaiion; co:acn rpo:ioro-
nopnrei ionen
29
.
Crporan penenrypa no(onix e~eni: iann: n (oanoennix i any~a-
nni no pa(no co~nnennn ia or:epena nenaypon raie n nnrepecax :o-
:enra. Hanpn:ep, n penepryapno: cnncie 1929 ro(a cpe(n co~nnennn nep-
noro copra peio:en(onana onepa 4n(eno 5erxonena ne aa xy(oe-
crnennie aacyrn, a aa rnpanoop~ecinn na]oc; onepa Aennria Nycopr-
cioro npe(no~rena ero e Xonanmnne aa iapniarypnoe oropaenne npo-
moro ira; rerpaornn Barnepa Koino nneynra ia y(ocroena npona-
ran(i aa n(ei cnepennn nacrn iannrancron. O(naio iai n no~e:y n
cnncoi peio:en(onannix nonao On(anne Lenepra, nenonnrno... B ne-
pno( ncenacrnocrn rpynnnponin PAHN na pa(no 'anioncinn n Pax:ann-
non any~an o~eni :ao, :enee 2 omero npe:enn :yaiiainoro nemannn:
nx co~nnennn c~nranci :eioypyaani:n, ne con:ecrn:i:n c nnrepeca:n
npoerapnara.
B nenx n(eoorn~ecion opaorin naceennn nyirapno-connoorn~ec-
ine rainanorepanenrn~ecine pa(noio::enrapnn nciaan ni n (yx (ae
12b
ye oropannix nenaypon, peio:en(onannix co~nnennn. Nyanoncnennn
nii~anci n noroi nenpepinnix arnrannonnix reicron, a oriponennan npo-
naran(a c:nr~aaci e~amn:n any~annn:n.
Nyaiia, pacnpocrpanne:an no pa(no, cranonnaci npn .ro: :omnon .:o-
nnonainon cnon, ncnoiaye:on nacrn:n n (encrnyimen no(coanareino,
or ~ero ee nnnnne yrynoci n ipeno
80
. H nocrenenno npnmn i nino(y,
~ro ocnonnan ]yninnn pa(no npono(nni npoerapcion necnn n :acci
81
.
Hocronnnoe any~anne penpo(yiropa ycnoiannao, (ncnnnnnnponao, co-
a(anao .]]eir npncyrcrnnn xpannmero oia, ~yncrno craninoro ]ona. Ono
neapn:o nnno iyno coopnocrn, e~eno-rnnnorn~eciyi cpe(y anyion
pa(no. C ero no:omii, ocoenno nocpe(crno: :yaiin, oer~aaci a(anrannn
i (encrnnreinocrn.
3aannin noprper nponecca raion repanenrn~ecion a(anrannn naxo(n:
n necne . Yrecona ]aaoeimni (opaoria O. Kan(ara, cona B. ee-
(ena-Ky:a~a). No(ynnnn niyconix opnenrnpon cimna ra: nanpn:yi:
ropecrnennin nncxo(nmnn xo( y ]oprennano n (yxe na]ocnix ncroncinx
panco(nn nn po:anrn~ecion iooioinocrn (openoinnonnoro Pax:annno-
na cn:nonia yxo(nmen iyirypi (nopnncrna; .ro nanecrnan n :yaiiai-
non pnropnie ]nrypa iaraacnc, aeropn~ecian (opora n a(. Hpo(oaer
ee ypyaanan :eo(nn nep(nencioro rnna, nano:nnaiman neceniy Pnro-
erro; ra ryr e npenpamaercn n iapniarypy na caonno-:emancioe ranro,
a y .ra, n cnoi o~epe(i, nna(aer n icrpenmnn (e:oiparn~nin ]oicrpor
na cona o anyiono: :ycope n io::ynainon inaprnpe, r(e rpo:ioronopnre-
en ~eripe n aa ia(on (nepii nare]on.
A(anrannn nponnnaci n n nacimennn npennx :yaiiainix anpon
nonon n(eoornen ~ro :ono ncnee ncero orncnnri iai
e) ea.teanuuecxoe noxptmue
H(en noipirnn crapon, nonynpnon ocnoni noni: co(epanne: iai
coa(annn nonix con na nanecrnie :ornni nanecrna na(pene. Hpnne(e:
nmi necioiio npn:epon ee nonomennn n nnrepecyimnn nac nepno(.
B nepnyi o~epe(i, n pacnpocrpanne:ix n ry nopy no pa(no n:nrannnx
napo(noro rnop~ecrna ncnoiaonanci conpe:ennie conecnie reicri ai-
ryainie nepainie noipirnn npennx nanenon. 3a(a~a ]op:nponannn
nonoro napo(noro nciyccrna, ioropoe coornercrnonao i n(eoorn~ecin: yc-
ranonia:
82
, ia airyaina ror(a n (n rpa:aanncn. Hepenna~ennie reicri-
noipirnn coa(anan nacr ncee0onapo0no necennocrn conercioro nepno(a.
3ro pacc:arpnnaoci iai nncrpy:enr nonrn~ecioro nocnnrannn :acc, cpe(-
crno arnrannonno-nponaran(ncrcion paori. Hanpn:ep, na :ornn npenen necnn
o Bore napo(nan nennna O. Konaena nea ncen(oinnnie cona: Baomo
conimio Oirnpicioe, n ri or c~acrin, Bora-pe~eniia, ; pacneciaacn,
nanecenacn, ; H nona rnon nrpnnan ; (o Kpe:n i na: (oiarnacn
88
. Hpn
.ro: nenoino ni(an ncro~nni connainoro aaiaaa nonoro rainann~ecioro
noipirnn: (o Kpe:n x nau (oiarnacn n nona c~acrin a ycrpe:naci
nnepx no re~enni, i npnroiy Born Nocine-peie, n Kpe:i, i na:!
%
Kpo:e roro, rainannaannen :exanna:on n(eoorn~ecioro nan:a npe(-
craer ncnoiaonanne iyirypnix nennocren n nonrn~ecinx nenx no( no-
ipirne:, :acion aropo(noro npocnernreicrna. B no(a~e connponaran(i,
5erxonen ne~no nacynennin rnpanoopen aa cnoo(y. H ne cy~anno
ennn nioi nn~ero ne ana y~me Annaccnonari (xorn ryr nanno nane-
crnan nyrannna c penepryapo:...). Ypeaannoe n (yxe pa(nonpocnernreicrna
rnop~ecrno io:noanropa npe(cranao iai nyri or :paia iannrana:a i
npoapenae:o:y cnery panencrna noce penoinnn.
B onope na crapyi :yaiiy nyre: rainann~ecioro noipirnn coa(ana-
nci nonie cneirain, :ennnci npenne nperro: 1ocia cranonnaci
apry:enro: B opie aa Ko::yny, lyrenori npenpamanci n ]eiapnc-
ron, :norocrpa(ainin Hnan Cycannn, :ennnmnn n:ena c :o:enra po(e-
nnn, naainacn Cepn n :oor. Lcn oripinmnecn n ennnrpa(e n Nocine
n 1928 ro(y Pa(norearpi (xopomee, iaaaoci i, na~nnanne) crannn :yai-
iaino-(pa:arn~ecine nponane(ennn, npe(naana~ennie (n pa(norpancnnnn,
ro n nnx nepe(io nonrnanponan crapie cieri, a :yaiiy, a(anrnpyn,
ipo:can n nenx (oxo(~nnocrn n airyanaannn.
1ai c no:omii nocronnnoro noa(encrnnn pa(nonponaran(i, nyre: raina-
nn~ecinx noipirnn ecnponrpimnix iaccn~ecinx ocnon niioninanci ia-
noni n inme connancrn~ecion iyirypi, niainan npe(ciaaye:ie peainnn n
.:onnn ~enon connancrn~ecioro omecrna. 3ror nponecc :i naaone:
) ea.teanon.acmuxa
Paora no ]op:nponanni (ym-crepeornnon c no:omii pa(no :era]opn-
~ecin orne~aer rainanocrepeornnnn cran(aprnanponannoro nocnpnnrnn y
:acconoro cymaren. ]n aa(a~ rocy(apcrna (ona ia iri nipamena
nonan nnrenrennnn, ne aarpnanennan omenne: c npenen nn(nnn(yan-
crn~ecion iyirypon. Hponcxo(nman na napo(non :acci, ona npnanana iri,
iai c~nra H. H. 5yxapnn, narpennponana n(eoorn~ecin na onpe(eennin
:anep. |...] ]a, :i y(e: mra:nonari nnrenrenron, y(e: nipaarinari nx,
iai na ]apnie
84
.
Nyaiiaino-npocnernreician paora pa(no cyna, re: ca:i:, n raion
nen: airyainie, nonrioppeirnie rpaironin nanpannn nocnpnnrne, aa:e-
nnn ~renne onacnix innr. Kai n rainano]op:ax, n n(eoorn~ecinx rnciax
or~eiannnanci inme coanannn, ycimannie n io::enrapnnx, ii~ax (n
:yaiin. Hocronnnoe cymanne roiio nmi (oanoennoro, npn nacrponie
na n(eoorn~ecin nynin ron, ]op:nponao reaaypyc, cyxonon ropnaonr ~e-
oneia, ero .rnio-.crern~ecine ycranonin.
Kone~no, ne nce cno(nrcn i ynn]niannn. B peainocrn cocymecrnonan
ncrpe~nie nponecci: nnan nani opoaci c nacrnon rainanonacrn-
ion. Cnacenne or inme ncxo(no na rynn ~eone~ecion na:nrn, or :yai-
in na nacrnniax, ocrananmnxcn or npenen nann, n na neno(ionrpoinix
nenocpe(crnennix nne~arennn; (ae na pa(no nponnacn neo]nnnoanin
penepryap. Hnoe aanc .rnx noa(encrnnn. Hocronnnin pa(norooc nep-
xono(n na noma(n, n io::ynainon inaprnpe, n nae, iai n ciaaie o :a-
128
eniion xnrpon Name n ecroiono: (onep~nno: :e(ne(e: nicoio cny,
(aeio rny. Bipa(~nnie, ]op:npyimne noroin na nenn(n:ix ncro~nn-
ion po(an :arn~ecine anyin, crpynmnecn cnepxy, no(coanareino coe(n-
nnn ne6ecn e.acmt c e.acmt .euno...
lainanocrepeornnn~ecin onpe(ennci n conce: nonie :yaiiainie
pa(noany~annn. Ha coa(anne ionna 1920 na~aa 1980-x rr. conerciyi
:acconyi necni noaaraaci omecrnenno-nonrn~ecian poi, (o:nnnpy-
iman n nocnnrannn n ]op:nponannn ay(nropnn. Le any~annn no:oran opra-
nnaannn nopnr:on nonon (encrnnreinocrn, npaa(nn~no-opn(ono:y ia-
en(api. Becne coornercrnonan neceie necnn o inocrn, :oo(o: .nryanaa-
:e pacnneranmen crpani, npaa(nniax Hepnoro :an. ery necnn c :yciyn-
cri:n nn myro~ni:n opaaa:n a(oponon ]naiyirypi n cnopra, nono-
iponnie ypoannie, rpy(onie-ioxoanie, c co~ni:n aapnconia:n ena-
po(no-ipecrinncioro cannoro rpy(a n ira. Oceni npe:n no(on, ranni:
na nnx npe(crana npaa(nni Oirnpn, no( ycnnn Omoe. Xoo(non ~erio-
crii :apmenix pnr:on, npen:ymecrnenno c :ycin:n re:pa:n n opiecrpo-
non :e(ii, orn~aircn necnn o Kpacnon Ap:nn.
Conercian :acconan :yaiia cran(aprnanponaa n connaino onrn:ncrn~-
nin cmount pnr:. Yrpo pacnne~nnan inie xopi Hnonepcion aopiin,
paanni naccaen yrpennen rn:nacrnin. ]ne: i y:ecren oprannayimnn
pnr: necen-:apmen, .e:enri npnin n paapemennon iaccnin. Hpaa(nn~-
nin (eni oee nacimen narpnorn~ecin:n xopa:n-npocanennn:n. Be~e-
po: noa:oni any~annn napo(non, rannenainon :yaiin, npn~ecinx, myro~-
nix necen
8b
.
lannoe e, ~ro c no:omii :yaiiainon rainannaannn no pa(no mo
]op:nponanne onoro ncropn~ecioro opaaa crpani n napo(a.
Orci(a npn:on nyri i paaronopy o necenmen, onrn:nanpyimen :yaiie.
Hacu.tcmeennt u.txa.tnt onmuuu.u
3a neioropi:n ncii~ennn:n, :yaiiainoe nciyccrno Poccnn na~aa XX
neia, noayn, ne (anao noncrnne cnerix n naneyrnep(aimnx npn:epon.
Ayrenrn~nie napo(nie npornnie necnn noni nenainnon rocin, rai e,
iai or~annne: nponninyr i:op ~acrymei. Hn re:, nn (pyrn: ne io :ecra n
ore~ecrnenno: pa(nonemannn, r(e napno yc:npennoe napo(noe nenne, npona-
ran(nponacn ncen(o]oiiop. C na~aa 1980-x rr. npenne ocnoni noipina-
nci coe: nno-o(pnmnx, paaneiareinix .e:enron. Be(i (pennnn nep-
ionnin xoponon anp, n ero ncrnnno :eccnancion pon, i ]airn~ecin ynr
pen:o: (aanpemeno pnryainoe npanocannoe, rpeio-ap:nncioe, rpyanncioe,
yipanncioe, eopyccioe, xacn(cioe xpa:onoe nenne). 4yninnn ore(nnennn,
yremennn, no((epin nepemn i conercion :acconon necne. Ona npnanana ia
nao(pnri, nipacrnri n no(coanannn i(en (cimamnx cona o o(no:, a n
peainocrn nn(nmnx nnoe) cnerin, ynepennin ronyc nocnpnnrnn (encrnnrei-
nocrn. 3a~aponinan cona no( :yaiiy (3n, ronapnm, oime nann!).
Ha anancneny nonrnin n iyirypi nocrynan nixo(ni na nponnnnnn,
na-aa ~epri oce(ocrn. C nn:n ]noco]nn o(pn~ecrna, ninenannn
'
n nirannoninannn necein na rpare(nn; .rn:oornn raioro onrn:na:a nponc-
xo(nr na :yaiin iea:epon, enpencinx opiecrpon n pyccioro or~annnoro
cio:opomecrna. 1ai, ]oiiopnan necnn ]n(n 3n n ncnonennn . Yreco-
na (opaoria H. Hycreinnia, cona L. Hooncion) (e:oncrpnpyer, iai :o-
no naipyrnri neceie, xorn :yaiia :nnopna n n nen ~yncrnyircn ~epri
na~a. A:nnaenrni npn:eri raioro onrn:na:a (no:n:o conecnoro rei-
cra): :aopnie nianci :nnopnoro a(a, nponnainaiman :apmenocri, co-
e(nnne:an c rannenainocrii-naiconocrii, ~epra:n noiin, nxoro, nepepac-
raimero n .icrarn~ecioe, ninncinannn ropn...
Nn]oorn~ecian cxe:a nciyccrna repon~ecioro, noenoro npeo(oennn i
cepe(nne 1980-x rr. c:ennaci (pyron. Le nipaana ]op:ya nri crao y~-
me, nri crao neceee. B :yaiie c:ena opnenrnpon ciaaaaci pemnreini:
orropenne: na]ocno-rparn~ecinx co~nnennn, nypnrancioro crnn, ecrio-
peancrn~ecinx nooren c ~epra:n .icnpeccnonna:a npo(e e(n Naier
Nnencioro yea(a Locraionn~a. Ocoon no((epion noiaonanci anpi
npnio-io:n~ecine, .icnenrpn~ecine :yaiia, nnymaiman nepy n pa(ocrnoe
n eae(noe cymecrnonanne n Crpane Hoe(nnmnx Coneron. 1ai iai nanen-
mn: crao inno, ro ono n aa(anao ron (n crnn npocrpancrnennix n npe:en-
nix nciyccrn. Hepni:n acro~ia:n nacrynennn necenmencn .noxn conna-
ncrn~ecioro onrn:na:a npe(cran :yaiiainie innoio:e(nn, nino(nnmne na
anancneny nonix, neceix penr, ne ornromennix rpyao: npomoro.
1yr, iai n n ornomennn pa(no:yaiin, noiaaareini rpeonannn Cranna
i :yaiie inno. Hpoc:arpnnan n pe(airnpyn inno:arepnai, on nocronnno c
1984 ro(a or:e~a n or:era nopo~nocri, ciyiy, ny(nocri :pa~noro: ...na(o
nepecrari nn~iari apnren crapi:n re:a:n, xori n nenoxn:n, iai na:nrnnin
npomon iyirypi, npo(e lpoai` |...] apnrei nyni pa(ocri, o(pocri, c:ex.
|...] Y nac :y(pnr n nmyr nonoro n :pa~nix |...] nepeioniax`. A ne npornn
xy(oecrnennon paapaorin .rnx npoe:. Ho (anre rai, ~roi io pa(ocr-
no, o(po n neceo
8b
.
Ha .ry nony nepecrpannaoci n pa(no. Lro necennin npeccnnr noce 1982
ro(a pemnreino nanpanen na coa(anne pa(ocrnon, ynepennon ar:oc]epi. Pa-
(no crao nepe(anari nce oime necen na inno]ni:on, a raie nenpecrannie
niyimne xopi, cannmne po(nny, rpy(, no(n. Hx nonropenne, ycnnnae:oe n
npaa(nn~nie (nn, conno nocipemao ]yninnn (pennnx ranc:anon noe(i.
Ha(pene :acconie aainnannn, cnnmennie necnonennn ncnoiaonanci nep-
xonnon nacrii (n ynpanennn :acconon ncnxoornen. B 1980-e rr. cia(ina-
nci apxernni connancrn~ecion anyionon cpe(i, ~ie nnnnne n c]epe io-
eirnnnoro eccoanareinoro io croi cnino. Airnnno y~acrnyn n coa(a-
nnn ore~ecrnennon :n]oornn cranncioro nepno(a, conercian necnn, nocronn-
no any~aman no pa(no, npnanana ia yipennri ~yncrna connainoro onrn:na-
:a n none~ennocrn ia(oro cymaimero n omnn xop, omyi pa(ocrnyi
ce:ii napo(on. H xorn roiio n necnnx n :ono onapynri eannin
ionro:epar paanix nannn, omeconerciyi :yaiiainyi pe~i, .ror anyionon
cnnrea nnyma nepy n cymecrnonanne e(nncrna.
Bacrnoe npncyrcrnne xoponix aainnannn, paanocn:ix eeuu rooco:
na enmpa, c noannnn rynnnon ncnxoornn Knra, cpannn:o c rooco:
180
Orna, nonomanmn: neapn:yi cny ero eeanon pyin. He cy~anno (n
pa(no(niropa npe(no~nraaci apnronono-aconan oipacia rooca, iai y no-
(n napo(on; n noae rannie (niropi crpani orn~anci ryoin:n aca-
:n. Lcn rpeonaaci enmnna-(nirop, ro, no yconnn: Pa(noio:nrera,
nmi c re:po:, nain: :ycio:y
87
.
Hpnnnnni conpeana:a (rep:nn nonnncn oioo 1982 ro(a) ]op:npona-
nci n na onire pa(no, onire rainannaannn :yaiiainon nann n:nrann-
en (nnennn, noipirne: cymnocrnoro coe: onoro. Pa(norooca n
:yaiiainie anyin pa(no, paanocn noe(nyi nnronanni, no-ore~ecin noipo-
nnreicrnennyi n pyiono(nmyi, rainannanpyn nacnicrnenni: necei-
e: npan(y, :eprnnmyi no( n~nnon ea:nrenon pa(ocrn, npnanani in
nnymari nepy n ecrnmne nepcneirnni napo(a n omecrna. Ho y~eaapnan
ncnocri, nanennnan no :noro: (yp:ano: :yaiiainon rainannaannn c
y~acrne: pa(noenpocnernreicrna, ia rnei: cno: y:epmen conecrn,
c:eprni: aanenne: :nornx (yxonnix ncroion n ncrnnnix opnenrnpon.
Bcno:nn: ryr eme o(ny nnnreinyi ocoennocri noa(encrnnn .eirpn-
~ecin: roio:. O nen, ropin o npenepeennn napo(o: cnonx iopnen, ne~a-
nci o nponnnme:cn naceennn, erio nonepnynme:cn i (emenon paaneia-
reinocrn, nnca Nycoprcinn eme n 18b7 ro(y. On ca: iai noae ne:ao
i(en, npornnocronmnx nce:y ro:y, o ~e: npnmoci nncari n .ron crarie
roe ornocncn i re: (oiropa:, ioropie cnon: rnop~ecrno:, conecrii
cnacan y:npaimnn ~eone~ecinn opaa: Hapo( nn omecrno, ne ~yimee
rex anyion, ioropie, iai nocno:nnanne o po(non :arepn, o nanme: (pyre,
(oni aacrannri (poari nce nnie crpyni ~eoneia, npoy(nri ero or
rneoro cna, ocoanari cnoi ocoennocri n rner, eamnn na ne: n nocre-
nenno ynnaimnn .ry ocoennocri, raioe omecrno, raion napo( uepm-
ee, a oropnie i(n .roro napo(a (oiropa, aacrannimne nocpe(crno:
nacnicrnennoro .eirporainann~ecioro roia (pirari ~eni .roro uepm-
eea-napo0a, noia on ne nepeme n xn:n~ecioe paaoenne rpyna
88
.
Nyaiiainan rainannaannn c no:omii pa(nonponaran(i 1920-x n
ocoenno 1980-x rr. coa(aa acyp(noe nooenne: ncrnnnoe nciyccrno ]yni-
nnonnponao iai onoe, a onoe, cnnanci c rooco: nacnnn, c~nraoci
e(nncrnenno nepni:, eanni:.
Biciae: npe(nooenne, ~ro ror(amnee nacnicrnennoe any~anne :y-
aiin n pa(no(nna:niax (y(y~n ~pea:epni:, nanpanne:i: connaino na-
npamenni: io::enrapne:) noce nepnix peainnn nocropennoro y(nne-
nnn n npeionennn nepe( nonon any~amen peanen nianao orropenne,
paa(paenne n, cy(n no noce(yimn: peayirara:, nonoe nrnopnponanne
mnpoion :accon cymareen. 3ro orncnner, no~e:y nicoioe iaccn~ecioe
:yaiiainoe nciyccrno n neo:, oacri, nanoee (aeian or n(eoorn-
~ecion anranponannocrn nyre: nponaran(ncrcinx :annnynnnn no pa-
(no craa (n :acconoro conercioro cymaren c]epon nanoee orroprae-
:on, necn:narn~non. ]n i(en, c]op:nponannix rainanonacrnion pa(no,
n nx noro:ion ona napa(oicaino npenparnaci n cn:no rocy(apcrnenno-
ro nacnnn, (anennn na oinaren, opaao: roranrapnoro nne(pennn ~y-
(oro, nenynoro.
!
Ho.ro:y ]ecrnnan:n iaccn~ecion :yaiin cran naainari (nn no-
xopon nanix rocy(apcrnennix (enreen, n anyin nennnnoro ee(nnoro
oaepa n (nn nyr~a 1991 ro(a nyran noanparo: i nnemnen ipacnnocrn
n no(cny(non n, i :yaiiainon rainannaannn :nn:oro connainoro
onrn:na:a.
1
Hecnn pyccion penoinnn ;; lpa::o]onnin :np. 1917. ! 1. C. b7.
2
O npoerapcion :yaiie n pa(nonemannn ;; lonopnr Nocina. 1981. ! 24. C. 10.
8
!. Ho.noecxu. 5oenie aa(a~n xoponoro pa(noanca:n ;; lonopnr CCCP.
1982. ! 10. C. 10.
4
lainannaannn or n:enn ooncioro anaro:a, ocnonaren .icnepn:enrainon
.eirpo]nanoornn Aonann yn(n lainann (17871798). On onapyn, ~ro :yciy-
i rpyna nrymin npnxo(nn n (nnenne, ior(a na .eirpo:amnni ia naneiae:a
ncipa (a :yciyon n nepnon iacanci n ro e npe:n :eran~ecin: npe(:ero:) (3nnni-
one(n~ecinn conapi ; Ha(. 4. A. 5poirayaa n H. A. L]pona. 1. b. CH., 1892. C. 28).
b
3(eci n nne: Conercinn 3nnnione(n~ecinn Conapi. N., 1980. C. 27b.
b
A. Aepaauoe. lpn(yman :yaiiainan nayia n nonan .pa ncropnn :yaiin ;;
Nyaiiainin conpe:ennni. Kn. 2. Hr., 191b. C. 99, 100101.
7
A. Aepaauoe. Hciyccrno n cnere penoinnn, :amnne (opory. N., 1917.
8
1e:a rexnn~ecioro, uanunnoeo coan(annn iai npoepauua oropaanaci n croi
ana:enareinix (n cnoero npe:enn co~nnennnx, iai namy:enman, oripiro anrnpo-
:anrn~ecian cn:]onn~ecian iaprnna 3ano( A. Nocoona, npocanniman connan-
crn~ecinn rpy( n cranman ne(orn: .raono: nciyccrna nonon penoinnonnon
.noxn. B ro: e (yxe in coa(ani 3eirpn]niar . Hoonnninna (n anpe
]oicrpora) n Peici B. ]emenona (n anpe roiiari).
9
A. Aepaauoe. Honan .pa :yaiin ;; Conercioe nciyccrno. 192b. ! 8. C. b7.
10
1a: e. C. bbbb.
11
Unrara na nnci:a C. C. Hpoio]iena Bepe Anepc: PH5. 4. 1201. ! 1b9. . b
o. (rerpa(i Knomecine nnci:a Hpoio]iena, ionnn pyion Bepi Anepc). C:. rai-
e: V. Seto[[. Sergei Proloiev. A Soviel 1ragedy. London, 19b819b9. P. 74.
12
Hapo(nen na .ror ]eno:en cra cy~an :acconoro iaioro-ro rnnnoaa, ior(a
xopncri, paccennnie n paanix :ecrax, nen o~eni cia(no, iai y(ro neci xop cron,
ne cnycian raa c nenn(n:oro (npnepa. (M. .eaxoe. Nacrep n Naprapnra. N.,
1989. C. 189).
18
M. Hcaxoecxu. Hapannoe. N., 19b0. C. 21.
14
. Muxa.oecxu, . Hecuc. Hnrn:ncrcine anpi ;; lonopnr CCCP. 1988.
! 1. C. 8b.
1b
Hanecrno, ~ro n Pa(noio:nrere n 1980-e rr. npono(nnci npoc:orpi iaprnni
l. Pnxrepa Bce neprnrcn, nce (nnercn, coa(annon n crne aiycrn~ecioro ioncrpyi-
rnnna:a, n Bairepa Pyrr:ana 3ny~aman nona, n ioropon napnr :nica roocon,
:yaiin, aiycrn~ecinx .]]eiron.
1b
M. epeuxun. Pa(no noanoner io:noanropy no-nono:y paapemari naan:oor-
nomennn :yaiin n cona ;; lonopnr CCCP. 1982. ! 88. C. 4b.
17
C. eoc.aecxu. Cnnai pa(no c :acca:n ;; Honocrn pa(no. 192b. ! 80. C. 7.
18
lAP4 CCCP. 4. 891. On. b. L(. xp. 14. . 118.
182
19
E. .acoea. Ho~e:y ne cocronaci conercian pa(noonepa ;; Nyaiiainin
rearp: na(e(i n (encrnnreinocri. N., 1998. C. 184.
20
Honpi 192b r. 3ace(anne Hpean(ny:a ioernn Hapio:npoca (lAP4. 4. 280b.
On. b9. ]. b71. . 49 o.).
21
M. .eaxoe. Hieci 80-x ro(on. CH., 1994. C. 299, 807.
22
1pancnnnn onepi oprannaonana ;; Pa(no nce:. 1927. ! 10. C. 171.
28
Orinin. Hnci:o ~nraren B. Haronona ;; Pa(no nce:. 1927. ! 10. C. 188.
24
C:.: Pa(nocymarei.1928. ! 12. C. 2.
2b
lonopnr Nocina. 1981. ! 11. C. 18. Panee c:. nerarnnnin orini na
pa(norpancnnni 5opnca lo(ynona, noeanne nonnrnix napo(nix necen (Pa(no-
cymarei. 1928. ! 12. C. 2).
2b
A. Lepe.t. 1a:, na nenn(n:ix no(:ocriax... N., 1998. C. 2b.
27
. Maxoecxu. Pacciaa pao~ero Hana Karyminna o npnoperennn o(noro
~e:o(ana ;; B. Nanioncinn. Honoe copanne co~nnennn. 1. 9. N., 19b8. C. 819.
28
Pa(noypnancrnia: Y~enni ; Ho( pe( A. Lepen. 2-e na(. N., 2002. C. 42.
29
A. H.amonoe. Ha aanncnix innei 19281980 rr. ;; Oronei. 1989. ! 88
(anrycr). C. 14.
80
C:.: E. Hempnancxa. O :ncrn~ecion npnpo(e conercinx :acconix necen
;; Pussian Lileralure. 1999. ! XL\. P. 87102.
81
lonopnr CCCP. 1982. ! 1;2. C. 48.
82
C:. crarii B. Kon(i n .ro: copnnie.
88
Unr. no: H. euuuna. Pyccian napo(nan necnn conercioro npe:enn. .,
19bb. C. 1718.
84
Cy(ii conpe:ennon nnrenrennnn. N., 192b. C. 2b.
8b
E. Hempnancxa. Yiaa. co~. C. 8990.
8b
A (pnnn no(ono lap:onn` oime ne crannre.. 3anncn ece( 5. 3. Ly-
:nnioro c H. B. Cranni: noce innonpoc:orpon ('acri nepnan, 1984 r.) ;; Knno-
ne(~ecine aanncin. 2002. ! b1. C. 289, 290, 804.
87
1ai, n (npeirnnno: nnci:e or Pa(noraaeri POC1A pyiono(nrei (nirop-
cion rpynni pa(no A. lypieny ronopnrcn, ~ro encine rooca ne rap:onnpyir c
rooca:n ~renon n co(epanne: raaeri. |...] Hcii~enne: :oer nnnricn ~rnna, y
ioropon rooc noxo na :ycion. (Unr. no: A. Lepe.t. Ay(noiyirypa XX neia.
Hcropnn, .crern~ecine aaiono:epnocrn, ocoennocrn nnnnnn na ay(nropni. O~epin.
N., 2004. C. 21).
88
M. Mcopecxu. <Hnci:o i N. 5aainpeny n Hpary or 2b.01.18b7> ;; N. Ny-
coprcinn. Hnci:a. Ha(anne 2-e. N., 1984. C. b8.
!!
KHA KYPCL
PIANO MCANIQUE H PIANO BIOLOGIQUE
HCCL]OBAHHA H. A. 5LPHL1LHHA
O 4OP1LHLAHHON Y]APL
B 1928 ro(y ]nanoora:n Hnioae: Aeican(ponn~e: 5epnmrenno: n
1arinnon Cepreennon Hononon n ypnae Arbeilsphysiologie (4nanoo-
rnn rpy(a)
1
nnepnie in npe(craneni peayirari ncce(onannn no no-
(nna:nie ]opreninnnoro y(apa, npono(n:ix n:n npn locy(apcrnenno: nn-
crnryre :yaiiainix nayi (lHNH). 3rn:n ncce(onannn:n ]opreninnnan
nrpa iai i nii~aaci n ionreicr nn(ycrpnainon ncnxorexnnin n aopa-
ropnoro nay~ennn rpy(a, rai ypno paannnanmnxcn n Poccnn noce penoi-
nnn. Pyiono(nrei ncce(onannn Hnioan 5epnmrenn na~nnan c (na(narix
ro(on, paora n oacrn ]nanoornn (nnennn, cna~aa n Uenrpaino:
nncrnryre rpy(a (UH1), iy(a ero npnracn ocnonarei nncrnryra Aeicen
lacren, noro: n Hncrnryre ncnxoornn n (pyrnx ncce(onareicinx nenr-
pax
2
. Lnpoio nanecrni ero nyniannn no no:exannie, n ioropix on ana-
nanpyer ]nanoorni rainx (nnennn, iai, nanpn:ep, er, npioi nn y(ap.
O(naio ]opreninnnan nrpa n pannonanaannn rpy(onix (nnennn orn~e-
cin cnnaani nni: opaao:. Ha npornennn X\lll n XlX neion n nponecce
(ncnnnnnnponannn ~eone~ecioro rea, n pa:iax ioroporo noannian raine
paan~nie nnennn, iai nnpryoanan nncrpy:enrainan nrpa n renopna:, ~eo-
nei o(nonpe:enno nop:nponacn n nn(nnn(yananponacn, n peayirare ~ero
npe(cranenne o psych ((yme) (n]]epennnponaoci n yron~aoci. Beci
.ror nponecc :ono, no Nnmei 4yio, yconno naanari rnopenne: (ymn.
B ]opreninnnon nrpe napa(oicainin nror .roro nponecca nipaaercn
ocoenno npio
8
. Nyaiiainin (nciypc rpeyer or :yaiianra-xy(onnia, c
o(non croponi, nonoro anro:arnanponannn nrpi, c (pyron e croponi, nano-
nennn ee ryo~anmn:n ~yncrna:n
4
. Hrpa (ona iri ea(ymnon n o(no-
npe:enno c .rn: nacronmn: nipaenne: (ymn.
Kor(a npe(:ero: nai(ennn n paore 5epnmrenna n Hononon o no(nna-
:nie ]opreninnnoro y(apa cranonnrcn ca:a ]opreninnnan nrpa, ona npnope-
raer nce-rain nonoe ia~ecrno: ncce(onaren n nen ynn(nr ro, ~ero ne(arorn
XlX neia, ionneprnan ay(nropnn n ca:n :yaiianri ne :orn noanari. 3ro:y
cnococrnyer nonnenne roro, ~ro Bairepo: 5enin:nno: n:enyercn nnay-
aino-eccoanareini:
b
. Ho.ro:y na npn:epe paori 5epnmrenna n Hono-
non o ]opreninnnon nrpe n o(non na oacren nepece~ennn nayin n nc-
iyccrna (na(narix ro(on :ono npe(npnnnri noniriy ocnernri onpe(e-
ennyi :e(nainyi ion]nrypanni roro npe:enn.
184
PIANO MCANIQUE
eonn( Caaneen, o(nn na nn(nix :yaiiainix reopernion na~aa XX
neia, ocnonarei n (npeirop locy(apcrnennoro nncrnryra :yaiiainix nayi,
roro ca:oro nncrnryra, r(e nponano(nnci yno:nnyrie .icnepn:enri, n cno-
en crarie no( aaranne: Hponecc :exannaannn n ncnonennn, onynio-
nannon eme n 191b ro(y, nnmer: Nexannaannn ncnonennn .ro ro nne-
nne, ioropoe na:n nai(aercn na nce: npornennn xo(a :yaiiainon ncro-
pnn. 3ro (nreinin n nocrenennin nponecc, aaii~aimnncn n ro:, ~ro
neioropan ~acri xy(oecrnenno-noenoro aira, n:enye:oro xy(oecrnenni:
ncnonenne:, n na~ae ninonnnmancn nenocpe(crnenno xy(onnio:-nc-
nonnree:, na~nnaer nopy~aricn neioropo:y :exann~ecio:y annapary. 1o,
~ro io cnepna ]yninnen ca:oro opranna:a ncnonnren, cranonnrcn ]yni-
nnen neioroporo :exanna:a, nmi ynpanne:oro ncnonnree:. 3ror npo-
necc na~acn c neaana:nrnix npe:en, n neci nponecc nncrpy:enrainon rex-
nnin ecri, n cymnocrn, ne ~ro nnoe, iai nipaenne .roro nponecca
b
.
Hponeccy :exannaannn a(eci npnnncinaercn neioropan (noncrnennocri.
ion mar :exannaannn o(nonpe:enno nnnercn maro: orpann~nnaimn:, ]ni-
cnpyimn: neinn rexnn~ecinn .e:enr n ycrponcrne nncrpy:enra. Ho, c (py-
ron croponi, raion mar :exannaannn nicnoo(aer xy(oecrnennin noren-
nna, noanonn :yaiianra: opamaricn i noni: aa:ica:.
H:enno n oacrn ]opreninnnon rexnnin .ror nponecc :exannaannn :no-
rocroponen. O(nonpe:enno c rexnnion nncrpy:enron paannnaercn rexnnia
ca:on nrpi. Hanecrno, nanpn:ep, ~ro ncnonnreicioe :acrepcrno i(nnra
5erxonena neo(noiparno ocranno ce(i paapymennn n caonax nencion
apncroiparnn nncrpy:enri ne ni(epnnan ero nrpi. H .ro ne e(nncr-
nennin npn:ep. 1oiio necioiio noa(nee nponano(crny nncrpy:enron y(a-
oci orpearnponari na o~enn(nin ne(ocraroi n craninocrn: ponn ]np:i
Bsendorer pacxnannanci n pacxnannaircn no cen (eni iai raionie; rai,
onn ocrananci nenonpe(enni:n noce nrpi io:noanropa n nnanncra-nnp-
ryoaa 4epenna ncra. C (pyron croponi, ncropnn nncrpy:enron noiaainaer,
~ro ~ame ncero na na:enennn n :exann~ecio: ycrponcrne :yaiianri-nnpryo-
ai pearnponan na:enennn:n rexnnin nrpi. H ne roiio (n nrpi, no n (n
io:noannnn ycrponcrno nncrpy:enron ncer(a nnnoci npe(nociion cra-
nonennn nonix aa:icon. B XlX neie, ior(a ]oprennano crao ca:i: pac-
npocrpanenni: nncrpy:enro: n ypyaanix (o:ax, a raie nannanenmn:
ncno:orareini: cpe(crno: n nponecce co~nnennn :yaiin, ero re:nepnpo-
nannin crpon nnyma :norn: io:noanropa: conepmenno nonoe ncnonenne
ronainon cncre:i, n .ro neio aa coon conce: nnie rpeonannn i naina:.
Bnori (o XX neia :yaiione(i yiaainan na Xopomo re:nepnponannin
iannp H. C. 5axa iai na cn:no .roro nonmecrna.
O(nn: na anpon, (onyciaimnx noa:onie nmi na ocnone re:nepnpo-
nannoro crpon .icneccnnnie :o(ynnnn, nnnercn ionneprnin .ri(, ioropin
iai i aanepmaer ipyr nponecca :exannaannn. 3ror anp, paannnmnncn n
XlX neie na ocnone npocrix .ri(on n ynpanennn, npe(naana~ennix nana-
~aino nmi (n conepmencrnonannn rexnn~ecinx naniion nrpi, npnopera-
!#
er neioropin xy(oecrnennin panr, no o(nonpe:enno coxpanner, n onpe(e-
ennon crenenn, (e:oncrpanni nnpryoanocrn. No(ynnnn n (anno: cy~ae
cynr (n nonropa n napnannn nnpryoanix rpiion, n ro npe:n iai orpaor-
ia or(einix, naonponannix (nnennn, ncnoiaye:ix n .ri(ax rainx na-
necrnix ne(aroron, iai, nanpn:ep, Kap 'epnn, c:ora i ca:a no cee c(eari
na ia(oro y~ennia xopomero nn (ae npo]eccnonainoro nnanncra. A(oi]
Pyrxap(, no(roronnnmnn na(anne Hyreno(nren no y~enon ]opreninnnon
nreparype (1904), c rop(ocrii or:e~aer: Hame npe:n naca(aercn npe-
n:ymecrno: nai(ari pemnreinoe aanepmenne paannrnn ]opreninnnon nr-
pi ciae:, nnpryoanocrn .roro nncrpy:enra; :i ne ny(ae:cn n (ono-
nnreino: (oiaaareicrne, ~ro :exannia n rexnnia .ron orpacn nciyccrna
renepi naxo(nrcn na nepmnne cnoero paannrnn
7
.
Ha .ron nnrari nencno, i ~e:y ornocnrcn :exannia n rexnnia .ron or-
pacn nciyccrna i na(enni rexnnion pyi nn i ]yninnonnponanni
:exann~ecioro annapara nncrpy:enra. B nipaennn nnpryoanocri nncrpy-
:enra .rn (na acneira ye nepaan~n:o cnri.
1exnnia, ea ioropon nnpryoanocri nrpi nnior(a ne oxo(naci, na nporn-
ennn XlX neia rpairyercn iai oacri, or(einan or cocrnenno nciyccrna.
1exnnia npe(nociia nrpi, re: oee xy(oecrnennoro ncnonennn, no
ona ne (ona :emari xy(oecrnennon noe. Ho.ro:y xy(onni-ncnonn-
rei, conepmencrnyn rexnniy nrpi, re: ca:i: no:oraer cee aairi o nen.
O(nonpe:enno aainaer on n o ro:, ~ro yconepmencrnonanne rexnnin c ca:o-
ro na~aa (ono io no:o~i nipaenni ~yncrn n coa(anni n:enno xy-
(oecrnennoro ncnonennn.
Hec:orpn na ro, ~ro raion anp, iai ionneprnin .ri(, coe(nnner noni-
mennie rpeonannn i rexnnie c nperenanen na xy(oecrnennoe ana~enne, .ra
oacri rexnnin ocraercn co:nnreinon c ro~in apennn .crernin. Ynpei n
ea(ymnocrn co croponi :yaiiainix ipnrnion paa(anacn eme n na~ae
X\lll neia, ior(a nonnnnci ren(ennnn (o:nnnponannn nncrpy:enrainon :y-
aiin na( no(nnni: :yaiiaini: nciyccrno: no cpannenni c noiainon
rpa(nnnen nncrpy:enrainan :yaiia ye ror(a nocnpnnn:aaci ipnrnia:n
iai ea(ymnoe pnnanne
8
.
Kpnrnia .ra npocennaercn n n na~ae XX neia, n ~acrnocrn, n rpy(ax
eonn(a Caaneena. B cnnan c nonnenne: :exann~ecinx nncrpy:enron on
oaao~en re:, ~ro coornomenne :e(y :exann~ecin: n xy(oecrnenni: na~a-
a:n renepi napymeno, a n:enno: npn ncnonennn :yaiiainix nponane(e-
nnn orcyrcrnyer ~eonei-ncnonnrei. Nexannie nncrpy:enra, iai c~nraer
Caaneen, npncymn ipanne cyrninie nianci anyia, n:enye:ie n: re:-
po:, no noiaonaricn n:n y:eer noia roiio ~eonei, ror(a iai :exann~e-
cioe ncnonenne (ocrn~i .roro ne n cocronnnn. Onacenne ne ocranannnaer,
o(naio, ero nonaropcioro onrn:na:a: 3ror re:p` nn nepnee .rn :nnn-
:ainie orrenin re:pa :ono roe ]nicnponari, non:ari :exanna: n ynpan-
nri n:n no eanni xy(oecrnennon non. Kor(a .ro yconne ninonnrcn,
ror(a orna(yr, n cymnocrn, cnpane(nnie napeiannn na ecnornocri n ea-
(ymnocri re:pa :exann~ecinx nncrpy:enron: .ro ne ea(ymnocri, a panno-
(ymnocri, cnmio: oiman ponnocri, ncii~aiman nrpy :nnn:ainix or-
renion, na ioropix aanpyercn ioopnr
9
.
18b
B 1920-e rr. eonn( Caaneen, y(y~n (npeiropo: locy(apcrnennoro nn-
crnryra :yaiiainix nayi, npono(n .icnepn:enr, no npe:n ioroporo onir-
nie :yaiianri-cymaren (oni in paan~nri, ior(a nrpaer nenn(n:oe
(n nnx :exann~ecioe ]oprennano, a ior(a nnanncr. Nexann~ecine nncrpy-
:enri roro npe:enn (ocrnrn ye oee nicoioro rexnn~ecioro yponnn, n nx
anyi coornercrnona rpeonannn: Caaneena na:noro oime. B o(non na
cnonx craren, nanncannon ye n .:nrpannn n onynionannon n 1928 ro(y,
on ioncrarnpyer: Peayirari .icnepn:enra in ne cnmio: yremnrei-
ni:n (n :yaiianra aa~acryi n:enno ero nrpa npnnn:aaci cymaren-
:n aa nrpy :exann~ecioro nncrpy:enra
10
.
Lcn :o(n]niannn :exann~ecioro nncrpy:enra n noa:ona (o raion cre-
nenn, ~ro ero nrpy ne orn~nri or nrpi ncnonnren-~eoneia, ro (n :exann-
aannn ~eone~ecion nrpi cymecrnyir nenpeo(on:ie rpannni. ]eo ne n
ro:, ~ro y ~eoneia ncero (ecnri nainen, a n ro:, iai ycranonn Hnioan
5epnmrenn, ~ro ~eonei ne nonn:aer n ne :oer nonnri, ~ro on (eaer, ior(a
nrpaer paane ~ro on ncrynaer n nonyi :e(nainyi ion]nrypanni, r.e.
~eonei :oer ce(nri aa cocrnennon nrpon n ee conoiynnocrn c nncrpy-
:enro: nmi ror(a, ior(a n: ncnoiayircn onpe(eennie npnopi (n nai-
(ennn.
OK1ABL
5ea co:nennn, ]opreninnnin y(ap nnnercn (ocraro~no coni: orei-
ro: (n nay~ennn. Ha-aa conocrn npe(:era anropa: crarin Hcce(ona-
nnn o no:exannie ]opreninnnoro y(apa npnmoci orpann~nricn n cnoen
paore nmi o(nn: ioniperni: cy~ae:: onn cocpe(oro~nn nnn:anne na
(nnennn pyin, ncii~an (nnennn nainen, ~ro cnmio: aarpy(nno i
nponecc nai(ennn. Bce: y~acrnnia: .icnepn:enra npe(araoci cirpari
o(nn n ror e rai naainae:in recr, ~roi y(ocronepnricn n ro:, ~ro
paannna n ncnonennn aanncnr ne or ero aprncrn~nocrn, a or ocoennocren
:oropnin :yaiianra: Ha:n in nipani ne n:eimne nniaioro xy(oe-
crnennoro ana~ennn o(nopy~nie nonropennn o(noopaanon pnr:n~ecion
crpyirypi. Bo naeanne ncii~nreino nainenon paori nce onn in
nocrpoeni n ]op:e oiran, a c neii ycrpanennn cnenn]n~ecioro :exanna:a
ro~nocrn nona(annn onn in cocpe(oro~eni nmi na neana~nreino: io-
n~ecrne nor
11
.
Oirani aann:air nanoe :ecro n paannrnn ]opreninnnon nnpryoano-
crn. B ncropnn io:noannnn napaeinie oirani nonnnircn nnepnie npn-
nanreino n 1820 ro(y. O(nn na nepnix npn:epon oiran n (ne pyin,
io:noannnn Wanderer-lanlasie (]anraann Cinraen), co~nnennan 4. Ly-
epro:, ia nacroiio rpy(na (n ncnonennn, ~ro, npe(noonreino, ca:
anrop ne :or ee nrpari. Ona ia nanncana (n oraroro nnanncra-(neranra
no n:enn 3(ep ]on nenepr. ncr e, nanpornn, (oann napaeinie
oirani n i nponane(ennn: (pyrnx io:noanropon. Wanderer-lanlasie, na-
npn:ep, on npenparn n panypnyi ionneprnyi niecy no ero cocrnenno-
:y niciaainanni, :acci rpeyir :ory~en pyin arern~ecion cni
12
.
!%
Hapaeinie oirani :e(y re: cranonnnci iai i ]np:enni: ana-
io: ncra n o(nonpe:enno npnanaio: nnanncron-nnpryoaon noome. Kai
nipaancn no .ro:y nono(y nnanncr n reoperni 'apia Poaen, :yannnpona-
nne nnnercn ne roiio nciyccrno:, no n cnoero po(a cnopro:, npo(e rennnca
nn ]exronannn. B ocoennocrn nepno .ro no ornomenni i nrpe na ]opre-
nnano |...]. 3]]eirnenmne rpny:]i oirannon nrpi .ro ne roiio arrpai-
nnoni (n mnpoion nynin: na ionneprax :oo(oro loponnna cymaren
cranonnnci npe:ena:n na cn(ennn, ~roi nn(eri, iai on nrpaer oirani n
nepnon ~acrn n n ]nnae ionnepra 'anioncioro. Oirannan nrpa rpeyer cne-
nnainon n rpy(oe:ion rpennponin, noxoen na rpennponiy areron. Pynn-
mrenn, aann(onanmnn ecrnmn: ycnexa: loponnna, o(na(i c capiaa:o:
aa:ern noce(ne:y: Bi ninrpan on:nna(y no oirana:`
18
.
Ce(yer or:ernri, ~ro (n nnanncron nenpanninan nrpa oiran neia aa
coon noce(crnnn :e(nnnncioro xapairepa. Nyaiione( n npa~ Hnan Kpia-
noncinn n cnoen innre 4nanoorn~ecine ocnoni ]opreninnnon rexnnin
(1922) ayercn na npeno(anareen, ne nonn:aimnx, ~ro onn noprnr y~enn-
ia: a(oponie: Ciae: eme necioiio con o ranrnonax, ioropi:n crpa(a-
ir nnanncri. Hpn~nna nx n nepannonaino: cnocoe nrpi oiran
14
.
B aaii~ennn cnoen innrn Kpianoncinn no(~epinnaer, ~ro neii ero
paori nnnercn eanne noay(nri n ne(arorax nnrepec i nono:y ]nano-
orn~ecio:y oocnonanni :ero(on ]opreninnnon nrpi, a n ]nanoorax i
(eraino:y nay~enni nrpi ne roiio c ro~in apennn :yciyinon (enreino-
crn, no raie n c ro~in apennn ncnxo]nanoornn
1b
.
'ro e .ro aa cnoco pannonainon nrpi oiran Boanpamanci i crarie
5epnmrenna n Hononon, ce(yer (oannri, ~ro y~acrnnin nx .icnepn:enron
in nce ea ncii~ennn npo]eccnonaa:n, nicrynanmn:n n ionneprnix
aaax. Bce onn ona(en nrpon oiran eme (o y~acrnn n .icnepn:enrax.
Bicoiyi creneni nx nnpryoanocrn (e:oncrpnpyir peayirari nai(ennn
ncce(onareen: ecn crannaci aa(a~a yciopnri re:n, ro n :nnyry (ocrnra-
oci (o b00 y(apon, nn e 2b0 y(apon, ior(a rpeonaoci (ononnreinoe
ynen~enne rpo:iocrn
1b
.
3icnepn:enraropa:n in nipani y~acrnnin, npnna(eanmne i paa-
ni: mioa:, a ce(onareino, peayirari noanonn c(eari nino(i o rex
(nnennnx, ioropie rai e cnoncrnenni ~eoneiy, iai n ero anaro:n~ecio-
ncnxoorn~ecian crpyirypa
17
.
]nnennn nnanncra n :exannia ]oprennano (encrnyir iai i cn::er-
pn~no, no npn ncnonennn oiran .ro cxo(crno oee ~e: :era]opn~ecioe:
nrpan oirani oen:n pyia:n o(nonpe:enno, iai, nanpn:ep, n ]nnae ionnep-
ra 'anioncioro, nn roiio o(non pyion, iai n .icnepn:enrax 5epnmrenna n
Hononon, nnanncr ne n:eer noa:onocrn onepericn na iannarypy. Kor(a nc-
nonnrei cn(nr nnaio nepe( iannarypon, e:y erio y(aercn panno:epnoe
ncnonenne icrpix ra::. Ho (n ncnonennn oiran y~me ne ca(nricn
noome nx er~e nrpari cron. Hpn .ro: naini ocraircn no~rn neno(nn-
ni:n neci y(ap npnxo(nrcn na pyiy. 1aioe (nnenne (aer conce: (pyryi
iaprnny, ~e: ra nrpa, ioropan nnnaci n(eao: ]opreninnnon ne(arornin XlX
neia. 1aine ne(arorn iai, nanpn:ep, 'epnn, co~nnnn :noecrno ynpanennn
188
n .ri(on, rpennpyimnx nrpy cnoionnon pyion, neioropie (ae npe(aran
y~amn:cn noonri na pyiy :onery. B cpannennn c .rn: nnanncr, nrpan
icrpie oirani, opamaercn c iannma:n rai, iai y(ro on naxo(nrcn nepe(
cranio: n y(apner no iaio:y-no opaarinae:o:y npe(:ery :ooro:.
B .icnepn:enrax 5epnmrenna n Hononon ycrpanenne :exanna:a ro~no-
crn nona(annn, r. e. ynpomenne npocrpancrnennon ioop(nnannn pyin, io
:aicn:aini:, rai iai aa(anne ne roiio orpann~nnao nrpy na neana~n-
reino: ion~ecrne nor, no n npe(noarao y(ap na o(ny n ry e napy
iannm. 1ain: opaao:, ]opreninnnan nrpa cno(nrcn i :axono:y nn y(ap-
no:y (nnenni, n:enno rai, iai ono nnrepnpernpyercn 5epnmrenno: n ero
rpy(ax o pao~nx (nnennnx n y(ape, na~arix eme no npe:n ero (enreinocrn
n Uenrpaino: nncrnryre rpy(a.
PlANO BlOLOGlQUL
Annoe (nnenne ~eoneia, iai nnmyr 5epnmrenn n Honona, .ro iy-
oi ecnpepinnix naan:ocnnaen. Bo-nepnix, neor(en:ocri ~eone~ecioro
(nnennn or ycrponcrna nncrpy:enra, iai n nimeyno:nnyran neor(en:ocri
nonnrnn n onncannn ]oprennannon rexnnin, ne (aer noa:onocrn ~erio paa-
rpann~nri (enreinocri ~eoneia n (enreinocri nncrpy:enra, n (anno: cy-
~ae iannarypi. Hoce(nnn oa(aer neioropon no(arnnocrii, na ioropyi
pearnpyer nnanncr ycranannnaercn oparnan cnnai :e(y nnanncro: n
iannarypon. 1e: ca:i: conoiynnocri ~eoneia n nncrpy:enra cno(nrcn i
npocro:y ocnonanni, ~ro nrpa npono(naci i nna~e, ecn i nnanncr nrpa
na (pyro: nncrpy:enre.
Bo-nropix, ncce(onanne ~eone~ecinx (nnennn yconnercn n re: o-
cronreicrno:, ~ro n nnx naan:ocnnaani cni paan~noro rnna. Cni :imn
(encrnyir o(nonpe:enno c cna:n nnepnnn. Bipaan (annoe (nnenne ~e-
one~ecioro opranna:a :are:arn~ecin, anropi noy~air (n]]epennnainoe
ypannenne ne :enime nroporo nopn(ia, a ia(oe or(einoe (nnenne nnner-
cn o(nn: na noa:onix pemennn .roro ypannennn.
Lcn 5epnmrenn n Honona n nacrannan na conocrn (nnennn ~eone-
~ecioro opranna:a, iai n na conoiynnocrn :exanna:a nncrpy:enra n ~eone-
~ecioro (nnennn, ro .ro ne oana~aer, ~ro (nnrareinie ]yninnn ~eone~e-
cioro rea npn ]opreninnno: y(ape ne no(nepranci ananay. ]n roro, ~ro-
i :icenno coa(ari :exann~eciyi :o(ei raioro (nnennn, ncce(onare-
n: npnmoci copari (annie o nponecce na:enennn :ime~nix cn n na nnx
nane~i xapairep naan:o(encrnnn .rnx cn c cna:n nnepnnn. ]n noy~e-
nnn nn]op:annn y~enie no(ii~nn y~acrnyimnx nnanncron i npn(y:an-
ni: cnennaino (n nai(ennn (annoro (nnennn npnopa: c ncnoiaona-
nne: ca:ix paanix :e(nainix rexnni.
Hrpa na ]oprennano orn~aercn or (pyrnx npe(:eron ncce(onannn 5epn-
mrenna re:, ~ro n:eer neana~nreinyi a:nnry(y (nnennn. Hponaran(n-
pye:an ne(arora:n XlX neia n(eoornn cnoionnon pyin, r. e. :nnn:ainin
paa:ax incren pyi, rpeonaa or nnanncron nrpari o(nn:n naina:n. Ho nrpa
!'
oiran npenpamaa ionnepr n apenme, rai iai ee io nn(no (ae na or(a-
enno: paccronnnn n ionneprno: aae. B .icnepn:enrax ]nanooron ne:a-
onanyi poi nrpa ror ]air, ~ro nrpy oiran :ono io nai(ari, no-
cioiiy nai(ari ee (oen i ne ~eone~ecinn raa. Hpn nai(ennn
aa nrpon ncnoiaonaaci yciopennan innocie:ia (n aa:e(ennoro noiaaa
(nnennn, nn e naoperennin 5epnmrenno: n naroronennin ero corpy(-
nnio: H. H. Cn:nni: nniorpa]
18
. Hoce(nnn cyn ocnonon (n paa-
paorannoro 5epnmrenno: n ero ioera:n :ero(a nniorpa::erpnn. 3ra
annaparypa ia coa(ana no npe:n paori n Nocioncion ioncepnaropnn, r. e.
n cnnan c nay~enne: ]opreninnnoro y(apa. B aa(a~y ncce(onareen nxo(no
nanrn noa:onocri ceennn aa ronin:n n nonropnimn:ncn (nnennn:n
ncnonnren n no(opari cnoco nnayanaannn n:enno rainx (nnennn. Hpo-
ne(enne .icnepn:enra, ipo:e roro, ne (ono io :emari ncnonnrei npn
nrpe, rai iai (nnenne rpeonaoci iai :ono oee ecrecrnennoe.
Peayirari nai(ennn :orn noanonri pacmn]ponari nponecc nrpi no
npe:enn. ]n .ron nen nniorpa] coe(nnn paan~nie :ero(i n nncrpy-
:enri nai(ennn, ncnoiaye:ie ]nanoora:n eme n XlX neie, n (ononn
nx ]oroia:epon, .icnonnpyimen panno:epno (nnraimyicn neniy. B pe-
ayirare noy~naci cnoero po(a innoia:epa, xorn n ne coa(aiman niani
(nnennn, no nce e noanoniman ]nicnponari na nenie (nnennn ~eone-
~ecion pyin.
4nicnponanne (nnennn acrparnponaoci: oreiro: nnrepnperannn ]n-
anooron nnnaci noy~ennan n peayirare cre:in n necioiinx nponec-
con ynpomennn n (ononennn ipnnan
19
. B .icnepn:enrax i cycrana: ncno-
nnreen in npnipeneni a:no~in. B:ecro cre:in ncero (nnymerocn
~eone~ecioro rea .rn a:no~in ooana~an (nnennn n:enno rex :ecr, i
ioropi: onn in npnipeneni. B ]nanoorn~ecio: ncce(onannn .rn: :e-
ro(o: noiaonacn, nanpn:ep, a:epniancinn ]nanoor 4pani lniper, ioro-
pin noy~n a:epniancinn narenr na rai naainae:in xpononniorpa] n
n ncce(onannnx ioroporo c no:omii rainx a:no~ei cnn:anci paanie
(nnennn, n ro: ~nce n nnanncron. Ho na .rnx cre:iax cnerie nnnn,
ocranennie a:no~ia:n, nce na o(no: ia(pe, .icnonnpye:o: neioropoe
npe:n. H:enno no.ro:y cre:in ]opreninnnon nrpi :ao noiaaareini: na
nnx nponecc nrpi nepaan~n:, rai iai n nyrannne cnerix nnnn neian
onpe(enri noce(onareinocri (nnennn nn xorn i nx na~ao
20
.
Haoperaren: nniorpa]a raioe acrparnponanne n cre:ie rpex:epnoro
~eone~ecioro rea noiaaaoci nce eme ne(ocraro~ni:: n peayirare npo-
necca cre:oi (nnennn na nenie oiaaanci ne nnnn:n, a ro~ia:n, rai iai
oreirnn nepno(n~ecin aaipinacn n oripinacn c no:omii npamaimerocn
nepe( nn: nep]opnponannoro (ncia, rai naainae:oro oryparopa. ]n roro,
~roi npoce(nri, c iaion ciopocrii (nnranci a:no~in, r. e. cycrani, nc-
ce(onaren: nona(onaci oiman naxo(~nnocri: onn noaan:crnonan y
nanecrnoro ]pannyacioro ]nanoora 3rien-Ain Nap. cncre:y nep]opannn
(ncia, noanonimyi onpe(enri nni npamennn oryparopa c no:omii o(-
noro na panno:epno pacnpe(eennix ornepcrnn, orn~anmerocn or (pyrnx no
paa:epy. A (n onpe(eennn ciopocrn nnia npamaimnncn (nci-oryparop
140
i coe(nnen c rai naainae:on cnpenon
21
nncrpy:enro:, mnpoio nc-
noiaye:i: aiycrnia:n n ]nanoora:n XlX neia. ]n nocnponane(ennn any-
ia n cnpene npn:ennercn npamaimnncn (nci, nepno(n~ecin npepinaimnn
ninyci noa(yxa, n paa(aercn anyi, nicora ioroporo aanncnr or ciopocrn npa-
mennn (ncia. Nero( yiaaannn ciopocrn (nnennn c no:omii ia:eprona,
r. e. re: ocronreicrno:, ~ro :yaiiainie anyin nnnircn, no cyrn, nepno-
(n~ecin:n ioeannn:n, i nanecren n pacnpocrpanen ye n XlX neie. Ho
aannci ror(a (eaaci ne na neniy, a na npamaimnecn nanin. Ha nnx nano-
cnnci ioeannn ia:eprona o(nonpe:enno c :exann~ecion aanncii (nne-
nnn nai(ae:oro npe(:era.
Onrn~ecian aannci, ncnoiaye:an 5epnmrenno:, ne noanoner raion :exa-
nn~ecion ]nicannn ioeannn ia:eprona. Ho cnpena naanna ero or ne-
oxo(n:ocrn npnerari i ne:y, rai e iai n i ror(amnn: c~er~nia: oopo-
ron. 5epnmrenn no .ro:y nono(y noxnacracn, ~ro ro~nocri, (ocrnrnyran ero
npnopo:, ne(ocrnn:a c no:omii nnayainix nn :exann~ecinx cpe(crn.
Hoy~aaci aannci no b0 ro~ei n ceiyn(y, ~ro npenimao noa:onocrn in-
noia:epi n necioiio paa; npn .ro: ro~nocri yiaaannn (nreinocrn npa-
mennn c no:omii cpannennn iaioro-nny(i nroporo anyia c (annon nicoron
anyia cnpeni ia ipanne nicoia n npenocxo(na ro~nocri ror(amnnx rai-
co:erpon.
1yr nano or:ernri, ~ro aa:ice nocnoiaonaricn perynpnocrii :yai-
iainix ioeannn ne(er i (pyron :e(nainon ion]nrypannn. Bce cocran-
nie ~acrn nniorpa]a nanecrni: cnpenon, cnocoo: na:epennn ciopocrn
npamennn c no:omii anyionix ioeannn, a:no~ia:n (n ]ororpa]n~ecion
cre:in n r. n. noiaonanci ]nanoorn eme (o 5epnmrenna. Bpamaimnecn
(ncin ncnoiaonanci (ae n nrpymiax, coa(aimnx niani (nnennn
22
.
Ho co~eranne ncex io:nonenron nniorpa]a noanoner nai(ennn nonoro
ia~ecrna. Conoiynnocri nx coa(anaa nnayaino-eccoanareinoe.
BH3YALHO-5LCCO3HA1LLHOL
B aoparopnn ]nanooron coa(aercn nne~arenne ]yrypncrn~ecioro cnei-
rain: nocronnno noir cnpeni n paa(aircn orpinncrie anyin icrpon nrpi
oiran, c ioropi:n c:emnnaircn io:an(i ncce(onareen. Ho npn ncen anan-
rap(non ar:oc]epe ryr ne :oer n(rn pe~i o :amnnnanponannn ~eoneia
n ro: nn(e, iai ee nponaran(npona pyiono(nrei Uenrpainoro nncrnryra
rpy(a A. lacren.
C ro~in apennn 5epnmrenna n Hononon, ~eonei ne ny(aercn n :amnnn-
anponannn, rai iai on ye nnnercn :amnnon, npn~e: na:noro oee conon,
~e: ra, n ioropyi ero xore npenparnri A. lacren. Kai paa .ro n npo(e:oncr-
pnponan ]nanoorn na npn:epe nrpi oiran. Poi ]oprennano n nrpi oiran
cranonnrcn ocoenno ncnon n aa:e~annnx anropon craren o ]opreninnnon
ne(arornie. Kai no(~epinnair 5epnmrenn n Honona, neaanncn:o or ~acro
ncrpe~aimencn necnoconocrn nnanncron onncari cona:n re (nnennn, io-
ropie onn nponano(nr no npe:n nrpi, (ae nponrpinanne n :e(enno: re:ne
"
ne conna(ao c noiaaannn:n .icnepn:enrainon cre:in
28
. C ro~in apennn
]nanoornn, ca:an nicman .]]eirnnnocri npn ncnonennn oiran (ocrnraer-
cn npn icrpon nrpe, a n:enno ror(a, ior(a ncnonnrei oime ne n cocron-
nnn ocoananno ce(nri aa cocrnennon nrpon. 1oiio ror(a (nnenne pyi
npnnn:aer n(eainyi, r. e. nanoee .iono:nyi ]op:y. B (anno: cy~ae .ro
ana~nr, ~ro pyin ioeircn ye ne iai cocrannon, a iai npocron :anrnni.
4opreninnnan ne(arornia, n orn~ne or ]nanoornn, ncer(a ncxo(na na
roro, ~ro ncnioe (nnenne :ono ycnonri ce(yimn: cnocoo:: cna~aa y~e-
nni npn :e(enno: ncnonennn (annoro (nnennn nai(aer n ocoanaer (en-
crnne cocrnennon :oropnin, a ior(a nponecc (nnennn ye nonocrii naxo-
(nrcn no( ero ionrpoe:, on nocrenenno yciopner n o(nonpe:enno anro:arn-
anpyer ero. 1ain: opaao:, ne(arorn c~nran, ~ro cymecrnyer nenpepinnin
nepexo( or :e(ennoro i icrpo:y ncnonenni oiran, r. e. coanareinoe n
eccoanareinoe ncnonenne cnnaani o(nn: n re: e rnno: (nnennn, noano-
nimn: ne(arora: nai(ari, onncinari n nepe(anari ]yninnonnponanne (nn-
ennn no npe:n nrpi.
O(naio 5epnmrenn n Honona c no:omii nniorpa]a npo(e:oncrpnpona-
n, ~ro raioro nepexo(a ne cymecrnyer, ecri nmi ia~ecrnennoe paan~ne
:e(y :e(enni:n n icrpi:n oirana:n. 3a:e(ennoe, r. e. (eanro:arnan-
ponannoe nocnpnnrne .roro (nnennn noa:ono roiio annaparni: nyre:.
Conenmnn cnnrea npnopon n :e(nainix rexnni n nniorpa]e npnno(nr
i coa(anni roro, ~ro Bairep 5enin:nn n:enona nnayaino-eccoanarei-
ni: n o ioropo: :i yanae: nmi ~epea raine onrn~ecine annapari, iai,
nanpn:ep, innoia:epa, nn e, n cy~ae ]nanooron, nniorpa] iai nnca
5enin:nn, npnpo(a, oripinaimancn ia:epe (pyran, ~e: ra, ~ro oripinaer-
cn raay
24
.
3icnepn:enri y~enix noanonir no-nono:y oc:icnri (nnennn rea.
Beci io:neic (nnennn, a n:enno (nnenne nrpi oiran n conoiynnocrn c
nncrpy:enro:, nii~aercn ]nanoora:n n noce(onareinocri ncce(onarei-
cinx nncrpy:enron. 1ain: opaao:, noy~aercn :e(nainan ion]nrypannn, io-
ropan ye(aer ncce(onareen n ro:, ~ro ncnonenne icrpix oiran, i or-
ncnenni n npeno(ananni ioroporo rai crpe:naci ]opreninnnan ne(arornia
XlX neia, ne nocnpnnn:ae:o ~eone~ecin: raao: ea no:omn onrn~ecion
rexnnin. Hapaeinie oirani, ioropie y(aircn ne nce: nnanncra:, no nno-
ne (ocrnn:i c ro~in apennn anaro:n~ecion n ]nanoorn~ecion crpyirypi
~eone~ecioro rea, ne no((aircn ocoananni, nx ncnonenne nponano(nrcn no
npocro:y npniaay: icrpee. Bcn pnaanrnocri ncce(onannn n ro:, ~ro
npe(ciaaye:in peayirar oirani noy~aercn nenpe(ciaaye:i: nyre:, n
rain: opaao: nean oacri, ne (ocrynnan cocrnenno:y coananni ~eoneia,
oiaainaercn (ocrynnon npniaay.
Hpn .ro: nei ncce(onareen coa(ari :exann~eciyi :o(ei (nne-
nnn ia naia nnrepeca: nay~non oprannaannn rpy(a: nnecrn :exann~e-
cine :o(en (nnennn n cepnnnoe nponano(crno. Ho (n 5epnmrenna npe(-
ciaaye:ocri peayirara (nnennn ne oana~aa o(nonpe:enno n npe(ciaaye-
:ocri nn (ocrynnocri ocoanannn nx nponecca. B orn~ne or npe(crannreen
no]nanoornn roro npe:enn, 5epnmrenn c~nra, ~ro ncnioe (nnenne ia-
142
(in paa crponrcn no-nono:y. 3(eci on ne paa(ener ro~iy apennn H. H. Han-
ona o ro:, ~ro ia(on :imne coornercrnyer onpe(eennin apea roonnoro
:oara. 5epnmrenn ipnrniyer noaapennn Hanona na ~eone~ecinn :oar, cpan-
nnnan nx c npe(cranenne: o oprane, r(e (n roro, ~roi noy~nri onpe(e-
ennin peayirar, nyno naari coornercrnyimyi iannmy
2b
. Konnennnn
ca:oro 5epnmrenna ia c]op:ynponana n pa:iax y(ymen reopnn inep-
nernin, paay:eercn, ea ncnoiaonannn .roro rep:nna, nne(ennoro Hopepro:
Bnnepo: nmi n 1940-x rr. ]ainenman cy(ia 5epnmrenna, ero apecr n
cnnan c aanpemenne: inepnernin n ero noa(nnn peannrannn nicrpnpy-
ir ncropni paaneprinannn ncero norennnaa ero paori o nnayaino-ec-
coanareino:
2b
.
4OP1LHHAHO B NL]HALHLX KOH4HlYPAUHAX 1920-X lO]OB
Lcn ]oprennano XlX neia ca:o no cee :ono io i cnpane(nno
naanari :e(ny:o:, rai iai ono cyno nocnponane(enni :yaiin n nepeno-
cy onepnon n ionneprnon :yaiin n yirnyi ar:oc]epy (o:amnero caona, ro
n XX neie ono ycrynaer .rn ]yninnn ye (pyrn: cpe(crna: nocnponane(ennn
n nepe(a~n anyia. Honnnircn pa(no n rpa::o]on, ne rpeyimne or nx na-
(einen conix ynpanennn.
1or rnn (nciypca, ioropin n:e cnoe na~ao no 4pannnn n npnope
cnoi .crern~eciyi ]op:y n .ri(e, n nnanncre-nnpryoae cnoe xapairep-
noe nonomenne, a n :exann~ecio: nncrpy:enre cnoi yronni, aaion~ncn.
B conercion Poccnn e piano mcanique, r. e. :exannia n ne(arornia ]op-
reninnnon nrpi, io cne(eno i ncnxo]nanoorn~ecin: n no:exann~ecin:
ncce(onannn: ]oprennano i piano biologique.
1
N. etnslein, T. Fopoua. Unlersuchungen ber die Biodynamil des Klavieranschlags
;; Arbeilsphysiologie. Zeilschril r die Physiologie des Nenschen bei Arbeil und
Sporl. 1929. ! 1, b. S. 89b482.
2
K norpa]nn 5epnmrenna c:.: A. Ao.ulin. 1oward a Social Hislory o Soviel
Psychology. Cambridge, Nass.; London, 1984. P. b282.
8
Orcraocri Poccnn, c .ron ro~in apennn, repner cnoi peenanrnocri. H .ro ne
roiio noro:y, ~ro n Poccnn no nropon noonnne XlX neia ye cymecrnyer neci io:n-
eic ]op:nponannn npo]eccnonainix :yaiianron. C ro~in apennn connainon ncro-
pnn, npoe:a orcraocrn n ionreicre paor A. lacrena ~erio c]op:ynponana n cra-
rie: E. ,o6penxo. 5y( rpy(a: or po:ana c nponano(crno: i nponano(crnenno:y po:a-
ny ;; Wiener Slawislischer Almanach. 2008. ! b1. C. 178179: 'e: o~enn(nee
.ror nponano(crnenno-.crern~ecinn npoeir, ocnonannin na cnepx-iyirype rpy(a, ne
no(xo(n Poccnn c ee xoanncrnennon orcraocrii, paapyxon, orcyrcrnne: ne roiio
iyirypi nponano(crna n (ncnnnnni, no ca:on .rnin rpy(a, re: pa(niainee in
n(en pannonanaannn :yciyinoro rpy(a.
4
C:.: W. Schetet. Klavierspiele. Die Psycholechnil der Klaviere im 18. und 19.
Jahrhunderl. Nnchen, 1989; a raie: G. Wehmeiet. Carl Czerny und die Linzelhal am
Klavier oder Die Kunsl der lingererligleil und die induslrielle Arbeilsideologie. Kassel;
Basel; London; Zrich, 1988.
"!
b
C:.: . entuun. Hponane(enne nciyccrna n .noxy ero rexnn~ecion nocnpona-
no(n:ocrn ;; B. 5enin:nn. Oaapennn. N., 2000. C. 14b.
b
L. Ca6aneee. Hnci:a o :yaiie ll: Hponecc :exannaannn n ncnonennn ;; Ny-
aiiainin conpe:ennni 191b. C. 17.
7
A. Rulhatdl. Linleilung zur nlen und sechslen Aulage ;; J. C. Lschmanns
Wegweiser durch die Klavierlileralur ; Hg. v. A. Pulhardl. Lei pzig; Zrich u. a., 190b.
S. lX.
8
Cp.: E. Hanslick. \om Nusilalisch-Schnen. Lin Beilrag zur slhelil der 1onlunsl.
Lei pzig, 1902.
9
L. Ca6aneee. Yiaa. co~. C. 20
10
L. Sabanee.. 1he Process o mechanisalion in lhe Nusical Arl ;; 1he Nineleenlh
Cenlury. 1928. ! b. P. 117.
11
N. etnslein, T. Fopoua. Op. cil. S. 899.
12
!. Lis.l. lriedrich Chopin. Lei pzig, 1880. S. 8b.
18
C. Rosen. Klavier spielen ;; Lellre inlernalional. 2000. ! 48. S. 94.
14
H. Aptanoecxu. 4nanoorn~ecine ocnoni ]oprennannon rexnnin. CH., 1922.
C. b8. Cp. raie: conepmenno ecrecrnenni: nnnercn eanne, ~roi nnanncri
ocrannn ne (ocrnraimnn nen n ne(ymnn i aaoenannn: cnoco nay~ennn incre-
non nrpi oiran, npn:ennn ero roiio n o~eni orpann~ennix paa:epax ra:, r(e on
rpeyercn cnennaini:n aa(a~a:n.
1b
1a: e. C. 70.
1b
Cp.: N. etnslein, T. Fopoua. Op. cil. S. 400.
17
N. etnslein, T. Fopoua. Op. cil. S. 898.
18
B ne:enionai~nix, onynionannix n lep:annn reicrax 5epnmrenn naainaer
ero Kymozyllograph.
19
O ]nanoorn~ecinx ncce(onannnx c no:omii ipnnix c:., nanp.: Sotapa de
Chadate.ian. Die Nelhode der Kurven in der Physiologie zwischen 18b0 und 1900 ;;
Ansichlen der Wissenschalsgeschichle ; Hg. v. Nichael Hagner. lranlurl a. N., 2008.
S. 1b1188.
20
Cp., nanp.: M. taun. Picluring 1ime. 1he Worl o Llienne-Jules Narey (1880
1904). Chicago; London, 1992. P. 840848.
21
Hpn .ro: ca: (nci oryparopa :or o(nonpe:enno ninonnri ]yninni cnpeni,
c:. o .ro: nne.
22
Cp., nanp., H. Schmidgen. Le cur mis a nu. Novemenl-lmages in Lxperimenlal
Physiology, 188018b0. (hllp:;;vlp.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de;essays;dala;arl4;
index.hlml) n ero e o ncnoiaonannn ia:eprona npn anyioaanncn ]onanrorpa]o: na
npn:epe roan(cioro ]nanoora 4panca Kopnenca ]on(epca: H. Schmidgen. Sound,
Wriling, and lhe Speed o 1houghl. Physiological 1ime Lxperimenls in Ulrechl, 18b0
1870 ;; H. Schmidgen (ed.). Lxperimenlal Arcades: 1he Nalerialily o 1ime Pelalions
in Lie Sciences, Arl and 1echnology (18801980). Conerence al lhe Bauhaus Universily
Weimar 242b Nay 2002. P. 2b44. C (pyron croponi, nnrepecno or:ernri, ~ro
nep]opnponannie (ncin ncnoiaonanci n npn naroronennn pnconannoro anyia.
O .ro: c:. n nacronme: ro:e crarii H. Hanoona n ero e: Ha ncropnn pnconan-
noro anyia n CCCP ;; Knnone(~ecine aanncin. ! b8. 2001.
28
N. etnslein, T. Fopoua. Op. cil. S. 898.
24
. entuun. Hponane(enne nciyccrna n .noxy ero rexnn~ecion nocnponano(n-
:ocrn. C. 14b.
144
2b
Cp.: S. Geto.ilch. lrom Newspeal lo Cyberspeal. A Hislory o Soviel Cybernelics.
Cambridge, Nass.; London, 2002. P. 444b.
2b
O (ainenmen cy(ie 5epnmrenna c:.: S. Geto.ilch. Op. cil.; H. Cupomxuna.
H. A. 5epnmrenn: lo(i (o n noce Hanoncion ceccnn ;; Penpeccnponannan nayia ;
Ho( pe(. N. l. Apomencioro. ., 1991. C. 81982b; H. Cupomxuna. 4nanoornn ai-
rnnnocrn H. A. 5epnmrenna: cranonenne nonoro nay~noro nanpanennn ;; Bedingungen
r die Lnlslehung und Lnlwicllung neuer lorschungsrichlungen. Beilrge zum 2.
lnlernalionalen Symposium vom 28.2b. November 1988 in Berlin. 1eil ll. (Kolloquien-
Hel b9). Berlin, 1989. S. 8b1870.
"#
3. BH3YARLHLE MEHA
PO3AHH]L CAP1OP1H
4O1OKYL1YPA ll, HH BLPHOL BH]LHHL
4ororpa]nn na(~epnna iyirypi.
Poan 5apr (1979)
Kro :or panime no(y:ari, ~ro conercine ]ororpa]nn 1980-x rr. o(na(i
nicrannr oi o oi c a:epniancin:n paora:n roro e npe:enn, ~roi ne
roiio noiaaari, nacioiio cxon narn(i ]ororpa]on na oreir nx .cre-
rnia, nx niop :ornna no npe(e ncero ~roi ninnnri nx omyi nanpan-
ennocri: n oenx crpanax paori ]ororpa]on npece(onan nponaran(ncr-
cine nen.
H (encrnnreino, .icnoannnn nicranin, npe(cranennon n 1999 ro(y n
Hii-Hopie n Bamnnrrone
1
, nopaaer naocrii naopaanreinix cpe(crn
n conercinx n a:epniancinx paorax rpn(narix ro(on. 'ro .ro 5naocri n
cxoecri, ycioiaanmne npe(e or namero nnn:annn 5naocri n cxoecri,
ioropie :i in ne n cocronnnn yonnri 5iri :oer, :i c:orpen na nnx
cinoai n(eoorn~ecine o~in n roiio c oion~anne: xoo(non nonni nam
narn( na nnx nepe:enncn Heyen nepe( na:n (encrnnreino re ca:ie,
ior(a-ro nonrn~ecin (ncipe(nrnponannie ]ororpa]nn H eme: ~ro omero
n:eir nicranennie n 1999 ro(y paori c nnayaini: oniro: n ]orope-
ainocrii, onpe(ennmn:n nani n ir conercinx rpa(an roro npe:enn
3rn nonpoci aacrannir eme paa nepnyricn i ncropnn paannrnn coner-
cion ]ororpa]nn npn Cranne, n ~acrnocrn, i pon ]ororpa]on n ]ororpa-
]nn n (ee crponreicrna nonoro omecrna. 3ror nponecc npe(crann co-
on, iai nnmer Ba(n:np Hanepnin npn:ennreino i ncropnn conercion
apxnreirypi, cnoero po(a opiy iyiryp, ion]nir :e(y :o(epnna:o:;
ananrap(o: n cranncion iyirypon connancrn~ecioro peana:a, (pyrn:n
cona:n ion]nir :e(y iyirypon l n iyirypon ll
2
. Hpornnonocrane-
nne Hanepnoro nnone npnon:o n i ncropnn paannrnn conercion ]ororpa-
]nn, nnyrpn ioropon (annan onnoannnn npe(craer iai npornnoopcrno ]oro-
iyirypi l, ro ecri ]ororpa]nn ananrap(a, ornnennon noni: nn(enne:, n
]oroiyirypi ll ]ororpa]nn, c]op:nponanmen .noxy crannna:a. ]an-
nnn cnop o npe(noarae:on oreirnnnocrn oreirnna n ayrenrn~nocrn cnn:-
ia npnope n Conercio: Coiae neoi~annyi ocrpory nnn(y ipannnx noan-
nnn, aann:ae:ix ]oroiyirypon l n ]oroiyirypon ll. Bn(n:oe n nenn(n:oe
na cnn:ie noy~ao craryc nonrn~ecioro niciaainannn n :oro crari (n
]ororpa]a nonpoco: nann n c:eprn.
B nonpocax nonrnin n .crernin oe iyirypi n:en cnonx coiannion,
:ennimnxcn npe:n or npe:enn, rai ~ro ion]nir nocn ne roiio nnyrpennnn
14b
xapairep, no na npornennn :nornx (ecnrnernn, n ro: ~nce n noce pacna(a
CCCP, nce eme onpe(en ornomenne 3ana(a i npo(yinnn ]oroiyiryp l n ll.
1ai, nanpn:ep, npnananne ana~ennn conercioro ]oronciyccrna, iai n npn-
nnrne ero .crern~ecinx nop:, nnnoci aa pyeo: nipaenne: nonrn~e-
cion con(apnocrn nnori (o .noxn xoo(non nonni. 3ana(nin narn(, rain:
opaao:, nnior(a ne i e(nni:: (n ioro-ro nana~ainon ia .crernia,
oro(nnranman nonrn~ecioe co(epanne na nropon nan, (pyrne e pacc:ar-
pnnan .crerniy n nonrniy iai .e:enri e(nnoro n ne(en:oro neoro.
Coornercrnenno, ornomennn, no((epnnae:ie c o(non na iyiryp, nnnnci
orpaenne: omero ion]nira :e(y 3ana(o: n Bocroio:.
4O1OlPA4HA H COUHALHAA ]LHC1BH1LLHOC1L
4ororpa]i iai ananrap(a, rai n (pyroro, oee ioncepnarnnnoro nanpan-
ennn, oiaaanmnecn noae n npornnonoonix arepnx, nn(en n cnoen pa-
ore nia( n nocrpoenne connana:a n c~nran rain: opaao: cnoi (en-
reinocri nonrn~ecion n pa:iax npoeira nannonainoro n :e(ynapo(-
noro ana~ennn. 4ororpa]nn (ona ia nepecrari iri roiio nponane(e-
nne: xy(oecrnennoro rnop~ecrna, no(~nnennoro npnnnnny nciyccrno (n
nciyccrna, ona (ona ia crari npnia(non (ncnnnnnon n n nepnyi
o~epe(i npn no:omn penopranon, raaernon ]oronicrpannn. H:enno ona n
cocranna n(po ]oroiyirypi ll, ocoennocrn ioropon y(yr pacc:orpeni
nne na npn:epe paannrnn ]oronicrpannn conercion npecci.
Kai ye or:e~aoci, aa(a~a ]ororpa]nn cocrona n ro:, ~roi (oiy:en-
rnponari nponecc crponreicrna nonoro omecrna. 3rn (oiy:enri (oni
in nn]op:nponari conercinx rpa(an n aapyenix ~nrareen o (ocrnr-
nyrix n xo(e paor ycnexax, (ai no:n:o ncero npo~ero yne~i 3ana( (eo:
connana:a. Ueii crannoci ne roiio coa(anne ypnancrcion nicrpa-
nnn na airyainie nonrn~ecine re:i (nn: na ]ororpa]ni in noaoe-
ni ]yninnn npocnemennn n nocnnrannn nonrn~ecioro coanannn. Hni:n co-
na:n, pe~i ma o ncnoiaonannn ]ororpa]nn n nenx arnrannn n nponaran-
(i, o nanpanenno: noa(encrnnn, o nonirie oiaaari nnnnne na nocnpnnrne
connainon (encrnnreinocrn c no:omii ]oronaopaennn. 3ra ycranonia
ia omen (n ]oroiyirypi l n ]oroiyirypi ll.
O(naio n:enno n raion nocranonie aa(a~n n ipicn iopeni ion]nira,
nacymnin nonpoc o ro:, c no:omii iainx cpe(crn ]ororpa]nn :oer (oc-
rn~i nocranennon nen, a n ione~no: nrore nacioiio npnro(na ]ororpa-
]nn iai cpe(crno nnayainoro oropaennn (encrnnreinocrn (n nepe(a~n
rpan(noanocrn n(en n coa(annn iaprnni nceomero crponreicrna connan-
crn~ecioro omecrna n nicrpannn (ocrnrnyrix na .ro: nyrn ycnexon.
O]nnnainan (nciyccnn o ]op:e n co(epannn ]ororpa]nn n connan-
crn~ecio: omecrne, c ocoon ocrporon paanepnynmancn c na~ao: nepnon
nnrnerin n 1928 ro(y, n neo: nanecrna. Ho~rn ~eripe ro(a nenci cepiea-
nie (eari :e(y ]ororpa]a:n ananrap(a npe(crannren:n nonoro nn-
(ennn, coa(anmn:n n 1980 ro(y rpynny Oirnpi
8
, n npe(crannnmn:n o-
ee rpa(nnnonnoe nanpanenne ~ena:n Poccnncioro ore(nnennn npoerap-
"%
cinx ]ororpa]on (POH4). Hocranonenne UK O nepecrponie nreparypno-
xy(oecrnennix oprannaannn noono n anpee 1982 ro(a ionen .rn:
(nciyccnn: (no ncnio: cy~ae, na iaioe-ro npe:n) n crao nepni: noe(-
ni: .rano: ]oroiyirypi ll.
]n (enreen ananrap(a penoinnonnoe ononenne ]op: xy(oecrnen-
noro nipaennn n nocnpnnrnn io neor(en:o or pa(niainix omecrnen-
nix npeopaaonannn. Ocnn 5pni, ronopn n o(non na cnonx craren 1928 ro(a o
]ororpa]nn, ycranannnaer a(eci npn:yi aanncn:ocri: Bcnian ]nicannn
oreira :ero(a:n craporo npe:enn noanpamaer nac n i n(eoornn .roro cra-
poro npe:enn
4
. Hncarei-]airorpa] n ]oroypnancr Cepren 1perinion
or:ern ro(o: panime no nono(y nncareicioro (ea, ~ro (onoennan nop:a
n ]op:e nornnya aa coon (onoennyi nop:y n n(eoorni
b
. 3rn: yrnep-
(aoci, ~ro npo(oaimne cymecrnonari nn nnoni nonnnimnecn (openo-
innonnie ]op:i n cnocoi xy(oecrnennoro nipaennn n nciyccrne cnn-
(ereicrnyir o nan~nn (openoinnonnoro :imennn n cymecrnonannn (o-
penoinnonnix omecrnennix nponeccon.
B 1928 ro(y npornnnnin ioncrpyirnnncrcioro naiia ]op: eme :orn no-
anonri cee yrnep(enne, ~ro aane~arennie na cnn:iax ]airi crpon-
reicrna, ]apnin, ioxoai, rpairopa n a(annn ronopnr ca:n aa cen, a .icne-
pn:enrainie, napymaimne rpa(nnnonnoe nocnpnnrne ]ororpa]nn, npe(no-
~nrae:ie ananrap(ncra:n, roiio orneiair or nonix connancrn~ecinx nn-
ennn
b
. Hannnan nepa n nioi npncymnn ]ororpa]nn peana: nciope oep-
nyaci aay(enne:.
HOBOL BH]LHHL
Ho( crapi:n :ero(a:n n cpe(crna:n craporo npe:enn ]ororpa]i
ananrap(a nonn:an nepenecenne rpa(nnnonnix naopaanreinix ]op: n-
nonncn n ]oronciyccrno. 1nnn~nie (n nnonncn omne nani n nepcnei-
rnna narn(a na yponne raa, iaionyi Aeican(p Po(~enio npn:ennreino i
]ororpa]nn noe:n~ecin naana cre:ion c nyna annapar na nnore
7
,
nman apnren noa:onocrn ynn(eri (nna:niy nonoro :npa no nce: paa:a-
xe. 3ro ia, n ione~no: c~ere, nepcneirnna, cnoncrnennan npe(mecrnyimn:
:o(epny .noxa:: nepcneirnna, rocno(crnonanman n nepinn n xapairepnan (n
oimnncrna nponano(crnennix nponeccon n (onn(ycrpnaino: omecrne.
H, ione~no, .ro ia nepcneirnna rpa(nnnonnon ]ororpa]nn ne(i ne cy-
~anno (n roro, ~roi c(eari ipynnin nan rooni, ]ororpa]npye:oro ~eo-
neia aacrannn cecri. C ro~in apennn ananrap(a, nnonncn ne ocraoci :ec-
ra n nn(ycrpnaino: omecrne, ocnonanno: na nocronnno: na:enennn, n noro-
:y ona pano nn noa(no y(er nirecnena ]ororpa]nen, oee ciopon, oee
ro~non n oa(aimen i ro:y e oimn: onrn~ecin: norennnao:.
Ka(in inmnn cnoe nciyccrno nmer cymnocrn cnoen rexnnin ra-
ion i rn:n ]anrn Beprona, nponerin n: no cany conpe:ennon nann n
inno n 1922 ro(y
8
. Penoinnonnie .icnepn:enri, npone(ennie inne:aro-
rpa]ncra:n conercioro ananrap(a, noniranmn:ncn oripiri nonin :np cpe(-
148
crna:n inno, :orn iri renepi npo(oeni n n oacrn ]ororpa]nn n
ro: ~nce aro(apn (ainenme:y paannrni ]ororexnnin, nonnenni io:-
nairnix ]oroia:ep n iaryme~non nenin.
Crapin narn( na nemn npe(crannren ananrap(a niraircn aa:ennri
noni: nipaanreini: naiio:, cnenn]n~ecion ]op:on naopaennn, oy-
conennon ocoennocrn:n, npncymn:n rexnn~ecin: noa:onocrn: ]oro-
rpa]nn. ]ennao: crao .icnepn:enrainoe opamenne c ]oroannaparo:, or-
ipirne :npa ~epea oreirnn, nonoe, ]ororpa]n~ecioe nn(enne. Hoiaaari :np
rain:, iain: ero nniro ne nn(e panime, ior(a ne io eme .roro onrnio-
:exann~ecioro no(py~noro cpe(crna, a ecn n nn(e, ro na :rnonenie, ne
n:en noa:onocrn y(epari ero n aane~areri n nnayaino: opaae. Ynn-
(eri :np, ne crarn~no aa:epen n ycrannnmnci nnepe(, iai n (onn(ycrpnai-
nie npe:ena a n nrpe, n (nnennn, npoyn nonie rexnn~ecine cpe(crna.
lannan nei renepi (onricn onrn~ecioro ocrpanennn oreira n re: ca-
:i: paapymnri anro:arna: nocnpnnrnn, noiaaari anaio:in oreir, iaaan-
mnncn npnni~ni:, n neoi~no: paiypce: cnnay, cnepxy, co ncex cropon, ne-
on(anno naio, nepenepnyri:, nanpannri ia:epy na or(einyi (erai, pa-
aopari npe(:er yinaino na ~acrn, aacrannri ero paa(nnnyri cnon rpannni,
ninrn aa pa:in, ~roi noro: na coennn :noecrna nepcneirnn noy~nri
ne roiio nonin (nna:n~ecinn narn( na oreir, no n nnyi cncre:y naan:o-
ornomennn :e(y ~eoneio:, nicrynaimn: n ia~ecrne apnren, n oipyai-
mn: :npo: n neo:. Henpnni~noe na cnn:ie (ono aacrannri apnren
ocranonnricn na iaioe-ro :rnonenne, aa(eparicn; ono npnanano io npn-
rop:oanri, iai ronopnoci ror(a, nocnpnnrne apnren, aacrannri ero eme paa
narnnyri na naopaenne, npnc:orpericn n n peayirare noanari nonoe.
3ra nonan ]op:a nn(ennn pacnpocrpannaci n ro: ~nce (n (ae npe(e
ncero) na npe(:er, n:enye:in ~eoneio:. i(n (oni in y~nricn
nn(eri cen n nno: paiypce, ne orpann~nnanci ro~ion apennn penrnoanoro
]eo(ainoro omecrna, r(e ]nan~ecinn rpy( ne c~nracn nicmen (enreino-
crii. Barn( c noannnn ~annon oin na croe, ior(a ~eone~ecine rooni
oiaainaircn :enime ~annnia n ~amei. Barn( co croponi paa(poennoro
na or(einie (nnennn pao~ero nponecca nn raaa:n :amnn, ioropi:n
ynpannir i(n, nponano(nmne (onoino pncionannie (nnennn n npenpa-
maimnecn n npn(aroi :amnn, pn(o: c ioropi:n onn nnor(a iayrcn ipo-
me~ni:n nnnyra:n. i(n (oni in nay~nricn nn(eri :np n (nne-
nnn, na icrpon ciopocrn, iai n :o:enrainon cre:ie, conno ri ernmi na
peime: noere n :aeniio: mario: a.ponane.
B .ro: n nn(ecn nacronmnn ano]eoa ~eoneia n ero nacrn, a ]ororpa-
]nn ananrap(a npnanani in (oiy:enrnponari ]airi nonon conercion (en-
crnnreinocrn, npoy(an n y:noan crpacrnin nocropr, nianannin .rn:n
]aira:n. Ycranonia na (nna:naanni onrn~ecioro nocnpnnrnn c no:omii
noa:onocren ]ororpa]nn n:ea neii nipaanri (nna:niy connancrn~e-
cioro crponreicrna, c(eari nocnpnnrne coirne:, none~i apnren n .ror
nponecc n c(eari ero nocnree: ynn(ennoro (nnennn. Ho(xo( i ]ororpa-
]nn iai :exann~ecio:y nocnponane(enni (encrnnreinocrn ne :ema anan-
rap(y nn(eri n nen cpe(crno pa(niainoro na:enennn ne roiio nnayainoro
:imennn, no n omecrnennoro coanannn.
"'
Honoe nn(enne c ero nocropenni: ornomenne: i rexnnie noome n i
onrn~ecin: noa:onocrn: oreirnna n ~acrnocrn ne orpann~nnaoci nmi
Conercin: Coiao: n io ne :enee mnpoio pacnpocrpaneno n 3ana(non
Lnpone n CLA, iai .ro nn(no no :noro~ncenni: ]oronicrania: nanpn-
:ep, no nicrania: Hpecca (1928, Kein) nn Knno n ]ororpa]nn (1929,
Lryrrrapr). Cpe(n y~acrnnion noce(nen, napn(y c CCCP n CLA, in 5ei-
rnn, lep:annn, Beniopnrannn, 4pannnn, loan(nn, Lnennapnn n 'exocona-
inn. B crarie 4ororpa]n~ecioe :nponoaapenne, onynionannon n 1929 ro-
(y n lep:annn, ronopnrcn: 1aioe oripirne (encrnnreinocrn nnnercn :nc-
cnen ]ororpa]nn |...] Le cymnocri na ca:o: rynnno: yponne coornercrny-
er crpyirype cero(nnmnen iaprnni :npa, ee (eonon no(xo( i ]nicannn oi-
pyaimnx nnennn coornercrnyer ]op:a: :imennn noioennn nnene-
pon
9
. Hnenep, (eonnrin n o(nonpe:enno ncnonennin .nryanaa:a, cra
n(eaini: npn:epo: ornomennn i :npy, a n Conercio: Coiae n:enno nnca-
rei Cepren 1perinion (a ne Crann) ornnn n 1929 ro(y cnonx coparien
no nepy nnenepa:n ~eone~ecinx (ym.
Crnncrn~ecian cxoecri nonix cpe(crn nipaennn, r. e. .crern~ecian
naocri conercioro ananrap(a c aana(ni:, cirpaa poionyi poi n cy(ie
conercinx ]ororpa]on. 5naocri i crni ]oropaor iannrancrn~ecioro 3a-
na(a ia npnpannena i nonrn~ecion naocrn, npn~e: nonrn~ecine ye-
(ennn aana(nix ioer a n oimnncrne cnoe: aana(nin xy(oecrnennin
ananrap( cionncn neno noome ne y~nrinanci. Honepxnocrnoro cxo(crna
io (ocraro~no (n roro, ~roi c(eari coornercrnyimne nino(i n onapy-
nri n cocrnennon crpane iaccono ~y(oro npara, ioroporo renepi :ono
io erio (ncipe(nrnponari, (ai yipennri cnon cocrnennie noannnn.
HOBLL 4OPNL HOBOL CO]LPAAHHL
Ho (encrnnreino n croi nocropenno i npnnnr ]oroananrap( n
ca:o: Conercio: Coiae C na~ao: nepnon nnrnerin n 1928 ro(y :e(y
npe(crannren:n or(einix rpynnnponoi n ore(nnennn paaropenci ome-
crnennie (eari o ]op:e n co(epannn no ncex oacrnx nciyccrna n
nreparypi, n ro: ~nce n ]ororpa]nn. Ha~nnan c .roro :o:enra nonan .cre-
rnia ananrap(ncrcion ]ororpa]nn, ornnennan ]op:ancrcion n, ce(ona-
reino, ypyaano-(eia(enrcion, oiaaaaci n onae. Hanpn:ep, ~eni POH4,
oripirie npornnnnin Po(~enio, nyn~no onnnnn ero n ceno: no(paa-
reicrne aana(non :o(e n (ae n narnare y Aiepra Penrep-Har~a n aco
Noron-Ha(n. O]nnnainix aannennn o nonrn~ecion opie aa crponrei-
crno connana:a n airnnnon paori n oacrn ]oroypnancrnin io
nnno ne(ocraro~no, ~roi nperen(onari na nn(noe :ecro n conercio: ome-
crne. 4op:ainin naii ioncrpyirnnna:a c ero yce~ennon nepcneirnnon ne
niaina oime y ipnrnion n nynin ocoennoro nocropra, narainnanci
ciopee na peaioe nenpnnrne. lannin ynpei n a(pec ananrap(ncron cno(n-
cn i ro:y, ~ro onn n cnonx paorax aainair o ~eoneie. Ko:ann, n yio-
po~ennon nepcneirnne noy~nnmnncn paa:epo: n oxy n aa(nnnyrin i
1b0
ca:o:y ipai cnn:ia, nano(n na :ici, ~ro na cnn:ie crnxnn (oneer na(
paay:o: n noen ~eoneia, |ioroporo] oirnpenni` ne inr
10
. Ho :nenni
ipnrnion, nocioiiy raine cnn:in nea(einarno orpaair (ocrnennn n o-
acrn crponreicrna connana:a, :ecro n: ne n conercinx, a n ypyaa-
nix na(annnx. 3ro orpnnareinoe ornomenne oiaaaoci (onoino cronin:,
iai nn(no no nnrepnii Napia Napiona-lpnnepra, ]ororpa]a, inmero ~ena
POH4, ioropin 70 er cnycrn, ncno:nnan o ]oroananrap(e, ciaaa: Hx crpan-
nie nepcneirnni, iai npanno, ne npannnci peancra:. Kai :ono n(rn
n(oi (naronainoro ropnaonra 1yr na(o io iri ciaoaao:
11
.
B ~e: e ia npn~nna ia:nannn npornn ]ororpa]on ananrap(a n oriy(a
nponcxo(no .ro airnnnoe nenpnnrne nonon ]ororpa]nn, nonon ]oro.cre-
rnin Ha ca:o: n (ee cnn:in ne npannnci nx npornnnnia: (Biciaaina-
nne Napiona-lpnnepra nano(nr na .ry :ici.) He n:ee: n :i (eo c
nein: npecimenne: ]ororpa]n~ecin: .icnepn:enro: n nireiaimn: orci-
(a eanne: nepnyricn i rpa(nnnonnon nanopa:e, e(nncrny naopaennn
12
Hn aa .rn: cronr eanne or:eenaricn or aarpann~nix :o(nix nennnn
n oacrn ]ororpa]nn A :oer iri, nce (eo io n ipacore ]op:i, n
.crern~ecio: naca(ennn, ioropoe :orn noy~nri or .roro naopaennn n
nonrn~ecine npornnnnin, ~ro nacropannao conercioe pyiono(crno n npn-
no(no i nyn~no:y onnnenni n anrnconercinx nacrpoennnx Hn .ro i-
o ncero nmi nonyncrcion ycrynion ioncepnarnnno:y niycy oimnncrna
n .e:enrapnon opion aa :arepnainie pecypci n yconnnx orpann~ennix
noa:onocren n crporo ionrponpye:oro (ocryna i ne~arni: na(annn:
18
O(noana~noro ornera na .rn nonpoci ner. Heco:nenno, :ono pacc:arpn-
nari rpeonanne e(nncrna naopaennn, ni(nnnyroe :norn:n ]ororpa]a:n,
:apicncrcin: noxo(o: npornn ]par:enrannn, iai noiaaaa Naprapnra 1y-
nnnina na :arepnae (nciyccnn, paanepnynmencn :e(y 5pexro: n yia-
~e:
14
. Ho .ro eme (aeio ne nc~epninaimnn orner. Ni n:ee: (eo c ren-
(ennnen, n:enmen cnon anaorn no ncex n(eoorn~ecinx arepnx, n ro: ~nce
n aa npe(ea:n Conercioro Coiaa. B eno: ne:enio: ]oroypnae Der
Arbeiler-lologra, nanpn:ep, ipnrnia nonon ]ororpa]nn ninaci n ipnrniy
:emancrna: On paa(ener renepi :np na (ne peainocrn peainocri, noc-
npnnn:ae:yi ~eone~ecin: raao:, n peainocri onrn~eciyi. H nce roiio
(n roro, ~roi ne nn(eri :np rain:, iaion on ecri! Aypnancri ypyaa-
nix raaer roe ceronan na orcyrcrnne n ]ororpa]nn connainoro cie-
ra n ncno nipaennon nonrn~ecion iaprnni :npa. 4pannyacioe io::y-
nncrn~ecioe nicrpnponannoe na(anne Pegards n nonce naerao rexnnin
ocrpanennn n npo~nx nnayainix .icnepn:enron, ioropie :orn i cnri c
roiy ~nraren. 3ro ia cnoero po(a ioncepnarnnnan peainnn n (yxe ipnrn-
in iyirypi na peaino nepenroe pacna(enne n ]par:enrnponanne nann,
na crpa(annn, npn~nnennie :o(epnna:o:. Orpnnanne nnayainon ]par:en-
rannn ecri nipaenne rocin no neocrnocrn irnn, rai ~ro ynpei n a(pec
ananrap(ncron n ro:, ~ro onn nioi aain ~eoneia, ne nmen ocnonannn,
nocioiiy onn in e(nncrnenni:n, iro cy:e .crern~ecin oc:icnri n
noiaaari ea npnipac peainie noce(crnnn rexnnaannn n nn(ycrpnanaannn,
panno iai n yrpoay cyreiry n :npe nemen.
#
Onpe(eennyi poi n .ron orpnnareinon peainnn na ananrap( cirpao
ro ocronreicrno, ~ro :ero(i enoro nciyccrna rpeonan raioro coanannn,
ioropoe io i n cocronnnn ne roiio orpemnricn or nana~ainoro npn-
ni~noro nocnpnnrnn, or (annoro 5oro:, n paapaorari noa:onocri nnoro
ornomennn i noni: ]op:a: nann, no n rnop~ecin oc:icnri paannny :e(y
aa(anni:n n noa:oni:n cnocoa:n nocnpnnrnn. Nnorne na ]ororpa]on-
ananrap(ncron n rpynne Oirnpi in n npomo: xy(onnia:n-ioncr-
pyirnnncra:n nn e paoran n .icnepn:enrainix naopaanreinix :ac-
repcinx n noro:y c~nran cen nnenepa:n or nciyccrna. Onn n ea ]oroan-
napara oa(an ananrn~ecin: apenne:, ioropi: ne na(eo oimnncrno
]ororpa]on POH4a.
Kaioro po(a ]oronciyccrno (ono io npnnrn na c:eny ananrap(non
]ororpa]nn Kai .ro nncrnyer na (nciyccnn rex er, ~eni POH4a nacron~n-
no npo(oan rpeonari nonnrnon, peancrn~ecion, a ne ocrpanennon ]op-
:i naopaennn. B coornercrnnn c .rn: :norne npe(crannren ananrap(a
noniranci npncnoconricn i norpenocrn: oimero peana:a, any~an-
mn: co ncex cropon. Ocnonnoe nnn:anne y(enoci renepi paannrni none-
crnonareinon ]ororpa]nn, ]oroypnancrnin, cocpe(oro~nnmencn na ]oro-
pacciaae, ]oroo~epie. Cepren 1perinion rpeona cnennn ]ororpa]nn n
inno aa c~er rai naainae:oro (nreinoro ]oro-nai(ennn
1b
. Kai e ni-
rn(en .rn peancrn~ecine ]ororpa]nn n ~ro onn ninpan n ia~ecrne
oreira nai(ennn
KOPPLK1HOL BOCHPHA1HL: '1O BH]HO H 'LlO HL BH]HO,
HH AH3HL 4HHHHOBLX
Apin: npn:epo: nonecrnonareinon ]oronynnncrnin, niananmen oi-
mon nnrepec aa rpannnen, craa cepnn 24 ~aca na nann pao~en ce:in 4n-
nnnonix, n ioropyi nomo oee nnrn(ecnrn cnn:ion, ninonennix n
1981 ro(y necioiin:n ]ororpa]a:n POH4a no aaiaay Coia]oro
1b
. Cepnn
ia noiaaana cna~aa n Nocine, a aare: n paan~nix crpanax Lnponi. Cero-
(nn :ono ciaaari, ~ro .ro ]orononecrnonanne n no ]op:aini: npnanaia:, n
no reopern~ecin: npnnnnna:, eamn: n ero ocnone, nnnoci nonoporni:
:o:enro: n ncropnn conercion ]ororpa]nn, no oana:enonao coon nepexo(
or ]oroiyirypi l i ]oroiyirype ll.
Bne ncnioro co:nennn, cepnn npece(onaa nponaran(ncrcine nen. Ha
npn:epe ce:in :ocioncioro pao~ero 4nnnnona apnren aa rpannnen (o-
ni in cocrannri npe(cranenne o nonon, eaoa~non nann pao~nx n
Conercio: Coiae, n .ro, cy(n no oraina: npecci, n ro: ~nce n ypyaanon, n
nonon :epe y(aoci
17
. Bce croponi aronoy~non, paanoopaanon, naci-
mennon rpy(onon n ce:ennon nann 4nnnnonix na paore, n aano(cion
croonon, n :araanne, n mioe, aa aannrnn:n cnopro:, n cnoo(noe npe:n, n
(o:amnen ocranonie in npe(craneni n narn(non, ye(nreinon n
(ocrynnon ]op:e n namn cnoe orpaenne n cnn:iax, orn~anmnxcn c ]op-
:ainon n rexnn~ecion ro~in apennn neoi~anno nicoin: yponne:. Or(ei-
1b2
nie ]ororpa]nn in pacnooeni rain: opaao:, ~ro y apnren (encrnn-
reino coa(anaoci nne~arenne, y(ro nepe( nn: or(einie .nnao(i inno-
]ni:a, no ioropi: on :oer npoce(nri nenocpe(crnennoe re~enne (nn npn
nono: omymennn cocrnennon conpn~acrnocrn. Hpan(a nocnnrna .ron
]oroncropnn paanepnyryi crarii, n ioropon ocoo no(~epinnaoci omecr-
nennoe ana~enne cepnn, ornnennon opaanonon
18
, n .ra nicoian onenia co
croponi nenrpainoro oprana naprnn, eayconno, no :noro: nonnna na ro,
~ro ]oropenopran ncex noce(yimnx er cnn:anci n cocrannnci no
opaany Ce:in 4nnnnonix
19
.
Ce(yer or:ernri, o(naio, ~ro peana: cnn:ion n nperenann na (oiy-
:enrainocri, c ioropon ia npe(cranena nani pn(onon ce:in, nianaa y
nocernreen nicranin n Nocine peainn nporecr. Hx cocrnennin cyrei-
rnnnin onir nonce(nennon nann nniai ne conna(a c oreirnnnon peai-
nocrii, npe(cranennon na ]orocnn:iax, n apnren yinaino aanann pe-
(ainni ]oroypnaa ~nrareicin:n nnci:a:n, n ioropix onn peaio nicry-
nan npornn nepeancrn~noro naopaennn ira. Onn nniai ne :orn
coornecrn nani ce:in pao~ero 4nnnnona co cnon: cocrnenni: oniro:.
]ocraro~no ciaaari, ~ro ncninn, iro i anaio: c eana(eno nepenonen-
ni: omecrnenni: rpancnopro: n cronne, rn(n na y(ono pacnoonnme-
rocn n npocropno: n noynycro: rpa:nae ronapnma 4nnnnona, e(ymero na
paory, ne:nnye:o npnxo(n i nino(y, ~ro pe~i a(eci n(er o nncnennponie,
ioropan nnion: opaao: ne coornercrnonaa :ocioncion (encrnnreinocrn.
'ro .ro io Ho((eia, oi Ho o]nnnainon nepcnn, paay:eercn, ner
20
.
B orner na ipnrniy nocernreen nicranin pe(ainnn no:ecrna coorner-
crnyimee noncnenne, na ioroporo ce(onao, ~ro ]ororpa]nn npnanana noia-
ainari ro, ~ero omecrno :oer (ocrnrnyri ]ororpa]i (oni in npe-
(yra(inari y(ymee. ]aee coomaoci, ~ro .ro y(ymee ye co(epnrcn n
nacronme: n aa(a~a ]ororpa]nn npn(ari e:y apn:ie ]op:i. ]ae ecn
i ana:ennrin` noynycron rpa:nan i nncnennponion, cepnn ne craa i
or .roro :enee peancrn~non n npan(nnon. Ho npan(nnocri cepnn ne n nary-
pancrn~ecion nepe(a~e (eraen, a n ro:, ~ro n ocnone ee enr nanran na
(encrnnreinon nann nnyrpennnn npan(a
21
. B 1982 ro(y, cy(n no nce:y,
nonnrnn npan(nnocri n narypancrn~nocri ne conna(an: ]n roro ~ro-
i iri npan(nni:, ]orocnn:iy ne onaareino iri narypancrn~ni:. |...]
4amncrcian iacia nnior(a ne eaa na croe npean(ny:a Penxcrara. O(na-
io nce .ro |...] nocnpnnn:aercn na:n iai nnone peainoe |...] 3ro n or(ener
rnop~ecioe ]oronciyccrno or nocio-narypancrn~ecioro` ionnponannn na-
nn
22
. Kai ncno:nnaer poccnncinn ncropni ]oronciyccrna Crnrneen, ]oroce-
pnn o ce:ie 4nnnnonix n n ca:o: (ee neci:a ye(nreino naneiaa
y(ymee na ynioro nacronmero: 5oimnncrno aacranno cen nepnri, nyno
io roiio ne:noro na:ennri coananne. Nenimnncrno ne nepno
28
.
1ain: opaao:, aa(oro (o o]nnnainoro nponoaramennn n 1984 ro(y
connancrn~ecioro peana:a iai e(nncrnennoro npanninoro :ero(a coner-
cion nreparypi, nciyccrna n nayin cepnn 24 ~aca na nann pao~en ce:in
4nnnnonix craa nepni: ]oropenoprae:, n ioropo: ]oroiyirypa ll
npoonaa cnon cni n ioropin nocyn ocnonon nepnix noniroi reope-
rn~ecioro oocnonannn ocooro cnocoa naopaennn, onnpaimerocn na npnnnn-
#!
ni npoerapcioro ]oronciyccrna
24
. Hpn .ro: o(nn: na nenrpainix no-
nnrnn ia nncnennponia, ea ioropon, iai c~nraoci, nenoa:ono oonrnci,
ecn neoxo(n:o, n coornercrnnn c noannnen o]nnnainoro ypnaa Coner-
cioe ]oro, nipaanri cyri nnennn
2b
.
B ]oroiyirype ll nponcxo(nr nonoe nepeoc:icenne ocnononoarai-
mnx ]op:y. 1enepi ne irne onpe(ener coananne, a npanninoe coana-
nne onpe(ener npanninoe nocnpnnrne (encrnnreinocrn n, ce(onareino,
npanninoe npo~renne ]oropeainocrn. Lcn ncnioe nocnpnnrne aanncnr
or anannn, a ncnioe ananne or nepi, ro nocnpnnrne cranonnrcn (eo: nepi,
ranni: e oprano: nocnpnnrnn oiaainaircn ne paay: n oprani ~yncrn, a
(yma, n ioropon .ra nepa nner. 4airorpa]n~nocri ananrap(a, ero npnnep-
ennocri ]aira: in ornneni cioienne: no nonepxnocrn, (anii
:eioypyaanon reopnn ]aira. Bcninn, iro nicryna no( ]aro: neno(-
iynnoro peana:a, oprann~no npncymero ]ororpa]nn, nona(a renepi n :np,
n ioropo: nce io nepenepnyro c nor na roony. ]oiy:enraini: ornine
c~nraoci ne rpeanoe naopaenne ]airon, a nnayanaannn n(en, xy(oecr-
nennan io:noannnn, ioropan o(na roiio n :ora nipaanri cyri nnennn,
ryo~anmne nponnennn conercion (encrnnreinocrn
2b
. 3ro n in re ca-
:ie :apicncrcio-ennncine ocnoni connancrn~ecion ]oroypnancrnin,
ioropie nnoce(crnnn in ycnoeni n l]P n (pyrnx parcinx crpanax n
aaipeneni n :noro~ncennix y~enniax, naaraimnx npnnnnni naprnn-
non npan(nnon paori c ]oronaopaennn:n
27
.
Bn(eri, ocnoninanci na npnnnnnax connancrn~ecioro peana:a, oana~ao,
rain: opaao:, nay~nricn no(~nnnri nenocpe(crnennoe cyreirnnnoe noc-
npnnrne or(einoro ~eoneia nioi oreirnnno:y, n(eoorn~ecin ioppeir-
no:y ]oronaopaenni, ~roi rain: opaao: noy~nri (ocronepnyi ]oro-
rpa]ni, iaionan, n cny cnoen (ocronepnocrn, (ona ninonnri, ronopn co-
na:n Bairepa 5enin:nna, ]yninni nemecrnennoro (oiaaareicrna n ncro-
pn~ecio: nponecce
28
. Noer iri, n:enno co:nennn n noa:onocrn pean-
aannn .roro npoeira npn(an paannrni ]oroiyirypi ll na (ornn cpoi (py-
roe nanpanenne, nce oime n oime (ean ainenr na :onrae n noce(yi-
men opaorie ]ororpa]nn c neii ypari na naopaennn noa:onie na-
paen c .:nnpn~ecion peainocrii. Ho n .rn nonie rexnoornn cynn
(ocrnenni rex e neen, roiio c no:omii npnnnnnnaino nnix cpe(crn.
BLPHLH B3lA], HH HO5L]A 4O1OKYL1YPL ll
Hoannnn POH4a n ee npnnepennocri oee noce(onareino:y peana-
:y ne ce(yer nyrari c re:, ~ro nnoce(crnnn oiaaaoci ]oroiyirypon ll n
naca(aoci cnepxy. ]n roro ~roi ]ororpa]n~ecioe naopaenne or-
eira crporo coornercrnonao npe(cranenni o ne: (no renepi coananne
onpe(eno irne), or ]ororpa]on n pe(airopon ]oroiyirypi ll rpeona-
aci nonimennan (nreinocri. Hnrepecno npoce(nri, iain:n cnocoa:n
noiaonanci anropi ]oroiyirypi ll, ~roi n cnonx naopaennnx rapan-
rnponari o(noana~nyi nnrepnperanni nn(n:oro n rain: opaao: oeaona-
cnri ero nocnpnnrne.
1b4
]n pemennn .ron aa(a~n o(noro oriaaa or ]par:enrapnocrn n noanpara
i e(nncrny naopaennn io ne(ocraro~no
29
. lopaa(o oimee ana~enne
n:en rpn rannix cnocoa noce(yimen opaorin ]ororpa]nn, ioropie
]op:nponan peainocri ]oroiyirypi ll: ncii~enne, perymnponanne n
:onra nce re onepannn n npone(ypi, neii ioropix io npnnecrn nao-
paenne n coornercrnne c ycranonia:n n rpeonannn:n connancrn~ecioro
peana:a n npoerapcioro ]oronciyccrna.
1. B cy~ae ncii~ennn na naopaennnx i(en nn npe(:eron no
nipeaanci nce (eran, ioropie c~nranci nmnn:n, no ca:n i(n nn
npe(:eri ninn:anci na cnoero oipyennn n aa c~er .roro ocnoo(a-
nci or onpe(ennmero nx na :o:enr cre:in ]ona
80
. 1ain: opaao:, cnnrie
oreiri erio :ono io no:ecrnri n conepmenno nonin ionreicr
81
.
2. 'ero ne :orn c(eari nonnni n rexnnia nipeaannn, ninonna inc-
ro~ia perymepa, coa(ananman ne~eriocri, pacnin~arie n c:nr~ennie ionry-
pi o(nn: cono:, (ocrnraaci .crernia :nriopncyimero oreirnna.
8. 1exnnia :onraa, xapairepnan (n ]oroiyirypi ll, crponaci na io:-
nnannn nimeyiaaannix npne:on n ne n:ea oime nn~ero omero c re:
:ero(o:, i ioropo:y npneran ]ororpa]i ananrap(a, pyiono(crnonanmnecn
npnnnnno: ananrn~ecioro nn(ennn. 1ai nanpn:ep, (n nicrpannn npnnnn-
na .]]eirnnnocrn nponano(crna rooni y(apnnion connancrn~ecioro crpon-
reicrna ca:ix paanix npe(npnnrnn n orpacen :onrnponanci n:ecre. Or-
eiri, narnrie npn no:omn nonnn na nepnn~noro ionreicra, erio cocrann-
nci n nonie rpynni, n :e(y nn:n ycranannnaaci neian cnnai, iaionan ne
n:ea nnayainoro coornercrnnn n peainon omecrnennon nann.
K1O HPABHLHO CNO1PH1, 1O1 BH]H1 C1AHHA
Bce .rn rpn cnocoa opaorin naopaennn or~acrn ncnoiaonanci n
ne~arnix nicrpannnx ye n 1920-e rr.
82
, a (ecnrnerne: noae penopra-
nan ]ororpa]nn (ro, ~ro naainaercn slraighl pholography) ia no~rn no-
nocrii nirecnena na ]oroypnancrnin, ycrynnn :ecro opaorannon ]oro-
rpa]nn, cranmen oreiro: nocronnnix :annnynnnn. 3ro oana:enonao co-
on nacrynenne nonon .noxn n ncropnn conercion ]ororpa]nn, rannoe nnn-
:anne n ioropon y(enoci nnayainon ]nicannn nen~nn n ana~ennn Cra-
nna n ero naocrn i conercio:y napo(y.
Ha~nnan c 1988 ro(a, noce aanepmennn nepnon nnrnerin, Crann ca:
cranonnrcn nenocpe(crnenni: onnernopenne: nn(ycrpnainoro n rexnn~e-
cioro nporpecca. C .roro :o:enra nce panopri o ycnexax npn ninonennn
nn nepeninonennn nana n o]op:ennn raaer io:nnnponanci c nn(o:
Cranna. Lro noprperi n ]oro:onraax o(non cnoen nen~nnon aar:enan
nce npo~ee on i nenrpo:, i ioropo:y ycrpe:nnci naopaennn rpai-
ropon, ca:oeron, (o:ennix ne~en n nornn, ne ronopn ye o or(eino nan-
rix npe(crannrenx :acc conercioro napo(a, paa:epo: c yano~nyi rooniy,
n re: oee o (ernx :e(ynapo(noro npoerapnara, rpynnnponanmnxcn nen-
no: noipyr rooni no(n no(ono anea(a: noipyr np~anmen anea(i n co-
##
anea(nn. 1aine ]oro:onran nepe(io pacnpocrpannnci o(nonpe:enno n n
nn(e naiaron, ~ro oecne~nnao n: ropaa(o oee mnpoioe xo(enne n o-
ee npo(onreinin nepno( ironannn, ~e: .ro n:eo :ecro n cy~ae
o(nopaaonon nyniannn n ee(nennon ne~arn. lnranrcine ]oroanca:n
na noprperon ennna n Cranna no npaa(nnia: nepexo(nn co crpannn raaer
na creni (o:on n na noma(n oimnx ropo(on, n ]apn~nie nexa, n ioxoa-
nie iyi, n mioi n (pyrne omecrnennie y~pe(ennn
88
. 1ain: opaao:, c
no:omii ]oro:onraa ioncrpynponaaci ]ororpa]n~ecian peainocri, io-
ropan nenio: n nonocrii coornercrnonaa o]nnnaino:y conecno:y nao-
paenni conercion (encrnnreinocrn n raaerax n na pa(no, r(e omnn npo-
rpecc n nceomee c~acrie npnnncinanci ncii~nreino aacyra: nenioro
Cranna. Connainie cocrannimne n :noro~ncennie (eran paan~nix
nponeccon ornine :epin nepe( nno: roro, ~ro (ono io cocrannri nx
cymnocri nepe( ronapnme: Cranni:, aro(apn ]oroynen~enni npe(cra-
nanmn: no nce: cnoe: no(nnno: nen~nn.
Hocioiiy ]ororpa]nn renepi nicrynan n ia~ecrne (oiy:enrainix
cnn:ion airyainix omecrnenno-nonrn~ecinx coirnn roiio n cnnan co
Cranni:, ro, na~nnan c 1984 ro(a, onn cran ncnoiaonaricn ncii~nreino
n ia~ecrne ocnoni (n nnonncnix nooren, ioropie, n cnoi o~epe(i, no:e-
manci n raaerax
84
.
B ornomennnx c :amnnon ~eonei (nn, ro~nee ronopn, Crann) o(noana~-
no oiaainacn xoannno: nooennn, n ne io onacnocrn, ~ro :amnni nn
(pyrne neo(ymenennie npe(:eri re: nn nni: cnocoo: noai:yr na( nn:
nepx. Ni nn(n: a(eci orpo:nie ioeirnni, no(crponnmnecn no( o(noro ni-
(aimerocn nn(nnn(yy:a ~ro nnno coon nenoinyi napo(ni na n(ei
ioeirnna iai neoro, r(e ia(in i oime cen ca:oro, no npn .ro:
nniro, nn or(einoe nno, nn rpynna i(en, ne ranencrnyer na( (pyrn:n. Ha
ioncrpyirnnncrcinx ]oronaiarax rai naainae:oro nanecrponreinoro nc-
iyccrna or(einin ~eonei no:emen n nenrp .neprern~ecion nnpiynnnn
n. Or nero mn cni, ipyra:n n y~a:n pacxo(nnmnecn n paanie croponi,
iai pacxo(nrcn ipyra:n no(a or pomennoro n nee ia:nn
8b
. Bcero (ecnri
er cnycrn ncn .neprnn craa ncxo(nri or o(noro Cranna, cranmero e(nncr-
nenni: cnoni: nenrpo:. Bnayaino .nryanaa:y i nooen ionen, a (nna-
:na: pacrnopncn n rpa]n~ecinx cxe:ax.
4orocepnn o ce:ie 4nnnnonix eme co(epaa nycri ni:imennie, no
nce e neine (eran, nipaanmne oee nn :enee ionipernie connainie
n(en. B 1980-e rr. naopaanreinin xapairep ]ororpa]nn, y(i ro rpairopi
nn i(n na ]oro:onrae, ncnoiayercn ye roiio c neii acrpairnoro
naopaennn acrpairnix n(en (iai, nanpn:ep, n(en nonimennn nponano(n-
reinocrn rpy(a), nonomenne ioropix n nonce(nennon nann n co~erannn c
(anenne: cranncioro annapara cein n reppopo: io oee ~e: ion-
iperni: n ecroin:. B .ro: c:ice raine ]ororpa]nn n n ca:o: (ee
peancrn~ni, no conercioe omecrno (epaoci ne ornion rexnnin, pin-
ia nn rpa(ancion cnoo(i, a reppopo:, ioropi: ynpann Crann. 'roi
npe(crannri rnpana (opi: orno:, ncnoiaonaaci .crernia :nriopncyime-
ro oreirnna, n ioropon pacrnopnnci ocrpie yri. B orn~ne or cippeana-
1bb
:a, r(e :onra nicnoo(a no(anennoe n oeia ero n ]op:y, naxo(n
neon(annie acconnannn n cno(n (pyr c (pyro: necno(n:oe, ror e npne: n
conercinx ]ororpa]nnx cyn oparnon nen no(anenni ncero ion-
ipernoro, c re: ~roi nniro na ocnonannn .:nnpn~ecion peainocrn ne c:or
oaonari ee o]nnnainyi nepcni. Karepnna Kapi ronopnr o xapairep-
no: (n cranncion .noxn nc~eanonennn rpannni :e(y ni:ico: n pe-
ainocrii
8b
, a 5p.n(on 1.nop or:e~aer, ~ro ]ororpa]n~ecinn .]]eir na
cocronmnx na ynnnepcainix .e:enron cranncinx naiarax 1980-x rr. n
npe(eax aanonennoro nnero: npocrpancrna (ana omymenne npncyrcrnnn,
iai na nione, a ce(onareino, n rpancnen(enrnin c:ic, oripinanmnncn aa
nn: nne npe:enn n :ecra
87
.
Cepren 1perinion c~nra, ~ro (oiy:enrainan ]ororpa]nn n nreparypa
(oni ynn~ronri nenporeprie o~in
88
, ~epea ioropie oimnncrno i-
(en nocnpnnn:aer :np, n ro~no rai e lopiinn eme n 1980 ro(y no(~epinna
npocnernreiciyi ]yninni ]ororpa]nn n neno(iynnocri oreirnna: Con-
ne ne onnnnmi n nciaennn. Ono cnernr na nemn, iai onn ecri
89
. O(naio
]ororpa]nn n raaerax 1920-x rr. in napo(nen na .rn na(e(i.
4O1OlPA4HA HH AHBOHHCL
Opamenne ]oroiyirypi ll i crnncrn~ecin: npne:a: niononncn n y-
ia rexnnie :onraa n ncii~ennn, ncnoiaonanne ioropix noanono
na:ennri paa:epi n nponopnnn oropaae:ix oreiron n ]nryp n coorner-
crnnn c re: ana~enne:, iaioe npnnncinaaci n: no nnexy(oecrnennon pe-
ainocrn io ne e(nncrnenni: npne:o:, npornnope~amn: cyrn ]ororpa-
]nn c ee ocoi:n rexnn~ecin:n n xy(oecrnenni:n noa:onocrn:n. ]py-
rn: xapairepni: :ero(o:, cnnaanni: c npe(mecrnyimn:n :o(epnna:y rpa-
(nnnn:n nocnpnnrnn, io cnenne ]oronaopaennn c peancrn~ecion
nnonncii XlX neia, onpe(ennmen .crerniy nicrparnnnoro :arepnaa n
ne~arn nnori (o ionna 19b0-x rr.
]n (ocrnennn nnonncnoro c:nr~ennn naopaennn y ]ororpa]nn n:e-
cn cnon penepryap rexnn~ecinx npne:on, i ~ncy ioropix, no:n:o perymn,
ornocnnci n ocoie cnocoi ne~arn (nanpn:ep, na po:ono-:acnnon ocno-
ne) n paanie cnocoi yipynnennn nanon. Po(~enio, ior(a-ro nonncrnyimnn
npe(crannrei nonoro nn(ennn, nnca n 198b ro(y cnoo(no nn no(
(nironiy o noa:onocrnx npn(ari ]ororpa]nn nnonncnyi ipacory
aa c~er yipynnennn nana, noanonimero c:nr~nri ionrypi
40
. Kpo:e roro,
nnonncnin .]]eir (ocrnracn aa c~er cnennainoro no(ipamnnannn n c:nr-
~ennn, ioropoe (anaa o]cernan ne~ari, ncnoiaonanmancn n oimnncrne
conercinx ne~arnix nicrpnponannix na(annn (o ionna 19b0-x rr.
Ce(yer or:ernri, ~ro nce rpn .rana pannen conercion ]ororpa]nn
nonnenne nonoro nn(ennn, ipnrnia .roro :ero(a n opamenne i nonecrno-
nareinocrn n:eir napaen n aana(no: ]oronciyccrne n npe(crannir
coon n .ro: c:ice omeenponencinn ]eno:en. ]ae cnenne ]ororpa-
]nn c nnonncii ne io ynniaini: (ocraro~no ncno:nnri n .ron
#%
cnnan nniropeana:. Ho ro, ~ro n (pyrnx crpanax nporeiao iai napaei-
noe paannrne paanix ]oroanpon, n pa:iax conercion iyirypi ll ninna-
oci ncninn paa n noniriy ornnnri (annoe crnenoe nanpanenne e(nncr-
nenno npannini:. Hpn .ro: airnnnoe nponninonenne npnnnnnon nnonncn
n oacri ]ororpa]nn n Conercio: Coiae 1980-x rr. ne io cy~anni::
n:enno n .ror nepno( nnonnci na~nnaer cnona aann:ari ne(ymne noannnn
n iyirype ll. 1ai, Cranna noaraoci nncari ncii~nreino incrii n
ro: ~nce n (n raaernix penopraen na airyainie nonrn~ecine re:i,
npn~e: .rn iaprnni nncanci no (oiy:enraini: ]ororpa]nn:. Coornercr-
nenno, :ono ronopnri o ro:, ~ro ]ororpa]nn n cncre:e peancrn~ecinx
nennocren orno(noci nropocrenennoe, ecn ne ciaaari :aprnnainoe, :ecro.
Ynn(eri cen aane~arenni: na xocre nocnpnnn:aoci iai ne~ro ropaa(o
oee no~ernoe, ~e: onapynri cen na ]ororpa]nn n raaere. 4ororpa]nn,
nome(man n :np iai n nicmen crenenn ro~noe, icrpoe, orne~aimee (nna:n-
ie npe:enn cpe(crno nepe(a~n naopaennn, cnoconoe aa:ennri coon nno-
nnci, craa eprnon noanpara i crapon nepapxnn iyirypnix nennocren
41
, a
ee poi ia cne(ena i ncnonenni nmi cyenix, no(~nnennix ]yninnn.
Ocnoenne nonix ropnaonron rpeyer :yecrna, roronnocrn i pnciy n paccra-
nanni c npnni~ni: n po(ni: .ro ncer(a penoinnonnie nepe:eni, labula
rasa, na~ao c nyn, nyremecrnne n nenanecrnoe. Ho ecn nyremecrnne aarnrnna-
ercn, ro nyremecrnyimero :oer na~ari rnnyri i crapi: anaio:i: ]op:a:.
Paannrne nniropeana:a n CLA, nanpn:ep, nnone :ono orncnnri iai no-
niriy yxo(a or nenpocrix yconnn conpe:ennon a:epniancion nann c ee na-
nepa(ocrnocrii n nyirapnocrii, ~ro nipaanoci n opamennn i .crernie
enponencioro nciyccrna npennx .nox
42
. Boanpar i nnonncni: npnnnnna:
naopaennn n conercion ]ororpa]nn, na~nnan c cepe(nni 1980-x rr. cranmnn
pacnpocrpanenni: nnenne:, :ono pacc:arpnnari iai cnoeopaanyi ain-
poniy (encrnnreinocrn, (ocrnrae:yi cpe(crna:n ]ororpa]nn. Perymi n co-
~erannn c paanoopaani:n npne:a:n c:nr~ennn naopaennn nmaer cnn:oi
~eriocrn n, coornercrnenno, ecriocrn n ocnoo(aer ero or ce(on ironon
peainocrn oipamnnaer :np n oee :nrine rona.
loonoipyenne or ycnexon rai onenn Crann n 1982 ro(y nrorn
ioeirnnnaannn. 3iian no~na nonce(nennon nann roro npe:enn, nocronn-
nan onacnocri penpeccnn, apecra, nponano c o(non croponi n nenpeipamai-
mnecn rpeonannn nonix (ocrnennn c (pyron conpono(anci no~rn ~ro
ciaao~ni: npocnerenni: naopaenne: (encrnnreinocrn n xy(oecr-
nennix ]ni:ax. A n ]oronynnncrnie pacnpocrpannoci aacrinmee nio-
nono(one ianonnanponannix noa. B .ro: :ono yc:orperi n cnon noon-
reinin :o:enr: no(onoro po(a .crernia coa(anaa na nnayaino: yponne
omymenne npnae:ennon npo~nocrn, npornnocronmen .icnepn:enraini: yro-
nn~ecin: npoeira: nocrpoennn nonoro omecrna n ninonnimen cnoeo-
paanyi poi cnacnreinoro niopn, ioropin ne (acr nonrn io (ny n ymyi-
me: :ope cranncinx npeopaaonannn. B .noxy ecione~nix penoinnon-
nix nepe:en, ior(a nce rai aiio n nena(eno, opamenne i rpa(nnnonni:
]op:a: nocnpnnrnn noanono coxpannri neine nnayainie ioncranri. Hpn
.ro: cnenne ]ororpa]nn c nnonncii ne orpann~nnaoci opaorion
1b8
naopaennn, a pacnpocrpannoci n na ca: niop :ornna. Harn(ni: npn:e-
po: :oer cynri penopra o conercion ecnon npo:imennocrn n yp-
nae N. lopiioro Hamn (ocrnennn
48
. Crarin conpono(aercn ne roiio
]ororpa]nn:n or(einix ]aa paori or econonaa (o (epenoopaorin: n
nenrpe nnn:annn oiaainaircn nono]op:arnie ecnie ]oronenaan n rpa-
(nnnnx pyccion nenaanon nnonncn ionna XlX neia, nano:nnaimne penpo-
(yinnn nooren Kynn(n nn ennrana. B (anno: cy~ae :n]ono.rn~ecinn
:ornn pyccioro eca, airyananponannin cpe(crna:n ]ororpa]nn, nicrynaer
n pon nnayainon ioncranri, n:eimen anrn:o(epnncrciyi nanpanennocri.
KOHLU 4O1OKYL1YPL l
'ro e nponaomo cnepmncn npnronop ncropnn n ]ororpa]nn naa
eprnon ecrecrnennoro paannrnn aaoennix n nen ca:on xapairepncrni,
nn e n nepxax y:en paan~ari :e(y oen:n ]oroiyirypa:n
Lme n (openoinnonnon Poccnn (n no~ernix rocren nanix ion]epen-
nnn n ionrpeccon ninycianci :ai:n rnpaa:n aio:i n (oporne ni-
crpnponannie na(annn. 3ra rpa(nnnn ia nocnpnnnra n npo(oena n co-
nercioe npe:n, o ~e: cnn(ereicrnyer nixo( n cner anaorn~nix ioeinn-
onnix na(annn (n .nri, ecn nocnoiaonaricn onpe(eenne: 5en(ann(a-
Baa
44
, n ioropix (ae n 1980-e rr. :ono io onapynri .crerniy ]oro-
iyirypi l, n pa:iax opii c ]op:ana:o: o]nnnaino ocy(ennyi iai
~y(yi conercio:y ~eoneiy.
Apin: npn:epo: y(a~noro coe(nnennn conpeana:a n naopaanreinoro
naiia ananrap(a n nepe(a~e aa(annoro pnr:a nonon nann n (nna:nin nn(y-
crpnanaannn i ee:ecn~nin ypna CCCP na crponie, na(ananmnncn c
1980 no 1941, a noce nonni c 194b no 1949 ro( n pacnpocrpannnmnncn no
nce:y :npy na nnrn naiiax. ln(n na .ror ypna, :ono no(y:ari, y(ro
CCCP coanareino nocrapacn npn(ari cee n raaax 3ana(a conpe:ennin
nn(, ncnoiayn raine ]op:i ca:onpeaenrannn, ioropie no cnoen .crernie
in ropaa(o ne nonrn~ecin: npornnnnia: naprnn, ~e: ee cocrnennon
o]nnnainon nnnn
4b
. B:ecre c re:, o(naio, ce(yer or:ernri, ~ro i ionny
1980-x rr. .e:enri ]op:ana:a norepnn cnoi ca:ocronreinocri n cy-
nn ciopee nmi opna:enro:, yipamaimn: conpeancrn~ecioe co(epa-
nne
4b
rai, nanpn:ep, .e:enri cynpe:arna:a pe(ynnponanci n na~ae
(na(narix (o (eioparnnnoro pncynia no riann n ]ap]opy.
Hec:orpn na orcyrcrnne ro~nix cne(ennn o ro:, iain: opaao: npnnn:a-
nci ionipernie pemennn (nanpn:ep, n Coia]oro), c no:omii ananaa no-
(onix na(annn :ono npe(noonri, ~ro nacrn nnone coanareino n ne-
enanpanenno ncnoiaonan paanie xy(oecrnennie noa:onocrn (n (oc-
rnennn paanix nponaran(ncrcinx neen, n nnrepecno io i npoce(nri,
iain:n ipnrepnn:n onn npn .ro: noiaonanci.
Lcri n eme o(nn acneir, cymecrnennin (n nonn:annn naan:o(encrnnn
]oroiyirypi l n ]oroiyirypi ll, ioropie orni(i ne ncer(a ncii~an
(pyr (pyra. Lcn nnn:areino noc:orperi na cnn:in cepnn 24 ~aca na na-
#'
nn ce:in 4nnnnonix, ro pocaercn n raaa, ~ro npeconyran nepcneirnna
cre:in c nyna, npornn ioropon rai pinno nicryna Po(~enio, n (anno:
cy~ae conepmenno orcyrcrnyer. Nacrepa ]oroiyirypi ll nno(nn or(ei-
nie npne:i ]oroiyirypi l yiopo~ennyi nepcneirnny, ipynnin nan,
nenpnni~nin yro apennn ncnoiayn nx, nnpo~e:, ea ocooro noe:n~e-
cioro aa(opa n ne nperen(yn na ncii~nreinocri npn:enne:ix crnncrn~e-
cinx cpe(crn. H naoopor, ]oroiyirypa l nepe(io aan:crnonaa npne:i ]o-
roiyirypi ll, iai .ro nn(no na npn:epe ypnaa CCCP na crponie, r(e
:ono onapynri n nnonncnoe c:nr~enne, (ocrnrae:oe ne roiio aa c~er
perymn, no n rpanenne: po:cepepnnoro con orne~aria c noce(yimen
pacipacion nn ynen~enne: naopaennn, n peayirare ~ero ono cranonn-
oci oee ipynnoaepnncri:.
H n Oirnpi, n n POH4 nxo(nn, nne ncnioro co:nennn, ni(aimnecn
]ororpa]i, n .rn :acrepa, nec:orpn na iie pacxo(ennn, noce paarona oenx
rpynn nepe(io paoran n o(no: n ro: e nicrpnponanno: na(annn nn
y~acrnonan n coa(annn o(noro n roro e npoeira. B noce(yimne ro(i y~acri
eprn ipoiparn~ecioro nponanoa n penpeccnn ne ooma n ~enon POH4.
4O1OKYL1YPA ll HA]'LPHUA KYL1YPL
Opamenne i conercion ]ororpa]nn 1980-x rr. n ro: nn(e, n iaio: ona
ia npe(cranena conercin: rpa(ana: n npecce, noiaainaer, ~ro no cpanne-
nni c (pyrn:n naopaanreini:n nn(a:n nciyccrna, iai, nanpn:ep, nnonnci
nn inno, ona na~na neaann(noe cymecrnonanne nein:oro peenia. 3ao-
ennie n nen noa:onocrn in n npn:o: n nepenocno: c:ice cona
cymecrnenno ypeaani, a ca:a ona oiaaaaci nrncnyra n (oncropn~ecine
]op:i nipaennn, ne ny(aimnecn n rexnn~ecinx noa:onocrnx onrnin n
:exannin ]oroannapara. B:ecro .roro nanoe :ecro orno(noci pe:ecen-
non (opaorie cnn:ia. 4ororpa]i aann:anci ne croiio npnia(non ]oro-
rpa]nen, cioiio nocranion ]ororpa]n~ecioro :arepnaa, ioropin no:ema-
cn aare: n conepmenno (pyron ionreicr.
B iyirype ll ]ororpa]nn io npe(ocraneno ciopee :aprnnainoe :e-
cro, aa ncii~enne: rex cy~aen, ior(a pe~i ma o ca:onpeaenrannn na 3ana-
(e. ]nynian iyirypa ll, o~eni xopomo ycnonnman paannny :e(y nonnrnn-
:n nnyrpn n cnapyn, ocranna nnmn, r(e (ae no npe:ena noe(i na(
iyirypon l ne io ne(ocraria n ]ororpa]n~ecinx n rnnorpa]cinx .icne-
pn:enrax n nrpax c ]op:on, iai, nanpn:ep, n ypnae CCCP na crponie.
5i, o(naio, n eme o(nn, rpernn nacr ]oroiyirypi ll, iai .ro nn(no no
conercin: ]ororpa]nn:, npe(cranenni: n o(no: pn(y c a:epniancin:n na
ye yno:nnanmencn nicranie 1999 ro(a: paora n cro. Nnorne na cnn:-
ion .ron .icnoannnn nnior(a ne nicrannnci na nyn~noe ooapenne. 5a-
ro(apn :arepnaa:, ioropie na-aa nenaypi ne :orn iri onynionani n
coxpannnci n rocy(apcrnennix n ~acrnix apxnnax, cero(nnmnnn apnrei
:oer ye(nricn n ro:, ~ro ]oroiyirypa ll ne ia roiio nmi anrnreaon
]oroiyirype l. Ona narn(nin npn:ep roro, ~ro n nein:ie (ern oa-
1b0
(air rnop~ecin: norennnao:, ioropin, xori n ocranacn no oimen ~acrn
nepeanaonanni: n nirecnenni: na nepn]epni, nce e n pa:iax (onycrn:o-
ro c:or pacipiricn n ne nccninyri conce:.
Opamenne i ]ororpa]nn cranncion .noxn nenoino aacranner aa(y:ari-
cn na( re:, n iaion crenenn noa:ono cero(nn pacc:arpnnari .ror :arepna nne
nonrn~ecioro ionreicra, or(anan (ani roiio ero .crern~ecion ana~n:ocrn n
crann n o(nn pn( c paora:n iix npornnnnion, n peayirare ~ero nenaeno
cnn:aercn ca:o npornnonocranenne npa(onanmnx neior(a arepen
47
.
Bicrania noanona perpocneirnnno noiaaari, ~ro conercine ]ororpa]i,
nec:orpn na nperpa(i, na(enareicrna, nenaypy n ca:onenaypy, npnne(mne n
re~enne 1980-x ro(on i nacronme:y ]oroonnmanni conercion npecci, n
nepno( ]ororpa]n~ecion aacyxn paannn naopaanreinin naii, ioropin
ne roiio coornercrnona :e(ynapo(no:y yponni, no n aann ne(ymee :e-
cro no nonaropcrny n opnrnnainocrn. Hpn .ro: cxo(crno nn n(enrn~nocri
]op:ainix npne:on co ncen o~enn(nocrii cnn(ereicrnyir o nan~nn ne-
ioen nnyrpennen ornin xy(oecrnennix cpe(crn, ioropan, o(naio, nn n ioen
:epe ne ncii~aer noa:onocrn ncnoiaonari noy~ennie peayirari n
paan~nix ionreicrax. 1exnn~ecine cpe(crna, (ae ecn onn ne :oryr iri
peanaonani n nono: ore:e na-aa n:emareicrna co croponi rocy(apcrna,
re: ne :enee, na:ennir narn( na :np ye n cny ocoennocren ncnoiaye-
:oro annapara.
Hpornnope~nnoe co~eranne oreirnnnoro n cyreirnnnoro, ]nirnnnoro n
no(nnnoro ne rpeyer ryoio:icennix orncnennn c npnne~enne: mn-
poioro nonrn~ecioro ionreicra, no nnnercn ynnnepcaini: cnoncrno:, n:-
:anenrno npncymn: .ro:y nn(y rnop~ecrna. Bor no~e:y (ae n rex cy~anx,
ior(a ]ororpa]nn ~ro-ro cipinaer, (ncrannnpyer, nciaaer, npnyipamnnaer
nn nonce ne noiaainaer, ona noanoner cy(nri o peainix connaino-non-
rn~ecinx nponeccax. O(naio nx nonn:anne nponcreiaer ne orroro, ~ro :i
nay~nnci npannino nn(eri, a or ocoanannn (noncrnennocrn iai neorre:-
e:on ~epri .roro nn(a rnop~ecrna.
Hpo(yinnn ]oroiyirypi ll npe(cranner cooi crpannyi c:eci. C o(-
non croponi, ona nnner coon noanpar i npe(mecrnyimn: :o(epnna:y ]op-
:a: naopaennn n nocnpnnrnn npn ncnoiaonannn conpe:ennenmen rexnn-
~ecion annaparypi. C (pyron croponi, o(naio, ona n cnonx cioncrpynponan-
nix, nocranono~nix ]oroopaaax, (e:oncrpnpyimnx ne croiio ca:y conn-
ainyi peainocri, cioiio npe(cranenne o nen, npe(nocxnmaer ro, ~ro 5o(-
pnnnp npn:ennreino i noroia: nn]ponoro naopaennn na ncxo(e XX neia
naana :npo: cn:ynipon. Ona coa(aer ]nirnnnin :np, ne n:eimnn npe(-
:ernon coornecennocrn, a .ro, no cyrn, oana~aer, ~ro ]oroiyirypa ll ye ca:a
no cee nnnercn nonomenni: nocr:o(epnna:o:.
1
L. enda.id-Val. Propaganda and Dreams: Pholographing lhe 1980s in lhe USSP
and lhe US. Washinglon, 1999.
2
. Hanepnt. Kyirypa (na. N., 199b. Hanepnin ornocnr noe(y iyirypi ll
na( iyirypon l i 198284 rr.
$
8
Hapn(y c Aeican(po: Po(~enio, ne(ymn: npe(crannree: n reopernio: no-
noro nn(ennn, n ceinni nomn raie ]. ]eaon, 5. Hrnaronn~, 5. Ky(onpon, L.
anr:an, A. Lnminn, . C:npnon n (p.
4
O. pux. Or iaprnni i ]oro ;; Honin L4. 1928. ! 8. C. 88.
b
C. Tpemtxoe. 5ie: rpenory ;; Honin L4. 1927. ! 2. C. b.
b
Cp. npome(myi n 1928 r. na crpannnax ypnaa Honin L4 (nciyccni o
reopnn nipaanreinocrn ]ororpa]nn.
7
Honin L4. 1928. ! b. C. 484b. Po(~enio, neponrno, n:e n nn(y (pennnn
:n]ono.rn~ecinn cn:no ~eone~ecioro nynia iai nenrpa, nyna nceennon, ~ro rai-
e coornercrnonao noannnn ~eoneia n nnonncnix nponane(ennnx (o .noxn :o-
(epnna:a. Boa:ono, ~ro ]op:ynponia c nyna no(paay:enaer n orcyrcrnne roo-
ni nn neioropon cnenn]n~ecion ]op:i nnreeira, neoxo(n:on (n nonix ]op:
cymecrnonannn n oimo: ropo(e n n opamennn c rexnnion.
8
,. epmoe. Ni. Bapnanr :ann]ecra ;; ]. Bepron. Crarin, (nennnin, aa:ici.
N., 19bb. C. 47.
9
W. otn. Pholographische Wellanschauung. Unr. no: U. Eskildsen. lololunsl
slall Kunslpholographie ;; lilm und lolo der zwanziger Jahre. Line Belrachlung der
lnlernalionalen Werlbundausslellung lilm und lolo 1929 ; U. Lslildsen, J. Horal
(Hg). Slullgarl, 1979. S. 28.
10
Ko::enrapnn i ]ororpa]nn Leaaapa anr:ana ]aemi 1040 o ia:nannn
no oprannaannn N1C: Orpo:noe noe nmennni rpannn ner, a na ropnaonre, iai
oxa, io:ann (Hpoerapcioe ]oro. 1982. ! 1. C. 12).
11
Unr. no: L. enda.id-Val. Propaganda and Dreams. P. 87.
12
Cp.: M. Tupilspn. lragmenlierung versus 1olalill. Grundslze zu Bildeinheil
und Bildverremdung ;; Die groe Ulopie. Die russische Avanlgarde 191b1982.
Ausslellungslalalog. lranlurl a.N., 1992. S. 199207.
18
B 1981 ro(y nce ]oronponano(crno io nenrpanaonano n rocy(apcrnenno: ore-
(nnennn Coia]oro, ioropo:y orno(noci ninonenne aa(a~, cnnaannix c omecrnen-
non ]ororpa]nen (nanpn:ep, ]op:ynponia re: c no(poni:n yiaaannn:n or(einix
nponeccon, ni(a~a n pacnpe(eenne :arepnaon, paapemenne na nynianni n r. (.).
14
Cp.: M. Tupilspn. Op. cil.
1b
C. Tpemtxoe. Or ]orocepnn i (nreino:y nai(enni ;; Hpoerapcioe
]oro. 1981. ! 4 ((eiapi). C. 1012.
1b
B paore na( cepnen npnnn:an y~acrne ]ororpa]i . Neepn~ep (pe(airop),
Apia(nn Lanxer, C. 1yec n Naic Ainepr. C:.: C. Tpemtxoe. Yiaa. co~.
17
C:. nocropennie io::enrapnn nocernreen nicranin n ne:enio: nicrpn-
ponanno: ypnae Arbeiler llluslrierle Zeilung (AlZ, 1981, ! 88 (cenrnpi)) na
npornennn necioiinx ne(ei noce nyniannn ]orocepnn nn ocy(enne n a:e-
pniancio: ypyaano: ypnae Asia (1982).
18
24 ~aca na nann :ocioncion pao~en ce:in ;; Hpan(a. 24.10.1981. C. 2.
19
Kai nanpn:ep, lnranr n crponrei N. Ainepra n A. C:onna . 3ror ]oropac-
ciaa 1982 ro(a nonecrnyer o coopyennn Narnnroropcioro :erayprn~ecioro io:n-
nara n naopaaer pao~ero Ka:iiona n ia~ecrne nporornna nonoro ~eoneia,
cy(ia ioroporo nnnercn cy(ion ricn~ n ioropin cnon: rpy(o: cynr npn:e-
po: n(eainoro io::ynncrn~ecioro omecrna (CCCP na crponie. 1982. ! 1) nn
Orner 4ypneca: . Neepn~epa, C. 4pn(nn(a n C. 5oxnna.
20
Ye n 1929 ro(y n cnnan c ocnonanne: ypnaa CCCP na crponie, npe(-
naana~ennoro npen:ymecrnenno (n aapyenoro ~nraren, Naicn: lopiinn nicry-
1b2
nn npornn cre:oi neioropix pao~nx nponeccon. 4ororpa]nn ne (oni in
noiaainari .:nnpniy conercion pao~en oi(ennocrn, nocioiiy ona conce: ne on-
aareino co(epnr ne~ro nonoe, ~ro :oro i y(nnnri nnocrpanna.
21
. epe6oe. Coa(a(n: xy(oecrnennin ]ororpa]n~ecinn ]ni: ;; Hpoe-
rapcioe ]oro. 1982. ! 12. C. 80.
22
1a: e.
28
Unr. no: L. enda.id-Val. Op. cil. P. b2.
24
Hacioiio nny~n: oiaaacn noynycron rpa:nan na cepnn o 4nnnnonix,
eme (oroe npe:n oiaainanmnn nnnnne na cnoco no(a~n naopaanreinoro :arepn-
aa n conercio: penoprae, anrop nacronmen crarin :or ye(nricn na cocrnenno:
onire, npnexan n ionne 1970-x rr. n Nociny no cry(en~ecio:y o:eny. ]n reepe-
nopraa o nann ne:eninx cry(enron n Nocine i npe(ocranen or(einin penco-
nin anroyc, ~roi :ono io noiaaari n ia(pe, iai cry(enri (onpaircn or ome-
nrnn (o nnorein.
2b
B 1981 ro(y ypna Conercioe ]oro nixo(n no( naananne: Hpoerapcioe
]oro.
2b
Herpy(no npe(noonri, ~ro naananne nonecrn A. Coennnina O(nn (eni
Hnana ]ennconn~a, n ioropon nnepnie ea npnipac ia naopaena no(nnnan
nani n lYAle, nponn~ecin-napo(nnno nepeiniaaci c 24 ~aca:n na nann
4nnnnonix.
27
Cp.: Das Bild in der Presse. Lei pzig. 19b4. S. 1b.; . !punanun. 4oronciyccrno
na nonix nyrnx ;; Aypnancr. 1982. !81;82. C. 8; a raie (pyrne :noro~ncen-
nie crarin n Hpoerapcio: ]oro n Conercio: ]oro 19811982 rr.
28
W. enjamin, Das Kunslwerl im Zeilaller seiner lechnischen Peproduzierbarleil.
lranlurl a.N., 19b8. S. 21.
29
Cp.: M. Tupilspn. Op. cil.
80
Omenanecrno, ~ro cpe(n rainx ypannix (eraen in n nonanmne n onay
i(n, nc~eanonenne ioropix c naopaennn ~acro npe(mecrnonao nx ]nan~ecion
ninn(annn. Cp.: D. Aing. 1he Commissar \anishes. 1he lalsiicalion o Pholographs
and Arl in lhe Soviel Union. London, 1997.
81
K ncii~enni (onoino ~acro npneran, nanpn:ep, n nicrpannnx i raaere
Hpan(a n 1920-e rr., no n .ro: cy~ae pe~i n(er, ciopee ncero, o rexnn~ecinx
nonpaniax naopaennn, neoxo(n:ix n yconnnx nnaioro ia~ecrna raaernoro penpo-
(ynnponannn; i 1980-: rr. .ro ne ornocnrcn.
82
C:. npn:. 80.
88
C:.: R. Satlotli. Groer lhrer, Lehrer, lreund und \aler. Slalin in der lolograie
;; lhrerbilder. Nnchen; Zrich, 199b. S. 189209.
84
C:.: R. Satlotli. Presseolograie und lnduslrialisierung in der Sow[elunion. Die
Pravda 192b88. Berlin, 1981.
8b
Gusla. Alucis. Pelrospellive ; H. Ganer, P. Nachligller (Hg.). Kassel; Nadrid,
1991. S. 188.
8b
C:.: A. A.apx. Conercinn po:an: Hcropnn iai pnrya. Liarepnnypr, 2002.
87
Pholo-Power. Painling and iconicily in lhe lirsl live Year Plan ;; Arl and Power.
Lurope under lhe diclalors 19804b. Hayward Gallery, London, 199b;199b. P. 2b1.
88
C:.: C. Tpemtxoe. Cinoai nenporeprie o~in (Hyrenia) ;; Honin L4.
1928. ! 9. C. 2024.
89
CCCP na crponie. 1980. ! 1.
$!
40
C:.: A. Rodchenko. Nglichleilen der Pholographie. Kln, 1982. S. 1b.
41
F. outdieu. Un arl moyen. Lssai sur les usages sociaux de la pholographie.
Paris, 19bb. P. 184.
42
Cp.: M. Hamboutg, C. Fhilli ps. 1he New \ision. Pholography belween lhe
World Wars. lord Nolor Company Colleclion al lhe Nelropolilan Nuseum o Arl. New
Yorl, 1989. P. 4.
48
C:. ]oronenaan ]. ]eaona (inmero ~ena rpynni Oirnpi) n A. Ciypn-
xnna n ypnae Hamn (ocrnennn (198b, ! 12).
44
L. enda.id-Val. Op. cil. P. b9. K ~ncy no(onix na(annn ornocnnci, nanpn-
:ep, aio:i CCCP crponr connana:, Kpacnan Ap:nn , 'eicinnni, ninymen-
nie na(areicrno: H3OlH3.
4b
Naprapnra 1ynnnina nn(nr ren(ennni o]nnnainoro paa:eenannn conercion
]ororpa]nn ye n 1928 ro(y npn nopy~ennn 3i ncnnio:y paapaorin .icnoannnn
conercioro nanniona na :e(ynapo(non nicranie ne~arn Hpecca n Keine. C:.:
M. Tupilspn. ...lo assure a avorable Weslern receplion or Soviel propaganda malerial
;; N. 1upilsyn. 1he Soviel pholograph 1924-1987. New Haven; London. 199b. P. b8.
4b
1a: e. P. 1b2
47
3ror e nonpoc cimnrcn n naanannn penenann B. loi(epr na nicraniy
Gloriying governmenls is also an Arl (Hpocanenne npannreicrna roe nciyc-
crno). loi(epr or:e~aer naocri conercinx n a:epniancinx paor n nx ioc:ern-
~ecion ]yninnn na nie nacrn. C:.: V. Goldbetg. A cosmelic or lhe ace o power
;; 1he New Yorl 1imes. 1999, Augusl 1.
1b4
LBlLHHH ]O5PLHKO
HO1PL5LHHL HPOH3BO]C1BA,
HH HHOC1PAHUL B CO5C1BLHHOH C1PAHL
3ny~nr napa(oicaino, no cyreir oana~aimero .ro perpoai-
rnnnin .]]eir necocronreinocrn ero cocrnennon penpeaenrannn;
nor no~e:y necnoconocri i penpeaenrannn nnnercn e(nncrnennon
noa:onocrii npe(crannri .ror cyreir a(einarno.
Canon Anei, Boanimennin oreir n(eoornn
1
lOBOPALHH lA3 (HALH ]OC1HALHHA)
Paccy(an n Po(ennn innnin o rpanc]op:annn :e(nnnncioro naiia
n narn(a, 4yio nnca o cnoeopaano: :e(nnnncio: .aorepna:e, o nen-
io: :n]e ~ncroro Barn(a, ioropin cra i ~ncri: Aaiio:: raaa, ioropin
i aaronopn
2
. 3ro aacranner aa(y:aricn o (pyro: nenio: :n]e, o :n]e
~ncroro Aaiia: naiia, ioropin i ynn(e. Pacc:arpnnan (nciypcnnnie crpa-
rernn npeaenrannn connancrn~ecioro crponreicrna, y(e:, o(naio, no:-
nnri, ~ro Barn( n Aaii, nnnnci ii~eni:n ionnenryaini:n onnoannnn:n
n conpe:ennon ipnrn~ecion reopnn
8
, cxo(ni n ro:, ~ro iacaercn :exanna-
:on pe]epennnn, c]op:ynponannix Aneio:: Oi~nin naii nnnercn
cnon: cocrnenni: :eranaiio:. On ca:o-pe]epenren |...] Aaiia ea orei-
ra ne cymecrnyer. ]ae ior(a iaercn, ~ro naii norpyen n ca:o-pe]epenr-
noe (nnenne, ~ro on ronopnr roiio o cee, nce panno cymecrnyer oreirnn-
nin, necnrnn]nnnpyimnn pe]epenr` .roro (nnennn
4
.
lonopn o npo(yire conpeancrn~ecioro nponano(crna, :i n:ee: n nn(y
n:enno raion necnrnn]nnnpyimnn pe]epenr: oreir conpeancrn~ecio-
ro napparnna (Aaiia n Barn(a) connancrn~ecioe nponano(crno nnn-
ercn o(nonpe:enno n npo(yiro: .roro napparnna, n oreiro: norpeennn.
Connancrn~ecioe nponano(crno (n ron :epe, n iaion ono nnnercn co-
nnancrn~ecin:, nanpanenni: na y(onernopenne norpenocren conercinx
i(en; n ron :epe, n iaion n:enno n ne: ]op:npyircn connancrn~ecine
nponano(crnennie ornomennn n po(aercn nonin ~eonei) nnnercn npo-
(yiro: conpeana:a. Hni:n cona:n, npou.eo0cmeo ocmaemc coua.ucmu-
uecxuu e mo .unt uepe, e xaxo ono e.emc copea.ucmuuecxuu. Co-
ua.u.u uepe. copea.u.u npou.eo0um... npou.eo0cmeo e xauecmee
npo0xma ocnoenoeo o6exma nompe6.enu e CCCF.
$#
B ~e: nnior(a conercinn ~eonei ne ana (e]nnnra, rai .ro n opaaax
connancrn~ecioro nponano(crna. Onn oipyan ero nci(y or npona-
no(crnennoro po:ana (o raaernon nooci, or xy(oecrnennon nicranin (o
:acconon necnn, or no.:i (o :ony:enrainon nponaran(i. 4ernmnaannn
nponano(crna n CCCP .innnaenrna ]ernmnaannn norpeennn na 3ana(e.
Lcn n omecrne norpeennn nponano(crnennie ornomennn nirecnn-
ircn na nepn]epni nyn~noro (nciypca, ro n CCCP onn aaconnir coon
nce; ecn n omecrne norpeennn npo(yir cipinaer aaoennin n ne:
rpy(, ro n CCCP rpy( cipinaer nponane(ennin n: npo(yir. Hpn~nni coipi-
rnn :exanna:on nponano(crna npn iannrana:e xopomo nanecrni: n ron
:epe, n iaion nponano(crno nnnercn iannrancrn~ecin:, ono ocnonano na
.icnyarannn. Hpn~nni coipirnn npo(yira npn connana:e nnie: n ron
:epe, n iaion nponano(crno nnnercn connancrn~ecin:, ono ne nnnercn npo-
nano(crno: (n noro:y ne nopo(aer npo(yira n npnni~no: c:ice). H:en-
no no.ro:y c raion nacron~nnocrii conpeana: aannr nnno nairo~ni: (n
nmi na nepnin narn(, ranroorn~ecin: n nenyni:) nponano(crno: npo-
nano(crna. Horpeenne noce(nero ne croiio aa:enner orcyrcrnyimnn npo-
(yir, cioiio npn(aer c:ic ca:o:y nponeccy ero ne-nponano(crna; n nenrpe
.roro ne-nponano(crna naxo(nrcn connancrn~ecine nponano(crnennie ornome-
nnn n nopo(ae:in n:n nonin ~eonei, a nonce ne npo(yir, ioropin nmi
conyrcrnyer ocnonnon aa(a~e nponano(crny connana:a.
Connainoe ]yninnonnponanne .roro ca:o-pe]epenrnoro :exanna:a ne-
noa:ono ea coornercrnyimen nn]pacrpyirypi. B ionne 1920-x rr. na~a-
aci nnrencnnnan paora na( ee coa(anne:. B nenrpe namero nnn:annn a(eci
(na ropiioncinx npoeira: ypnai Hamn (ocrnennn ((aee H]) n CCCP
na crponie. Hepnin i ypnao: o~epia, nropon ypnao: ]ororpa-
]nn. Hepnin i pacc~nran na :acci, nropon nceneo na aarpannny. B
nenrpe oonx ypnainix npoeiron crona n(en npeaenrannn ]airon poc-
ra. B oripinanmen H] nporpa::non crarie O :aeniinx` i(nx n o
nenion nx paore lopiinn nnca: Naeniin:` i(n: nopa ye anari,
~ro ncninn nx rpy( noanpamaercn n: e n roiio n: n ]op:e rex (ocrne-
nnn, o ioropix pacciaainaer .ror ypna ycra:n paceiiopon, arpono:on,
rexnnion n paornnion nayin. Hni:n cona:n, nx rpy( noanpamaercn... pac-
ciaao:.
lopiinn i o~eni oecnoioen re:, ~ro ]airi pocra n Crpane Coneron
ne anaio:i :acca:. B pe(ainnonnon crarie o(noro na nepnix no:epon yp-
naa on rai ]op:ynpyer ero nei: Hoiaainari pao~en :acce ycnexn ee
paori no ncex oacrnx crponreicrna n na ncex nynirax Coiaa Coneron.
Pe(ainnn rnep(o nepnr n cny ]airon noonreinoro xapairepa n naxo(nr
nyni: npornnonocrannri nx ]aira: orpnnareinoro xapairepa, ioropie
ocnemaircn ca:oipnrnion`
b
. Hpe(e ~e: nepnyricn i npoe:e ca:oipn-
rnin n ocoanari .rn ana:enareinie iani~in, oparn: nnn:anne na ncipi-
rin lopiin: cyryo :e(nainin acneir npoe:i: ~nrarei ypnaa, aann-
nercn n pe(ainnonnon crarie, ne o~eni rpa:ornin ~eonei, nner n Apaa-
:ace, nnenie, Benio: Ycrire, 5nncie, Boiax, ]oporoye, Capanye n
cornnx rainx ropo(on; on paoraer na ricn~ax ]apni n aano(on, paccennnix
1bb
no orpo:non crpane, na nonx (ecnrion ricn~ ce n (epeneni. Kpyroaop ero
o~eni yaoi, n no.ro:y cnon :ecrnie ciapancine, necieroncine, iep~encine
nenopn(in n neypn(nni on pacnpocrpanner na nci noxo anaio:yi e:y crpa-
ny Coneron. On neycranno paoraer, no ne anaer, ne ~yncrnyer oprann~ecion
cnnan cnoen paori no Ba(n:npe na Knai:e c paoron n Pocrone-na-]ony
i(en, rainx e, iaion on ca:. Ha(o, ~ro on ana. Ha(o, ~ro e:y pacciaaina-
n o .ro: npocro, ncno n iaprnnno
b
.
H nce e y(apenne (eaoci na cone ]airi. lopiinn ne ycraer nonro-
pnri: Nici npnxo(nr noce ]aira
7
, H(en nipacrair na ]airon n nnra-
ircn ]aira:n (?, 91), 4airi y~ar con(nee, ~e: n(en
8
, Hamn (ocrne-
nnn` (air oninenmnn :arepna ]airon (n oprannaannn nonnrnn, n(en,
ioropie n cnoi o~epe(i cnococrnyir coa(anni nonix ]airon
9
. Ho-
ce(nee neco:nenno: n(en po(air ]airi. B nonn:annn lopiioro npo-
e:a ]aira nnnercn ~acrii oee mnpoion npoe:i npan(i. Kai
nanecrno, lopiinn nn(e (ne npan(i, o(ny na ioropix, crapyi, on oriaai-
nacn npnananari no n:n yrnep(ennn nonon. Crapan npan(a, iai iaaa-
oci lopiio:y, ropecrnonaa n r. n. ca:oipnrnie. Hncarei nicryna
npornn noce(nen, no ecn n oripiron ne~arn e:y npnxo(noci cen c(epn-
nari, ro n nepenncie on ne cipina cnoero noa:ymennn ia:nannen ca:oipn-
rnin. Ca:oipnrnia, nnca on n nnci:e H. Ce:amio, npe(nan aaana,
noiaa ioropon co:nnreina, a oeanennoe yne~enne ei neco:nenno, rai
e iai neco:nenen (n :enn n npe( ee. Ho ona cynr nonnenni npecrn-
a Conercion nacrn n raaax :acci
10
. lopiinn nenoxo ana, iai ycrpoe-
ni .rn raaa, a noro:y on (oiaaina neoxo(n:ocri ypnaa, nceneo no-
cnnmennoro nonon npan(e.
B penenann na nepnyi inniy H] n Hpan(e (1b :apra 1929 r.)
]ann( 3acancinn or:e~a, ~ro xorn n neo: ypna onpan(a cen, n ne:
ner cnerorenn: Ho(nnnie namn (ocrnennn oipyeni n orcraocrii,
n re:noron, n roonornncrno:, n emeni: conpornnenne: iacconoro npa-
ra. 3ro nenpe:enno (ono ~yncrnonaricn n ypnae, n .ro ne omymaercn
n nepno: no:epe |...] B Hamnx (ocrnennnx` (ono iri :ecro n ca:o-
ipnrnie. Kai y(ro orne~an na .rn ynpein (a 3acancinn i (onepenni:
nno: Cranna, n penenann n Hpan(e orpaaa (aeio ne roiio ero ro~-
iy apennn), lopiinn nnca: Hape(ia nac ynpeiair n ro:, ~ro ypna nam
aa:a~nnaer orpnnareinie nnennn nann. Ynpeiaimne aainair, ~ro
.rn nnennn nne npe(eon namen re:i, ~ro aa(a~a ypnaa nanu
0ocmuenu, a ne namn ypo(crna. Be(i neian e rpeonari, ~ro ypna,
nocnnmennin, nanpn:ep, nonpocy nocnnrannn (eren, ronopn o neconepmen-
crnax ciorono(crna, nn n ypnae, nocnnmenno: acrpo]nanie, ronopnoci
i o npe(e ninncrna (?o, 218). lopiinn i aaipir (n apry:enron cro-
ponnnion ca:oipnrnin (n ~nce ioropix i Crann). Bn(n ee npe( (n
raaax :acci!), on ne :or nonnri, ~ro, orcrannan npano na ca:oipnrniy,
nacri orcrannaa cnoe npano na or~y(enne neioropon aoni peainocrn,
n ioropyi :ono io i cnannari nce re ne(ocrarin n rpy(nocrn,
ornercrnennocri aa ioropie nacri npnnn:ari oriaainaaci. B no(xo(e
lopiioro i ]aira: n ca:o: na~ae 1980-x rr. .ra (ncrannnn cnn:aaci,
$%
~ro orpann~nnao noa:onocrn (n :annnynnnn ]aira:n. O(naio (n
roro ~roi nonnri .noinni ropiioncioro npoeira, oiaaanmero orpo:noe
nnnnne na ]op:nponanne conpeancrn~ecioro :n:ecnca, nyno nepnyri-
cn i :o(epnncrcion ionnennnn ]aira, n (naore c ioropon paannnanci
narn(i lopiioro.
Xan(en Yanr npone rpannny :e(y coirne: n ]airo:, nn(n n no-
ce(ne: nnrnncrn~ecine ioncrpyinnn (onncinae:ie coirnn): ]airi
ne n:eir nniaion peainocrn nne naiia, rai ~ro, ecn coirnn` :orn
nponaonrn, ro nx penpeaenrannn iai ]airon oecne~nnaer nx nce:n arpny-
ra:n nreparypnix, ecn ne :n]n~ecinx ]eno:enon
11
(aa:ern: nonyrno,
~ro .ro paan~ne n:eer ornomenne ne roiio i ncropn~ecion penpeaenrannn,
no n i penpeaenrannn conpe:ennocrn). 1aiona, no :icn Yanra, cnryannn n
nocr:o(epnna:e. ]n pyccinx e :o(epnncron, nocnnmnxcn c n(en:n nre-
parypi ]aira n innonpan(i iai paa n ro npe:n, ior(a lopiinn coa(ana
cnon ypnai, iaprnna npe(crannaci conce: nna~e.
Hpoe:a ]aira n ni:ica airnnno ocy(aaci na pyee 1980-x rr.
12
1ai, pannonni nen cnoi opiy na (na ]ponra (ne noanon: cen yne~i
na nyri cxoacrn~ecioro ocy(ennn roro, cioiio (ono iri ni:ica`, a
cioiio neni:ica`! npnaina cnonx ioer no PAHHy N. yarnn n
nnnape 1981 r. na conemannn pannonnen-o~epincron
18
). O(ny ipannocri pan-
nonni yc:arpnnan n r. n. reopnn (ncrannnn (nyna npe:ennan (ncrannnn
(n roro, ~roi nncari o nponcxo(nme:): ona nponone(yer eai(ennin no-
nepxnocrnin .:nnpna: n onncareicrno n cero(nnmnen npairnie, a raie
coaepnareinocri, cyreirnnna:, pannonana:, narypana:, noay~nn .:nn-
pna:
14
. ]pyron yion i npe(cranen (n nnx e]onna:n, ornnnnmn:n
o~epi ananrap(o: nreparypi: reopnn ananrap(non pon o~epia n peion-
crpyirnnnin nepno( noanniaer na no~ne :eioypyaanon nopo~nocrn :n-
ponoaapennn, npnoperan nnemnii ]op:y :eioypyaanon penoinnonnon
]paai, :eioypyaanoro pa(niana:a, noanniaer na no~ne crpe:ennn yio-
nnricn or ecrion neoxo(n:ocrn no(nnnon n ryoion nepecrponin |...]
cnoero :nponoaapennn
1b
.
e]oncian reopnn nreparypi ]aira (n nanoee pa(niainix cnonx
:ann]ecrannnx) ia nnone po:anrn~ecion nonirion nicio~nri na nre-
parypi, npeo(oen ee nanyrpn n oriaaanmnci or opaaa, rnna n cierno-
crn. B ycranoniax na (encrnennocri, ionipernaanni, nepenecenne nen-
rpa nnn:annn nreparypi c ~eone~ecinx nepennannn na oprannaanni o-
mecrna, c nepennannn repon na nepennanne nponeccon
1b
~nraercn ne
croiio niaon rpa(nnnn, cioiio onopa na nee n ro:, ~ro iacaercn aaonon
nepi n ]air. Hpornnonocrannn raaery nreparype, a o~epi po:any, e-
]onni npo(oan ocranaricn n pa:iax npenen :n:ern~ecion napa(nr:i.
Bi(nnran n(ei norpa]nn nemn n npornnonec norpa]nn repon, Cepren
1perinion npe(ara pacc:arpnnari n ca:oro repon n ia~ecrne nemn, ye-
(an nncareen n ~nrareen n ro:, ~ro ca:in ~eonei npe(craner nepe( na:n
n nono: n nononenno: nn(e, ecn :i nponycrn: ero no nonecrnonareino:y
ionnenepy, iai nemi
17
. 1oiio conpeana: coa(a npe(nociin (n .ron
pa(niainon rpanc]op:annn ]aira.
1b8
O(naio conpeancrn~ecinn ]air ne i npocron peanaannen anan-
rap(noro npoeira, iai yrnep(aer 5. lponc xorn i noro:y, ~ro e]oncine
]anraann ca:n in cyryo nreparypni:n n ncxo(nn na nan~nn neioero
nacronmero, npanninoro, nenciaaimero :n:ecnca. Conpeana: e,
iai ye ronopnoci, coxpannn nnemnii, crnenyi cnnai c :n:ern~ecion
rpa(nnnen, yrnep(an, ~ro on orpaaer nani, pa(niaino paapina co ncn-
in: :n:ecnco:. Nn:ern~ecian npnpo(a conpeana:a ca:in crapin n ry-
oinn npe(paccy(oi. Cnop o o~epie iai anpe npan(nnoro, ]airn~ecio-
ro orpaennn nann, cnop o ]aire, o npan(e n ni:ice n ionne 1920-x
na~ae 80-x rr., naianyne nponoaramennn conpeana:a, i orni(i ne cy~aen.
nreparype ]aira npe(crono crari ]airo: nreparypi. ]n .roro
npnmoci pa(niaino nepeoc:icnri ca:yi npnpo(y ]aira. B ro e npe-
:n, :e(y e]oncion ]airorpa]n~ecion yronnen n conpeana:o: ner npo-
nacrn. B nepnon noonnne 1980-x rr. n:enno n H] n iyirnnnpye:o: na
ero crpannnax r.n. nponano(crnenno: o~epie, na ioroporo nipacra :era-
anp conpeana:a nponano(crnennin po:an
18
, nponcxo(nr nipaoria no-
non onrnin connancrn~ecion no co(epanni n :n:ern~ecion no ]op:e.
Hec:orpn na npnaini nncareen n ~enon pe(ioernn, lopiinn n 1927
29 rr. iareropn~ecin oriaainacn or nyniannn n ypnae eerpncrnin.
Hona~ay a(eci nonocrii rocno(crnona r.n. (oiy:enrainin o~epi. 3a-
(a~a ypnaa, nnca lopiinn n 1928 ro(y ocnemenne no.ann rpy(a ne
cona:n, a ]aira:n (J0, 108). B ypnae na: neoxo(n:o nipaorari
cnon rnn craren, rnn ynpomennoro o~epia, nnca on, o~epia ecxnrpocrno-
ro, caroro, ]airn~ecioro, ea nanmnnx yipamennn or eerpncrnin (?o,
b0). Cona n eerpncrnia any~ar (n lopiioro nnori (o 1982 ro(a iai
pyrareicrna.
4airi pocra pnanci napyy, no orcyrcrnne nonon onrnin (eao nx
neye(nreini:n. O(naio rannoe, ~ro orcronoci ye na .ro: .rane nipa-
orin nonon onrnin, i craryc aa:ennoro ]aira. Hponicrpnponari ero
:ono io i ii: (oiy:enraini: o~epio: rex er. Bor rnnn~nin
o~epi o (ocrnennnx n ceicio: xoanncrne n :ancion innie H] aa
1929 ro(, n ca:in paarap ioeirnnnaannn: Ha~nnan nncari o (ocrnennnx
n ceicio: xoanncrne, npe(e ncero ncno:nnai nonenoe o oinareicio:
mnnenie.
]ocrnennn B ceicio: xoanncrne
A aaopnie innin 3ro (ocrnenne A o~epe(n aa :nco: A ne(oxnar
caxapy..
Oinareicio:y mnnenii no oimen ~acrn nena rpom
19
.
]aime ce(yer pacciaa o ca:nx (ocrnennnx: Hoanaio:ireci c i-
ro: ioeirnnnix xoanncrn <cono ioxoa eme roiio nxo(nr n naii n
ne ynorpenercn iai pacxoee. E. ,.>, ocoenno c iro: c.-x. io::yn.
Hoc:orpnre na .nryanaa:, conpono(aimnn paory pao~nx crponmnxcn aep-
nonix conxoaon. Hoinanre na nepnon :amnnorpairopnon crannnn npn con-
xoae n:enn Len~enio, no opaany ioropon ye n reiyme: ro(y y(er opra-
nnaonano 102 nonix crannnn. H craner ncno, ~ro paaronopi n o~epe(nx aa
:nco:, ~ro oinareicioe mnnenie .ro cy~annoe, nanocnoe nnenne, a no(-
$'
nnnan nonan nani na~nnaer crponricn nenn(anni: paa:axo: ncen .neprnn
:noro:nnonnix :acc pao~nx n ipecrinn
20
. 3a ecione~ni: nepe~nce-
nne: (ocrnennn (ynen~enne ~nca rpairopon, iocnoi, :oornoi n r. (.) n
aa pacciaaa:n o ycnexax iooneparnnon n r. (., nonpoc o aaopnix inniax,
o~epe(nx aa :nco: n ne(oxnare caxapy cnn:aercn ca: coon. Oiaainaer-
cn, ~ro cocrnenno npo(yiro: n nnnircn nce .rn iocnin, nonie crannnn n
r. n. ]airi nonon nann, a nonce ne xe, :nco n caxap.
'nran o~epi aa o~epio:, npnxo(nmi i nino(y, ~ro namn (ocrnennn
cocpe(oro~eni n ca:on c]epe nponano(crna, a ne n npo(yirax .roro npona-
no(crna; ~ro nponano(crno (iai nponecc) n nnnercn npo(yiro:. He ro ~ro-
i .ror raa onncina roiio ro, ~ero ne io (rnna :acconoro .nryan-
aa:a; neponrno, iocnoi (encrnnreino crao oime, nponano(crno ~yryna n
cran (encrnnreino ynen~noci n r. (.), no ro, ~ro on onncinaer, ne pee-
nanrno c ro~in apennn rpa(nnnonno nonn:ae:oro oreira. Hyno io na-
:ennri ca:yi ycranoniy na peenanrnocri ynn(ennoro. Onncannin y 4yio
aaronopnnmnn n :e(nnnncio: naiie raa nn(nr n onncinaer ro, ~ro pe-
enanrno c ro~in apennn :e(nnnni: on onncinaer, ciae:, cocronnne rea
nannenra, no ne ]acon ero narin (noce(nee, c ro~in apennn :e(nnnni, nepe-
enanrno). lopiioncinn e raa ycrpoen rai, ~ro on onncinaer noipon narin
nioi (n :e(nnnncinx neen. Hepe]paanpyn ca:oro lopiioro, :ono cia-
aari, ~ro, ornnnn cnoen neii ncce(onanne npoe:i nocnnrannn (eren, on
aaronopn o neconepmencrnax ciorono(crna nn cne paaronop o acrpo]nan-
ie i nonpocy o npe(e ninncrna.
Crparernn aa:eni n nipaoria nonon ro~in apennn na ]airi cranonnr-
cn onpe(enimn:n n ypnae. Hanpn:ep, n o~epie A. Kpe:nena 1pnnn(a(
na Bore
21
pacciaainaercn o ro:, ~ro no( Ciapanii onapyeni orpo:nie
aaen ac]aira, o ia~ecrnax n npeipacnix cnoncrnax .roro ac]aira (on,
ione~no, y~mnn n :npe), o neneponrno: ero ion~ecrne (aaen roe,
ione~no, ca:ie oimne n :npe), o cnocoax (oi~n n nonon rexnnie, o npe-
n:ymecrnax .ron rexnnin, o ocoennocrnx nponano(crna, o neinao: poc-
re ac]airo-npo:imennocrn n o ro:, ~ro nponano(nr ac]aira n CCCP
n(noe oime, ~e: n CLA. Hpn .ro: nonpoc o ac]aironix (oporax n
CCCP (ae ne crannrcn. 1o ocronreicrno, ~ro ac]air ecri, a (opor ner, iai
i ne naxo(nrcn n ]oiyce. 3ra ]oiycnponia ropiioncioro raaa cranonnr-
cn napparnnnon crparernen.
Ho(ono ro:y, iai onncannin 4yio :e(nnnncinn ronopnmnn raa ion-
crpynpona ca: npe(:er :e(nnnni, ropiioncinn raa ioncrpynpyer npe(-
:er (ocrnennn connana:a. B .ro: cnere noy~aer orncnenne ecione~-
nocri conpeancrn~ecioro naopaareicrna nponano(crna: ono conce: ne
nairo~no n re: oee ne ecc:icenno, nocioiiy n cnryannn, ior(a naopa-
enne n nnnercn nponano(crno:, ~e: oime ero naopaaercn, re: oime
ero n nponano(nrcn. Kaymnecn nonrop n nairo~nocri .ro n ecri pocr
connancrn~ecioro nponano(crna. Pncye:ie a(eci iaprnni ne npocro aa-
nonnir peainyi nycrory orcyrcrnne npo(yiron ncex .rnx ycnnn (:i
nepernan anro:oninie aano(i 4op(a, npn .ro: ]air orcyrcrnnn n crpane
anro:onen nmen ncnion peenanrnocrn), onn y~ar c:orperi cinoai nee
170
n roorpa]n~ecinn :np ocymecrnennon :e~ri. Bce .ro ne :oro ne npnnec-
rn i ipnancy anpa (oiy:enrainoro o~epia.
C 1982 ro(a n H] (o:nnnpyer onreparypennin xy(oecrnennin o~epi
nn r. n. eerpnanponannin o~epi, ioropin co npe:ene: nepexo(nr n
o~epionyi noney, n ~ncryi conpeancrn~eciyi nreparypy. ionirno
or:ernri, ~ro ecn nna~ae n ypnae (o:nnnponan pannonnni, ro n 1988
8b rr. nx c:ennn inmne nepenaini iy(a oee npo]eccnonainie nn-
caren 5opnc lyep, Herp Ceron, Cepren Haienrpenrep, Hnioan 3apy(nn,
Hnan Karaen. C 1982 r. peaio :ennercn ca: crni na(annn. Aypna cranonnr-
cn :onrano-ananrap(ni:, nanonnercn ]ororpa]nn:n parien Hrnaronn~en,
ninonennix c erio yananae:i:n yra:n n paiypca:n no( Po(~enio.
Hecrye:in lopiin: n .noxy nepnon nnrnerin (oiy:enrainin o~epi y:n-
paer na raaax. Lcn n nenrpe o~epion nepnon nnrnerin io crponreicr-
no npe(npnnrnn, ro no nropon nnrnerie nonnnnci i(n craxanonni n
y(apnnin. Ynop na nponano(crno, ione~no, ne nc~ea, no na:ennaci onrnia:
nacrynao npe:n Hcropnn ]apni n aano(on, a c nen npnxo(n ncropn~e-
cinn napparnn n norpa]nn. Ho( oaynro: Crpana (ona anari cnonx
repoen Hpan(a ne~araer noprperi y~mnx i(en crpani, repoen nnrn-
erin. Ho ecn raaera ]apnia n(eoorn~ecinx mra:non, nx :acconoe
nponano(crno, ro H] aoparopnn n onirnan crannnn.
O~epi noce(onareino nmaercn ]airorpa]n~nocrn: norpa]nn (na nai-
ie rex er noiaa repoen) rpeonaa nreparypi. Honoporni: n .ro: na-
ne :ono c~nrari coanannoe Oprio:nrero: CCH b7 ninn 1984 ro(a Bce-
coianoe conemanne no xy(oecrnenno:y o~epiy. H:enno ra: ia nocran-
ena aa(a~a nonoro o~epia nonon nnrnerin: or onncannn nenaaa, :amnni,
aano(a, or naonponannoro noprpera repon o~epi (oen nepnyricn i nay~e-
nni npanon, xapairepon, ~yncrn i(en. O~epincr, iai n ncninn nncarei, (o-
en iri ncnxooro:. On (oen ne roiio nn(eri rnnn~nie nocrynin repo-
en, no n npe(crannri ye(nreinie nx ncnxoorn~ecine :ornnnponin
22
. 1pe-
onanne eerpnaannn o~epia any~ao nce nacron~nnee: O~epincr ne :o-
er (n ne (oen) nicrynari n pon eccrpacrnoro ]ororpa]a (encrnnrei-
nocrn. Xy(oecrnennoe nponane(enne ne ecri npocron nepeciaa nn(ennoro
28
.
C npnaino: i npeo(oenni o~epionoro .:nnpna:a nicrynn inmnn
nepenaen Hnan Karaen: Bce .rn ecione~nie rexnn~ecine (ocrnennn, ia-
nepanie npopini, naoperennn, y(nn~nie n npaa(nn~nie no(nnrn, (oecrnie
norpa]nn, ncn~ecine rpexona(ennn n nepepo(ennn, neycranno npeno(nocn-
:ie ~nrarei ronapnma:n-o~epincra:n, (encrnnreinocri, iai i ncro-
~ennan n cryne, nce .rn :ei~anmne n cyxne ipynnni nonce(nennocrn aaco-
pnir omecrnennoe coananne; nonainin o~epionin .:nnpna: na(nnraercn na
nero no(ono ciny~n: n ecno(ni: necia: nycrinn
24
. Karaen npnaina i
npeo(oenni .roro .:nnpna:a na nyrnx mnpoinx oomennn. O xapairepe
.rnx oomennn ronopn B. 1apcnc: Ha: npe(crannercn, ~ro ynn(eri ocnon-
noe ne(ymee aneno n namen (encrnnreinocrn .ro ynn(eri .e:enri y(y-
mero, ioropi:n nacimen ye cero(nnmnnn (eni crpani Coneron ncno:n-
nari y(ymee` |...] 5oraran nama (encrnnreinocri |...] ana~nreinee n np~e
ni:ica
2b
. Crarin naainaaci Bocno:nnannn o y(yme:.
%
Hpn:epo: no(onix nocno:nnannn :oryr cynri npnio-rexnn~e-
cine orcrynennn n o~epiax inmero ioncrpyirnnncra 5opnca Aranona: Bon-
(nre n .rn necymecrnyimne nexa. Bi nn(nre eronnin :apm ioonn, no((ep-
nnaimnx nay~aimne cner noroin. Pn(i cranion, oipyro :epnaimnx
no:eponannon craii. Lnpoine npoxo(i :e(y nn:n ~ncrie n cnoo(-
nie, noipirie erono:, iai cepi: cyino:. Bi omymaere nnennocri npono-
(on, nann:erpni oion, crepeo:erpni .rnx :acc noa(yxa n conna, aaii-
~ennix n npoapa~nie creni. Bce .rn na:epennn iaccn~ecion reo:erpnn
npe(crair nepe( na:n, nonomennie n crni rexnnin (na(naroro croernn,
ciynon, npocropnon n npn:onnennon. Cymanre! Bii~aircn pyninnin
.eirpo:oropon, n ry cranion na(i:aercn n rpex:epno: npocrpancrne. Bi
ncrynaere n ~erneproe na:epenne
2b
. 3rn o~epin necymecrnyimero, or-
ipinaimne nixo( n ~erneproe na:epenne (nn rperii (encrnnreinocri,
no lopiio:y), ~nraircn iai ioncrpyirnnncrcinn noia ne conpeancrn~e-
cinn! po:an.
Hncaren c .nryanaa:o: rpeonan conpeana:a: o~epi (oen iri npan-
(nni:, ea ncnioro ni:ica, no n ero ocnonannn (ono eari rnnn~e-
cioe: O~epincr npneraer i ni:icy n rex cy~anx, ior(a on ~yncrnyer, ~ro
ero :arepna ne(ocraro~no npoi, ne rnnn~en, ne oomaer nnennn, ioropie
na(o (onecrn (o ~nraren n aane~areri n ero coanannn iai rnnn~ecine |...]
nyri ni:ica n o~epie .ro nnnn nan:enimero conpornnennn
27
. Pnro-
pnia rnnn~ecioro nponnainaer renepi (nciypc o ]aire n o~epie: ]n nac
ne(ocraro~no npocroro ioncrarnponannn n onncannn ]airon, ioropie nai-
(a anrop. Ha: nyen n coornercrnyimnn no(op .rnx ]airon n coornercr-
nyimee nx ocnemenne, anana, ioropin naxo(ncn i n nono: coornercrnnn
c :apicncrcin: nonn:anne: (encrnnreinocrn |...] Ha: nyni omne nino-
(i, ione~nin nror n oomenne onncannn. Anrop :oer .rn nino(i c(eari
ca:, no npe(ocrannri nx ~nrarei. Ho n .ro: noce(ne: cy~ae nino(i
(oni nireiari na onncannn c o~enn(nocrii, ne (onyciaimen cy~annix
roionannn. Onn (oni iri no(ciaaani n, n nanecrno: c:ice, xy(oecr-
nenno nannaani ~nrarei
28
.
Kor(a cnycrn ro( na crpannnax H] paapaanaci (nciyccnn o ]aire n
ni:ice n o~epie, nncaren-o~epincri npo(e:oncrpnponan nonoe na(e-
nne conpeancrn~ecion onrnion. Yro~nnnci nmi (eran. O(nn ronopnn,
~ro n ocnone o~epia naxo(nrcn ]airn~ecinn opaa (sic!)
29
. ]pyrne noome
oriaainan o~epiy n npane na ]airn~nocri, rpeyn or nero npe(e ncero
rnnn~nocrn: ]eo n ionne ionnon ne n ro:, ~roi cymecrnona n:enno
raion-ro Hnan Hnanonn~, a n ro:, ~roi on n o~epie nnone ro~no orpaa
ricn~n Hnanon Hnanonn~en n nonoma nx rnnn~ecine ~epri n nx :ime-
nne
80
. O(nn na y~acrnnion (nciyccnn nnca: A c~nrai nenyni: cnoion-
nin ]airorpa]n~ecinn o~epi, on nn~e:y ne y~nr. Lcri raine inren npn-
po(i, ioropie (enr :np na ecrecrnennoe n nciyccrnennoe, ioropi: iaercn,
~ro .eirpn~ecrno n ry~e .ro npnpo(a, a ]nenpor.c ni(y:ia. O(naio n
]nenpor.ce .ron ca:on npnpo(i n ricn~n paa oime, ~e: n ry~e. 1aion n
o~epi |...] Coa(annoe nncaree: y(er ne ro, ~ro iaercn npan(ono(oni:,
ono non(er n nani ~nraren iai (encrnnreinocri
81
. 1py(no, noayn, c
172
oimen ro~nocrii c]op:ynponari aaioni conpeancrn~ecioro npeopa-
ennn peainocrn.
1ai o~epi anp 0oxuenma.tno nreparypi a norpyancn n con-
peancrn~eciyi ]nirnnnocri. B cepe(nne 1980-x rr. io ye rpy(no none-
pnri, ~ro on noome ior(a-ro i cnnaan c (oiy:enro: n ]airo:. Kopnn
omnoi o~epincron nepnon nnrnerin ear n pacion aanncn:ocrn anro-
pon or nai(ennix ]airon, yrnep(a ~en pe(ioernn H] Ba(n-
:np Kanroponn~
82
. ]pyron y~acrnni (nciyccnn aannn, ~ro ]air .ro no-
no( (n ni:ica` |...] Ni nocnpnnn:ae: ]air iai iyoi Apna(ni |...]
Ni crainnae:cn ne c coirnn:n, a c n(en:n, ioropie na(o oipynri iaion-
ro cpe(on, nponnrari coirnn:n, nanrn (eran, nnennn, ~epro~in
88
. B ionne
ionnon crao ncno, ~ro ner nniaion nenpoxo(n:on creni :e(y o~epio: n
ocrainon xy(oecrnennon nreparypon, a i xy(oecrnenno:y o~epiy npn-
:enn:i nce oimne cona, nponanocn:ie o nciyccrne n o nncaree
84
.
A cnycrn eme o(nn ro( A. enen nnca: Lcn ninemnnn o~epi nano:n-
naer pacciaa, ro n pacciaa na~nnaer noxo(nri na o~epi. Cinoai po:an npocne-
~nnaer ]airorpa]nn ioppecnon(enra. Anrop ce(yer aa o~epincro: n n :ero-
(e conpannn :arepnaa, n n cnocoe ero opaorin. Hponcxo(nr cnenne
(nyx noicon nreparypi: ni(y:in n in, npan(i n npan(ono(onn. Panno-
(encrnyiman npoxo(nr :e(y nn:n. C (pyron croponi, c nponnen ioncrarn-
pona enen, ecn, iai nac ynepnir, nreparypa (encrnnreino nepno(n~e-
cin noanpamaercn i o~epiy, ncro~nniy peana:a, ~roi, oiynynmnci n
nero, naparicn nonix cn n (nnnyricn (aime, ro ninemnnn cra(nn o~epia,
ior(a on (eaercn cpe(crna:n eerpncrnin, ciernan io:noannnn, ni-
(y:annie (naorn, io:nnnponannie rnni, ronopnr o ro:, ~ro nreparypa
ye nonepnyaci i ne:y cnnnon
8b
.
5ea renn nponnn na (nope 198b ro(! pe(ioernn H] rai cy::n-
ponaa nrorn (nciyccnn o o~epie (a ]airn~ecin o npoe:e conpeancrn-
~ecioro :n:ecnca nenocpe(crnenno n :o:enr yrnep(ennn conpeana:a):
]airorpa]n~ecinn o~epi, npe0cmae.u ue0 npouuu o0no u. npe-
epaenu nampa.u.ua, ocraercn nanoimen onacnocrii n o~epionon n-
reparype
8b
. Airyainin nonrn~ecinn npii a(eci, ione~no, ne cy~aen. B ion-
ne ionnon, iai aa:ern en Hniynn, ior(a paaronop aaxo(nr o o~epie, (eo
n connainon npan(e, n npannino: npe(cranennn o crpane n .noxe, ioropyi
nepennaer (annan crpana, a ne n ]airn~ecion (ocronepnocrn`
87
.
BH]ALHH A3LK (CCCP HA C1POHKL)
B naoioncio: Hpnramennn na iaani, norpyaime: ~nraren n :np
roranrapno-ipoiparn~ecion anrnyronnn, npncyrcrnyer roiio o(nn nn( nc-
iyccrna ]ororpa]nn, a oanreinin ]ororpa], oxannaimnn repon, n ionne
po:ana oiaainaercn naa~o:. 3annrno npn .ro:, ~ro na ncex cnn:iax na ero
orpo:non ]oroioeinnn naopaen roiio on ca:. 3ror cnoeopaanin ]o-
ro-napnnccna: n no(oapnreinan ]ororenn~nocri ]ororpa]a-naa~a aacran-
nir ne roiio nonepnri n (ocronepnocri co:na:yn~ecinx iaprnn po-
%!
:ana, no n aa(y:aricn na( poii ]ororpa]nn n ia]inancio-opy.oncio:
nono: :npe.
1o~no ooana~n cyri npoe:i Kpnn or:an: Kai ioe n:n napnna-
reinoe npenpamaercn n :npe :n]a n n:n cocrnennoe, rai ]ororpa]n~e-
cine opaai nemen cranonnrcn n inno:npe nema:n :n]a. A nemn n cocr-
nennie n:ena n :n]oorn~ecio: :npe oa(air napa(oicainon ce:norn~e-
cion npnpo(on: n conocranennn c nemecrnenni: pn(o: peainoro :npa onn
nicrynair iai cncre:a anaion, no na ]one oee paannrix ce:norn~ecinx
cncre: nionn~ecinx n conecnix naiion onn onapynnair neanaio-
nie cnoncrna peainix npe(:eron
88
. Hrai, nne :n]a nenonnron ocraercn ne
roiio peainocri. Ca:oe :n]oorn~ecioe npeopaenne ryoio co(epa-
reino, n:enno n ne: oripinaircn na: neanaionie cnoncrna peainix npe(-
:eron. Knno (aer ]ororpa]nn ionreicr: ono ecrecrnenno n cnoe: (nne-
nnn, n cnoen :n:ern~nocrn, ror(a iai ]ororpa]nn nona :ncrnin n cnoen
neno(nnnocrn. 3rn: orncnnercn ne roiio noe(a inno, no n noe(a :on-
ranoro naiara na( ~ncri: cnn:io: (Naprapnra 1ynnnina, anrop nanoee
anropnrernon ncropnn conercion ]ororpa]nn, cnnainaer ca:oe po(enne co-
nercioro ]oro c nonrn~ecin: ]oro:onrao:
89
).
B .ro: na: nn(nrcn o(na na npn~nn ron no(oapnreinocrn, ioropan npo-
nnnaci no ornomenni i ]ororpa]nn n conercion .crernie iai n 1920-e
rr., rai n n eme oimen crenenn n crannciyi .noxy. ionirno, ~ro (ae
n e]oncinx ipyrax, nanoee aroeareinix i ]ororpa]nn, ne io
e(nncrna. 4ororpa]nponari inpnn~n, nnca n 1924 ro(y na crpannnax
L4a H. lopon, :oer roiio ror, iro cronr n cropone or crponreicr-
na, n (ae oime ror, io:y ii .rn inpnn~n n:enno iai inpnn~n |...]
Crponri n nciyccrne .ro ana~nr (anari ne :aicn:y: cxo(crna, a :aicn:y:
nipaanreinocrn n iacconon onenin. Hciyccrno ninemnero (nn .ro ne
anana, a cnnrea, ne noprper inpnn~a, a nan a(annn
40
. Hoce ia:nannn opi-
i c ]op:ana:o: n narypana:o: no nropon noonnne 1980-x rr. .ror n(eo-
orn~ecinn ynpei nipacrer (o .crern~ecion ipnrnin ]ororpa]nn iai xy(o-
ecrnennon ]op:i: 4ororpa]n~ecine npnnnnni aane~arennn :npa nporn-
nocronr npnnnnna: ncrnnnoro nciyccrna |...] no ]ororpa]nn no npnpo(e
cnoen nmena cnoconocrn oomari
41
.
]encrnnreino, iai aa:ern P. 5apr, ]oro nenio: ornromeno cy~anno-
crii, ~ien erion n npoapa~non ooo~ion ono nnnercn
42
, a noro:y ono ne
:oer nperen(onari na orpaenne aaiono:epnoro n rnnn~noro, r. e. con-
peancrn~ecin orpaari (encrnnreinocri. 4ororpa]nn, (aee, cxoa n ne
cxoa c naiio: (n ro:, ~ro iacaercn ca:ope]epenrnon ero npnpo(i, o ioropon
nnca Anei). C o(non croponi, iai yrnep(a 5apr, ionipernan ]ororpa-
]nn (encrnnreino ne orn~aercn or cnoero pe]epenra |...] 4ororpa]nn iai
i nocronnno nocnr cnon pe]epenr c coon
48
; c (pyron croponi, ]ororpa]nn
ne npenpamaercn n naii, nocioiiy nmennie npnnnnna :apinponin, cnn:-
in npenpamaircn n anain, ioropie ne aaipennircn, ioropie cnopa~nnaircn,
iai :ooio
44
. Ho n:enno 5apr i o(nn: na nepnix, iro noanecrn o c:ep-
rn anropa n aaronopn o ron ro~ie nnci:a, r(e (encrnyer ne anrop, no ca:
naii. On paccy(a o naiie, ioropin aaronopn, no n yconnnx c:eprn
174
anropa n ]oro (n CCCP na crponie, nanpn:ep, ]ororpa]nn nepnoe npe:n
noome ne no(nncinanci) :i n:ee: (eo c naiio:, ioropin ynn(e.
1ai npoe:arnaannn cyreira npoe:arnanpyer craryc oreira, ~ro noa-
npamaer nac i npoe:e ]aira. Hoe:nanpyn c ]aironna:o: n yrnep-
(an, ~ro (eo ne n ]aire, no n ero ]yninnonainocrn, ne n ~ro, a n
iai, Aeican(p Po(~enio nnca: Ni (oni nanrn, nme: n nan(e: (ne
onreci) .crerniy, no(re: n na]oc (n nipaennn ]ororpa]nen namnx no-
nix connancrn~ecinx ]airon. Cnn:oi c nnoni nocrpoennoro aano(a (n nac
ne ecri npocro cnn:oi a(annn. Honin aano( na cnn:ie ne npocro ]air, a ]air
rop(ocrn n pa(ocrn nn(ycrpnanaannn crpani Coneron, n .ro na(o nanrn,
iai cnnri`
4b
. Po(~enio noara, ~ro ]ororpa]nn nipaaer ye roronie
]airi, ~ro onn cymecrnyir (o nee. Ky(a nanee nonnri ca:yi ]ororpa-
]ni iai ]air. 1npannn nn(n:oro nanpanena npe(e ncero na yrnep(e-
nne :n:ern~ecion npnpo(i ]ororpa]nn, ror(a iai, n cymnocrn, connancrn-
~ecine ]airi 0o cnoen penpeaenrannn iai raionie ne cymecrnyir, ~ro ioc-
nenno no(rnep(aer n ca: Po(~enio: ea rop(ocrn n pa(ocrn nonin aano(
ecri npocro cnn:oi a(annn, n ne:, ce(onareino, ner nn~ero connancrn-
~ecioro.
4ororpa]nn vs. cnn:oi nenrpainan ionann ncropnn conercion ]o-
rorpa]nn. Cnn:oi ecri ~ncrin raa; ]ororpa]nn, nanpornn, naii: n nen
npo~nrinaircn .crern~ecine (iai cnnri), n(eoorn~ecine (rop(ocri n pa-
(ocri) n, naionen, nonrn~ecine (connancrn~ecine ]airi) con re na-
:epennn, n ioropix cnn:oi ncnoiayercn nmi iai no(conoe cpe(crno.
Kai noiaaaa N. 1ynnnina, nenrpainan ionann Cnn:oi vs. 4oroiaprn-
na (Pholo-Slill versus Pholo-Piclure) peanaonaaci n conercinx yconnnx n
opie ]oro:onraa n ]airo:onraa
4b
. Hepeo:ni: ona naainaer 1982 ro(,
ior(a ]airorpa]nn na~aa aa:ennricn cranncin:n nn :n]orpa]n~ecin:n
opaaa:n n oee oprann~ecin:n io:noannnn:n
47
(iai :i nn(en, n:enno n
.ro npe:n n H] na~nnaercn eerpncrn~ecioe paaoenne (oiy:enrai-
noro o~epia). B 1989 ro(y n paore na( o]op:enne: nenrpainoro nanni-
ona BCXB 3i ncnninn aa:ennr ]oro:onra iaprnnon, a conpeancrn~e-
cine iaprnni na~nnair aa:ennri ]ororpa]nn n n CCCP na crponie. Ne-
(y re:, ]oro:onraa na BCXB or .roro ne yannoci, n penenaenri aona-
nci na ero aacnie, na o(noopaane, cnnaimee nne~arenne
48
.
H:enno n o]op:ennn BCXB pacna( ]oro]op:i (ocrnr npe(ea. Ho:n-
:o .icnepn:enron c ]airypon (]orone~ari na creie, meie, :erae, (epene
n (p. :arepnaax), a(eci ncnoiaonaaci aa:ena nnernoro ]oro ero n:nrann-
en py~nan pacipacia ]ororpa]nn :acnni:n ipacia:n npn:ennaci, na-
npn:ep, n nannione Nocina (xy(. ]. 'e~ynn) n peayirare noy~a-
aci ne croiio n:nrannn ]oro, cioiio n:nrannn nnonncn. B nannione
Annornono(crno (xy(. B. Ka(an) i mnpoio npn:enen r. n. ]oroa-
peie]: ]ororpa]nn npn(anaaci ore:nan ]op:a, nciaaiman pacc~nran-
noe na npn:yi nociocri naopaenne
49
. Bo ncex .rnx .icnepn:enrax c
]ororpa]nen erio npoce(nri o(ny ren(ennni: oriaa or ]nicannn (oiy-
:enrainocrn ]oro aa c~er ainenrnponannn ero :n:ern~nocrn. Orci(a
nepexo( or ]oro i nnonncn n apeie]y n oriaa or :onranocrn, ncer(a
%#
onaaimen npne: n re: ca:i: oripinaimen nciyccrnennocri, c(e-
annocri ]oro]aira n npornnonec ero :n:ern~nocrn.
lonopnmnn raa, onrnia ioroporo paapaarinaaci n aoparopnn H],
oopa~nnaercn nn(nmn: naiio:, aoparopnen ioroporo cra ropiioncinn
e ypna CCCP na crponie. Lcn H] i nepni: n ca:i: in:i:
ypnao: lopiioro, ro cnyrnni H], CCCP na crponie (aa(y:inanmnncn
nona~ay iai ]oronpnoenne i H]), oiaaacn e(nncrnenni: ninnmn:
na ropiioncinx ypnaon. On nnoce(crnnn npenparncn n ypna Coner-
cinn Coia, nixo(nnmnn na 18 naiiax (o noce(nnx (nen conercion nacrn;
npn lopiio: on nixo(n na ~eripex naiiax (pyccio:, ne:enio:, anrnncio:,
]pannyacio:) Lcri ryoinn c:ic n ro:, ~ro .ror npairn~ecin neuo yp-
na i e(nncrnenni: na(anne:, nixo(nnmn: na nnocrpannix naiiax.
Hpn nepno:, eme ero: npoc:orpe ro(onix io:neiron ypnaa aa
1980-e rr. iaercn, ~ro n:eemi (eo c npocron c:enon nnayainix crparernn:
nna~ae .ro npocro nenpnxornnie iaprnnin conercioro crponreicrna, aa-
re: ycnnnaercn poi no(reicronoi, aare: nonnnercn xy(oecrnennoe ]oro,
cnn:in re:arnanpyircn, rai ~ro i ionny 1980-x ypna npenpamaercn n
cnoero po(a Oronei c anropcin:n o~epia:n. 3ra .noinnn cxoa c ron,
ioropyi npo(ean no~rn aa (ecnrnerne cnoero cymecrnonannn H] or
(oiy:enrainoro o~epia i o~epionon nonee. Ho, no(ono ro:y, iai naii
H] i ]airn~ecin ronopnmn: raao:, iaprnnin CCCP na crponie
in nacronmn: naiio:: npn rmareino: paarn(inannn na~nnaemi no-
nn:ari, ~ro n CCCP na crponie :i n:ee: (eo c :nn:on nnayainocrii.
3a nn~ero ne orpaaimen ]ororpa]nen naxo(nrcn ne oi~nin naii ]o-
rorpa]nn. 3ro ne npocro rpennponia raaa ~epea orop n cepnanaanni
opaaon, ~epea niop ro~in apennn, no rpennponia n ionreicryanaannn n
nnrepnperannn ynn(ennoro. Bnayainan npone(ypa roiio cipinaer nep-
ainie onepannn, ioropie ona ]airn~ecin nponano(nr onepannn, nanpan-
ennie na ro, ~roi ycrpannri ncninn aaaop :e(y noiaaanni: n ynn(en-
ni:. 'e: :enime con n CCCP na crponie (a nx ra: i nana~aino
ca:in :nnn:y: roiio ioporine aaroonin no( cnn:ia:n), re: nnrencnn-
nee nnyrpennee aa(anne ynn(ennoro. 3ro n i nn(nmnn naii.
He cy~anno n oripinanmen ]oroypna nepe(onon crarie ronopnoci
n:enno o naiie: Aaii nn]p, (narpa::, conecnix onncannn, nanonix nncr-
pyinnn ne (n ncex ye(nreen (ae nnyrpn namen crpani, a aa pyeo: |...]
naii namnx nn]p, craren, (narpa:: ncer(a aano(oapenaercn n nciyccrnenno-
crn, npeynen~ennnx, ncer(a onopo~nnaercn
b0
. Hnrepecno, ~ro neye(nrei-
ni:n n no(oapenae:i:n no n ornnnircn ne ca:n nn]pi, no n:enno
naii, conecnie onncannn. 4ororpa]nn nicrynaer a(eci n ]yninnn cnn(e-
reicrna. Hnrepecno raie orncnenne rpy(nocren, c ioropi:n crainnaer-
cn ]ororpa]nn: Hepenopor, nponcxo(nmnn n xoanncrne, orpo:en. On c rpy-
(o: ycnannaercn na:n y:oapnreino n, nonnrno, c eme oimn: rpy(o: ero
:ono y(er oxnarnri naopaanreino
b1
. Ne(y re:, o~enn(no, ~ro npornno-
nocranenne .rnx (nyx ]op: nocnpnnrnn :nn:oe: .ror nepenopor (no( io-
ropi: ryr nonn:aercn ~ncro nnemnee connancrn~ecioe crponreicrno)
o~eni erio oxnarinaercn iai y:oapnreino, rai n naopaanreino. Hpo-
17b
e:a noanniaer ror(a, ior(a no( nonpoc crannrcn ca:a ]yninnn .rnx ]op:
nocnpnnrnn, ior(a npoe:arnanpyercn ca: nepenopor. ]encrnnreino n,
iai yrnep(aa pe(ainnn, (n nac naopaair xoanncrnennin nepenopor n
no:orair nepenapnri ero y:oapnreino ]eo, iai npe(crannercn, n nno:.
Hpe(e ncero, .0ect nuueeo ne u.o6paaemc. 4yninnn naopaennn no(-
~nnena n .ro: ]oroypnae uo0e.upoeanu, no-nepnix, ca:oro oreira
(crponin); no-nropix, cyreira cre:in (]ororpa]a, a raie ca:oro raaa;
ia:epi) n, naionen, n-rperinx, pennnnenra (apnren).
H] n CCCP na crponie ce(yer pacc:arpnnari iai e(nnin :e(nai-
nin npoeir, n:en n nn(y, ~ro pe~i n(er o ncrpe~e naiia n ]oro n :e(naino:
npocrpancrne. Yiaainan na .ry cxoecri ]oro n naiia iai nana~aino :e(n-
ainix ]eno:enon, Ciaan 3onrar nncaa, ~ro, no(ono ro:y, iai na naiia
:oer iri coa(an nay~nin (nciypc, ipoiparn~ecinn :e:opan(y:, ion-
noe nnci:o, cnncoi noiynoi n racrpono:e n Hapn 5aiaaia, na ]ororpa]nn
:ono coa(ari cnn:oi (n nacnopra, nopnorpa]n~eciyi iaprnniy, cna(enoe
]oro, penrrenoncinn cnn:oi n Hapn Arrera. Ho.ro:y ]ororpa]nn, ne nnn-
nci xy(oecrnennon ]op:on, n cocronnnn npenparnri nce cnon npe(:eri n
nponane(ennn nciyccrna
b2
. 3ror norennna ]oro n naiia n i ncnoiaonan
n ropiioncinx npoeirax: n ro:, iai o~epi n H] npenpamacn n noney, a
]ororpa]nn n CCCP na crponie n nnonnci, ciaaacn :omnin .crern-
~ecin-npeopaayimnn norennna :e(nainix npairni. C (pyron croponi, na-
nocri ]ororpa]n~ecinx opaaon iai :e(ny:a, ~epea ioropin nce oime n
oime coirnn nxo(nr n nam onir, nnnercn, n ionne ionnon, roiio noo~-
ni: npo(yiro: nx .]]eirnnnocrn iai nponano(nren anannn, (ncconnnponan-
noro n neaanncn:oro or onira
b8
. 4airn~ecin, connainie ]yninnn .roro
:e(ny:a cno(nrcn i (epeanaannn nann.
Hrai, n 198082 rr. :i nn(n: na crpannnax ypnaa ecione~nie iaprn-
ni crponreicrna n nponano(crna n:enno n ne: peanayircn (ocrne-
nnn. Aypna coa(aer oreir. B nepno: e no:epe aa 1980 ro( ]ororpa]nn
nocnnmeni Aane]rn: nepe( na:n rpyi, cranin, ne]rnnie nimin; (ai-
me n(er nonin xeoaano(: ne~n, :ecnin; aare: aano( 3eirpocrai: :no-
ronnnn(ponie (nnraren, ecione~nie npoeri nexon; iaeinin aano( n
ennnrpa(e: orpo:nie iarymin iaeen, rypnnnie nexa; cy(ocrponreinin
aano( n ennnrpa(e: cy(a-xoo(ninnin; Pocroncinn rpairopnin aano(: no-
nan rexnnia; conxoa lnranr: :oornin, io:anni, rpairopa, .eirpooponi,
.enaropi; .eirpocrannnn 3aianiaain: nornni, rypnni, crponnoma(in...
B ce(yime: no:epe (1980, !2) cronna conercioro reicrnn Hnano-
no-Boanecenci. Ha neci paanopor npn(ninan ]apnia n:. ]aepnncioro n
na(nnci: Pyccinn Nan~ecrep` cra Conercin: Nan~ecrepo:`. Ha cnn:-
ie ]apnia ynioe (nnnoe a(anne. Hepe( nen, na nepno: nane nyc-
ripi, nn e(nnoro (epenna, niinan, neaaac]airnponannan ynna, noxoan oi-
me na npoceo~nyi (opory. Cnpana rnnercn (epennnnin aaop, aa ioropi:
cnaia, ypinn nime ca:oro aaopa. Boome, na ncex .rnx ]oro nnrepecen
an(ma]r, oipyaimnn nonie nocrponin: rpnai, ea(opoie, rpy(i :ycopa,
nnor(a reera c oma(ii c nonypon roonon; na aano(cinx (nopax cna-
ia, ypinn, noiocnnmnecn (epennnnie nocrponin, nanircn rpyi, (ocin, (era-
%%
n, crponreinie orxo(i. Pn(o: c ]ororpa]nn:n nonix aano(cinx nocrpoei
oi~no n(yr nonie (o:a (n pao~nx. 3ro no nnone conpe:ennie ion-
crpyirnnncrcine a(annn, no o(no.ranie (o:nin c ~axi:n iycrnia:n
no oia:. Ho noipyr paananni, noiocnnmnecn apain, rpnanie, ionipni-
mne n nocy (ern, c ionircrno: c:orpnmne n ia:epy.
H rai na no:epa n no:ep ronnen, :ocri, ipani, .icianaropi, (o:ennie
ne~n, ioiconie ycranonin, maxri, no(necnie (oporn, nnen:arn~ecine ypi, or-
onnie :oorin, naronerin c py(on, ncronpoiarnie nexa, cranin, orpo:nie
npecci, no(re:nie n paanno~nie :amnni, ne]rnnie nimin, nopronie co-
opyennn, rpyaonnin, naroni, nncrepni, naponoai, eeano(oponie nyrn, paar-
ea(i... A nor n npo(yinnn: pycin :eraa, rpy(i crainon nponooin, ropi
aepna, crora cena, .enaropi, ioocnmancn poi, ypoan ina, ooai xonia,
ecione~nie pn(i rpairopon, cnononnaaoi, iocnoi, io:annon. i(n n(yr
na paory, cronr y cranion, n(yr c paori nna ycranmne, oaao~enno-na-
npnennie.
Ho n 1982 ro(y cnryannn :ennercn. Noaania c:ennercn nnonncii: n:e-
cro necrpix iaprnnoi re:arn~ecine no:epa c io::enrapnn:n. B ocnon-
no:, .ro io::enrapnn rnna: io crao (rpairopon, N1C, ny(on aepna,
ronn cran, ~yryna n r. (.). Ho:epa na~nnair nicrpannari nnyrpennnn
cier: aano(i crponr rexnniy, n(er no(roronia ia(pon, aare: rexnnia
nixo(nr na non, n, naionen, ypoan. H nce e, ]ororpa]nn (]oro]air)
a(eci noia (o:nnnpyer, no.ro:y ~ncran nnonnci nocnpnnn:aercn iai nno-
po(noe reo. Ocoenno .ro nn(no n rperie: no:epe ypnaa Bora Coner-
cian aa 1988 ro(, nocrpoenno: na in:o: lopiin: nepeipemnnannn (nyx
ncropn~ecinx nanon: Bora iyne~ecian npe(cranena nnonncni:n npo-
nane(ennn:n npomoro, ror(a iai Bora Conercian, Bora ipynnon nn(ycr-
pnn n connancrn~ecioro ae:e(enn ]ororpa]nn:n.
Cnoero po(a nonoporni: :ono c~nrari cnoeopaanin (an(ecr yp-
naa CCCP na crponie nime(mnn n 1988 ro(y na ~eripex naiiax
]oroaio: CCCP crponr connana: 3i ncnnioro, nonin :onranix,
]ononix (no neci paanopor nno maxrepa, a na ero ]one paapea maxri),
ocrpopaiypcnix, (naronainix cnn:ion, nrpi co cnero:, neon(annix ]oro-
pemennn (Boxoncian l3C cnnay, rypnna nanyrpn). Xy(oecrnennoe ]oro
conpono(aercn a(eci rpa:orni:n io::enrapnn:n, :arepna re:arnanponan
n nepapxnanponan (no pecnynia:, orpacn:, nonocrponia: n r. (.). Xy(oe-
crnennoe ]oro neoi~nocrii paiypcon, nipaanreinocrii, nacimennocrii
]nicnpyer n aaocrpner .rn re:arnaanni n nepapxnaanni.
Po(enne nne-]airn~ecioro ciera, r(e (oiy:enr no(~nnnercn ion-
iperno:y nonrnio-n(eoorn~ecio:y aa(anni, nponcxo(nr o(nonpe:enno n n
H]. Lme n 1981 ro(y y lopiioro po(aercn n(en noiaaa o(noro (nn
rnop~ecinx y(nen conercioro napo(a. B xo(e conemannn c rocrnnmn:n y
nero n Coppenro . eononi:, A. Xaaroni: n paornnia:n locna(ara lopi-
inn npe(on ninycrnri cnennainin no:ep H], nocnnmennin oiino-
nenno:y (eono:y (ni crpani. B 1984 ro(y raion no:ep i no(roronen:
na c:eny ~eoneiy c innoannaparo: npnme ~eonei c nepo:. Ocnonan-
ni: na ncii~nreino (oiy:enraino: :arepnae (oen i crari eero(-
178
nni ]eni no( pe(ainnen lopiioro. B:ecro nero nonnncn orpe(airnponan-
nin lopiin: n N. Koinoni: ioeirnnnin copnni ]eni :npa, a n(yman
e:y nce( innra Conercinn (eni n craa ]airn~ecin nepnon innion Ha-
mnx (ocrnennn aa 198b ro(
b4
.
B 1981 ro(y Naic Ainepr n Apia(nn Lanxer coa(an (n ancrpnncioro
Omecrna (pyaen CCCP nni ]ororpa]nn o nann npocron :ocioncion
pao~en ce:in (ror(a e nni i onynionan n n CCCP n ~ernepron
innie ypnaa Hpoerapcioe ]oro aa 1981 ro(). Ce:in pao~ero Hnio-
an 4nnnnona ia noiaaana na paore, na or(ixe, c (pyain:n, aa noiynia:n,
aa nrpon n max:ari n r. (.
bb
1e:arnaannn (ocrnra a(eci cnoero npe(ea; no
cyrn, .ro i ye ~ncrin napparnn, no nce e .ro i eme or~acrn (oiy:en-
rainin npoeir. Hacronmnn c(nnr nponaome cnycrn necioiio :ecnnen
n:enno n CCCP na crponie. Ycranonia na coa(anne ~epea ypna iaprnn-
non eronncn connancrn~ecioro crponreicrna npnnea i nacronme:y ne-
nio:y nepeo:y. No:enr, ior(a nnayainoe crao ~ncron :nn:ocrii, :o-
no (arnponari conepmenno ro~no: n nnnapcio: no:epe aa 1982 ro( i ony-
nionan ]oropenopra o Bnirope Ka:iione.
Ha nyci nepnon (o:ni Narnnrocrpon ypna orininycn opnrnnai-
non n(een: na ]one pacrymero Narnnrocrpon pacrer n conercinn ~eonei
npocron (epenencinn napeni Ka:iion. 4ororpa]nn aa ]ororpa]nen pac-
ciaainair na: (conepmenno yinaino) .ry ncropni. Bor n anrnx c (epe-
nnnni: cyn(y~io:, aanepri: na nncn~nn aa:oi, npnme Bnirop c :emio:
aa ne~a:n na (epennn n crponreinin naaro~nin ropo(oi. Ni nn(n:
ero ae:eiono:, noro: eronmnio:, aare: pnra(npo:. On y~nrcn. Hepen-
paercn na naarin n nonin (o:, r(e e:y ni(eena aroycrpoennan inaprn-
pa. Lro noprper na (ocie no~era pn(o: c (o:non. On cra ynaae:i:
~eoneio:, npnope cnennainocri, enncn, cra ~eno: naprnn, noy~n
op(en Kpacnoro 3na:enn. Bor on aa ~renne: raaeri Narnnroropcinn pa-
o~nn, n ioropon no:emeni ero aa:erin (on cra paiopo:). 3ro i
]oropenopra N. Ainepra n A. C:onna lnranr n crponrei. Penop-
ra aanepmacn cona:n o ro:, ~ro nyri Bniropa Ka:iiona .ro nyri
(ecnrion ricn~. Honin ~eonei nixo(nr na ncropn~eciyi apeny. 3roro
~eoneia coa(aer connancrn~ecian crponia.
Hpanninee io i ciaaari, ~ro .roro ~eoneia coa(aer ypna CCCP
na crponie. Poa(annin (eerara: X\ll naprion]epennnn (nnnapi]enpai
1982 ro(a) ypna ana:enona coon nacronmyi :e(nainyi penoinni.
Paannnan my:nin :e(ynapo(nin ycnex ce:in 4nnnnonix, anropi nan-
nci ]airn~ecin aa nncnennponiy, noiaainan, no cona: Ainepra, nonrn-
~ecinn pocr ~eoneia, ero nepenaniy, peioncrpyinni`: Ha(o io noccra-
nannnari n (eranx nepnie (nn npnea(a n paori Ka:iiona n Narnnro-
ropcie. Hpnmoci nepeo(enari Ka:iiona n ro ca:oe narie, ioropoe coxpa-
nnoci, aare: :i c nn: ornpannnci na noiaa, n ra: n nponano(n cre:-
iy
bb
. Ho ]ororpa]a: npnmoci ornpannricn eme (aime: n cepnn i
cnnrin nnoce(crnnn ia(p, r(e Ka:iion i noiaaan n (epenne, aa nyro:.
5apr iai-ro nponnnareino aa:ern: 4ororpa]ni nanna~nno npece(o-
na n npo(oaer npece(onari ]anro: Annonncn |...] Nne, o(naio, npe(-
%'
crannercn, ~ro 4ororpa]nn conpniacaercn c nciyccrno: ne nocpe(crno: An-
nonncn, a nocpe(crno: 1earpa
b7
. Pao~nn Ka:iion oripi nyri i pa(n-
iaino:y pacmnpenni :ero(a noccranonennn ]airon
b8
, ioropi: mnpoio
noiaonacn conercinn ]oro- n innopenopra n 1980b0-e rr. C yrnep(e-
nne: Ainepra, ~ro npn namen iooccainenmen connancrn~ecion crponie
roiio npn:enennin :non :ero( noccranonennn ]aira :oer noiaaari nce
namn (ocrnennn
b9
, ne coracnnci :norne ero ioern, nii~an (ae ero
coanropa no ce:ie 4nnnnonix A. Lanxera n cnenapncra 4nnnnonix
ipynnenmero ]ororeopernia roro npe:enn . Neepn~epa. ]pyrne e, iai,
nanpn:ep, C. 4pn(nn(, nanpornn, yrnep(an, ~ro lnranr n crponrei
orpo:nin mar nnepe( no cpannenni c ce:ien 4nnnnonix, a neioropie
(oronopnnci (ae (o roro, ~ro, opnci aa npano npoeinnn :nnynmero, n
]oropenoprae :ono (onycrnri iyi ]oronncnennponiy: Lcn neian
aacnnri nanepenne Beaynnn n Neccnne, nponcme(mee n 1912 r., ro, ecn on
onnri aaioio~er, :ono ero aacnnri n yiaaari na ro, ~ro .ro, :o, nponcxo(n-
o n 1912 r.
b0
4airn~ecin, ]ororpa]nn npenpamaaci n inno n roiio n
.ro: ia~ecrne naxo(na cnoe :ecro n cranncio: iyirypno: npoeire.
Cnycrn ncero ro( c :o:enra nyniannn lnranra n crponren ipnrni
C. Lnpennon c y(nnenne: or:ern y o(noro na nn(nix penoprepon nan~ne
noprperon crponreen, no(roronne:ix i :o:enry cre:in croi rmareino,
~ro ]ororpa] aacranner cnn:ae:oro cnennaino (n cre:in no(pnricn n
o(eri ~ncryi pyaxy
b1
. Ho cyrn, ]ororpa] roronn cnon oreir ne iai
penoprep, a iai ciyinrop. Lcn no npe:n (nciyccnn no nono(y lnranra n
crponren nncnennponia npnnn:aaci (aeio ne nce:n, ro renepi ona ooc-
noninaaci conepmenno noni:n aa(a~a:n, cronmn:n nepe( ]ororpa]nen n
c]op:ynponanni:n n nepe(onon crarie ypnaa Conercioe ]oro: Ni
(oni (paricn aa ro, ~roi ]oropenoprep i ne roiio iyirypni: ]oro-
ypnancro:, no n x0onuxou. Hpoe:a connancrn~ecioro peana:a |...]
nnnercn airyainon n (n conercioro ]oro
b2
. Hoionnnin craporo ]orope-
nopraa rpernponanci renepi aa nonepxnocrnin ypnana:: nx cnn:in,
iai renepi ronopnn, in c(eani enion, n nnenne noy~no coorner-
crnyimee naananne enina: (.innnaenr noay~ero .:nnpna:a n na-
rypana:a).
4ororpa]nn (ona ia crari, naionen, n o(nn pn( c (pyrn:n nn(a:n
conpeancrn~ecioro nciyccrna: Hpnme cpoi, yrnep(aoci na crpann-
nax Conercioro ]oro, ior(a ]oronciyccrno (ono c:eee ornecrnci i
(encrnnreinocrn. Hopa nocrannri ncepiea nonpoc o nrpono: ]oro. 5oi-
mne re:i namen crpani |...] npn( n :ono paapemnri roiio penopre-
pa:. Ha(o ncnoiaonari nce (ocrynnie ]ororpa]nn cpe(crna, nmi i n
peayirare noy~anci nononennie ]oroiaprnni
b8
. Hoce(nee ne io
oronopion: ior(a n anpee 198b ro(a n Nocine oripiaci Bicrania :acre-
pon ]oronciyccrna, npnnepenna: penopranon ]ororpa]nn (5. Hrnaro-
nn~y, B. lpnmannny n (p.) ocranaoci roiio ceronari na ro, ~ro penopra
nonocrii c(a cnon noannnn nicrania nnno rnroreer i crapi: xy(oe-
crnenni: :anepa:, i crni n re:arnie nenaanon n noprpernon nnonn-
cn
b4
. 1ai n aannca conercian ]ororpa]nn na ce(yimne (ecnrnernn :e(y
rearpo: n inno c o(non croponi, n nnonncii c (pyron.
180
Hpe(eino nono c]op:ynponaa ]yninnn ]ororpa]nn npn iannrana-
:e Ciaan 3onrar: Kannrancrn~ecioe omecrno ny(aercn n iyirype, ocno-
nannon na naopaennnx. Ono ycrpannaer :noecrno apenm (n roro, ~roi
crn:ynponari cir ronapon n anecreanponari pani iacconoro, paconoro n
noonoro nepanencrna. Ono ny(aercn n cope neorpann~ennoro ion~ecrna
nn]op:annn, ~roi .]]eirnnnee .icnyarnponari npnpo(nie pecypci, yne-
n~nnari nponano(nreinocri rpy(a, no((epnnari nopn(oi, necrn nonni, coa-
(anari pao~ne :ecra (n ipoiparon. Cnoconocri ]oroannapara cyreirn-
nnponari peainocri n o(nonpe:enno oreirnnnponari ee n(eaino y(one-
rnopner .rn norpenocrn. 4oroannapar onpe(ener peainocri |...] iai ape-
nme ((n :acc) n iai oreir na(aopa ((n npannreen). Hponano(crno ]oro-
rpa]nn nponano(nr n rocno(crnyimyi n(eoorni. Connainoe na:enenne
no(:ennercn na:enenne: naopaennn. Cnoo(a norpenri oimoe ion-
~ecrno cnn:ion n :arepnainix ar npnpannnnaercn i cnoo(e noome.
Cyenne cnoo(i nonrn~ecioro niopa (o cnoo(i .iono:n~ecioro no-
rpeennn ny(aercn n neorpann~enno: nponano(crne n norpeennn ]o-
ronaopaennn
bb
.
Conercian ]ororpa]nn ninonna nce or:e~ennie nime ]yninnn co-
nnainon anecreann, copa nn]op:annn, nponano(crna n(eoornn, npenpame-
nnn peainocrn n apenme n :accoopaayimyi ]yninni, ne (anan naa:en
roro, ~ro (anao ]oro npn iannrana:e. Be(i n:ecro no:omn n cire rona-
pon conercian ]ororpa]nn aann:aaci nx aa:enon na opaai ca:oro npona-
no(crna, a n:ecro aa:eni nonrn~ecion cnoo(i cnoo(on .iono:n~ecioro
norpeennn ona aa:enna nonrn~eciyi cnoo(y cnoo(on n(eoorn~ecioro
norpeennn opaaon ca:oro nponano(crna. B .ro: c:ice ]ororpa]nn ni-
nonna re e nporeanpyimne ]yninnn, ~ro n nce conercioe nciyccrno.
lonopnmnn raa H] n nn(nmnn naii CCCP na crponie nnnircn oo-
porni:n cropona:n o(non crparernn (]ororpa]nn .ro ncer(a ynpanne-
:in narn(; (eo, o(naio, n ro:, ~ro n CCCP na crponie ynpanenne n
rpennponia raaa npn no:omn naiia H] cranonnrcn e(na n ne e(nncrnen-
non ]yninnen iaprnnin) npn paannne rairni: H] a(peconan :acca: (no-
.ro:y lopiinn nocronnno no(~epinna, ~ro nei H] n oprannaannn
connancrn~ecioro coanannn pao~e-ipecrinncion :acci
bb
), ror(a iai a(pe-
car CCCP na crponie naxo(ncn aa rpannnen. Cronr n:eri n nn(y, ~ro ior(a
aa:ice aapo(acn, n 192728 rr., lopiinn ana aarpannny iy(a y~me, ~e:
Crpany Coneron. Xapairepni n .ro: c:ice ropiioncine nncrpyinnn pe-
(ainnn. 1ai, noapaan npornn cnn:ion neioropix nponeccon rpy(a, on
nnca: He (y:ai, ~ro n rpy(onie nponecci na:n ye nne(eno ne~ro nonoe
n cnoconoe y(nnnri nnoae:nen. Beponrnee, ~ro n:enno .rn nponecci noia-
yr crapnniy, eme ne nanryi y nac: nepenoe ornomenne pao~nx i
:arepnay n ne(ocraro~no oc:icennoe ornomenne i rpy(y. Bnone (onyc-
rn:o, ~ro na cnn:iax nnocrpanen ynn(nr pao~nx, ioropie cronr n iypnr, ne
npnnn:an y~acrnn n paore ronapnmen, none(enne, ne(onycrn:oe c ro~in
apennn xoanen Lnponi n A:epnin. Her nniaioro c:ica (anari ]orocnn:-
in pao~nx, ioropie (epar cen iai apnren rpy(a ronapnmen
b7
. B .ro:
nnone rpa:orno:, iai ciaaan i cen~ac, PP-:ene(:enre nn(no orn~noe
&
ananne lopiin: npe(noarae:on ay(nropnn nnoae:nen. Hnrepecen a(eci,
o(naio, .ror anonn:nin nnocrpanen: cen eai:nnnin nepcona noanoner
nonnri, iai na npoeira (e:oncrpannn crpani (n aarpannni na~a nipacrari
opaa ca:on aarpannni, nepe:emennon n CCCP. B ropiioncinx ypnaax
npeopaenne (encrnnreinocrn neoci nacroiio airnnno, ~ro CCCP ~e:
(aime, re: oime ca: na~nnaer nirn(eri cnoeopaanon aarpannnen.
Conercian crpana npenpamaercn (n lopiioro n cnoero po(a ronap, ioro-
pin on xo~er noiaaari nno:, npn:o rpeyn or pe(ainnn npeiparnri (anari
nnio:y ne nnrepecnie cnn:in ionpa maxri, iainx-ro 2b :e(nix cnrion
nn opaanon :nnepaon (lopiio:y npannrcn no:ep, nocnnmennin Bniropy
Ka:iiony; o .ro: on rai nnmer A. Xaarony: no:ep neci:a con(en n na
nnocrpannen (encrnyer nnymnreino
b8
). Nne iaercn, nnmer on no
nono(y o~epe(non ypnainon innin A. Xaarony, ~ro ypna y(er
(encrnonari rai, iai .ro na: noeano, ror(a, ior(a :i crane: (encrnonari na
apnren :acconocrii :accon cnrion :e(n, :accon nocrpoei, noome
:accon. H na(o nay~nricn cnn:ari :arepna c ero iaaonon croponi
b9
. 3ro
i o(nn na ca:ix nanix ropiioncinx aaneron: conpeana: n(oxnonenno
aann:acn .rn: noiaao: crpani c iaaonon croponi nnori (o Kyan-
cinx iaaaion n paannroro connana:a.
3(eci, o(naio, :i ncrynae: n noe nnyrpennero norpeennn, r(e (o:n-
nnpyer re:arn~ecian nnonnci. Conercine nnonnci n ]oro paannnanci
ionrp-nanpanenno. Hx croinonenne io roiio (eo: npe:enn: nocrenen-
nin pacna( ]oro]op:i, ioropin i ionny 1980-x rr. n npnne i nponay ncero
conercioro ]oronpoeira, me napaeino napacranni nropn~nix conpea-
ncrn~ecinx crnenix npnanaion n nnonncn. ]eo n ro:, ~ro :o(epnncr-
cinn .icnepn:enr n ]oro (Po(~enio, ncnninn, Hrnaronn~, Kynnc) aarnny-
cn (o cepe(nni 1980-x rr., ror(a iai n nnonncn on i ]airn~ecin cnepnyr
no ipannen :epe aa (ecnrnerne (o roro (raine ncii~ennn, iai Aeican(p
]enneia, nmi no(rnep(air omyi ren(ennni; xy(onnin e rnna Hana
4nonona in nirecneni aa npe(ei xy(oecrnennoro nponecca). Kor(a n
198b ro(y na~aaci opia c ]op:ana:o:, oiaaaoci, ~ro xy(onnin no cpan-
nenni c :yaiianra:n n (ae nncaren:n in nnone aronoy~ni. Hpn-
:e~areino, ~ro arain paanepnynci na nnone nepn]epnnnon noma(ie
]op:ana: i onapyen n innnon nicrpannn (n ~acrnocrn, n ni-
crpannn i (ercion innre y Ba(n:npa ee(ena). 4air .ror nocnpnnn:aercn
iai iypiea n, na nepnin narn(, ne n:eer nn :aenmero ornomennn i ]ororpa-
]nn. Ne(y re:, .ra o(nonpe:ennocri arai na ]op:ana: n:enno n ron ya-
ion aone, r(e nnonnci npn:o conpniacaercn c nreparypon, n nonin oriaa
or :o(epnncrcinx .icnepn:enron n ]oro iayrcn conce: ne cy~anni:n.
Kai paa n nreparype ocoenno nn(ni naocri n ]yn(a:enrainoe paa-
n~ne :e(y nnonncii n ]ororpa]nen. Ho aa:e~anni C. 3onrar, naocri
]ororpa]nn n nnonncn er~e ncero onpe(enercn or oparnoro: ]aicn-
]nnnpyn iaprnny, :i ]aicn]nnnpye: ncropni nciyccrna; ]aicn]nnnpyn
e ]ororpa]ni, :i ]aicn]nnnpye: peainocri. Ho n:enno n nreparyp-
non renernie nponnnercn n po(crnennocri oenx npairni: ca:n n:neparnn
n nonnrne ipacori n :opananponannin n(ea npan(nnocrn (a moralized
182
ideal o lrulh-lelling) yxo(nr cnon:n ncroia:n i nreparypni: :o(en:
XlX neia n po(ennon ror(a e npo]eccnn neaanncn:oro ypnancra
70
.
Hoe(a ]ororpa]nn n XlX neie conpono(aaci nopaenne: peana:a n
nnonncn: ~e: (aime, re: oime nnonnci cranonnrcn ionrp-:n:ern~ecin:
nciyccrno: nnori (o roro, ~ro npenpamaercn n ~ncrin naii. 'epnin ina(-
par ye npocro (nc]yninnonaen nne nepainix :ann]ecron, a n non-apre
n ionnenryaino: nciyccrne naii n nnci:o (cipnnr) cranonnrcn ii~eni-
:n .e:enra:n nnayainocrn. B CCCP :ono nai(ari napymenne n .ron
nenn: nanoee peancrn~ecinn, :n:ern~ecinn npoeir ]oro a(eci npo-
nannaercn, ror(a iai nnonnci or ca:oro pa(niainoro acrpainnonna:a
npnxo(nr i :n:erna:y. Ho .ror nyri (yconno ronopn) or Naenn~a i Kaa-
iony uepe. airnonona, iai noiaaa 5. lponc, i (~yri n ne no-rereencin)
nenaeni:: Kaaion (con-apr) ea airnonona (conpeana:) cocronricn ne
:or; n ro e npe:n n npn:on nepexo( or :o(epnna:a i nocr:o(epnna:y n
conercinx yconnnx i nenoa:oen: Naenn~y (ananrap() npe(cron nyri
i airnonony c re:, ~roi cnnreanponari roranrapnie :o(epnna:i (anan-
rap( n conpeana:) n ionnenryana:e. Orneianci or .ron cxe:i, nano:nn:
nmi, ~ro :n:ern~nocri ]oro ne :enee co:nnreina, ~e: :n:ern~nocri con-
peancrn~ecion nnonncn.
B ionne ionnon, aa~e: nyno re:arn~ecioe ]oro, ioropoe nce panno ne n
cocronnnn (ocrnrnyri rex nepmnn rnnn~nocrn, ioropie (ocrynni nnonn-
cn ]oiy:enrana: ]oro, ioropin i rai nyen (n .icnopra rpeye:oro
opaaa conercioro connana:a na 3ana(, (n nnyrpennero norpeennn i ne
npocro nanmen, no npe(en: on ncipina iaiyi-ro oecnoioennocri nacrn.
4oro (n nnyrpennero noiaonannn ninonner ye ne ]yninni cnn(ereicr-
na, no ciopee :onnayimyi (iai n raaere) nn nn]op:annonno-oanaio-
:nreinyi (iai na BCXB). 1oiio nnonnci :ora nanri na cen cepieanie
penpeaenrarnnnie ]yninnn n noro:y i nen ]airn~ecin nepemn ]yninnn
]ororpa]nn. 1e:arn~ecian iaprnna cranonnrcn nacronmn: cynepanpo: n
:oer conepnn~ari no .]]eirnnnocrn paane ~ro c naiaro:
71
. Hcropnin
conercion nnonncn e(nni no :nennn a n nenrpe conercion re:arn~ecion
iaprnni naxo(noci nponano(crno: Lcn cy(nri no paa:axy re:arn~ecinx
nicranoi, ion~ecrny npe:nn n narpa(, paa:epy xocron n :ony:enron, no
onenia: npecci, ro nepnoe :ecro cpe(n nnx aann:aa re:a rpy(a
72
.
3ra re:arnia ne npocro onpe(ener anponyi cncre:y conercion nno-
nncn, no n cnnreanpyer n cee ocnonnie conpeancrn~ecine ionann n an-
pi nnonncn. 1ai, no :nornx iaprnnax, naopaaimnx rpy( na aano(ax, na
npoiarnix cranax, y (o:ennix ne~en, na ioxoanix nonx, ecri .e:enr na(-
pina, or~annnon cxnarin c nenn(n:i: nparo:, ~acro onn noxon ne na
cneni :npnoro rpy(a, a ciopee na nrni anrn~nix oron n repoen
78
. B
(pyrnx e iaprnnax n cnenax rpy(a naopaaercn :ornn ro c~acrnnon
:oo(ocrn, ro cnnan noioennn, ro cnnan nayin c nponano(crno:, y:crnen-
noro n ]nan~ecioro rpy(a, ro aanro~non nann, ro opii aa :np.
Hponano(crno (re:a rpy(a) n conercion nnonncn npenpamaercn n cnoero
po(a (o:en conpeancrn~ecinx :ornnon. Annonnci oa(aer ron :era]opn-
ion, ioropan ia ne(ocrynna ]ororpa]nn. Kai aa:ern Hropi loo:mroi,
&!
~ro i nn nnca xy(onni noprper no(n nn orypen, ~ro i nn crpon
apxnreirop ]nopen iyirypi nn omecrnennin ryaer, on (oen i
or(anari cee or~er n npn~acrnocrn ioro naopaennoro nn coa(annoro
oreira i ome:y n(eoorn~ecio:y neo:y: raion oreir opera cnoe ana~e-
nne, c:ic n ipacory nmi ~epea cnoi npn~acrnocri i nicmn: nennocrn:
connainon (oirpnni nn ]noco]nn nann n ncropnn |...] Ho.ro:y, ciae:,
neceoe onnenne cranin :ai~nmei na :ocioncion ynne noy~ao n(eoo-
rn~ecioe oocnonanne n naanannn iaprnni Onn nn(en Cranna` (]. No-
~aicinn). Henaa cymecrnona a(eci no iai cn:no Po(nni, no iai
npocrpancrno, r(e Conercinn rpancnopr naannaercn` (5. Aionen), orcrpan-
naercn conercian npo:imennocri, nneryr ioxoanie non; noprperi ion-
ipernix i(en npenpamanci n oomennie opaai ]eerarin`, Ko:co-
:oin`, nonna n r. (. ]ae narip:opr :or crari nicrpannen i nnrare na
pe~n Cranna o c~acrnnon ioxoanon nann (Ho(i ioxoanoro naon-
nn` Aionena). Ynn(ennan rain:n raaa:n peainocri npe(craer nepe( na-
:n ne iai (nna:n~ecian .:nnpnn, :enniman (eni oro (nn cnon o~eprannn
(~e:, ione~no, n crpa(ao ]oro. E. ,.), a iai crponnan nennocrnan cncre:a,
ioropan, orpaanci n aepiae nciyccrna, rorona aacriri na ne~nie npe:ena n
ecrio nepapxnanponannon nnpa:n(e xy(oecrnennix anpon n aane~ar-
eri na ne~nie npe:ena :n] o c~acrnnon conercion nann na ncex ee nen-
nocrnix yponnnx
74
. Craryc re:i i nncrnrynnananponan ca:i: rpan(n-
oani: xy(oecrnenni: npoeiro: nropon noonnni 1980-x rr. nicranion
Hn(ycrpnn connana:a
7b
.
Hponano(crnennin nponecc nacroiio nponnrinaer coon neci re:arn~e-
cinn (nanaaon conercion nnonncn, ~ro ipnrnin na~nnan ceronari na cnoe-
opaanyi ]ernmnaanni nponano(crna n npornnonec (e:oncrpannn ero npo-
(yira: noxa.e un0cmpuu coua.u.ua npoeu.act u.eecmna men0en-
u et0eunmt ee xax cauoe.t. Creni omnpnoro nicrano~noro no:eme-
nnn nepenairo~no aanonnnci iaprnna:n, naopaaimn:n nnemnnn n nnyr-
pennnn nn( aano(on, noiaainaimn:n re nn (pyrne nponecci nponano(crna
n oacrn rneon npo:imennocrn |...] Bce .ro, ione~no, io i xopomo,
ecn i o(nonpe:enno ne :enime nnn:annn io y(eeno n (pyron cropone
nonpoca: ecn i nicrania coa(anaa n:ecre c re: conepmenno ~erioe npe(-
cranenne o ro:, umo n:enno (aer nn(ycrpnn connana:a na:, i(n: coner-
cion crpani
7b
. Kpnrnia rmerno nciaa nixo(a na .ron .icnoannnonnocrn
nponano(crnennix nponeccon, n ioropon neian ne nn(eri aanniennocri co-
nercioro norpeennn na ca:o: nponano(crne.
Oiaainaoci, ~ro npo(yiro: .roro nponano(crna ia c~acrnnan
nani, nanonennan rpy(o:, r. e. onnri-rain... nponano(crno:. Kor(a e ipn-
rnia niraaci c:ecrnri ainenr c ca:o(ocraro~nocrn nponano(crna na ca:o-
(ocraro~nocri npo(yira, noy~anci nnone anei(orn~ecine io::enrapnn i
naopaenno:y iaprnnno:y naonni iai i ronapy na npnanie. Bor
iai nnca ipnrni o iaprnne A. Hacrona Koxoanin npaa(nni: A, nanpn-
:ep, npocro aarpy(nncn i ciaaari, iro na namnx xy(onnion n cocronnnn
i i nanncari rai co~no, rai ynepenno, rai cneo, rai npan(nno n ipenio ry
paanoopaanyi cne(i nnna, noin, :e(onie cori, xea, ipnnin c :ooio:,
184
yriin, cee(in, iopanni, ca:onapi n np., ioropon rai orar ioxoanin
npaa(nni. Hpanin yro iaprnni, r(e ncero .roro ocoenno :noro, npn:o-rain
nepnoiaccnan nnonnci |...] 3pnrei nn na :nnyry ne co:nenaercn, ~ro ne-
pe( nn: iycoi nacronmen nanennon npan(i, n ~e: oime on nrn(inaercn
n naopaennoe, re: oee ipenner n ne: .ro ye(enne
77
. Harip:opr na
:eprnon narypi npenpamacn npn:o n iycin npo(yiron nnrannn.
B anpono: ornomennn nnrepecna n .ro: ionreicre cy(ia nenaaa, rpa-
(nnnonno nnone anonrn~noro anpa. Henaa nepepacraer nn(n:oe, on
noanocnrcn na( .:nnpnion, npoapenan n nen ca:yi cymnocri. Hpnae:en-
noe ]oro, (ae ca:in c:ein ]oro:onra, nonpocry ne n cocronnnn ynn(eri
.ron peainocrn. Bor iai nncan ipnrnin o nenaaax na nicranie Hn(ycr-
pnn connana:a: iaprnna Hnccioro Cnyci noennoro iopan (aer nei-
nin n :omnin opaa connancrn~ecion nn(ycrpnn. Henaa (oen niai-
nari y namero apnren ~yncrno rop(ocrn aa cnoi crpany, aa ee napo(, nepe(e-
inaimnn npnpo(y crpani. 3ro ye ne crapan ennranoncian Pyci`, c ee
rociyimn:n nycri:n npocropa:n n ~axon pacrnreinocrii, c yorn:n nepi-
nymia:n n ia(nma:n, c rnxon aano(ii npy(a n paanannmencn :einnnen,
c cny.ra:n noiocnnmnxcn ainx naenoi. 3ro ononennan Benion co-
nnancrn~ecion penoinnen :omnan, nen~ecrnennan crpana po(nna co-
nnana:a. H (aee: Pa(ocri nann, na]oc connancrn~ecioro rpy(a namn
xy(onnin eme ne ncer(a npn:e~air n ca:o: nenaae |...] lop(o na(i:ai-
mnecn nnepx nn(ycrpnainie coopyennn, nonyimeecn :ope ioxoanon nme-
nnni, onpnrnie ynni n (o:a n ropo(ax, ioxoaax n pao~nx noceiax, namn
:norono(nie pein, ocnamennie ]oro:, eeano(oponie nyrn c :omni:n
noea(a:n nce .ro rpeyer no(nnno rnop~ecioro ncroionannn cpe(crna-
:n nnonncn
78
.
Hpo(ean nonin ipyr, :i oiaainae:cn n cnryannn 'epnoro ina(para,
ior(a nne nepainon nnrepnperannn (ncroionannn) iaprnna repner ncn-
iyi co(epareinocri. Aaii, naionen, npopinaer roniyi riani :nn:on nnay-
ainocrn, (e:oncrpnpyn ee nropn~nocri. Ni orionnnci or re:i ]oro, ~roi
ynn(eri npe(e xapairepnon (n conpeana:a (nna:nin nnayainocrn.
Hponecc connainoro norpeennn nporeiaer na nepeipecrie Cona n nn-
ayainoro Opaaa. Aypnai Hamn (ocrnennn n CCCP na crponie (e-
:oncrpnpyir nepereiae:ocri nnayainoro n nepainoro npoeiron: n yp-
nae o~epia ropecrnyer raa ]yninnn naiia cno(nrcn a(eci i rpenn-
ponie narn(a; n ypnae ]ororpa]nn onrnia aa(aercn n ioncrpynpyercn
naiio:. Onn (ononnir (pyr (pyra, aa:iian ipyr, coa(anan ca:o(ocraro~nyi
iaprnny conercion (encrnnreinocrn. Ueocrnocri .ron iaprnni (ocrnra-
ercn npe(eini: nanpnenne: cpe(crn o~epia n ]ororpa]nn. Ho cyrn, o~epi
cpinaercn n nreparypy, ]ororpa]nn n nnonnci. Hciyccrno ropecrny-
er noe(y na( peainocrii n roiio rai po(aercn conercian (encrnnrei-
nocri. B ione~no: c~ere, iai aa:erna C. 3onrar, :i norpene: opaai
|...] opaai norpenir peainocri. 4oroannapari nnnircn o(nonpe:enno
n npornnon(ne: n oeanii, no:oran ocnoenni peainocrn n (ean ee neny-
non
79
. Heian ne or:ernri rorainyi nponeccyainocri .rnx npone(yp. Onn
(conepmenno yinaino!) necycrannnonaini (eccyreirni n eaoreir-
&#
ni) n nenpo(yirnnni (ne npe(yc:arpnnair npo(yira). 3ro n(eainoe noe
(n cn:ynrnnnoro nponano(crna. 1aioe nponano(crno npe(noaraer cn:yn-
nni norpeennn. L(nncrnenni: nixo(o: na .roro ipyra n cranonnrcn no-
rpeenne ca:oro nponano(crna.
1
S. iek. 1he Sublime Ob[ecl o ldeology. London, 1989. P. 17b.
2
M. vxo. Po(enne innnin. N., 1998. C. 177.
8
C:.: M. !ap. Downcasl Lyes: 1he Denigralion o \ision in 1wenlielh-Cenlury
lrench 1houghl. Berleley, 1994.
4
S. iek. Op. cil. P. 1b8.
b
Or pe(ainnn ;; Hamn (ocrnennn. 1980. ! 1. C. 8.
b
1a: e. C. 4.
7
A. M. !optxu. Copanne co~nnennn n 80 r. 1. 24. N., 19b0b4. C. 499.
B (ainenme: cciin na .ro na(anne (aircn n reicre c yiaaanne: n cioiax ro:a
n crpannni.
8
B nnci:e lopiioro H. A. Ce:amio. Unr. no: A. Lucxu. N. lopiinn n coner-
cinn o~epi. N., 197b. C. 118.
9
Ha nnci:a lopiioro B. 1. 5opimeny. Unr. no: A. Lucxu. Yiaa. co~. C. 114.
10
Unr. no: A. Lucxu. Yiaa co~. C. b8.
11
C:.: H. While. 1he modernisl evenl ;; 1he Persislence o Hislory: Cinema,
1elevision, and lhe Nodernisl Lvenl ; \. Sobchacl (ed.). New Yorl; London, 199b;
H. While. Poslmodenism and 1exlual Anxielies ;; 1he poslmodern challenge :
perspeclives easl and wesl ; B. Slrelh, N. Wiloszel (eds.). Amslerdam, 1999.
12
C:. oaop (nciyccnn n crarie: . Aanmopoeuu. Bi:ice n xy(oecrnenno:
o~epie ;; 3nea(a. 198b. ! 4.
18
M. L.eun. 3a oenon xy(oecrnennin o~epi. ]oia( na Kon]epennnn npoe-
rapcinx nncareen-o~epincron n nnnape 1981 r. ;; N. yarnn. O rnop~ecio: o-
aynre. N., 1982. C. 10.
14
1a: e. C. 20, 29.
1b
1a: e. C. 81.
1b
H. ax. Hncareician na:nria ;; nreparypa ]aira. N., 1929. C. 20, 21, 28.
17
C. Tpemtxoe. 5norpa]nn nemn ;; 1a: e. C. 70.
18
Hcropnio-nreparypnie acneiri npoe:i pacc:orpeni n in.: A. Guski.
Lileralur und Arbeil : Produllionsslizze und Produllionsroman im Pussland des 1.
ln[ahrplans (19281982). Wiesbaden, 199b.
19
M. Le.ep. O (ocrnennnx n ceicio: xoanncrne ;; Hamn (ocrnennn.
1929. ! b. C. 11.
20
1a: e. C. 1b.
21
Hamn (ocrnennn. 1980. ! 8.
22
C:.: . Aanmopoeuu. Yiaa. co~. C. 289.
28
1a: e. C. 29b.
24
H. Aamaee. O e(nnn~no: n ome: ;; Hamn (ocrnennn. 1984. ! b. C. 1b9.
2b
. Tapcuc. Bocno:nnannn o y(yme: ;; Hamn (ocrnennn. 1984. ! b. C. 1b0.
2b
Hamn (ocrnennn. 1984. ! b. C. 1b1.
27
. o6ptnee. O~epi oiman nreparypa ;; Hamn (ocrnennn. 1984. ! b.
C. 11b.
18b
28
. Annep. O~epi o aapyenix crpanax ;; Hamn (ocrnennn. 1984. ! b. C. 141.
29
M. Locxmoe. Honcin yrpa~ennon (encrnnreinocrn ;; Hamn (ocrnennn.
198b. ! 10. C. 1b8.
80
L. Hux.un. 1nnn~ecine ~epri n nnie i(n ;; Hamn (ocrnennn. 198b.
! 10. C. 1b7.
81
c. Le6e0ee. Bi:ice aacranner inri ]airi ;; Hamn (ocrnennn. 198b.
! 10. C. 1b9.
82
. Aanmopoeuu. O npan(e n cyreirnnnocrn ;; Hamn (ocrnennn. 198b. ! 12.
C. 149.
88
H. H.eoee. Hponninonenne n cymnocri ]aira ;; Hamn (ocrnennn. 198b.
! 12. C. 1bb.
84
H. 3ap0un. Ho.ann iai ~eone~nocri ;; Hamn (ocrnennn. 198b. ! 12.
C. 14b.
8b
A. Lenee. Boopaae:ie paaronopi ;; Hamn (ocrnennn. 198b. ! 2. C. 142.
8b
K nrora: anieri o ]aire n ni:ice n o~epie ;; Hamn (ocrnennn. 198b.
! 2. C. 149.
87
L. Hux.un. O (ocronepno: ni:ice n noopaae:o: ]aire ;; Hamn (ocrn-
ennn. 198b. ! b. C. 14b.
88
K. Lomuan. Necro innonciyccrna n :exanna:ax iyirypi ;; K. or:an. O
nciyccrne. CH., 1998. C. bb0.
89
C:.: M. Tupilspn. 1he Soviel Pholograph, 19241987. New Haven, 199b. P. 9.
40
H. !op.oe. O ]yrypna:ax n ]yrypna:e. ;; L4. 1924. ! 4. C. 11.
41
Ju. Mun0.un. Hpan(a n nciyccrne ;; 1earp. 1941. ! 1. C. b8.
42
F. apm. Camera lucida. Ko::enrapnn i ]ororpa]nn. N., 1997. C. 12.
48
1a: e. C. 1218.
44
1a: e. C. 14.
4b
A. Fo0uenxo. Hpe(ocrepeenne ;; Honin L4. 1928. ! 11. C. 87.
4b
M. Tupilspn. Op. cil. P. bb98.
47
1a: e. C. 128.
48
!. F6.ee. O .icnoannnn Bicranin ;; Hciyccrno. 1940. ! 2. C. 102108.
49
1a: e. C. 102.
b0
CCCP na crponie. 1980. ! 1. C. 8.
b1
1a: e. C. 8.
b2
S. Sonlag. On pholography. New Yorl, 1978. P. 149.
b8
1a: e. C. 1bb.
b4
Cnycrn ro(i n(en noy~na npo(oenne n nreparypnon raaere (b oirnpn
19b7 r.), Hanecrnnx (27 cenrnpn 19b0 r.) n n innre ]eni :npa (N., 19b1). C:.:
A. Lucxu. Yiaa. co~. C. 1b91b0.
bb
C:.: M. Tupilspn. Op. cil. P. 8b98.
bb
Hpoerapcioe ]oro. 1982. ! 78. C. 8.
b7
F. apm. Yiaa. co~. C. b0b1.
b8
O (nciyccnn n cnnan c ]orocepnen N. Ainepra n A. C:onna lnranr n
crponrei n ypnae Hpoerapcioe ]oro c:.: A. apmanoe. ]oiy:enrainoe
nanpanenne n conercio: nciyccrne ;; Crpannni ncropnn conercion xy(oecrnen-
non iyirypi 19171982 ; A. 3nci (pe(.). N., 1989. C. 18b190.
b9
Hpoerapcioe ]oro. 1982. ! 78. C. 8.
b0
1a: e. C. 14.
&%
b1
Hpoerapcioe ]oro. 1988. ! 2. C. 84.
b2
Conercioe ]oro. 1984. ! 1. C. 8.
b8
Conercioe ]oro. 198b. ! 8. C. 7.
b4
Conercioe ]oro. 198b. ! 7. C. 8.
bb
S. Sonlag. Op. cil. P. 178179.
bb
Unr. no: . He.tm. N. lopiinn-ypnancr (1928198b). N., 19b8. C. 171.
b7
Apxnn A. N. lopiioro. 1. 10. Kn. 1. N., 19b4. C. 294.
b8
1a: e. C. 2bb.
b9
1a: e. C. 289.
70
S. Sonlag. Op. cil. P. 8b.
71
O cnnan conercion nnonncn c nnayaini: naiio: nonrn~ecioro nciyccrna n
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under Lenin and Slalin. Berleley, 1997. P. 11, 14, 19, 88.
72
H. !o.ounmox. 1oranrapnoe nciyccrno. N., 1994. C. 229.
78
1a: e. C. 280281.
74
H. !o.ounmox. Conpeana: n naopaanreinoe nciyccrno ;; Conpeancrn-
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7b
C:. : S. E. Reid. Socialisl Pealism in lhe Slalinisl 1error: 1he !ndusltp o[ Socialism
Arl Lxhibilion, 198b41 ;; Pussian Peview. ! b0 (April 2001). P. 1b884; M. toun.
Socialisl Pealisl Painling. New Haven, 1998. P. 14b1b0.
7b
H. Lexomoe. Bicrania Hn(ycrpnn connana:a. Annonnci ;; Hciyccrno.
1989. ! 4. C. b9.
77
1a: e. C. b4, bb.
78
A. 3omoe, H. Ctcoee. Bcecoianan xy(oecrnennan nicrania Hn(ycrpnn conn-
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79
S. Sonlag. Op. cil. P. 179.
188
lAHHA OPOBA
BOO'HK BH]HN
4O1OlPA4HA H COBL1CKHH HPOLK1
B 3HOXY HX 1LXHH'LCKOH BOCHPOH3BO]HNOC1H
Boo~ni nn(n: .ro naananne crarin Lnrennn Kpnrepa o na~ae nep-
non apirn~ecion an:onin conercinx nonpnnion n o(nonpe:enno ioncra-
rannn noe(i apennn na( noopaenne:, o(epannon npn no:omn nnayaino-
ro :e(ny:a ]ororpa]nn. Crarin, onynionannan n Hanecrnnx 28 ninn
1987 ro(a, cyna io::enrapne: i :acmrano:y ]oroo~epiy o onnannn
oimennia:n Cenepnoro noica. Boccranannnan xo( coirnn no cnn:ia:,
anrop ye(aercn n ye(aer n nenoa:onocrn a(einarno npe(crannri npo-
ncxo(nmee ea onopi na ]oronaopaenne. 1e: ca:i: Kpnrep aprniynpyer
ycranoniy, npnnnnnnainyi (n nonn:annn conercioro nonopora i nnayai-
no:y: onir neinaix cnepmennn rpy(no no:icnri, noopaanri nn onn-
cari, ero :ono roiio ynn(eri.
Kaprnna, eme :ecnn naaa( iaaanmancn ]anracrn~ecion, no noen coner-
cinx nnoron n nonpnnion npenpamennan n peainocri, iaprnna nepnon
n ncropnn ~eone~ecrna an:onin na noice nencno ncranaa nce .rn (nn n
noopaennn ia(oro na nac. 'nran npocrie, aionn~nie coomennn L:n(-
ra n Hanannna, :i niranci npe(crannri repon~eciyi .nonei n apnreinix
opaaax, :i no~rn rpeann, :i (anan nonyi cnoo(y ]anraann, nce i-
o nanpacno. Aeanne name oiaaaoci rmerni:. Be(i npe(i(ymnn onir
~eone~ecrna, nce namn anannn, naionennie aa (oroe npe:n, ne (anan nnia-
ioro :arepnaa (n coa(annn n noopaennn xorn i npnnanreino ro~-
non n npan(ono(onon iaprnni coirnn na noice. Ni c na:n in ecno-
:omni, ~nrarei. Hnior(a eme ne ycrpannacn ~eonei na (oryi an:oniy n
ca:on aara(o~non ro~ie ae:noro mapa. Hnior(a ne ornannacn ~eonei ynopno,
neorcrynno, nao (nn n (eni nai(ari nani noica, na nyrn i ioropo:y
norno rai :noro ornanix, cninix, ne anaimnx crpaxa repoen. B name:
coanannn noic i ei: nnrno:, iain: on npe(cranncn namn: raaa: na
iapre. H nor renepi :i n:ee: noa:onocri ynn(eri cnon:n raaa:n ro, o ~e:
rpeann noce(nne (nn n ecnoeano niranci npe(crannri cee y:oapnrei-
no. 4oroannapar nanein aane~are xponniy coirnn c ron :nnyri, ior(a
nora ~eoneia crynna na noic
1
.
Hpenpamenne ]anracrn~ecion iaprnni n peainocri (n :nnonon
~nrareen Hanecrnn onncinaercn, no cyrn, iai .]]eir rexnn~ecioro noc-
nponano(crna naopaennn
2
, nnayanaannn repon~ecioro (encrnnn npn no:o-
mn ]ororpa]nn. Oriaa anropa or eccninix y:oapnreinix npe(crane-
nnn n noiay apennn n .icrarn~ecioro coaepnannn niop, orne~aimnn
&'
rpeonannn: .noxn ncrynennn n nepno( connana:a, n, na :on narn(
o(no na nanenmnx :e(nainix ocnonannn ron rpanc]op:annn, ioropyi npe-
repne conercinn npoeir n nepnon noonnne 1980-x rr. Hepexo( or npoeirno-
ro ioncrpynponannn conercion yronnn i yrnep(enni peainocrn :e~ri, ci-
naimencn na raaax niyimnx apnreen, onapynnaer :noro~ncennie cnn-
an c npnme(mn:cn na cepe(nny (ecnrnernn nnayaini: peneccanco:.
Paa:imnn o cnnan yronnn n nnayainocrn n CCCP rpn(narix, n na:epe-
na ocranonnricn na ananae nmi o(noro .nnao(a na nacimennon nnayainon
ncropnn .roro nepno(a na ]ororpa]n~ecion .icnancnn n rannie raaeri
crpani, nni ioropon npnmecn na cepe(nny (ecnrnernn. A xpani ce( y(nn-
ennn or nepnoro croinonennn c yncrno: naopaennn n Hpan(e n Ha-
necrnnx 19881987 rr., ocoenno ocrpo ~yncrnyimn:cn, ecn noce(ona-
reino nepexo(nri n rpn(narie ro(i na nnayainoro acierna:a (na(narix n
niciaiainari orry(a n cenoe nocenoennoe (ecnrnerne. Ho (eo ne
roiio n n~no: onire ~nrareinnni raaer: ]ororpa]nn, aanoeninaiman
npocrpancrno ca:ix :acconix n (ocrynnix n CCCP nepno(n~ecinx na(annn,
npenpamaercn n o(nn na npnopnrernix (n .noxn cnocoon onpe(eennn
(encrnnreinocrn nocpe(crno: rnpanpye:oro naopaennn. Hperenann .ron
nnayainon rexnoornn na acoirnyi (ocronepnocri iaprnnin n ee nacri
na( narn(o: ~eoneia :o(epna ]airn~ecin npe(onpe(enn n(eoorn~ecioe
ncnoiaonanne ]ororpa]nn n ioncrpynponannn nonoro cnocoa nnayainoro
ninnennn n onpe(eennn peainocrn, n ioropon (oen i ocymecrnnricn
npornoa 1982 ro(a o rapanrnponannon noe(e connana:a.
C'AC1LL H NL1O]
A nn(ea nacronmyi c~acrnnyi nani ioporian n c:ean aannci
inrancion y~nreinnni n innre orainon o ]oronicranie Anani n CCCP
(1989 ro(, 'ynnnn)
8
. Coaepnanne nacimennix cnero: npocrpancrn n cnern-
mnxcn nionanne: nn c(eao .ro c~acrie nn(n:i: n (n :acconoro coner-
cioro apnren. Cry(enrin Cooniena n Lenonaena rai oroananci o 1-n Bce-
coianon ]oronicranie 1987 ro(a: Cneroe n pa(ocrnoe nne~arenne ocran-
ner nicrania. Cnon, :oo(ocrii n nanepa(ocrnocrii neer or :nornx cnn:-
ion, n (yma nepenonnercn ~yncrno: rop(ocrn aa namy crpany, aa namy ~y(ec-
nyi :oo(ocri
4
. Hoiaaannoe na ]ororpa]nnx nocnpnnn:aoci iai neorre:-
e:ie ia~ecrna conercion (encrnnreinocrn (nen~ne conercioro cero(nn,
nonoiponne y(nen crpani, ee pacnner), nne cnnan co cnocoa:n nx ninne-
nnn n nnayanaannn.
Heapn:ocri ]ororpa]n~ecioro :ero(a ocranaaci rapanrnen ne~yncrnn-
reinocrn apnren i paan~enni :e(nainoro npeopaennn n npeopaen-
non peainocrn. 4ororpa]i noy~an (nno:i aa orn~noe n :noroopaa-
noe oropaenne nann namen c~acrnnon Po(nni
b
, no onennnanci n aa-
nncn:ocrn or roro, nacioiio ca:a nani :ora iri onpe(eena nocpe(crno:
noy~ennix n:n naopaennn. 1ai, o(nn na ]ororpa]n~ecinx npne:on ninn-
ennn npocrpancrna ncnoiaonanne (n ero nnayanaannn ny~ia y~en
190
naxo(nr airnnnoe npn:enenne n nono: rnne nponano(crnennix cnn:ion, aa-
nonnnmnx n 198487 rr. crpannni Hpan(i n Hanecrnn. 3anrie cne-
ro: nexa, cone~nie nexa, na ]oro A. Ciypnxnna, L. anr:ana, B. Nnioma,
H. Herpona npe(crair iai npocrpancrna :ncrn~ecin npeopaennoro, pa(o-
crnoro rpy(a (xapairepno, ~ro croni cnera n n(eaino: cy~ae :era]opn~e-
cin aa:emair noiaa cocrnenno rpy(onoro ycnnn). O neonirno: penoprepe
npe:en 1-n nnrnerin H. Arapon nnca: On ]ororpa]npona rpynni, ninyc-
in n npean(ny:i. On, :oer iri, n niracn ynn(eri :np ipacnni:, no on
:ao nonn:a neecoopaanocri .ron ipacori
b
. B paarap 2-n nnrnerin
]ororpa] ye nnone ocoanaer neecoopaanocri ipacori: .crern~ecian ]op:a
]ororpa]n~ecioro, ioropon renepi npn(aercn ocooe ana~enne, na~aa nino-
nnri n(eoorn~eciyi paory.
Pa(niainocri cranncioro nciyccrna no ornomenni i ananrap(y ne n
noce(nii o~epe(i cocrona n nepexo(e or neipnrn~ecioro nocnpnnrnn :e-
(nainix rexnoornn iai cpe(crna pacipirnn peainocrn i onapyenni n
nnx pecypca n :exanna:a npenapnponannn .ron peainocrn
7
. B oacrn ]oro-
rpa]nn .ro oana~ao yrpary e]oncinx niann ornocnreino narypaino-
crn ]oronaopaennn, no coxpanenne na:epennn ncnoiaonari .]]eir ero
(ocronepnocrn. 1oiio renepi n cnn:ie nmyr ne npan(y rexnnin
8
, a npan(y
nann
9
. Ynepennocri ioncrpyirnnncron n ro:, ~ro ]orocnn:oi ne ecri
aapnconia apnreinoro ]aira, a ro~nan ero ]nicannn
10
, c:ennercn ye(en-
nocrii nnoro po(a. B nonix ocronreicrnax (encrnnreinocri n ee na-
nenmnx nponnennnx na(enr ne croiio eccrpacrno perncrpnponari, cioi-
io ninnnri n (eari nn(n:on, onnpanci na anannn n ncnoiayn neci rexnoo-
rn~ecinn n .crern~ecinn pecypc cneronncn: 4ororpa]npyn nnennn omecr-
nennon nann, ]oropenoprep (oen y:eri nn(eri nx n oomari
11
. Oo-
menne cranonnrcn rannon crparernen nepeio(nponannn ro~noro ]ororpa]n-
~ecioro nn(ennn n npan(nnin noiaa conercioro :npa n ~eoneia. Ho noa:o-
nocrn: coa(annn cnnrern~ecinx neocrnocren c nn: :or ioniypnponari (n
ioniypnpona) roiio ]oro:onra
12
.
'epe(a npeipacnix cnn:ion, nepe:ecrnnmnxcn i cepe(nne 1980-x rr. na
crpannni nenrpainix raaer, noanona no~rn nenpepinno nepeno(nri y(-
nn~noe n paapn( noanimennoro n ooramaa nnanonepcinn onir croinone-
nnn c peainocrii ocymecrnennon :e~ri. ]eni aa (ne: oomennie nna
no(en nay~an :y(pocri, a rnnn~ecine nna rpyennion cnernnci or
c~acrin, arpapnoe naonne io ecione~no, a ~eone~ecioe reo cnino,
:oo(o n npeipacno, nonie a(annn ney(epn:o pnanci n neo, a :ony:en-
rainie nornni eccrpacrno no(~nnnn pein. H .ro io npan(on
noro:y ~ro ]ororpa]nn noiaainaa nacronmnx i(en n nacronmyi crponiy.
B .ron ee(nennon mioe nn(ennn narn( na crpany n ~eoneia nena:en-
no onocpe(onacn ]oronaopaenne:, ~ro npnno(no conercioe n coornercr-
nne co cnoncrna:n ]ororpa]nn. Hey(nnnreino, ~ro ]op:ainin :ero(, ioro-
pin noanon .rn cnoncrna onapynnari, oime ne :or npnna(eari :ac-
repy. Biop ]ororpa]n~ecioro npne:a renepi (nironaa ca:a npeopaen-
nan peainocri, a ~eoneiy c ]oroannaparo: ocranaoci nmi ro~no no(o-
pari paiypc, ocnemenne, onrniy (n noiaaa ye cymecrnyimero. O .ro:
'
ne(nyc:icenno nnmer n 1987 ro(y ypna Conercioe ]oro, no(no(n nror
io:an(nponie ne(ymnx ]ororpa]on na iana NocinaBora: On <A. Lan-
xer !. O.> eaomno~no nipa nepxnne ro~in, noanonnmne nany~mn:
opaao: orrennri :omi, :ony:enrainocri, npocrop ianaa .rn ~epri, xa-
pairepnayimne nen~anmee rn(porexnn~ecioe coopyenne .noxn
18
. ]ai-
nenman nnrpnra .icnponpnannn ]ororpa]n~ecioro :ero(a :ora paannnaricn
paane ~ro n nanpanennn, onncanno: L. ]erori, ior(a on ncnoiaonacn ye
ne (n ynpanennn narn(o:, a (n crpyirypnponannn ]airon ca:on nann,
iai ecn i onn eme (o nona(annn n ia(p ye in ]ororpa]n~ecin: nao-
paenne:: Ha po(~enioncinx ]ororpa]nnx napa(on 1980-x rr. aane~are-
ni rea, c:onrnponannie n nnpa:n(i n yoennie na nociocrn n nn(e
cnoprnnnix .:e:, npn~e: nanpnenne noa ana~nreino npenimaer nanpn-
enne narn(a ]ororpa]a: ca:a peainocri opea paiypc, a narn( Po(~enio
ee yrparn
14
.
O1 4O1O B lA3L1L K 4O1O B lA3L1Y!
Honci nanoee .]]eirnnnix cnocoon nnayainoro ninnennn n or-
eirnnannn conercioro ne(ercn n nicrpnponannix ypnaax, o(nn aa (py-
rn: nonnnimnxcn c ionna 1920-x rr. B ia~ecrne ]oroioppecnon(enron c
nepno(n~ecin:n na(annn:n corpy(nn~air ne(ymne ]ororpa]i (N. Ai-
nepr, ]. ]eaon, l. 3ei:a, C. Ka]apinn, L. anr:an, H. Herpon, A. Po(~enio,
A. Xann, A. Lanxer, A. Lepenepr n (p.), a ne~arnie noma(n cranonnrcn n
.ro npe:n ocnonni: npocrpancrno: conercion ]ororpa]nn. Aypnai Hpo-
eirop, CCCP na crponie, Crpon:, Hamn (ocrnennn, Hama crpana n
(p. or(air npnopnrer ]ororpa]nn n (ee noiaaa, a ro~nee ciaaari, n coa(a-
nnn nonoro nna conercion crpani.
Hn(niaropo: peayirarnnnocrn .rnx noncion cranonnrcn nepexo( c 1988
1984 rr. nenrpainix raaer, Hpan(i n Hanecrnn, n nacimennin ]oronao-
paennn:n ]op:ar. 1enepi ye ne roiio 28 ]enpan n noxoponi no(en
conpono(aircn :acmranon nnayanaannen, no ncnioe cn:non~ecioe (n
conercion nnnnnaannn coirne (y(i ro noer crparocrara CCCP, nyci
ianaa nn anronpoer no Kapaiy:a:) npenpamaer raaery n ]ororaaery, n
ioropon reicry yroronana poi io::enrapnn i cnnimn: nea(emnen cnnenon
cnn:ia:
1b
. Ha(o noarari, ~ro cnoi poi n opamennn i norennnay ]oro-
rpa]nn cirpao ne roiio (nnenne y(apnnion, no n .nonen no cnacenni
~eicinnnen, (anman pe(ainnn: ee(nennix raaer onir (nreinoro nnay-
ainoro conpono(ennn n ioncrpynponannn coirnn nocpe(crno: ]ororpa-
]nn. K 198b ro(y ia pemena nenpocran (n ]ororpa]nn aa(a~a nnre-
pecnin noiaa rpa(nnnonno ciy~nix (n ]oropenoprepa crea(on n npean-
(ny:on. Ye n nnnape 198b ro(a Hanecrnn conpono(nn eero(nin or~er
npannreicrna orpo:ni:n ((o 1;b nooci) n (onoino nipaanreini:n cnn:-
ia:n. Hapaeino c orne~aria:n caipainoro raaeri noiaainair c~acrn-
nie y(nn crpani. Hpn:e~areino, ~ro nn paay aa nci conerciyi ncropni
Hpan(a n Hanecrnn oime ne nonropnn onira rorainon nnayanaannn
192
19881987 rr. (paane ~ro n na~ae 19b0-x, no npe:ena nropon yronnn,
]ororpa]nn n(er i noccranonenni yrpa~ennix io noannnn). 3ro io
npe:n y(a~noro coe(nnennn n(eoorn~ecioro aanpoca (eannn ynn(eri co-
nercinn npoeir nonomenni:), c nepon n cny ]ororexnnin n a(einarni:
yponne: ee paannrnn (nonimenne: ia~ecrna rnnorpa]cion ne~arn, ocoanann-
e: cnnan :e(y rexnoornen nponano(crna ]oronaopaennn n n(eoorn~e-
cin:n nen:n, ona(enne: nciyccrno: nepeno(a airyainix re: na naii
apnreinix opaaon).
Hpenpamenne ]ororpa]nn n cn:non~ecinn pecypc ocooro ana~ennn n
aanoenanne ei raaernix noma(en (nnci oioo (ecnrn er. B nepnon noo-
nnne (na(narix o ]oro n raaere ronopnri ne npnxo(nrcn, no n n cepe(nne
(ecnrnernn ]ororpa]nn ocranaaci :aprnnaini: n rexnn~ecin e(na n
(ocrynni: anpo:. Hanecrnn na~nnan c onopi na onir aapyenon ]o-
roxponnin, nyniyn npe:n or npe:enn cnn:in nnocrpannix (eerannn nn
max:arncron. Hpan(a ne :norn: oxornee .icnepn:enrnponaa c ]oro, no-
:eman ero n rpa(nnnonnin :e:oparnnnin ionreicr (nanpn:ep, no(opia cnn:-
ion i inei 1-ro crea(a naprnn) nn nape(ia ncnoiayn nenipaanreinie
n no~rn ne no((aimnecn pacmn]ponie cnn:in n ia~ecrne nicrpannn nn
nannnix arnroi. He~eriocrn o~eprannn coornercrnonaa caan paapaoran-
nocri ]ororpa]n~ecioro naiia. Ho :epe yy~mennn ia~ecrna ne~arn ]oro
norecnno raaernyi rpa]niy, nec:orpn na cnoi nce eme coxpannimyicn nncr-
py:enraino-n(eoorn~eciyi ecno:omnocri, n:enye:yi noia ~ro rpy(no-
crii nooennn ~eoneia c ]oroannaparo:, ioropin |...] noia ne anaer, iai
aacrannri cnon cnn:oi npnnocnri noiay
1b
. H:enno n conocranennn c rpa-
]nion nponcnnercn ocooe :ecro ]ororpa]nn n raaere. Ona ocnannaer ne(o-
crynnin rpa]nie anp penopraa, ioniypnpyer c nen aa npano noiaaa (ocron-
nix i(en .noxn n o]op:enne npaa(nn~nix;rpaypnix ninycion, no nono-
crii ycrynaer pnconanno:y naopaenni iapniarype :onononi na
oropaenne :npa nerarnna.
lLlLNOHHA HO3H1HBA
5eccnopno, n Hpan(a, n Hanecrnn npe(npnnn:an nonirin ncnoiao-
nari ]ororpa]ni n (ee on~ennn n paaoa~ennn. B nnnape 192b ro(a n
oenx raaerax nonnnircn ]ororpa]nn ecnpnaopnnion, a n 1928 ro(y nyn-
iyercn pn( nanopa:nix cnn:ion c maxrnncioro nponecca. Bpe:n or npe:enn
ncrpe~aircn ]oronaopaennn, na ioropix aane~areni rnrori iannran-
crn~ecion nann nn anepcrna paanix pen:on. O(naio no :epe roro, iai
]ororpa]nn npenpamaercn n nocrpeonannin cnoco noiaaa nonoro nna
conercion crpani, na ia(pa, npe(naana~ennoro (n no:emennn n nenrpai-
nyi ne~ari, nerarnn npona(aer
17
. 5oee roro, ionrpacr ]ororpa]nn n iapnia-
rypi nepe(io ncnoiayercn (n nnayanaannn ion]nira conercioro n anrn-
conercioro;ypyaanoro, iai, nanpn:ep, na onynionanno: Hpan(on n :ae
1988 ro(a naiare-npnaine i na~ay aan:a 2-n nnrnerin. Hapaeino co
crapix ]ororpa]nn nc~eaair nparn napo(a, ioropi: oime ner :ecra nn n
'!
npocrpancrne na:nrn, nn n conercion peainocrn
18
. Honie ]ororpa]nn (n
orn~ne or nreparypi n inne:arorpa]a) ne noiaainair npara, nenn(n:ocri
ioroporo n conercio: nonrn~ecio: (nciypce coxpannercn (o :o:enra paao-
a~ennn
19
. C .roro :o:enra npar ye ncii~en na conercion peainocrn, o
~e: cnn(ereicrnyir cnn:in c aarnnix nyn~nix nponeccon, na ioropix
nn(no nmi (pynoe nero(onanne conercioro napo(a (nanpn:ep, ]orocepnn
cocrnennoro ]oropenoprepa Hpan(i N. Kaamnniona, onynionannan n
nenrpainon ne~arn n noy~nnman nicoiyi oneniy na 1-n Bcecoianon ni-
cranie ]oronciyccrna 1987 ro(a). Hcrnnnoe ne~eone~ecioe nno no(-
cy(n:ix, npnna(eamnx nno:y :npy, (ona ia noiaaari n noiaainaa
nonrn~ecian iapniarypa, oa(aiman nce: neoxo(n:i: naopo: cpe(crn
nnayainoro or~y(ennn.
O ro:, ~ro no ipannen :epe c na~aa 1980-x rr. n coanannn conercioro
~eoneia npocrpancrna ]ororpa]n~ecioro ycron~nno nocnpnnn:aircn iai :n-
pi noanrnnnoro, cnn(ereicrnyir n :noro~ncennie nponai ioniypcon na
y~mnn ipnrn~ecinn;paaoa~nreinin cnn:oi, ornnne:ix eero(no yp-
nao: Conercioe ]oro
20
. 1o nn~ronoe ion~ecrno on~aimnx ]ororpa-
]nn, ioropoe nocrynao n pe(ainni (ranni: opaao: .ro in cnn:in na
anrnaioroinie re:i), ne coornercrnonao nicoio:y cran(apry, npe(rnn-
ne:o:y i nnayanaannn connainoro aa.
Ho~rn neneponrno, no n na crpannnax raaer ]ororpa]nn nena:enno co-
xpanna (ncrannni no ornomenni i nonpnaonannon crpyirype conercion
peainocrn. Con:eman airyainoe n nepcneirnnnoe, noiaainan cero(nnm-
nnn (eni Crpani Coneron iai :np ye cnnrix npornnope~nn, ona cranonn-
aci eaoriaani: cpe(crno: nponano(crna n oreirnnannn conercioro cn:-
non~ecioro nopn(ia. Ha nonce(nenno: yponne npn no:omn ]ororpa]nn,
oa(aimen narn(nocrii n ye(nreinon ionipernocrii, nponcxo(na
narypanaannn n nacimenne peainocrii o~epe(noro rpo:a(in nanon.
3a ocnoenne: pecypca ]ororpa]nn :ono nai(ari, orcennan (nna:niy
o(non na nepnix raaernix ia:nannn, noy~nnmnx nocronnnoe nnayainoe
conpono(enne.
Pe~i n(er o nrne aa nonimenne nponano(nreinocrn rpy(a, paanepnyn-
mencn n anpeecenrnpe 1981 ro(a, na~ao ioropon noon npnain ryi-
cinx :eraypron i maxrepa: ]onacca. Ha ]one opii c oean~ion na
nponano(crne y io:nannn nonnnercn cocrnennoe nno (~ro ipanne ne-
oi~no). Cna~aa .ro pnconannin maxrep n cnenonie, c ]onape: n enon
pyie, noro: ]oro eai:nnnoro, no narypaino yiaimerocn ropnnia n,
naionen, na~nnan c nepnon (eia(i :an ]oronoprper nepconaino non:eno-
nannoro y(apnnia, c:onrnponannin c omn: nano: rpy(onoro nponecca n
nn]pa:n (ocrnennn n ron nn nnon orpacn. Ha nipaoriy .ron nnayai-
non crparernn y pe(ainnn ymo oioo :ecnna. Ha ]one nnoro y(apnnia,
ioropin noiaaan o(nonpe:enno paoraimn: (oomennoe naopaenne pa-
ori iro-ro nira~nnaer (erai nn (oinaer rop]) n (onnmn:cn peayi-
raron (cocrnenno, ca: noprper), npnaini ycnnri (oi~y yrn nn ona(eri
ionnenepni: noroio: nirn(nr ne roiio ocymecrnn:i:n, no n ye ocyme-
crnenni:n. Hpoeir nonomen n nani y~mn:n (a, ana~nr, nacronmn:n i(i-
194
:n), ror(a iai (n ncex ocrainix on cranonnrcn ropnaonro: on(annn. 3ra
(noncrnennocri n:eer cnoi rpanc:e(nainyi cocrannimyi. Be(i ]ororpa-
]nn, nena:enno npe(cranniman ioncranry noanrnnnix cnepmennn, nepe(io
oipyena ocrpo ipnrn~ecin: reicro:: nna n ]nrypi yiaimnxcn y(apnn-
ion n amionnrix nonaropon napnr na( rpy(nocrn:n nn(ycrpnainix y(-
nen, r(e copia :oropon ia aa(epana nepe(nn:n ipimia:n, re:ni
paori orcrair, paora nncrpy:enrainon conepmenno ney(onernopnrei-
nan
21
. Hpn .ro: ]oronaopaenne yiaainaer ne croiio na ca: opaaen
nepconainix (ocrnennn, cioiio ~epea ero nocpe(crno noanoner ni-
nnnri ye na:ennnmnncn xapairep rpy(onoro ycnnn ia(oro conercioro ~e-
oneia. Airyananpyn peainocri roro nn nnoro npoeira, ]ororpa]nn na~nna-
er onpe(enri ornomenne apnren i peainocrn, noanonn re: ca:i: ycrano-
nnri ionrair :e(y nonomenni: n nenonomenni:.
HPLO5PAALHHLL CBL1OHHCLK
O~epe(noe nyn~noe npnananne npnopnrera ]ororpa]nn na( cono: n
naopaenne: io c(eano nncareinnnen: Napn.rra Larnnnn o~eni n(en-
no oroanaaci o cepnn ]oropenopraen co 2-ro Bcecoianoro crea(a ioxoa-
nnion. Hn o(nn nreparypnin noprper, nn o(na xy(oecrnennan aapnconia
ne :oryr cnopnri c npocron n ncnon npan(on .rnx cxna~ennix na nacrnie
nn: ynepennix, cnoionnix, yryenno-npeipacnix ia(oe no-cnoe:y, nn
inmnx arpaion, re:nix crapyx, aanrix enmnn, nanypennix iop:ni-
nen`, nor onn npoxo(nr :oo(i:n i(i:n, (eini:n enmnna:n, y:ni:n
:y~nna:n, n ne~ari ron xopomen, npocron, pao~en npn:onnennocrn, ron
nicoion ~eone~nocrn, iaiyi npnniin :i coe(nnnri co cono: npoera-
pnn`, pao~nn`, ona rn(nr c npn:ix on, c:eix raa n anaio:ix (o
yme:ennn n cep(ne yioi
22
. Hpn nanme: pacc:orpennn npan(a cxna-
~ennix na nacrnie nn oiaainaercn npan(on anrpono-n(eoorn~ecioro npe-
opaennn, ninnne:oro n oreirnnnpye:oro ~epea nocpe(crno nnayainix
:eroi (ne~aren). 3ra or:e~ennocri nn na ]ororpa]nnx 1980-x rr. cnoco-
crnyer nx eaomno~non n(enrn]niannn n cnn(ereicrnyer o npnne(ennn
nnayainon ]op:i n coornercrnne co cona:n n anannn:n o ro:, iai (oen
nirn(eri nam ~eonei. He cy~anno Larnnnn no nna: yanaer na cnn:-
iax conercinx i(en anaio:an en n(eoorn~ecian ioncrpyinnn operaer
nori n iponi.
Bonpoc o ro:, iai noiaainari conercioro ~eoneia na ]ororpa]nn .ro
ncer(a nonpoc o ro:, ~ro raioe conercioe n ~eoneie, iai ono :oer iri
onapyeno, onoanano n airyananponano. Ocrpan neoxo(n:ocri n ]oroo-
paae conercioro ~eoneia noannia no :epe nonnennn nepnix nperen(enron
na .ry poi y(apnnion. Or ]ororpa]nn rpeonaoci nepenecrn nonyi :o-
(ei n(enrn]niannn n nnayainin ]op:ar. 3na:ennrin ypna CCCP na
crponie, nona~ay pe(airnponanmnncn N. Koinoni:
28
, i coa(an n 1980
ro(y (n pemennn .ron aa(a~n. Be(i eme n ionne 1920-x rr. c ]ororpa]nn n
nenrpainix raaerax na nac rn(nr o~eni paanie i(n: iaprnnno ooiornn-
'#
mnecn na ry:y (eerari n aay~enno aacrinmne n noy(ennon nonrece(e
io:co:oin, npnpocmne i crania: npoerapnn-anro:ari n rocinno-nporo-
ioinie omecrnennnin. Hx noai neonin (nocioiiy (oni nipaari
co(epannn, eme ne nnncannie n rexnnin rea) nn ney:ecrni (nocioiiy
airyananpyir ecri n rpn:aci na ionnin crapopen:noro ]oroareie).
4ororpa]nn e nepnon noonnni 1980-x rr. crpe:nrcn npnnecrn .ro :noro-
opaane i neioe:y ome:y ana:enarei, ninnnn n ne: nn(n:oe n(po co-
nercioro n, re: ca:i:, npn(an ncio:o:y rnny yananae:ie ~epri, ry nnay-
ainyi ]op:y, ioropan y(er n (ainenme: n ycnoena, n onoanana.
H ecn cna~aa y(apnni noy~aer n pyin oronnin :ooroi (ean~nie,
aacrinmne noprperi y(apnnion n rpnanix cnenoniax n c onaareini: or-
onni: :oorio: na ne~e
24
), ro ye ~epea necioiio er ero ranni:
nncrpy:enro: cranonnrcn yiia nn ycrpe:ennin n(ai narn(: neirop
crnxnnnon nnayainon anrponoornn nanpanen or (e:oncrpannn .:e:a-
rn~noro (encrnnn i noiaay ocooro crpon (ymn
2b
. 1ai, o(nn: na nepnix npn-
anannix naopaennn nonoro rnna, :o:enraino nocnpnnnrix conpe:ennn-
ia:n iai c~acrnnoe npnnenne i ncio:o:y opaay conercioro ~eoneia,
cra cnn:oi C. Hnanona Hoprper (1980; oee noa(nee naananne i(n
nepnon nnrnerin), oomenno noiaainaimnn (nyx crpornx inomen, ~in
nna oripiri (n ncnxon(eoorn~ecinx nnrepnperannn. A ~epea nnri er
]ororpa]i nacroiio orxo(nr or rpa(nnnonnoro nponano(crnennoro cnn:ia,
n ioropo: ia~ecrna ~eoneia onpe(eeni :amnnon n naan:o(encrnne: c
nen
2b
, ~ro o(nn na pe(airopon ypnaa Crpon: ne cipinaer cnoero paao~a-
ponannn: Ho(nnno paanepnyroro noiaaa nenioro craxanoncioro 198b ro(a
ne noy~noci noro:y, ~ro ]oropenoprepi n 198b ro(y cnn:an or(ix i-
(en y~me, ~e: paory .rnx i(en
27
. Bnpo~e:, npoioi n noiaae craxanon-
nen cnnaani ne croiio c (e]eira:n nx oianaannn n connaino: npo-
crpancrne (ciopee, naoopor, ca:o nx no:emenne n npocrpancrno or(ixa no-
anoner npn(ari (ocyry n(eoorn~ecioe ia~ecrno conercinn or(ix), cioi-
io c omnia:n n niope oana~aimnx npn nnayanaannn n(eoorn~ecinx
co(epannn iai .ro io, nanpn:ep, c no(neprmn:cn (onoino cepieanon
ipnrnie cnn:io: ]ycn Bnnorpa(onon paori A. Pena:ana (198b). ]ycn n
napn(no: (a:cio: narie n noae cronr na ecrnnne iaioro-ro (nopna, cnm-
io: crapopen:no naopaan anarnoro ~eoneia namen .noxn. Kpnrnin
paarncnnir ]ororpa]y, ~ro on nenpannino paccrann ainenri: ranni: nn-
nercn ne cono anarnin, a cono ~eonei.
Hcnoiaonari ]ororpa]n~ecinn pecypc ninnennn ~eone~ecioro, ~roi
yiaaari na npncyrcrnne n(eoorn~ecion ioncrpyinnn nor crni conercion
]ororpa]nn cepe(nni 1980-x. Hoiaa (onoinoro, c~acrnnoro, rop(oro nna
ropna, no ioropo:y :ono onapynri nonoro ~eoneia
28
, onpan(an, iai on-
pan(ana c ro~in apennn ocne(o:ennoro nai(aren ]nrypa n noaa copmn-
ni x:en, nipaaiman n(eoorn~ecin ana~n:yi nanepa(ocrnocri
29
, ec-
ione~no onpan(ana :oo(ocri, n noro:y ro( or ro(a craxanonni n op(enonoc-
ni na cnn:iax nmi :oo(eir
80
. B ro e npe:n ca:o(ocraro~nocri naopa-
ennn ~eoneia, oconniman (ocryn i conercin: ynnnepcann:, nenpne:e-
:a. Hpe(e ncero nopnnaercn opamenne i reecno:y, ne onpan(annoe nico-
19b
ion neii. Kon]nir anaro:nn n n(eoornn cra npn~nnon ocrpyinnn Cra-
enapa paori ]. ]eaona: nno (ano rain: ipynni: nano:, ~ro apn-
rei :oer pacc:orperi or(einie nopi n noocin. Ha .ro nno nenpnnrno
c:orperi, xo~ercn nociopee ornepnyricn. Xy(onni noiaainaer, n cymnocrn,
ne nno ~eoneia, a ero anaro:ni
81
. B npo(oenne ipnrnin narypana:a
Po(~enio ypnr aa ]airypno noiaaannoro nncrpyiropa no nananni. Apry-
:enr npocr: n pa:iax (annon re:i (!) apnrei xo~er nn(eri ipacnnoe narpe-
nnponannoe reo conercioro nncrpyiropa, no nniai ne ero noocarie norn.
Oomenne, ioropo:y (oni no(neprnyricn nce nona(aimne n ia(p, npn-
anano ypari nmnee na nyrn npenpamennn oreira cre:in n n(eainyi
nonepxnocri orpaennn. Be(i npannino noiaaannie i(n onpe(enircn
cnon:n conpe:ennnia:n iai orpaenne n nonomenne n(eaa
82
. 4ororpa]nn
~eoneia 1980-x n nirn(nr iai .]]eir ecione~noro orpaennn: n nen
:noro cne~ennn, nion, cnnimnx yioi. Hcnoiaonanne .]]eiron ocneme-
nnn (n noiaaa yiaimnxcn nn nmi no(~epinnaer ro(ecrnennocri yi-
in n orpaennoro cnera, i ncro~nniy ioroporo ea ocooro rpy(a :ono no-
(opari n(eoorn~ecinn pe]epenr. Paanpan ]ororpa]n~ecinn :exanna: ]ai-
rypnocrn n (ocronepnocrn cnn:ia, o(nn na anropon Conercioro ]oro nn-
mer: Cner, iai nanecrno, npn(aer ia(o:y npe(:ery ocoyi, npncymyi roi-
io e:y ]op:y
88
. Conercioe n ~eoneie ne roiio onpe(enercn cnero:, no n
yro~nnercn paanoopaani:n cneroni:n .]]eira:n (or nnyrpennero :nrioro
cne~ennn cnnmennix nn na re:no: ]one npean(ny:a (o aanrix conne:
]nryp repoen-:erpocrpoennen, or ninnennn cny.ra pao~ero n noroie na-
(aimnx cnepxy y~en (o enin nna ioxoannni cone~ni:n nia:n)
84
.
Bce n:ecre nanroe eaomno~no omymaercn apnree: ron .noxn iai noroi
c~acrin, pa(ocrn, aa(opa, cni (iacia( .rnx naan:oaa:enne:ix oana~aimnx
conercioro :oer iri npo(oen) n onncinaercn iai nay~enne ocooro
po(a
8b
.
Yiia nmi ~acri cneronocnoro apcenaa, yiaainaimero na npncyr-
crnne rannoro n(eoorn~ecioro co(epannn
8b
. 'yncrnnreinin i ]op:yi-
ni: xo(a: n (nirary ianona, H. Kyrei nopnnaer rorainocri yiin, nepe(io
noanniaimen, no ero cona:, na cnn:iax 1980-x na ]ororpa]n~ecioro npnny-
(ennn, ior(a ~eonei c ]oroannaparo: aacranner yiaricn ncex y(apnnn
no(pn(, (ae rex, ~en eaayin por yiia nonce ne yipamaer. B ~eoneie ea
yiin, iai ropecrno yrnep(aer .ror pe(airop, conpe:ennnin npocro oria-
ainanci nn(eri nynin rnna: Hame:y penoprepy y(aoci nanrn orn~-
nyi ]nrypy npnainnnia, ipenioro coennn, .neprn~noro, nonoro coanannn
cocrnennoro (ocronncrna, nacronmero conercioro :oo(na. H ~ro e Hcre-
pnia, npoinran, aapeaan no:ep! Kaion e .ro npnainnni, paa on ne c:eer-
cn!
87
B npone(ype ncii~ennn onapynnaer cen nopn(oi conercioro ]o-
rorpa]n~ecioro (nciypca: neyi~nnocri n n(eoorn~ecin ana~n:on cnrya-
nnn (a raionon :oer crari nce, ~ro nona(aer n ia(p) ne(onycrn:a n
~eoneie na cnn:ie ocraercn nenn(n:i: ne roiio npnainnni, no n coner-
cinn :oo(en. 3(eci ca:oe npe:n nepnyricn i Larnnnn n crea(y ioxoann-
ion. B yno:nnyrix ei anaio:ix (o yme:ennn n cep(ne yiiax renepi
:ono ynn(eri ne roiio ]nrypy pe~n, no n nan(ennin i 198b ro(y cnoco
'%
noiaaa nonoro ~eoneia, o(ny na ]ororpa]n~ecinx crparernn ninnennn n
ne: conercioro.
4O1O Y]APHHKA B HA1YPALHYK BLH'HHY
B 1989, a y re: oee n 1940 ro(y ye ne ~yncrnyercn ron .n]opnn
]ororpa]n~ecioro, ioropan oxnarinaer npn narn(e na raaeri cepe(nni (e-
cnrnernn. Crpannoe omymenne, nocioiiy nce npo(e i ocraercn na cnonx
:ecrax: rai e nanyrpn no(cne~nnaircn cnnmennie naopaennn npean(ny-
:on n conemannn, no-npene:y (ocrnraimne nne~arnimnx paa:epon, n npano:
nepxne: yry nepnon nooci :ecro no(n nepno(n~ecin aann:aer o~epe(non
repon-op(enonocen c yananae:o npocnerenni: nno:, (eni annannn conpono-
(aercn nce re: e nionanne: n rnpnn(a:n nneron, rai e cnnir yiia-
:n cranncine coioi n ernix me:ax. H (ae noe(noe noanpamenne
o~epe(nix noiopnreen Apirnin n 1940 ro(y noiaaano, iai n 1984 nn 1987
naneci npaa(nn~nix ncronoi n noa(yxe c~acrnnon Nocini. Ho .ro nmi
no(~epinnaer paan~ne: na cnn:ie 1940 ro(a ye ne nmyr paiypca (n noiaaa
~y(a on (anno nan(en, (a n ca:o ~y(o, nnepnie ynn(ennoe npn no:omn
]ororpa]nn, (anno onapyeno ]ororpa]n~ecin narpennponanni: narn(o:
n ca:on nann. Cnn:oi noxo na npennn roiio ea aypi: on ana~n-
reino norepn n paa:epe n nipaanreinocrn, orcian i ye o]op:nnme:y-
cn cn:non~ecio:y nopn(iy n nmi ioncrarnpyn ero.
4ororpa]nn n raaere cranonnrcn :enime, anponie cnn:in n xy(oecr-
nennin ]oropenopra, oripirni ioroporo rai pa(onanci eme necioiio
er naaa(, nce oime nirecnnircn noprpero:. A i(n n ia(pe nce ~ame
coorneceni co ciyinrypon: ]naiyirypnnin noanpyir na ]one rnnconoro
cnoprc:ena, nocernren B]HX nocraneni cna:n ]oro:onraa n o(nn pn(
c :yxnncin:n pao~n: n ioxoannnen, a y~acrnnin o~epe(noro inennoro
conemannn recno cnornnci noipyr ponaonoro Hin~a. 3acrinanne, onncan-
noe Hanepni: n ia~ecrne o(non na xapairepncrni Kyirypi ]na, na cnn:iax
19891940 rr. :ono nai(ari noo~ni. 1py(no naannricn or nne~arennn,
~ro ]ororpa]nn renepi nnnercn o(nonpe:enno n cnmio: nairo~ni:, n cnm-
io: ne(ocraro~ni: cpe(crno: (n onpe(eennn conercion peainocrn. C o(-
non croponi, ona ye nneca cnon nia( n ]op:nponanne onrnin conercioro:
ne(i ro, ~ro noanon ninnnri .crern~ecinn n rexnn~ecinn pecypc cneronncn,
(anno crao nn(n:i:. C (pyron noa:onocrn ]ororpa]nn n :ony:enrai-
no: oropaennn neaie:oro, ynnnepcainoro nopn(ia oiaaanci nnno orpa-
nn~eni no cpannenni c naopaanreini: nciyccrno: nn ciyinrypon, i ro:y
e ]ororpa]nn ne y(aoci ocnoo(nricn or io:npo:ernpyimero n nonix yc-
onnnx ia~ecrna nenaenon cnnan co npe:ene:. Hoiaaareino, nanpn:ep,
~ro n 1940 ro(y rpa(nnnonnin npaa(nn~nin ]oro:onra i 28 ]enpan, i ioro-
po:y npneran noce(nne er (ecnri, aa:emaercn nen~ecrnenni: cn:non-
~ecin: naopaenne: crpaa nepymn:ix rpannn n cnera.
Ho ]ororpa]nn no-npene:y oiaainaaci nocrpeonana n rex cy~anx,
ior(a neoxo(n:o io nnrerpnponari nonie co(epannn n ocronreicrna
198
n crpyirypy conercion peainocrn. Ciae:, npncoe(nnenne n cenrnpe
1989 ro(a 3ana(non Yipanni n 3ana(non 5eopyccnn niainaer ncneci ]o-
ropenopraa n nenrpainix raaerax. Hamn onirnenmne ]oropenoprepi
N. Kaamnnion n B. 1e:nn cnn:air aanrix conne: i(en (:nrnnr nace-
ennn n Ponno) nn e no~rn anaio:o yiaimnxcn y~nreinnn no npe:n
ece(i c nonon nacrii. Pecypc, ioropi: pacnoaraer ]ororpa]nn, o~eni
naen (n roro, ~roi noiaaari npnoperennie npocrpancrna n nacenimnx
nx i(en conercin:n.
Ocnemenne n ne~arn (oro(annoro oripirnn BCXB conce: nna~e noa-
npamao ]ororpa]n~ecioe naonne na crpannni nenrpainix raaer. Cei-
cioxoanncrnennan nicrania roe ia noni: (n conercioro ~eoneia :e-
cro:, craryc ioroporo rpeona yro~nennn: npan(a, a(eci pe~i ne ma o noc-
nonennn ne(ocraria conercioro, ciopee, o ero nairo~nocrn. B .rnx ocron-
reicrnax ]ororpa]y oime ne ce(onao aaornricn o nnayainix .]]ei-
rax npeopaennn peainocrn, peainocri nona(aa n ia(p ye npeopaen-
non: craryn n coopyennn xnrpo no(cne~nnanci, ]onrani nepennanci nce-
:n nnera:n pa(yrn, a narypainoe naonne (ynponaoci ero :noro~ncen-
ni:n cn:non~ecin:n anaora:n
88
. Nnpi, na noiaa ioropix ]ororpa]nn (o
cnx nop n:ea .iciiannnoe npano, renepi cran nn(ni nenoopyenni: ra-
ao:
89
. ]n roro ~roi nx ooapenari, n npnnnnne, ne rpeonacn :e(ny:-
nocpe(nni.
1e: oee nnrepecno nonnri, iaioe :ecro io npe(naana~eno ca:on ]o-
rorpa]nn na nicranie. Oman noma(i ]oroo]op:ennn aann:aa oioo 19000
in. :. Hanecrno, ~ro (n yipamennn, nanpn:ep, cpe(neaanarcinx nannionon
onino ncnoiaonacn ]oro:onra, ioropin n nonix (n ]ororpa]nn o-
cronreicrnax raie airnnno nopnnacn aa ro, ~ro nipeaia no ionrypy yn-
naer cny ]ororpa]n~ecioro opaaa
40
. Hpn .ro: ro~ia apennn, niciaaannan
corpy(nnia:n Conercioro ]oro, nonocrii conna(aa c n(eoorn~ecin oo-
maimen onenion, (annon ]oro:onray pyiono(nree: ncex xy(oecrnennix
paor na BCXB: 4oro:onra npornnope~nr pemenni xy(oecrnenno-(eio-
parnnnoro noiaaa :ero(on paori nepe(onnion ceicioro xoanncrna
41
.
Paapymenne cn:non~ecinx neocrnocren, iy(a oee ynnnepcainix, ~e:
cnnrern~ecinn npoeir ]oro:onraa, nenpne:e:o raion i ocnonnon
nep(nir. Ha ]one .ron ipnrnin nicoiyi oneniy noy~aer o]op:enne na-
nniona Cenepo-Bocroi
42
. O(ny na ero cren yipamaer ]oronanno 1ona-
pnm A(anon cpe(n nepe(onnion ceicioro xoanncrna ennnrpa(cion o-
acrn (anropi . 3ninepr, N. Nnnienn~, L. Cocnnon), paa:ep ioroporo
cocranner 8b in. :. (7xb). Hanno noiaainaer rpynny i(en (n narypai-
nyi nen~nny) na ]one C:oinoro. Ha nepnin narn(, n cnn:ie ner nn~ero
ni(aimerocn ipo:e ero paa:epa, no n:enno n :acmranponannn aaii~e-
no rannoe npen:ymecrno raion :era]ororpa]nn. Bce ni(epano n (yxe
nicoioro cn:nona:a .noxn: n ro~ie, r(e yronnn eper nepx na( peainocrii,
conercian ]ororpa]nn naionen-ro noy~aer noa:onocri ocymecrnnri cnoi
]nnainyi nei iri nonocrii con:emennon c :npo: aa npe(eo: or-
eirnna, nonocrii ynn~ronri paan~ne :e(y ionnen n opnrnnao:.
''
P.S. 3PLHHL H H]LOOlHA
Kor(a n aa(y:inaa .ry crarii, ro eme na(enaci (ari, nipaanci naiio:
ron .noxn, iaprnny conercioro nnayainoro peneccanca oee ore:no, onn-
can no~rn o(nonpe:ennyi airyanaanni (nyx croi paanix no cnocoa:
penpeaenrannn peainocrn n croi noxonx no npany na (ocronepnocri .ron
penpeaenrannn npairni, iai ]ororpa]nn n iaprorpa]nn. Lcn i :ne .ro
y(aoci, ro n nanncaa i eme n o perynpno nyniyimnxcn n Hpan(e n
Hanecrnnx cnn:iax, na ioropix conercine i(n aacrnrnyri n :o:enr :e-
(nrannn nepe( iapron cnoen nenion Po(nni; o :e~re conercinx iaprorpa-
]on naroronnri reorpa]n~eciyi iapry, no(onyi cnero~yncrnnreinon na-
crnne, na ioropon i orpaaoci :aenmee npeopaenne ]nan~ecion pe-
ainocrn no( narncio: conercioro npoeira; o nnonncnix .icnepn:enrax,
ioropie (oni in (ononnri cyxyi cxe:y npan(on ioniperno-~yncrnen-
noro opaaa; nn, na xy(on ionen, o nrne aa noccranonenne npan iapri n
npnpo(i, paanepnynmencn noce nyniannn n Hpan(e or 1b :an 1984 ro-
(a Hocranonennn CHK CCCP n UK BKH() O npeno(anannn reorpa]nn n
na~ainon n cpe(nen mioe. Ho~rn nanepnnia :ne ce(onao i niciaaari-
cn n ro: (yxe, ~ro ecn n cymecrnonao r(e npocrpancrno, n ioropo: coner-
cinn npoeir npeopaennn npnpo(i n omecrna ocymecrnncn n nono: or-
e:e, ro .ro io npocrpancrno reorpa]n~ecion iapri. A noro:y, :o, io
ney(nnnreino ee nenpepinnoe rnpanponanne, rnnepaicnoornaannn n npe-
npamenne n raiyi e niony conercion nnnnnaannn, iai, ciae:, noprper
no(n (icrarn, na ]ororpa]nnx n iaprnnax .noxn onn nepe(io no:emeni pn-
(o:). 3naio:crno c iapron npocrpancrno:, n ioropo: oianaonana n ope-
raer o~epe(noe nnayainoe nonomenne conercian yronnn crao onaarei-
ni: (n ncnioro conercioro ~eoneia n:enno n cepe(nne 1980-x, a n 1987 ro(y
n ropo(e, r(e n nny, naopen iapry (n cenix. H roiio noce .roro n
nepema i i nacronme:y nocrcipnnry: :oen necymecrnyimen crarin.
'eonei, nmennin apennn, c ro~in apennn .noxn, ior(a ocnonnie n(eoo-
rn~ecine co(epannn nepene(eni n nnayainin ]op:ar, iaaaoci i, o(e-
en (na(i. Be(i n:enno ~roi npnomnri neapn~ero i ne(ocrynno:y cn:-
non~ecio:y nopn(iy, n in npn(y:ani .rn :opn n oaepa na arynn, pein na
:e(non nponooin, ropo(a, or:e~ennie yano~ni:n roonia:n, n ropi, naci-
nannie na eeanix onnoi. Coe(nnennie npono(a:n, onn (oni in
c(eari reppnropni y~men crpani n :npe ne roiio ocnaae:on, no n noc-
npnnn:ae:on na cyx. O(naio n conercinx ncropnnx 1980-x :ornn norepn
apennn nepe(io npe(cranen iai onan norepn: cenon ainncinn nne-
nep Horoninn na o~epia K(nna n Hpan(e, nipan conerciyi nacri, ope-
raer ncrnnnoe nnyrpennee nn(enne, ioropoe no:oraer e:y renepi pyiono(nri
crponion; raaa:n cenoro :yaiianra na aa(i Bopoiena, onynionan-
non n Hpoeirope, cran raaa ioxoannion, npnnnnmnx ero n cnon io-
eirnn n (onepnnmnx cenny (eo, rpeyimee ncii~nreinon nonrn~e-
cion npoaopnnocrn aaciniy aepna. Hpn nanme: pacc:orpennn oiaai-
naercn, ~ro (n ocne(o:ennoro conercioro nai(aren .rn i(n apn~n, n
]nanoornn apennn a(eci nn npn ~e:, rai iai ne apenne onpe(ener noa:o-
200
nocri n(eoorn~ecioro y~acrnn n peainocrn, a naoopor. B conercinx ion-
reicrax npoapenne, iai n ocenenne, .ro npe(e ncero ]air n(eoorn~e-
cinn. Hpairnia cranonnrcn cenon, ecn ona ne ocnemaer cen penoinnon-
non reopnen, eme n 1927 ro(y napei Crann, (an ro~oi i coa(anni n
airyanaannn nonrnio-o]rai:oorn~ecioro conapn .noxn (nonrn~ecian
naopyiocri, nonrn~ecian cenora, nonrn~ecian (ainoaopiocri).
Ha yponne ~acrnoro onira raian cenora ia cnnaana c necnoconocrii
nocnpnnn:ari peainocri cinoai npna:y n(eoorn~ecin apannponannoro ana-
nnn o nen. Ceni: i ornnen ]ororpa]-.crer Kpnn Lpe:nn, ioropin
(oroe npe:n i ne n cocronnnn ynn(eri namen aa:e~areinon nann,
namen pa(ocrnon crpani
48
, a cnn:a npeipacnie, yxo(nmne n npomoe an(-
ma]ri. Hoce roro iai Lpe:nn n:ecre c (pyrn:n :acrepa:n ]oronciyccrna
ornpanncn na cre:in ianaa NocinaBora n (a npeipacnie, .nn~ecine
ia(pi, nonrnio-o]rai:oorn~ecinn (narnoa c nero i cnnr. Nacrep ne
roiio ca: ynn(e nanecrnoe (ipacory n nen~ne conercion crpani), no c(e-
a nx nn(n:i:n, ninnnn nx no ncen :ony:enrainocrn na cnonx cnn:iax.
1e: ca:i: on nnec cnon nia( n ]ororpa]n~ecioe ioncrpynponanne ron on-
rnin, rex nna, ioropie noanonn n 1980-e rr. noo~ni ynn(eri nanenmne
nen conercioro yronn~ecioro npoeira nonoro ~eoneia n npeopaennyi
(encrnnreinocri ocymecrnenni:n.
1
E. Apueep. Boo~ni nn(n: ;; Hanecrnn. 28.0b.1987.
2
Ho cyrn, pe~i n(er o aprniynponanno: B. 5enin:nno: n ero Hponane(ennn
nciyccrna n .noxy ero rexnn~ecioro nocnponano(crna (198b) npen:ymecrne rexnn-
~ecion penpo(yinnn nepe( opnrnnao:: ee noa:onocrn (eari nenn(n:oe nn(n:i:,
npnnari opnrnna i apnrei n no:emari no(one opnrnnaa n cnryanni, (n ca:o-
ro opnrnnaa ne(ocrynnyi. 1oiio Kpnrep nacrannaer na ro:, ~ro ]ororpa]nn no:e-
maer n npe(e ne(ocrynnyi cnryanni ne opnrnna, a ca:oro apnren. 1ain: opaao:,
ona na:enner ero oianaanni n npocrpancrne n pecrpyirypnpyer ero onir, noanonn
oiaaaricn n :ecre nenoa:onoro ra:, r(e nponaomo ~y(o.
8
Unr. no: C. Mopo.oe. Conercian ]ororpa]nn (191719b7). N., 19b8. C. 82.
4
nno namen connancrn~ecion Po(nni ;; Conercioe ]oro. 1988. ! 1. C. 11.
b
Ko:y npncy(eni (nno:i. Pemenne ipn Hepnon Bcecoianon nicranin ]oro-
nciyccrna ;; Conercioe ]oro. 1988. ! bb. C. 12.
b
H. Amapoe. 18x24 ;; Hamn (ocrnennn. 198b. ! 7. C. 147.
7
C:.: . !poc. Gesamllunslwerl Crann ;; 5. lponc. Hciyccrno yronnn. N.,
2008. C. 19149.
8
Anenpyn i rexnoorn~ecion npan(e ]ororpa]n~ecioro ]aira, . Honona nnca-
a n crarie, nocnnmennon ]oro:onray (L4. 1928. ! 4. C. 41): 3ra ro~nocri n
(oiy:enrainocri npn(air ]orocnn:iy raiyi cny noa(encrnnn na apnren, iaion
rpa]n~ecioe naopaenne nnior(a (ocrn~i ne :oer.
9
Ananennan npan(a n cnn:ie ero nen~anman cna, ]op:ynponia n
(yxe 1980-x rr., npe(oennan H. Kon n crarie B ~e: cna naopaanreinocrn
]oronciyccrna, onynionannon n Conercio: ]oro (1988. ! 2. C. 12).

10
L. Honoea. 4oro:onra ;; L4. 1928. ! 4. C. 41.
11
H. Ao..u. B ~e: cna naopaanreinocrn ]oronciyccrna. C. 9.
12
O ncropnn ]oro:onraa or pa(niainix ananrap(nix oniron 1920-x (o
:n]oorn~ecioro :onraa cranncion .noxn c:.: M. Tupilspn. 1he Soviel Pholograph
(19241987). Yale UP, 199b.
18
Koeirnn ]ororpa]on na ianae NocinaBora ;; Conercioe ]oro. 1987.
! 9. C. 7.
14
E. ,eeomt. Pyccioe nciyccrno XX neia. N., 2002. C. 11b.
1b
L. ]erori n Pyccio: nciyccrne XX neia (C. 119) or:e~aa, ~ro (o:nnanra
penpo(yinnn, ecione~noe rnpanponanne ]ororpa]nn na crpannnax conercinx ra-
aer orni(i ne npnneo i npe(ciaaannon Bairepo: 5enin:nno: yrpare caipainon
aypi` opnrnnaa. Hanpornn, ]ororpa]nn nocnpnnn:aaci n CCCP iai npairnia (ae
oee :ncrn~ecian, ~e: nnonnci, nocioiiy ona ncnoiaonaaci (n nocrpoennn
rnranrcion nonon neocrnocrn, e(nnon nn paccennnon no crpannna: y~ennion. K
.ro:y :ono (oannri nmi ro, ~ro n 19841987 rr. aypa ]ororpa]nn, nyniye:ix
n Hpan(e n Hanecrnnx, cranonnrcn (ocrynna naopy: ncnoiaonanne oee ia~e-
crnennon y:arn, ionrpacrnan ne~ari n cnoncrna rnnorpa]cion ipacin pocair na
cnn:in cnnnn orcner, ne roiio npn(aimnn n: (ononnreinyi nipaanreinocri, no
n ycnnnaimnn .]]eir npeopaennn, i ioropo:y conercian ]ororpa]nn nocronnno
orciaer.
1b
L. Meepuuep. Bropan nicrania :ocioncion ]ororpa]nn ;; Conercioe ]oro.
1929. ! 9. C. 2bb.
17
H nanpornn, nerarnn noanpamaercn n ia(p na aaiare conercion .noxn, ior(a
cepnn nerarnnnix ]oropenopraen ne cxo(nr, nanpn:ep, co crpannn ypnaa Po(n-
na, cnrnananpyn o pacna(e conercioro cn:non~ecioro nopn(ia n cranonnci npo-
crpancrno:, r(e .ror pacna( ocymecrnnercn.
18
O nonrn~ecion perymn c:.: ,. Aune. Orperymnponannan ncropnn: ]aicn]n-
iannn ]ororpa]nn n nponane(ennn nnonncn n n:nepnn Cranna. 5y(anemr, 2002.
19
C:.: !. Op.oea. Po(enne npe(nren: orpnnareinan nonrn~ecian caipanaa-
nnn n Crpane Coneron ;; Zeil-Pume (Wiener Slawislischer Almanach). 2008. Bd. 49.
S. 80984b.
20
Cran(aprnan ]op:ynponia nroron ioniypca, nnepnie nonnnnmancn n 1929 ro(y,
nirn(nr ce(yimn: opaao:: Ha rperii re:y (paaoa~nreinoe ]oro) :ao eme
orininyoci ]oroinreen. Koniypc ce(yer npnanari ne nnone y(anmn:cn (Co-
nercioe ]oro. 1929. ! 2. C. 48). 'epea (na ro(a pe(ainnn ye oemaa aa ia(yi
npncannyi ]ororpa]ni npe:ni n nnri pyen n nce panno ne (onaci cepieanoro
peayirara.
21
C:. crarin n Hpan(e aa, coornercrnenno, 9.0b.1981, 1b.0b.1981, 28.0b.1981.
22
M. Laeunn. nno ~eoneia ;; Hpan(a. 18.02.198b.
28
Hnrepecno, ~ro n (eiape 1984 ro(a n Hpan(e i nane~aran ]eieron
Koinona Anrne cnnroro Lropona, r(e anrop no(nepr ocrpon ipnrnie ]op:i oioo-
nreparypnoro naneonncannn y(apnnion, yiaaan aa(oro (o K. Kapi na nx arnorpa-
]n~ecine ocnonannn n no(~epinyn nea(einarnocri ycrapenmen cxe:i nacymni:
aa(a~a:: Cnnroro Lropona, npoerapnn-noe(onocna Cennanon (anrop naneonnca-
nnn) nnmer c ranion. |...] Ky(a i nn nome Lropon nci(y raciaer c coon ranin,
mypyni n ori. He ecr Lropon, ione~no, y ne nier, nnior(a ne cnnr, n (ae ne cn(nr,
a ipyrie cyrin, 24 ~aca roiio paoraer, roiio nepeninonner, a y ecn nepenino-
202
nnri ne~ero po(nr iai no:emannin, raaa:n i ae:e n nmer no( nora:n ranin.
Conercioro npoerapnn nenio:y~ennio: y nniai ne naopaanri. Ho ~ro e .ro aa
nrne cnnroro ea iponanix :yi B .ro: cnere opamenne i pecypcy ]ororpa]nn n
(ee coa(annn cneroro opaaa, croi nponaran(npye:oe Koinoni:, nirn(nr airep-
narnnon .icnepn:enra: co cono:, ioropie aamn n rynni.
24
H. Cocenoe. O opaae :oo(oro ~eoneia n conercio: ]oronciyccrne ;;
Conercioe ]oro. 1988. ! 18. C. 14.
2b
O cxo(nix nponeccax n conercion nnonncn (n 1982 ro(y na~aoci oripirne
~eoneia iai ~yncrnyimero cymecrna n orxo( or naopaennn ero iai nocnren
]yninnn) c:.: A. !accnep, J. !u..en. Or coa(annn yronn~ecioro nopn(ia i n(eoo-
rnn y:npornopennn n cnere .crern~ecion (encrnnreinocrn ;; Arnrannn aa c~acrie.
Conercioe nciyccrno cranncion .noxn. ]iccei(op]; 5epnn. 1994. C. 27b8.
2b
C:.: T. ,anxoea. Bnayainan penpeaenrannn encioro rea n conercion :acco-
non iyirype 80-x ro(on ;; oroc. 1999. ! 1112. C. 1811bb.
27
A. Lumeax. Boanpamanci i nn(ycrpnn ;; Conercioe ]oro. 1987. ! 9. C. b.
28
A. Lmepen6epe. Hoea(ia na Kaniaa ;; Conercioe ]oro. 1987. ! 2. C. 8.
29
. epe6oe. 4ororpa]nn na ceicioxoanncrnennon nicranie ;; Conercioe
]oro. 1987. ! 1. C. 9.
80
Kpnrn~ecine aa:erin H. Kyren, nanncannie n 1987 ro(y in conlra no ornome-
nni i ycronnme:ycn cnocoy onapyennn conercioro n ~eoneie, npe(crannir
ca:ocronreinin nnrepec: He rai (anno npaa(nonaoci croerne o(non ]apnin.
5ni(pe(airop noara or:ernri inen ne roiio noiaao: (ocrnennn ]apnin, no
n noiaao: crapix pao~nx, ~in: rpy(o: ]apnia crponaci, i(en, ioropie nepenn
yaci iannrana:a, y~acrnonan n cra~e~no: (nnennn, oponci n no(noie, i(en,
ioropie ninecn na cnonx ne~ax rpy(nocrn nepnix ro(on penoinnn n noccranonn-
reinoro nepno(a. Oiaaaoci, ~ro nn~ero .roro ne nyno, a nyno necioiio yia-
imnxcn io:co:ooi. Anrop, nponnnimnn y(nnnreinyi ne~yriocri i ianony, nena-
:enno npnnn:an ero aa nyirapnin mra:n, cero(nn oiaainaer neonenn:yi no:omi n
peioncrpyinnn .roro ianona: yiaimnecn io:co:oin ropaa(o oime ronopnr
~eoneiy cepe(nni 1980-x rr. o conercio: noome n o ]apnie n ~acrnocrn, ~e:
nce nerepani-npoerapnn, n:ecre nanrie.
81
C. Mopo.oe. K nrora: (nciyccnn o ]op:ana:e n narypana:e n ]oronciyccrne
;; Conercioe ]oro. 198b. ! bb. C. b.
82
C:., nanp.: H. Cocenoe. Yiaa. co~.
88
. epe6oe. Honie anropi. 4ororpa]nn na ceicioxoanncrnennon nicranie ;;
Conercioe ]oro. 1987. ! 1. C. 9.
84
H. Arapon (ae npe(ocreperaer yneiaimnxcn ]oropenoprepon or aoynorpe-
ennn nonepxnocrni: nipaenne: onrn:ncrn~nocrn namero c~acrnnoro noioe-
nnn, no(~epinnan, ~ro nacronmnn :acrep ncer(a nmer nemn :enee o~enn(nie, ~e:
cone~nin y~ n yiia, n oee ye(nreinie: Ha (nyx neocnopn:ix nooe-
nnn rexnn~ecioro, ioropoe aaii~aercn n ro:, ~ro cone~nin cner coa(aer y~mne
yconnn (n ]orocre:in, n connainoro, ioropoe cocronr n ro:, ~ro na( roonon namero
noioennn eaoa~noe neo connana:a, na .rnx (nyx nooennn neian (eari
acoirnoro nino(a, neian nepenocnri in:ar Cyxy:a n Caparon nn Kpacnonpci
(Yiaa. co~. C. 1b0).
8b
C:.: Cnn:in, nay~aimne pa(ocri (na orainon anrnncion npecci) ;; Coner-
cioe ]oro. 1987. ! 9. C. b; H. M. 1pny:] conercioro ]oronciyccrna ;; Conercioe
]oro. 1988. ! 2. C. 8b.
!
8b
3(eci :ono io i nycrnricn n paccy(ennn o cxo(crne n paan~nn (nyx
cn:noon nonomennon :e~ri ronny(cion n cranncion yioi, nepnan na
ioropix ye (anno craa pen(o:, a nropan (o cnx nop e(na onpe(eena. C:.: L.
enda.id-Val, F. tookman. Propaganda and Dreams: Pholographing lhe 1980
lh
in lhe
USSP and in lhe US. Ldilion Slemmle, 1999.
87
H. Aee.t. Bcrpe~noe onnnenne ;; Conercioe ]oro. 1987. ! 1. C. 11.
88
Harypainocri .icnonaron BCXB ocranna (aeio noaa(n raepei, ioropyi na
npornennn (ecnrnernn coa(anaa conercian ]ororpa]nn, noce(onareino noiaai-
nan n raaerax ioeinni orcyrcrnyimnx npe(:eron n ionne 1920-x .ro in nopr-
peri ne:icn:ix :amnn (nanp., ]naei (Hpan(a, nini 1929) nn 5aiiapom na
1bb neperen (Hpan(a, :apr 1981), n na~ae roo(nix 1980-x ceicioe naonne
(or iopann c noia:n n yio: (Hanecrnn, anrycr 1982) (o noiaaa ipynni: nano:
xea, apannni, pinai n nnpoion (Hpan(a, cenrnpi 1988)). Ocoan poi ia
orne(ena (e:oncrpannn conercion npo(yinnn, na cnn:iax nirn(nmen iai conepmen-
nin peayirar nponano(crnennoro nponecca. H, ~ro ne:aonano, ee io :noro
pn(i noipimei na nciyccrnennoro iay~yia, mepenrn nyron n neocnne(on. Hocre-
nenno n ia(p nona(air eannie ronapi napo(noro norpeennn: n nonpe 1988
ro(a Hpan(a (ae nyniyer na nepnon nooce ]ororpa]ni, or ipan (o ipan aano-
nennyi pniera:n c paani:n copra:n :ia. Ho, noayn, ca:yi aaxnarinaimyi
iaprnny norpenreicioro naonnn (an Hanecrnn, n nnnape 1984 ro(a no:ecrnn-
mne oimon ]oro:onra, aonymnn i cn:non~ecio:y norpeenni n o(nonpe:enno
nnayananpyimnn nicoioe ia~ecrno n orarin accoprn:enr npo(yinnn. B :onra
none~eni iyii n npn:yci, nonnni n pyamin, racryin n iponarn. 4ororpa]nn
ne roiio ioncrarnpyer ]air npncyrcrnnn no~rn ne(ocrynnoro oreira n peainocrn,
no n c npncymen en (ocronepnocrii (ona noiaaari rannie cnoncrna .roro orei-
ra: nanpn:ep, napenie (ono iri noiaaano niycni:, iai na cnn:iax C. Ka]apin-
na. Ycrynnn BCXB npano noiaaa conercioro naonnn, conercioe ]oro nce e nano,
iai noiaainaer npe:n, cnon nnenpe:ennon penanm, ninnnn n(eainin ]ororpa]n~ec-
inn nopn(oi e(i n Knnre o niycnon n a(oponon nnme. A nnior(a ne nn(ea nepnoe
na(anne 1989 ro(a n ne anai, iai ia o]op:ena innra, no ror npeipacnin n nepap-
xn~ecin ycrpoennin :np xeon, ioac, pi n onomen, ioropin :ono ynn(eri n
na(annn 19b2 ro(a, nopaaer (ae cero(nn.
89
O yronn~ecio: craryce BCXB c:.: M. Ftx.un. Hpocrpancrna nionannn. 1ora-
nrapna: n paan~ne. N., 2002.
40
C. Mopo.oe, K. Hpueoun. 4ororpa]n~ecioe o]op:enne nicranin ;; Coner-
cioe ]oro. 1989. ! 7. C. b.
41
A. o.teeum. 4oro:onra n ]oronanno ;; Conercioe ]oro. 1989. ! 7. C. b.
42
H. . Hanno n nannione Cenepo-Bocroi ;; Conercioe ]oro. 1989. ! 7. C. 7.
48
A. Lmepen6epe. Hpornn aaanancrna ;; Conercioe ]oro. 198b. ! 7. C. 17.
204
LKA1LPHHA ]LlO1L
1PAHCNL]HALHAA Y1OHHA AHBOHHCH
COUHAHC1H'LCKOlO PLAH3NA
Y nnonncn connancrn~ecioro peana:a ncer(a io ipanne :ao man-
con na ernrn:noe :ecro n ionreicre ncropnn nciyccrna XX neia, nocioi-
iy ona ne coornercrnyer :o(epnncrcin: ipnrepnn: opnrnnainocrn, nnno-
narnnnocrn n npioro nn(nnn(yainoro anropcrna. Hocr:o(epnncrcian no-
na 197080-x rr., nocrannnman nce .rn ipnrepnn no( nonpoc, npnneca c
coon n nonirin .crern~ecion peannrannn connancrn~ecioro peana:a
n xy(oecrnenno: npoeire con-apra n reopern~ecinx rpy(ax 5opnca lponca
n Ba(n:npa Hanepnoro
1
. C rex nop :ono c~nrari (oiaaanni:, ~ro nciyccr-
no connancrn~ecioro peana:a peanaoninao npoeir ananrap(a (pyrn:n
cpe(crna:n
2
. Ho .ro ne cnn:aer nonpoca o ro:, iain:n n:enno cpe(crna:n n
no~e:y n:enno rain:n.
O(no roiio yno:nnanne cona cpe(crna nii~aer cpaay (nciypc :o-
(epnncrcioro nciyccrna, nocrpoennin iai paa na n(ee coanareinon re:arn-
aannn .rnx cpe(crn. Kai noiaaa n cnonx (o cnx nop anropnrernix (nacroi-
io, ~ro anrop .rnx n(en ne ncer(a yno:nnaercn) paorax 1980b0-x rr. Ke-
:enr lpnnepr, naii :o(epnna:a nocrpoen na (e:oncrpannn :e(nacnenn]n-
in, npnpo(i napannoro cpe(crna n nnonncn, nanpn:ep, .ro ee npnnnn-
nnainan nociocrnocri
8
. 3(eci cronr cpaay aa:ernri, ~ro cnenn]nia oana~a-
er ne ~ro nnoe iai rpannni noa:onocren, n npo(e:oncrpnponari ee oana-
~aer c:npenno yiaaari na necnoconocri (annoro nn(a nciyccrna i ~e:y-ro
(n nnonncn nononenno nepe(ari ore:); n .ro: nenaeno ecri ne~ro
nerarnnnoe, no.ro:y o (e:oncrpannn :e(nacnenn]nin n npnnnro ronopnri
iai o :e(nainon ipnrnie. H:enno .ra nerarnnnocri n ca:oipnrn~nocri
]op: n npnnnnne ne (onyciaercn n nnonncn connancrn~ecioro peana:a.
Ho .ro:y npnanaiy on n yanaercn, n :ono npe(noarari, ~ro .ro n io ero
.crern~ecion nporpa::on. H iai paa orcyrcrnne :e(naipnrn~ecioro xapaire-
pa (o cnx nop c~nraoci (oiaaareicrno: roro, ~ro nnonnci connancrn~e-
cioro peana:a cronr nne :o(epnncrcion napa(nr:i (nennonncnie opaa-
ni cranncioro nciyccrna nanpn:ep, ]oro:onra nn apxnreirypy e-
rnrn:nponari io ana~nreino npome, n nx nicrano~nan iapiepa n nocrco-
nercioe npe:n conaci necpannenno y(a~nee, ~e: anaorn~nan iapiepa con-
peana:a n nnonncn). Hooenne o :e(naipnrn~ecio: xapairepe nponane-
(ennn nnnercn ca:i: cronin: (or:aro: nciyccrna XX neia, n orcyrcrnne
raion ipnrnin cero(nnmnnn :e(ynapo(nin nncrnrynnonainin ionreicr
nepenapnri noia ne n cnax nnonnci conpeana:a oiaainaercn (onymena
n nero nmi n ia~ecrne iypieaa.
#
O(naio xy(oecrnennan npairnia na~aa XXl neia ne ye(aer n ro:,
~ro .ror ipnrepnn eme (encrnyer. Hocian n reo:erpn~ecian :o(epnncr-
cian iaprnna, ne ronopn ye o iaprnne acrpairnon, orni(i ne airyaini, a
npairnia nnrnponannn (n ro: ~nce opaaon nn(ycrpnainoro nponano(crna
n :acconon (ncrpnynnn), rexnnia ]ororpa]nn, nn(eocre:in n nn(eonpoei-
nnn, a raie nonynpnocri nncrannnn npnnen i ro:y, ~ro a:epniancinn
ncropni nciyccrna Poaann( Kpayc naanaa nocr:e(naini: cocronnne:,
or:ennnmn: onaareinocri .icnnnnponannn n nponane(ennn ero :e(nai-
non cnenn]nin
4
. Bce .ro (aer noa:onocri npo(nnnyricn (aime n pennre-
rpannn conercioro nciyccrna n :o(epnncrcinn xy(oecrnennin an(ma]r n
ia~ecrne pa(niainoro napnanra enponencioro :o(epnna:a n nocrannri no-
npoc o cnenn]nie ero naiia, ioropin n i naanaa n (anno: cy~ae ne croi-
io nocmue0ua.tntu, cioiio mpancue0ua.tntu, nocioiiy npoeir co-
nnancrn~ecioro peana:a noanniaer ne noce npairni rexnoorn~ecioro :e-
(nainoro nciyccrna, no nne nx nnnnnn, n ero a:nnnen nnnercn npeo(oe-
nne :e(nanaonannocrn iai raionon.
Kai y(er n (ainenme: noiaaano, nnrennnn rpanc:e(nainocrn, ioropan
naxo(nr cnoe nipaenne n (eioncrpyirnnno: c:aainannn paan~nn :e(y
nnonncii n ]ororpa]nen (n iainx i :e(na no(onan (eioncrpyinnn nn
ocymecrnnaci or cocrnenno nnonncn (o inno), no cyrn cnoen (ona
ia noai:eri (encrnne, napanayimee cy(enne n .ro pa(niaini: o-
paao: orn~no or roro, iai ]yninnonnpyer :e(naipnrn~ecioe nciyccrno, crn-
:ynpyimee i ecione~no:y ero io::enrnponanni. 1aian a:nnnn, eayc-
onno, nnnercn npo(oenne: aay:nix n(en pyccioro ananrap(a no .ror
nonpoc aa pa:ia:n (annoro reicra.
B ionreicre nnayainix nciyccrn oee nano ro, ~ro iaccn~ecinn :o-
(epnna:, (ocrnraimnn apeocrn n acrpairno: nciyccrne 19001910-x rr.,
nocnponano(nr, no cyrn (ea, :o(ei ronapa, iai ona ipnrn~ecin onncana
Napico: nycron anai, nycrora ioroporo ecri peayirar or~y(ennn
cpe(crn nponano(crna or nponano(nren; orci(a n re:arnaannn eccnnn
xy(oecrnennix cpe(crn n nponane(ennn. Ce(yiman e cryneni :o(ep-
nna:a, ioropan na~nnaercn ye n 1920-e rr. n i ioropon ornocnrcn iai
nanoee pa(niainie opaani nnonncn, ]ororpa]nn n inno cippeana:a,
rai n nnonnci, ]ororpa]nn n inno connancrn~ecioro peana:a, (ono(nr
ipnrniy ronapa (o ron ro~in, ior(a nponane(enne na~nnaer npe(crannri
coon nporpa::no ne ronap (n CCCP eme n n connaino: c:ice, rai,
nciyccrno pacnpe(enercn, a ne npo(aercn). Kai y(er noiaaano nne,
rain: ne ronapo: nnnercn ne ~ro nnoe, iai peia:a. A npeipamenne
re:arnaannn cpe(crn (ro ecri napamnnanne nnonncnoro :nca na iocrni
reo:erpn~ecion acrpainnn, iai .ro nponcxo(nr n n conpeana:e, n, ciae:,
y Narpnrra nn ]an) cnnaano c re:, ~ro nponane(enne ye ne paaopnano,
~ro nce ono n neo: nonn:aercn iai cpe(crno, iai (nciypcnnnin nncrpy-
:enr, nponaran(a n rep:nnoornn oimenncrcioro rocy(apcrna, ion-
nenryainin ecr n rep:nnoornn conpe:ennoro nciyccrna, nn peia-
:a n rep:nnoornn conpe:ennon :acconon iyirypi.
20b
A3LK HO3H1HBHOC1H KAK A3LK PA]HKALHOlO HH'1O
Ho lpnnepry, :e(naipnrn~ecinn n:neparnn cocronr n ro:, ~ro :o(ep-
nna: eper na cen poi n::anenrnon ca:oipnrnin nciyccrna n ianron-
cio: c:ice
b
. 4airn~ecin pe~i n(er o ro:, ~ro xy(onni n nacrn~ecion
]op:e conepmaer nnreeiryainyi onepanni ni(eennn ocnonannn ipnrn-
in ipnrepnen. H:enno nx nner, ]op:y, nociocri, nnni :o(epnncr-
cian nnonnci n (e:oncrpnpyer narn(no no nce oee ~ncro: nn(e, .noi-
nnonnpyn or Ceaanna ~epea iyna: i acrpainnn. No(epnna: npe(napner, ra-
in: opaao:, paory ipnrnia, npe(rnnnn e:y ipnrepnn onenin iai raio-
nie, ca:opaaoa~anci nepe( nn: nyre: pe(yinnn cpe(crn (.ro, nnpo~e:,
cnoero po(a npenenrnnnin ecr arpeccnn npornn ipnrnia, rai iai ero paora
oiaainaercn ye ninonennon).
]encrnnreino, n raion ]op:e :e(nainan ipnrnia n connancrn~ecio:
peana:e orcyrcrnyer. 1nnn~ni:n nperenann:n conercion ipnrnin, ocoen-
no cranncioro npe:enn, i ]op:e roro nn nnoro nponane(ennn in yiaaa-
nnn ne na re nn nnie ne(ocrarin crnn, a na ero nan~ne n npnnnnne.
Binn~nnanne npne:a, c:aionanne nnera, paa(ynanne (eioparnnnoro xa-
pairepa n ney:epennoe no(~epinnanne ~ero i ro nn io (ncinan]n-
nnponan nponane(enne iai ne orne~aimee connancrn~ecio:y peana:y, n(e-
ainoe nponane(enne ioroporo (ono io raioe coa(aercn nne~are-
nne ne n:eri ia~ecrn, iri nniain:.
H:enno n .ro: npn~nna roro, no~e:y o .ro: nciyccrne oi~no ne~ero
ciaaari, ecn ne orpann~nnaricn ananao: ero ciera: ro:y, iro niracn
nnn:areino c:orperi na nponane(ennn conpeana:a, ocoenno na re, ~ro ne
~nraircn erio n ia~ecrne reicra (nenaan n noprperi), xopomo anaio:o
~yncrno ryoion ]pycrpannn n npe:ennan yrpara pe~enon cnoconocrn. Ho-
crpoenne neonncye:on nnonncnon :anepi, ioropan :ora i napanao-
nari ipnrn~eciyi cnoconocri apnren, n cocranno nporpa::y connan-
crn~ecioro peana:a.
B cnon iaccn~ecinn nepno(, n 1980b0-e rr., conpeana: n neo: n nnyr-
pn rnop~ecrna or(einix xy(onnion (nnracn n cropony nce oimen crep-
rocrn npne:a: :o(epnncrcian .noinnn or narypana:a i acrpainnn (io-
ropan, iai (oro c~nraoci, neoparn:a) ryr pacipy~nnaaci n oparnyi
cropony. Bnemnnn oni nciyccrna cranncioro npe:enn i c]op:nponan
nponecco:, ioropin :ono io i naanari ry:annaannen nciyccrna n
npornnonoonocri (ery:annaannn, (narnocrnponannon n 192b ro(y Xoce
Opreron-n-laccero:. ]ery:annanponannoe nonenmee nciyccrno, coa(anae-
:oe (ncrannnponanni: or peainocrn, eccrpacrni: xy(onnio:-nai(are-
e:, xy(onnio:-ipnrnio:, rpeyer, iai nnmer Oprera, nocronnnix (oiaaa-
reicrn noe(i na( ~eone~ecin: na(o n ia(o: cy~ae npe(rnn-
nri y(ymennyi eprny
b
. 3ro n ecri naii :o(epnna:a: n 1920-e rr. n:enno
rain: ynncrno: nn(enci, nanpn:ep, iyncrn~ecine noprperi Hniacco. Ho n
conercio: omecrne, ioropoe nperen(onao na cnnrne connainix (n ce(ona-
reino, .crern~ecinx) or~y(ennn n peaio ocy(ao noannni orcrpanennoro
nai(aren, y nciyccrna (oen i iri (pyron naii. H:neparnnnoe rpe-
%
onanne nnon nann n :norocroponnocrn, c ioropi: nicrynaa coner-
cian ipnrnia, naarao aanper na :eprnyi cxe:y na ]op:i, n ioropix
nipaaaci orpnnanne. Nnnn:anaannn ia, rai ciaaari, cne(ena i :nnn:y-
:y. Annonnci c :aenmn:n na:eia:n (ae ne na iyna:, a na Ceaanna n
cranncioe npe:n npece(onaaci, rai iai io:co:oinen neian io nncari
rai :eprnenno. H ecn aana(nin :o(epnna: c]op:npona cnenn]n~ecinn
naii ipnrnin (:nnn:ancrcinn, pe(yinnonncrcinn), ro connancrn~ecinn
peana: aann:acn ]op:nponanne: ocooro naiia noanrnnnocrn, naocrn, npn-
~acrnocrn. Aeican(p Po(~enio n 1987 ro(y aannca n cnoe: (nennnie:
'ro-ro nyno (eari o~eni renoe, ~eone~ecioe, ome~eone~ecioe |...]. He
na(enaricn na( ~eoneio:, a no(onrn i ne:y nnrn:no, naio, no-:arepnncin
aciono. |...] Narepnncrno. Becna. ioni. 1onapnmn. ]ern. ]pyain. Y~n-
rei. Ne~ri. Pa(ocri n r. (.
7
. Aaii naocrn ne (oen i no(~epin-
nari cnonx cpe(crn, ~roi ne (ari norennnaino:y ipnrniy n pyin nniaioro
iareropnainoro annapara n re: ca:i:, c(ean nenoa:oni: noannni ipn-
rnia, npenparnri ero n coy~acrnnia.
3ro ia noncrnne .noxainan xy(oecrnennan nonannn, ioropan nncioiio
ne ia maro: naaa( no cpannenni c ananrap(o:, :norne npe(crannren ioro-
poro, n ocoenno n Poccnn, nn(en cen nenna:n Benioro Hn~ro. Annonnci
connancrn~ecioro peana:a, rneonecnan, :noroconnan, rycro nanncannan
n, iaaaoci i, oee ~e: (aeian or n(en Hn~ro (nn (ae oee :nrion
n(en He:nororo, na ioropon nocrpoen, nanpn:ep, iyna:), na ca:o: (ee
nonomaa .ro Hn~ro n ca:on pa(niainon ]op:e n orn~ne or 'epnoro
ina(para, o .rnx nponane(ennnx ne~ero ciaaari. 5y(y~n neynann:i:n (n
ipnrnin, onn oa(air napanayimen cnon (a nonce ne :onnayimen nn
nponaran(ncrcion, iai npnnnro c~nrari). Hpoeir nponane(ennn nciyccrna, na-
panayimero cnmio: nn(nnn(yancrn~ecioe (encrnne nn cy(enne, noann-
ia n pyccio: nciyccrne n panime. 4e(op Bacnien, pano y:epmnn pyccinn
nenaancr-nepe(nnnni XlX neia, ~peani~anno reopern~ecin opnenrnponan-
nin, :e~ra nanncari nenaa, ioropin ocranonn i npecrynnnia, pemnnme-
rocn na ao(ennne
8
; Naenn~ crpe:ncn nncari rai, ~roi cona aa:epn na
ycrax npopoia. H xorn .rn cona in ciaaani Naenn~e: n paarap ero
cynpe:arn~ecioro nepno(a, y(aoci e:y (onricn yiaaannon nen ciopee n
1980-e rr., ior(a on nocnnrn cen noa(ne:y n:npeccnonnanponanno:y pea-
na:y, :ao ~e: orn~aime:ycn or :enncrpn:a conercion nnonncn: o
.rnx paorax Naenn~a no~rn nn~ero ne nanncano aa ncii~enne: roro, ~ro
onn npe(crannir coon aara(iy (n ncce(onareen (ro ecri, iai :ono
io, y(y~n Naenn~e:, nncari rai noxo c ro~in apennn ipnrepnen npa-
nninoro n:npeccnonna:a).
3ror yxy(mennin n:npeccnonna:, c aarpnanenni: nnero: n (pni:,
nenipaenni: :aaio:, n i o(non na ]op: napanayimero naiia noan-
rnnnocrn ncropn~ecinn n:npeccnonna: i naen n nponecce ]op:npo-
nannn .roro naiia iai noce(nnn pye nepe( nnonncii Ceaanna, c(ean-
mero nepnie marn i :e(nainon ipnrnie. Xorn o]nnnaino ]pannyacinn
n:npeccnonna: n conercion ipnrnie ocy(acn, na npairnie raine croni
o]nnnainon nnonncn, iai Aeican(p lepacn:on, Bacnnn L]anon n 5opnc
208
Horancon (ne ronopn ye o :nnonax :enee nanecrnix) nncan n:enno n
.ron neonpe(eennon :anepe, a ne n aia(e:n~ecion, ra(ion :anepe XlX
neia (ioropan ia i ropaa(o oee nonynpna y mnpoioro norpenren).
3ror crni ea crnn oiaaacn nanoee neynann: (n ipnrnin n noro:y n
1940b0-e rr. npnope craryc o]nnnainoro. Anaronn yna~apcinn eme
n ionne 1920-x rr. xnan nonie iaprnni na ceicion nann Herpa Kon~a-
oncioro (o(noro na nnonepon .ron :anepi) aa ro, ~ro ero ipecrinne, cpaay
nn(no, ne ora~n n ne e(nnin, no cepe(nnin
9
.
]pyron napnanr nniaioro naiia cocranna anennnn i rai naainae-
:on iaccnie, n rep:nnoornn conercion iyirypi ionro:epary ana-
naonannix ncropn~ecinx crnen, penpeaenrnponanmnx ne croiio onpe(e-
ennyi .noxy, cioiio nicoioe ia~ecrno noome, ycioiaaimee or crnn-
crn~ecioro onpe(eennn n cronmee no ry cropony ncex ocoennocren. H:en-
no raiyi .noinni or nipaennoro iyna:a n ecrioro nocrioncrpyirn-
nna:a i peana:y c na:eio: na iaccniy npo(ea n 1980-e rr., cpe(n
:nornx, Aeican(p ]enneia.
5oimoe nciymenne naanari nce .rn napnanri npocro noxon nnonncii.
O(naio raioe niciaainanne aanpyercn na ipnrepnnx nnonncn XlX neia, n
ocnone e conpeana:a enr ne n(en nepnocrn narype, a conepmenno (pyran
nporpa::a nporpa::a npeo(oennn naiionix n :e(nainix or~y(ennn,
yronnn acoirnon nenocpe(crnennocrn, rpanc:e(nainocrn, ioropan ~y-
(ecni: opaao: oxo(nrcn ea cpe(crn, npeo(oenaer nx, conepman re: ca-
:i: n onepanni nenrpanaannn ipnrnia onepanni ~ncro ananrap(nyi,
nocioiiy ananrap(nin xy(onni crpe:nrcn npe(nocxnrnri cy(enne o npo-
nane(ennn ipnrn~ecin: cy(enne:, nnrerpnponanni: n ca:o nponane(enne.
O(naio a(eci .ra ananrap(nan onepannn pa(niananpyercn, nocioiiy opy-
ne (cpe(crno) y ipnrnia ne ornpaercn, a yinaino ninnaercn na pyi n
ynn~roaercn. Hpe(necrnn rainx ycrpe:ennn :ono nanrn n n pyccion
nnonncn XlX neia, nopon crpacrno crpe:nnmencn i cinepnon n;nn ne-
aa:ernon nnonncn no :opaini: n .crern~ecin: coopaennn: (Hnioan
le, Hnan Kpa:cion). Bo nnone c]op:ynponanno: nn(e :i naxo(n: a:n-
nnn rpanc:e(nainocrn n pyccio: ananrap(e, ioropin c ca:oro na~aa nonn
cen n ia~ecrne ipnrnin :o(epnna:a aa ero pe(yinnonna: n ca:o(oneimne
cpe(crna nipaennn.
lpnnepr yrnep(a, ~ro npn~nna roro, ~ro :o(epnncr npnxo(nr i :e(na-
iparn~ecio:y n:neparnny n penpeaenrnpyer cnon cpe(crna, aaii~aercn n
ce(yime:: xy(onni n(oxnonnercn acoirni: rnop~ecrno: 5ora (acr-
pairnin nnonncen, iai n 5or, ne ny(aercn n pe]epenre), no ne pemaercn
ioniypnponari c nn: n orcrynaer n cnoi npo]eccnonainyi oacri
10
. Pyc-
cinn ananrap( ne nyracn nepcneirnn ioniypennnn c 5oro:, a npo]eccnona-
naannn xy(onnia (c nireiaimn: orci(a y~acrne: n ~acrno: pinie) ero
ciopee ornpamaa. H:enno npo]eccnonainin n no ncex c:icax .roro co-
na ~acrnin craryc nciyccrna i nocranen no( nonpoc ye n pyccio: (a
aare: conercio:) ananrap(e, o(na na xapairepnix nperenann ioroporo ye n
1910-e rr. cocrona n ro:, ~roi, ne naopaan :np n ne pe(ynnpyn ero i
cxe:e, iai .ro (eaer iyna:, nnnri nci nonory ero :arepnainoro n ne:are-
'
pnainoro npncyrcrnnn nein: cnocoo:, aannnimn: o cnoen ~y(ecnocrn n
re: ca:i: nixo(nmn: aa npe(ei io:nerennnn nciyccrna. H:enno n .ro:
cocronn a:nnnn nepnoro nporpa::noro re~ennn pyccioro ananrap(a y-
~na:a Nnxana apnonona (1912): n y~ncrcinx iaprnnax nnennan crpyi-
rypa, n orn~ne or iyna:a, (ona ia penpeaenrnponari ne cpe(crna n-
nonncn, no y:oapnreinie cnnan :e(y npe(:era:n. ]pyrn: :ann]ecro: rpanc-
:e(nainocrn craa iaprnna Oirn Poaanonon 3eenan nooca (1917), n
ioropon (noe:n~ecin no ornomenni i 'epno:y ina(pary Naenn~a) cnn-
ra rpannna :e(y ]nrypon n ]ono:, rai ~ro onn nnnircn n iaprnne o(no-
npe:enno, iai nepacropn:oe neoe. B reopern~ecinx reicrax Poaanona na-
crannaa na ynorpeennn rep:nna nner n:ecro rep:nna ipacia, nporn-
nonocrannn cymnocri cpe(crny
11
. Hane 4nonon i eme oee pa(n-
iaen n n npnnnnne ornepra npairniy orne~ennn or npe(:era (nyx ero
npe(niaron, nnera n ]op:i, c~nran aa(a~en xy(onnia nonomenne nann
iai raionon
12
. Anani iai raionan, no 4nonony, :oer iri nonomena
(ne naopaena) roiio n ]op:e rai naainae:on c(eannon iaprnni, no
c(eannon nnnercn (n 4nonona iai paa ra iaprnna, n ioropon ne aa]ni-
cnponano (eanne, ra, ~ro nirn(nr iai nepyiornopnan, nepacropn:an, c n-
nonncii, ioropan nreaci n nee
18
. Hpairn~ecin nce (enren pyccioro anan-
rap(a omyman acrpainni nmi iai cryneni na nyrn i cnepxpeana:y
nonomenni peainocrn, n ioropo: nonomennoe nneno nce: cnon: on-
io: o(nonpe:enno (a ne or(eini:n cpe(crna:n).
1ai nirn(nr ]nononcinn noprper Cranna (1940, lPN), ioropin nann-
can c ]ororpa]nn, no anenpyer i opaay Cnaca Hepyiornopnoro. 4ororpa-
]nn n niona onapynnair ryr npnnnnnnainoe e(nncrno cnoen :n]oornn:
n orn~ne or iaprnni, n nnx peainocri noanniaer crenenn:n nnennocrn
irnn (Hane 4opencinn) n ne :oer iri pac~enena na nnrna n nnnn.
B nonciax ~y(ecnoro (rpanc:e(nainoro) connancrn~ecinn peana: opa-
maercn no.ro:y i rnpn(y nnonncn n ]ororpa]nn n(eaino:y nonome-
nni rpanc:e(nainon .crernin, nocioiiy n ne: crepri nocno:nnannn o
cpe(crnax (n, ~ro ne:aonano, npe:enn) nponano(crna iai roro, rai n (pyro-
ro. 1ain: rnpn(o: nnnircn xapmuna, nanucanna no omoepauu (iai y
4nonona nn, ciae:, Hcaaia 5po(cioro), no n omoepau, nepexptma
eemno pemnt, ioropyi, cocrnenno, n n:eer (n cen n nn(y Po(~enio n
1987 ro(y, cocrannn nepe~eni noanrnnnix re: (n:enno n .ron rexnnie on
n .rn ro(i n paora). A raie n n nepnyi o~epe(i omoepau c
xapmunt, ro ecri penpo0xu.
Hpn~y(nnan :n:nipnn nnonncn n ]ororpa]nn, opnrnnaa n ionnn n
.ron cncre:e aane~arena na anonn:no: ypnaino: cnn:ie cranncioro npe-
:enn (perymnponannin opnrnna ~acrnoe copanne, Bamnnrron, CLA). No-
o(on co(ar n npncyrcrnnn o]nnepa aaian~nnaer iaprnny, ioropyi ~nra-
rei ypnaa eayconno (oen i yanari: .ro xpecro:arnnnin nenaa
Canpacona lpa~n npneren. Henoinin io:na: cneni n ro:, ~ro co(ar
ncnonn nenaa iai y(ro no noopaenni (nn no( (nironiy o]nnepa):
opnrnnaa, c ioroporo on ionnpyer, pn(o: ner. 3(panin c:ic no(ciaainaer,
~ro .ro ia ne ca:a iaprnna, xpannmancn n 1perinioncion raepee, a ee
210
penpo(yinnn, no ona iai i cipira no( ycep(non nnonncii :oo(oro co(a-
ra. Bor opaa n(eainoro, n npe(cranennnx conercion .crernin, rnop~ecrna:
pyia xy(onnia ne(o:a cnon, npoennpyimen n ero coananne opaaen n roro-
no: nn(e, npn~e: rai, ~ro na:nri o ]aire ionnponannn nirecnena cnoen
incrii on aa:aainaer penpo(yinni. B ca:on ]ororpa]nn ]air npoeinnn
crepr: ona rycro noipira perymii. Hrai, c iaprnni Canpacona ia c(eana
]oropenpo(yinnn; c nee co(ar nannca iaprnny; ee, n cnoi o~epe(i, c]oro-
rpa]nponan n:ecre c anropo:; aare: .ra ]ororpa]nn ia aaperymnponana
rai, ~ro craa no~rn iaprnnon (n roro, ~roi cnona iri penpo(ynnponan-
non, na cen paa na crpannne ypnaa, noce ~ero .ra ]ororpa]nn, nipeaannan
na ypnaa, :ora iri, n cnoi o~epe(i, nonemena na creny n iaio:-nny(i
co(arcio: iye no(ono iaprnne.
O1 HPOLK1A K HPOLKUHH
Conercioe nciyccrno c ca:oro na~aa pa(niaino ]op:nponaoci iai pan-
no(ymnoe i opnrnnay nciyccrno :acconon (ncrpnynnn, n cncre:y ioroporo
nxo(nn n nepnyi o~epe(i naiar, (naann innr, inne:arorpa], ]ororpa]nn.
O(naio n .ry e cncre:y ia nnrerpnponana n cranionan nnonnci n
]op:e rnpanon penpo(yinnn n oripiriax, ypnaax, y~enniax. Penpo(yi-
nnn, a ne ca:a iaprnna, nnnercn nponane(enne: connancrn~ecioro peana:a:
pacciaai o nonpnniax ((onpiax), rpeyimnx or xy(onnia (ari n: iap-
rnny o nx rpy(e, ncno ronopnr, ~ro npy~nyi ncnonennoe noorno pacc:ar-
pnnaoci roiio iai aaroronia (n nocnponane(ennn. Ha(areicrna no npona-
no(crny penpo(yinnn n ypnai c nienia:n ioncrnrynponan conerciyi
xy(oecrnennyi cncre:y rai e, iai raepen c(ean .ro no ornomenni i
cncre:e aana(non. K ionny 1920-x rr. n CCCP nipaoraaci airepnarnnnan
aana(no:y :o(epnna:y cncre:a, n ioropon xy(onnin pacc:arpnnanci iai
paoraimne ne n cncre:e ynniainoro, a n cncre:e :acconoro iai cya-
mne :e(nainoro annapara rocy(apcrna, io:an(npye:ie na aano(i n ]apn-
in. 1aion i craryc xy(onnion ipyra L4a, no nepnon peanaonaa .ror
craryc Acconnannn xy(onnion penoinnonnon Poccnn (AXPP) cpaay
noce penoinnn cipo:noe io::ep~ecioe npe(npnnrne, coa(annoe rpynnon
:oo(ix nnonncnen-peancron
14
. Horepnen ]nnanconin ipax, n 1922 ro(y
onn oparnnci n UK PKH() c npe(oenne: cnonx ycyr n noy~nn npn-
ain n(rn n pao~yi :accy, no nona~ay ne nonnn, ~ro .ro ana~nr, n ycrpon-
n nicraniy-npo(ay aapnconoi, c(eannix na aano(e (ione~no, neycnemnyi).
Hoce .roro noai rpynni Lnrennn Kan:an nepeopnenrnpona ee na pinoi
penpo(yinnn. Xorn AXPPonna: nnor(a y(anaoci npo(anari cnon paori npe(-
crannren: nacrn n~no, nx rannan paora cocrona n re:arn~ecinx ni-
craniax, r(e onn .icnonnponan iaprnni nnepe:eiy c (oiy:enra:n (nnep-
nie na nicranie Yrooi ennna, 1928), n n airnnnon na(areicion (enrei-
nocrn (AXPP na(anaa oripirin :nnonni:n rnpaa:n). 3ra e :o(ei
ia nanra na noopyenne n Coiae xy(onnion noce 1982 ro(a, ior(a iap-
rnna nicrannaci n nepnyi o~epe(i na mnpoio :e(nanaye:on nyn~non

nicranie, a nmi aare: n ro ne ncer(a nona(aa na xpanenne n :yaen n

ia~ecrne opnrnnaa n ro: c:ice, ioropin nia(inacn n .ro cono eme n
X\lll neie: iai opaaen (n ionnponannn, :amnnnoro nn py~noro (xy(onn-
ia:n na nponnnnnn (n yipamennn :ecrnix iyon). Aia(e:nn xy(oecrn
CCCP ia peioncrnrynponana n 1947 ro(y n:enno iai nncrnryr no coa(a-
nni rainx nop:arnnnix opaanon. locy(apcrno noiynao iaprnni (n :yae-
en ro~no na rex e coopaennn, na ioropix ono ornpao y ]ororpa]on,
paoranmnx n nn]op:annonnix arenrcrnax, nerarnni nx cnn:ion: ~roi
n:eri noa:onocri noa(nee orpenpo(ynnponari nx. 'acri nerarnnon, iai n
~acri iaprnn, ocrananci y anropon n ia~ecrne rnop~ecion iyxnn, n n:n
rocy(apcrno nnrepeconaoci :ao ((ae ecn .ro ia acrpairnan nno-
nnci nn nnie .icnepn:enri), nonpein pacnpocrpanenno:y :nenni ne pe-
npeccnpyn nponano(crno nciyccrna, o(naio ecrio ionrponpyn ero (ncrpn-
ynni. Oro(ecrnenne nciyccrna ncii~nreino c nciyccrno: :accono pac-
npe(ene:i: nponeo rpannny :e(y xy(onnia:n, (onymenni:n i ianaa:
.ron (ncrpnynnn n ne (onymenni:n i nn: (iai .ro io c Naenn~e:,
Narimnni:, 4nononi: n noa(nne ro(i). Hoce(nne ornocnnci i ca:on
cncre:e oee pe]eicnnno; n:enno .ra cnryannn nopo(na n 19b0-e rr. ne-
o]nnnainoe nciyccrno.
leneanc ncen .ron cncre:i ornocnrcn i ro(a:, ior(a penpo(yinnonnan
(enreinocri eme ne :ora iri rexnn~ecin oecne~ena, ~ro (oiaainaer .c-
rern~ecinn xapairep nepenopora. Hcroin conpeana:a iopennrcn n ron rpanc-
]op:annn npe(cranennn o nponane(ennn nciyccrna, ioropan nacrynaer n
.noxy noennoro io::ynna:a. Penoinnonnon .noxon n ncropnn pyccioro
ananrap(a c~nraircn oi~no 19181b rr., nopo(nnmne necioiio nnnonarnn-
nix reopernio-xy(oecrnennix nporpa:: ecnpe(:ernocri Kan(nncioro,
ionrppeie]i 1arnna, cynpe:arna: Naenn~a. Bo ncex .rnx cy~anx pe~i
n(er o npoexmax, ro ecri o raio: rnne rnop~ecrna, n ioropo: ainenr nepene-
cen na cra(ni aa:ica, nnrepnpernponannoro iai o(noiparnoe pa(niainoe
pemenne nn penoinnonnoe oripirne. Or(einoe nponane(enne npnopera-
er re: ca:i: craryc peanaannn aa:ica, neoxo(n:on (n no(rnep(ennn
nan(nocrn npoeira; Herep 5iprep npe(on (n onncannn ananrap(noro
nponane(ennn nciyccrna cono :ann]ecrannn
1b
. O(naio n .ro ciopo or-
ipioci ca:n: (enren: ananrap(a craryc raioro or(einoro nponane(e-
nnn npoe:arn~en, rai iai nencna paannna :e(y o(non :ann]ecrannen n
(pyron, n neoxo(n:ocri nonix ne o~enn(na. Han~ne ~acrnoro pinia nciyc-
crna coa(aer (n xy(onnia :ornnanni npo(oari narorannnari no(rnep-
(ennn cnoen npanori, npn~e: raine, ioropie ]nan~ecin nnncinanci i n
pa:in npe(cranennn o nponane(ennn, nycri (ae .crern~ecin onn .rn npe(-
cranennn napymair. O(naio pyccinn ananrap( eme (o 1917 ro(a paannnacn
n cnryannn npairn~ecin nonoro orcyrcrnnn ~acrnoro pinia na nero. Ha~ao
noennoro io::ynna:a nmno xy(onnion iaion i ro nn io na(e(i
npo(ari cnon nponane(ennn n ~acrnie pyin, o(nonpe:enno ocnoo(nn nx or
raion neoxo(n:ocrn. Hc~eanonenne pinia pa(niaino nocranno no( no-
npoc neoxo(n:ocri ]nan~ecioro cymecrnonannn nciyccrna n ]op:e neinx
npe(:eron n oro(ecrnno xy(oecrnennin ecr ne c nponano(crno: nenno-
212
crn, a c (ncrpnynnen .crern~ecion n(en. B .ror :o:enr n nponcxo(nr peno-
innn, iy(a oee pa(niainan, ~e: penoinnn 19181b rr.
B 1919 ro(y, n paarap cnoero eoro cynpe:arn~ecioro nepno(a, Nae-
nn~ pocaer ]paay o ro:, ~ro ne nn(nr ny(i oime nncari iaprnni n
conpaercn roiio nponone(onari
1b
. Xorn, iai :i anae:, Naenn~ n noce
.roro nnca iaprnni, i ero aannenni cronr ornecrnri co ncen cepieanocrii:
on (encrnnreino ne coa(ana oime roro, ~ro npnnnro naainari nponane-
(ennn:n, nepeopnenrnponanmnci na nponone(i, pacnpocrpanenne cnoen reo-
pnn npn no:omn or(einix apre]airon, ioropie npnoperair craryc (o-
iaaareicrna. Bciope on naainaer cnoi (enreinocri npoeinnen opaaon
na nerarnn (n rooni y~ennion)
17
. H:enno n .ror :o:enr n Po(~enio npo-
noaramaer, ~ro ne nana nnonnci, a nano rnop~ecrno |...]. 5y(yr ne ny-
ni nn xocri, nn ipacin, n y(ymee rnop~ecrno, iri :oer, npn no:omn roro
e pa(nn, iain:n-ro nenn(anni:n nyinepnaaropa:n y(er npn:o n creni
n(einari cnon rnopennn, ioropie ea ipacoi, incren, xocron y(yr roperi
neoi~anni:n, eme nenanecrni:n nnera:n
18
; Poaanona n cnoe: (oioo 1918)
npoeire nnonncn nnerni:n y~a:n n noa(yxe niraercn peanaonari .ro
na:epenne c(eari nciyccrno ecreecni:. Or .rnx e er (o nac (omn
:noro~ncennie npoeiri pa(no- n, iai i :i cen~ac ciaaan, reerpancn-
ropon, ca:i: nanecrni: na ioropix nnnercn Ha:nrnni lll Hnrepnannona-
y Ba(n:npa 1arnna ne ~ro nnoe, iai ocnonanne (n rpan(noanoro re-
ennanonnoro .ipana (a raie :ecro (ncoiannn cy rpancnnnn, npe-
(e ncero ypnancrcinx pnra(). ioni Honona n cnenorpa]nn na~nnaer
npnerari i cnpoennponanni: na cneny ]ororpa]nn: n oaynra: (3e:n
(io:, 1928).
Oro(ecrnenne nciyccrna c ecro: npoennponannn, ]nan~ecioro nn :e-
ra]opn~ecioro, cronr n npn:on cnnan c ii~enon :era]opon pyccioro anan-
rap(a, name(men cnoe nipaenne n :ncrepnn Hoe(a na( conne: Aeicen
Kpy~enix, Kaan:npa Naenn~a n Nnxana Narimnna (1918), r(e npe(crane-
na ncropnn roro, iai nciyccrno, noe(an conne, nepexo(nr n nnyi aony (y
Kpy~enix crpany, ioropyi Naenn~ noae naana naxo(nmencn aa ny-
e:), ocoocri ioropon or:e~ena nciyccrnenni: cnero:. B iaccn~ecion
.crernie nciyccrno nopo(aercn cnero: (:era]opi nciyccrna reni nn
orpaenne), ioropin, n cnoi o~epe(i, nopo(en 5oecrnennon noen. B :o-
(epnncrcion, ceiynpnon napa(nr:e y Kpy~enixNaenn~aNarimnna
nciyccrno ne npocro nopo(aercn nciyccrnenni: cnero: (ror(a ero paann-
rne oiaaaoci i no(~nneno paannrni rexnnin, ~ro, no ipannen :epe (n
pyccioro ananrap(a, io nenpne:e:o), no, y(y~n ca:ope]epenrni:, ca:o
nnnercn cnon: ncro~nnio:, ca:o ecri cner orn~nin or npnpo(noro n
coornercrnyimnn npnpo(e nciyccrna, ro ecri nciyccrnennin.
3ro nonnrne npnpo(i nciyccrna, nciyccrna noome nn, iai ciaaa
i Kpy~enix, nciyccrna iai raionoro, cranonnrcn nanenmen nncrannnen
ananrap(a, ioropan aann:aer :ecro ~acrnix onpe(eennn nn(on nciyccrna,
nnonncn nn rpa]nin. Po(~enio n 1919 ro(y n ye nponnrnponannon
rnpa(e oro(ecrnner rnop~ecrno co cnero: cne~n, a:na(i, .eirpn~ecion
a:no~in, a n y(yme: pa(nn, n yrnep(aer, ~ro ocraaci roiio cym-
!
nocri cnernri
19
; on (ae pacc:arpnnaer (n cen nepcneirnny peanaa-
nnn nciyccrna na nociocrn .neprnen ~ncron :icn. Hpn .ro:, iai noiaaina-
er ero (ainenman .noinnn, peanaannen on c~nra nixo( nciyccrna n co-
nnainyi nociocri. B na~ae 1920-x rr. raian ro~ia apennn craa nop:on;
rpynna cry(enron BXY1LNACa, naainanmnx cen npoeinnonncra:n, pac-
c:arpnnaa cnon nponane(ennn iai neine :o(en, nnocn:ie n ir, na ocnona-
nnn ioropix :acci (oni oprannaoninari cnoi nani; rnop~ecrno e
yc:arpnnaoci ne n nponecce coa(annn .rnx :o(een, no n :ero(e opamennn
c nn:n ((ncrpnynnn). He cy~anno reoperni .ron rpynni Kn:enr Pe(iio
n 192224 rr. rexnniy peanaannn iix xy(oecrnennix aa:icon oo-
ana~a cono: inno
20
. 3(eci npoeinnn ye npe(craer iai :acconan (ncr-
pnynnn n connaino: npocrpancrne.
]nyx~acrnan iaccn~ecian :o(ei peainocri + nponane(enne iai ee
orpaenne npenpamaercn n rpex~acrnyi, n ioropon y~acrnyir, no-nepnix,
.:annpyimnn ncro~nni nciyccrna iai raionoro, no-nropix, nponane(enne nc-
iyccrna na neioe: nn(nnn(yaino: yponne (y(i ro roiio n(en nn n(en,
peanaonannan n ia~ecrne ynniainoro oreira, opnrnnaa), n, naionen, n-rperinx,
nponane(enne, peanaonannoe ye oion~areino, ro ecri n connaino: npo-
crpancrne, cnpoennponannoe na .ipan ]nan~ecin (iai n cnenorpa]nn Hono-
non), ncnxn~ecin (y Naenn~a) nn connaino (y xy(onnion ipyra ioncr-
pyirnnna:a). Opnrnna nnocnrcn n peainocri, npenpamanci n .ror :o:enr n
o(ny nn, ~ame, :noecrno npoeinnn-ionnn. ]n Po(~enio opnrnna ornocnr-
cn i nnonncn, no no(nnnon neii nnnercn (ocrnn:oe nmi n connai-
no: npocrpancrne rnop~ecrno: Annonnci reo, rnop~ecrno (yx
21
.
]n roro, ~roi (yx i nnen, reo cinoai ioropoe (yx npoenn-
pyercn, ~roi rnop~ecin nanricn na nociocri nann (ono iri, o~e-
nn(no, npoapa~ni:, :nnn:aini:; rai n ocronr (eo n conercio: ecnpe(-
:erno: nciyccrne 19171919 rr., o~eni naio no(xo(nme: i npairnia:
aana(noro :nnn:ana:a n ionnenryana:a 19b0-x. O(naio ye n 1919 ro(y
Po(~enio aannner, ~ro nyno nnoni nncari npe(:eri
22
, a iaprnni Naenn~a
iai nicrpannn i nponone(n: oiaainaircn noome nne npe(cranennn o
]nryparnnno: n acrpairno:: n ia~ecrne nnayainix npn:epon on necioiio
paa nonropner 'epnin ina(par, a aare: na rex e ocnonannnx na~nnaer
ncnonnri n:npeccnonncrn~ecine nemn, ornocnreino ioropix nmi ne(an-
no crao ncno, ~ro onn nanncani ne n 1900-e, a n ionne 1920-x n n 1980-e rr.
28
Pe~i ma ne o ]aicn]niannn, no o, rai ciaaari, nonon npoeinnn co crapix
opnrnnaon-n(en; cranonnrcn noa:onon annponpnannn ioro crnn. O(no-
npe:enno c na~ao: raion annponpnannn, n ionne 1920-x, Naenn~ ocranner
aannci o y~ax penrrena, ioropie (air noa:onocri nponninonennn nnyrpi
npe(:era, ne paapyman ero nnemnen ooo~in
24
. Opnrnna, cinoai ioropin
npoxo(nr cycrannnn nciyccrna-cnera, ye ne onaareino (oen iri npo-
apa~en: ecn nciyccrno ecri penrrenoncine y~n, ro nponane(enne ne onaa-
reino (ono iri ~ncri: n roi:, ono :oer npe(crannri coon
nornyi, :accnnnyi no nnonncn, no(pono-peancrn~eciyi iaprnny, iai no-
crenenno n na~nnair nirn(eri iaprnni ca:oro Naenn~a (a raie nno-
nnci Pe(iio n ]ororpa]nn Po(~enio, noipinaimnecn rycron perymii).
214
Hpoeinnonncrcioe onpe(eenne cnoero nciyccrna iai :ero(a, a ne naopa
onpe(eennix nnayainix ]op:, yinaino conna(aer c re:, iai onpe(en
cen n connancrn~ecinn peana:, reopernin ioroporo ncer(a aannnn, ~ro
.ro :ero(, a ne crni (airnnni:n, xorn n ipnrniye:i:n, a(enra:n conpeana-
:a cran n 1980-e rr. oparnnmnecn i ]nryparnnnon nnonncn npoeinnonn-
cri Pe(iio, Coo:on Hnipnrnn, Cepren y~nminn). Xorn connancrn~e-
cinn peana: nocnpnnn:aercn oi~no iai (oirpnna, npe(nncinaiman xy(o-
nniy onpe(eennin crni, nnemnnn oni nponane(ennn n ne: nropn~en no
ornomenni i ]yninnn :rnonenno pacnpocrpannricn n :accax. 1exnoo-
rnn .roro pacnpocrpanennn ia onpe(eena eme ananrap(o:: Ben:np Xe-
nnion n 1921 ro(y nponn(e yini n opaai na re:nix noornax orpo:-
nix innr, pocro: nime (o:on, nipocmnx na noma(nx (epeneni, :e(enno ne-
penopa~nnaimnx cnon crpannni, rpancnpye:ie c rannoro crana Pa(no
cneroni:n y(apa:n
2b
. Yronnn Xenniona (onoino ro~no onncinaer co-
npe:ennie peia:nie .eirponnie nop(i; no n:enno nx poi ncnonn-
n n CCCP naiar n nnonnci.
]n namen re:i nanoee nano a(eci ro, ~ro nnonnci conpeana:a ni-
crynaa n ia~ecrne peia:i ne roiio n connaino:, no n n .crern~ecio:
c:ice. H:enno peia:a npe(e ncero, n conpe:enno: c:ice .roro cona,
nocr:e(naina, .ro n ecri cyri conpe:ennoro nnayainoro opaaa, cnoo(noro
or a:enrannn no nono(y eccnnn cnonx cpe(crn, noion~nnmero c :e(naipn-
rn~nocrii, nocioiiy .ror opaa nepecra iri ca:ope]epenrni: (a :oer
iri, ne i n: n n ananrap(e) n nnnercn orciion i cncre:e n(en, (n
ioropix cynr peia:on. 3ry cnryanni npe(nn(e eme An(pe 5peron, io-
r(a n 1919 ro(y aa:ern, ~ro no.ann, nciyccrno nepecrair iri neii, onn
cranonnrcn cpe(crno: <peia:i>...
2b
. Ho ior(a n 1927 ro(y Naenn~ yr-
nep(aer, ~ro ioe nponane(enne, naopaenne ecri ncero nmi inonia nn
mrencei no ornomenni i roiy
27
, on ronopnr ]airn~ecin ro e ca:oe:
nponane(enne oime ne :ann]ecrnpyer cpe(crno, nocioiiy ca:o nnner-
cn ncero nmi rain: cpe(crno:, nncrpy:enro:, neocrni: opaao:, :rno-
nenno ncnonnimn: peia:nyi, no cyrn (ea, aa(a~y nii~ennn nn ni-
ii~ennn onpe(eennoro (nciypca.
1ain: opaao:, ye n 1980-e rr. ipnrn~ecian :o(ei :imennn n :e(y-
napo(no: :o(epnna:e c:ennaci cyrrecrnnnon: ro, ~ro n iaccn~ecio: :o(ep-
nna:e, or Ceaanna (o Naenn~a, io ni~eneno rpo:a(ni: nnreeiryai-
ni: ycnne: reeoorn~ecinn neirop nciyccrna n ero cpe(crna n nc-
iyccrne 1980-x rr., y(i ro conpeana: nn cippeana: no 4pannnn, io
nnoni c:emano ne :enee or~annni: ycnne: no (eioncrpyinnn .ron (n]]e-
pennnn. nnnn, ipacia, nociocri, .:ancnnnponanmnecn n acrpairnon nno-
nncn, oiaaanci nonepeni n nonyi, rporecinyi n cnoen cnnrern~nocrn
cnnanocri. B nnonncno: nponane(ennn connancrn~ecioro peana:a nce-
r(a ne ynniaino:, ncer(a penpo(ynnponanno: n pacc~nranno: na penpo(y-
nnpye:ocri
28
:i nixo(n: aa npe(ei cocrnenno nnonncn, no .ro ne
(eaer ee noxon, no ipannen :epe n npe(cranennnx ananrap(a. Hpn:enenne
nonnrnn nnonncn, iai n ioro (pyroro nn(a nciyccrna i connancrn~e-
cio:y peana:y, crporo ronopn, nenpano:epno, iai nenpano:epno .ro no orno-
#
menni i ananrap(y noome, cnn:aime:y paan~nn ne roiio :e(y nnonn-
cii n rpa]nion, no n, nanpn:ep, nponane(enne: nacrn~ecioro nciyccrna n
innron nn nnayaini: nciyccrno: n nreparypon. Hpeo(oenne :e(nacnenn-
]nin, oriaa .icnnnnponari ee nnncinaercn orni(i ne roiio n napa(nr:y
apxan~ecioro, orcraoro nciyccrna (n ~e: onnnnir conpeana:), no n n na-
pa(nr:y nciyccrna pa(niainoro. Pa(niana:, o ~e: ~acro aainair, cocronr
ne n roronnocrn npeo(oenari rpannni, no n crpe:ennn .rn rpannni ynn~-
ronri.
1
C:.: . !poc. Crni Crann ;; 5. lponc. Yronnn n o:en. N., 1998; . Hanep-
nt. Kyirypa ]na. N., 199b.
2
. Gtops. 1he Birlh o Socialisl Pealism rom lhe Spiril o lhe Pussian Avanl-
Garde ;; Laboralory o Dreams. 1he Pussian Avanl-Garde and Cullural Lxperimenl ;
J. L.Bowll and O. Nalich (Ld.). Slanord, 199b.
8
C:.: C. Gteenbetg. Avanl-Garde and Kilch. Nodernisl Painling (various edilions).
Unr. no: Arl in 1heory 19001990. An Anlhology o Changing ldeas ; Ch. Harrison,
P. Wood (Ld.). Oxord UK; Cambridge USA. 1998.
4
R. Atauss. A \oyage on lhe Norlh Sea. Arl in lhe Age o lhe Posl-Nedium
Condilion. London, 2000.
b
C. Gteenbetg. Op. cil. P. 7bb.
b
A. Opmeea-u-!accem. ]ery:annaannn nciyccrna ;; X. Oprera-n-laccer. 3cre-
rnia. 4noco]nn iyirypi. N., 1991. C. 28b.
7
A. Fo0uenxo. Oniri (n y(ymero. ]nennnin, crarin, nnci:a, aanncin. N., 199b.
C. 199.
8
v. acu.tee. |Hnci:a] ; Bcryn. crarin n no(roronia nnce: i ne~arn A. A.
4e(opona-]ani(ona. N., 1987. C. 100.
9
Unr. no: Ananrap(, ocranonennin na ery. N. 1989. <5ea narnnannn>.
10
C. Gteenbetg. Op. cil. P. b81.
11
O. Fo.anoea. Kyna:, ]yrypna:. Cynpe:arna: ;; A:aaonin ananrap(a |Kara-
or nicranin] ; ]. 3. 5oyr, N. ]parr (Pe(.). N., 2000. C. 827880.
12
Hane 4nonon n ero mioa |Karaor nicranin] ; L. Herpona, K. Xapren
(Cocr.). Kein, 1990. C. 7b.
18
1a: e. C. 71.
14
C:.: E. Aauan. Kai coa(anaaci n paannnaaci AXPP ;; 5opia aa peana:
n naopaanreino: nciyccrne 20-x ro(on. Narepnai, (oiy:enri, nocno:nnannn. N.,
19b2.
1b
F. uetget. 1heory o lhe Avanl-Garde ; 1ransl. rom lhe German by Nichael
Shaw. Ninneapolis, 1984. P. b0.
1b
C:.: . Cmenanoea. 'eonei ne :oer nri ea ~y(a. Hnci:a, no.rn~ecine
oniri, aanncn xy(onnni. N., 1994. C. b2.
17
A. Ma.eeuu. Copanne co~nnennn n b ro:ax. 1. 2. N., 1998. C. b2.
18
. Cmenanoea. Yiaa. co~. C. 78
19
1a: e.
20
H. Le6e0eea. Hpoeinnonna: n 3eirpoopranna: ;; Benian Yronnn. Pyc-
cinn n conercinn ananrap(. 191b1982. Karaor nicranin. 5epn-Nocina. 1998. C. 188.
21
. Cmenanoea. Yiaa. co~. C. 74.
21b
22
1a: e. C. 77.
28
C:.: Ch. Douglas. Nalevich`s Painlings. Some Problems o Chronology. Soviel
Union;Union Sovielique. 1978. ! b.
24
A. Ma.eeuu. Copanne co~nnennn n b ro:ax. 1. 2. C. 88.
2b
. A.e6nuxoe. Pa(no y(ymero ;; B. Xennion. Copanne co~nnennn n rpex
ro:ax. 1o: 8. CH., 2001. C. 270.
2b
Unr. no: Anroornn ]pannyacioro cippeana:a. 20-e ro(i ; C. Hcaen, L. lai-
nona (cocr., nep.). N., 1994. C. 8b7. (Hpn:. b).
27
C:.: . Faxumun. Kaan:np Naenn~. Hnci:a c 3ana(a ;; Pyccinn ananrap( n
ipyry enponencion iyirypi. N., 1994. C. 440.
28
. entuun. Hponane(enne nciyccrna n .noxy ero rexnn~ecion nocnponano(n-
:ocrn. Hapannie .cce. N., 199b. C. 28.
%
5OPHC lPOHC
4O1OlPA4HA B KOH1LKC1L 1LKC1A
Pyccian ]ororpa]nn npe(cranena n XX neie, iai nanecrno, :norn:n e-
crnmn:n n:ena:n npe(e ncero .ro ornocnrcn i ]ororpa]a: .noxn pyc-
cioro ananrap(a, rain: iai Po(~enio, ncnninn nn Kynnc. Ho n ionreicre
neo]nnnainoro nciyccrna nocecranncioro nepno(a .ra rpa(nnnn ne noy-
~na cymecrnennoro (ainenmero paannrnn. Hanoee o~enn(non npn~nnon
.ro:y nnnercn nii~ennocri .crernin pyccioro ananrap(a n oee ncero
iai paa ananrap(non ]ororpa]nn n ncropni o]nnnainon conercion nn-
ayainon nponaran(i, or ioropon neo]nnnainoe pyccioe nciyccrno xoreo
n nepnyi o~epe(i or:eenaricn. Honin n:nyic (n paannrnn pyccion ]o-
rorpa]nn n ionreicre neo]nnnainoro nciyccrna npnme no.ro:y ne na nc-
ropnn ca:on ]ororpa]nn, a, ciopee, noanni iai .]]eir or crnpannn ~erinx
rpannn, or(enimnx ]ororpa]ni or (pyrnx nn(on nciyccrn. Hciyccrno 19b0
70-x rr. noome xapairepnayercn :accnnni: ncnoiaonanne: ]ororpa]nn
nne ee cocrnennoro, anrono:noro ionreicra. Nnorne xy(onnin noiaona-
nci n re ro(i ]ororpa]nen npe(e ncero (n (oiy:enrannn cnonx nep]op-
:ancon, npoeiron, airon connaino-nonrn~ecioro nporecra, (n nicrpnpo-
nannn cnonx reopern~ecinx :ann]ecron nn (n paairpinannn onpe(een-
nix connainix poen. Hcnoiaonanne ]ororpa]nn c neii (oiy:enrnpona-
nnn nn nicrpnponannn xy(oecrnennoro reicra na~ao pacnpocrpannricn
n 1970-x rr. raie n n Poccnn.
B na~ae 1970-x rr. n ionreicre :ocioncioro neo]nnnainoro nciyccrna
noannio re~enne, ioropoe ~acro naainair ro con-apro:, ro :ocioncin: ion-
nenryana:o:. Oa nan:enonannn orciair i aana(ni: xy(oecrnenni:
nanpanennn: 19b070-x rr.: con-apr i a:epniancio:y non-apr`y, a :oc-
ioncinn ionnenryana: i anro-a:epniancio:y napnanry ionnenryana-
:a, iai on i npe(cranen, ciae:, paora:n rpynni Arl and Language
nn Hoae]a Komyra. Ye ca:a (noncrnennocri nan:enonannn yiaainaer na
ro, ~ro xy(onnion .roro nanpanennn nnrepeconaa ne croiio ~ncrora on-
pe(eennix xy(oecrnennix npne:on n ionreicre omen .noinnn xy(o-
ecrnennix crnen, cioiio npn:enenne .rnx npne:on i cnenn]n~ecin co-
nercio:y iyirypno:y ionreicry. H (encrnnreino, ior(a :ocioncian xy(o-
ecrnennan omecrnennocri noanaio:naci ~epea (oxo(nnmne ror(a n No-
ciny ypnainie n innnie nyniannn c ror(amnn:n noni:n xy(oe-
crnenni:n re~ennn:n, ona npe(e ncero oripia (n cen noa:onocri pao-
rari co cnon: cocrnenni: connaini: n iyirypni: ionreicro: re:n e
218
:ero(a:n, ioropi:n .rn aana(nie, npe(e ncero a:epniancine, xy(oecrnen-
nie re~ennn paoran c cnon: cocrnenni:, a:epniancin: :arepnao:. Or-
ci(a io:nnannn aana(noro n conercioro n ca:nx naanannnx: con-apr n
:ocioncinn ionnenryana:.
Ho npe(e ncero :ocioncinn ionnenryana: n con-apr :ono pacc:ar-
pnnari iai noanpamenne i napparnny, ciery, nreparypnocrn n nciyccrne
noce onpe(eennoro nepno(a rocno(crna n neo]nnnaino: pyccio: nc-
iyccrne neo:o(epnncrcioro n(eaa ~ncron nnonncn, cnoo(non or ion
:n:ern~ecion orciin i nnemnen connainon peainocrn n coa(aimen
cnon cocrnennin, anrono:nin nnayainin :np. 3ra opnenrannn na anro-
no:noe xy(oecrnennoe rnop~ecrno noannia n ionne 19b0-x rr. n npo(o-
aaci (o ionna 19b0-x rr., cn:nonanpyn crpe:enne i nnyrpenne:y ocno-
o(enni or roranrapnoro (nirara conercion (encrnnreinocrn. Ho i
na~ay 1970-x rr. omymenne nonooperennon cnoo(i oiaaaoci nacroiio
nnrencnnni:, ~ro noanono :norn: xy(onnia: noc:orperi na conerciyi
(encrnnreinocri nponn~no, co croponi n n ro e npe:n nnone aannre-
peconanno. B aana(no: n, n ocnonno:, n a:epniancio: nciyccrne .ror no-
nin nnrepec i nnemne:y :npy, noannimnn, iai ye io ciaaano, necioiio
panime, name cee oion~areinoe nipaenne n 1970-e rr. n ]op:e opi-
i aa ]ororpa]ni npornn (o:nnnponannn nnonncn
1
. H (encrnnreino,
noce :nornx (ecnrnernn ecio:npo:nccnon opii npornn ciera n
nreparypnocrn n nciyccrne, xapairepnayimen .noxy :o(epnna:a, nno-
nnci, iai iaaaoci, nancer(a yrparna cnoconocri coornecrnci c nnemnn:
:npo: n pacciaaari ncropni. 3ra ]yninnn renepi nepema i ]ororpa-
]nn. Hcropnn nocrenennoro noanimennn ]ororpa]nn noce oecro~ennon
(nciypcnnnon n nncrnrynnonainon opii aa ee npana, npo(oanmencn
na npornennn ncex 1970-x rr., xopomo nanecrna. H rai e xopomo nanecrno,
~ro ninrpana .ra opia ia na (ee re:n (or Cnn(n Lep:an (o ]e]a
Yoa), io:y y(aoci npenparnri ]ororpa]ni n nciyccrno, cnoconoe co-
nepnn~ari no cnoe:y ia~ecrny c y~mn:n opaana:n iaccn~ecion n :o-
(epnncrcion nnonncn npomoro.
O(naio ncn .ra opia paannnaaci, n ocnonno:, aa npe(ea:n Poccnn n
pyccioro nciyccrna 197080-x rr. H npn~nna ro:y (ocraro~no o~enn(na:
]yninni ]ororpa]nn ninonno n Poccnn n re ro(i conercioe o]nnnai-
noe nciyccrno, ioropoe nnnoci xorn n nnonncni: no ]op:e, no ]ororpa-
]n~ni: no co(epanni. 4op:aino nnonnci aann:aa, paay:eercn, nepnoe
:ecro n o]nnnainon conercion nepapxnn nnayainix nciyccrn. Ho ]airn-
~ecin ona ninonna n conercio: omecrne rpa(nnnonnyi poi ]ororpa-
]nn, r.e. poi orpaennn nann n pacciaainannn ncropnn na nann, nii-
~an nenrpainyi (n o]nnnainon iyirypi ncropni nocrpoennn io::y-
nna:a. Opnenrannn o]nnnainon nnonncn na nnernyi ]ororpa]ni ia
nponoaramena (ocraro~no o]nnnaino ye n ca:o: na~ae cranonennn
:ero(a connancrn~ecioro peana:a
2
. H npn .ro: (eo (ae ne n nocrpoe-
nnn or(einon iaprnni connancrn~ecioro peana:a, opnenrnponannon na
io:noannni rpa(nnnonnon peia:non nnernon ]ororpa]nn, a n ]yninnonn-
ponannn ncen conercion o]nnnainon cncre:i no aaiona: ]ororpa]nn.
'
Hpe(e ncero o]nnnainoe conercioe nciyccrno xapairepnayercn :ac-
cnnni: nepenponano(crno: iaprnn, (eaimn: nenoa:onon rpa(nnnonnyi
opnenranni nnonncn na nn(nnn(yainin me(enp, ]nicnpyimnn ynniai-
noe, nn(nnn(yainoe, nenocnponano(n:oe nn(enne xy(onnia. Conercioe o]n-
nnainoe nciyccrno c ca:oro na~aa nonn:aoci iai ycpe(nennoe, maonn-
anponannoe, ean~noe, inaan-:exann~ecioe, :acconoe penpo(ynnponanne n napi-
nponanne onpe(eennoro naopa nnayainix mra:non. Kai nponano(crno, rai
n pacnpocrpanenne conercion nnonncn nocno oriponenno nn(ycrpnainin,
nanonin n :acconin xapairep. Xapairepnan (n aana(noro nciyccrnone(~e-
cioro (nciypca 1970-x rr. (eioncrpyinnn nnonncn iai opnenrnponannon
na ynniainin xy(oecrnennin ecr, nnnimnncn, no :nenni ror(amnen
ipnrnin, ne oee, neen n(eoorn~ecion ]ninnen, nenpn:enn:a i o]nnn-
ainon conercion nnonncn roro npe:enn: conercian nnonnci i ro:y npe-
:enn ye (anno (eioncrpynponaa ca:y cen n npenparnaci n cran(aprnin
naii :acconon iyirypi, ninonnnmnn n Conercio: Coiae ry e poi, ioro-
pyi na 3ana(e ninonna io::ep~ecian ]ororpa]nn. Ho.ro:y nnone ecre-
crnenno, ~ro pyccine neo]nnnainie xy(onnin oparnnci nna~ae i nai-
iy o]nnnainon conercion nnonncn n rpa]nin, a ne i naiiy ]ororpa]nn,
ior(a n: nona(oncn nnayainin naii, na ioropo: :ono io cnona pac-
ciaainari ncropnn, cnona nnecrn cier n nciyccrno iopo~e, penrepan-
aonari nciyccrno noce roro, iai ono io (enrepanaonano :o(epnna:o:.
Ciaaannoe noiaainaer, iai cono oiaainaercn nepenecrn :ero(i nciyc-
crnone(~ecioro ananaa na o(non iyirypnon cnryannn n (pyryi paan-
~nn n ncropn~ecin connmnxcn ionreicrax npnno(nr, n ~acrnocrn, i ro:y,
~ro o~eni cxo(nie n(eoorn~ecine n xy(oecrnennie crparernn npnno(nr i
(onoino paan~ni: nnayaini: peayirara:. Ha 3ana(e, iai ye ciaaano,
npornnocronnne ]ororpa]nn vs. nnonnci nonn:aoci iai npornnocronnne
:e(y :n:ern~ecin:, connaino anranponanni:, :acconi:, penpo(yirnn-
ni: n napparnnni: nciyccrno:, c o(non croponi, n ycranonion na anrono-
:ni xy(onnia n na ero acoirno nenonropn:yi nn(nnn(yainocri, c (py-
ron croponi. B Conercio: Coiae anaorn~noe npornnocronnne ]yninnonn-
ponao, o(naio, ne iai npornnocronnne :e(y paan~ni:n :e(na nnonn-
cii n ]ororpa]nen, a iai npornnocronnne :e(y :acconon conercion naonpo-
(yinnen n nn(nnn(yaini: xy(oecrnenni: rnop~ecrno: n pa:iax neo]n-
nnainoro nciyccrna. B peayirare :ono ciaaari, ~ro :ocioncinn ionnen-
ryana: 197080-x rr. ncnoiaona conercine iaprnny n :acconyi inn-
nyi nicrpanni c re:n e nen:n, c ioropi:n aana(nin ionnenryana:
rex e er ncnoiaona ]ororpa]ni. 3ror napaena: ocoenno pocaercn
n raaa, ecn cpannnri io:nnnponanne ]ororpa]nn c reicro:, ioropoe nnn-
ercn, ecn yro(no, ne(ymn: xy(oecrnenni: npne:o: n aana(non ionnenry-
ainon ]ororpa]nn 1970-x rr., n io:nnnponanne, yconno ronopn, conercion
iaprnni nn innnon nicrpannn c reicro:, ioropoe nnnercn ne(ymn:
npne:o: :ocioncioro ionnenryana:a rex er.
Ha~ao ionnenryancrcion paori c reicro: n Nocine npnxo(nrcn npn-
:epno na 1972 ro(. B .ro: ro(y Hin Kaaion coa(aer cnon aio:i no(
naananne: 10 nepconaen, n ioropix reicr cranonnrcn n o(nn pn( c nnay-
220
aini: naopaenne: na e(nno: npocrpancrne ncra. Henocpe(crnenno nce(
aa .rn: Kaaion coa(aer cepni oimnx iaprnn, nocrpoennix no .ro:y e
npnnnnny
8
. Paay:eercn, no:emenne naopaennn n reicra n ia~ecrne panno-
npannix .e:enron na nociocri iaprnni :oer pacc:arpnnaricn iai pe-
ayirar oc:icennn Kaaioni: ero :noroernen paori n ia~ecrne inn-
noro nicrparopa. Ho n aio:ax Kaaiona nenrpaini: nnnercn ro o-
cronreicrno, ~ro on ncnoiayer crepryi, ean~nyi crnncrniy conercion
nicrpannn (n nicrpnponannn o~eni n~nix, nn(nnn(yainix ncropnn
ncropnn nann o(nnoinx xy(onnion-:e~rareen, ioropie aann:aircn ia-
in:-ro (onoino crpanni: n (ocraro~no ecno:omno nirn(nmn: nciyccr-
no: no yra: cnonx e(nix io:nar, aarepnnnix n nycrorax conercioro io:-
:ynainoro ira. 3rn o~eni nn(nnn(yainie ncropnn noy~air cnoi (ocro-
nepnocri, o(naio, npe(e ncero n:enno orroro, ~ro onn npe(crair nicrpn-
ponanni:n n neci:a ionnennnonainon n noro:y nenocpe(crnenno ye(n-
reinon :anepe. B:ecro roro, ~roi no:emari nn(nnn(yainin xy(oecr-
nennin ecr n ynnnepcainyi ncropni nciyccrn, Kaaion ncnoiayer a(eci
creprin, :acconin nnayainin naii, ~roi pacciaaari o~eni n~nie, nn(nnn-
(yainie ncropnn npne:, :exanna: ioroporo i npeipacno npo(e:oncr-
pnponan raie Cnn(n Lep:an n ee pannnx ]ororpa]n~ecinx cepnnx. Kaa-
ion n (pyrne xy(onnin :ocioncioro ionnenryana:a, raine iai 3pni 5ya-
ron nn ]:nrpnn Hpnron, npnnarnanpyir creprin naii o]nnnainoro nc-
iyccrna, rai e iai nx ioern na 3ana(e npnnarnanponan n ro e ca:oe
npe:n creprin naii (oiy:enrainon nn peia:non ]ororpa]nn.
B:ecre c re: Kaaion ye n 1980-x rr. na~nnaer ncnoiaonari raie n
]ororpa]ni n cnonx aio:ax n nncrannnnx npn~e: pe~i ncer(a n(er
o annponpnannn ~yon ]ororpa]nn. Bna~ae Kaaion ncnoiayer npe-
(e ncero o]nnnainyi ]ororpa]ni, iai ona npe(cranena ia n CCCP n
nn(e noprperon repoen rpy(a nn npaa(nn~nix oripiroi: Koeinnonep
(198b), Nycopnin ~eonei (198b) nn anpnnr. Aio: :oen :arepn
(1989). B .rnx paorax ]ororpa]nn ]yninnonnpyer npe(e ncero iai nnay-
ainan (oiy:enrannn o]nnnainon conercion n(eoornn, na ]one n n ionrei-
cre ioropon nporeiaer nn(nnn(yainan nani repon. Ocoenno xapairepen
.ror ionrpacr n nncrannnn anpnnr. Aio: :oen :arepn, n ioropon
reicr, (oiy:enrnpyimnn rpare(ni nn(nnn(yainon nann, conocrannercn c
ean~no-onrn:ncrn~ecin: nnayaini: pn(o:, ncnoiayimn: o]nnnainyi
conerciyi ]ororpa]ni. O(naio, ecn n 1980-x rr. ]ororpa]nn acconnnpyer-
cn y Kaaiona npe(e ncero c ean~no-connaini: ]ono: nann, n oee
noa(nnx nncrannnnx, n npe(e ncero n nncrannnn e~enne nocno:nna-
nnn:n (199b), Kaaion ncnoiayer ~acrnie ]ororpa]nn na cnoero n~no-
ro ]oroapxnna, na ioropix :ono nn(eri ero nainx anaio:ix n (pyaen.
4ororpa]nn a(eci, rai ciaaari, npnnarnanpyercn, oro(ecrnnercn co cnonn(e-
nnn:n, orciaimn:n i npomo:y, n npnoperaer neenie cnoncrna, y(y~n
nnrerpnponannon n nncrannni, niainaimyi n na:nrn ar:oc]epy oi-
nnni nn ncnxoananrn~ecioro ceanca.
Hpn .ro: nano or:ernri, ~ro ca:n no cee ncropnn, ioropie pacciaaina-
ircn n aio:ax n nncrannnnx Kaaiona, ~ame ncero orciair i rpa(nnnn

pyccion nreparypi XlX neia rpa(nnnn loron, 1ocroro n ]ocroencioro,

ioropan, iai nanecrno, nonecrnonaa o :aeniinx i(nx, o(epn:ix nenin-
:n n(en:n. B 1970-e rr. nreparypnan rpa(nnnn ia n Poccnn, iai nanecrno,
nce eme na:noro oee nnnreinon, neen, ciae:, rpa(nnnn inne:arorpa-
]n~ecian. Ha .ry nreparypnyi rpa(nnni onnpaircn raie ]oronnii 5o-
pnca Nnxanona e(nncrnennoro xy(onnia, cnnaannoro c rpa(nnnen :oc-
ioncioro ionnenryana:a, ioropin noce(onareino aann:acn n re ro(i
]ororpa]nen n nonn:a cen npe(e ncero iai ]ororpa]a. lepoe: .rnx ]o-
ronnion nnnercn, o(naio, ne croiio nn(nnn(yainin ~eonei, cioiio rpa-
(nnnonnin rannin repon pyccion nreparypi a n:enno, napo(. Hapo(
pyccion nreparypnon rpa(nnnn n:eer, icrarn ciaaari, :ao omero c re:, ~ro
na 3ana(e ooana~aercn iai nannn nn .rnoc. Lme n :enimen crenenn pe~i
n(er a(eci o nynie nn omecrnennocrn. H y no ncnio: cy~ae pyccinn
napo( ne n:eer nn~ero omero c ne:enin: \oll. Hapo(, iai on npe(cran-
en n pyccion nreparypnon rpa(nnnn, nonomaer n cee npnnnnn nne-ncro-
pn~ecioro cymecrnonannn, o ioropin paannaircn nce noni ncropn~ecinx
nepe:en. Hapo( n pyccion nreparype onpe(enercn ce(yimn: opaao::
napo( nn~e: ne npon:emi. 1e: napo( n orn~aercn or nnrenrennnn, ioro-
pan nce npe:n cyernrcn n nonciax nepe:en. Hnrenrennnn cyernrcn, a napo(
(y:aer: nycri cee cyernrcn, noia ne ycraner a ra: nce ycnoionrcn n aan-
ne: no-npene:y. Henocnpnn:~nnocri napo(a i nepe:ena: nepnnponaa nn-
renrennni no nenian pyccian nreparypa nn(ea n .ron nenocnpnn:-
~nnocrn, nanpornn, manc i cnacenni or ncropnn, n ioropon Poccnn ~acro
nina(aa neaann(nan poi. Bce ncrnnno noonreinie repon 1ocroro nn
]ocroencioro nponcxo(nr na napo(a n pearnpyir na ncropni ncii~nreino
on(anne:: ior(a e ona, naionen, ion~nrcn. H ~epnair na(e(y na .ror
ciopin ionen ncropnn n onire cnoen cocrnennon nann, n ioropon nn~ro
ne :ennoci n ne :ennercn.
5opnc Nnxanon npn:iiaer n cnoen rnop~ecion npairnie i rpa(nnnn
:ocioncioro ionnenryana:a no :nornx ornomennnx. Lro ]oronnii ncer(a
nonecrnonareini (ae ior(a n nnx ne ncrpe~aercn .icnnnnrno reicr.
H ero raa opnenrnponan na io(i cran(aprnon n erio yananae:on conercion
.crernin, ioropie nocronnno ]nicnpyircn n pe]eirnpyircn n ero paorax.
Ho npe(e ncero Nnxanon paa(ener ciencnc ncero :ocioncioro ionnen-
ryana:a n npe(e ncero, Kaaiona ornocnreino noa:onocrn ~ncro
nn(nnn(yainoro n n ro e npe:n ncropn~ecin ana~n:oro ecra. Hcro~nn-
io: .roro ciencnca nnnercn (n oonx, o(naio, ne anana :acconon io::ep-
~ecion iyirypi n ee :exanna:on, iai .ro n:eer :ecro y nx aana(nix ioer,
a ynace(onannoe or pyccion nreparypi n ryoio yiopenennoe :nenne, ~ro
napo( nn~e: ne na:ennmi n ro: ~nce n io::ep~ecion :acconon iyiry-
pon ne na:ennmi. 1yr n:eercn n nn(y, ione~no, n nepnyi o~epe(i, pyccinn
napo( no no nropyi o~epe(i, paay:eercn, n ion (pyron napo(. H Nnxan-
on iai paa noiaainaer pyccinn nponnnnnainin napo( na cnonx ]ororpa-
]nnx, iai nanpn:ep, n ]orocepnnx ipnin (19718b) nn Con-apr (197b
198b), rain: opaao:, ~ro cpaay cranonnrcn ncno, iaian ecione~nan creneni
panno(ymnn or(ener .rnx npocrix, e(nix n :nix ecn roiio ne nin-
222
nix i(en or ncropn~ecinx aaor, noay(aimnx noopaenne cron~-
non nnrenrennnn. 1aionon ncer(a ia crparernn pyccion nreparypi
noiaaari romy napo(a, no ornomenni i ioropon cymecrnonanne ronion
nnrenrenrcion npoconin npe(crannercn n nicmen crenenn nepeenanr-
ni:. H ]ororpa]nn, c ee cnoconocrii coa(anari .]]eir ean~non pean-
crn~ecion (oiy:enrannn, nano:nnaimen peancrn~eciyi :anepy iaccn~e-
cioro pyccioro po:ana, oiaainaercn ocoenno y(a~no npn:enn:on n:enno i
raio:y naopaenni napo(a.
Lcn nce nciyccrno :ocioncioro ionnenryana:a :oer c~nraricn, n na-
necrno: c:ice, npo(oenne: iaccn~ecion pyccion nreparypi (pyrn:n
cpe(crna:n, ro Nnxanon nnnercn, noayn, e(nncrnenni: xy(onnio: .roro
nanpanennn, ioropin noce(onareino noiaonacn npn .ro: :e(ny:o: ]o-
rorpa]nn, a ne .crernion ycpe(nennoro conercioro nicrpnponannn, no:e-
mennoro na :ecro ]ororpa]nn. H:enno no.ro:y ero paori oa(air (ono-
nnreini: cnenn]n~ecin: ia~ecrno: a n:enno, nanecrnoro po(a .iaorna-
:o:. 4oronnii Nnxanona nano:nnair ]oroor~eri n ]oro(nennnin, npn-
noan:ie nyremecrnennnia:n na (ainnx .iaorn~ecinx crpan. Onn (e:oncr-
pnpyir cyreirnnnin, npn~ecinn narn( xy(onnia n n ro e npe:n
noiaainair ir napo(a rain:, iain: on oi~no ne npe(crana na iaprnnax
o]nnnainoro connancrn~ecioro peana:a. 3ror peana: n (oiy:enrana:
]ororpa]nn Nnxanona niainaer (onepne i ero paora: (onepne i ro:y,
~ro n nnx noiaaana nani napo(a, iai ona ecri. Bneaanno onapynnaercn,
~ro conercinn apnrei nnior(a ne nn(e crpani, n ioropon n ~ro ee nn(
(n nero .iaorn~en, nenpnni~en. H, o(nonpe:enno, paay:eercn, yacen. O(na-
io Nnxanon nce e ne rpa(nnnonnin pyccinn peancr. B cnonx ]oronni-
ax on nocronnno re:arnanpyer noay, ioropyi oreir ]ororpa]nponannn npn-
nn:aer nepe( ]oroannaparo: n ioropyi .ror oreir coanareino ninpa-
er iai ninrpimnyi, ipacnnyi, xy(oecrnennyi. He :enee .icnnnnrno
Nnxanon anananpyer nnayainie io(i, na ioropie nenaeno opnenrnpy-
ercn xy(onni n cnoe: niope npanninon ]ororpa]nn, a raie nce cnn-
aannie c .rn: pnryai nyanepna:a n napnnccna:a. Lcn Nnxanon ncnoi-
ayer n cnonx paorax .iaorn~eciyi :aciy napo(a, ro on (eaer .ro nnone
coanareino n (e:oncrpnpyer narn(no, ~ro on (eaer .ro coanareino.
4ororpa]nn npnna(enr raie nenrpainan xorn, iri :oer, nna~a-
e n ne nnone orpe]eirnponannan ca:n:n anropa:n poi n nep]op:an-
cax rpynni Koeirnnnie (encrnnn (An(pen Nonacripcinn, Hninra Aei-
ceen n (p.), roe npnna(eamen i ipyry :ocioncioro ionnenryana:a. Hep-
]op:anc iai ocoanannin xy(oecrnennin anp noome cra noa:oen nnep-
nie aro(apn ]ororpa]nn n npe(e ncero (oiy:enrainon ]ororpa]nn.
Boa:onocri ne:e(enno, n peaino: npe:enn (oiy:enrnponari coirnn
nonce(nennon nann npnnea, n ione~no: c~ere, i cranonenni nep]op:an-
ca, ioropin onepnpyer c paan~enne: oi(ennoro n neoi~noro, npnni~noro
n crpannoro. Ciaaannoe n ocoon crenenn ornocnrcn iai paa i npairnie
rpynni Koeirnnnie (encrnnn, nocioiiy ocnonnan poi n ee nep]op:an-
cax orno(naci ne ca:o:y (encrnni n nenocpe(crnenno:y nne~arenni, io-
ropoe ono nponano(no na oipyaimnx, a (oiy:enrannn nep]op:anca, n io-
!
ropo: nenrpainoe ana~enne noy~an reicronie onncannn, nnrepnperannn n
io::enrnponanne
4
. H, paay:eercn, cymecrnennyi poi n .ron (oiy:enrannn
nrpan ]ororpa]nn, c(eannie no npe:n nep]op:anca n nnrerpnponannie n
(oiy:enranni, crponnmyicn, n nepnyi o~epe(i, iai napparnn iai nonecr-
nonanne, npnanannoe orncnnri aara(iy nep]op:anca. B peayirare cnona
noanniaa ra io:nnannn ]ororpa]nn c napparnnni: reicro:, ioropan, iai
ye io ciaaano, nnnaci xapairepni: npo(yiro: ]ororpa]n~ecion npai-
rnin roro npe:enn n ne roiio n Poccnn. B ro e npe:n cyryan nappa-
rnnnocri, nreparypnocri nep]op:ancon Koeirnnnix (encrnnn orn~a-
er .rn nep]op:anci or :nponoro nep]op:ancnoro :enncrpn:a n cnaer
xy(oecrnennyi npairniy Koeirnnnix (encrnnn c inaan-nicrparnn-
nocrii, xapairepnon, ciae:, (n nciyccrna Hin Kaaiona.
Hpn .ro: ce(yer, o(naio, ciaaari, ~ro nreparypnan, nonecrnonareinan
crparernn Koeirnnnix (encrnnn naxo(nrcn, ciopee, n noe:n~ecio:, on-
noannnonno: ornomennn i rpa(nnnn pyccion iaccn~ecion nreparypi.
A n:enno, rpynna Koeirnnnie (encrnnn n n nepnyi o~epe(i ee n(ep
An(pen Nonacripcinn crponr .aorepn~nie, rep:ern~nie nonecrnonannn,
nano:nnaimne onncannn crpannix :arn~ecinx nn ceiranrcinx pnryaon.
Ho(onoro po(a napparnn nopinaer c npoapa~non, npocnemen~ecion, pean-
crn~ecion rpa(nnnen pyccioro n, n neo:, enponencioro iaccn~ecioro po-
:ana n opamaercn, ciopee, i rpa(nnnn nreparypnoro :o(epnna:a, iai ona
ia npe(cranena n Poccnn reicra:n o.pnyron nn, noa(nee, Kpnn Na:-
eena. B cnonx cocrnennix anro-nnrepnperannnx n anro-io::enrapnnx anro-
pi Koeirnnnix (encrnnn cciaircn, o(naio, oxornee ncero na (pennein-
ranciyi nreparypy, n ioropon onn naxo(nr ro co~eranne nonce(nennoro n
.aorepn~ecioro, ioroporo onn ca:n, n nepnyi o~epe(i, xornr (ocrn~i n cnonx
nep]op:ancax. 5aro(apn ncnoiaonanni inrancioro nreparypnoro cyrei-
cra anropi Koeirnnnix (encrnnn o(nonpe:enno (ocrnrair roro .]]eira
ocrpanennn, ioropin, iai nanecrno, nnnercn ocnonni: npne:o: :o(epnna:a,
no(pono onncanni: n reopern~ecinx paorax pyccinx ]op:ancron. Hpn
.ro:, nec:orpn na neci .iaorna: nreparypnon inranmnni, npairniye:on
Koeirnnni:n (encrnnn:n, n nen cnona onapynnaercn rpa(nnnonnan
pyccian re:a a n:enno, re:a napo(a, croi naiennan iai ion]ynnan-
cion, rai n (aocncrcion rpa(nnnn:n. ]ononnreinin .]]eir yananannn no
ry cropony ocrpanennn coa(anacn, paay:eercn, n re: ne:aonani: ocron-
reicrno:, ~ro Knran, iai n Poccnn, in n ro npe:n ipynnenmen io::ynn-
crn~ecion (epanon, nonomanmen n cee na nonrn~ecio: yponne npnnnnn
ioeirnnnoro (encrnnn.
Ha ipyra Koeirnnnix (encrnnn nime raie Ba(n: 3axapon, ioro-
pin nnnercn, noayn, e(nncrnenni: pyccin: xy(onnio: 198090-x rr.,
noce(onareino npairniyimn: cnnrea :e(y ]ororpa]nen n xy(oecrnen-
ni: reicro:. B ro npe:n iai :norne pyccine xy(onnin ero noioennn yn-
einci n 1980-e rr. ar:oc]epon nonon omecrnennon cnoo(i n, o(nonpe-
:enno, ror(amnen nnrepnannonainon :o(on na (niyi nnonnci, nciyccrno
3axapona ni(enoci n ro npe:n cnoen nnrponeprnon, .aorepn~non, aciern~-
non n o(nonpe:enno necioiio aropa]on~non ar:oc]epon. Xy(onni iai
224
i crpe:ncn aanricn n yro, aa:inyricn n cnoe: nciyccrne oripirocri
conpe:ennoro xy(oecrnennoro npocrpancrna nocnpnnn:aaci n: ne iai manc
na ca:opeanaanni, a, ciopee, iai yrpoaa oion~areinon norepn c:ica, pac-
rnopennn n noroie io::ep~ecioro xy(oecrnennoro nponano(crna. 4oroce-
pnn, c(eannie xy(onnio: ye n na~ae 1980-x rr., ]nicnpyir ar:oc]epy
inaan-:aaoxncrcinx pnryaon (Connin (1982) nn Koo(en. Honin cner
(1988)) nn nporecr npornn ror(a eme neci:a orpann~ennoro connai-
noro ycnexa ero crapmnx ioer
b
. 3ra ar:oc]epa aa:inyrocrn n napanon(ai-
nix ]onn xapairepnayer raie nnonnci 3axapona n 1980-x rr. Ho :ono
ciaaari, ~ro n re~enne 1990-x rr. 3axapon naxo(nr (n cen noa:onocri
no(ornopnoro ocnoennn oripirix npocrpancrn a n:enno, nyre: co~era-
nnn ]ororpa]nn n nreparypnoro nonecrnonannn. B nnie paor C:emnie n
rpycrnie npnii~ennn rynoro Hacropa (199b) 3axapon onncinaer cnon
nyremecrnnn n (oiy:enrnpyer nx c no:omii ]ororpa]nn pe~i n(er o
neci:a rpa(nnnonno: anpe rypncrn~ecioro (nennnia. Ho n .ro: (nennnie
3axapon npe(craer nepe( ~nraree: n ro: ~nce n na nicrpnpyimnx
nonecrnonanne ]ororpa]nnx n ia~ecrne Hacropa, r. e. ]nirnnnon ]nry-
pi, or n:enn ioropon n ne(ercn pacciaa. Xy(onni nicrynaer a(eci n ia~e-
crne nreparypnoro repon n reorpa]n~ecioe npocrpancrno ero peainix
nyremecrnnn conna(aer c npocrpancrno: nreparypnix acconnannn. Hpn .ro:
crnncrnia nonecrnonannn orciaer i (ercion nreparype XlX neia, a ]oro-
rpa]nn ninonnir rpa(nnnonnyi poi rpa]n~ecinx innnix nicrpannn
rain: opaao:, nnoni (e:oncrpnpyercn ra naan:oaa:enne:ocri ]ororpa]nn n
innnon rpa]nin n rpa(nnnn :ocioncioro ionnenryana:a, o ioropon rono-
pnoci n na~ae .ron crarin. O(nonpe:enno .ror nni 3axapona, n nenrpe
ioroporo naxo(nrcn ]nrypa Hacropa, orciaer i (pyro:y ciery, eame:y,
n nanecrno: c:ice, n ocnone ncero :exanna:a ncnoiaonannn iai ]ororpa-
]nn, rai n creproro naiia innnon rpa]nin n cncre:e conpe:ennoro nicoio-
ro nciyccrna. Pe~i n(er o npnnecennn xy(onnio: caipainon eprni, n
peayirare ioropon on na xy(onnia cranonnrcn Hacropo: a n:enno, epr-
nonannn cnon: rpa(nnnonno nonn:ae:i: xy(oecrnenni: raanro:.
3iono:nia caipainon eprni ia ye (ocraro~no no(pono npoanan-
anponana n reopnnx cn:non~ecioro o:ena or Nocca n 5aran (o ]eppn(a
b
.
Cn:non~ecinn (ap nn eprna nmi na nepnin narn( ne npnnocnr eprno-
narei noanarpa(ennn: n pa:iax cn:non~ecioro o:ena eprna noanarpa-
(aercn noy~enne: oee nicoioro cn:non~ecioro omecrnennoro crary-
ca. 1ai, nreparop nn xy(onni noy~air, coracno 5arai, cnon craryc a-
ro(apn ro:y, ~ro n ionreicre :epianrninoro ypyaanoro omecrna onn
oiaainaircn cnoconi i .icneccy n rpannpcrny, i pacrpare cnoero raanra,
xapairepnon (n apncroiparn~ecioro opaaa nann. Aeprnyn ornion rpa(n-
nnonnoro o:ena raanra na ycnex, xy(onni rain: opaao: noy~aer oee
nicoinn apncroiparn~ecinn n (ae caipainin craryc. Ho, ione~no, n nep-
nyi o~epe(i, xy(onni cranonnrcn npn .ro: nreparopo:, r. i. nepeno(nr
nnayainin anai na yponeni aeropnn.
H a(eci ce(yer ciaaari, ~ro rpa(nnnonnoe ornomenne :e(y nciyccrno:
n nreparypon n cy~ae :ocioncioro ionnenryana:a n, n ocoennocrn, Ko-
#
eirnnnix (encrnnn nepenopa~nnaercn. Hciyccrno a(eci ne croiio ncnoi-
ayer nn nicrpnpyer connmyicn nreparypnyi rpa(nnni, cioiio, cra-
nonnci reicro:, (aer nonin n:nyic (n nonecrnonareinon nreparypi, io-
ropan n npe(eax cnoero napparnna niraercn nocnponanecrn ro co~eranne
(oiy:enrainocrn n .aorepn~nocrn, ioropoe n npairnie Koeirnnnix (en-
crnnn (ocrnraoci io:nnnponanne: ]ororpa]nn n io::enrapnn i nen. 1ai,
nncaren, cnnaannie n 197080-x rr. c Koeirnnni:n (encrnnn:n, na~a-
n noae ncnoiaonari n cnonx po:anax ycnoennie n:n n re ro(i nonecrno-
nareinie npne:i. Ocoenno or~ernno .ra cnnai nponnnercn n po:anax
Ba(n:npa Copoinna, ioropie crponrcn n: iai io:nnannn peancrn~ecio-
ro n pnryaino-.aorepn~ecioro yponnen nonecrnonannn. B ne(anne: cno-
e: po:ane loyoe cao B. Copoinn raie ncnoiayer inranmnny iai
npne: ocrpanennn pyccion nreparypnon rpa(nnnn. Bnnnne xy(oecrnen-
no-nreparypnon npairnin Koeirnnnix (encrnnn nponnnercn raie (oc-
raro~no or~ernno n rainnnaropnon npoae Cepren Any]pnena n Hana
Hennepmrenna Nn]oorn~ecian ioni iacr.
Ho npe(e ncero a(eci ce(yer oparnri nnn:anne na ro, ~ro ionnponanne
reicron n ionreicre nnayainix nciyccrn ca:o no cee :ono pacc:arpn-
nari iai paanonn(nocri ]ororpa]nn no.ro:y, icrarn, ]ororpa]nn rai er-
io io:nnnpyercn c reicro:. H:enno no.ro:y ne roiio pyccian nreparyp-
nan rpa(nnnn nonnna na ncnoiaonanne ]ororpa]nn n ionreicre pyccioro
neo]nnnainoro nciyccrna, no n ]ororpa]nn, iai ona ncnoiaonaaci n io:-
nnannn c reicro: n ionreicre :ocioncioro ionnenryana:a, nonnna na
pycciyi nreparypy. Hpe(e ncero nnrerpannn oimon :acci nonecrno-
nareinoro reicra n nnayainoe npocrpancrno npnnea i cymecrnenno:y c(nnry
n nonn:annn ca:oro .roro reicra, ~ro cirpao pemaimyi poi n ]op:npo-
nannn nreparypnon nernn :ocioncioro ionnenryana:a, iai ona npe(crane-
na n reicrax ]. A. Hpnrona, B. Copoinna nn Ne(nnnncion rep:enenrnin.
]eo n ro:, ~ro n nnayaino: npocrpancrne reicr, ecn on npe(cranen
oimon :accon, iai i nonocrii oecc:icnnaercn, (ece:anrnanpyercn
on npenpamaercn npocro n yaop, n apaeciy, n (eiop. Hpn .ro: ionnenryan-
crcian (ece:anrnaannn reicra nonce ne rpeyer ero (e]op:annn, ocrpanennn,
nne(ennn c:iconix c(nnron n ero cocrnennyi crpyirypy n r. (. Ca:in
rpnnnainin, ca:in oi(ennin reicr nonocrii (ece:anrnanpyercn, ecn
on eao ncninx na:enennn no:emaercn n npocrpancrno iaprnni. B .ro:
npocrpancrne on npenpamaercn npocro n mpn]r, ecn ce(onari rep:nnoo-
rnn ]eppn(a. Ho n ro e npe:n .ro npenpamenne ne ce(yer pacc:arpnnari
iai ecr (eioncrpyinnn, nocioiiy pe~i n(er n .ro: cy~ae ne o pacrnope-
nnn nana~ainoro reicra n ecione~non nrpe (n]]epennnn: reicr ocraercn
nce e ione~ni: n :oer iri npo~nran iai raionon, r. e. c coxpanenne:
ero oi~non ce:anrnin.
Coornomenne naopaennn n reicra :noroiparno pe]eirnponaoci Ka-
aioni: n ero reopern~ecinx crarinx, ioropie n:en oimoe ana~enne (n
cranonennn :ocioncion ionnenryainon mioi. B cnoe: neoimo: .cce
Paccy(enne o nocnpnnrnn rpex coen, rpex yponnen, na ioropie pacna(aer-
cn oiinonennan anonn:nan ne~arnan npo(yinnn: innrannnn, cnpanin, :eni,
22b
raoni, neri n r.n.
7
Kaaion ]nicnpyer, no:n:o cnnraicn~ecioro n ce-
:anrn~ecioro yponnn reicra, yponeni ero coornecennocrn c eon y:aron, na
ioropon on nane~aran: no ornomenni i eo:y ]ony .ron y:arn reicr
cranonnrcn nein: cynpe:arn~ecin: nnayaini: anaio:, yrpa~nnaimn:
cnoi oi~nyi ce:anrniy. Ca:in oi~nin (oiy:enr oi(ennon nann no-
y~aer rain: opaao: ana~enne ionnenryainon iaprnni. B peayirare coa-
nanne apnren;~nraren nocronnno ocnnnpyer :e(y (ny:n necon:ecrn-
:i:n :o(yca:n nocnpnnrnn reicra: c o(non croponi, reicr nocnpnnn:aercn
iai pe(n-:en(, iai ]eno:en ~ncro nnayainoro pn(a, iai yaop, nmennin ncn-
ion ce:anrnin, a c (pyron croponi, .ror e reicr :oer iri npo~nran iai
nnone oc:icennoe niciaainanne, oa(aimee onpe(eennon n (ae erio
(ocrynnon (n peioncrpyinnn ce:anrnion. 3ro ocnnnponanne nocnpnnn-
:aimero coanannn :e(y, yconno ronopn, noannnn:n apnren n ~nraren,
noanniaimee n npocrpancrne ionnenryainon paori, n nponaneo ryoioe
nne~arenne na neioropix nreparopon 1970-x rr., ioropoe aacranno nx nc-
iari noa:onocrn (ocrnennn cxo(noro .]]eira cpe(crna:n ~ncro nrepa-
rypnon npairnin.
1ai, Copoinn ncnoiayer n cnonx po:anax npne: annponpnannn oimnx
:accnnon reicra, cocrannimnx (ecnrin n (ae cornn crpannn. 1pa(nnnon-
noe nonnrne nnrnponannn ye nenpnon:o i no(oni: inaan-]ororpa]n-
~ecin: nocnponane(ennn: onpe(eennix crnncrni nn nreparypnix nai-
ion, ioropie n po:anax Copoinna nixo(nr no cnoe:y ore:y aa nce npnni~-
nie pa:in. Nono ciaaari, ~ro ia(in pacciaa nn po:an Copoinna npe(-
cranner coon nnoreiy paanopo(nix nreparypnix reicron, no:emennix
n o(no innnoe npocrpancrno ea nonirin iaioro-no rnop~ecioro
cnnreaa .rnx reicryainix ]par:enron. Pe~i n(er a(eci o cnoero po(a rei-
cro-ioaax, c(eannix no opaany ]oroioaen. Unrnponanne oimnx
ore:on reicra, nanncannoro n ~yon crnncrnie, airyananpyer ~ncryi
:arepnainocri reicra, ero ncra, :exann~nocri ca:oro ionnponannn, ]o-
rorpa]nponannn nnci:a. Hepenecenne rexnnin annponpnannn n nreparyp-
nin ionreicr n ro: nn(e, n ioropo: ona npairniyercn Copoinni:, (eaer
ocoenno o~enn(non eprny, ioropyi npnnocnr anrop, ncnoiayimnn .ry rex-
nniy: eprny cnon: npe:ene:. Lcn nnayainan xy(oecrnennan npairnia,
ioropan nanra a(eci aa opaaen, (o neioropon crenenn .iono:nr cni xy(o-
nnia aro(apn conpe:enni:, neci:a ciopocrni: :ero(a: nponano(crna nao-
paennn, naroronenne reicra npo(oaer iri rnin: py~ni: rpy(o:,
ioropin, iai iaercn, onapynnaer cnoi ecc:icennocri n ~ncryi :exa-
nn~nocri, ecn na~nnaer cynri nonnenni reicra, crnncrn~ecin onoana-
nae:oro iai ~yon reicr.
B neo: :ono ciaaari, ~ro anropi :ocioncioro ionnenryana:a n con-
apra c neoi~non (n :nponoro nreparypnoro ionreicra noce(onareino-
crii ocymecrnnn nnrepnperanni nonecrnonareinoro reicra iai reicr-or-
eira, iai ~ncro :arepnainoro pe(n-:en(a, (aeio nixo(nmyi aa pa:in oi~-
nix nocr:o(epnix noncrnncrnin, nnrepreicryainocrn n r. (. Hpn~nny
.roro :ono nn(eri n ipanne: nanpnennn :e(y nn(nnn(yainon xy(oe-
crnennon npairnion n ipyry pyccion neo]nnnainon iyirypi 1970-x rr. n
%
o]nnnainon conercion nreparypnon npairnion. O]nnnainan conercian
nreparypa (ocrnra i ro:y npe:enn npe(einon crenenn ean~nocrn n ec-
crninocrn, ioropan noanona pearnponari na nee iai na cnomnyi y:a-
nyi :accy, iai na reicr-oreir, naroronennin no onpe(eenni: npanna:
npnro(nin roiio (n ionnponannn, ]ororpa]nponannn. B peayirare oiaaa-
oci noa:oni: npn:enenne i nreparype npne:on annponpnannn, (o cnx
nop croi noce(onareino npn:ennnmnxcn roiio n naopaanreino: nc-
iyccrne. Ho ecn npn:enenne .rnx npne:on n io oer~eno ror(amnen
connainon cnryannen, ro peayirar coxpanner cnoe ana~enne n noce ee
na:enennn, rai iai nonan pyccian nreparypa ye nipaoraa onpe(eennie
]op:i, n ioropix ona :oer npairnionari npne:i annponpnannn n nonon,
oee oripiron nreparypnon cnryannn, nocronnno :anenpnpyn :e(y nre-
parypni: n xy(oecrnenni: ionreicra:n, r. e. :e(y io::ynniarnnni: n
oreirni: ncnoiaonanne: reicra.
1
Kai npn:ep c:.: D. Ctimp. On lhe Nuseum`s Puins. Cambridge, Nass., 1998. P. 48.
2
. Gtops. 1he 1olal Arl o Slalinism: Avanl-Garde, Aeslhelic Diclalorshi p, and
Beyond. Princelon, N. J., 1992. P. b4.
8
. Gtops. 1he Novable Cave, or Kabalov` Sel-Nemorials ;; B. Groys, D. A. Poss,
l. Blazwicl. llya Kabalov. London, 1998. P. 84.
4
C:.: Hoea(in aa ropo( ; A. Nonacripcinn (Cocr.). N., 1998.
b
V. Zakhato.. Der lelzle Spaziergang durch die elysischen lelder: Pelrospellive
19789b. Klnischer Kunslverein. Oslildern, 199b. S. 4b .
b
M. Mauss. L`Lssais sur le don ;; L`Anne Sociologique. ! 1. Paris,19281924.
P. 8018b; G. alaille. La parl maudile. Paris, 19b7.
7
!. Aabako.. Disserlalion on lhe cognilion... ;; A-Ya. 198b. ! b. Paris. P. 8081.
228
4. DPHHT-MEHA
]AL44PH 5PYKC
K]LH, KO1OPLL HL 'H1AK1 lA3L1,
HA]O NOPALHO Y5HBA1L HA NLC1L
1
Hepno(n~ecian ne~ari, n raaeri n ~acrnocrn, ornocnrcn i ~ncy nanoee
.]]eirnnnix nncrnrynnn, airnnno ]op:nponanmnx conercinn onir n onpe-
(ennmnx re nyrn, ioropi:n mo :acconoe nocnpnnrne .roro onira. Haprnn,
ap:nn, nanonan .iono:nia, ioeirnnnanponannoe ceicioe xoanncrno, ran-
nan nonnnn in ii~eni:n .e:enra:n conercioro nncrnrynnonainoro
an(ma]ra. Ho n:enno ne~ari npn(anaa n: cnnai, coa(anaa nepcneirnny,
neocrnyi iaprnny n, n ione~no: c~ere, nannainaa nciyccrnenno coa(annoe
e(nncrno neoro. Konnenryainan ioncrpyinnn conercioro omecrna, aa(anan-
mancn n rpancnponanmancn ~epea raaeri, ni(epnnaa neneponrnin n i ro-
:y e aiiy:ynpyimnncn nec ca:on peainocrn, nniai ne coornercrnonan-
men iaprnne :npa, ioropan onpe(enaci .ron ioncrpyinnen. Ho(ono apxn-
reirypno:y ~y(y pn:cion apin, .ra ioncrpyinnn ycrona (ae ror(a, ior(a
ca:a .iono:nia paccinaaci noipyr nee. Anana nponcxo(ennn n pon co-
nercion ne~arn nnnercn ncii~nreino nani: (n nonn:annn conercioro
ncropn~ecioro onira.
5oimennin peoprannaonan cnoi ne~ari no npe:n rpa(ancion nonni
191720-x rr., no(annn conepnn~anmne c nn:n na(annn n oecne~nn npn
no:omn nncrnryra nenaypi cnoi rere:onni. H:en nepe( coon necrpyi,
npornnope~nnyi, a no(~ac n npa(enyi ay(nropni, oimennin npo(nnran
raioe nn(enne nacronmero n y(ymero, ioropoe (ono io nirecnnri nce
(pyrne noa:onie ]op:i nn(ennn. ennncian (nirarypa n oacrn ne~arn
ia neci:a (encrnennon n ro:, ~ro iacaoci yrnep(ennn anropnrapnoro
(nciypca. ennn n ero noce(onaren coa(an nncrnrynnonainyi :onono-
ni, coxpannn n nepeopnenrnponan nenaypy n orpann~nn (ocryn i nyn~-
non rpnyne, ~ro nancer(a ocraoci orn~nreini: anaio: cncre:i.
B pannne ro(i, (o npnxo(a .eirponnix :e(na, rexnoorn~ecine yconep-
mencrnonannn nponano(crna pacmnpnn c]epy nnnnnn ne~arnoro cona. Co-
nercioe pyiono(crno ncnoiaonao .rn npen:ymecrna c re:, ~roi npenpa-
rnri raaery n nacronmnn cn:no nonoro crpon. 1ai, conpe:ennnin cpannnna-
n anropnrernocri Hpan(i 1920-x rr. co cpe(neneionon 5nnen. 3na:enn-
ran iaprnna Hcaaia 5po(cioro ennn n C:oino: (1980), naopaanman
ennna c Hpan(on, paaoennon nepe( nn:, ia n .ro: c:ice nionn~e-
cion, ocrananci, neponrno, nanoee nanecrni: n pacnpocrpanenni: noprpero:
no(n. Ha npornennn :nornx er conercioe pyiono(crno nocnpnnn:ao (o-
'
:nnnpyimee nooenne ne~arn iai (onoe, (ae nec:orpn na nonnenne
pa(no n aare: reenn(ennn. 3ra anaxponn~ecian nepa n ne~arnoe cono n rnra
i raaere coxpannnci nnori (o npnxo(a i nacrn n 198b ro(y Nnxana
lopa~ena, ioropin na~a ronopnri .icnpo:ro:, moinpyn ~nrareen orxo(o:
or aa(annix reicron Hpan(i.
Conercian ne~ari npoma ~epea (oryi cepni :era:op]oa or rpa(an-
cion nonni (o ropa~encion nonirin nnecrn racnocri n 1980-e rr. B nepnie
ro(i n .noxy H3Ha raaeri cynn (n cno~ennn croponnnion nonoro crpon,
a raie nn]op:nponannn .nri n nnrencnnno paapacranmencn ipoiparnn.
Xorn oimennin n ne c:orn npnne~i :nornx pn(onix ~nrareen, onn oxna-
rnn ap:ni ]yninnonepon n .nryanacron, ioropie in n cocronnnn nonnri
noanniaimyi nonrn~eciyi iyirypy. Nono ciaaari, ~ro pannnn conercian
ne~ari iai cncre:a io::ynniannn ia o(nonpe:enno n ycnemnon n nponai-
non nncrnrynnen. Ona ia ycnemnon n ro:, ~ro iacaoci nii~ennn roocon
n aaor airnnncron n o]nnnainix nn, a raie cnnan :e(y nacrii n no(-
(epnnaimn:n ee connaini:n con:n. Bce .ro oer~no pemenne rpan(n-
oanix connainix npoeiron pannero crannna:a nepnon nnrnerin (1928
1982), nacnicrnennon ioeirnnnaannn ipecrinncrna, a aare: npenpamennn a-
repnoro rpy(a n rnranrcioe na nci crpany npe(npnnrne. B (orocpo~non
e nepcneirnne, o(naio, conercian ne~ari nn ror(a, nn noae ne c:ora nii-
~nri n cen nn (ncconnpyimne rooca, nn nenpnnrnyi (n nacrn nn]op:a-
nni. Cncre:arn~ecioe narnrne peenanrnon nn]op:annn na nyn~noro (nc-
iypca ycnnnao yaio onpe(ene:yi nonrn~eciyi noannni conercioro pyio-
no(crna, o(nonpe:enno ocann ero cnoconocri pearnponari na nanie npo-
e:i n npe(npnnn:ari coornercrnyimne nonrn~ecine marn. K ro:y e,
necnoconocri n neeanne oimennion oripiro ocy(ari npoe:i yc-
iopnn nepexo( n ionne 1920-x rr. or ye(ennn i npnny(enni.
K ionny nepnoro (ecnrnernn oimenncrcion nacrn nncrnrynnonainan
aaa (n nirecnennn ncex necoracnix n cnonrannix roocon na ne~arn n
ncii~ennn peainix ionrairon c peaini:n ~nraren:n ia nonocrii
rorona. Hyn~nin naii, nii~an conapi, :era]opi n re:i, ioropie y(yr
xapairepnaonari conercinn (nciypc na npornennn ero (ainenmero cymecr-
nonannn, noy~nn nncrnrynnonainin ]yn(a:enr. Xorn .ror ]yn(a:enr :o-
er iri npnanan ennncin: nace(ne:, rnnn~no conercinn naii ne~arn (o-
en iri arpnyrnponan n:enno Cranny. Crann n ero croponnnin eme
oee orpa(nn cncre:y or iainx i ro nn io nnemnnx nnnnnn, npenpa-
rnn ee n ]nirp nn]op:annn o nonce(nennon nann, iaionon ona n coxpann-
aci nnori (o cnoero pacna(a. 3ro orpa(enne nponaomo n .noxy rai
naainae:oro nenioro nepeo:a, nepnon nnrnerin n nacnicrnennon io-
eirnnnaannn. Cranncioe pyiono(crno, roiio ~ro nime(mee noe(nree: n
opie c nnyrpnnaprnnnon onnoannnen, npo(nnrao nonin nonrn~ecinn iypc
iai e(nncrnenno noa:onin nyri i y~men nann npocrix i(en. Ho(i
raion nonrnin in, o(naio, e(crnenni:n. Peayiraro: no(onon necon:ec-
rn:ocrn cra ocrpin ipnanc nepnennnn n penpeaenrannn iai cpe(n npann-
mnx .nr, rai n cpe(n rex, iro nicryna or nx n:enn n ne~arn. Ananennie
cran(apri n:ecro oemannoro pocra coiparnnci no~rn n(noe, na~acn roo(,
280
nonce:ecrnon (nii~an cronny) craa yacaiman nexnaria ronapon. Kai
ocrpoy:no aa:ern conpe:ennni necnon 1929 ro(a, oemanne Hin~a oec-
ne~nri napo( innia:n io ncnoneno; napo(y (an nanionie innin
2
.
H:enno n .ro npe:n conercian ne~ari npnopea cnoncrnennin en n
(ainenme: xapairep. Cn:non~ecian apxnreirypa nyn~noro naiia Coner-
cion Poccnn coa(anaaci n ro npe:n, ior(a cnmio: :noroe nomo n nono:
npornnope~nn c o]nnnaini:n npornoaa:n n connaini:n on(annn:n n
ior(a cranncioe pyiono(crno nacroiio .]]eirnnno ioncon(nponao nacri,
~ro ero ornercrnennocri aa npona ia panna nyi
8
. Ka:y]n oiaaacn
nacroiio ycnemni:, ~ro io::enraropi xorn n or:ernn neioropie cono-
crn nepnix er nnrnerin n ioeirnnnaannn, no ne n 1982 n 1988 rr. Croi-
nynmnci iai c nponaa:n na :ecrax, rai n c nanncrcion yrpoaon na-aa
pyea, cranncioe pyiono(crno npe(npnnno noncrnne repiyeconi ycnnn,
~roi cnpoennponari noanrnnnin connainin opaa, nocrannn xy(onnion
n nncareen no( ana:ena conpeana:a. B peayirare io::enrapnn 1980-x rr.
cnino nano:nnair ro, ~ro N. 5axrnn naana ror(a :onoorn~ecin: (nc-
iypco:, ioropin, no(ono penrnoanon (or:e nn omenpnnnron nay~non nc-
rnne, :oer iri npnnnr nn orneprnyr in lolo
4
. 1e, iro pyiono(n conercion
ne~arii, c:orn coa(ari y(nnnreino y(aennin or peainocrn n nenponn-
nae:in (n nee naii nacrn n npornnonec omen enponencion ren(ennnn
paannrnn raaer n cropony oimero nipana:a n oimen oripirocrn paa-
ni: rooca: n paani: crparernn: ~rennn
b
. Pn(onie ~nraren (oni
in npnnnri nn nrnopnponari .ry :omnyi nnrnncrn~eciyi ioncrpyi-
nni. Ho:eniarypa, rai e iai n nnrenrennnn, ~nran, o(naio, :e(y crpoi,
~ero or nnx n on(aa nacri
b
.
Bonncrnennin onrn:na: n ne~arn, npo(oanmnncn no~rn (o ionna co-
nercion .noxn, i ~e:-ro oimn:, ~e: ynnnnanne: or peainocrn. B
ne: ~nraercn nana~ainoe nipaenne neneponrnoro c:nrennn n (eaopnenra-
nnn nepe( nno: moinpyimero n nenpe(nn(ennoro nponaa n peanaannn
na(e( n on(annn. Croinynmnci c neoxo(n:ocrii coornocnri nanncan-
noe c (encrnnreinocrii, c nenpnnrne: npono(n:on nonrnin ca:on nanii,
naprnnnie n(epi n ypnancri nipaoran nonin crni nyn~non pe-
npeaenrannn, n ioropo: onn (ncconnnponanci or oipyaimero nx :npa n
oriaaanci or nii~ennn (ae (ocrynnon nn]op:annn n cnon penopran o
nonce(nennon nann. B peayirare ne~ari npnopea ia~ecrna, noome cnon-
crnennie (n norpyennix n :np :e~ri 1980-x npocanenne o]nnnai-
nix repoen, ocy(enne paanoopaanix ao(een n icrnnoe nocxnaenne Cra-
nna. Kon]op:na: yrnep(acn npn no:omn reppopa, ror(a iai nniaian on-
noannnn ne :ora iri nipaena n nyn~non c]epe. Cnycrn iaioe-ro npe:n,
.ra noannnn ca:oaamnri npenparnaci n npnni~iy, ycrpannanmyi iai pyio-
no(crno, rai n no(~nnennix. B ione~no: c~ere, nce in (onoini, rpy(nocrn
iaaanci npeo(oenni:n n conecri ~ncra.
B yconnnx 1980-x rr. neioropie xapairepncrnin ne~arn, cnoncrnennie
1920-:, ana~nreino ycnnnci. 1ai, cymecrnenno noapoco nnn:anne i :a-
on rpynne o]nnnainix nn n .nryanacron aa c~er nonoro eapaan~nn i
aaora: oi~nix i(en. 1en(ennnn i nrnopnponanni mnpoion nynin nnone
!
nonnrna nce(crnne ]airn~ecioro aanpera na nn]op:anni o ron peainocrn,
ioropan ne coornercrnonaa coa(anae:on aronoy~non iaprnne. Peainie
ipecrinne in aarnani n ioxoai, a peainie pao~ne niny(eni in
nri n yconnnx (paiononcinx aaionon n (ncnnnnni, rpoannmnx ripe:ni:
aaii~enne: aa :aenmne nponnnnocrn. ]o:nnnponanne n ne~arn nciyc-
crnenno coa(annoro con cnepx-rpa(an y(apnnion n noae craxanonnen
ncii~ao naopaenne peainix i(en c nx nnone peaini:n aaora:n n
nnrepeca:n. 3a (eioparnnni:n ]nrypa:n cronn ernoni o]nnnainix nn
n .nryanacron nx Hcaai 5aei n aro(apn aa :o~anne n cnoen pe~n na
Hepno: crea(e nncareen, o ~e: coomaa Hpan(a 2b anrycra 1984 ro(a:
Hpe(crannmi cee, ronopn on, ay(nropni ~nrareen ~eonei n nnri-
cor ceiperapen panio:on, ioropie anair n (ecnri paa oime nac, nncare-
en
7
. 'ro :or nncarei, no(onin 5aei, ciaaari rain: ~nraren:
B 1980-e rr. pyrnnni: cranonnrcn coipirne cnnan :e(y (encrnnn:n n
i(i:n, nx nponano(nmn:n. Hponecc na~acn eme n 1920-x rr., ior(a nn(n-
nn(yainan :ornnannn (encrnnn craa ]airn~ecin neernrn:non. i(n nn-
can n Hpan(y o cnonx (encrnnnx no n:n naprnn, rocy(apcrna, no ncnone-
nne pemennn naprnnnix opranon paan~noro yponnn, nanpn:ep, naprnnnix
copannn, no o (encrnnnx, conepmennix (n o(opennn Cranni: n~-
no
8
. Aypnancri pe(io noiaainan nyn~nie ]nrypi nn omecrnen-
nix (enreen, ~ie none(enne ocnoninaoci na ca:o:ornnannn
9
. i(n n ra-
aernix nyniannnx (encrnonan no npniaay, no cy~ai nn no ncnonenne
non no(n. ]pyrne :ornnannn in iy(a :enee pacnpocrpanenni:n, a n~-
nie :ornni noome npairn~ecin orcyrcrnonan
10
. Ho(onan none(en~ecian
ornia :ora iri ~y(on oimnncrny rpa(an, no ne :aeniin: i-
(n: (n nnx no(~nnenne io anaio:on :o(eii none(ennn, coornercr-
nonanmen nop:e. Hpo(nnran no(onoe orpann~ennoe nn(enne ~eoneia, n
ioropo: conercine i(n repnn ~ro-ro n cnoen ~eone~nocrn, crannna:
noapo(a crapie rpa(nnnn aanncn:ocrn, narpnapxainon nacrn n n(eaa
nannn, ocnonannoro na oninocrn napi n rocy(apcrnennon nepinn. B .ro:
crannna: me or pannen oimenncrcion rpa(nnnn, cnococrnonanmen paa-
pymenni opaaa nn(nnn(a n omecrne n npo(nnranmen rpa(ancrnennocri,
ocnonannyi na rocy(apcrnennon cye, e(na n ne (e:oncrparnnno: oria-
ae or cen, ce:in n n~non nann
11
.
Connainie pemennn n coirnn npe(crannnci nnenepconaino, ea e-
rnrn:non n~non :ornnannn i omecrnenno ana~n:i: (encrnnn:, iai nne-
nnn nn coirnn, nponcme(mne nne ~eone~ecioro n:emareicrna. Aypnan-
cri 1920-x rr. npnnncinan npen:ymecrna conercion nann rain: pacnin-
~ari: nonnrnn:, iai npoerapnar n penoinnn. K ionny 1920-x nce noanrnn-
nie connainie c(nnrn in arpnyrnponani naprnn n noae Cranny. B pe-
ayirare cnnai :e(y (encrnnn:n peainix i(en n peayirara:n nx (encr-
nnn ia aare:nena, a n:ecre c re: aare:nennon ocranaaci n ornercrnen-
nocri aa noce(crnnn rex nn nnix connainix ainnn. C nepenoco: arpny-
nnn ncex (ocrnennn Cranny nn neonpe(eenni: naprnn nn rocy(ap-
crny c(nnraaci n nnnonnocri: nnna :ora iri aaira nn nepenecena na
croi e neonpe(eenno n(enrn]nnnponannix ao(een n npe(nreen.
282
Ynn~roenne cyreira connainix (encrnnn io o(nn: na npo(yiron
cranncioro iyira. lepon n reponnn in onaani cnoen nonon nanii,
ronapa:n n ycyra:n, pacnpe(ene:i: n conercio: omecrne, Cranny n
a:op]ni: rocy(apcrny n naprnn. Hpn crannna:e pacnpe(eenne pecypcon
pacc:arpnnaoci n iareropnnx :opan, a noy~aren, aro(apnie no(i, re:
ca:i: yrnep(an cnoi cnnai c nn:, croi nanyi npn raio: o:ene. Bnyrpn
nepnennnonnon nceennon, coa(annon conercion ne~arii, (encrnnn, ioropie
:ono io i pacc:arpnnari iai npoaan~ecine (or~er o paore, noy~enne
aapnari, noiynia ronapon no nyrn (o:on n r. (.), npnoperan nonoe na:epenne
n (oni iri npoanananponani n ionreicre ionrp-.iono:nin (apa. 1py(
npenparncn n npnnomenne no(i, a nonce(nennie :arepnainie
norpenocrn n (ap nenio(ymnoro n ncecninoro no(n. Ynaionia
.iono:n~ecinx ainnn n :opainyi .iono:niy (apa n:nnnnrno no(pinaa
ocnoni (iai omecrnennie, rai ~acrnie) npn:ix .iono:n~ecinx n pino~nix
cnnaen. Hepe:emenne .iono:n~ecinx ornomennn n nociocri nonrn~ecinx
n :opainix onaareicrn nepe( Conercion nacrii nnnoci ocnonon
arpnynnn n~nix ycnexon Cranny n rocy(apcrny.
Le(nenno raaeri npe(aran nce nonie npn:epi ornomennn n nonrn-
in onaareicrna. Nono onpe(eenno yrnep(ari, ~ro .rn connaino-non-
rn~ecine ornomennn, cranmne o(non na ca:ix y(nnnreinix cropon coner-
cion nyn~non nann, c:orn rai paannricn n:enno aro(apn ycnnn: ne-
~arn n ypnancron, coa(ananmnx opaa rocy(apcrna, naprnn, no(n aa c~er
npey:enimennn (ocrnennn n pon npocrix i(en. 3ra ornia ia aane-
~arena n nanecrno: oaynre na naiarax n oripiriax: Cnacno po(no:y
Cranny aa name c~acrnnoe (ercrno
12
. Nne ye npnxo(noci onncinari
iyirypnyi ioncrpyinni .iono:nin (apa, ocnonannyi na .icnnnnrnon
npeay:nnnn cnoeopaanoro o:ena: ronapi n ycyrn in (apa:n nenio-
(ymnon nacrn, nepe( ioropon naceenne io n nocronnno: (ory aa .ro
nenio(ymne (rpy( nnncn nmi ~acrn~ni: noipirne: .roro (ora)
18
. 3ro
(eao npairn~ecin nenoa:onon ipnrniy ia~ecrna ronapon n ycyr n re:
nmi ycnnnao anropnrapnin xapairep connainoro ionrpaira.
3iono:nia (apa pacnpocrpannaci na nci conerciyi n:nepni. 1 nonpn
1949 ro(a Hpan(a onynionaa nepe:onnainoe nnci:o Benio:y Cra-
nny or eopyccioro napo(a no cy~ai ro(onmnni nii~ennn 3ana(non
5eopyccnn n cocran CCCP no yconnn: naira NooronaPnenrpona
1989 ro(a. B ne: rpy(nmnecn aana(nix oacren 5eopyccnn, ecione~no
aro(apnie Ba:, ronapnm Crann, aa cnoe ocnoo(enne, oeman npno-
nri nce ycnnn i ro:y, ~roi eme icrpee (nnnyri nnepe( (eo nn(ycrpna-
naannn aana(nix oacren. Kpecrinne, pao~ne n nnrenrennnn o(opnn
.ro nnci:o na :acconix :nrnnrax no ncen 5eopyccion CCP.
Uepe:onnn npnnecennn (apon npannren: (ocrnra cnoero nnia no npe-
:n npaa(nonannn 70-ernn Cranna. Hncaren, xy(onnin, y~enie n (pyrne
aacyennie i(n, nii~an croponnnion na-aa pyea, n:nponnanponan
no( oaynro: Cnacno ronapnmy Cranny! na cnene conercion nyn~non
iyirypi, r(e ne~ari cyna o(nonpe:enno n nyreno(nree:, n apenon.
Ho.r A. 1nap(oncinn npo~nra crnxornopenne 21 (eiapn 1949 ro(a na ]ec-
rnnae n ~ecri Cranna na cnene 5oimoro rearpa:
!!
Cnacno Ba:, ~ro Bi nac npnnen
Ha ri:i ryxon ry(a, r(e cner n c~acrie,
'ro n rpy(nin ~ac po(non ae:n
Cnacn ee or rneinon nanacrn
14
.
B .noxy r. n. nenioro nepeo:a nyn~nan pe~i npnopea rporecinie
]op:i rearpainon (eia:annn: ye(ennie croponnnin pen:a noy~an
no(rnep(enne o]nnnainon iaprnni :npa, a co:nenaimnecn (cpe(n nnx,
npe(noonreino, i n 1nap(oncinn) ninonnn neoxo(n:in pnrya n
nenx ca:oaamnri. Crann nciycno penccnpona moy n nrpa cnoi poi,
ciopee ncero, xopomo nonn:an paanyi creneni ye(ennocrn y~acrnnion. On
i ranni: arenro: n coa(annn .iono:nn (apa n ranni: ee ene]nnnan-
ro:. On c(ea Hpan(y nepmnnon :e(na n cnon: pynopo:. Ha ee crpann-
nax nniro ne :or iocnyricn opaaa no(n ea ero caninnn.
Poi ne~arn n no((epannn cncre:i nyn~noro naiia rpy(no nepeone-
nnri. Ona aanonna npocrpancrno, ioropoe n npornnno: cy~ae io i
oripiro (n nipana:a roocon. Bacri cncre:i na( y:a:n pn(onix rpa-
(an, (ae ecn onn ne y~acrnonan n ee ]yninnonnponannn, ia n:nnnnr-
non, nponnnnci n mnpoio: ncnoiaonannn ee :era]op. ]o:nnanrnon :era-
]opon conercioro npe:enn cra nyri (no nyrn i io::ynna:y, ennncio-
cranncin: nyre:), coornercrnenno noea( napn(y c anro:one: raie ]n-
rypnponan n .ron ioncrpyinnn. Ka(an :era]opa co(epaa opaa rpanc-
noprnoro cpe(crna, n(ymero no aa(annon rpaeiropnn. A. C. Apnoncinn, ne-
cioiio paa inmnn no( apecro:, no npo(oanmnn nepnri n cnpane(n-
nocri conercioro crpon, nnone eccoanareino opamacn n cnoe: (nennnie
i o]nnnaino ocnnmenno:y opaay nyrn, ior(a c coaenne: aa:e~a naiany-
ne cnoero noce(nero apecra n na~ae 1988 ro(a: Anani noxoa na ciopin
noea(. 1e, iro n:eer ner, e(yr, (pyrne cronr n c:orpnr na nponocnmnncn
:n:o cocran. Y :enn i ner n n roe ere no nann na .ro: noea(e
1b
.
Ben~anmne pyccine nncaren :era]opn~ecin npe(crannn nani iai nyri
na cy(. 5. Hacrepnai aanepmn noce(nee crnxornopenne po:ana ]oirop
Annaro cona:n: Ko :ne na cy(, iai apn iapanana, ; Croerin noninyr
na re:nori
1b
.
K ionny 1920-x rr. nyri npenparncn n ynnnepcainyi :era]opy, ore(n-
nnimyi :aie :era]opi .noxn nepnon nnrnerin
17
. 1ai, ypnancri ~ac-
ro ncnoiaonan ]ponr n araiy (n ooana~ennn nporpecca na ro: nn
nno: nanpanennn, a nnni (n noiaaa nanpanennn, naopaan nponecc
crponreicrna n iareropnnx nyrn (or npoeira i npoeiry) n:ecro oi~nix n
.rnx cy~anx :era]op noane(ennn n coopyennn. Ko::enraropi ynorpe-
nn cono nyri (n roro, ~roi cionnenrpnponari nnn:anne na (ocrnennn
neen (n ocoennocrn re:nopainix), nnnnmnxcn oreira:n npniaaon n (n-
peirnn. Aypnancri npny:eniman nacronmne rpy(nocrn n aaori, nceneo
cocpe(oro~nnmnci na nanme: y(yme:, n ioropo: aa(a~n n aa(annn
ye ninoneni. Ueii io npnne~enne nnn:annn i npomo:y n y(yme:y
n cnnenne nnrepeca i nacronme:y, iai y(ro ca:oe (encrnne naxo(nrcn nne-
pe(n nn noaa(n, no ne n nporeiaime: a(eci-n-cen~ac npe:enn.
284
B po:ane 3ooron reenoi, ne~aranme:cn n ypnae 80 (nen na npo-
rnennn 1981 ro(a, n ca:in paarap roo(a, H. Hi] n L. Herpon napo(npona-
n nnrnncrn~eciyi rearpainocri conercion ne~arn. i(en, ioropie ne
~nrair raaer, na(o :opaino ynnari na :ecre, aannner Ocran 5en(ep ne
~nranme:y raaer ]aimnno:y ciny enrenanra L:n(ra, ior(a onn ca(nrcn
n :amnny, ornpannnci n cnoe ana:ennroe nyremecrnne
18
. Hcnoiayn raaer-
nyi nn]op:anni, 5en(ep y:y(pnercn oiaaaricn n(epo: anro-pan, ~ro
npnnocnr npnai n cany noe(nren: n ia(o: nono: ropo(ie no nyrn
ce(onannn. laaera cynr ne roiio ncro~nnio: nn]op:annn (n .ron .cia-
na(i, no raie (aer iyirypnie io(i, neoxo(n:ie (n o:ana o]nnnainix
nn n :ecrax nocemennn. Ho npnirnn n nepnin ropo(oi, oornan na :no-
rne :nn nacronmnx ronmnion, Ocran nncrpyirnpyer cnonx ioer no aa-
ery c raaeron Hanecrnn n pyiax: Ax, (ern, :nie (ern enrenanra L:n(-
ra, no~e:y ni ne ~nraere raaer Hx nyno ~nrari. Onn (onoino ~acro ceir
paay:noe, (opoe, ne~noe
19
. 'nraren naca(anci en(eponcin:n yonia-
:n n ero caron, nocioiiy ca:n in ncnonnren:n nn apnren:n n nann-
aanno: n: npe(cranennn.
Hpn no:omn ne~arn Crann crnr:arnanpona ne roiio nn(nnn(yainix
nonrn~ecinx onnonenron, no n neie connainie rpynni, neno(xo(nmne
(n cneroro y(ymero. Nera]opi nyrn n anaorn~nie :era]opi crpon-
reicrna in n .ro: c:ice iy(a oee onacni:n, ~e: ennncine :era]o-
pi .noxn rpa(ancion nonni. Haopaenne npara no ry cropony appnia(
crnr:arnanponao peainix n oripirix onnoannnonepon; o(naio ioncrpyn-
ponanne neoro :npa, nanonennoro o(nn:n .nryanacra:n, n(ymn:n no nyrn
connancrn~ecioro crponreicrna, crnr:arnanponao ncex, iro (ae npe:en-
no co:nenacn, n coa(anao n crpane ar:oc]epy noncrnne napanon(ainon
(nreinocrn. Hyri n cnnaannie c nn: :era]opi no((epnnan opaa
omecrna coan(areen n .nryanacron, ninonnimnx aa(a~n, ce(yimnx
renepainon nnnn n (nnraimnxcn nnepe( no :epe ninonennn npnia-
aon na :noecrne ]ponron. Hyri npe(ana aanenni n cpacina na
cnaiy ncropnn ncex, iro :ema npo(nnenni nnepe(, o(nonpe:enno npn-
(anan ~yncrno omnocrn ce(onanmn: .ro:y nyrn. 3a(a~n no(~nnnn re-
iymne (encrnnn oimn: nen:, cnnan, o(naio, re:nopainyi n :opainyi
ana~n:ocri yacnon nonce(nennocrn. Crponia npe(noaraa, ~ro i(n nn-
nircn ocnonni: crponreini: :arepnao:. Boennie :era]opi :apin-
ponan ayrcan(epon iai nparon, or ioropix ce(yer o~ncrnri nyri.
Hcnxoorn~ecinn nacrpon conercion ne~arn .roro npe:enn coa(ana cn-
ryanni nenoa:onocrn cymecrnonannn iaioro-no paanoopaann, necora-
cnn nn nonion]op:na:a. Cona, ~ame ncero ncnoiaye:ie (n n(enrn]nia-
nnn nparon n 1980-e rr., npe(nrei n (nypymnni, orcian i opaay cipi-
roro, nponninynmero n omecrno npa(enoro ]pyroro. B .ro: ionreicre
~acro ncnoiaonaoci raie cono ne~ncri. Anrponoor N.pn ]yrac, aa-
nn:aimancn a]pniancin:n omecrna:n, onpe(ena crpax aapaennn conn-
ainoro opranna:a iai noce(nnn napa(oic n noncie ~ncroro n conepmen-
noro omecrna
20
. Kaprnna aa, naopaae:oro n ne~arn .noxn nepnon nnrn-
erin n 1980-x rr. n neo:, aoneme nano:nnaer onncannin ]yrac rnn o-
mecrna, na ioroporo ao (ono iri ecio:npo:nccno ncroprnyro
21
.
!#
3ra rnrnenn~ecian ~epra nonrn~ecinx ronennn n CCCP (eaa nx
cxon:n c ynn~roenne: nanncra:n enpeen, niran, ro:oceicyancron n (p.
connainix rpynn, :apinponannix iai neeareinie n no(pinaimne ne-
ocrnocri (o:nnnpyimero .rnoca. Crann n ero a(enri nii~nn n non-
rn~ecine pnryai n nyn~nyi nani no(onyi e nepy n n(eainin
omecrnennin nopn(oi, npe(noaraimnn nenaenoe ncropenne na ome-
crna ncex ~y(ix .e:enron. Haopaenne nparon n myroncio: nn(e n-
mao nx nacrn n (eao erio noe(ae:i:n. B ar:oc]epe neaamnmen-
nocrn n neynepennocrn n cee :nornx nonix ~enon naprnn io nano
npey:enimnri cny nx noopaae:ix onnonenron n yipennri nx ynepen-
nocri n cocrnennix cnax. He~ari aanyrnnaa ~nrareen yacaimn:n
opaaa:n nnrepnenron no npe:n noennon nannin 1928 n 1927 rr., ior(a
onacnocri ia :nnn:ainon, no ocnaae:on. Yrpoaa cn:non~ecio:y nopn(-
iy n xo(e ioeirnnnaannn n nepnon nnrnerin n ro(i noce nnx ia
iy(a peainee, n crpax erio ~nraercn n ca:o: (nciypce rex er. C roro
:o:enra, ior(a ne~arn io nepe(ano ynpanenne cn:non~ecin: :npo: co-
nercioro omecrna, ona ne :ora ynrn or ]yninnn crnr:arnaannn o]nnnai-
no npe(nncannix nparon.
1earpanaonannan iyirypa 1980-x, ocnonannan na nonrope n nponrpina-
nnn o(nnx n rex e poen, ia nmena rniocrn n noro:y ne :ora n:eri
(eo c neanaio:i:n ciera:n n ionann:n. 3ro nnior(a ne io oee
o~enn(no n nnior(a ne oxo(noci croi (oporo, iai n nepnie (nn nonni.
'nraren or~annno ncian nn]op:annn n pyiono(crna, ror(a iai ypnan-
cri (epanci aa anaio:ie ]paai, conepmenno nenpnro(nie (n onncannn
n ananaa nponcxo(nmero paarpo:a
22
. Bonna, n orn~ne or yipanncioro ro-
o(a, ne :ora nponrn ne aa:e~ennon n ne~arn, no(ono o~epe(no:y coi-
rni n (nnno: nenaopcio: cnncie neyno:nnae:oro. B ro e npe:n, ee nei-
an io pacnncari aapanee, a rparn~ecine coirnn na nonx cpaennn (ana-
n cnmio: :ao ocnonannn (n onrn:na:a. Pe(airopi rnna ]ann(a Op-
renepra na Kpacnon anea(i n ypnancri rnna Koncranrnna Cn:onona
nn Bacnnn lpocc:ana in cnoconi no(~nnnricn o]nnnainon iyiry-
pe conercion ne~arn n ron :epe, n ioropon n: y(anaoci coxpannri cnoi
noannni, coa(anan noo(ymennimnn noennin (nciypc. Kai n: .ro y(ana-
oci, ocraercn nacronmn: ~y(o: ncrnnnoro narpnorna:a, cnococrnonanme-
ro conercion noe(e.
He:enioe nropenne n nine 1941 ro(a paapymno crapin cranncinn
(nciypc, rai ~ro (ae Hpan(a oripia cnon crpannni noni: rooca: n
noni: opaaa: co(ar, naprnaan n rpa(ancinx nn. Ocy(enne ipoiparn-
~ecinx aa(a~ ycrynno :ecro nonocrn: c ]ponra; nonna nannaaa cnoi npan-
(y, ~acro ne con:ecrn:yi c npenn: nyn~ni: naiio: n ne n:enmyi nn~e-
ro omero c no:neani: cranncin: crponreicrno: io::ynna:a. Hanpo-
rnn, npe(noennin repon~ecinn na]oc npniaaon no(n oopa~nnacn ion]y-
ao:, no(ono nanecrno:y nepno:ancio:y npniaay 1942 ro(a paarpo:nri ne:-
nen n re~enne ro(a. B .rnx yconnnx po(acn airepnarnnnin napparnn o
peaino: onire nonni, ocnonannin na conepmenno nno: opaae rpa(annna
n ero connainon pon.
28b
Bonna nropraci n crannciyi nceennyi 1980-x rr., n re, iro nnca (n
Hpan(i n (pyrnx nenrpainix conercinx raaer, niny(eni in na:ennri
npennn conercinn naii c re:, ~roi c:orperi n nno cyponon peainocrn.
Bropenne neian io orpnnari, no ca:o ero npnananne io niaono: yiope-
nnnme:ycn rnny penopraa. O(naio (ae no npe:n nonni conercian ne~ari
ne oriaaaaci or cnonx npe(noennix npnni~ei. 1ai, n re~enne 19411942 rr.
raaeri y:y(pnnci ne yno:nnari o penpeccnnx npornn neix nannn (na~nnan
c nonocinx ne:nen), nenennix co(arax, oiaaanmnxcn n ne:enio: oipy-
ennn, o rai naainae:ix nanniepax n r. (. Ueie nacri nepnoro ro(a nonni
in raynanponani. Hpan(a n:ecro roro, ~roi nocnnrnri cnon penopra-
n ne:enio:y nacrynenni, ne~araa :arepnai o ro:, iai repon~ecin n
ycnemno ono orpaaercn
28
. Pe(airopi npo(oan .neprn~no npo(nnrari cra-
nncinn iyir n (pyrne anaio:ie ~epri npenero nopn(ia, no neocnopn:ie
]airi nonni coa(anan npocrpancrno (n nonix roocon n nonix nyren oc-
:icennn omecrnennoro crpon, nyn~non nacrn n nn(nnn(a
24
.
22 ninn 1941 ro(a Hpan(a ia nona oi~nix (n 1980-x rr. nonocren.
Ha ce(yimnn (eni raaera coomna o na~ae nonni napanni:n ne o~eni
ipynni: mpn]ro: nnrara:n na pa(noopamennn Noorona, ornnnnmero, ~ro
namn (oecrnie ap:nn n ]or n c:eie coioi conercion annannn nane-
cyr coipymnreinin y(ap arpeccopy n nooemanmero, ~ro noe(a y(er aa
na:n. Hoprper Cranna aanonn nepxnnn enin yro nepnon crpannni, a
reicr pe~n Noorona pacnoaracn cnpana. Yiaai o :onnaannn n omecr-
nenno: nopn(ie nynionanci nne. Ocrainan ~acri raaeri co(epaa
or~eri o copannnx pao~nx, ioxoannion, nnrenrennnn c npoinrnn:n ne:-
na: n oemannn:n no:omn ]ponry.
B .ro: nepno: noenno: no:epe anropi no(rnep(an nepnocri ycranon-
enno:y nopn(iy: iyir no(n n xapna:arn~ecian ernrn:annn nacrn, on-
aareinoe e(nncrno n n(en rpa(ancrna, ocnonannoro na nocropenno: npn-
nrnn conercinx nncrnrynnn. Copannn c yrpoaa:n ]amncrcin: :epaanna:
nano:nnan o npe(i(yme: (ecnrnernn n (ae o 1920-x, ior(a ~nrareen
nor~enan or~era:n o copannnx c npnaina:n rpa(an i pacnpane na( non-
rn~ecin:n onnonenra:n. 1oiio n pe~n Noorona :ono paan~nri nonie
nori, iaine-ro na:ein na :enee paa(enimnn, oee nii~aimnn connai-
nin crpon. C na(enne: ropo(on, nenenne: n rneii nonci, penoprepi npe-
iparnn yno:nnari o ionipernix onx. K cepe(nne nin onn naeran yno-
:nnannn ropo(on, no ronopnn roiio o Cenepo-3ana(no:, 3ana(no: n Kro-
3ana(no: nanpanennnx. Hepe( na:n ionirnan rpanc]op:annn :era]o-
pi nyrn :era]opi, ioropan ciopo nnoni ncniner, no renepi ne iai
ennncio-cranncinn nyri n ne iai nyri i io::ynna:y, a iai nyri na
5epnn. Kai i ro nn io, ca:n connainie nen c(nnnynci no( y(apa:n
ne:eninx aaxnar~nion or npennx cranncinx npe(cranennn c .nryana-
cra:n n repon:n i conepmenno peainon opie oimnncrna rpa(an aa
ninnanne.
Hpoe:a arpnynnn nopaennn n noe( ia nenrpainon (n coa(annn
naneycron~nnoro napparnna noennoro npe:enn. Aypnancri ne :orn npn-
nncari paapaannmyicn y ncex na raaax iaracrpo]y Cranny. K ne:y raie
!%
neian io anenponari c npnaino: cnacrn Poccni. 1ai, anropi Hpan(i
aancnponan :e(y (ny:n nonn:annn:n ~eone~ecioro none(ennn. B nep-
no: cy~ae i(en (nnran Crann, naprnn n rocy(apcrno. Bo nropo: i(n
(encrnonan no paani: :ornna: or narpnorna:a (o ca:oaamnri, aamnri
nainx n :ecrn. B re~enne 194142 rr., ior(a pemn:ocri nacren ia
noioeena, aanc c(nnnycn c homo so.ielicus, nepconaa npe(noennon
:e(nainon nponaran(i
2b
. B .ro npe:n re, iro nnca (n Kpacnon anea(i
(no raie n (n Hpan(i, n (pyrnx nenrpainix raaer), coa(anan opaa
ca:ocronreinoro rpa(annna c noni: ~yncrno: ornercrnennocrn n :ornna-
nnen. B .rnx yconnnx .iono:nia (apa ia nepe]op:ynponana rain: opa-
ao:, ~ro aro(apnocri ma ne Cranny, a Kpacnon Ap:nn n pn(oni: co(a-
ra:. 'eone~ecinn nnrepec niainan ncropnn o nociax, cnnaannix ne (n
Cranna, a (n ionipernix co(ar, ocnoo(anmnx (epennn nn nornanmnx,
aamnman nx.
Bonna nopo(na nonin rnn penopraa n npnroi nreparypnix raanron.
Hncaren, cranmne noenni:n ioppecnon(enra:n n ~acro cpaanmnecn ne-
~o: i ne~y c co(ara:n, nia(inan n ro, ~ro onn nncan, conce: nnoe co(ep-
anne, ~e: cranncine nreparypnie no(enmnin npe(noennoro npe:enn. Onn
in ]ponroni:n ioppecnon(enra:n n, iai n nx repon, n:en npo]eccnonai-
nin npecrn, o ioropo: ypnancri 1980-x rr. ne :orn n :e~rari. Kor(a
noennie ioppecnon(enri cran nncari ne o :ocioncinx no(nx, a o co(arax,
rpa(ancinx nnax n naprnaanax, necmnx na cnonx ne~ax rnecri nonni,
onn anan, o ~e: n (n ioro nnmyr. Onn nepconananponan pacciaa o opie,
npnnnocn n nero cocrnennin onir. Nnorn:n penoprepa:n nipaaaci n(en
o ro:, ~ro co(ari cpaaircn aa nainx, r. e. peainix, nanecrnix n: n
nnone ionipernix i(en, a ne aa acrpairnin n(eainin napo(. Bonna
noapo(na nonnrne nyn~noro nnrepeca, npnnecn i(n: orpo:noe ea-
nne anari, ~ro e nponcxo(nr; ona ycranonna nonie ornomennn :e(y ]pon-
roni: ypnancro: n omecrno:, :ao noxone na npenne, croi ycep(no
nannainae:ie n 1980-e rr.
Honopornin :o:enr n nonne, Crannrpa(, nponane nropon cepieanin c(nnr
n penpeaenrannn conercioro omecrna n ne~arn. Kor(a, iaaaoci, o]nnnai-
nin napparnn norepn ncniyi (ocronepnocri n xo(e nopaennn n or~ann-
nix nrn 194142 rr., noce(onanmne aa Crannrpa(o: noe(i n(oxnyn
nonyi nani n npennn cranncinn pnrya. Horoi :e(aen n nyn~nix
ecron nanonn crpannni raaer .roro nepno(a. 1ai, c oimn:n no(pono-
crn:n ne~ari coomaa o nonon o]nnepcion ynn]op:e. 3rn ]airi no(~epin-
nan nepapxni n yrnep(an poi rocy(apcrna iai ncro~nnia narpa(, no~ec-
ren n craryca. Hpo(nnenne cranncioro iyira (a no(i npeaenrnponacn
n ne~arn co nce oimen no:non iai Bepxonnin lannoio:an(yimnn n
apxnreirop Hoe(i) io nanon ~acrii :onnaannn crapon cranncion
rnap(nn. Haionen, noccranonenne: npenero nopn(ia cran nyniannn n
Hpan(e rpa]apernix ipoiparn~ecinx or~eron o paore naprnnnix n ro-
cy(apcrnennix opranon. Hpan(a coomaa o noe(ax no( ]an]api o]nnn-
ainoro narpnorna:a n nocronnnix o]nnnainix npniaaon Cranna cnon:
renepaa: n :apmaa:.
288
Ho :nenni pn(a ncropnion, nonna yipenna crannciyi nacri na( coner-
cin: omecrno: n iyirypon
2b
. 5eayconno, rmareino cioncrpynponannin n
penpeaenrnponannin noennin onir cyn crannaannn ocnonnix :n]on,
ne:enrnpyimnx conercioe omecrno. H xorn ypnancrcinn no(xo( i npo-
e:a: narpnorna:a, rpa(ancrnennocrn, :ornnannn n ry:anna:a na nonne
i nonocrii no(~nnen cranncion .rnie, oripirne ne~arn ~yncrna: n oni-
ry mnpoion nynin io ~acrii nannonainoro noapo(ennn, ioropo:y
ecn ne nonocrii, ro xorn i ~acrn~no Conercinn Coia i onaan Hoe-
(on. ly:anncrn~ecine nennocrn, nepnynmnecn na crpannni ne~arn n paccia-
aax o noenno: onire, in peaini:n, n reiymnn napparnn n ionrp-napparnn
orpaan (encrnnreinie na:enennn n none(ennn n ncnxoornn i(en. ]a-
e noccranonenne xapairepnix (n cranncion iyirypi napanonn n ice-
no]onn, oripirix yrpoa n (paiononcinx naiaaannn ne :oro nonocrii
creperi na:nri nonni, paapymnri re nyrn, ioropi:n mo orpaenne noennoro
onira y~mn:n ]ponroni:n ypnancra:n.
Crann y:ep n ro npe:n, ior(a a(anne npe(noennon nyn~non iyirypi
io n ocnonno: noccranoneno, no ocranaaci neonpe(eennocri ornocn-
reino roro, iai ono y(er yipameno, ocraneno n naceeno. Cranncine
nace(nnin coxpannn orynnimnn naii nyn~non nann, nne(pennin n
raaeri n o]nnnainie reicri, no (ae n: rpeonanci nonie cona (n orxo-
(a or nonrn~ecion opro(oicnn n (n nonoro :imennn. He n:en nonoro
conapn, aaarie crapon cranncion pnropnion (ae n yainx copannnx
(iai noiaainair, nanpn:ep, nporoioi ceipernoro neny:a UK n nie 19b8
ro(a), onn ope~eni in nepnyricn na npenne nyrn
27
. Xpymen ope neio-
ropyi rniocri aro(apn iyirypnon oripirocrn orrenen. Cnycrn (ecn-
rnernn lopa~en npo(nnnycn eme (aime no .ro:y nyrn; no n .noxy, ior(a
conercinn omecrnennin crpon n .iono:nia npo(e:oncrpnponan cnoi ne-
nanecnoconocri, iyirypnie n ypnancrcine nnnonannn oiaaanci npai-
rn~ecin nepeenanrni:n. Nono, ce(onareino, yrnep(ari, ~ro xorn n rpex
ocnonnix ncropn~ecinx ro~iax (nonna, c:epri Cranna n npnxo( i nacrn
lopa~ena) (nciypcnnnie ionnennnn conercion ne~arn :ennnci c re:, ~ro-
i crn:ynponari paannrne conercioro omecrna, onn ia(in paa oiaaina-
nci ne(ocraro~ni:n (n roro, ~roi y(eparicn nn n:eri npo(onrei-
nin .]]eir. 1ai ~ro eme n ionne 198b ro(a conercian ne~ari npo(oaa
no:emari na nepnix crpannnax or~eri o pacrymnx y(onx :ooia n (onpiax,
crpe:nmnxcn i pocry :oo~noro nponano(crna.
Hyn~nie io::enrapnn i connaino ana~n:i: coirnn: nnnircn ne-
orre:e:on ~acrii ncex nn(ycrpnainix omecrn, ea nnx noome nenoa-
:ono npe(crannri cee conpe:ennyi nani. Ha~nnan c .noxn Hpocneme-
nnn n Lnpone X\lll neia, ne~ari ne roiio aann:aaci nyn~ni: io::enrn-
ponanne: nonrn~ecion n connainon nann, no n nea (naor :e(y npann-
reicrno: n omecrno:. Ona npenparnaci n nncrpy:enr ioeirnnnoro :o-
painoro cy(ennn, ~ro n npe(noaraercn nonnrne: omecrnennoe :nenne
28
.
3rn ]yninnn ~acro acconnnpyircn c ca:n: nonnrne: rpa(ancioro omecrna,
orn~noro or rocy(apcrna, a raie c nonnrne: nyn~non c]epi, n ioropon
paan~nie y~acrnnin cnoo(no ocy(air nanie (n ncex npoe:i ea
!'
(nirara iaioro-ro o(noro rooca, nii~an rocy(apcrno
29
. He~arnoe cono npn-
(ao nec raio:y nnenpannreicrnenno:y (nciypcy na omeana~n:ie re:i,
ero ca:ocoananni n ca:openpeaenrannn. Hyn~nie io::enrapnn n ne~arn
cran cnocoo: nipaorin con:ecrnon nonecrin (nn (n omecrna n npann-
reicrna, (n oc:icennn ipnrn~ecinx pemennn n ]op:nponannn nannonai-
non n(enrn~nocrn. Paanoopaane roocon n ne~arn npo(oaer cynri na-
cronmn: peaepnyapo: nonrn~ecion iyirypi n omeana~n:on nn]op:annn.
]openoinnonnan Poccnn ia n .ro: c:ice orcraon, no ee ne~ari,
nec:orpn na napciyi nenaypy, (ocrnra nce e onpe(eennoro yponnn penpe-
aenrarnnnocrn
80
. Conercian e ne~ari n ne~ari crpan Bocro~noro oia, na-
xo(nci n npnnnernponanno: nooennn, iyirnnnponaa :onononcrn~ecinn
(nciypc, ne ~yncrnnreinin i na:ennimn:cn connaini: yconnn:. 1ain:
opaao:, conercinn nonrn~ecinn iacc npe(oxpann cen n (pyrnx or ipnrn-
~ecioro nn(ennn oipyaimero :npa. B noce(nne ro(i penencioro pyio-
no(crna io nenoa:ono nyn~noe ocy(enne iaracrpo]n~ecioro cocron-
nnn oipyaimen cpe(i, orpo:nix .iono:n~ecinx aarpar n ne.]]eirnnnocrn
.iono:nin n neo:, pacrymen ioppynnnn, ~y(onnmnon nonni n A]ranncra-
ne. Crpana na n cnryannn orcyrcrnnn rpa(ancioro (nciypca, n ioropo:
connainie npoe:i :orn i iri aprniynponani. B peayirare neocy-
mecrnn:on craa connainan ca:ope]eicnn, a npoeirnpye:in opaa omecr-
na ne :or iri npncnocoen i peainocrn, nce(crnne ~ero on n ione~no:
c~ere n pacnacn. 1ai ~ro n:enno orcyrcrnne: rpa(ancioro (nciypca n
ionne ionnon :oer iri orncnen croi neon(annin ipax cncre:i, ne
ocrannnmen noce cen nniainx cepieanix napo(aimnxcn airepnarnn.
K ionny io::ynncrn~ecioro npanennn ne roiio ne noannio nniaion cepi-
eanon onnoannnn, cnoconon nicrynnri c noanrnnnon nporpa::on noapo(e-
nnn, no neian io n pacc~nrinari na connainin orner na iaiyi i ro nn
io, (ae norennnainyi airepnarnny.
Hepeeo0 c ane.ucxoeo E. Ancan
1
H. H.t, E. Hempoe. Copanne co~nnennn n nnrn ro:ax. 1. 2. N., 19b1. C. 44.
2
3ror anei(or nocnponano(nrcn, n ~acrnocrn, n in.: H. Lumc. ]nennni Benio-
ro Hepeo:a (Napr 1928 Anrycr 1981). Hapn, 1991. C. 107.
8
Nnorne anropi onncinan c:nrenne cpe(n nonrn~ecinx pyiono(nreen iai
nicmero, rai n cpe(nero anena, aanepmnnmeecn ana:ennri: cranncin: loonoipy-
enne: or ycnexon (2 :apra 1980 r.). C:., nanp.: L. e.a0u, T. Apac. Crann. N.,
1990. C. 1b11b8.
4
M. akhlin. 1he Dialogic lmaginalion ; Nichael Holquisl (Ld.). Auslin, 1exas,
1981. P. 848848.
b
O roocax n raaere c:.: M. Schudson. Discovering lhe News. New Yorl, 1978;
Peading lhe News ; P. Nano, N. Schudson (ed.). New Yorl, 198b.
b
O conocrn ~rennn conercion ne~arn c:.: V. Shlapenlokh. 1wo Levels o Opinion:
1he Soviel Case ;; Public Opinion Quarlerly. ! 49;4 (Winler 198b). P. 4484b9.
240
7
Hepnin Bcecoianin crea( conercinx nncareen. Crenorpa]n~ecinn or~er. N.,
1984. C. 279.
8
Hpan(a. 14 :an 1941.
9
3rn n (pyrne yrnep(ennn ornocnreino ion~ecrnennoro aanca :arepnaon
n ne~arn ocnonani n ocnonno: na ananae pacnpe(eennn noma(n n ion~ecrna
:arepnaon n noennix no:epax. C:.: !. tooks. 1hanl You, Comrade Slalin: Soviel
Public Cullure rom Pevolulion lo Cold War. Princelon, 2000. P. 291.
10
3ra arpnynnn ipoiparnn nonnnercn n b4 npoanananponannix craren
(:e(y nine: 1940 n :ae: 1941 rr.), aannnmnx 72 raaernon noma(n, nocnnmennon
xoanncrnenni: npoe:a:.
11
!. tooks. Pevolulionary Lives: Public ldenlilies in Pravda during lhe 1920s ;;
New Direclions in Soviel Hislory ; S. While (ed.). Cambridge, Nass., 1991.
12
C:. naiar Cnacno po(no:y Cranny!, nocnponane(ennin c no~ronon or-
ipirin 1989 r. H. Baronnon: M. anxuna. Xy(oecrnennan oripiria: i croerni
oripirin n Poccnn. N., 1998. C. 229 (! 877).
18
O pon Cranna n coa(annn cocrnennoro iyira c:.: !. tooks. 1hanl You,
Comrade Slalin. P. b1-70.
14
Hpan(a. 22 (eiapn 1949 r.
1b
Unr. no: lnlimacy and 1error: Soviel Diaries o lhe 1980s ; \. Garros,
N. Korenevslaya, 1. Lahusen (Ld.). New Yorl, 199b. P. 189.
1b
. Hacmepnax. ]oirop Annaro. N., 1990. C. 408.
17
C:.: G. Lako[[, M. !ohnson. Nelaphors We Live By. Chicago, 1980. P. 1424.
Hyri nonnnercn n 27 na 1b9 paan~nix nepe(onnn c 1928 no 1982 rr.
18
H. H.t, E. Hempoe. Yiaa. co~. C. 44.
19
1a: e. C. b9.
20
C:.: M. Douglas. Purily and danger: Analysis o lhe Concepls o Pollulion and
1aboo. London, 1994. P. 1b8.
21
1a: e. P. 172.
22
C:.: !. tooks. 1hanl You, Comrade Slalin. P. 1b9194.
28
Bo npe:n nonni Hpan(y pe(airnpona ~en UK H. H. Hocneon; (pyron ~en
UK, L. N. Apocancinn, nxo(n n cocran pe(ioernn. C:.: Hcropnn Ko::ynncrn~ec-
ion naprnn Conercioro Coiaa. N., 1970. C. 411.
24
ernrn:annn nyre: orciin i Cranny xapairepna npnnanreino (n ~er-
neprn npoanananponannix npe(noennix craren c ninn 1940 no nini 1941 rr.; (n
nnron ~acrn aa nepno( nonni 28 n 1948 ro(y, no nmi 1b n 194041 rr.
2b
3ror rep:nn po(ncn n 1990-e rr. Hponenr craren c arpnynnen ycnexon rocy-
(apcrnenni: oprana: yna c b4 n npoanananponannix crarinx aa nini 1940 :an
1941 rr. (o 1b aa nepno( c ninn 1941 no (eiapi 1942 rr. O(naio n 19484b rr.
.ror noiaaarei noapoc (o b4. Ho orne(ennon raaernon noma(n crarin .roro rnna
coiparnnci c 72 (o 8 aa ror e nepnin nepno( nonni, no nipoc (o 48 n 1948
ro(y n (o b0 n 19444b rr.
2b
,. o.xoeonoe. 1pny:] n rpare(nn. H. B. Crann. Kn. 2. '. 1. N., 1989.
C. 1747b; !. atbet, M. Hattison. 1he Soviel Home lronl. Cambridge, 1991. P. 208.
27
1he Beria Aair: 1he Secrel 1ranscri pls o lhe Neelings Signaling lhe Lnd o
Slalinism ; D. N. Sliclle (ed.). New Yorl, 1992; ]eo 5epnn. Heny: UK KHCC.
Hii 19b8 r. Crenorpa]n~ecinn or~er ;; Hanecrnn UK KHCC. 1991. ! 1. C. 189
214; ! 2. C. 141208.
"
28
C:.: R. Aoselleck. Crilique and Crisis: Lnlighlenmenl and lhe Palhogenesis o
Nodern Sociely. Cambridge, Nass. 1988.
29
C:.: !. Habetmas. 1he Slruclural 1ransormalion o lhe Public Sphere: An lnquiry
inlo a Calegory o Bourgeois Sociely. Cambridge, Nass., 1989.
80
C:.: !. tooks. When Pussia Learned lo Pead: Lileracy and Popular Lileralure.
18b11917. Lvanslon, 2008; L. McRepnolds. 1he News Under Pussia`s Old Pegime.
Princelon, 1991.
242
NAHA 1YPOBCKAA
LlKO HA CLP]UL,
HH KPAl1 DUPCH lPLUDL
1
C:orperi, rn(eri, nn(eri!
...Ha ca:o: (ee oronenrpncrcian .pa (n nepe(a~e nonocren, no ncnio:
cy~ae) noma na yii aa(oro (o nacrynennn .noxn, ioropyi :i renepi
naainae: ay(nonnayainon. C :o:enra, ior(a ]arep n Hienc onapynn
noa(encrnne cneronoro y~a na cepepo, ~eone~ecrno, eme ne or(anan cee n
.ro: or~era, npe(no~o naopaenne reicry. Hpnopnrer npnna(ea raaere,
no nicrpnponannie ypnai, no anropnrerno:y :nenni A.-. Cepnan-
Lpanepa, aanonnn (ne npopexn n raaernon nnpiynnnn. Hx nonocrn, ne
pacc~nrannie na cpo~nocri, :orn aaro n arae io::nnonepa (ocrn~i ry-
nnin; n, rannoe, onn :orn ocymecrnnri peia:y na omenannonaino:
yponne (nalional adverlising coverage)
2
.
llluslrierle rex npe:en, ior(a nepe(a~a nonocren na paccronnne nepenna-
a :a(en~ecrno, ]airn~ecin ncnonnn poi y(ymero :aoro .ipana n i-
n ero npn:i:n npe(mecrnennnia:n. Onn (ocrannn apn:ie nonocrn na (o:
n (ean nx ~acrii ce:ennoro n omecrnennoro onxo(a.
Hama re:a cpannenne (nyx ypnaon: conercioro Oroniia n ne:enio-
ro Berliner llluslrirle Zeilung
8
rpn(narix ro(on na yponne re:arn~ecio:.
3ro ne e(nncrnennin n, yni, (ae ne ca:in nnrepecnin, no ncxo(nin yponeni.
Conercio-rep:ancine napaen .roro npe:enn :enee ncero cneiynrnn-
ni nn nonepxnocrni. H: nocnnmena cymecrnennan ~acri nonenmen oaop-
non paori ne:enioro ncropnia ]. L:nxen-Aiiep:anna ]nirarypi n cpan-
nennn
4
. C (pyron croponi, poccnncinn connoor n (e:orpa] A. Bnmnencinn
n cnoen npnnnnnnainon n ]yn(nponannon :onorpa]nn Cepn n pyi. Kon-
cepnarnnnan :o(epnnaannn n CCCP aa:e~aer: H reorpa]n~ecin, n ncropn-
~ecin Poccnn ia ne i lep:annn, ~e: (pyrne crpani :npa, nocrenenno
nrnrnnaimnecn n :o(epnnaanni |...] n ~acrnocrn, n cxo(crne nn(ennn n(e-
ainoro y(ymero. Ono io ne o(nnaioni:, a n:enno cxo(ni: |...]. No(ep-
nnaannn ne ocoananaaci a(eci no ncen ee conocrn, iai :norocroponnnn n
rynnnan nepecrponia ncero connainoro rea, a cranonnaci ~yri n ne
cnnonn:o: o(noro nmi npo:imenno-rexnn~ecioro nporpecca, ioropin :ono
co~erari c coxpanenne: connainon apxanin
b
. Nnorocroponnnn anana
connainin, .iono:n~ecinn, (e:orpa]n~ecinn npnno(nr Bnmnencioro i ni-
no(y o (oronnime: rnne paannrnn oenx crpan nocro~noro pernona Lnponi
c omn: no ornomenni i 3ana(y io:neico:. H connancrn~ecian yronnn
conercioro opaana, n rep:ancian opaana nannona-connancrn~ecioro nepe-
crair n .ro: cnere iri nina(ennn:n na ncropnn, iai .ro nnor(a iaercn,
"!
no cranonnrcn o(nn: na aaiono:epnix ee .ranon. Honpnocri oaynron oia-
ainaercn :enee cymecrnennon cocrannimen, neen npairnia roranrap-
nix pen:on.
Ha ca:o: (ee, 192080-e rr. in npe:ene: (ocraro~no mnpoioro rora-
nrapnoro (no X. Apen(r) .icnepn:enra nn, no (pyron rep:nnoornn, conpe-
:ennix (niraryp
b
. H:enno na .ro: ]one (oneoci Poccnn conepmnri n
yme(me: croernn cnon oimon cia~oi n ca:on ioncepnarnnnon, nepa-
nnonainon n :y~nreinon na ]op:. Hni npnmecn na 1980-e rr. Oronn-
mnci n na:nrn pocion .:e:arnion n rep:nnoornen, onn nce eme ocrair-
cn c]nnico:: :e(y cn:nonion, crarncrnion n conpeana:o: npocrnpaercn
lerra incognila nonce(nennocrn. Paay:eercn, nicrpnponannin ypna npe(-
araer ee n ]op:e (ocraro~no n(eoornanponannon na ypyaanin nn
na connancrn~ecinn a(. Bce e reiy~an :arepnn ira nnior(a ne :oer
iri ]op:anaonana (o ionna, a ]ororpa]nn, no:n:o nepainoro c:ica,
~acro n:eer arenrnoe co(epanne, n no(~ac npe:n cynr nponnnree: ne
xye xn:niaron. H:enno a(eci oripinaercn noa:onocri (n roro .:nnpn-
~ecioro cpannennn (niraryp, o ioropo: ronopnr L:nxen-Aiiep:ann
7
.
Nacconocri eene(einnion, nx aane(o:an (ocyronocri, ~roi ne cia-
aari paaneiareinocri, (eaer nx, no cpannenni c ee(nennon raaeron,
:enee nonrnanponanni:n, oee oinareicin:n. 3noinnn oonx na(a-
nnn ia neci:a paan~na.
Hepnin no:ep O nime n (eiape 1899 ro(a iai npnoenne i ne-
painon raaere Herepyprcine ne(o:ocrn (na(. C. Hponnep). B penoinn-
onno: 1917 ro(y na(anne nonynpnoro eene(einnia npeiparnoci. B 1928
ro(y on i noaononen no nnnnnarnne Nnxana Koinona, ioropin n cra
ranni: pe(airopo: conercion nepcnn O. Ha pyee 1980-x rr. ypna
na(anacn na noxon raaernon y:are, no eme nec na cee oorn ananrap(a.
4ororpa]i O c oimen nn :enimen ornaron npomn ~epea ropnno (epa-
inx nonannn Po(~enio. Hx :acconan npo(yinnn (epnr yponeni. Ho :epe
nacrynennn n:nepciocrn ]ororpa]nn ypnaa ycnoionrcn, c(eaercn :e-
nee (oiy:enrainon, oee penpeaenrarnnnon, nepcria :enee :onra-
non. Aypna npnoperer apn:ie ~epri conpeana:a.
BlZ i ocnonan n 1890 ro(y n pa:iax ipynnenmero na(areicioro (o:a
Ullslein nacrynaa .noxa :acconoro ~nraren. Ha ncxo(e nen:apcinx npe-
:en .ro i opaanonin ypyaano-nepainin ypna na xopomen y:a-
re, n orn~non nonrpa]nn. Lro anponan ]ororpa]nn ia rpa(nnnonnee
oroniioncion. Lnpoio npe(craneno a:epniancioe penopranoe ]oro. B na-
:nrno: 1984 ro(y Yimrenni npnny(eni y(yr ycrynnri cnon ce:ennin
ionnepn HC]AH n ornpannricn n .:nrpanni. Hacrynenne nanna:a, n cnoi
o~epe(i, nepeo(ener BlZ n re:arniy n crnncrniy a la enn Pn]enmrai.
Co npe:ene: crpyirypa n xapairep oonx ypnaon cnaircn. Arnra-
nnn aa c~acrie npannr a. Cn:non~ecin:n cyar re e re:i (annannn,
Apirnia). A n neioropix nynirax (nanpn:ep, Hapncian nicrania 1987 ro-
(a) cy~aercn npn:oe nepece~enne. Hpn .ro: oa na(annn ne nmeni copen-
nonareinocrn: in:in npar (epnrcn n oiynpe.
244
5YPAYA3HLH H AH1H5YPAYA3HLH AYPHA
1980 ro( i o(nnaiono pyeni: (n CCCP n lep:annn. Hoce ipaxa
Hii-nopicion npn (29 oirnpn 1929 ro(a) na~aaci Benian (enpeccnn,
ocoenno crpamnan (n Ben:apcion pecnynin, ornromennon noce(crnnn-
:n Bepcaicioro :npa. 14 cenrnpn 1980 ro(a nannona-connancri o(epar
cnoi nepnyi noe(y na niopax n Penxcrar.
B CCCP aanepmnrcn, n ocnonno: n ranno:, nropan, cranncian penoinnn
(ioeirnnnaannn), na~nyrcn cranncine nnrnerin n ypannaannn: ncxo( (e-
pennn n ropo(. 3ro y(er nanr-o:a, no noce(crnnn ee noia nepaan~n-
:i iaercn, ~ro nn(ycrpnanaannn c:oer n ipar~anmne cpoin na:ennri
crpany.
Honnrno, ~ro oa ypnaa cronr n .ro npe:n nepe( paani:n aa(a~a:n n
paanon ay(nropnen.
BlZ i ypnao: paaneiareini: n, cioiio :or, na connainie norpn-
cennn aaipina raaa. Nnnn:y: nonrnin: lnrep nona n ia(p roiio o(na-
(i, iai cnn(erei na nponecce (1929. ! 2b. C. 114b)
8
. 3nea(i cnopra, inno
n npo~. (Naic L:ennr, Napen ]nrpnx, nica(nnmancn n lonny(e, 'apia
nn(epr), ropecrna n cna(ii Ben~ecrn, n ro: ~nce ca:ix .iaorn~ecinx.
Cencannn ne~nin (nnrarei CNH, xorn ona eme ocraercn ]yninnen cie-
ra no npen:ymecrny. Lme ne coa(ana cencannonnan nepcria nocenoennix
ypnaon, ]ororpa]nn eme rmnrcn ycnoionri ~nraren.
Oa ypnaa nacenir paanie i(n. BlZ ypna o ropo(e n (n ropo-
(a. Kaccono-ni(epannan :acconia O noia (epenencian no npen:ymecrny:
na crpannnax ypnaa npe(craer nno ipecrinncion crpani n :o:enr ee
ncxo(a n ropo(.
O na pyee (ecnrnernn iy(a :enee paaneiareen. On ne crecnnercn
cnoen arnrnpononcion ]yninnn, n ero ionei nani npacnox. Y(einin
nec ]ororpa]nn n ne: nime, a nepcria :onranee, ~e: n ne:enio:. On noia
crapaercn, no cona: Nanioncioro, nani nepe(eari, a ne nocnenari.
H(eoor n :enrop penoinnonnon ]ororpa]nn Po(~enio cnnaina paapy-
menne crapon ]ororpa]nn c paapymenne: craporo :npa, a nonyi c opi-
on aa ]ororpa]n~ecinn naii (n noiaaa conercion re:i, c noncio: rex
ro~ei, c iainx :i eme ne npnniin nn(eri
9
. On i nnn:areen i no~epiy
ia(oro na penoprepon, nepeapina nnepnni o(nnx, y~n (pyrnx. Ye ca:
Po(~enio i ornnen ]op:ancro:, no eme aa:erna na crpannnax O ero
arnrannn aa ]airi, |...] aa penopra. Nomnin c(nnr, cnpononnponannin n:,
no:oraer c(eari nn(n:i: c(nnr, nepennae:in crpanon.
3na:ennran ]ororpa]nn: L(yr crponri Nociny. Kpecrinne-orxo(-
nnin, ioropi: aanrpa npn(ercn crari nn(ycrpnaini:n pao~n:n, npnnnri
n cnon pyin nonenmne rexnoornn, n:noprnponannie c 3ana(a, roiio ~ro
comn c noea(a. Onn eme ne cnnn anrn, neayr na (o:y nni nce cnoe
nn(ycrpnainoe npomoe. Ho(nnci n:neparnnna: O(nn: na yainx` :ecr
|...] nnnercn oecne~enne |...] inan]nnnponannon pao~en cnon |...] Hpo-
:imennoe crponreicrno :oer n (ono iri n nonon :epe oecne~eno
pao~en cnon (1980. ! 11. C.7). L(na n iaian crarncrnia :oer (oxo(~n-
"#
nee orncnnri, n cioi yaioe :ecro ynpercn rpo:a(ie nanon. Cono
inan]nnnponannon npnxo(nr n narn(noe n ipn~amee npornnope~ne c
]oro. Hnrneria, aainman y~ecri ~eone~ecinn ]airop, na crpannnax O
cranonnrcn o~epe(non rpa(ancion nonnon. C 4POH1A HA1HL1KH. One-
parnnnan cno(ia. Hpoxo(nan 3eirpoaano(a .]]eirno o]op:ena n nn(e
rania c nymion. Paiopi onapynn n rpanc]op:aropno: ecnanonocri,
paarni(nncrno n npe(nreicrno (1980. ! 2b. C. 8). ]e]nnnrnin cnapmni
n:ecro nponnennn .nryanaa:a xore, ~roi oime narnn, n i c noaopo:
narnan. Ha Kpacno: nyrnonne npopin (o(no na in:ix con .noxn),
onnoprynncrn~ecioe pyiono(crno. B pn( cronr a:epniancine apnoci`.
Onn :o~ar, no ner y:eon pyin, ioropan nycrna i nx n xo(. Her xoann-
cioro raaa, ioropin npe(ocreper i nx or ecione~nix noo:oi. 1oiio
oy~n: pao~ero on n ernr na (pyron aano(, r(e oime narnr` |...]. B
on na ninn(anni npopina! (1980. ! 28. C. 8.) Hpn .ro: i(n ~aca:n
cronr n xnocrax n y]ere, a na ]ponre npo(onoicrnnn n na none ome-
crnennocrn po(naci nonan ]op:a pao~ero cnaennn aaipirie pac-
npe(enren npo(yiron nnrannn (1980. ! 80. C. 8). Ha ]oro pacnpe(enre-
n :ono paarn(eri naiarni, npnainaimnn npo(anna n noiynaren i naa-
n:non nennocrn.
Hpoc:arpnnan io:neiri ypnaa, cranmero ncecoianon crenraaeron, :o-
no mar aa maro: npoce(nri, iai no ncrpe~no: (nnennn nepxon n nnaon
n:ecro nnnnnaannn po(aercn :o(ei :onnaannonnon conercion .iono-
:nin c ee (o:nnanra:n pacnpe(eennn n:ecro ropronn n noncio: npe-
(nreen nn nparon napo(a n:ecro aaori o inan]niannn pao~nx. Ayp-
na nyniyer .]]eirnin, na (ne nooci, ]oro:onra nponecca Hpo:nap-
rnn: Hpoerapnar conercion crpani cy(nr ionrppenoinnonepon; nicry-
nenne locy(apcrnennoro onnnnren Kpienio (cnepxipynno), ~renne npn-
ronopa ecc:enni: npoiypopo: Bimnncin: (ipynno) n nenpe:ennie :noro-
roonie omne nani :nrnnron rpy(nmnxcn (1980. ! 8b. C. 89). Lme
nnnreinin n .ro npe:n :e(ynapo(nin or(e noiaainaer orpo:nin :n-
rnnr eapaornix n nnpie 5yma n 5epnne, myno, onennnmnx innorearp c
neeareini: ]ni:o: Pe:apia cnn(ereicrna iacconon opii
(1980. ! 8b. C. 11).
BlZ rn(nr na nocro~noro coce(a co c:emanni: ~yncrno: on(annn n
onacennn. B oreirnn nona(aer paanoe orpo:nin nonin (o: n Xapiione
(par ]o:a na naepenon n Nocine) n paapymenne Xpa:a Xpncra Cnacnre-
n (1980. ! b. C.1bb; ! 7. C. 244), ir ioonnn omero pen:a n ennncinn
:ony:enr na ]ni:a Hy(oninna. Cpe(n enponencinx ipacannn npe(cranena
pyccian, cnoprnnnan n crpnenan. Hnor(a nnrnpyercn ]ororpa]nn na
O: 'ncria n conannapare BCHX. Pao~nn iacc nponepner, (e:oncrpn-
pyiman npane(nyi npoerapciyi (nreinocri (1980. ! 8. C. b), noy~a-
er n BlZ nonyi no(nnci nno rocno(crnyimero iacca (1980. ! 1b.
C. bbb). H ror(a na nepnin nan nicrynaer arenrnin c:ic roro e ]oro:
nyraiman, no~rn :ony:enrainan pyrainocri.
24b
HH1LPNL]HA
5oime ncero paano(na oa na(annn peia:a. 3ro :oer noiaaaricn ~acr-
nocrii, no no Cepnan-Lpanepy ne~no npoe:arn~nan n npe(ocy(nreinan
cnnai llluslrirle c peia:on nocnr ne npnia(non (ncro~nni ]nnancnpona-
nnn), a cncre:nin xapairep. Ca:o nponcxo(enne no(onoro rnna na(annn on
ornocnr i :n~ypnncio:y cipemnnanni pacciae:ix no~ron iaraoron
roronoro narin n eerpncrn~ecinx cepnaon
10
. Paane~enne n ropronn
ioop(nnari anpa.
B ypyaano: BlZ .ror renornn nponnen n nono: ore:e. Peia:a n
po:ani c npo(oenne: n pnconani:n nicrpannn:n cocrannir ero necy-
myi ioncrpyinni. Penopranan ]ororpa]nn (~acro a:epniancian) ne ro
~roi rocrin, no noia eme n ne xoannia na ero crpannnax. B O :oer
noiaaaricn y(nnnreini: ca:o npncyrcrnne peia:i. Ha ncxo(e H3Ha ona
cynr no(cnopie:, no ne ncro~nnio: ]nnancnponannn: n yconnnx (e]nnn-
ra n pacnpe(eennn en :ao ~ro npnxo(nrcn peia:nponari. Cnoo(nan rop-
ronn ronapa:n nn ycyra:n nce oime yxo(nr na renenyi cropony.
K npo~n: (e]nnnra: ornocnrcn (e]nnnr :ecra. Peia:a O nenenia
no ore:y n accoprn:enry, yopncra, ne pacnoaraer ]ororpa]nen. Nono
npe(onri n (yxe namnx (nen ]pen(oopaanyi nepcni o ro:, ~ro n peia-
:y nirecnnircn noce ioporioro ncnecia (nciyccnn o cnoo(non i-
nn cranmne ray inaan-.porn~ecine npe(:eri, npo(e cpe(crn or n:noren-
nnn n oicennn, iaine-ro anrnncine iponarn, e:~yr (n (a:, conercian
nap]i:epnn 13AL (noce(nnn, nnpo~e:, ciopee ncero, ]yninnn .neprnn Ae:-
~ynnon, cynpyrn Noorona n pyiono(nreinnni 13AL). Nono npe(o-
nri nepcni connainyi. B omecrne, c(nnnyro: co ncex onop, :annaiai-
non cranonnrcn peia:a ncn~ecinx ca:oy~nreen (ncno:nn: niecy 3p(:a-
na Ca:oynnna), iai, nnpo~e:, n noome ne~arnix na(annn, nnor(a aa:e~a-
reino nnrepecnix, npo(e ynniainon nnorein :e:yapon, na(anae:on O-
mecrno: nonriaropan (rpa(nnnonnin oronenrpna: iyirypi n :ao-
rpa:ornon crpane). O(naio nniaioro neocrnoro opaaa nn iceimero
n:norenra, ~nraren :e:yapon, nn yrpenaroro inna, ~nraren npnii~en~e-
cinx ypnaon, nn ny(pnmencn n.n:anmn .ra peia:a ne npe(araer. Ona
nmi ninnaer na nepn]epnn ioeirnnnoro opaaa ipecrinncion crpani,
pnanynmencn i :o(epnnaannn.
Hanpornn, BlZ npe(araer opaa ~nraren n, n ocoennocrn, ~nrareinnni
no ncex ero :arepnainix carae:ix, na~nnan or iopcera lelina n ion~an
:oronnio: DKW. Ln npe(arair ~aci Alpina, oyni or Hess, 1acl, Domdor,
narie Bleyle, ~yin Llbeo, :io Palmolive, ny(py Coly. Cpe(n ipe:on n(n-
pyir Nouson, Nivea. Ponds peia:npyir Oira 'exona, Napen ]nrpnx, enn
Pn]enmrai. He aairi cyni Knorr n npo~an, n npo~an. 1ain: opaao:, n
ne:enio: ypnae enmnna nicrynaer iai ceicyainin oreir, iai re-
nepi ronopnr, n n opeoe nn(ycrpnn (a:cioro c~acrin, cocrannimen ne:a-
onanyi orpaci n ion paannron crpane iai (o:amnnn xoannia.
B conercio: na(annn npe(:er encinx :e~rannn nonce ne ioniypc ipaco-
ri, a rpairop iyironin npe(:er pannnx 1980-x. Aencioe pannonpanne
"%
aann:ao o(ny na nepxnnx crpo~ei n cnncie aro(ennnn conercion na-
crn, n enmnna peanaonaa .ror npnnnnn n ca:ix rneix :ycinx npo-
]eccnnx: na crpannnax O enmnna nicrynaer n ia~ecrne rpy(onon e(nnn-
ni (Koonran), npn~e: rpy(o: n CCCP naainaaci paora ]nan~ecian no
npen:ymecrny.
Ne(y re:, ne croiio noypaa(erie ]oro:o(en n noyiopcerax :apin-
pyir creneni paapina n opaae nann, cioiio pn(onan pnconannan peia:a
niecoca Siemens :aeniine iaprnnin (nano(one ien: na nionax) npe(-
crannir no~rn neci naop ironix npnopon, ioropi:n :i noiaye:cn no
cen (eni. B O eme roiio ~epea (ecnri er npe(:ero: (ae ne peia:i,
a ocy(ennn cranyr nenni n ~annni, a nonnnion :e(ennin ieporaa.
3ro oana~aer, ~ro n nopy (nirarypi lep:annn ncrynnr paannron nn(ycrpn-
ainon crpanon c enponencin: yponne: nann, ror(a iai n CCCP eme roiio
na~nnaercn ypannaannn, a ir n noome npe(noaraercn oomecrnenni::
Narnnroropci npoeirnpyercn na ocnone nonoro oomecrnennn iyiryp-
no-npocnernreinon n ironon nann ncex rpy(nmnxcn
11
.
Nacconin ypna, (ae ypyaanin, ne :or nrnopnponari nacrynnnmyi
(enpeccni. K 1982 ro(y na crpannnax BlZ nonnnrcn enmnni, oaao~ennie
ye ne iopcero: lelina, a rapeion cyna, neie arepn-npe:nnin n cronnma
neocnne(on eapaornix nepe( npen rpy(a nporornni npoer]ni-
:on Krnn n 5pexra-]y(ona (1982. ! 8. C. b1; ! 4. C. 89; ! 28. C. 7b7).
5eapaornie coa(a(yr orpn(i (oponoinon rpy(onon nonnnnocrn (1982. ! 14.
C. 411) 1pernn penx ne ni(y:aer ee, a noaan:crnyer na npairnin, iai
oimennin aaipirie pacnpe(enren. Honrnia nopnercn na crpannni
ye ne n pecneiraeino: on~ie ion]epennnn nn nonen npecrapeoro
lnn(enypra, a n :acconiax nanpareinix ia:nannn. Poi :onraepa noai-
:er na cen ncropnn: na nooce ncrii ncranyr npoer:nrnnr c 1ei:ano: n
:apm nann c lnrepo: (1982. ! 10. C. 270278).

3ro y(er anoren n .nnor
ypyaanon oreirnnnocrn. Pyaneir (n A:epnie roe n(er ypnan nanpa-
reinan ia:nannn) cnn:aercn n ipyry ce:in.
Bocro~nin coce( raie ocraercn n oiynpe, re: oee ~ro CCCP e(nn-
crnennan crpana, naeanman ipnanca. Crann, :oo(on n noia :ao nonnr-
nin, coracncn noanponari n Kpe:e ne:enio:y penoprepy (1982. ! 19.
C. b9b). Cpe(n (pyrnx nicoionocranennix en noprper Anyenon. Oe
]ororpa]nn n Poccnn in nenanecrni.
1982 ro( n O npoxo(nr no( (ennao: Bce cnon:n pyia:n, na cnonx
:arepnaon, cnon:n :amnna:n connana: n o(non crpane roronnrcn i
pen:y anrapinn. Aypna aanonnercn noprpera:n nemen (y(er na(ano
(ae cnennainoe npnoenne no( re: e aaroonio:). 3(eci :ono nanrn
:eo~n, npo(e cipenoi n inonoi, npe(:eri ira ]oroannapari n ~aci,
nare]oni n ree]oni, no npeoa(aer rnean npo:imennocri ne~ar-
nin cranoi Hnonep-1, rpairopi n reneparopi, oio:ornni n ca:oeri.
Bnmnencinn nannmer no .ro:y nono(y: Uenrpaini: aneno: :o(epnnaa-
ropcion crparernn oimennion io yciopennoe npenpamenne crpani na
arpapnon n nn(ycrpnainyi |...]. 1ai i aa(an pnr: nepeia~nnannn pecyp-
con or norpeennn i naionenni |...]. Nacconin norpenrei n CCCP oia-
248
aacn orcrpanen or y~acrnn n ]op:nponannn :aipo.iono:n~ecinx nponop-
nnn, a .ro npnneo i no(anenni oparnix cnnaen n .iono:n~ecion cncre-
:e
12
. Cnycianci c :aipo.iono:n~ecioro yponnn na yponeni :acconoro yp-
naa, na(o ciaaari, ~ro :e(y ca:on nomon peia:on n nicranion (ocrne-
nnn io raioe e paan~ne, iai :e(y nonnrnn:n ropronn n cnae-
nne. He ronopn o accoprn:enre roro e Siemens, (e]nnnrnin ir io::y-
nain cnococrnona coxpanenni ipenocrnon :enrainocrn ne :enime, ~e:
n(eoornn. Hepennan ipnanci ypannaannn, nonin ropoannn ne noy~n
rannoro n~non neaanncn:ocrn.
B 1982 ro(y noe(y na niopax n CLA o(epa Pyaneir n ero New
Deal. B 1988-: noe(y na niopax n lep:annn npn nnno: nonycrnreicrne
Ko:nnrepna o(epa lnrep. Nacconin ypna, neior(a nepainin, n
pyiax nonix xoanen na raaax nepeo(enaercn n ]op:y n opao~nnaercn.
Cpe(n noprperon ]ipepa, ncn~ecinx anaion paan~nn n .:e: pnconan-
nie nepno:ancine nocrepi: rop(ennin apnncinn pao~nn, a raie pao~nn
n iannrancr, n(noe: (epamne ne:eniyi .iono:niy (1984. ! 17. C. b79;
! 12. C. 87b) cn:no nonoro iopnoparnnnoro rocy(apcrna. Boennon npo-
naran(e noia y(enercn :ecro nmi n peia:e cnraper 1rommler n Obersl c
coornercrnyimn:n iaprnnia:n.
Ne re:, Poccnn n O nocrenenno yrpa~nnaer cnoe ipecrinncioe nno.
Pn(o: c rpairopa:n n nn(ycrpnaini:n ]oro n 1988 ro(y nonnnircn inie
:yaiianri-aypeari (cpe(n nnx y(ymnn neninn nnanncr 3. lneic), aa-
i 5nnorein n:. ennna, Hapi iyirypi n or(ixa. Kyir n~nocrn
Cranna, na~anmnci (na ro(a naaa(, cranonnrcn rain: e npnni~ni:, iai n
iyir lnrepa na crpannnax BlZ...
]Y3L ]HK1A1YP
Paay:eercn, nenoa:ono n neoimon crarie ooaperi neci iopnyc re:
napacranne anrnce:nrcion nponaran(i, :nnrapnaannn, a aare: n enponen-
cion .icnancnn n ne:enio: ypnae; noaroniy n(eoornn oca(ennoro
arepn, nponaran(y (ocrnennn connana:a n o(non crpane n coner-
cio:. Ni ocranonn:cn na or(einix ana~n:ix ro(ax (1987, 1989, 1941) n na
or(einix ana~n:ix re:ax.
K .ro:y npe:enn O cra pecneiraeinee, y:ara noy~me, aaro :on-
ranocri n ocrpan (oiy:enrainocri ]ororpa]nn nomn na yii; na]oc
penopraa co crponreinon noma(in n aa(op ncecoianon crenraaeri roe.
Or ipecrinncion :acconn(nocrn ypna npo(nnnycn n cropony conercion
nnpo~e:, npocro(ymnon ypyaanocrn. Baa:en ioro oennroro nnrep-
nannonana:a on oparn cnoe nnn:anne na nannonainyi no ]op:e, xorn
n connancrn~eciyi no co(epanni iyirypy n nani cocrnennix pec-
nyni.
BlZ, co cnoen croponi, necioiio noxy(e aa c~er peia:i, c(a n apxnn
ypyaanyi oreirnnnocri, nann]nnnponacn, coxpannn pao~e-ipecrinnciyi
pnropniy nmi (n inennix (ar. Bnpo~e:, ycnexn ~eripexernero na-
"'
na vis-a-vis nnrneroi nepcneirnnni. ]e]nnnr aacrann lep:anni paa-
nnri orpaci .paanen (xn:ni), ioropie n name npe:n cocrannr ocnony
npo:imennocrn.
Lcn conercinn ypna iyirnnnpyer (pyy napo(on, ro nanncrcinn
(pyy no(en napo(on. Hapa(nan naprnnnocri nn naprnnnan napa(nocri
cranonnrcn (o:nnanron ero cieron n crnn. Himnin nnanr (y~e n lep:a-
nni (norepnn craryc nepnoro, on noia eme coxpanner nooenne panno-
ro). Penopra o iay(nio n rynne ia(pa or~ernno nn(en noprper ]i-
pepa. Crann npn:er i cne(enni meroenaryi :yn(npnocri n nne(er ee n
CCCP noce nonni. Hoia e:y n:nonnpyer image, a]opncrn~ecin c]op:yn-
ponannin (n nnemnero :npa 5apico:: c nno: pao~ero, c roonon y~enoro,
n o(e(e npocroro co(ara.
Ne re: iai conercioe na(anne nce oime aa:iiaercn n rpannnax mec-
ron ~acrn cnera, ne:enioe (io::ep~ecioe, iai-nniai) crapaercn y(onerno-
pnri nce:npnoe ionircrno cnoero noiynaren, ne npeneperan no-npene-
:y nn .iaornion (ainnx crpan, nn cnercion nanii, npo(e ioponannn anr-
nncioro nace(nnia, nn iypieaa:n :nponon :o(i, nn penoprani: a:epn-
iancin: ]oro. B .ro: c:ice on crapaercn coxpannri cnon paaneiareinin
norennna n enponencinn rp.n. lonny(a n ne: e(na n ne oime, ~e: Y4A.
Y(einin nec ]ororpa]nn n BlZ ynen~nnaercn, O e oxornee, ~e:
npe(e, (onyciaer rpa]niy. Ho na-no( cny(a nanncrcioro ~eripexernero
inen, rai e, iai :norocrpann~nix ioaen O, nocnenaimnx (na(narn-
erne penoinnn, nce rpo:~e any~nr noennan re:a. Bcrpe~nan .noinnn ~e:-
ro nano:nnaer ciaaiy Knnnnra 1he beginning o lhe armadillos.
Paay:eercn, ca:an cn::erpn~nan re:a oonx na(annn no(i, ro~nee,
no(n n napo(. Kyir n oonx pen:ax i .ro:y npe:enn nepecraer iri
nepenocni: n ]op:npyer rnn nonrn~ecion penrnn
18
.
Heoiman aa:eria n O no ne nepnocrenenno:y nono(y cocronr npe-
n:ymecrnenno na .nnreron n npenocxo(non crenenn: 20 (eiapn n 5oi-
mo: Kpe:encio: (nopne, n npncyrcrnnn ee.uxoeo no(n napo(on r. Cranna
n ero c.aentx coparnnion oripioci Bcecoianoe conemanne en io:an(no-
ro ... cocrana PKKA, n aae, r(e .unue npe(crannren |...] napo(a yrnep(a-
n ee.ux crannciyi ioncrnrynni, copanci 6oeete no(pyrn |...] nepe-
0oete enmnni namen c.aeno KA. B nicrynennnx |...] nipnconinaercn
.aueuame.tnt oni enmnn, 6e.epanuuno inmnx cnoi crpany, y:ei-
mnx co~erari aaory o ce:ie c 6o.tno omecrnennon paoron, roronix n
.6 :nnyry ncrari pn(o: co cnon:n :yin:n na aamnry CCCP (1987.
! 1. C. 4. Kypcnn :on. M. T.).
B BlZ, nocnnmenno: inei, n ]oro n reicrax npocanen no(i no ncex
ero :icn:ix nnocracnx. 4oiiciannep oaropo(n ne:eninn rpy(. ]pyr
:oo(en oecne~n lep:annn y(ymee. L]penrop :nponon nonni coa(a
oopony lep:annn. 'eonei na napo(a ocnona ne:enioe napo(noe e(nncrno.
1nopen ne:enioro Penxa coa(aer oni lep:annn. 5oen :nponon nonni no-
e(aer ny(y. Bnyi ipecrinnnna cnacaer or roo(a. (1987. ! 4. C. 98
101). 3ro nano:nnaer Cranna, (pyra (eren, y~enoro n r. (. Opamaer, o(naio,
na cen nnn:anne npeoa(anne .nnrera deulsch. Lcn npnannri i .ro:y
2b0
panypnin io::enrapnn i ]oro (y~e Cin iyanena iyer n:nepnana:
(1987. ! 87. C. 1847), ro apxernn napo(noro no(n ae:noro ora :o-
no c~nrari connmn:cn.
Ha ]one .roro apxernnn~ecioro cxo(crna n ]oropenpeaenrannn oonx
no(en aa:erni paan~nn iai ncropn~ecioro, rai n n~nocrnoro xapairepa.
4nrypa ]ipepa aann:aer cymecrnennyi (oi nnayainoro pn(a BlZ. lnr-
ep :noro n oxorno noanpyer ]ororpa]a: cpe(n pao~nx, cpe(n nn:]on, na
]one noennix n naprnnnix napa(on n mecrnnn, no ne (oanpyer n penopra-
nyi cre:iy nponanocnr n on o~epe(nyi pe~i, nocemaer n xy(oecrnen-
nyi nicraniy, ncrpe~aer n (y~e. 1ai e, nnpo~e:, iai ne npeneperaer in-
no on nocronnnin n ne(ymnn nepcona nannonainix mass-media.
Hanpornn, neninn Crann, nocronnno npncyrcrnyimnn n conecno:
pn(e O, (ocraro~no ciyno npe(cranen n nionorpa]nn ~ame o]nnnai-
ni: noprpero: nn omn: nano: na :anaoee. Penopranie ]oro (i npn:e-
py, na ro: e conemannn en PKKA) crporo (oanponani. 1o e :ono
ornecrn i innocre:ia:.
3(eci noa:ono na:ernri necioiio yponnen npn~nnnocrn. Beponrno, Cra-
nn, nnaiopocin n pnon, i :enee ynoen cnoen nnemnocrii n oparopcin:
nciyccrno:, ~e: lnrep. lnrep, apaanmni penoinnn, i npe(re~en
reennanonnix iapiep re:, ~ro cero(nn naainaercn nyn~nin nonrni.
He(apo: on pa ypoin (eia:annn n orpaarina noai nepe( aepiao:.
3nan neny opaaa, on i crapareini: n:n(:eniepo:.
Crann ne(apo: naaina cen ipoiparo: n nipa poi ceporo iap-
(nnaa Honripo, npe(no~nran, ~roi panr no(n napo(on a(peconan
e:y (pyrne.
3ro or~acrn orncnnercn ncropn~ecin: lnrep i ocnononoonnio:,
Crann nniapnannen ennna, iyir ioroporo ncer(a (epa n ]op:e, (ae
]airn~ecin ni:ecrnn ero cooi. lnrep anenpona i cnon: ipecrinn-
cin: iopnn:, no iro i noc:e n 1987-: nanncari o Cranne cin rpyann-
cioro canonnia On ne cnoe nponcxo(enne npn:o or Hin~a n i e-
nnn cero(nn. Xorn apxernn inocrn no(n n naopaennn xy(onnion
(n oonx omnn.
Paay:eercn, :noroe aannceo or xapairepa (Xpymen, nanpn:ep, craner ny-
n~ni: nonrnio: conarepn). Ho na rynnnix yponnnx .ro cnnaano c :ecr-
non :enrainocrii, omymenne ioropon nxo(nr n npo]eccni no(n. Bce
e lep:annn ia paannron enponencion crpanon, n ro npe:n iai Poccnn,
(ae n :o(epnnaannonno: pinie, ne nima na narpnapxainocrn. Ho(ono
Benio:y nninnanropy ]ocroencioro, Crann npe(no~nra nyn~non non-
rnie ~y(o, ranny n anropnrer (~e:, icrarn, orn~acn or 1ponioro), a opaay
nannonainoro :eccnn opaa orna napo(on. He ronopn ye o oronen-
rpna:e pyccion iyirypi: opaa Cranna i iy(a oee conecnin, oipy-
ennin oaio: nocronnnix .nnreron. 1ai ~ro npn ncen cn::erpnn iyi-
ron nx o]op:enne na crpannnax llluslrirle io neo(nnaioni:.
Cn::erpn~nyi cn::erpni, (ae oime, ~e: re:a :oo(ocrn (ona acco-
nnnpyercn co cono: crai n Nein Kamp n n naanannn ca:oro nonynp-
noro po:ana Kai aaianaci crai), npe(cranner re:a (ercrna. Hnonepi n
#
O n nn:]i n BlZ n o(nnaionix racryiax (paannna nnera nepaan~n:a na
~epno-eo: ]oro) ocymecrnnir cnoe c~acrnnoe (ercrno: ]exryir, cn-
(nr nepe( reorpa]n~ecion iapron (Y~ennin A(oi]a lnrepa 1987. !
82. C. 117278), :ocioncine mioinnin crponr anna:o(en, conpair pa(no-
npne:nnin; oniri n .eirpoaoparopnn niainair i nann cnernmnncn
cny.r Cranna (Uenrpainan (ercian rexnn~ecian crannnn 1987. ! 8.
C. 141b). Ho n n pa:iax roro n(eoorn~ecioro :n]a, ioropin onn nicr-
pnpyir, penra naneiair nenocpe(crnennoe y(onoicrnne na noa:onocren,
npe(ocranne:ix (nirarypa:n cnoen c:ene. 3a pa:ion iaprnnin ocraircn
enpencine (ern, (ern nparon napo(a n ncn ra oprannaonannan rpann, :n-
nyrin nenanncrn, n ioropix oa pen:a rai e aepiaini.
1e:a repon n recno c nen cnnaannan re:a npara npn crpyirypno:
cxo(crne roe onapynnair cymecrnennyi paannny.
Hano:nn:, ~ro n CCCP 1987 ro( i nnio: ornnennoro oimoro
reppopa. Ha crpannnax npecci, o(naio, on orpaancn oee iocnenno n ono-
cpe(onanno, ~e: .ro io na nopore 80-x, ior(a nponecci npe(nreen eme
nicrpnponanci penoprano. 3na:ennrie nponecci 87-ro ro(a c nx ana-
:ennri:n onnnne:i:n n ia(p :acconoro ypnaa noome ne nona(air
(xorn cnn:aircn na neniy, iai n cy( na( y~acrnnia:n noiymennn na lnre-
pa). 5iri :oer, c~nraercn, ~ro nna inmnx no(en nonon nn]op:annn ne
necyr nn, nanpornn, (air nairo~nyi nn]op:anni, cnoconi nianari ne-
nynie ~yncrna. Ne(y re:, nepainin pn( (Bpar non:an c non~ni:
1987. ! 4. C. 1) npe(ara ca:yi acyp(nyi nn]op:anni (nanpn:ep, nepe-
ronopi Pa(eia n Coioinniona c lecco: no aa(anni 1ponioro n oemanne
or(ari Yipanny lep:annn, a Hpn:opie Anonnn; nn no(roronia Hnraioni:
repairon npornn Cranna). Ho nano (ae ne .ro, a ca:a pnropnia nenannc-
rn, .n:nnnpyiman ncnioe co(epanne: 1opronni po(nnon n napo(non ipo-
nii, ynnni n (ymnren pao~nx, mnnoni n (nnepcanri, rponincrcine nanep-
rn (omn n cnonx ~epnix npe(areicinx aa:icax n (encrnnnx (o raion
nnaocrn, iaion eme ne anaa ncropnn. Bce .rn ea(oiaaareinie nnneirnni
no(ipennnci conepmenno nponanoini: ]oro: Pao~ne ipacnoana:enno-
ro ncronpoiarnoro nexa aano(a Cepn n Noor` roocyir aa paccrpe no(-
ix an(nron-reppopncron (1987. ! 4. 3a(nnn cropona ooin). 4ororpa-
]nn (e:oncrpnpyer ec pyi. X:ypie nna na nepno: nane nmeni (ae ron
.:onnonainon nnrencnnnocrn, ioropan (eaa cier ~ncrin 1980 ro(a
mnpe nenocpe(crnennoro co(epannn ia(pa. 3aro ! 84 oripinaercn ora-
ripcin: noprpero: napio:a Lona (iai nanecrno, :aopocoro) n Ciaaann-
e: o aripe Lone aiina ]a:ya.
Crepeornn ocnemennn nponeccon i, rain: opaao:, orpaoran. Ho pa-
nnonanaannn ero ne noipinaer roro oee ryoioro c:ica, ioropin n:ea
nnayainan ]nrypa y:o~annn. Ono cnnaano ciopee ncero c coornomenne:
naopaennn n cona n conercion iyirype.
Hanecrno, ~ro n CCCP npairnionaaci opy.oncian reiyman nepenncia
ncropnn, conpono(ae:an nocronnni: narnrne: naopaennn nparon napo-
(a. ]ae n :oen nepainon mioe ! 10 n:enn 4pnrio]a Hancena na:
n:ennoci aaienri n y~ennie ncropnn noprper eren(apnoro :apmaa 5ixe-
2b2
pa (conce: ne(anno, icrarn, noarannnmero rpnyna no (ey noennoro py-
iono(crna). 1o e ca:oe ornocnoci i nnemne:y npary. Hoprperi lnrepa
cynn nmi :o(eii (n ecc:ennix iapniarypncron 5op. L]n:ona n
Kyipinnicon. A rmerno nciaa n O ]oropenopran o naire :e(y CCCP
n lep:annen 1989 ro(a oiaaaoci, coornercrnyimnn no:ep i noome
nponymen n c(noen co ce(yimn: (1989. ! 2122). 4oro na ooie ! 24,
:nnyn nenonynpnoe pyionoarne Cranna n Pnenrpona, cpaay (e:oncrpn-
pyer pa(ocrnyi ncrpe~y conercinx nonci n 3ana(non 5eopyccnn.
Crparernn BlZ n .ro: nynire npn:o npornnonoona. He ronopn o ro:, ~ro
ooia ! 8b no cnen: ce(a: no:emaer pyionoarne Pnenrpona co
Cranni: ((pyecian yiia no(n y ro~no ia i (n nnyrpennero ynor-
peennn nairo~non nn]op:annen), ypna (aer paanepnyrin ]oropenopra
5epnn Nocina (1989. ! 8b. C. 148149) n (ae peainni na nair
anrnncion nynin na ]aynnnr-crpnr. 1o e ornocnrcn i opaay npara.
Kor(a n 1989 ro(y anrnce:nrna: nin(er na renn, on mnpoio ninecnercn na
crpannni :acconoro na(annn. ]n nponaran(i ~ame ncero y(yr ornparicn
nna rynie, neipacnnie nn na:o(ennie, ~ro (ono orrainnari ~nraren
(c na~aa pyccion ia:nannn raian e crparernn y(er npn:ennricn i coner-
cin: noennonenni:). Ho nor na ]oro ]pannyacinx (oponoinen-anrn]amn-
cron nna, ioropie cranyr nporornna:n anea( Honon noni eo nn
1penrnninna. nmi no(nnci (lpynna ocoo rnnn~nix npe(crannreen enpen-
cion paci noanpyer ]ororpa]y) ianananpyer .:onnn n nynyi cropony.
A oimon ~eripexcrpann~nin penopra na Bapmancioro rerro :or i nocy-
nri (oiy:enro: (n Hipnepra, iai, nnpo~e:, n ]oro paapymennon (o ocnona-
nnn Bapmani c nepxnen ro~in (1941. ! 80. C. 79098; 1989. ! 4b. C. 1781).
Honpnan crparernn roranrapnix pen:on n .ro: nynire noanoner c(e-
ari neioropie (ora(in. B ]nrype y:o~annn conercioro ypnaa eayc-
onno npar:arn~ecioe nne:epne, noome cnoncrnennoe cranncio:y pen-
:y. Ho no( cny(o: .ron npar:arnin enr eme n :enrainoe paan~ne iyi-
rypnon rpa(nnnn. Haopaenne oime, ~e: reicr, opameno i ~yncrny
:ono ciaaari, i npe(paccy(iy. Hanna: naina i nppannonaino:y orrope-
nni ~yoro (enpen) nn i nppannonaino:y e ropecrny noe(nren
(Bapmana). On ne oncn io.]]nnnenra arenrnocrn. Hanpornn, omnn oro-
nenrpna: conercion iyirypi .ron .:onnonainon no(nnnocrn onacacn.
B meiornnix nonpocax on npe(no~nra onpe(eennocri cona (ropronni
po(nnon, rponincrcine naneprn n npo~.). He(apo: :yaiia ia ]anopnr-
ion lnrepa, no na no(oapennn y Cranna. Conecnie ]op:yi (ocrnran
a(eci, n cnoi o~epe(i, nppannonainocrn aainnannn, npnanannoro aa:ecrnri
peainocri.
Honnrno, ~ro, npoinnan nparon, :acciyirypa ny(aaci ne roiio n
iyire no(n, no n n ]nrype repon
14
.
Kyir repoen, no nanrix ne na nreparypi, a na nann nanoee :nc-
rn]nnnponannan coneroornen, iai nnemnen, rai n nnyrpennen, ~epra coner-
cion iyirypi (.pa 1B c ee crpacrii i anea(a: :ora i crari io::enra-
pne: i .ro:y iyiry). Ho conercinn napnanr, n cnere noce(yimen :n]oo-
rnaannn-n-ina(pare, n:eer cnoi cnenn]niy.
#!
lannoe nciyccrno nreparypa rai n ne cy:ea coa(ari rpeye:in
nnrerpainin opaaen (ipo:e, paane, Hanin Kop~arnna). O 1987 ro(a n ! 1
or:e~aer c:epri ero anropa Hnioan Ocrponcioro ]ororpa]nen, neipo-
oro: n crnxa:n (1987. ! 1. C. 9). Bce e opnnon cy(ii ropecrno
ornocnrcn ciopee i anropy, neen i repoi nn i repoi iai i ~acrn
norpa]nn anropa.
Nacconan iyirypa craa ca:a coa(anari repoen n:ecro nreparypi, ~ro-
i noro: cnona npnanari nx n nreparypy. 4nrypi er~nion (no Xancy
linrepy) n nonpnnion ne in, o(naio, nn conercion cnenn]nion, nn (ae
roranrapnon. Annannn n Apirnia, iai nnoce(crnnn ioc:oc, aann:an ror(a
n :npe naianrnoe :ecro ea(i n neanae:oe. Ho (n mecron ~acrn cnera
c ee ea(opoie: cnepx(ainne nepeeri n npoe:arn~nin Cen:opnyri
in eme n xoanncrnennon, rpancnoprnon na(onocrii. Ho.ro:y ney(nnn-
reino, ~ro n BlZ naarin na i(y pnconannie (Ne~ra nayin: Cenepnan
Honpnan 1987. ! 1b. C. b18), a n O penopran c peainon (pen-
]yimen crannnn Hanannna (3n:onia na noice. 1987. ! 14. C. 20
21). Cnepxipynnin noprper ana:ennroro L:n(ra c nnonncnon opo(on n n
ymanie yipacnr ooiy ! 1b.
3]]eirnie paiypcnie noprperi ca:oeron, panno iai n re:a annannn
n y(ymen nonne, aann:air cymecrnennoe :ecro n oonx na(annnx. 3ro re:a
(n o~epion, npornoaon, ]oro. H (ae enmnni n annannn aepiaino orpaa-
ir (pyr (pyra. Hnoe (eo, ~ro nanncrcio:y ypnay crainoe nno er~nia
aa mrypnao: nona(onrcn n ia~ecrne cn:noa n nonny n craner :apion
ne:enion xponnin. B conercio: ypnae opaa er~nia nepconn]nnnponan,
reponanponan n npocanen n rpn(narie. lo( oimoro reppopa (aer (n
.roro aro(apnin :arepna.
BC1ABHAA HOBLA
B .ro: :ecre n noanoi cee orcrynenne, nocioiiy c repon:n rex er
:ne (oneoci ncrpernricn n~no. B 1970-e rr. :i c K. Xanirnni: (ean na
Noc]ni:e iaprnny o iyirono: airepe 80-x, Aennnione, n no .ro:y cy~ai
nann nnrepnii y nnix eme repoen ron nopi, n ro: ~nce y Hanannna,
lpo:ona n Craxanona. 3ro (ao na: noa:onocri aarnnyri no ry cropony
no(nnra n yanari, iai ono io na ca:o: (ee. Ho.ro:y n y(y noiaonari-
cn ycrni:n cnn(ereicrna:n, a ne onynionanni:n reicra:n, ioropie, iai n
nam ]ni:, npomn ~epea nenaypnie ]nirpi.
Ca:i: eren(apni: na cranncinx coioon i 'iaon. B 1987-: on
conepmn nepnin ecnoca(o~nin nepeer na a:epniancinn ionrnnenr ~epea
Cenepnin noic, n ero noprper yipacn ooiy O ! 18. 'epea :ecnn
nepeer i nonropen n npenaon(en .innae: lpo:ona, ioropin npo-
me aa(anni: iypco: ea orionennn n npnae:ncn n panone oc-An(e-
eca. 3ro coirne raie io mnpoio ocnemeno O (1987. ! 2b). Ca:a
nonropnocri .roro ror(a nnonepcioro nepeera :oer nanecrn na :ici
o aaiaano: xapairepe no(nnra n o anropcrne Cranna. Ne re:, 1980-e
2b4
eme (eronnponan penoinnonni: napino:, ioropin ncer(a niainaer i na-
nn ne roiio reppop, no n rnop~ecinn norennna nannn. i(n rpn(narix
in eme orari nnnnnarnnon n (epaocrii.
B ~acrnocrn, nnnnnarnna nepeera npnna(eaa lpo:ony, ioropin i
nicoioiyirypni: er~nio:-ncniraree: (openoinnonnon ni(ein. lpo:on
pacciaaa na:, ~ro, o(y:an n:ecre c .innae: n(ei nepeera n npoonn
:apmpyr, on nonn, ~ro paapemenne na no(onyi ananripy :ono noy~nri
nmi na ca:o: nepxy, iy(a (ocryna y nero ne io. 3aro io nanecrno, ~ro
Crann arononr i 'iaony, n ror(a pemeno io npe(onri ero .innay
n(ei napnoro nepeera. 1airnia cpaoraa 'iaon raioe paapemenne (en-
crnnreino noy~n. Ho, npn(n na ernoe noe, lpo:on onapyn, ~ro na
ropie cronr roiio ~iaoncinn AH1 n ~ro e:y npn(ercn ereri nropi:.
Hpan(a, n orn~ne or nepnoro .innaa, ne (oerenmero (o :ecra n npnae:-
nnmerocn n panone Baniynepa, lpo:on, ]annnn n K:amen ro~no ni(epa-
n iypc, ciopocri n rpa]ni (ia~ecrno noera or:e~a (ae nanncrcinn yp-
na) n n yremenne noy~nn npecrnnyi :e(ai ]enno. 4ororpa]nn pn-
ryaa ncrpe~n ioprea n oc-An(eece :ao ~e: orn~aircn or :ocioncinx,
paane ~ro nnori cn(nr na cnnnie oripiroro anro:onn. Ni cnpocnn lpo-
:ona, iaiono .ro io iri repoe: n ro npe:n, n ~ro on ~yncrnona. On
ornern: 1ai n ~yncrnona no rpy(i n ipecrax, no roona n iycrax.
Bce :oro iri n nepeer, n apecr. Honeao. Kcrarn, ipacan~niy K:ameny
npe(onn rannyi poi n nrpono: ]ni:e o er~nie n (ainenmnn rpex-
ernnn ionrpair n lonny(e. Paay:eercn, cranncio:y coioy n n y: ra-
ioe npnnrn ne :oro; :aicn:y:, ~ro on :or c i:opo: pacciaaari o .ro: na
crpannnax O n cnnri inreicinn ]ni: o npeinannn n A:epnie.
Nono io i npnnecrn cxonn pacciaa Hanannna o nnrpnrax n xo(ax,
ioropie nona(onnci e:y (n paapemennn na (pen]yimyi crannni on-
ro i nxo nanepx. Ha ca:o: (ee, conercian nacri, naprnn n n~no rona-
pnm Crann ne in nn anropa:n, nn (ae aaiaa~nia:n no(nnron, iai .ro
~acro nirn(nr n noa(nenmnx eren(ax (n i naanaa nx nropn~ni: iyi-
ro:). Hanpornn, npo(nnenne (epaion n(en rpeonao anaio:crn, cnnaen, ynop-
crna, xnrpocrn, ne ronopn o y(a~e. 3aro ion ycnex yno:nnyrie nncrannnn
y:en or~y(ari n cnoi noiay, .icnponpnnponari n npncnannari, n .ro:
no(i nano:nna ro]:anoncioro ipomiy Uaxeca. nn(epr i npocanen
iai nn(epr, no 'iaon n lpo:on iai cranncine coioi.
Nono ciaaari mnpe: ecn n ~e: crannna: npeycne na(oro nnepe(, ro
n n(eoorn~ecio: :apiernnre ca:oro cen. On no~rn .n:nnnpona npe(-
cranenne o croxacrn~ecinx nponeccax n conercio: omecrne n npe(crann
ero n(eaino ynpanne:on crpyirypon, iaion ono nnior(a ne io nnrn-
erin ro:y npn:ep. (Hanna:, icrarn, n .ro: c:ice (ocrnr oimero aro-
(apn nannonainon :enrainocrn). Nacconin ypna iai paa n i arenro:
raioro n(eoorn~ecioro :apiernnra.
O ! 24 aa 1987 ro( oripinaercn no~rn cn:non~ecin: ]oro: :oo(on
pao~nn (epnr royc, :ono ciaaari, ae:non map. Cier, nnpo~e:, npoaan-
~ecinn Craxanon c(aer .iaa:en no reorpa]nn n Hpo:aia(e:ni. Nn]
Craxanona n craxanonnen ca:in :n]n~ecinn na repon~ecinx :n]on.
##
L:y nmyr nocninoro orncnennn. 5epnnc Poaenrai, nanpn:ep, nnmer: n-
reparypa n nciyccrno npocannn craxanonnen (~in no(nnrn in peayi-
raro: nncnennponoi)
1b
ca:o coon, (n aana(noro coanannn craxanoncioe
(nnenne noome nenocrnn:o, ono :o(enpyercn no npnnncia: penen-
cinx npe:en. Ho nor n ore~ecrnenno: 5norpa]n~ecio: .nnnione(n~ecio:
conape K. 3aeccioro H:nepnn Cranna ~nrae:: Ho nocno:nnannn: pa-
oranmnx n:ecre c nn: i(en, cncre:a paori C. (noy~nnmero no((epiy
napropranon) craa aaii~aricn n ro:, ~ro na nero paoran necioiio ~eo-
nei, oecne~nnan e:y no:omi n orrpyaiy yrn, ~ro (anao C. noa:onocri
ycranannnari peiop(i, npenocxo(nmne paay:nie paa:epi
1b
. Ho~e:y ipe-
crinnnn-arpai, npnme(mnn na maxry ionorono:, ne ~en naprnn (ae, :or
noy~nri raiyi no((epiy n no:omi, ocraercn neo~enn(ni:, iai n noome
]eno:en craxanoncioro (nnennn, c 198b ro(a aaronnnmero cooi CNH.
Ha: (oneoci cnn:ari Craxanona n roro ca:oro napropra maxri Uen-
rpainoe Hp:nno, ioropin n i anropo: no(nnra, orno: craxanoncioro
(nnennn, a raie ronopnri co anarnon craxanonion 4e(oponon, (anno
ye paoranmen n nepxnnx ynpanen~ecinx .meonax Nerpocrpon. 3ara(-
iy Craxanona orncnn na: napropr, nannmnn na cen n nono: cora-
cnn c conpeancrn~ecin: ianono: poi :enropa npn y(yme: repoe.
]eo n ro:, ~ro (epenencinn napeni, ne n:enmnn maxrepcinx iopnen, no
nipaenni napropra, ana ny. Kai inair py(oanarni nn no(nnie,
on ne npocro pya yroei, no y:e nanrn raioe :ecro (n y(apa iano:, ~ro
nnor(a opymnnacn nein nacr. 1yr y, ione~no, e:y oecne~nnan n no-
:omi, n orrpyaiy yrn. Coopaanreinin napropr nonn, iai :ono ncnoiao-
nari .ror npnpo(nin (ap, nan nnnnnarnny n cnon pyin n cra n ryoion
ranne roronnri peiop(, ioropin n n ca:o: (ee oiaaacn nn c ~e: ne
coopaani:: on npenicn nop:y na 18b0. 1ai Craxanon oiaaacn aa~nn-
mnio: (nnennn, ioropoe nineco ero n repon.
Paay:eercn, ne nce craxanonni orn~anci 5oin: (apo:, no connman-
cn c na~aa nn(ycrpnanaannn cncre:a (anaa onpe(eennie noa:onocrn
y:eina: n ~ecroina: na nonoro pao~ero iacca. Bo-nepnix, .ro iai paa
io npe:n porannn ia(pon crapix naprnnnix .nr, cnnaannix c penoinn-
en. Bo-nropix, iai :i nn(en, c paaoa~enne: cnenon nn(ycrpnanaannn
yrparna n ipnrepnn ia~ecrna, n npnnnnni penraeinon oprannaannn rpy-
(a n ee npopinax n anpaax ncer(a ocrananci noa:onocrn cymecr-
nenno nonicnri nponano(nreinocri n oprannaanni. Haionen, craxanoncioe
(nnenne (iai y(apnn~ecrno n concopennonanne) n o~epe(non paa aa:emao
.icrparnponannin na :ononoinon .iono:nin crn:y ioniypennnn. Craxa-
nonni cran ron apncroiparnen pao~ero iacca, ioropan nonce ne cnenn-
]n~na (n CCCP cnenn]n~na ia nmi ee ropn]niannn iai nocnren
no(nnra.
Poi n~nocrn ne aann:aer n coneroornn cymecrnennoro :ecra. Cpe-
(n craxanonnen in paanie i(n, no-paano:y nepennmne ni(nnenne
(o]nnnainie niciaainannn n norpa]nn cynn nrnnni: anpo:). 5oi-
me ncero nocrpa(a npn .ro: ca: ocnononoonni, ne roronin, a :oer
iri, ne npncnocoennin (n aia(e:n~ecion nn pyiono(nmen iapiepi. 4e-
2bb
(opona pacciaainaa, iaion roonnon oii (n craxanonnen, roronix ni-
(nnraricn, i na ncex cerax n crea(ax n nonon rocrnnnne Nocina ca:
Craxanon, (eomnpnnmnn, nc~eaanmnn, aannnanmnn, rai ~ro 4e(oponon c 5y-
cirnni: npnxo(noci no no~a: iy(a-ro :~aricn, pari ero na nopyin n npo-
~ee. On ne nnncinacn n nopoci nonon (eonon pao~en .nri, a ornycrnri
nocnoncn nocnren n:enn nniro ne pemacn. Kai nn crpanno, no cy(ia
.roro conercioro cn:noa, yiaimerocn c ec~ncennix ]oro, cpannn:a c
cy(ion aana(nix anea(, ne ni(epanmnx pe:enn cani. Craxanon, ioroporo
na: (oneoci cnn:ari, i orpo:non n ne~ainon ~eone~ecion pynnon, n
iaio:-ro c:ice eprnon cranncion .noxn nonomenne: ec~eone~nn
ee npoerapcioro ry:anna:a n panocrn ee :o(epnnaannn.
B BlZ naoperarei ana:ennron (oponon paannain ienepnin ncr
Bnn 3apax or:e~en, no ne npocanen, iai ne npocaneni n (pyrne no-
rennnainie repon rpy(a (1987. ! 10. C. 80b). H(eainoro apnnna npe(no-
~nran niceiari n :pa:ope, no(ono 1opaiy nn 5peiiepy, a n :accono:
ypnae pnconari n crne nocrepa. B ia~ecrne repoen nicrynan lepnnr
(co inenio: n (y~e 1987. ! 40. Ooia) nn ]on Lnpax (c (ny:n
(eri:n 1987. ! 18. Ooia), nocioiiy no(i i roiio o(nn. No-
(ei oimon ce:in n cinonen (no Kapi) n omecrne iy(a :enee rpa(n-
nnonno: n narpnapxaino:, neen CCCP, ne paoraa.
Hanoee acn::erpn~ni:, iai n npe(e (n (ae oee ~e: npe(e), ocra-
nacn encinn crepeornn. Lcn repon paconin on nn iacconin, :pa:op-
nin nn (oiy:enrainin crpyirypno nipaa o(ny n ry e n(ei npenoc-
xo(crna (annon n(eoornn, ro encian poi na crpannnax O n BlZ no-npene-
:y ne conna(aa. ]n nanna:a enmnna n pa:iax nonoro, :ycioro, noennan-
ponannoro ainenra npe(e ncero norennnainan :ari co(ara, a ce(ona-
reino, ceicyainin oreir. Ho, ipo:e roro, nponaran(ncrcian ]yninnn ypna-
a (rai e, iai n ne:enion innonpo(yinnn) ne nirecnner paaneiareinyi. H
n .ro: c:ice na(anne ocraercn io::ep~ecin: n ypyaani:.
B conercion iyirype enmnna no-npene:y nicrynaer n ia~ecrne cyr-
eira, pao~en e(nnnni. ]ae npn (ocyrono: ainenre, ioroporo ne ~y(
ypannanponannin O, on ocraercn na(anne: (n(airn~ecin: no npen:y-
mecrny.
Hycri n :n]oornanponanno: nn(e Benep n 1epncnxop, n nn(e nooren
nn nnix iaprnn, ni aann:aer cnoe :ecro n BlZ (1989. ! 29. Oo-
ia). O ncer(a nonrioppeiren n c:ice encioro pannonpannn. Lro nao-
paanreinie cn:noi mryp:yimne neo io:co:oen n io:co:oia na
iaprnne Pnnrnnon Bce nime! (1987. ! 82. Ooia) n ana:ennrie Pao-
~nn n ioxoannna Nyxnnon (1987. ! 18. C. 12). Lepenrn crponnix en-
cinx nor naainaircn ne repc, no Hapa( ]naiyirypnnion (1989. ! 20
21. 4 c. ooin). O(nn n ror e cier encion aipoarn~ecion napi n
O y(er naopaari nye:er~nny n ana:enocna na :oronnie, a n BlZ
naainaricn Ballel au Nolor-Poller (Oronei. 1989. ! 1b. 4 c. ooin;
BlZ. 1989. ! 8. Ooia). Xnro: ne:enioro na(annn 1987 ro(a craner nep-
noanpeician ]oromyria apimnn n aa(opnon mnnie c nepimia:n, paao-
pnanmencn na (ne (1987. ! 18. Ooia). Ona nan(er orini n enponencinx
#%
ypnaax. 3na:ennroe ]oro O ra ca:an craxanonia 4e(opona (ioropyi
:i ncrpernn n pecneiraeino: pyiono(nme: iocri:e) c oronni:
:oorio: n maxre Nerpocrpon.
HH1LPNL]HA
Peia:a oonx :acconix ypnaon na:ennaci, no no-npene:y :apin-
ponaa paannny n yponne n opaae nann. B BlZ ona aa:erno noxy(ea.
Cnraperi nepnynci n cnoe nnnninoe cocronnne, ycrynnn :ecro nacronmn:
:anenpa:. Aencian nn(ycrpnn craa e(nee. ]ocyr n nyremecrnnn oromn n
ne(enne oprannaannn Kral durch lreude. 5ironie .eirponpnopi yco-
nepmencrnonanci, aaro nocryar Cepnan-Lpanepa o necymen ioncrpyinnn
po:anon n peia:i nperepne ycymiy n yrpyciy. Haprnnnan pnropnia nepe-
]op:nponaa ypna. 4yninnn nponaran(i ecn n ne nirecnna, ro norecnn-
a paane~enne, xorn enponencinn rp.n nonnnin :nponon :o(i, iypieai
:e(ynapo(non cnercion nann, cencannn inno n cnopra ne ymn c ero
crpannn.
B O peia:a na:ennaci aa:ernee. Hc~ean po(n:ie nnrna H3Ha,
napannie yopncri: mpn]ro:. Peia:a craa no npen:ymecrny rpa]n~e-
cion, rocy(apcrnennon n (ae neenon peaini: npe(oenne: ronapon n
ycyr. B nen orpaanoci ana:ennroe, cranncioe Anri crao y~me, nri
crao neceen. Lcri (ae coornercrnyimee nipaenne (n cepe(nni 1980-x:
neon.n
17
. Pacnpe(eenne nniy(a ne (eoci, no nce e nonnnnci .e:enri
rocropronn n ioe-iaine ronapi ne nepnoro cnpoca. Ha:ennaci n(eoornn
ira. Aypna orpaaer npe:n ne roiio nponeccon n nepeeron, no n Hapia
iyirypi n or(ixa, areie nn(nomnna, aana(nix rannen no( nare]on, :ara-
annon ]n.ra, rocrnnnn Hnrypncra cnoero po(a conercinn p.rran:. Pei-
a:a O anronoprper .roro npe:enn nnyrpennnx paapinon n annnnn.
Crpana (pyno or:erna croerne c:eprn Hyminna, n ion(nrepcian ]a-
pnia Kpacnin Oirnpi npe(araer naopi ion]er n nnrepecno: o]op:-
ennn Ciaain Hyminna, Hnrnro:nni Hyminna, ]o:ni (e(ymin Kpi-
ona. Hapn(nan iaprnnia pecropana nnncana n naopaenne noea(a: eea-
no(oponnin peia:npyir y]eri n naroni-pecropani. Coiareicrnimnen-
ropr (napnconana (a:a n ier~aro: anca:e) npe(araer narypainie riann,
a raie ]orocnn:in noce(nnx :o( ennnrpa(a, Nocini, Hapna, on(ona,
Beni n Hii-Hopia. Coiainenpropr (na iaprnnie (open:nan naaa aiia-
pa, ia:en, noprcnrap, croonie npnopi) coomaer, ~ro ana~nreino cnne-
ni neni na ... , a raie npe(araer oimon niop anrninapno-xy(oecr-
nennix nemen. Coia:exropr a]nmnpyer oimon niop :anro na ein n
roe oemaer cnnenne nen...
lpa]nin noome crao n ypnae oime, no pnconannin xapairep pei-
a:i npnoripinaer eme o(no annnne.
B BlZ enciyi nn(ycrpni or iopceron (o pa peia:npyir npen:ymecr-
nenno ]oro:o(en. B conercio: :accono: ypnae peia:a pociomn ano-
nn:na, ne nepconn]nnnponana, ne n:eer nna. ]a:a n :anro napnconana.
2b8
Hycri (ae n(eoornn (onycrna :anro n anrninapnar npe(paccy(oi n:
ne cn:narnanpyer.
B nonynpnon innoio:e(nn ]enymia c xapairepo: (c conercion ceic-
o:on Ceponon) npocreniinn cier o (ainenocro~non Bape co anepo]ep-
:i, ioropan ornpannercn n Nociny nciari ynpany na na~ainnia, :emaime-
ro (oni: opaao: nipamnnari cepepncrix nc (ipni ror(amnen :nponon
:o(i), oopa~nnaercn yiani: napa(oico:. B cronne Bape npnxo(nrcn crari
npo(anmnnen, a aao(no n :o(eii n :araanne :exonix na(enn. Ho n(en
:exon iai ronapa noxo yia(inaercn n ee io:co:oicion roone. B:ecro
(e:oncrpannn :o( ona coaanner neci (enn~nn ioeirnn yexari na ]ai-
nnn Bocroi (io raioe (nnenne xeraryponoi). 1py(no npe(crannri cee
Bapi (nn ee apnreinnny) noanpyimen (n peia:i :exon. H(en npona-
no(crna n n(en norpeennn ne in cnnaani n ca:ocoanannn omecrna
xorn i :apicncrcion npn~nnno-ce(crnennon cnnaii. H n .ro: nynire acn:-
:erpnn oonx ypnaon (ocrnraer :aicn:y:a.
5io i o~eni nnrepecno pacc:orperi napaena: ne roiio repon~e-
cinx, no n ironix re:, nciyccrna, nayin. Oa na(annn npe(ocrannn n:
:ecro n npe(aran ~nrarei ne:ao nnrepecnoro. O onncina, nanpn:ep,
oniri no onnenni opranna:a, noiaainan cncre:y nciyccrnennoro nnra-
nnn naonponannon rooni coain (rpa]nia) n ]oro onnennan coaia
(1987. ! 1b17. C. 2b). BlZ (e:oncrpnpona :omnenmyi ycranoniy :npa
no pacmenenni aro:a (1987. ! 28. C. 884). Ho raioe ncce(onanne norpe-
onao i cnmio: :noro :ecra.
5in, o(naio, peainie coirnn, r(e re:i oonx ypnaon cipemnnanci
nnpn:yi: nanpn:ep, ncnancian nonna, ioropan craa ~epnonon penernnnen
:nponon, nn ana:ennran Hapncian nicrania 1987 ro(a.
lpa(ancian nonna n Hcnannn, n penopraax no paanie croponi ]ponra,
conr n nepno: npnnennn io:neic :ornnon (n y(ymen oimon
nonni. Hepnie ]ororpa]nn eprn o:onix ionpon ne:enion .cia(pnin
Kon(op n O 4amna: .ro c:epri (1987. ! 2980) na~ao ecio-
ne~noro :aprnpoora, copannoro noe(nno n Hipnepre. 3naiyannn (eren na
5niao, onni na noannnnx n n iry anrn]amna:, :oer iri, nnepnie
ore(nnn ca:ocoananne conercioro omecrna c 3ana(o: (Hapo(nin ]ponr).
O renenon cropone no:omn cranncinx .:nccapon, oime ncero oaao~en-
nix paarpo:o: rponincrcion ]painnn (HOYH), :i yanan roiio n orre-
nei o~epe(nan nonrn~ecian ]nrypa y:o~annn.
BlZ noiaer Kpacnin Na(pn( iai Hnmnn ropo( (1987. ! 90. C. 109b
1097) nocronnnin :ornn (n]]a:annn npara, noe(nie pennnn n, iai nce-
r(a, :ecrnoro no(n 4panio.
Ycrponren Hapncion nicranin, na(o noarari, nnone y:imenno npe(oc-
rannn CCCP n nanncrcion lep:annn :ecra (n nannionon vis-a-vis. B .ro:
ia ne roiio npocrpancrnennan :era]opa, no n, noa:ono, no(coanareinan
na(e(a na croinonenne oonx pen:on. Coornercrnenno, oe (nirarypi
nocrapanci nipaanri cen cn:non~ecin n c(ean .ro c ]pen(ncrcion .:-
e:arn~nocrii. Hanncrcinn nannion c aanepmaimn: n:nepcin: opo: n:eer
nn( ]an~ecioro cn:noa; conercinn cynr ropnaonraino opnenrnponan-
#'
ni: nocra:enro: (n :yxnncinx Pao~ero n ioxoannni. B paiypce, n
ioropo: .ro ana:enareinoe npornnocronnne namo :ecro na crpannnax BlZ,
y Nyxnnon yra(inaercn na:ei na ernmnn cny.r Hnin Ca:o]painncion
(1987. ! 22. C. 790). Hanpornn, n yrono: paiypce O ainenrnponan con-
peana: cepna n :oora (1987. ! 18. C. 1218): nannion niia(ponan,
nniaioro ne:enioro opa n nn(y nery. H (ae oman nanopa:a nicranin
cio:nononana rain: opaao:, ~ro npornnocronnne ocraercn aa pa:ion ia(pa.
3naio:an nnayainan ]nrypa y:o~annn na nenpnnrnyi re:y. He:eninn
ypna nepnercn i .ro:y nnianrno:y ciery, noiaainan na .ror paa rpe-
yroinni co croponi nrainncioro nanniona n or:e~an, ~ro n:enno .rn
rpn cny.ra nnnircn cn:noo: ncen nicranin. Hanncrcinn rpa]ni c(eaer
i .ro:y pnconannin nocrcipnnry:: n no~n ycranmne pao~nn n ioxoannna
npncen or(oxnyri, ope e (ae ne aa:ern nx niaona (1987. ! 89. C. 1420
1421). Aan 3]]ei, nnpo~e:, npoio::enrnpyer .ro no-cnoe:y: ope roe npn-
:ocrncn na no~i n rnea(e, (a n ]amncrcinn nca(nni c ione: npniopnyn
noie:apnri
18
. 1ai (nirarypi ca:n ore(nnnn cen cnoen cn:nonion.
1941 ro( O neoc:orpnreino na~ner i:opncrn~ecin: pncynio: :a-
(enna-Honoro ro(a, n yace cnyciaimerocn na napamire n paananni cra-
pon Lnponi (1941. ! 1. 2 c. ooin). B ! b y(er nane~aran o~epi B Ha-
pne c nnnn~ni: no(aaroonio: Bne~arennn ioppecnon(enron rep:an-
cinx raaer. 5y(yr, ione~no, n cno(in c enponencinx ]ponron, no :acconin
ypna ocranercn na y(nnenne aannr ore~ecrnenni: nonce(nenni: iro:.
Crpannni n (ae ooin aan:yr noprperi ~annnia n nennia, caaaoi,
nonnn, (ercinx neocnne(on ncero, ~e: rai rop(ncn ro( 1982-n. Ho co-
rani y(yr ne rai onrn:ncrn~ni, iai npe(e: B(noe n nrpoe ynen~nri
nponano(crno ronapon mnpoioro norpeennn, Xopomo n nac ocynna-
ir Crapie oeann (e]nnnr n neia~ecrnennocri (a(yr cen anari.
4oro narona-pecropana, ior(a-ro nocynnmee opaa~nio: (n pnconannon
peia:i, oiaercn ]oro-yiopo: neyremnreinon napnnroncion peainocrn.
Pn(o: c xopomn:n nema:n nonnnrcn cnn:in noxnx rai ciaaari, ~ep-
nan (ocia mnpnorpea. Kpnrnia peia:i ycyr nepen(er n ipnrniy ca:on
peia:i, pemnreino ne orne~aimen npan(e nann. Lcn :acconin yp-
na c~nrari cpeao: ne npe:enn, ione~no, no xorn i .:onnn npe:enn ro
na(o npnanari, ~ro conercinn oinarei naianyne poionon (ari 22 ninn i
aannr coon, cnon:n ironi:n npoe:a:n, n y~me: cy~ae aypeara:n
Cranncinx npe:nn nn ninanion ~yryna n cran. Hocrep co(ara no( ana-
:ena:n n .:e:a:n, ioropin n BlZ nonnnercn n 1941 ro(y (Hoe(a na
3ana(e 1941. ! 10), n O i no:emen a n inenno: 1987-:. Ho-
nnrno, ~ro ne:eninn ypna n .ro: poiono: n (n lep:annn ro(y i (o
ipaen aanonen noenni:n ciera:n.
Drang nach Oslen O ncrpernr reicro: opamennn Noorona (ae
ea noprpera n anrnnanncrcion iapniarypon na ooie, oroennon i-
o na npe:n naira. BlZ, iai ncer(a, nepen(er i rairnie (n]]a:annn npornn-
nnia noprperi pyccinx ynrep:enmen. 1ani, norpnamnn n poccnncio:
ea(opoie, :or i crari (n 1periero penxa memenlo, no ne cra. ]aime
na~nnaercn npe:n noennon nponaran(i...
2b0
3apo(nnmnci na nepeipecrie peia:noro iaraora n po:ana c npo(oe-
nne:, :acconin nicrpnponannin ypna, iai i nn :ennaci ero crpyiry-
pa n yconnnx (niraryp, ocracn re: e, ~e: i po:ano: c npo(oenne:
o nann omecrna, n ioropo: on ]yninnonnpyer, n peia:on ero opaaa na-
nn. ]oiy:enrainocri ero npn iix n(eoorn~ecinx aycnnnnnx croi e
neco:nenna, cioi n yconna.
]y.i ypnaon oenx aaonix (niraryp onapynnaer iy(a o~e-
nn(nee, ~e: nciyccrno iai napaena:, rai n paan~nn. Hapaena: na
yponne cieron n nx cn:nonin: coa(anne opaaon nnix oron inaan-
penrnn; repon~eciyi pnropniy no ocn rannoro neiropa :nnrapnaannn;
coornercrnyimnn en iyir eeaa (nn(ycrpnainin nenaa, ca:oeri n ran-
in); iyir rea (ero :oo(ocrn, a(oponin, cni c ionnorannn:n roro e ee-
aa). Hapaena: na yponne penpeaenrarnnnoro xapairepa ]ororpa]nn: npeo-
a(anne napa(nocrn na( penopranocrii, ipacori na( nipaanreinocrii;
ro~in cre:in c nyna, iai naainaer ee Po(~enio, na( paiypco: n iocnnon.
Hapaena: na yponne nepcrin ee :ony:enrainocrn, aiio:nannpyimen
]yninnn peia:i: opamennn i cyn:npyimen no:omn rpa]nin (nocrepi).
B ro e npe:n n llluslrirle o~enn(nee, ~e: n nciyccrne, aa:erni ~epri
necxo(crna, n rannan na nnx ncropn~ecin connmancn paannna rpa(nnnn,
yponnn n opaaa nann. Poccnn napaa npyccinn nyri, lep:annn (aeio
yma no nyrn npo:imenno-rexnn~ecioro nporpecca, n, iaiono i nn io
nn(enne n(eainoro y(ymero, ee ir i enponencin-ypyaani:. ]oro-
nniman, npnro: :onononanponannan rocy(apcrno: conercian .iono:nia
nn~ero noxoero npe(onri ne :ora.
B ionne oimon nonni ne na nnor, ior(a conercine noncia ncrynnr na
reppnropni lep:annn, :oo(ie o]nnepi, nocnnrannie n ~yncrne npenocxo(-
crna connana:a, nepennyr cnoero po(a nnnnnaannonnin moi. Hapy~nie
~aci n nepo~nnnie non, anropy~in n meionoe (a:cioe eie, ioc:ernia n
:oronnii, ne ronopn o anro:onnx, nancer(a nopaanr nx noopaenne nn(e-
nne: (pyroro opaaa nann. 1po]ennin ]ni: ]enymia :oen :e~ri c Na-
pniion Peii craner ]eno:eno: conercioro inno n conercioro ca:ocoanannn.
3ro n nann. A na crpannnax oonx ypnaon xponoron cona:epn:, no
neo(nnaion. On cnnxponen n(eoorn~ecin, no ne cn::erpn~en ncropn~ecin.
Hponaran(a BlZ, na~nnan c opaaa no(n, nnayananponana, nnayaino ar-
peccnnna, :onrana cierno (r. e. no npe:enn), a ne n npocrpancrne. Lro
pnropnia norennnaino reennanonna, opamena na nn(ycrpnainon .noxn n
cropony nn]op:arnin. Heaanncn:o or nopaennn n nonne ((o ricn~eernn
Penxy ne xnarno 988 er), paconan yronnn necon:ecrn:a c oripirocrii
nn]op:annonnoro non. O roe na~nnan c narpnapxainoro cranncio-
ro :n]a opamen ne npocro n oronenrpn~eciyi .py, no no~rn n ]oii-
opnyi: n no(i, n npar n:eir naop nocronnnix .nnreron. Bepcria O
neporn]n~nee n ecn :onrana, ro npocrpancrnenno. 5ironan apxania
conercioro xponorona neioropan neyiiecri, npn:nrnnnocri ero :o(ep-
nnaannn, no:noennan na .xo ananrap(a n ]ororpa]nn (eaer ero :np
apnreino nnrepecnee n oanreinee (apxania ncer(a ]ororenn~nee ypyaa-
nocrn). ]n(airnia n y:o~anne roe ~epri narpnapxainon pnropnin, ne
$
(onepnimen :noroana~nocrn ]oro, npe(no~nraimen ycrpamari cono: n yran-
nari nenpnnrnoe naopaenne. nne:epne cono, ioropoe ce(onao i
nnecrn n cranncinn ianon ne na npanax :opainon iareropnn, a na npanax
rep:nna. Benian enan yronnn npnnnaercn er~e ncero na no~ne narpnap-
xainocrn, no :o(epnnaannn, (ae ca:an ioncepnarnnnan, pano nn noa(no,
pymnr ee nanyrpn.
Lcn n(eoornn coananne CNH, ro nx crparernn npnna(ear no(co-
ananni rpa(nnnn n iyirypi. Oa ypnaa (e:oncrpnpyir (na paanix .ra-
na (oronnimero paannrnn, no:noennie na reorpa]n~ecinn n iyirypnin
io.]]nnnenri n ~e:-ro cxo(nie, no neo(nnaionie.
1
1eicr nnnercn anropcion nepcnen cnaennon nicrpannn:n crarin, roronn-
mencn i nyniannn n in.: Slrmische Aubrche und enlluschle Honungen. Pussen
und Deulsche in der Zwischenlriegszeil ; K. Limermacher, A. \olperl (Hg.). Nnchen,
200b (in prinl).
2
!.-L. Set.an-Schteibet. 1he Power lo lnorm. New Yorl, 1974. P. 2b
8
]aee n reicre iai O n BlZ, coornercrnenno.
4
D. Schmiechen-Acketmann. Dillaluren im \ergleich. Darmsladl, 2002.
b
A. unneecxu. Cepn n pyi. Koncepnarnnnan :o(epnnaannn n CCCP. N.,
1998. C. 8182.
b
D. Schmiechen-Acketmann. Op. cil. S. bb.
7
1a: e. S. 147.
8
3(eci n nne cciin na ypnainie crarin na O n BlZ (aircn n reicre n
cioiax c yiaaanne: ro(a nixo(a, no:epa n crpannni.
9
3(eci n nne: A. Fo0uenxo. Oniri (n y(ymero. N., 199b. C. 282.
10
!.-L. Set.an-Schteibet. Op. cil. P. 2b.
11
A. Lnauapcxu. CCCP crponr nani, (ocronnyi ~eoneia ;; Oronei. 1980.
! 4. C. 4.
12
A. unneecxu. Yiaa. co~. C. b8b8.
18
D. Schmiechen-Acketmann. Op. cil. S. 49.
14
Cinonin n conpeancrn~ecion :o(en oimon ce:in no rep:nnoornn Ka-
repnni Kapi. C:. ee crarii Hoonreinin repon iai nepainan niona (Conpe-
ancrn~ecinn ianon. CH., 2000. C. bb9b84).
1b
. Fo.enma.t. Connana: n nnnmeancrno ;; Conpeancrn~ecinn ianon. C. b2.
1b
A. 3a.eccxu. H:nepnn Cranna. 5norpa]n~ecinn .nnnione(n~ecinn co-
napi. N., 2000. C. 428.
17
C:.: . Foeoeun. Cranncinn neon.n. <N.,> 1994.
18
C:. iaraor: Berlin-Nocina 190019b0. Nnchen, New Yorl. C. 8b8.
2b2
]HPK Y44LLNAHH
O]HY HOPNY 3A CL5A, O]HY 3A HABKY!
H1LPA1YPA H H1LPA1YPHAA KPH1HKA
3HOXH COUPLAH3NA KAK HHC1PYNLH1
COUHALHOlO KOH1POA
lope n anai ono no:orari :enn y~nr nec~acrni:.
epeu.u, Jneu0a
1
1. B yconnnx cranncioro pen:a 1980-x rr. ne :oro cymecrnonari
nnon nepcneirnni, ~e: arencrn~ecin-n::anenrnin narn( na oipyaimnn
:np. 1e: ne :enee, n:enno nocr-xpncrnancian ronnia ncnoiayercn n nrepa-
rype conpeana:a iai nncrpy:enr nponaran(i ca:onoeprnonannn no n:n
ioeirnnnoro ara: Ca:o repon~ecioe n naopaennn connancrn~ecioro
peana:a oana~aer eciopicrnin n coanareinin no(nnr no n:n omero a-
ra, co~eraimnncn c :yecrno: n c:eocrii n nepe(io nponnnimnncn n
ca:onoeprnonannn repon
2
. Aeprna, o ioropon n(er pe~i n ionreicre con-
peana:a, a raie n nay~nix ncce(onannnx conercion .noxn, nocnnmennix
noce(ne:y, no cyrn ronn~na. Ho( ycnoiannaimn: noa(encrnne: coanannn
o(epannon noennon noe(i oimnncrno rocy(apcrnennix n(eooron :ao
aaornrcn o ro:, ~ro raion arena:, rpeyimnn eprn n reneaorn~ecio:
nn crpyirypno: ornomennn :or i iri ncroionan iai (napa-)penrn-
oanin n ~ro ynorpene:an npn .ro: ronnia :ora i iri pacnoanana iai
xpncrnancian.
B (annon crarie :i na:epenae:cn ocranonnricn na po:ane Hnioan
Ocrponcioro Kai aaianaci crai, ~roi na ero npn:epe npoce(nri
nocronnnoe npncyrcrnne xpncrnancion ronnin eprni, a raie nn(ona:e-
nennn :o(een xpncrnancinx opaaon n nreparype .noxn conpeana:a.
B .rnx nenx po:an Ocrponcioro y(er conocranen c oocnonannn:n epr-
ni Xpncra, co(epamn:ncn n Hono: 3anere, npn~e: ocooe nnn:anne
y(er y(eeno rn:ny Xpncry (4n. ?, o11). B ne: ca:oynn~nenne nn
ienoanc Xpncra, nonornnmerocn n ~eone~ecinn oni n oriaaanmerocn
or cnoen 5oecrnennon cymnocrn, npnnnnmero connainoe ynnenne n n
ionne ionnon nome(mero na ipecrnyi c:epri, nponone(yercn iai npn:ep,
ioropo:y (oni ce(onari nce xpncrnane: Ho n nac (oni iri re
e ~yncrnonannn, iaine n no Xpncre Hncyce. Hamy rnnoreay :ono c]op-
:ynponari ce(yimn: opaao:: anaorn~nin npnain i ca:oynn~ne-
nni co(epnrcn n pacc:arpnnae:o: na:n po:ane Ocrponcioro, a coner-
cian nponaran(a noaaornaci o ro:, ~roi (annin npnain ipacnon nn-
rii npome ~epea nci ncropni penennnn .roro reicra.
$!
Po:an-(eir Hnioan Aeiceenn~a Ocrponcioro Kai aaianaci crai,
na( ioropi: anrop paora c 1980 no 198b r., aann rannoe :ecro n nrepa-
rypno: ianone conpeana:a. Honrn~ecioe paa(eenne na nparon n (pyaen
n po:ane na nepnin narn( iaaaoci rain: o(noana~ni:, ~ro ero c:eo :o-
no io ncnoiaonari n nenx nocnnrannn :oo(en. Hne :i nocrapae:cn
oocnonari name yrnep(enne, ~ro npoio::ynncrn~ecian noannnn po:ana, n:-
:anenrnocri n r. (. ne rai o(noana~ni, iai io npnnnro c~nrari. Kpo:e roro,
:i no(neprne: ocnonareinon nponepie ce(yimyi namy rnnoreay: ycnex
po:ana n ero ncnoiaonanne n nponaran(ncrcinx nenx in noa:oni n:en-
no aro(apn ipoimencn n ne: neo(noana~nocrn. Nero(oorn~ecin: ii-
~o: i c]op:ynponannon aa(a~e nocynr, no-nepnix, npo~renne ca:oro po-
:ana na npe(:er (eraen, (onyciaimnx a:nnaenrnoe roionanne, n, no-nro-
pix, npnne~enne ncropnn penennnn reicra
8
.
2. He nce a:nnaenrnie acneiri po:ana no(nepraircn nirecnenni n
xo(e ero penennnn n ionreicre conpeana:a; o(nn na rainx acneiron a
n:enno nocrenennoe na:enenne none(ennn repon n cropony nonrn~ecioro
conepmencrna conpeana:o: npnananacn. Hpenpamenne Hanin Kop~a-
rnna na crponrnnoro mioinnia n ornercrnennoro nncrpyiropa coornercrny-
er iaccn~ecion conpeancrn~ecion ianne: repon npoxo(nr rnnn~nin nyri
paannrnn, ne(ymnn or crnxnnnocrn i coanareinocrn n (ncnnnnne
4
.
Kpo:e neoro pn(a ornoncinx ]nryp (crapmnn par Apre:, erynon, Han-
iparon, e(enen) na ncrnnnin nonrn~ecinn nyri Haniy nacranner :arpoc
Ayxpan. Orna: ye anaio: ror nyri, ioropin eme npe(cronr noanari :oo-
(o:y repoi (a(eci :i n:ee: (eo c oroconcin: nonn:anne: cnoo(i iai
no(~nnennn nicme:y, ncrnnno:y :nponopn(iy). 3ra cxe:a, eaman n ocno-
ne :nornx (pyrnx po:anon .noxn conpeana:a
b
, noanoner onpe(enri Kai
aaianaci crai Ocrponcioro ne croiio iai po:an paannrnn, cioiio iai
po:an nocnnrannn
b
. Hocrenenno npeo(oenan conpornnenne no(one~noro, orni
nocnnrinair n Hanie naprnnnoe coananne n cnoconocri i crparern~ecio:y
:imenni.
Uei nponecca nocnnrannn ]op:ynpyercn n po:ane (ocraro~no ~erio,
o(naio cionnocri Hanin i anapxnn nocnnraren: y(aercn noe(nri (aeio
ne cpaay. 3(eci :i, no ncen nn(n:ocrn, n:ee: (eo c po:ano: o rpy(nonocnn-
rye:o: :oo(o: ~eoneie: conpornnenne, oiaainae:oe Hanion, nixo(nr aa
pa:in a:nnaenrnocrn, (onyciae:on reopern~ecin:n nocryara:n conpea-
na:a.
B pe(ainnn po:ana, (arnpye:on 1982;88 rr., nixo(in repon in nponn-
cani eme np~e. Pe(airopi po:ana n ca: anrop n noce(yime: cra(nn
.ry rpy(nonocnnrye:ocri, o(naio (ae n aaii~nreinon nepcnn reicra ipe-
(o eeanon (ncnnnnni npairn~ecin (o ca:oro ionna po:ana ne coornercr-
nyer naopaae:on (encrnnreinocrn.
Ha noce(nnx crpannnax c oimn: na]oco: neo(noiparno nonropnercn,
~ro nonrn~ecian nei (ocrnrnyra: norpncennin nen~ne: penoinnn Hania
no(no(nr nror pocra ncen crpani (248 n 288)
7
. O(naio nonrn~ecian noe(a
ipacnix ne oana~aer (n Hanin nenocpe(crnennoro n~noro npo(nnennn.
2b4
On cranonnrcn ncero nmi io:co:oicin: io:nccapo:, ioropin roiio noa(-
nee y(er npnnnr n naprni.
B ]nan~ecio: nane o no(re:e Hanin na nicmyi cryneni conepmencrna
ne :oer iri n pe~n. Bapocenne repon n no(onopore coirnn npe:en noen-
noro io::ynna:a n ero npenpamenne n :y~nny (Boa:ya, oipen (110)),
ioropoe n aarannn oeiaercn n :exanncrn~eciyi :era]opy, n ca:o: po-
:ane conpono(aercn ]nan~ecin: yracanne:. Honrn~ecian n noennan noe-
(a conna(aer no npe:enn c :o:enro:, ior(a a(oponie Hanin oiaainaercn oion-
~areino no(opnanni:.
Hpn nce:, iaaaoci i, ncno: n o(noana~no: nonrn~ecio: (yana:e,
nponaran(npye:o: n po:ane, na ca:ix paanix reicronix yponnnx :ono
nponai(ari nan~ne ce(on npornnope~nnon ornin .noxn crannna:a
8
.
1e: ca:i:, pacnpocrpanennoe (o cnx nop yrnep(enne o crpe:ennn i o(no-
ana~nocrn oiaainaercn ne(ocraro~ni: (n roro, ~roi onpe(enri ana~enne
reicra npe(e ncero n nane ero nocnpnnrnn mnpoin: ipyro: ~nrareen.
3a(anmnci neii nonnri npn~nni nonynpnocrn po:ana, :i oiaainae:cn
nepe( neoxo(n:ocrii oee no(ponoro ncroionannn ero a:nnaenrnix
acneiron. Hpo~renne reicra, ce(yimee noo~ni:n nyrn:n nn (nnymee-
cn npornn c:iconoro noroia, npn .ro: ne :oer npnananaricn na:n iai
aacyra nocr:o(epnncrcion .nncre:oornn. Hne :i npo(e:oncrpnpye:, ~ro
no(onoe npo~renne nnnoci neorre:e:on ~acrii nocnpnnrnn reicra n
conerciyi .noxy.
B ncce(onareicion nreparype :ono nanrn nein pn( noniroi coor-
necennn :o(een ynn~nennn n noanimennn c penrnoani:, xpncrnancin:
ionreicro:. Ha coopaennn neoxo(n:on ipariocrn n (annon crarie :i
orpann~n:cn orciion i reancy H. C:npnona, ioropin yrnep(aer, ~ro ipo:e
xpncrnancion paanonn(nocrn ienoanca cymecrnyer eme ero :aaoxncrcian paa-
nonn(nocri n ionreicre conpeana:a. Oe .rn paanonn(nocrn xapairepn-
ayircn norepen onpe(eennoro npnanaia
9
.
Naaoxncrcinn ienoanc conpeana:a C:npnon no(paa(ener na rpn nn(a:
ce:ennin, connainin n ]nan~ecinn ienoanc (ipo:e roro, on ioncrarnpyer,
~ro none(enne repoen-:y~nn crponrcn no ren(epnon :o(en encioro none-
(ennn n ~ro arenci cranonnrcn nannenca:n). Hpoe:a no(onoro no(xo(a ne
croiio n nenocpe(crnenno: ynnainannn :era]opn~ecioro nonnrnn :aao-
xna:a n :era]opn~ecioro e nonnrnn ienoanca, cioiio ne~erioe paan~enne
ienoanca n acieai (ioropan conpono(aer no(paanne ienoancy Xpncra, no
(aeio ne n(enrn~na e:y).
Annnci nonnrne:, onncinaimn: nn(nnn(yaino-ncnxoorn~ecinn :exa-
nna: noy~ennn y(onoicrnnn or npn~nnennn on, :aaoxna: nmen roro
(ononnreinoro na:epennn, ioropoe npncyme xpncrnancio:y ienoancy, r.e.
na:epennn rpancnen(enrnocrn. Hepnn~ni: cyreiro: xpncrnancioro ieno-
anca nnnercn ne penrnoanin ~eonei
10
, iai yrnep(aer C:npnon, a Cono
5one, operaimee ~eone~ecinn oni n opaae Xpncra. Onycian acneir
neae:noro nicoioro, no ornomenni i ioropo:y nponcxo(nr ynn~nenne
iai n imilaliones Chrisli i(i:n nn n cy~ae ceiynpnaannn ienoanca
:i ynyciae: na nn(y ne roiio nicoioe, nnnimeecn ro~ion orc~era ca:o-
$#
ynn~nennn (4n. ?, 6), no n noanimenne, na ioropoe, coracno xpncrnan-
cion (or:arnie, nanpaneno ca:oynn~nenne Xpncra (4n. ?, 911). Ynn-
enne cyreira (o (en(enrn]niannn (xpncrnancinn ienoanc) nn ec-
npnanaionoro irnn (:aaoxncrcinn ienoanc conpeana:a), o ioropix nn-
mer C:npnon, ne conna(air c ienoanco: Xpncra, c ero ynn~nenne: or
5oecrnennocrn (o ~eone~ecioro onia. B apaie paa Xpncroc necer
necri o necxoen c .rn: apaio: 5oecrnennon nnocracn. Hec:or-
pn na yiaaannie nime noapaennn :i c~nrae: onpe(ene:ie C:npnoni:
paanonn(nocrn ce:ennoro, connainoro n ]nan~ecioro ienoanca (cp.: 4n. ?,
o11), a raie or:e~ae:in n: ren(epnin nepexo( n npnanai naccnnnocrn
nnone npo(yirnnni:n (n onncannn po:ana Kai aaianaci crai. O(na-
io n name: cy~ae neoxo(n:o y(er pacmnpnri ropnaonr pacc:orpennn n
y~ecri acneir noanimennn, nnnimnncn neorre:e:on ~acrii xpncrnan-
cion ionnennnn ienoanca.
8. Y Ocrponcioro ea rpy(a :ono ioncrarnponari iai neirop ynn~ne-
nnn, rai n neirop noanimennn. Paaronopnan crnnaannn penni repoen n
or~acrn ca:oro nonecrnonareinoro (nciypca conpono(aercn ~acri: ynor-
peenne: y:enimnreinix ]op:
11
. H:n Hana Kop~arnna, iai n n:ena no~-
rn ncex ocrainix repoen po:ana, npnno(nrcn n (n:nnyrnnnon ]op:e; ipo:e
roro, iai ye or:e~aoci C:npnoni: n yiaaannon crarie, na ocnone coany~nn
c nipaenne: cornyri iop~aron a(eci :ono nocrponri acconnarnnnyi
neno~iy, orciaimyi i ycron~nno:y conoco~eranni iop~nricn or on.
1. e. n ca:on ]a:nnn Kop~arnn iai i aaoena nporpa::arnia ]nan~e-
cinx crpa(annn.
Haprnnnie nocri, ioropie n ionne ionnon orno(nrcn Hanie noce (o-
rnx nepnnernn, ne oana~air no(re:a na nicoine crynenn ipoiparn~ecion
ecrnnni. Ho.ro:y, ynn(en Haniy, oopnannoro n nanypennoro paoron na
nocronnno: :opoae, ycnenman nonapoceri n oypyaanricn 1onn aa:e~aer,
~ro nani y nero, nn(n:o, conaci ney(a~no, a Hen emnncian naainaer
ero pao: (171, 198). C ro~in apennn nonrn~ecion ornin reicra oe .rn
xapairepncrnin, ione~no, omno~ni; o(naio n nane napa-xpncroorn~ecioro
roionannn reicra n noncia n ne: ce(on napymennn .ron ornin i nn:
cronr npnc:orpericn nnn:areinee. Cono pa nnnercn ii~eni: nonn-
rne: ornin opamennn orpnnareinoro n noonreinoe n Hocannn i
4nnnnnnna: (4n. ?, ): ynn~nenne Xpncra (o pacioro onia cnn(e-
reicrnyer o inn 5ora-orna n npe(nemaer i(n: cnacenne.
ox:orin, n ioropie o(er paoraimnn na crponreicrne eeanon (opo-
rn Hania, n npncranman i ne:y rpnai cnn(ereicrnyir o npnnnnnnaino:
npenepeennn, c ioropi: on ornocnrcn io nce:y nnemne:y; n an:nne :opo-
ai on xo(nr npairn~ecin ocon, ne aa:e~an npoxy(nnmencn oynn n (y:an
nmi o neoxo(n:ocrn rpy(onon eprni. Bce .rn (eran cia(inaircn n
opaa, naocri ioroporo i :onamecio:y n(eay nmennn rpy(no orpnnari
12
.
3rn (eran nanonnircn nonon ]yninnonainocrii (npn~e: Haninn rpy(
npe(cranner coon acieay n :npy, a ne aciern~ecinn yxo( na :npa), npo(o-
an npn .ro: rpa(nnni :onamecioro npeapennn i :npcion ipacore. Onpe(e-
2bb
ennin orrenoi npoerapcion (eiaccnponannocrn ne nc~eaaer y Hanin nn
noce ncrynennn n o]nnnainie io:co:oicine n naprnnnie (onocrn,
nn (ae ror(a, ior(a on, npnionannin i nocren napan~o: n nmennin noa-
:onocrn paorari ]nan~ecin, cranonnrcn nncaree:, r. e. nepexo(nr i nn-
reeiryainon (enreinocrn.
]ocrnenne repon:n nicmen crynenn coanareinocrn, ea oirpina-
nnn ioroporo ne oxo(nrcn npairn~ecin nn o(nn cier .noxn conpeana:a,
conpono(aercn oriaao: or cocrnennon nnnnnarnni. Honrn~ecian coana-
reinocri n ca:ocronreinoe crpe:enne i (encrnni oiaainaircn necon:ec-
rn:i, c ro~in apennn naprnnnon (ncnnnnni, npe(nncinaimen eaoronopo~-
noe no(~nnenne.
B xo(e paori na( reicro: Ocrponcinn necioiio crannaer Haninny
cionnocri i neno(~nnenni, ne nman ero, o(naio, onpe(eennon crnxnnno-
crn. . Co]ponona no(:e~aer, ~ro necnoo(a, i ioropon npnxo(nr Hania, nnn-
ercn neorre:e:i: .e:enro: arnorpa]n~ecion cxe:i, a K. Kapi nnmer,
~ro yrpara cnoo(i npe(cranner coon o(nn na ocnononoaraimnx :ornnon
po:ana .noxn conpeana:a n nxo(nr n penepryap pon repon-cina, ioropin
(oen oriaaaricn or cocrnennon nnnnnarnni no ornomenni i ornoncio:y
anropnrery (nanpn:ep, i naprnn). Ynn~nenni no(nepraercn n:enno opaa
cina, niainan, rain: opaao:, acconnanni c ienoanco: Cina 5oiero, raie
:ornnnpye:i: nocymanne: (4n. ?, ).
Ho(~nnnnci neoxo(n:ocrn noennoro npe:enn, :oo(ie oimennin Han-
ia n Cepea oriaainaircn or cnonx ce:en. 1oiio raion nenon onn :oryr
iri npnnnri n nonyi ce:ii, iaionon nnnercn naprnn nn Kpacnan Ap:nn,
n ioropon onn nonocrii pacrnopnircn: Cepea aai ce:ii, xorn ona n
ia r(e-ro conce: naio (9b). Ha noniriy po(nix nano:nnri o cee re-
pon orne~air oriaao:: Cepea aannner :arepn, ~ro en ne y(acrcn aanpernri
e:y noenari na cropone ipacnix n nepnyri ero (o:on. B .ro: oriaae any~nr
oriaa Xpncra npnnnri aaory Napnn: 'ro Nne n 1ee, Aeno (Hn. ?, 4).
5y(y~n niny(enni: oriaaaricn or :arepn, ~roi aaiaia ynen~aaci
ycnexo:, oen re: oee ne :oer noanonri noa:onon naprnepme orne~i
ero or (ocrnennn nocranennon nen.
Hona~ay nianannan cre~enne: ocronreicrn, ceicyainan acieaa Hanin
nmi noa(nee noano(nrcn n panr npnnnnna. Kor(a nia(opannnaimnn repon
nena(oro noanpamaercn i :arepn, on orncnner en cnoi nonrn~ecin :orn-
nnponannyi inrny acieai, ioropyi on nioi (a, ce(yimn: opaao:: A,
:a:ann, cono (a cee (nn~ar ne roynri, noia no nce: cnere ypyen ne
npnion~n: (178). H. Hniynna or:e~aer, ~ro .porn~ecin oipamennie cne-
ni po:ana in coipameni n nponecce paori Ocrponcioro na( nepnon
pe(ainnen reicra
18
. 1ain: opaao:, :ono c(eari neeainrepecnin nino(,
~ro npio nipaennin aciern~ecinn orrenoi po:an npnoperaer nmi n pe-
ayirare neo(noiparnon ioppeirnponin.
3a(anan cnoen y(ymen ene 1ae nonpoc 1i cranemi :oen no(pyron,
enon (274), Hania opnconinaer pai iai necioiio nn(ona:enennoe npo-
(oenne (pyi. 5pai ocnoninaercn npe(e ncero na ornercrnennocrn, r. e.
nnner coon ciopee po(nreicinn, ~e: naprnepcinn po( naan:oornomennn.
$%
1ee ocraercn o(no: nonepnri, ~ro raine, iai n, ne npe(air cnonx (pyaen
(274), aannner Hania cnoen napannnne. Haionen, on ca: coapenaer (n
roro, ~roi nanri na cen poi orna n npnnanri i cee :oo(yi enmnny
n ia~ecrne nonrn~ecion nocnnrannnni.
Lcn :i coracn:cn c Hrope: C:npnoni: n ero yrnep(ennn, ~ro coner-
cian anrponoornn ne npnananaa reecnon (nanano~non) croponi ~eone-
ia
14
, ro po:an Ocrponcioro :oer nocynri npn:epo:, no(rnep(aimn:
nan~ne no(onon ren(ennnn. 3ra ren(ennnn ne peanayercn n ~ncron ]op:e,
a ciopee ninnaercn n a:nnaenrnie :ornni, na ioropie, n cnoi o~epe(i,
noaaraercn nponaran(ncrcian aa(a~a. Hania ne nnnercn cnepxrepoe:, ioro-
po:y ~y(o nce ~eone~ecioe: on no(nepen ca:i: paani: nciymennn:
1b
.
Ho n:enno .ro ocronreicrno napamnnaer norennna noa:onon n(enrn]n-
iannn co croponi ~nraren: Hania no(nepen nciymennn:, iai n ion
(pyron, no on npeo(oenaer cen, n no.ro:y c nero ce(yer pari npn:ep.
Hyri repon i pocry n (ocrnenni nicmen crynenn penoinnonno-oi-
menncrcion coanareinocrn n napnanre Ocrponcioro ne(er ~epea :noecrno
repnnn. 3ror nyri crpa(annn na~nnaercn, ior(a (nena(narnernnn Hania po-
caer mioy n na~nnaer paorari, n (ocrnraer nepmnni, ior(a repon cenner n
oiaainaercn npnionanni: i nocren: Anani npo(oaer :enn recnnri na
]ponre opii aa a(oponie (27b).
1eo n:enno nonpe(ennoe, panenoe cnona npnoperaer ana~n:ocri.
B ro npe:n iai noonoe ne~enne nciopennercn acieaon, reecnie crpa(annn
nicrynair na nepe(nnn nan. Ho(nepranci crpa(annn:, reo naxo(nr cnoe
:ecro n nreparypnon anrponoornn conpeana:a: npn no:omn :noroipar-
nix napnannn :ornna oeann n reecnix nonpe(ennn ioropin, icrarn,
nnnercn nocronnni: npe(:ero: pe]eicnn Hanin Ocrponcinn narypa-
nanpyer opaa paa na Hocannn i 4nnnnnnna:.
Ne(nnnnciyi narypanaanni :era]nan~ecin-.rn~ecioro ienoanca Xpn-
cra :ono pacc:arpnnari iai npnanai nerarnnnon onenin penrnoanon :o(e-
n, re: ne :enee, nocnponano(nmencn n crpyirype po:ana, xorn n n na:enen-
non ]op:e. Anrniepniana: Hanin n ero npoerapcioe noa:ymenne, no(an-
ne:ie n:emareicrno: naprnnnon nenaypi, cnn(ereicrnyir o ce(onannn
anaorn~non nnnn nporecra: npornn o]nnnainon nnnn, npornn nepxon.
Ho(onoe nicrynenne npornn nimecronmero anropnrera :ono onennnari
iai npo(oenne pyccion rpa(nnnn ipo(crna, npornnocronnmero o]nnnai-
non nepinn. B ro npe:n iai noce(nnn (eaa ynop na (ocronncrno n noani-
menne, ipo(nni:n (e:oncrparnnno no(~epinnaoci ca:oynn~nenne. 1ain:
opaao:, :ono yrnep(ari, ~ro ren(ennnn nporecra npornn o]nnnainon
nnnn cyar iannon (n ienorn~ecinx :o(een none(ennn: n name: cy-
~ae ono nicrynaer no( ipacni: ]aro:.
4. O(naio ne (oen n noonreinin repon reicra .noxn conpeana:a
iri nepconae: conepmenno neini:, ea cy~ia, ea aa(opnnin Ni, ione~-
no, ne na:epenae:cn ocnapnnari ]air, ~ro Hania na(een onpe(eenni:n ~ep-
ra:n repon, no repon on ciopee :ao]op:arnin, iai i :nnn-repon. l(e e
ror(a nciari repon nacronmero, nonoraapnrnoro
2b8
Lcn nreparypa conpeana:a ana~nreinon ~acrii nanncana inmn:n
onna:n penoinnn, ioropie niny(eni in noinnyri crpon no npn~nne
nenpnro(nocrn i airnnnon opie
1b
(~ro n cy~ae Ocrponcioro o~enn(no
rai), r. e. inmn:n repon:n, ro cronr aa(aricn nonpoco: o npnnnnnnainon
con:ecrn:ocrn repona:a n nreparypi
17
. lepona: y(ymnx n inmnx repo-
en cocronr n ycnnnx, nanpanennix na ro, ~roi crari repoe:, nn, coorner-
crnenno, n pe]eicnn yrpa~ennon cnoconocrn iri repoe:.
B po:ane Ocrponcioro :i n:ee: (eo iai i c oon:n cy~an:n: na
no(pocria, r. e. y(ymero repon, Hania nenocpe(crnenno npenpamaercn n nn-
nan(a, r. e. inmero repon. Ho.ro:y repona: Hanin ne :oer cocronri n
iaio:-ro or(eino: ni(aime:cn nocrynie (iai onna, pao~ero nn naprnn-
noro n(epa), a (oen onpe(enricn nepenocn:i:n crpa(annn:n. B cnere
ciaaannoro aa:ern:, ~ro orcyrcrnne airnnnoro repona:a n po:ane Ocrpon-
cioro nn n ioe: cy~ae ne yiaainaer na ro, ~ro reicr ce(yer pacc:arpnnari
iai ne coornercrnyimnn ianony conpeana:a
18
. Ciopee :ono yrnep(ari,
~ro (n conpeana:a ecn :i noc:orpn: na nero ~epea npna:y po:ana
Ocrponcioro xapairepna nocranonia neninonn:oro rpeonannn: on (o-
en onncinari repona: ~epea paan~nie npe(mecrnyimne e:y nn ce(yi-
mne aa nn: cra(nn, nnnnci, re: ca:i:, .nn-repon~ecin:. ]encrnyimee nno
n reicre (ono iri na(eeno ne(ocrario: n crpe:nricn io:nencnponari
ero. B .ro: c:ice mnao]penn~ecian (noncrnennocri conpeana:a, o ioro-
pon nnmer Kapi
19
npornnope~ne :e(y (encrnnreini: orpnnareini:
repoe: n eae:i: noonreini: repoe: a paapemn:a ce(yimn: o-
paao:: repon reicra (oen crpa(ari or cnoen nenononennocrn n crpe:nri-
cn nanonnri ee c:ico:.
Ha (oi Hanin nina(aer nenioe :noecrno nec~acrnn, o(naio poioni:,
niananmn: nnoce(crnnn rneyi nenponaroorni n napan~, oiaainaercn
panenne, noy~ennoe n: n 1920 ro(y n xo(e rpa(ancion nonni, noce(onan-
men aa penoinnen. Ce(onareino, npn~nnon Haninnoro yne~in, c(eanmero
na nero paa, nocyna opia aa penoinnonnyi n(ei. B xo(e penoinn-
onnon opii Hania ocoananno n (oponoino crannr na iapry cocrnennoe
a(oponie. 1ain: opaao:, ero ]nan~ecioe ynn~nenne ne cy~annocri: ca:o-
ynn~nenne ecri eprna pa(n n(en, npnanai ce(onannn onpe(eenno:y o-
paany none(ennn. Aeprnyn a(oponie:, Hania crpe:nrcn coornercrnonari npe(-
cranenni o penoinnonepe, npn~e: opnenrnpo:, onpe(enimn: ero n(eo-
orni cyennn, nnnercn ioeirnn. L(nncrnenni: npnanaio:, npn(aimn:
ioeirnny neiyi ionipernocri, oiaainaercn necioiio paa ncrpe~aimancn
n reicre :era]opa, noaan:crnonannan na noennoro ionreicra: Hane nmer n
naxo(nr cnoe :ecro n crpoi (187). B 79 ranax nropon ~acrn po:ana
Hania, oropnanmnncn or ioeirnna no npn~nne ]nan~ecion nenononenno-
crn, c nerepnenne: crpe:nrcn noanparnricn n crpon (2b9).
Ho(ono ro:y, iai ecione~nie crpa(annn or(einix repoen ne aarparn-
nair ioeirnn n ero neocrnocrn (3cia(pon ne ocranannna cnon er na-
aa norepn onna (272)), ]nan~ecioe noa(encrnne crpa(annn, ncnirinae:ix
Hanion, ne (ocrnraer n(pa niananmen nx n(eoorn~ecion npn~nni. 1ai, ynn-
ennoe reo ne n cocronnnn aa ncii~enne: pe(inx :o:enron or~an-
$'
nnn co:nri (yx repon. 3(eci :i n:ee: (eo c napa(oico: ]nan~ecioro
ynn~nennn n nena:ennon croniocrn non, npe(crannimn: coon crpyi-
rypnin anaor npanocannoro y~ennn o neaanncn:o: cymecrnonannn Cona,
ioropoe ne aarparnnaercn ca:oynn~nenne: Xpncra. Ce(onareino, (annoe
nocronncrno n(en npn nenocronncrne ]nan~ecion ocnoni ne nnnercn nonon
paanonn(nocrii roranrapnoro, :aaoxncrcioro ienoanca .noxn conpeana:a,
iai yrnep(aer H. C:npnon, a npe(cranner coon rpa(nnnonnyi ienorn~e-
ciyi :o(ei. Conpeana: nmi npo(oaer rpa(nnni, aaoennyi n xpn-
crnancio: ienoance.
Hoanrnnnaannn ynn~nennn repon, nocronncrno ero non cyri ionnen-
nnn po:ana Kai aaianaci crai, noanoniman nponecrn cmpxmpn
anaorni c xpncroornen. B po:ane ocoenni: opaao: no(~epinnaircn ie-
norn~ecine npnanain nocymannn, cyop(nnannn, poi cina, a raie (opo-
noinin oriaa (or ce:in, or n~noro c~acrin) n ioeirnnnan noiaa or ynn-
~nennn o(noro nna. O(naio nanno n acneiri, orn~aimne nonecrnonanne
o ynn~nennn n nocnnrannn repon or xpncrnancinx ]op: no(paannn Xpn-
cry: anrniepniainin, (ae anrnxpncrnancinn ron po:ana ne no(enr co-
:nenni. Hpnain i no(paanni naneen ne na ioni i nne:y n nenpo-
rnnenne ay (N]. o, J9), a na ornernoe nacnne, na crpamnin noce(nnn on
(o noe(i n yronn~ecioro ocnoo(ennn or aa. Ka~ecrna, noaan:crnonannie
xpncrnancin:n :onaxa:n y co(ar
20
, Ocrponcinn noanpamaer co(ara:, cron-
mn: n penoinnonno: crpoi.
b. Po:an ne orpann~nnaercn onncanne: eprn, npnnecennix Hanion, Ce-
peen n Baen, n nx noiai (n ioeirnna. 3a .rn: onncanne: ipoercn
npnain i ~nrarei noce(onari npn:epy no(onoro repon~ecioro eprno-
npnnomennn. Ho.ro:y xpncroorn~ecioe roionanne po:ana Ocrponcio-
ro ne :oer oonrnci ea pacc:orpennn paan~nix ]op: npnaina i no(pa-
anni.
Ocnonni: ornpanni: nyniro: nnnercn npn .ro: norennna n(enrn]n-
iannn c ienorn~ecin: repoe:. Kai Cono 5one cranonnrcn (ocrynni: (n
nocnpnnrnn n apaie paa, iai Xpncroc, norepnenmnn connainoe n ]nan~e-
cioe ynn~nenne, cranonnrcn ]nrypon, noanonimen nepyimn: n(enrn]nnn-
ponari cen c nen, rai n crpa(annn Hanin ne (nc]yninnonaini (H. C:np-
non nnmer, ~ro onn npe(crannir coon nmi norepi npnanaia), a nnnircn
nenrpaini:n .e:enra:n, (oencrnyimn:n ninonnri nacrannreinyi
]yninni. 1or, iro yanaer n ~ynx crpa(annnx n co:nennnx cnon, ne pocnr
ia:eni nepni:; ror, iro yanaer cen n crpa(aime:, no:oer (pyro:y crpa-
(aime:y; ror, iro nn(nr, iai (pyrne npeo(oenair rpy(nocrn, nan(er n .ro:
npn:epe crn:y (n cocrnennoro none(ennn. He(ocrarin, ioropi:n na(en-
ercn Hania, c .ron ro~in apennn raie ]yninnonaini. Hanoee cepieanin
na nnx .ro ero ne(ncnnnnnnponannocri, n ro npe:n iai niennocri n
1oni, npnna(eamyi i ypyaanon cpe(e, (oran nencnocri n ornomennnx
c Pnron, cinepnoconne n iypenne ciopee ornocnrcn i iareropnn npocrnrei-
nix caocren: nce onn yiaainair na ro, ~ro repon po:ana nn~e: ne orn~a-
ercn or (pyrnx.
270
Haprnnnan (ncnnnnna nnnercn ranni: ]ernme: conpeana:a, no.ro:y
nacrannreinan ]yninnn Haninnon ne(ncnnnnnnponannocrn conercin:n nc-
ce(onaren:n ne yno:nnaaci. An(pen Haronon i, noayn, e(nncrnen-
ni: anropo:, ioropin n cnoen penenann na po:an Kai aaianaci crai
necioiio orcrynn or .roro ]ernma: on nnmer, ~ro crnxnnnocri Haninnoro
none(ennn neorre:e:an ~epra repon, yiaainaiman na ro, ~ro on raion e,
iai nce, no ~ro n nocnnrareino: nane .ror ]air po:any ne no npe(
21
.
Cnoe nocnnrareinoe ana~enne opaa Hanin npnope ne nonpein, a n:en-
no aro(apn ero ynn~nenni, aaypn(nocrn n ]nan~ecion (erpa(annn. Oi~-
nin repona: Hanin
22
n cnoen caocrn n ynn~nennn rpann~nr co cnnro-
crii. Cnnrocri peayirnpyer a(eci na onpe(eennoro (e]nnnra: c repoe:
~ro-ro ne n nopn(ie, e:y ~ero-ro ne xnaraer. H:enno no raio:y opaany
onpe(ener cnnrocri nocernnmnn Ocrponcioro An(pe An(. On nnmer, ~ro
:ecro, r(e on ncrpern cnnroro Ocrponcioro, iaercn e:y neno(xo(nmn::
Lcn i :i ne in n CCCP, n i ciaaa 3ro cnnron. Penrnn ne coa(aa
oee npeipacnoro nna. Bor narn(noe (oiaaareicrno roro, ~ro cnnrix po-
(aer ne roiio penrnn
28
. Horpncenne, ncnirannoe An(o: npn conpniocno-
nennn co cnnrocrii Ocrponcioro, ecri peayirar nne~arennn, ioropoe npo-
nane na nero ne coornercrnyimnn rpa(nnnonno:y xpncrnancio:y npe(cran-
enni conercinn ionreicr. Hania iaercn :nnona: ~nrareen (ocron-
ni: npn:epo: (n no(paannn, noro:y ~ro on nnno ne cnnron, noro:y ~ro
ero ]nan~ecioe a(oponie no(opnano, noro:y ~ro on nepe(io nna(aer n or~an-
nne, noro:y ~ro on (oroe npe:n ne(er cen nenoce(onareino. He(ocrarin
nnrair nacranenne; oia (errn (ienoanc) nonimaer neponrnocri noane(e-
nnn n panr cnnroro, ycnnnaer npnain i no(paanni. H:enno neconepmen-
crno (annocrn noanoner npe(noarari, ~ro aa nen ipoercn ne~ro nicmee
24
.
1ain: opaao:, :ono ioncrarnponari, ~ro nocryar napo(nocrn n conpea-
na:e oiaainaercn oee ana~n:i:, ~e: nocryar noonreinoro repon.
1oiio noonreinin repon, ioropo:y npncymn onpe(eennie ne(ocrarin,
y(onernopner rpeonanni naocrn i napo(y n :oer cynri npn:epo:
(n no(paannn.
b. Hania ne roiio nnnercn rain: npn:epo:; on ca: neo(noiparno ni-
crynaer n pon nponaran(ncra n~nix ia~ecrn, ioropi:n (oen oa(ari
oimenni. Oiaaanmnci n ap:nn oimennion, Hania nciope epercn ~nrari
ronapnma: po:an Bonnn~ Ono(. O(nn na crapmnx co(ar, nai(aimnn
cneny, pacnoanaer n Haninno: ~rennn ncyx (encrnennin nncrpy:enr cipi-
ron arnrannn: Bor cen~ac, c:orpn, ne(yr nonrpaory neaa:erno, a nnnnne
o~eni oimoe. ]n nnx xopomee cono npn(y:ano :oo(an rnap(nn`
(118). Hoa(nee Hania, cranmnn io:co:oicin: io:nccapo:, (ono(nr cnoi
:ero(niy noa(encrnnn na :oo(ei (o conepmencrna. Cnon: ycnexo: y :o-
o(en on ne n noce(nii o~epe(i onaan nrpe na rap:omie. 3(eci :i
nnoni n:ee: (eo c ienorn~ecin: npne:o:: npocroe cpe(crno noanoner
(onricn nicoion nonrn~ecion nen. Ho(cny(nan n(enrn]niannn, (ocrnrae-
:an nyre: nepexo(a na oee nnainn, npocronapo(nin yponeni .ro nmi
o(na cropona rairnin; (pyran ee cropona aaii~aercn n .]]eire ycnennn
%
noa(encrnnn nyre: o(nonpe:ennoro ncnoiaonannn paan~nix :e(nainix crpa-
rernn n nenx :omnon oimenncrcion nn(oirpnnannn: Coany~no cnera-
nci n cep(nax n necnn rap:onnin n ro, o ~e: ronopn :oo(on io:nccap
(219). Oirnpicinn :yirn:e(nnnin cneiraii c (yxoni: opiecrpo:, ipac-
ni:n ]ara:n n r. (. roe (eo pyi Hanin (c:. 228 n c.).
Hpairn~ecin npnionannin i nocren, Hania npnnn:aer y cen io:co:oi-
nen: pacnpocrpanenne oimenncrcion n(eoornn nnone :oer ocymecrn-
nricn n ea. B cnoen nncareicion (enreinocrn Hania nn(nr nonoe opy-
ne (287) (n npnne~ennn i(en na cropony naprnn. Hocioiiy reicr Kop-
~arnna, nnnimnncn ~acrii po:ana, nocnr anronorpa]n~ecine ~epri, :ono
yrnep(ari, ~ro n n (anno: cy~ae :i n:ee: (eo c npnaino: i no(paa-
nni nanenno:y nyrn repon, nocnnrnnmero cen opie n npnnecmero ne:a-
ie eprni. Biciaainanne Cranna, naananmero nncareen nnenepa:n ~e-
one~ecinx (ym, n cy~ae Hanin ce(onao i :o(n]nnnponari ce(yimn:
opaao:: Kop~arnn nicrynaer iai nnenep no rexnnie npnaina i no(paa-
nni. 4yninnn nacrannnia crannr nnnan(a n nenrp ncero po:ana (a ne ne(er
i ecnpnanaionocrn, neyanannocrn n nepaan~n:ocrn, iai npe(noaraer
C:npnon).
Hapanaonannin n cenon, Hania npo(oaer ninonnri poi nponaran-
(ncra n ipyry nainx e:y i(en. Pacmnpenne pa(nyca (enreinocrn oiaai-
naercn n raio: cocronnnn nenpocron aa(a~en. Bocnnrannnin Kop~arnna, io-
ropin pyiono(nr ipyio: pao~ero naprairnna (27b), npnxo(nr i ne:y na
(o:, ~ro, o(naio, :oer y(onernopnri ero nmi neioropoe npe:n.
Hrai, nepe( Kop~arnni: noanniaer neoxo(n:ocri :e(nainoro pacmnpe-
nnn pa(nyca nponaran(ncrcion (enreinocrn. Ha nono:, nreparypno: nonpn-
me nepni: ncno:orareini: cpe(crno: cynr nipeaannin na iaprona
rpancnapanr, noanonimnn ceno:y anropy nncari oee nn :enee paaop-
~nno. 3are: npnxo(nr ceiperapn, ioropie nnmyr no( (nironiy n aa~nrinair
Kop~arnny rpanin (28b n c.). Hpn:ennn paan~nie ncno:orareinie cpe(cr-
na, Hania npeo(oenaer :e(nainie rpannni nreparypi
2b
. Ce(yimn: ia-
~ecrnenni: yconepmencrnonanne: penenrnnnon cnnan c :npo: cranonnrcn
pa(no (c:. 281). Hepe~ncennie :e(nainie nncrpy:enri nnoni noanonir
Kop~arnny nnnri na omecrnennie nponecci, cynri (ey naprnn. Kop~a-
rnn onnri yxnarncn aa pyi oen:n pyia:n n nani, c(eanmyi necioiio
ocrpix anraaron, nonepny i nonon nen. 3ro ia :e~ra o noanpare n crpon
~epea y~ey n nreparypy (27b).
3(eci nnoni nponcxo(nr nepeipemnnanne (nyx neiropon: ]nan~ecion (e-
rpa(annn n coipamenni pa(nyca (encrnnn nponaran(ncrcion paori Hanin
npornnonocrannercn nonimenne yponnn ncnoiaye:ix :e(nainix cpe(crn,
(aimnx Kop~arnny noa:onocri cnona ncrari n crpon ecn ne n ai-
rnnnon opie, ro, no :enimen :epe, na ]ponre nocnnrannn n nacrannn~ecr-
na. H(eoorn~ecian croniocri no((epnnaercn npn no:omn cpe(crn io::y-
nniannn.
B po:ane oripiri: reicro: ronopnrcn o ro:, ~ro nncareician (enrei-
nocri Kop~arnna cynr nnrepeca: naprnn (c:. 2b9 n c.). O ro:, ~ro ca:
po:an eper na cen ninonenne naprnnnon aa(a~n, a n:enno n nane noa(en-
272
crnnn na none(enne ~nrareen, cnn(ereicrnyir :noro~ncennie o]nnnai-
nie oaynrn, nii~ennie n reicr po:ana. 1ai, n reicre ncrpe~aercn npnain
|...] Bcrynanre n pn(i Kpacnon Ap:nn (94), ioropin, ipo:e a(pecaron
nnyrpn po:ana, n:eer n nn(y n ero ~nrareen. He oxo(nrcn n ea io::ynn-
crn~ecioro oaynra no:ep o(nn .nnrpa]a Ko::ynncrn~ecioro :ann]e-
cra Napica n 3nreica Hpoerapnn ncex crpan, coe(nnnnreci! (9b). B ne-
nocpe(crnenno: coce(crne c nn: Ocrponcinn, iaaaoci i, nennona(, no:ema-
er nnrary na reicra Hnrepnannonaa (n cnoi o~epe(i nnrnpyimero Lnan-
rene), ioropan n npe(eino iparion ]op:e nepe(aer aaoennyi n xpncrn-
ancio: ncro~nnie orniy nepeonenin (N]. 19, J0): Kro i nn~e:, ror cra-
ner nce: (9b). Ce(ynre aa Hanion, n aa namn: ynn~nenne: noce(yer
noanimenne ione~no e, n::anenrnoe, nonrn~ecioe: 5y(er n y nac npaa(-
nni, ronapnmn |...]! (9b).
Ocoon arnrannonnon cnon oa(aer n po:ane c:epri ennna: C:epri
no(n naprnn n iacca aoner y~mnx cinon <sic!> npoerapnara n namn
pn(i... (240). Hocronnnoe nonropenne .roro npnaina n po:ane ne(er i ne-
nocpe(crnenno:y peayirary: ricn~n pao~nx ncrynair n naprni. 3]]eir
ye(aimero noa(encrnnn onncinaercn npn no:omn .nn~ecioro (nn n-
encioro c:.: Hep. 1?, ?) opaaa (epena: C:epri ennna cornn ricn~
pao~nx c(eaa oimennia:n. lnei no(n ne paccrpona pn(on naprnn.
1ai (epeno, ryoio nome(mee n no~ny :ory~n:n iopnn:n, ne rnner, ecn y
nero cpeaair nepxymiy (244). H:enno c:epri Cnacnren, n:enno (oiaaa-
reicrno ero c:eprnocrn (r. e. ienoanc) oiaainaer ca:oe cninoe ye(ai-
mee noa(encrnne.
7. Paory na( po:ano: Kai aaianaci crai Ocrponcinn na~nnaer n
1980 ro(y, ior(a nonaprpnr n cenora c(ean ero aanncn:i: or no:omn
(pyrnx. Hepnan rana nepnon ~acrn ia nanncana ca:n: anropo: or pyin
npn no:omn rpancnapanra, nce ocrainie rani in aanncani ceiperapn-
:n
2b
. B nonpe 1981 ro(a nepnan ~acri po:ana ia aanepmena, n anpee roro
e ro(a ona ia nane~arana n ypnae Noo(an rnap(nn. B 198b ro(y,
noce ocnonareinon nonropnon nepepaorin, oe ~acrn po:ana nixo(nr n
]op:e innrn. 1oiio na( nepnon innnon nepcnen po:ana n 198b ro(y pao-
rao o(nnna(nari nreparypnix me]on :oo(oro nncaren
27
. Ocrponcinn
ayercn, ~ro ero po:an npome ~epea nacronmnn ionnenep pe(airopon,
ioropie na:ennn n oiopnan ero
28
.
Honrn~ecian nenaypa npomaci npe(e ncero no 9 rane nepnon ~acrn n
9 rane nropon ~acrn, pe~i n ioropix n(er o nnyrpnnaprnnnon onnoannnn.
B nine 1988 ro(a n, nonropno, n anpee 198b ro(a Ocrponcinn (a cnoe cora-
cne na nnecenne na:enennn n .rn rani
29
. O Haninnon npnna(enocrn i
nnyrpnnaprnnnon onnoannnn, o ioropon nncaoci n nepnon nepcnn po:ana, n
ero aaii~nreino: napnanre nanoee nnno cnn(ereicrnyer :ornn, co(ep-
amnncn n 7 rane nropon ~acrn: Aapinn, Kop~arnn n (p. nporecryir npo-
rnn enponencinx rannen n.n:anon (c:. 2bb n c.)
80
. B nepcnn po:ana, n
ionne ionnon ynn(enmen cner, pao~an onnoannnn cocpe(oro~ena ncii~n-
reino noipyr ]yani.
%!
Lcn n nepnon pe(ainnn ]yana n Kop~arnn in (pyain:n, nyrn ioropix
pacxo(nrcn na oee noa(ne: .rane, nocioiiy ]yana ocraercn nepen cee, a
Kop~arnn no(~nnnercn o]nnnainon nnnn naprnn n oriaainaercn or npoe-
rapcioro ipe(o, ro n xo(e npanin po:ana Kop~arnn cranonnrcn o(noana~no
noonreini: repoe: (n (enpoerapnanpyercn), a ]yana npenpamaercn n
aainroro npara-rponincra. leponaannn Hana Kop~arnna ocymecrnnercn
iai or:e~aer H. Hniynna aa c~er ]yani
81
. Haninni co:nennn, ero non-
rn~ecian nena(enocri perymnpyircn r. e. nponcxo(nr ~acrn~nan nenrpa-
naannn ienorn~ecioro acneira npncymen ~eoneiy caocrn ~roi npn-
(ari repoi oimyi neinocri n o(noana~nocri.
B ro npe:n iai no(onan reponaannn n crannanne nonrn~ecion ion-
]nirnocrn, no ncen neponrnocrn, nocynn npe(nociion (n o]nnnainon
ianonnaannn reicra, n nane nocnpnnrnn :acconi: ~nraree: (eo :oro
ocronri nna~e. Nono npe(noonri, ~ro n:enno ro ocronreicrno, ~ro
~eone~ecine caocrn Hanin n ero npoerapcinn nporecr npornn o]nnn-
ainon nnnn ne in aaperymnponani nonocrii, crao aaoro: ycnexa
po:ana n c(eao Kop~arnna npn:epo: (n no(paannn.
1eicr, npe(crannimnn coon peayirar :noro~ncennix pe(airopcinx
na:enennn, aa neoi~anno ioporioe npe:n cy:e crari ~acrii aoororo
ianona conercion nreparypi. Hpnno(n:ie C. 1peryo: n 19b8 ro(y (annie
o ro:, ~ro n 19b0 ro(y nac~nrinaoci ye 1b0 na(annn po:ana na pyccio:
naiie n 18b na(annn na ncenoa:onix (pyrnx naiiax
82
, cnn(ereicrnyir ne
roiio o ro:, nacioiio .]]eirnnno (encrnonaa ycranonia na ianonnaanni
Ocrponcioro, no n o ro:, ~ro ona oiaaaaci anroa]]np:arnnnon. B ipynno-
]op:arno: aio:e no( aaranne: Hnioan Ocrponcinn, nime(me: n
1974 ro(y, nean crpannna orne(ena penpo(yinnn: ooei nepeno(nix na(a-
nnn po:ana
88
.
B iaion :epe Ocrponcinn (encrnnreino nnnercn anropo: reicra, c oi-
mn: ycep(ne: nponaran(nponanmerocn coornercrnyimn:n nncrannnn:n co-
nercion nreparypnon npo:imennocrn, (ocronepno ne nanecrno; nec:orpn
na .ro ocronreicrno naocri anropa n repon nocronnno no(~epinnaaci.
B ncce(onannnx conercinx nreparypone(on Kop~arnn n Ocrponcinn ~acro
cranonnnci o(nn: nno:
84
nn onncinanci iai (nyninn Anyc Kop~arnn-
Ocrponcinn
8b
. Y 1perya (ae ncrpe~aercn ce(yiman, nencian no (yxy
(cp.: 5ir. 1, ?), ]op:ynponia: Ho cnoe:y opaay n no(oni on <Hnioan
Ocrponcinn. ,. \.> coa(a Hana Kop~arnna
8b
. Ycnex, ioropi: innra noi-
aonaaci y ~nrareen, ~acro cnnainaercn n:enno c .rn: ocronreicrno:
87
, a
reanc o anronorpa]n~nocrn po:ana 1pery nonpein ca:on peaion ipn-
rnie aamnmaer (o noce(nero, (onycian nmi neana~nreinie nonpanin
88
.
L(nnoe neoe, n ioropoe in cnereni nani n reicr, Ocrponcinn n Kop~a-
rnn, (ono io ocraricn ne(en:i: nancer(a. 1airnia conercinx ncce(o-
nareen noai:ea cnoe noa(encrnne: .ro e(nncrno ye e(na n y(acrcn pac-
~ennri.
B 1981 ro(y Ocrponcinn nnca o cnoe: po:ane: 3ro roiio ]airi
89
.
Orpnnareinan penenann, nime(man n cner b anpen 198b ro(a, aacranner
nnecrn n .ry noannni nepnie ioppeirnni. Anrop penenann, 5opnc ]anpe(-
274
nen, no(nepraer ipnrnie anronorpa]n~eciyi n(enrn]nianni, ioropan, no
ero cona:, (eaer na po:ana (oiy:enr n~nix ao oinoro Ocrponcioro
n rain: opaao: (erpa(npyer ero rannoro nepconaa
40
. Penenaenr c~nraer,
~ro anronorpa]n~nocri reicra ne(er i ne(onycrn:o:y cnnenni craryca
nreparypnoro repon. 11 anpen 198b ro(a nixo(nr oripiroe nnci:o Ocrpon-
cioro ]anpe(neny, n ioropo: anrop onnnner noce(nero n ienere n ocna-
pnnaer anronorpa]n~ecinn xapairep po:ana
41
. 'epea :ecnn, 1b :an 198b
ro(a, Ocrponcinn (oanner, ~ro yrnep(enne o anronorpa]n~nocrn nnn-
oci i cnn(ereicrno: orcyrcrnnn oimenncrcion cipo:nocrn
42
. 1ain:
opaao:, Ocrponcinn iai i no((epnnaer ipnrniy n cnon a(pec, ynn~nan
cen ca:oro, ~roi noanicnri repon cnoero po:ana. Hpoerapcio-ienorn~e-
cioe ynn~nenne, n cy~ae nreparypnoro repon craennoe nonrn~ecion
nenaypon, renepi eper na cen anrop reicra, neon(anno onponepran anrono-
rpa]n~nocri nanncannoro n: po:ana. O(naio ipnrnia co croponi ]anpe(-
nena no(encrnonaa nena(oro. B o(no: na cnonx noce(nnx nnrepnii, (an-
no: n cenrnpe 198b ro(a, Ocrponcinn yrnep(aer: Panime n pemnreino
nporecrona npornn roro, ~ro .ra nemi anronorpa]n~na, no renepi .ro ec-
noeano. B innre (ana npan(a ea ncninx orionennn
48
. Hano:nn:: nonrn-
~ecian nenaypa reponanponaa n (enpoerapnanponaa Kop~arnna. Bnoni n(en-
rn]nnnpyn cen c repoe:, Ocrponcinn niraercn noy~acrnonari n .ron ncro-
pn~ecion ]aicn]niannn
44
. Bn(n:o, oimenncrcian cipo:nocri ycnea cen
nc~epnari, a y:npari repoe: nce iai-ro npnnrnee.
Ha ocnone ciaaannoro :ono yrnep(ari, ~ro :n]oornaannn Kop~arnna;
Ocrponcioro nponcxo(nr ne ncii~nreino nyre: yrnep(ennn anronorpa-
]n~nocrn, iai nnmer lycinn n ye nnrnponanmencn crarie, a conpono(aercn
reponaannen n (enpoerapnaannen anropa-repon, naopaae:oro iai o(noana~-
nin, neinin opaa. 'e: (aime yxo(nr n npomoe ncropnn anropa, re:
:enime ~eone~ecinx ~epr ocranner n ne: nponecc :n]oornaannn n iano-
nnaannn, npenpaman ero n :ononrnin n(eoorn~ecinn cnapn(. Hecymecr-
nenni:n oiaainaircn n ionne ionnon (ae crpa(annn n acierna: Ocrpon-
cioro. Kanonnaaropi (n cpe(n nnx n (anno: cy~ae Haronon) npenpamair
rparn~eciyi norpa]ni Ocrponcioro n c~acrnnyi ncropni ~eoneia, na-
me(mero cen n connancrn~ecio: omecrne
4b
.
He ncii~eno, ~ro npn~nnon ycnexa po:ana eccnopno, npnneianmero
n cnon: npnii~en~ecin: xapairepo:
4b
nnnoci n:enno cocrpa(anne
~nrareen, a nonce ne connancrn~ecioe c~acrie n ne :ononrnocri opaaa,
o ioropix rai :noro ronopnoci n nncaoci. 5oee roro: noa:ono, ~ro nno-
nncye:ie Ocrponcin: crpa(annn nocynn io(o: nporecra no(anne:oro
cina npornn orna (naprnn), ioropin niny(aer ero crpa(ari. Lcn .ro (en-
crnnreino rai, na: npnmoci i orncnnri nonynpnocri reicra ero ]yni-
nnen ianana (n ninycia anrnroranrapnoro (anennn...
Kop~arnn;Ocrponcinn n cnoe: :ononrno: (nye(nncrne cranonnrcn o(-
non na nenrpainix :o(een (n no(paannn, nannaannix conpeana:o: cnep-
xy, npo~no aann:an cnoe :ecro pn(o: c Hannio: Nopoaoni:, Baepne:
'iaoni: n :norn:n (pyrn:n. Hecioiio (ecnrnernn no(pn( Kop~arnn, no-
nn(n:o:y, (encrnnreino nnnercn nanecrnenmn: nreparypni: repoe:
47
.
%#
On cranonnrcn maono:, no( ioropin no(ronnercn ionnennnn repon .noxn
conpeana:a.
8. Ynn]niannn nreparypnix repoen npe(cranner coon nmi npo:ey-
ro~nyi nei nreparypnon (oirpnni conpeana:a. Cronman aa nen nonrn-
~ecian aa(a~a aaii~aercn n ro:, ~roi npnnnri conercin: rpa(ana: :o-
(ei none(ennn Kop~arnna. Ocooe ana~enne orno(nrcn npn .ro: noennon
cye (cp. .ipannaanni ]oncioro n 1942 ro(y) n ca:onoeprnonanni na
rpy(ono: ]ponre, ioropie nponaran(npyircn n nnrepecax no(~nnennn conn-
ainon (ncnnnnne
48
. He cy~anno enr:ornn co(arcion cyop(nnannn na-
xo(nr npo(oenne n conercion ncce(onareicion nreparype
49
.
Ye n ca:o: na~ae nponecca ianonnaannn cy(ia Kop~arnna npnno(nrcn
iai npn:ep, (ocronnin no(paannn
b0
. Hpn .ro: anropi craren n o(nn rooc
yrnep(air, ~ro npnain i no(paanni ncxo(nr cnnay, r. e. or ~nrareen.
Hcropnn noanninonennn iyira cnnay npnnncinaercn rai naainae:o:y
(nnenni iop~arnnnen. lop(oe ne:n iop~arnnnen
b1
nocnenaercn nacroiio
crapareino n nacron~nno, ~ro nenoino aaipa(inaircn no(oapennn, ne n:ee:
n :i (eo c :ncrn]niannen. Y cnmio: nnrepnannonaen cocran yiai-
mencn no neci paanopor rpynni :oo(en n aio:e Hnioan Ocrponcinn
b2
,
cnmio: npornnope~nni (annie o noanninonennn .roro (nnennn
b8
.
Hoce nonni naananne (nnennn io npenpameno n cn:no rpy(onoro
ca:onoeprnonannn: iop~arnnnen (n rex, iro xore n:n crari) npnainan
pari npn:ep c iop~arnncioro rpy(onoro acierna:a
b4
, ~roi aare: ca:n:
crari rain: npn:epo: n nepe(anari roronnocri i rpy(ono:y ca:onoeprno-
nanni na noioennn n noioenne: On <Kop~arnn ,. \.> co :non n no
:ne, (pyr :on n nanapnni :on, on inr rpy( n rpy(oini y~nr (pyrnx
bb
;
Ni npo(oae: rpy(onyi .cra]ery noioennn Hana Kop~arnna
bb
; opa-
ay Hanin npnnncinaercn npnrnrareinan, neiyman aa coon cna :arnn-
ra
b7
. Bropyi nnocraci Hanin Ocrponcioro roe ne aainair: nepe(
nn: (noanimenni: na napa-penrnoanin nie(ecra) npeionnir ioena (cp.
4n. 2,10), nepe( nn: npnnocnr rpy(onie inrni
b8
.
]onycrn:, ~ro (nnenne iop~arnnnen ne io acoirnon :ncrn]niann-
en. Kaioni e ror(a in :e(nainie nncrpy:enri ianonnaannn, npn no:o-
mn ioropix .ro (nnenne io nianano i nann Bce na~nnaercn c npocii
Ocrponcioro n a(pec pe(airopa K. 1po]n:ona, ~roi ror noaaorncn o coor-
nercrnyime: npne:e yipanncioro nepeno(a innrn (Ai raprynaacn crai)
nreparypnon ipnrnion: |...] Bi nocrapanreci o ro:, ~roi n ne~arn ee
<innry. ,. \.> ocrpenn ipnrn~ecin`
b9
. 3a .ron npocion ce(yer
oprannaonannin noroi ~nrareicinx orainon n io::enrapnn i nn:. B nnx
nepe(aercn coomenne, nioi npncannoe o(nn: na ~nrareen, o ro:, ~ro inn-
ry ~nrair ncyx (n nerpa:ornix (ioropoe ciopee ce(yer pacc:arpnnari ne
iai coomenne o ~e:-ro ye ocymecrnnnme:cn, a iai npnain i (encrnni).
Ho(onie ~rennn nnoce(crnnn, nn(n:o, (encrnnreino ycrpannanci
b0
. B
19b0b0 rr. .ra npairnia no(nepraercn oprannaannonno:y yconepmencrno-
nanni: n nnoreiax npono(nrcn ~nrareicine ion]epennnn no innre Ocr-
poncioro, nei ioropix ne o:en n~ni:n nne~arennn:n or npo~nranno-
27b
ro, a onnri e ynn]niannn. Hpanninin orain o po:ane (oen coornercr-
nonari onpe(eenni: rpeonannn:
b1
.
'roi ~nrarei c :oo(ix er i no(roronen i npannino:y noc-
npnnrni po:ana, Kai aaianaci crai nixo(nr n cepnn Lioinan n-
noreia na(areicrna Hpocnemenne, a raie n na(areicrne ]ercian n-
reparypa. 1o ocronreicrno, ~ro nioi a(anrnponannin (n (eren napnanr
po:ana oxo(nrcn ea ana~nreinix na:enennn, nnone nnncinaercn n orn-
iy (ocrnennn nocranennon nonrn~ecion aa(a~n
b2
.
Cneirp :e(nainon ianonnaannn opaaon Ocrponcioro n Kop~arnna aa-
:iiaercn rexnn~ecin:n cpe(crna:n: n Conercio: Coiae po:an i ~eripe-
(i .ipannanponan (n 1942, 19bb, 1978 n 197b rr.). Hponaran(e rpy(onon
acieai iop~arnnnen i nocnnmen o(non:ennin ]ni: (Kop~arnnni, 1981).
4ni:i, cnnrie no po:any, ce(yir ron e ca:on crparernn, ioropan eaa
n ocnone noce(onareinon reponaannn Ocrponcioro ero norpa]a:n. Oco-
enno n .ipannaannn Napia ]oncioro (1942), n ioropon Hania nn c roro nn
c cero cranonnrcn y~acrnnio: oenix (encrnnn npornn ne:enion ap:nn, re-
poi ~y(i iaine-no ~eone~ecine caocrn: on (ncnnnnnnponan, a(opon,
ne noy~aer cepieanix panennn n ne :oprnyn raao: npornnocronr nerarnn-
no:y coaany, ncxo(nme:y or 1onn.
Y~acrne paan~nix conercinx nncrannnn, n ne(o:crne ioropix eaa c]epa
iyirypnon nonrnin, cnn(ereicrnyer o ro:, ~ro n nponecce penennnn po:ana
Kai aaianaci crai nn o(na (erai ne ia npe(ocranena noe cy~an.
Ycnex po:ana ne npnme ca: coon, a nnncn peayiraro: caennoro naan:o-
(encrnnn or(einix .e:enron neoro (ncnoanrnna
b8
, ioropin ncnoiaona
Ocrponcioro iai opyne
b4
n npnne i yrnep(enni no(paannn Hanie n
ia~ecrne nop:i. Ho.ro:y conercian ncce(onareician nreparypa oimen
~acrii npe(cranner coon ne croiio nreparypnin anana nponane(ennn,
cioiio cnoero po(a pnryainoe aainnanne, (oencrnyimee no(ipennri nep-
]op:arnnnin .]]eir reicra
bb
. 1o ye(aimee noa(encrnne, ioropoe aaoe-
no n ca:o: reicre .noxn conpeana:a, (ynpyercn ncce(onareicion nre-
parypon
bb
. Bii~enne po:ana Ocrponcioro n copnni Bexn na:nrn (1987)
b7
nnnercn cn:nro:o: na(e(i na ro, ~ro raioe aaranne ne npe:nner oiaaari
nep]op:arnnnoe noa(encrnne. B na:nrn po(ennix n: repoen, r. e. no(pa-
aimnx e:y, Kop~arnny (ona iri (aponana nropan nani
b8
.
Hpn .ro: ca:n conercine ncce(onaren, nnmymne o mnpoio: nocnpn-
nrnn n noa(encrnnn po:ana Ocrponcioro, nnno ne :oryr naannricn or nenpn-
nrnoro omymennn, ~ro ncn ncropnn reicra npe(cranner coon peayirar nx
cocrnennon :ncrn]niannn. Onn cnona n cnona niraircn aapanee paccenri
ncn~ecine no(oapennn, ne y(y~n, o(naio, n cocronnnn nonocrii orpnnari ro
ocronreicrno, ~ro coornercrnyimne nncrpyinnn nocrynnn cnepxy. 1ai,
nanpn:ep, . Annnncinn yrnep(aer, ~ro :acconin nnrepec i po:any noanni
eme (o na~aa nponaran(ncrcion ia:nannn, npnananan npn .ro:, ~ro cry(enr
H. Nap~enio, cranmnn nnoce(crnnn o(nn: na ca:ix airnnnix nponaran(n-
cron yipanncioro nepeno(a po:ana, npo~e reicr no npn:o:y yiaaanni io:-
co:oa n ~ro 80 rnpaa nepnon ~acrn n 1982 ro(y in ciyneni or(eo:
nonrnponaran(i Kpacnon Ap:nn
b9
.
%%
'ro iacaercn nponaran(i nepeninonennn rpy(onon nop:i, ro~io: ioro-
pon nocyno npeconyroe 1800-nponenrnoe ninonenne nop:i Aeicee:
Craxanoni: 81 anrycra 198b ro(a (~e:y, n cnoi o~epe(i, npe(mecrnonaa
(nreinan no(roronia), ro a(eci npn:ep rpy(onoro ca:onoeprnonannn Kop-
~arnna, iaercn, n nnpan(y no(encrnona
70
. Kop~arnn i nepni: nreparyp-
ni: ca:oornepenni: rpyennio:
71
; aa nn: noce(ona Craxanon, pao-
ranmnn n nciyccrnenno coa(annix (n nero yconnnx.
Hepeeo0 c neuexoeo E.ent \e.tuann
1
Non ignara mali miseris succurere disco (Aeneis, l b80). C:.: epeu.u. 5yion-
in. leoprnin. 3nen(a. N., 1979. C. 1b8.
2
C. Hempoe. Hpoe:a ~eoneia n nreparypa connancrn~ecioro peana:a ;;
Konnennnn ~eoneia n .crernie connancrn~ecioro peana:a. N., 1977. C. 22.
8
Hpn .ro: :i y(e: onnparicn na npe(nociin reopnn Hislory o Bools
(R. Datnlon. 1he Lilerary Underground o lhe Old Pegime. Cambridge, Nass., 1982).
4
A. Clatk. 1he Soviel Novel. Hislory as Pilual. Bloominglon, 2000. P. 1b17.
b
Cp.: A. Cunecxu (A. Tep). 'ro raioe connancrn~ecinn peana: ;; 4anra-
crn~ecine nonecrn. London, 19b7. C. 417.
b
H. !po.noea. C~acrie opna. O po:ane H. A. Ocrponcioro Kai aaianaci
crai. Hocone (n y~nreen. N., 1981. C. 17.
7
3(eci n nne cnocin n reicre na crpannni na(annn: H. A. Ocmpoecxu. Kai
aaianaci crai. Po:an. N., 1982.
8
. Gtops. Die gebaule ldeologie ;; 1yrannei des Schnen. Archilellur der
Slalin-Zeil ; Peler Noever (Hg). Nnchen; New Yorl, 1994. S. 19.
9
3(eci n nne c:.: H. Cuupnoe. Scri plum sub specie sovielica ;; Pussian Language
Journal. 1987. ! 41. P. 11b188
10
1a: e. P. 124.
11
L. Annuncxu. Kai aaianaci crai Hnioan Ocrponcioro. N., 1971. C. b7.
12
H. Ocmpoecxu. Kai aaianaci crai. C. 1bb; 3(eci n nne c:.: L. Coponoea.
K ncropnn conercion arnorpa]nn ;; 3naio:in neanaio:en. Connancrn~ecinn pea-
na: iai ncropnio-iyirypnan npoe:a ; Pe(. H. Kypennan. N., 199b. C. 9b9b.
18
H. Hux.una. Paora H. Ocrponcioro na( po:ano: Kai aaianaci crai ;;
Bonpoci conercion nreparypi \l ; C. Kacropcinn, B. Konaen (cocr.). N.; ., 19b7.
C. 1b1.
14
H. Cuupnoe. Conpeana:. Anrponoorn~ecioe na:epenne ;; Conpeancrn~ec-
inn ianon ; X. linrep n L. ]openio (cocr.). CH., 2000. C. 20. Coracno yrnep(e-
nni H. C:npnona, o]nnnainoe npe(cranenne o ~eoneie nnnoci anrpononenrpo-
eni: (1a: e. C. 17).
1b
Kai Xpncroc, npnnnnmnn ~eone~ecinn oni, no(nepraercn nciymenni (Lnp. 4,
1o) n nna(aer n or~annne (Lnp. o, ).
1b
E. Tapamma. Hcropnn (nyx innr. Ho(noinan Poccnn C. N. Crennnia-Kpan-
~nncioro n Ono( 3rei nnan Bonnn~. N., 1987. C. 87 c.
17
Cp. rnnoreay Penn Po.n o ro:, ~ro noonreinin repon ecri nmi ne(ocrn-
n:an nei, ropnaonr reicron conpeana:a (R. Robin. Le Palisme socialisle. Une
278
eslhlique impossible. Unr. no: Socialisl Pealism. An lmpossible Aeslhelic. Slanord
(CA), 1992. P. 292).
18
Cp.: A. Guski. N. Oslrovsli[s Kal zalal[alas' slal' biographisches Dolumenl
oder sozialislisch-realislisches Pomanepos ;; Zeilschril r Slavische Philologie. 1981.
! 42. S. 144.
19
A. Clatk. Op. cil. P. 87.
20
3(eci :ono npnnecrn n:ena neioropix ocnononoonnion xpncrnancioro
:onamecrna (nanpn:ep, Haxo:nn nn Hrnarnn onoi), ioropie, y(y~n nixo(na:n na
co(arcioro coconnn, noaan:crnonan neioropie nop:i :onamecioro ycrana nenoc-
pe(crnenno na co(arcioro pera:enra.
21
A. H.amonoe. Hane Kop~arnn ;; A. Haronon. Paa:imennn ~nraren. n-
reparypno-ipnrn~ecine crarin n penenann. N., 1979. C. b0.
22
C:.: H. enepoe. Hnioan Ocrponcinn. N., 19b2. C. 18b.
28
A. Gide. Pelour de l`U.P.S.S. Appendice. \oyage au Congo. Le relour du
1chad. Pelour de l`U.P.S.S. Pelouches a mon Pelour de l`U.P.S.S. Carnels d`gyple.
Paris, 1998. P. 4b9.
24
Cp. reanc linrepa n Kapi o ro:, ~ro conpeana: ncxo(nr na cymecrnonannn
peainocrn nicmero nopn(ia n c:ice y~ennn Harona, ipoimencn aa nn(n:on pe-
ainocrii (H. Gnlhet. Die \erslaallichung der Lileralur. Lnlslehung und
lunllionsweise des sozialislisch-realislischen Kanons in der sow[elischen Lileralur der
80er Jahre. Slullgarl, 1984. S. 182; A. Clatk. Op. cil. P. 14b).
2b
|...] nonecrnonanne paaneprinaercn nonpein cocrnenni: :e(naini: yco-
nnn: (!u. Mutao.. Das elellriizierle Worl. Das Padio in der sow[elischen Lileralur
und Kullur der 20er und 80er Jahre ;; Die Nusen der Nachl. Nedien in der
sow[elischen Kullur der 20er und 80er Jahre ; Ju. Nuraov, G. Wille (Hg.). Nnchen,
2008. S. 107).
2b
C:.: H. Hux.una. Yiaa. co~. C. 128.
27
T. ,ocmnoea. Bropan nani Hana Kop~arnna. N., 1978. C. 9.
28
C:.: H. Ocmpoecxu. Copanne co~nnennn n 8-x rr. 1. 8. N., 1974197b.
C. 81b c.
29
C:.: H. Ocmpoecxu. Copanne co~nnennn n 8-x rr. 1. 8. C. 182 n 800.
80
Ho nono(y narnrnn .roro .nnao(a na reicra c:.: A. Guski. Op. cil. S. 121128.
81
C:.: H. Hux.una. Yiaa. co~. C. 18b.
82
C:.: S. Ttegub. Nilola[ Alexe[ewilsch Oslrowsli. 1904 bis 198b. Berlin. 19b8.
S. 418.
88
C:.: Hnioan Ocrponcinn ; P. Ocrponcian, ]. Coioona (cocr.). N., 1974. C. 9b.
84
C:.: C. Tpee6. Annon Kop~arnn. Bocno:nnannn n o~epin. N., 1980. C. 7.
8b
A. H.amonoe. Yiaa. co~. C. 70.
8b
C. Tpee6. Yiaa. co~. C. 2b1. O naocrn anropa n repon c:.: H. !po.noea.
Yiaa. co~. C. 119.
87
C. Napmai nnmer: Hnioan Ocrponcinn |...] non n nanncannyi n: innry
nci cnoi nani ea ocraria, n inin ~nrarei .ro ~yncrnyer (C. Mapnax. O oi-
mon nreparype (n :aeniinx ;; Hpan(a. 28.11.19b4).
88
C:.: C. Tpee6. Yiaa. co~. C. 8 n 244 c. Anrop aaxo(nr rai (aeio, ~ro npe(a-
raer c~nrari nreparypnin noprper Haninnon :arepn na(eni: ncro~nnio: (annix
o :arepn Ocrponcioro (1a: e. C. 88).
89
H. Ocmpoecxu. Copanne co~nnennn n 8-x rr. 1. 8. C. 18b.
%'
40
C:.: A. Guski. Op. cil. S. 12b.
41
H. Ocmpoecxu. Copanne co~nnennn n 8-x rr. 1. 8. C. 801.
42
H. Ocmpoecxu. Copanne co~nnennn n 8-x rr. 1. 2. N., 19b7b8. C. 281.
48
1a: e. C. 28b.
44
Cp.: A. Guski. Op. cil. S. 128.
4b
C:.: |...] nnemne noy:eprnin Ocrponcinn i c~acrnni: (A. H.amonoe.
Yiaa. co~. C. b0); cp. raie: H. 0anoe. C:ic nann. 3a:erin o rnop~ecrne Hnio-
an Ocrponcioro ;; 3na:n. 1987. ! 8. C. 2b9; . Tuuoeee, M. Lupeea. Hnioan
Ocrponcinn. Kpnrnio-norpa]n~ecinn o~epi. N., 19b7. C. b8 c.
4b
A. Guski. Op. cil. S. 148.
47
Hnioan Ocrponcinn ; Cocr. P. Ocrponcian n ]. Coioona. C. b.
48
Cp.: H. L6oeuu. H. Ocrponcinn n ero ~nraren ;; Honin :np. ! 7. 1987. C.
2b9; . Tuuoeee, M. Lupeea. Hnioan Ocrponcinn. C. 79.
49
Cp., nanpn:ep, noceconne 1perya i yiaaanno:y na(anni po:ana Ocrponcioro,
oaaranennoe Bcer(a n crpoi.
b0
H. L6oeuu. H. Ocrponcinn n ero ~nraren. C. 2b7.
b1
T. ,ocmnoea. Bropan nani Hana Kop~arnna. C. 78.
b2
Hnioan Ocrponcinn ; P. Ocrponcian, ]. Coioona (cocr.). C. 7b, c.
b8
]nnenne nioi io ocnonano n nepno( Benion Ore~ecrnennon nonni na
Ypae; coracno (pyron nepcnn, (nnenne aapo(noci na ]ponrax Benion Ore~e-
crnennon (c:.: T. ,ocmnoea. Bropan nani Hana Kop~arnna. C. 78).
b4
O(ny nop:y aa cen, o(ny aa Haniy! (Unr. no: T. ,ocmnoea. Yiaa. co~.
C. 79).
bb
Orner b8-ernero io~erapa na nonpoc anieri; nnr. no: C. Tpee6. Yiaa. co~.
C. 248.
bb
Unr. no: T. ,ocmnoea. Yiaa. co~. C. 80.
b7
C. Tpee6. Yiaa. co~. C. 2b2.
b8
C:.: T. ,ocmnoea. Yiaa. co~. C. 82 c.; o (pyrnx nn(ax ronnin inrni c:.:
L. 0po. Hnioan Ocrponcinn n ero ~nraren. K bb-erni co (nn po(ennn H. A.
Ocrponcioro ;; Bonpoci pyccion nreparypi. 19b9. ! 2 (11). inon. C. 2b.
b9
H. Ocmpoecxu. Copanne co~nnennn n 8-x rr. 1. 8. C. 224.
b0
C:.: S. !il.paltick. Lveryday Slalinism. Ordinary Lie in Lxlraordinary 1imes.
Soviel Pussia in lhe 1980s. Oxord; New Yorl, 1999. P. 82.
b1
E. ,o6penxo. 4op:onia conercioro ~nraren. Connainie n .crern~ecine npe(-
nociin penennnn conercion nreparypi. CH., 1997. C. 2b9.
b2
Cp.: H. Ocmpoecxu. Kai aaianaci crai. Opaoria (n (eren cpe(nero n
crapmero noapacra. N.; ., 1987.
b8
1ep:nn N. 4yio. 5pomipa Poaonon (L. Fo.oea. Po:an H. Ocrponcioro Kai
aaianaci crai. N., 19b1) ia na(ana Bcecoiani: omecrno: no pacnpocrpane-
nni nonrn~ecinx n nay~nix anannn.
b4
Cp. onncanne L. Kyn~eni: :onnaannonnoro opynn (nnr. no: L. 0po.
Yiaa. co~. C. 81).
bb
Cp.: H. enepoe. Hnioan Ocrponcinn. 19b2; S. Ttegub. Nilola[ Alexe[ewilsch
Oslrowsli; . Tuuoeee, M. Lupeea. Hnioan Ocrponcinn; T. ,ocmnoea. Bropan
nani Hana Kop~arnna; H. !po.noea. C~acrie opna, n (p.
bb
C:.: F. !asl. ldeology, Aeslhelics, Lilerary Hislory. Socialisl Pealism and ils
Olhers. lranlurl a.N. e.a., 1999. P. b8.
280
b7
L. Annuncxu, E. }em.un. Bexn na:nrn. O innrax H. A. Ocrponcioro Kai
aaianaci crai n Bc. Hnanona 5ponenoea( 14-b9. N., 1987. C. 14b9.
b8
L. 0po. Yiaa. co~. C. 28.
b9
C:.: L. Annuncxu. Kai aaianaci crai Hnioan Ocrponcioro. C. 1819.
70
Cp.: A. H.amonoe. Yiaa. co~. C. b9; a raie nepennciy Ocrponcioro n Craxa-
nona (H. Ocmpoecxu. Copanne co~nnennn n 8-x rr. 1. 8. C. 42b).
71
. Tuuoeee, M. Lupeea. Yiaa. co~. C. bb.
&
5. TERO B TEATPE H KHHO
HlOPL 'Y5APOB
1LA1PAH3AUHA AH3HH
KAK C1PA1LlHA HOH1H3AUHH HCKYCC1BA
HOB1OPHOL B3A1HL 3HNHLlO ]BOPUA
HO] PYKOBO]C1BON H. H. LBPLHHOBA (1920 lO])
Hnioan Lnpennon (187919b8) penccep n reoperni rearpa, airnn-
nin y~acrnni n ocnonarei pn(a .icnepn:enrainix rearpainix npoeiron
na~aa XX neia (Kpnnoe aepiao, Hpnna io:e(nanron, 5po(n~an coa-
ia), naoperarei anpa :ono(pa:i, anrop pn(a co(epareinix paor no
ncropnn n ]noco]nn rearpa. Hpnnn pycciyi penoinni, no aare: nce-rain
.:nrpnpona n Lnpony. Bo 4pannnn cra :acono: n nocranonmnio: nepnoro
anyionoro ]pannyacioro ]ni:a. Lnpennon airyaen cero(nn iai anrop ion-
nennnn rearpanaannn nann, ioropyi on nanoee :acmrano nonorn
n :acconon nocranonie 1920 ro(a Banrne 3n:nero (nopna n Herporpa(e.
Hocranonia .ra, iai n ]noco]nn rearpa Lnpennona, npe(cranner c na-
men ro~in apennn noiaaareinin npn:ep anrono:noro nonrn~ecioro (encr-
nnn nnreeiryaa n (enren iyirypi n conpe:enno: :npe, ioropoe npn
.ro: ne repner ]op:y xy(oecrnennoro nponane(ennn. Ocrananci, rain: o-
paao:, n rpannnax nciyccrna, no(onoe (encrnne, o(naio, nep:anenrno paa:e~a-
er nx aanono, nocrenenno ornpan y connainon peainocrn ncionno en npn-
na(eanmne reppnropnn, re: ca:i: (ereppnropnanayn connaino-nonrn-
~ecinn :np n ero nrpoion.
AH3HLHHOC1L HCKYCC1BA \S. 1LA1PALHOC1L AH3HH
Hpe(e ncero na(o ciaaari, ~ro Lnpennon nocrann no( co:nenne paan~-
nie ]nrypi ncipennocrn, na]oc no(nnnocrn, oriponennocrn n nciyccrne, n
nepnyi o~epe(i rearpaino:. Hpn conpe:ennon nnnenponie nepennannn
ncipennocri n omennn i(en craa orrnnennon ciyion, nnmer on n
1912 ro(y
1
. 3(eci ero noannni :ono conocrannri c ipnrnion 4yio reanca
o oripirnn n pacipenomennn ceicyainocrn n conpe:ennon .noxe no cpan-
nenni c .noxon Cpe(neneionin. Ho(ono ro:y iai 4yio nn(e n xpncrnan-
282
cio: :npe na(mnx re n rpexonnocrn nanoee narypainoe nipaenne cei-
cyainocrn, Lnpennon yc:arpnna a(einarnoe nipaenne npnpo(noro c:ic-
a raioro cymecrna iai ~eonei n ero rearpainocrn, cnoconocrn n eannn
roraino nncnennponari nce croponi ~eone~ecion nann, nnori (o coi-
rnn c:eprn.
Kai ce(crnne, Lnpennon ornepra crparerni nanennocrn nciyccrna,
rearpa iai ~acrn nann, nonn:anne nciyccrna iai orpaennn-coornercrnnn
neioen peainocrn, ~ncrin peana:, i ioropo:y crpe:ncn pyccinn rearp n
(o, n noce Oirnpicion penoinnn 1917 ro(a, npe(e ncero n cncre:e K. C. Cra-
nncancioro.
Ha orpo:no: ion~ecrne npn:epon Lnpennon niracn oocnonari n(ei
nan~nn cnoeopaanoro rearpainoro nncrnnira n ero nepnn~nocrn no orno-
menni i penrnn, ceicyainocrn, nciyccrny n ca:o:y rearpy n yaio: c:ice.
Hcro~nni n nanoee a(einarnoe nipaenne .ron npnpo(non rearpainocrn
on onapynna npn ananae (ercinx nrp, nepnoirnix opn(on n iyiron.
1earpainin :o:enr n anrpono- n ]noreneae nrpaer, c ero ro~in apennn, ne
roiio ii~enyi, no n npeoa(aimyi poi, npe(mecrnyn ornie rexnn~e-
cioro nporpecca n pannonainon .iono:nie connainon nann.
Ho Lnpennony, io i nenepno nonn:ari nponcxo(enne nciyccrna n
rearpa na norpenocren oxori n ne(ennn nonni, r. e. ~ncro yrnnrapnix
coopaennn. He (n ycrpamennn nparon nn y(ocrna nonni npo(enair
cee n noc piii iocri, or ioropon rpy(no (imari n noxo nn(no, a (n
pa(ocrn ca:ona:enennn
2
, eannn ninrn aa rpannni npnpo(i, yrnep(aer
on n crarie 1earpanaannn nann. Ocnonnie rexnn~ecine naoperennn
nnnnnaannn nonnnnci ne nnn(y norpenocrn nocnonennn npnpo(noro (e-
]nnnra, coopaennn .iono:nn cn n opii aa ninnanne, a n cnryannn
ecnoeanon pacrpari .neprnn, nrpi
8
.
Ho reanc rorainon rearpainocrn nann roiio ocrpee crannr nonpoc
o ornomennn rearpa n nann. Hpeconyroe meicnnponcioe nonn:anne na-
nn iai rearpa paa:inaer rpannni nann n nciyccrna, c:emnnaer rearp n
raio: mnpoio: c:ice n rearp iai nciyccrno n c:ice yaio: c ero anrono:-
ni:n nce-rain xy(oecrnenni:n aa(a~a:n, n::anenrnon xy(oecrnennon ]op-
:on, cocrnenni:n rexnoornn:n, .noinnen, ncropnen n r. (.
4
Bixo( na .roro aarpy(nennn ce(yer nciari n nonn:annn Lnpennoni:
rearpa (n noome nciyccrna) iai airepnarnnnon nann, nann roiio noa-
:onon, a ne namen ironon, no(~nnnimencn .iono:n~ecin: n nonrn~e-
cin: aaiona:. 1earp ne yL e nann n raio: nonn:annn n ne mnpe ee, on ne
nnnercn nn ee ~acrii, nn orpaenne:. On airepnarnna, no ne ome:y nonn-
rni nann n noiay iaion-ro rpeai nn ni:imennon yronnn. 1earp
airepnarnnnan :o(ei connainon nann, ioropan ca:a nacinoai rearpai-
na, no(~nnnnci noe n niyca: ea(apnix penccepon or nonrnin.
Ho cyrn, Lnpennon noniracn noc:orperi na rearp c ro~in apennn ca:oro
rearpa, iai lyccepi n re e ro(i ]eno:enoorn~ecin pe]eicnnno c:orpe
na coananne, ]niren c ro~in apennn nepennannn na ~eone~eciyi nani
n ncropni, a yia~ c :apicncrcion ro~in apennn na ca: :apicna:. B cra-
rie 1earpoiparnn Lnpennon crann aa(a~en rearpy ne orpaenne npan(i
&!
nann n ne ncnpanenne npanon, a y(onernopenne eannn i npeopae-
nni n
b
, i rearpaino:y nncnennponanni ne ocymecrnn:ix n connainon
nann ]anraa:on.
Lnpennon c~nra, ~ro raioe rannoe naana~enne rearpa iai nciyccrna ne
:oer iri (ocrnrnyro nyre: .crernaannn (encrnnreinocrn: 'ro :ne ro-
iy n .crernie, ior(a ona :emaer :ne rnopnri cnoo(no (pyryi nani, iri
:oer (ae nanepeiop ro:y, ~ro naainaercn xopomn: niyco:, rnopnri, ~roi
npornnonocrannri :on :np nannaanno:y :ne, rnopnri conce: c nnon neii,
~e: rnopnrcn nponane(enne nciyccrna! Hoce(nee n:eer n nn(y .crern~ecioe
naca(enne, nponane(enne e rearpainocrn naca(enne or nponanoi-
noro npeopaennn, iri :oer .crern~ecioro, a iri :oer n ner, ~ro ne
nano
b
. Ho.ro:y on onpe(en cnoi ionnennni iai npe.crerna: ncia-
nne c:ica nann nne npeipacnoro n crporo .crern~ecio: ornomennn
7
.
Lnpennon pa(niaino oriaainacn or ]noco]nn cyreira n nocrpoennon
na y~ennn o ero ncnxn~ecinx cnoconocrnx .crernin. 'roi (oparicn (o no(-
nnnoro c:ica ~eone~ecioro cymecrnonannn, neoxo(n:o nana~aino, noi-
aynci ]eno:enoorn~ecin: naiio:, niii~nri narypainoe ego. C:ic .ror,
no Lnpennony crari ]pyrn:, nperepneri cranonenne ]pyrn:, iai :i :orn
i ciaaari cero(nn cona:n Ann ]eeaa. Cranonenne ]pyrn: n:nnnnpyer
e(nncrnenno oocnonannyi .rniy ]pyroro, orcyrcrnne iaionon nnnoci ]yn(a-
:enraini: narnno: oimnncrna ]noco]cinx (oirpnn XlXXX nn.
1LA1PO1LPAHHA
Ho(oapenne i narypaino:y A po(nnr no(xo( Lnpennona c ncnxoanan-
ao:. B (nyx ero crarinx
8
onncan :ero( cnoeopaanon connainon ncnxorepa-
nnn, ioropyi on naainaer rearporepannen. Pe~i n(er o nocranonie cneirain
n mioe, r(e :ai~nin yxannan aa o(non (eno~ion, a ona (ypa~na oi-
mnncrno na nnx, npe(no~nran roiio o(noro. Conaci rpan:arn~ecian cn-
ryannn, n y~nrei npe(on paairpari .ry peainyi cnryanni n yconnix
ponx, r(e (ern nipaan i n rearpainix opaaax cocrnennie xapairepi
n naiyi no c:icy ncropni Koo:nni n ee noionnnion. Peayirar i
]eno:enainin nanpnenne ymo, nce cran nain:n (pyain:n, a nonpoc
o ceicyainix npnopnrerax n o:anax oee ne noannia. Lnpennon nn(nr n
.ro: npn:epe opaaonanne rperiero po(a rearpainon :acin, napn(y c :ac-
ion ncnxoorn~ecion (ior(a airep nrpaer (pyrne xapairepi) n npar:arn~e-
cion (ior(a on nrpaer ca:oro cen) anrono-peioncrpyirnnnon. Honan :acia
(aer, no Lnpennony, noa:onocri nnnri na no(:ocriax rearpa cen ca:nx n
nonropennn (encrnnreino cy~nnmerocn c nn:n
9
.
Hpn .ro: nonrop nonn:aercn a(eci iai orionenne (denegalion) rpan:a-
rn~ecion peainocrn, no(nemnnanne (suspension) cnryannn n cn:non~ecioe
ee paapemenne. Airepi n(eaino nperepnenair ]pycrpanni nenpnanannn,
ionrponpyn rnpann~ecinn opaa nyre: cnoeopaanoro (oronopa. Omn: yc-
onne: no(onoro rearpa nnnercn y~acrne ncex, n ro: ~nce n apnreen, n
nocranonie.
284
Opamenne Lnpennona nce( aa Hnnme i anrn~non rpare(nn iai npoopa-
ay raioro rearpa aaiono:epno. lannoe ]op:ainoe cxo(crno poi xopa,
(eaiman yconni: n cnryarnnni: paa(eenne na airepon n apnreen. B no-
(ono: rearpe paairpinaercn ne iaion-ro anainin cnenapnn c :opancrn-
~ecin: nino(o:, a cnryannn peainon rparn~ecion nepaapemn:ocrn, n ioro-
pyi nona(an nn :oryr nonacri y~acrnnin nocranonin n cnoen peainon
nann. O(naio n (encrnnreinocrn nniro ne y:npaer (no ipannen :epe a(eci
n renepi), repon nepennair nmi :ayi c:epri, ocoanair npnnnnnnai-
nyi rpancnen(enrnyi ione~nocri irnn, nperepnenair cranonenne ]pyrn:
n :aicn:aino noa:onoe naca(enne n oripinaime:cn rain: opaao:
nono: .iancrennnaino: ropnaonre.
Lnpennon nnca n Hnnennnnx o c:eprn: Kor(a cnmio: aannr rear-
po:, neior(a iai ce(yer nopaa:icnri o c:eprn. Lcn n (y:aemi o nen, ro
nce no c~acrnnon nnepnnn, n nane rearpainocrn` |...] Hanpn:ep, enmi
e(nin, c aara(o~ni:n raaa:n, nocionan pyia npnaaci i cep(ny n npe(-
c:eprnon :yie, a na .]]eirno crpa(ai~ecinx ycrax yiia... ipacnnin na(ox...
nponn~ecioe (o cnn(anin, rocno(a`... n norax pi(aer eoiypan noaien-
nan... nepe( roon :ari n re:non man, c ronin: arncroni: nario: n
nepeceiaimn:cn rooco: :on cin!`... A ro :noro (pyaen, anaio:ix, npe-
(annin cyra c aanaianni:n raaa:n n ipacni: noco:, a ri nnepn cnon
naop ropeL n :eo(n~no-xpnno npocnmi: cnery, oime cnery` nn ~ro-nn-
y(i npo(e .roro... Xopomo!..
10
Hnrynnnn rearpanaannn nann aano(na Lnpennona rai (aeio, ~ro on
:or onpan(inari ipenocrnoe npano n (ae nyn~nie iaann, roiio ecn
ornomennn no:emnia n ipecrinn, naa~a n eprni noni rearpainix nepe-
:onnn n ecron
11
. H a(eci on raie ce(ona aa Hnnme, ioropin, iai no:nnr-
cn, conerona noocrepe~icn iop~nri yrpi:yi poy, ior(a pe~i aaxo(nr o
nirie
12
. 1oiio na nepnin narn( :i n:ee: a(eci (eo c .crernaannen slalus
quo, xapairepnon (n ioncepnarnnnon, npanoopnenrnponannon :icn. Ha(o
y~nrinari, ~ro Lnpennon opamacn i .ro:y onacno:y :arepnay n :o:enr
npeoa(aimen nepainon (enon n npanon) ipnrnin ipenocrnn~ecrna n
npo~nx nn(on connainoro pacrna, nnyrpennee nne:epne ioropon on n xo-
~er a(eci orrennri. Kpenocrnoe npano onpan(ano na cnene, r(e y~acrnnin
(encrna ncrynair n nepnepcnnnie (oronopnie ornomennn, noy~an :aicn-
:ainie y(onoicrnnn or coi(ennn ca:oro pnryaa no(~nnennn n rocno(-
crna. Ho n(en Lnpennona aaii~aaci n ro:, ~ro na:ennri cnryanni connai-
noro pacrna nne(enne: nepainix aaionon n (orn: nyre: npanonoro pe-
]op:aropcrna nenoa:ono iai npanone( no opaaonanni n anrop ore:-
noro ncce(onannn Hcropnn reecnix naiaaannn n Poccnn on coanana
no(pono onncannin noa(nee Nnmee: 4yio crparoorn~ecinn paapin :e-
(y nano: nipaennn (cncre:on npana) n co(epannn (peainon npairn-
ion ne]op:anaonannix reecnix naiaaannn). Orci(a e(nncrnennin nyri
.ro na:enenne ~yncrnennocrn i(en, ryoio yiopenennix n iyirype cnoco-
on ornomennn i ]pyro:y, ioropie, c ro~in apennn Lnpennona, :ono ninpa-
nnri n nepcneirnne :acmranoro inaanpenoinnonnoro npoeira rearpan-
aannn nann.
&#
Lme (o penoinnn 1917 ro(a, n rane 1earp n y(yme: (in. 1earp (n
cen, 191b17) Lnpennon nnca: Or~ero ne (onycrnri, nanpn:ep, ~ro ra
~acri pyccioro napo(a, ioropan ne coniercn n ne ncno(n~aercn, ne aaxo~er
npo:ennri cnoero oraripcioro nepnencrna na ~e~enn~nyi noxeiy ioc:o-
nonrn~ecioro ncepanencrna, |...] n o(nn noncrnne npeipacnin (eni neon-
(anno (n ncex, npacnox, cipnpnao:, aaeper, ore(nnennan cnon: cninen-
mn: npe(crannree:, :nponyi nacri n... ne yonnmnci :nnonon eprn, no
n:n ciaao~non, iri :oer (pennen n napnapcion ipacori, nepecrponr nani,
c pen~ecin: xoxoro: n pen~ecion npanoroi, na rainx (nionnnnix na~aax
nomenon rearpainocrn, ~ro nce nepe( nacninnia:n npeionnrcn...
18
Bciope .ror npeipacnin (eni (encrnnreino nacra.
B3A1HL 3HNHLlO ]BOPUA ll
H:enno Oirnpician penoinnn npe(ocranna Lnpennony noa:onocri
nonornri ero rpeay npenpamenne nann n rearp. B oirnpe 1920 ro(a,
ior(a Kpacnan Ap:nn ye ynn~rona Ko~aia, ]enninna n K(enn~a, na npaa(-
nonanne rperien ro(onmnni penoinnn io pemeno noccranonnri n na:n-
rn ee nenrpainoe cn:non~ecioe coirne nanrne 3n:nero (nopna, n ioro-
po: aace(ao Bpe:ennoe npannreicrno A. 4. Kepencioro.
Lnpennon i naana~en ranni: penccepo: rpan(noanon :acconon no-
cranonin, ioropyi nyno io orpenernponari aa noropa :ecnna. Ho :ac-
mranocrn, apenmnocrn n ncropn~ecion ana~n:ocrn .ra ainnn ne n:ea ana-
oron n npe(i(ymen n noce(yimen ncropnn Poccnn, neian io cpannnri
ee n c nanecrni:n na ncropnn nrpa:n n Konaee, cpe(neneioni:n :ncrepn-
aini:n (encrna:n n npaa(nnia:n no npe:ena 4pannyacion penoinnn
14
.
]ocraro~no ciaaari, ~ro n nocranonie npnnn:ao y~acrne oee 10 000 ~eo-
nei, necioiio cor co(ar n :arpocon (encrnyimen ap:nn, noennan rexnnia n
ipencep Anpopa. 1oiio penccepcinn cocran n rnop~ecian rpynna nac~n-
rinan necioiio (ecnrion ~eonei, (onoino nanecrnix i(en roro npe:e-
nn: xy(onnia K. Anneniona, penccepon A. Kyren, H. Herpona, io:noanro-
pa l. Bapnxa n :n. (p.
1aion paa:ax or~acrn orncnn: yconnn:n noennoro io::ynna:a, ior(a
ycrpoenne no(onix :eponpnnrnn, onpe(eennix cnennaini: (eipero: e-
nnna, naxo(noci n ne(o:crne io:an(onannn Ap:nn n 4ora n no(~nnnoci
noennon (ncnnnnne
1b
. ]n ecnepeonnon no(roronin i (ae coa(an cne-
nnainin mra. Ha ia(o: y~acrie i naana~en cnon io:an(np, nce no(~n-
nnnci npniaaa:
1b
, ioropie ne~aranci n pacnpocrpannnci n cnennainix
na(annnx-ery~iax. Cnnai ocymecrnnaci n no ree]ona:, n ~epea (ecnrin
iypiepon. 3a(encrnonannie airepi n :acconia paoran no~rn ecnarno, aa
npo(onoicrnennin naei. 5oimnncrno na nnx rai nn nna~e ca:n in
y~acrnnia:n penoinnonnix coirnn, no.ro:y npn( n nocnpnnn:an npo-
ncxo(nmee roiio iai paory.
Hepe( na~ao: penernnnn Lnpennon ne npe:nny nponanecrn nepe( (ecn-
rnricn~non rpynnon pe~i n (yxe cnoen rearpainon reopnn. On nocropenno
28b
ornnn: Bpe:n crarncron npomo. Ho:nnre, ronapnmn, ~ro ni nonce ne
crarncri. Bi aprncri, iri :oer, eme oee nennie, ~e: aprncri crapix
rearpainix naniion. Bi ~acrn ioeirnnnoro aprncra. Or coennn n y:no-
ennn namnx nepennannn noy~aercn nonin .]]eir nonoro rearpainoro
(encrnnn
17
.
B raaere Anani nciyccrna nncan no nono(y oprannaonannix penern-
nnn: ]encrnnreino, na penernnnnx nn(nmi, ~ro cona ron. Lnpennona ne
roiio cona. Bce .rn y~acrnnin ne(yr cen ne iai iaaennie crarncri, a iai
~acrn ioeirnnnoro airepa
18
.
]eiopannn nocranonin nirn(ea neci:a nnymnreino. Ha ]nopnonon
noma(n naeno n nanpano or apin lannoro mraa in coopyeni (ne
orpo:nie, nonocrii (eiopnponannie cneni oee 40 :erpon ia(an, coe(n-
nennie :ocro:. O(na naainaaci ipacnon, a (pyran eon. Ha noma(-
iax paairpinanci nonepe:enno nanro:n:nie cneni, pncyimne paan~nie
ncropn~ecine .nnao(i, npe(mecrnonanmne pyccion penoinnn. ]n .roro n
re:nore nii~aoci ocnemenne ro o(non, ro (pyron noma(in .]]eir or
.roro i no(oen inne:arorpa]n~ecio:y :onray.
Oman ciernan re:a opia rpy(a n iannraa. Uenrpainon ]nry-
pon ipacnon noma(in i ennn, nenrpo: eon noma(in Kepen-
cinn. 3nnao( Oirnpi crponcn ce(yimn: opaao:. Ha-no( apin mraa
:~anci rpyaonnin, aanonennie noopyenni:n pao~n:n. Onn nponocnnci
:n:o Aeican(pnncion ioonni, noae ioropon naxo(ncn io:an(nin nynir
n rpnyni (n apnreen, n, npo(oan cnon nyri, ocranannnanci noae ncro-
pn~ecion noennnni y ca:oro 3n:nero (nopna, oxpanne:oro iniepa:n n
encin: araiono:. Koporinn on noae noennnni oian~nnacn ercrno:
ooponnnmnxcn; noccranmne npinanci n 3n:nnn (nopen.
]nopen cranonncn ranni: (encrnyimn: nno:. On i norpyen n
re:nory. Ho iai roiio noccranmne npinanci no (nopen, cpaay e nii~a-
nci npoeiropa na Anpope, ioropan crona na cnoe: ncropn~ecio: :ecre.
]nopen npenpamacn n cny.r, n ror~ac e no ncex ero oinax ncnixnna cner.
Ha ]one cnymennix eix mrop npne:o: rearpa inrancinx renen paairpi-
nanci :aeniine nanro:n:i on. 3ror .nnao( rai n naainacn: Cny.r-
nin on. Hoe(nnin n oinax ion~anci noe(on noccranmnx. Bce npoeiro-
pi n c Anpopi, n c ]nopnonon noma(n ionnenrpnponanci na orpo:-
no: ipacno: ana:enn, nannnanme:cn na( (nopno:, a no ncex oinax ncnixnna
ipacnin cner n orpo:nie ipacnie anea(i. Ha onycrenmen ]nopnonon noma-
(n paairpinacn noce(nnn carnpn~ecinn .nnao( ercrno Kepencioro, ne-
peo(eroro n encioe narie, n nanro:n:a oian~nnaaci ]enepnepio: n opy-
(nnni: cairo:. Bce (encrnne conpono(aoci rpo:in:n napina:n, nicrpe-
a:n, penoinnonni:n necnn:n n :yaiion Bapnxa, ncnonne:on opiecrpo:
n b00 ~eonei.
3pnren, ioropix, nec:orpn na (o(i, copaoci oee 1b0 000 ~eonei,
raie peaino coy~acrnonan n ia(o: .nnao(e, cocrannn cnoeopaanin
xop. B Hanecrnnx H.C.P.K.]. nncan, ~ro ipecrinnin na coce(nnx (epeneni,
nnepnie nocernnmne Hnrep, (epanci recni:n iy~ia:n, onci aarepnricn n
rone, n c ionircrno: ce(nn aa y~a:n npoeiropon, eraimnx no o-
&%
a~no:y ney. Ha ioe (encrnne onn pearnponan iai na peainoe coirne,
a ior(a na~aaci noce(nnn araia, n:ecre co ncen ronon nncrnnirnnno norn-
nynci i pemeria: 3n:nero (nopna.
1aioe none~enne n (encrno apnreen, nnca Lnpennon n ypnae
Kpacnin :nnnnonep, nen~anmee (ocrnenne cnenn~ecioro nciyccrna;
nicmnn ycnex ne(ocrnn: (n :acrepon ero, n pn(o: c nn: noncrnne ain-
:n iayrcn anpi n ano(nc:enri, y:nnreinie npn op(nnapnon noe(e na
rearpaino: ]one
19
.
***
Cero(nn nocranonia .ra :oer iri pacc:orpena iai npoopaa conpe:en-
nix nonrn~ecinx PP-rexnoornn n iai npe(re~a xy(oecrnennix nep]op-
:ancon 19b090-x rr. n Lnpone n Poccnn. Lnpennony y(aoci :aicn:aino
npnnanri rearp (n cen i peainon connainon nann, coxpannn xy(o-
ecrnennyi ]op:y. Nono ciaaari, ~ro .ra nocranonia n raaax copanmnx-
cn ia ne :enee peaina, ~e: ca:a Oirnpician penoinnn n nane penepe-
nnannn nirecnennix nnn(y cnoen rpan:arn~nocrn n iaracrpo]n~nocrn co-
irnn. Ona noccranannnaa n ye orpemennon ]op:e paapymennin cn:no-
n~ecinn nopn(oi, npenpaman yrpary n ne~ro noa:onoe (n o(nnx, a (pyrn:
noanona coanareino nepenri nonyi connainyi nnnnnanni po(e-
nne penoinnen.
Coirne penoinnn io iai i aaipeneno n nponneno n .ro: nep]op-
:ance na yponne opaaa. 1or e C. N. 3naenmrenn nanepnnia onnpacn n
cnoe: Oirnpe na (oiy:enrnponannyi n xponniax nocranoniy Lnpennona,
xorn noa(nee n ocnapnna .ro
20
. H:enno ~epea nee ncno:nnan n nocnpnnn:an
penoinni nanmne noioennn. Kpo:e roro, Lnpennon (oiaaa .rn: nep]op-
:anco: ecnepcneirnnnocri nanennoro narypancrn~ecioro rearpa, crpe:n-
merocn naopaanri, .crernanponari (encrnnreinocri. Hanpornn, ca:a (encrnn-
reinocri naopaaa ero rearpainin npnnnnn n ror ne~ep 1920 ro(a.
Ho n .ron paore :ono ni(enri n (pyron nonrn~ecinn nponoiarnn-
nin :o:enr n(en rorainoro rearpa, cnpoennponannan na cn:non~ecinn
oiyc penoinnonnoro Herporpa(a npn orpo:no: cionennn napo(a, :ora
no(:ennri coon coirne peainon penoinnn, ncrari na ee :ecro, coxpannn
o(naio rearpainin xapairep. B .ron nocranonie Lnpennon npe(on cno-
co nepereiannn nciyccrna n nonrniy ea :noroernen no(noinon
naprnnnon paori, ea ccioi n iaroprn, ea :acconix ynncrn n rpaeen.
Bacri npocro nepexo(nr n pyin napo(a, ioropin nmi nrpaer n penoi-
nni, paapemennyi nacrn:n n ia~ecrne rearpainon nocranonin.
Ho .]]eir or nncnennponannn n nonropa coirnn nenpe(ciaaye:, oco-
enno ecn n ne: oiaainaercn aarponyron peainocri rpynnonoro eannn.
1aian cocranniman rearpainon :amnni, iai :acconia, cranonnrcn :accon
n :oer ocoanari cnoi cny n nonropnri penoinni ye n ornomennn no-
non nacrn noro:y ~ro nonrop ncer(a paan~aer.
Xapairepno, ~ro ycrponren nn(en n .ron nocranonie na~ao nonoro re-
arpa :acconix (encrnnn. 1ai, K. H. ]epannn, o(nn na ee penccepon, n cra-
rie 'y(o n raaere Hanecrnn nocropenno nnca: Ceiper cnenn~ecion
288
roni pacipir, n n namen noe renepi no(onrn i aa:e~areini: noa:ono-
crn: n oripirnn:. Nacmrai y(aoci paanepnyri noncrnne :nponie. Hocra-
noniy Banrne 3n:nero (nopna` apmnno: (encrnnreinocrn na:epnri neian,
n ocymecrnenne e ee :ono io roiio nepnri co crpaxo: n ynonanne:.
1o, ~ro io ocymecrneno na raaax ricn~nix apnreen nnnercn ~y(o:,
ioropoe :oro nponaonrn roiio n Poccnn, n crpane rnrann~ecinx noa:o-
nocren
21
.
Hoce 1920 ro(a no(onie nocranonin nepemn n ne(enne rpa(ancinx
iyirypnix y~pe(ennn, coiparnnci n :acmrae, cnnannci (o yponnn na-
po(nix rynnnn, (e:oncrpannn n noennix napa(on. H:enno noa:onocri ne
npocro penepennannn, no n nonropa penoinnn iai oripiron noa:onocrn,
cnnaannon c neycrpann:i: nn n o(no: omecrne npornnope~ne: :e(y c]op-
:nponanni: connaini: yia(o: n ney(epn:i: rexnn~ecin: n iyiryp-
ni: nporpecco:, ia no~yncrnonana conercin:n nacrn:n, n npe(e ncero
no.ro:y no(onie :eponpnnrnn n (ainenme: ye ne nonropnnci.
Ho n 1920 ro(y napo( eme :or noanonri cee ne npocro norpenri
nciyccrno, no n coa(anari ero, airnnno y~acrnonari n ncropnn, r. e. o(nonpe-
:enno iri n ee cyreiro:, n ee oreiro:. Ho.ro:y cymecrnonanne no(o-
nix nocranonoi :oer nicrynari n ia~ecrne nn(niaropa cnoo(i n ome-
crne
22
.
Kai nanecrno, cnryannn n Conercion Poccnn o~eni ciopo pa(niaino na-
:ennaci. Lnpennon n 1928 ro(y ornpanncn aa pyccin:n penrnoani:n ]n-
oco]a:n n niny(ennyi .:nrpanni, r(e cra airnnno aann:aricn inno n
ncrynn n :aconcinn op(en, cranmnn (n nero noce(nn: npnenme: re-
arpainix npeopaennn
28
.
***
B apxnnnix :arepnaax Lnpennona ncrpe~aercn eme o(na nanan re:a o
ornomennnx e(nnnni n :acci n :acconon rearpainon nocranonie.
O(nn na penccepon eon noma(in n nanmnn ioera Lnpenno-
na no (openoinnonno:y rearpy Kpnnoe aepiao A. Kyrei npe(ara
npe(crannri Kepencioro 2b aprncra:n, ioropie i :exann~ecin o(nonpe-
:enno ninonnn nce ero cnenn~ecine (nnennn. Lnpennon noapaan, ~ro
.ro npeynen~nr opaa aion o(nnoion nemin Hcropnn, niranmencn
npornnonocrannri cnoi noi noe noccranmero npoerapnara.
A. Kyrei oncn, ~ro o(nn ~eonei ne y(er paan~n: na orpo:non
cnene n na oimo: paccronnnn n rone (pyrnx airepon. Lnpennon n cnonx
nocno:nnannnx nnrnpyer crarii roro e K. ]epannna Nacca iai raio-
nan: Ca:oe rannoe: npornnonocranenne o(non ]nrypi rone. Kepen-
cinn, y(a~no nonomennin nanecrni: innoairepo: rex er 5pyio:, aann-
:anmnn :ecro ro na ]one recno co:inyrix iniepcinx pn(on, ro no(nn:an-
mnncn na( crecnnnmencn y ero ipeca nepenyrannon ronon, nocyn ion-
rpacrnpyimen e(nnnnen no ornomenni i nnrny ocrainix y~acrnnion (en-
crna. |...] Nacconin rearp nnnercn rearpo: ncii~nreino npncrpacrni:
io ncnio:y iopn]encrny n nporaronna:y. Han~ne or(einoro ncnonnre-
n, cocpe(ora~nnaimero na cee n nanecrnin :o:enr nnn:anne apnreen,
&'
no(~epinnaer :acconyi aaion~ennocri ncero anca:n. Hpairnia nnone
onpan(aa .ro nooenne
24
.
1ain: opaao:, :ono ciaaari, ~ro :acconan nocranonia n .ro: nonn:a-
nnn ne oana~aa oriaaa or n~nocrnoro na~aa, nennocrn nn(nnn(yainon
nann n npo~nx nepainix nennocren n noiay iainx-ro omecrnennix,
coopnix, io::ynncrn~ecinx yronnn n :acconn(nix opaaon
2b
.
5opnc lponc n cnoe npe:n c]op:ynpona n(ei a:nnaenrnon naan:o-
cnnan ]noco]nn pannero Nnxana 5axrnna, lycrana Lnera, An(pen 5eoro,
Bn~ecana Hnanona n n(eoornn pyccioro ananrap(a n neo: c roranrapni:
Gesamllunslwerl Cranna. Ho :icn lponca, onopa coornercrnyimnx xy-
(onnion n :icnreen na nnnmeanciyi n(ei non i nacrn, orpnnanne
noannnn cyreirnnnocrn n n noiay ean~non (nonncnncion crnxnn ne
noanono n: nipaorari .]]eirnnnyi airepnarnny na(nnraimencn cra-
nncion n(eoornn n iyirype, raie .icnyarnponanmen nnnmeancine :o-
rnni. Ho.ro:y, xorn nce xapairepnaonannie nime anropi n in nirecne-
ni n no(aneni o]nnnainon iyirypon, nx omno~no pacc:arpnnari n rep-
:nnax :opaino-nonrn~ecion onnoannnn i .ron iyirype
2b
.
Ha ocnonannn npnno(n:ix lponco: n oocnonannn .roro cian(ainoro
nino(a apry:enrax n .ry no~rennyi io:nanni :ono nii~nri n npoeir
rearpanaannn nann H. Lnpennona. Ho y Lnpennona pe~i ma ne o oria-
ae or A, a o aa:ene .roro nannaannoro ]pyrn: opaaa cyreirnnnocrn na
coanareino nipannyi :aciy, n paapine :e(y ocoananne: yconnocrn io-
ropon n nenipaan:i: n-~yncrno: :ono io i paa:ecrnri ]pyroro n co-
icrn rain: opaao: ero nn(nnn(yainie npana.
5oee roro, nn(n:oe npornnope~ne :e(y enpennoncion n(een ynnnep-
cainon rearpainocrn, :acconoro none~ennn apnren n nciyccrno n reopn-
en rearpa (n cen, nonomennon n :ono(pa:e, (o:amnnx cneirainx, a
aare: n npe(ciaaanno: Lnpennoni: eme (o penoinnn home video
27
, cnn:a-
ercn n pacc:orpennn .ron npoe:i no npe:enn, r. e. n ncropn~ecion nep-
cneirnne. B noce(nen npairn~ecion ~acrn 1earpa (n cen Lnpennon nn-
ca: Hn(nnn(yainoe n ~eoneie, ycrynnn npe:enno coce(crnyime:y c nn:
coopno:y na~ay ~yri ne ncero cen nenio:, no 0ocmuenuu coua.t-
noeo 6.aeono.uu, no0cxa.aeneeo m cmnx <iypcnn :on H. .>,
nnoni noanpamaercn, n nanecrnon c]epe n n onpe(eenno naapenmnn :o:enr
|...]. 1aion xo( ~eone~ecion .noinnn
28
.
B cnoen ionnennnn rearpainocrn Lnpennon ncxo(n na onpe(eennon
]noco]nn cyreira, eannn n nnrepeci ioroporo onpe(enir xapairep ero
none(ennn, pe~n, ncnone(ye:oro n: xy(oecrnennoro nn nonrn~ecioro ipe-
(o. Cyreir .ror ne nn(nnn(yancr, ne e(nncrnennin, ncii~nreinin
no nce: :npe ynniy:, a nonrn~ecioe nnornoe, ca:an rearpainocri
ioroporo ecri .]]eir connainocrn. B noa(nen crarie O inn i ~eone~e-
crny
29
Lnpennon npnno(nr npn:epi na orannin, aooornn n nonrn~ecion
ncropnn (n onpan(annn cnoero reanca o ionipernocrn connainix nepen-
nannn n cnona opamaercn i ca:o:y npio:y n cnoen npairnie oniry e(nn-
crna c ]pyrn: npn nocranonie nonropnoro nanrnn 3n:nero (nopna, ior(a
necioiio cyroi, yne~enno, ea cna, on omacn c (ecnria:n ricn~ i(en,
290
copna rooc, no nopo(n coirne, ne :enee ana~n:oe n cn:non~ecio: nane,
~e: ca:a penoinnn 1917 ro(a.
Coornercrnyimnn no(xo( n:nnnnpyer nonn:anne eannn ne iai (e]n-
nnra, a iai npo]nnnra, oriy(a ye ce(yer npnnnrne nnnmeancion ionnennnn
rpare(nn, n(ymen ne or ne(ocraria n ropn, a or nairia n cneron pa(ocrn.
C:epri :aeniioro ~eone~ecioro cyreira n no(onon crparernn nmi yc-
onne nnrencn]niannn ~yncrnennon nann ero rea, a ne nono( (n onain-
nannn ecc:icennocrn nann, no(:eni ee c:ica oemanne: norycro-
ponnero aencrna (nonnnia nn n(een ecc:eprnn roro nn nnoro omecr-
nennoro neoro.
Ho c:epri ne nei ~eone~ecioro eannn, a noce(crnne nann, iai n
po(enne (eren ne nei inn, a noce(crnne ceicyainoro naca(ennn.
Bn(eri n no(onon :icnreinon crparernn anaor cranncion roran-
rapnon :o(en :ono roiio npn yconnn, ~ro connainoe or~y(enne n
c:epri ~eonei :oer npeo(oeri roiio n yconnnx nepainon (e:oipa-
rnn aana(noro rnna, ~ro n yrnep(a 5. lponc n yno:nnyron crarie.
Anropnrery 5. lponca :ono npornnonocrannri a(eci anropnrer C. An-
eia, ioropin, xorn n ne ccianci npn:o na Lnpennona, yno:nnaer n o(non na
cnonx noce(nnx innr ncropni nonropnoro nanrnn 3n:nero (nopna n 1920 ro-
(y n npornnonocranner ee na npnnnnnnaino: c:icono: yponne crann-
cin: napa(a:. B ~acrnocrn, on nnmer: Bce :i no:nn: ne~aino nanecrnie
nepno:ancine napa(i, ioropie in o(nn: na ocnonnix orn~nreinix npn-
anaion cranncinx pen:on. Paane ecn io:y-ro nyno (oiaaareicrno,
~ro ennnna: (encrnona conepmenno nna~e, raine npe(cranennn ne cy-
ar npe(eini: (oiaaareicrno: roro, ~ro Oirnpician penoinnn nnno i-
a ne npocri: coup d`elal, conepmenni: ropcrion oimennion, no coirne:,
ninycrnnmn: napyy rpo:a(nin ocnoo(nreinin norennna
80
. Anei or-
:e~aer ror nanin :o:enr, ~ro y~acrnnin rearpainoro mryp:a nrpan ca-
:nx cen, :norne na airepon peaino y~acrnonan n coirnnx 1917 ro(a,
rpa(ancion nonne, crpa(an or nexnarin npo(onoicrnnn n npn .ro: npnnn-
:an y~acrne n rearpaino: npe(cranennn.
ionirno, ~ro n B. Lioncinn n 1921 ro(y, yno:nnan Lnpennona, nporn-
nonocrann :acconie npe(cranennn iai nponnennn nann ercrny or
rpy(non (encrnnreinocrn n niaopnin :np napa(on, :aciapa(on, (pa:arn-
~ecinx ipyion n rpa(nnnonnoro rearpa: Hapo(noe :acconoe npaa(necrno,
c:orp cn, pa(ocri roni ecri yrnep(enne cero(nnmnero (nn n ero ano]e-
oa... Hapo(noe :acconoe npaa(necrno .ro (eo nnix; (pa:arn~ecine e
ipyin ncnxoa, ercrno, :e~ra ceennra o ione~nocrnx
81
. Kcrarn, ceenn-
ri Y.ca, o ioropix ronopnr a(eci Lioncinn .ro nren yni, ioro-
pie in nocaeni n o~in, ~ro noanono paannnaricn roiio o(no:y opra-
ny nx rea mynainy, noeano:y (n ioeirnna. 1ain: opaao:, ran-
nin reoperni ]op:ana:a yc:arpnna n :acconix npe(cranennnx 1920-x rr.
cnoco nonon oripirocrn nn(nnn(a ]pyro:y, ioeirnny, omecrny npn co-
xpanennn nn(nnn(yainocrn.
Ha nepnen(niynpnon onncanni: nime no(xo(a: ro~ie apennn n onen-
ie c:ica :acconix rearpainix nocranonoi 1920-x rr. cron C. N. 3naen-
'
mrenn. B ye yno:nnyron crarie 1940-x rr. o Lnpennone on, n ~acrnocrn,
nnca: O(naio nnrepecno, ~ro .ror nponone(nni <Lnpennon. H. .> .ro-
nenrpn~ecioro rearpa rearpa (n cen` rearpa ea apnren, ocrpo-
y:nin n ecrnmnn, n ca:on .ron n(ee npo~eprnnmnn npe(einin perpecc
rearpainon (enreinocrn na ca:yi ee nnamyi, (o-ioeirnnnyi n (o-co-
nnaino-airnnnyi cra(ni rearpainoro nncrnnira` o(nonpe:enno oia-
aacn n re:, iro nepnin ocymecrnn n(ei ioeirnnnoro coopnoro (encr-
nnn` roe n nepnn~nix perpeccnnnix ero ]op:ax noce Penoinnn. |...]
3(eci i opaaen ~ncroro noanpamennn ncnnri, ea npeconyroro iai i`,
ioropoe xapairepnayer nonyi nporpeccnnnyi cra(ni, nenaeno n:eimyi
ne~ro` omee c npomi: no oniy, no conepmennyi ia~ecrnennyi neco-
na:epn:ocri c .rn: npomi:. Penoinnonnie (encrna, ioropi:n ynpan-
n H. H. Lnpennon c penccepcioro nyira |...] in no(ipamennon :y:n-
en npomoro, (ae ne noapo(enne:, a neoprann~non nepeca(ion na namy
no~ny rnna nepnn~nix apenm cpe(neneionoro 3ana(a nn npaa(necrn Be-
nion 4pannyacion Penoinnn. Onn ocranci ea(erni:n. |...] Hnrepec-
no :on ]ni: aaipenn na nenie noccoa(anne rex e coirnn mryp:a
3n:nero, ~ro n npeconyroe :acconoe (encrnne Lnpennona. Ha ron e ]nop-
nonon noma(n. |...] Paannna ia n ro:, ~ro a(eci po(aaci nonan nocry-
nareinan ]aaa rearpa na noma(n :acconin... ]ni:. A er aa ce:i (o
.roro na .ron noma(n y:npa na.eirpnaonannin rpyn rnna rearpa, yxo-
(nnmero n ne~nocri, neorpinno or orome(mnx cra(nn connainoro paannrnn,
ero nopo(nnmnx
82
.
Lcn H. H. Ken:an
88
yc:arpnnaer n .ron ecrion onenie 3naenmrenno:
rnop~ecrna Lnpennona ncero nmi nponni, orroocoi inomecioro eannn
ncnxoorn~ecin npeo(oeri nnnnne Lnpennona, ro B. A. Ho(opora
84
onapy-
nnaer npnnnnnnainyi necon:ecrn:ocri nx noannnn, cnnaannyi c npeo(o-
enne: 3naenmrenno: (nepnee, naoperenni: n: noni: :e(na :acconi:
inno) orpann~ennn :o(epnncrcion iaprnni :npa, n pa:in ioropon nenio:
nnncinaercn enpennoncinn npoeir.
C .ron ro~in apennn nocranonia Lnpennona, paa:emanci na yponne npnn-
nnnon cnoen oprannaannn n n(eoornn n ionreicrax pyccioro cn:nona:a n
or~acrn ananrap(a, onepnpyer onnoannnen repoen n roni, nonnnyercn omn:
aaiona: rearpainoro apenma, (n ioroporo onir :acci n npnnnnne ne(o-
crynen. Ho :acca oprannaonana conepmenno nna~e, neen rona aenai, co-
panmnxcn noipyr nyn~noro apenma. 1o~nee io i ciaaari, ~ro roiio
:acca n oprannaonana. Hpn~e: n:enno (n :acci ne cymecrnyer paa(eennn
na apnreen n airepon. 1ai, ecn y enpennoncion nocranonin io 10 000
airepon n 1b0 000 apnreen, ro 3naenmrenn aa(encrnona n Oirnpe
1b0 000 :acconin n nniainx apnreen. Bepnee, apnren, ione~no, in, no onn
cocrannn ye neci :np. ]aee, :acca no cnoen npnpo(e ecc:eprna n
neynann:a. Boopyennan opy(nn:n nonni nn rpy(a, ona crponni:n pn(a:n
neocranonn:o (nnercn i nanecrnon roiio en ca:on nen. 1ona e ecno-
pn(o~na, xaorn~na n cnocona roiio aaronrari ca:oi cen.
Hpnnnnnnaino paan~en n reneanc roni n :acci, n coornercrnenno en-
pennoncion n .naenmrennoncion nocranonin. Hepnan nponcxo(nr na (pennnx
292
arpapnix npaa(nnion, (nonnconix mecrnnn n pnryaon, nnnnci, no :erio:y
aa:e~anni roro e 3naenmrenna, ~e:-ro cpe(nn: :e(y nepnn~ni: ioao-
(panne: n cpe(neneioni: noma(ni: (encrnne:
8b
. Nacca e n :acconoe
nciyccrno .ro nnenne npen:ymecrnenno ropo(cion iyirypi XX neia,
npome(men ~epea ropnno penoinnn.
C (pyron croponi, n Ne:o 3naenmrenn npnanana nnnnne Lnpennona
n na cnoe rnop~ecrno, n na ornomenne i crpoenni ~eone~ecion cyreirnnno-
crn, n (ae na cnoco oprannaannn cnoero apxnna
8b
. Cymecrnyer re:a, na
ioropon onn noome nepeceianci .ro re:a .ma]ornoro reneanca nciyccrna,
.ma]ora iai npoopaaa rearpa ecroiocrn, o(nnaiono npnneianman n Lnpe-
nnona, n 3naenmrenna.
Ho paccy(nri 3naenmrenna n Lnpenona n nonpoce o penoinnonnocrn,
ioeirnnnocrn n nn(nnn(yainocrn :ann]ecrnponannix n:n npoeiron
:ono ne roiio c npnne~enne: ncropn~ecioro nn ncnxonorpa]n~ecioro
ananaa, no n na airyaino: conpe:enno: nonrn~ecio: :arepnae.
Bonpoc crannrcn ce(yimn: opaao:: iaiyi omecrnenno-nonrn~eciyi
:o(ei npe(noaraer xy(oecrnennin n reopern~ecinn npoeir H. Lnpennona,
iaiyi .rniy n orniy ornomennn i ]pyro:y, naan:oornomennn nn(nnn(yai-
nocrn n omecrna on cnocoen n:nnnnponari Kpnrnia 3naenmrenna-Ho(o-
porn crannr no( cepieanoe co:nenne ioeirnnncrcine norennnn enpennon-
cioro rearpa, na:eian na ero nn(nnn(yancrn~eciyi ope~ennocri. Ho n ai-
repnarnna :acconoro ]ni:a npe(crannercn co:nnreinon c ro~in apennn
conpe:ennix ion]nrypannn nacrn n ee :e(nn.
Ho :e(nanacri oiaaaaci cnocona nepeio(nponari n aannennin 3n-
aenmrenno: npoeir :acconoro ]ni:a n conepmenno anrnpenoinnonnix,
ioncepnarnnnix nenx, aacrannn ia(oro ~eoneia nepnyricn n o~in cee-
nnron i reennaopy, eme n yconnnx connana:a. Ho .ro e oiaaaoci
noa:oni: c(eari conpe:enni: nonrrexnoora: n c npoeiro: Lnpennona,
n ]op:ax oprannaonannix :nrnnron n aaacronoi, mecrnnn nporecra, (e:oncr-
pannn n nnieron.
Cero(nn (ncrannnn :e(y xy(oecrnenni: nponane(enne: n rexnoo-
rnn:n :e(nanacrn noome coiparnaci (o :nn:erpa. iie oripirnn n
nciyccrne cpaay e nnnn~no ncnoiayircn n nonrn~ecio: PP, c norepen
nn nepeopnenrannen nana~aino aaoennix n nnx :ornnannn. Kpo:e, no-
ayn, o(noro-e(nncrnennoro .e:enra peainoro nixo(a na noma(i or-
po:noro ion~ecrna i(en, ~ro (n nacrn nce eme npoe:arn~no ionrpon-
ponari. Ho.ro:y ecn iaion-ro npoeir nciyccrna eme cnocoen cero(nn ni-
no(nri i(en na noma(n (n orcrannannn nn aaipenennn cnonx npan, ero
n ce(yer npnanari no-nacronme:y nporpeccnnni: n airyaini:.
3AKK'LHHL
Heoxo(n:ocri opamennn i rearpainocrn iai cnoeopaanon :acie n, n
ione~no: c~ere, i paapaorie xy(oecrnennon ]op:i na ree ca:oro conny-
:a cnnaana raie c cnryannen nepaan~ennn ipn:nnainoro npecrynennn n
'!
]op: rocy(apcrnennoro reppopa n nponnennn nnrencnnnoro penoinnonnoro
eannn n conpe:enno: :npe. Ni, i coaenni nn c~acrii, nne: ne n
nepnoirno: omecrne n npeinae: ne n (ercinx rpeaax, a n :npe nicoiorex-
noorn~nix cn:ynipon n roraino nnnn~non n(eoornn. Ni anae: aaioni
n ye aapaeni y(onoicrnnn:n or nx napymennn. Ho.ro:y rearpainan
:acia nnnercn cnoeopaani: pe]eicnnni: nncrpy:enro:, noanonimn:
ionrponponari c]op:nponannyi conny:o: no:n:o namen non cyreirnn-
nocri, no(nemnnari ee, y(epnnan (ncrannni neconna(ennn c ca:n: coon.
]pyrn:n cona:n, cero(nn noa:ono nononenno paanepnyri nnrencnn-
nocri eannn roiio n xy(oecrnennon ]op:e, na cnene nciyccrna. A re-
arp .ro noome e(nncrnennan cnena, na ioropon n namn (nn :ono ncrpe-
rnricn c nacrii ne na ee noe n nrpari ne no ee npanna:. Ho .ro nrpa
n:enno c nen ca:on, a ne c nannri:n ei airepa:n nonnencin:n, noenni-
:n n r. (. Boa:onocri (ocrnennn .roro peayirara cnnaana c neioropi:
nanmni: oxo(o: nnnecryainoro ainnca omecrnorocy(apcrno: xy(o-
nni ne araiyer omecrno npn:i: ]nan~ecin: nacnne:, a ono, n cnoi o~e-
pe(i, ne opamaercn i ycyra: penpeccnnnoro annapara rocy(apcrna. Xy(o-
nni npairniyer nennnnin o:an omecrna i(n noarair, ~ro npnxo(nr
n rearp nn na nicraniy n ia~ecrne apnreen, a nx noce(onareino npenpa-
mair n :acconiy, a aare: n neioe no(one (pennerpe~ecioro xopa, r. e. n
peainix y~acrnnion paairpinaimencn rpare(nn.
B .ron e crparernn :ono cero(nn no:icnri paapemennin nacrn:n
nep]op:anc no( naananne: Penoinnn c airepa:n na nacrn n napo(a,
nrpaimnx ca:nx cen. Hep]op:anc, ycrpoennin na Kpacnon noma(n n n
Kpe:e, c paapemennn nacren nanno nepereiaer n peainyi penoinni,
coracno penccepcio:y cnenapni n cnonranno:y noenarnnenni rpa-
(an, ne eaimnx noanpamaricn n peainocri na raioro npeipacnoro re-
arpa.
L(nncrnennan rpy(nocri cocronr n ro:, ~ro ninemnne pyiono(nren Poc-
cnn ne :oryr noanonri cee roro, ~ro paapemnn n 1920 ro(y Lnpennony
:acconoro cionennn napo(a, ioropoe n ecri rannoe yconne ion, (ae
oprannaonannon, cpenccnponannon penoinnn.
1
H. Eepeunoe. 1earpainie nnnennnn ;; H. Lnpennon. ]e:on rearpainocrn.
N.; CH., 2002. C. 88.
2
H. Eepeunoe. 1earpanaannn nann ;; Yiaa. co~. C. 4b.
8
Hanecrno, nanpn:ep, ~ro nepnan naponan :amnna (pennerpe~ecioro y~enoro lepo-
na na npornennn neix neion nicrynaa n ia~ecrne nrpymin, a ne noeanon :amnni,
npeopaayn renonyi .neprni n :exann~eciyi ncii~nreino (n paane~ennn apn-
reen.
4
Cp. nocranoniy .roro nonpoca n npeipacnon crarie B. Naicn:ona n npe(nconnn
i nepena(anni napannix paor Lnpennona ]e:on rearpainocrn.
b
Konnennnn Lnpennona n .ro: nenrpaino: nynire oiaainaercn naia nanecr-
non reopnn H. Xenannrn, ioropin n innre Homo ludens (1988) n o~eni cxo(non
294
ornie crann n ocnonanne ~eone~ecion iyirypi ne rearpainocri, a nrpy n mnpo-
io: c:ice, n npeopaenne n iai ee nei n yconne (cp., nanp., nepnyi rany
Hpnpo(a n ana~enne nrpi iai nnennn iyirypi).
b
H. Eepeunoe. 1earpanaannn nann. C. 44.
7
H. Eepeunoe. Hpe(nconne ea :acin, no na iorypnax (i 1earpy iai raiono:y)
;; Yiaa. co~. C. 87.
8
H. Eepeunoe. O nonon :acie (Anrono-peioncrpyirnnnon). Hr., 1928; c:. raie:
H. Eepeunoe. 1earporepannn ;; Anani nciyccrna. 1920. ! b789.
9
H. Eepeunoe. O nonon :acie (Anrono-peioncrpyirnnnon). C. b.
10
H. Eepeunoe. Hnnennnn o c:eprn ;; Yiaa. co~. C. 91.
11
C:., nanp., reanci ero neaanepmennon paori 3ma]or iai rearp n na(an-
non na:n innre: H. Eepeunoe. 1annie npynni nciyccrna. N.: Lcce Homo. 2004.
C. 19019b.
12
v. Hune. K reneaornn :opan ;; 4. Hnnme. Co~nnennn n 2 ro:ax. 1. 2. N.,
1990. C. 479.
18
H. Eepeunoe. 1earp n y(yme: (He]anracrn~nan ]anraann) ;; Yiaa. co~. C. 29b.
14
He cy~anno ona ecnoiona :norne noioennn conercinx n aapyenix iro-
nncareen, ioropie noanpamanci i nocno:nnannn: o nocranonie Lnpennona na npo-
rnennn ncero XX cr. C:., nanp.: A. Huompoecxu. Hpaa(necrna 1920 r. ;; 3a Coner-
cinn rearp. ., 192b; !. Aptuxu. Penccepcine noprperi. 1earp, inno, ne~ari. .,
1928; G. Annenko.. Ln habillanl les vedelles. Paris, 19b1; H. !opuaxoe. Hcropnn coner-
cioro rearpa. Hii-Hopi, 19bb. C. 9192; . Axcenoe. Oprannaannn :acconix npaa(-
nnion rpy(nmnxcn (19181920). ., 1974; M. Slonim. Pussian 1healre rom lhe Lmpire
lo lhe Soviels. Cleveland, 19b1, A. Aonoeuu. 1earpanaonannie npaa(nnin n opn(i n
CCCP ;; Nacconie npaa(nnin n apenma. N., 1990. C. 910; n :n. (p.
1b
Ha .ro ocronreicrno yiaaina npncrpacrnin eronncen :acconix nocrano-
noi 1920-x rr. A(pnan Hnorponcinn. C:. nanp.: A. Huompoecxu. Xponnia ennnr-
pa(cinx npaa(necrn 19191920 r. ;; Nacconie npaa(necrna. ., 192b. C. b4bb.
1b
Kcrarn, noce(nn: nyniro: npniaaa npe(crannren Ap:nn n 4ora ronapnma
]. 1e:inna ana~noci: Bcnioe napymenne npniaaa y(er pacc:arpnnaricn iai ao-
crnoe eanne copnari nncnennponiy c ionrppenoinnonnon neii n iaparicn no
ncen crporocrn penoinnonnoro aaiona c npe(anne: cy(y Penrpeynaa (Unr. no
apxnnnon pyionncn H. Lnpennona Banrne 3n:nero (nopna. Bocno:nnannn o nncne-
nnponie, n oana:enonanne 8-n ro(onmnni Oirnpicion penoinnn ;; PlAH. 4.
982 (H. H. Lnpennon). On. 1. L(. xp. b1. . 20). Paay:eercn, nn n iaio: (pyro:
rearpe rannin penccep ne :or n :e~rari o rainx yconnnx.
17
1a: e. . 18.
18
C:. pe(ainnonnyi crarii Ha penernnnnx nncnennponin Banrne 3n:nero
(nopna` (Anani nciyccrna, 19.10.1920).
19
Kpacnin :nnnnonep. Hr., 1920. ! 14.
20
C:. io::enrapnn H. H. Ken:ana i crarie 3naenmrenna Knno n rearp. Hnio-
an Lnpennon: Hpenaon(n` ]ni:o: Oirnpi` cneiraii Lnpennona, 3. eaycon-
no npo(oa ero noncin iai n nonomennn ncropn~ecion :ncrepnn`, rai n n
rporecino-iyioino: ncroionannn ee repoen` (C. J.ennmen. Nero(. 1. 1.
Grundproblem. N., 2002. C. 4b4).
21
C:.: Hanecrnn H.C.P.K.]. or 9.11.1920.
22
Xapairepno, ~ro paapemenne n cero(nnmnen Poccnn npocroro cionennn napo(a
n nyn~nix :ecrax npnno(nr i rpan(noani: norpo:a:, no(oni: noonmy na Kpac-
non noma(n no npe:n rpancnnnn ~e:nnonara :npa no ]yroy 2002 ro(a.
'#
28
C:. na(annie na:n :aconcine pyionncn n in. H. H. Lnpennona 1annie
npynni nciyccrna.
24
PlAH. 4. 982 (H. H. Lnpennon). On. 1. L(. xp. b1. . 2228.
2b
B. Naicn:on n npe(nconnn n io::enrapnnx i na(anni Lnpennona cnpane(-
nno aa:e~aer, ~ro n(ei coopnoro rearpa (P. Barnepa, A. Cipnnna, B. Hnanona n
H. 4opencioro) Lnpennon n ione~no: c~ere ne npnnn (Yiaa. co~. C. 1b, 484).
2b
. !poc. Hnnmeancine :ornni n pyccion .crernie 20-x rr. ;; 5axrnncinn
copnni-ll. N., 1988. C. 10412b.
27
B iannere cry(enra, y~enoro, a noayn n ncnioro ioanareinoro rpa(a-
nnna naioro y(ymero rannoe :ecro aan:yr ne innrn, a npnna(enocrn yconep-
mencrnonanoro innero]ona (Yiaa. co~. C. 294).
28
H. Eepeunoe. O ycrponcrne Cneiraien (n cen (Hponone(i nn(nnn(yai-
noro rearpa) ;; Yiaa. co~. C. 80b.
29
H. H. Eepeunoe 1annie npynni nciyccrna. C. 1b8180.
80
C. uex. 18 oniron o ennne. N., 2004. C. 117. (He:enioe na(anne: Sla.oj
EA. Die Pevolulion slehl bevor. Suhrlamp, 2002.) B ia~ecrne cnoero ncro~nnia
Anei naainaer innry: S. uck-Motss. Dreamworld and calaslrophe. Cambridge; London,
2000. P. 114.
81
. Lx.oecxu. ]pa:a n :acconie npe(cranennn ;; B. Lioncinn. la:ypr-
cinn c~er. N., 1990. C. 8b.
82
C. J.ennmen. Nero(. 1. 1. Grundproblem. C. 12b12b.
88
1a: e. C. 4b4.
84
Cp.: . Ho0opoea. Narepnai i ncnxonorpa]nn C. N. 3naenmrenna ;;
Anro-no-rpa]nn. 1erpa(n no ananrn~ecion anrponoornn. ! 1 ; Ho( pe(. B. Ho(o-
porn. N., 2001. C. 11140.
8b
C. J.ennmen. Nero(. 1. 1. Grundproblem. C. 12b.
8b
C. J.ennmen. Ne:yapi. N., 1997. (1. 1 C. 77, 8bb; 1. 2 C. 28, 78,
18b187).
29b
OLl APOHCOH
1LA1P H A44LK1
5HONLXAHHKA NLHLPXOL]A \S.
HCHXO1LXHHKA C1AHHCABCKOlO
Hpornnonocranenne ionnennnn Bc. 3. Nenepxoi(a n K. C. Cranncan-
cioro ye (anno crao omn: :ecro:, ior(a pe~i aaxo(nr o ncropnn rearpa
XX neia. 3ro o(nn na rex cieron, ea ioropix nenoa:ono npe(crannri re
ionipernie coirnn, ioropie nponcxo(nn n poccnncio: rearpe n nepno( (o
n noce Oirnpicion penoinnn; no :noro: noe:nia rex er (aa nciyccrny
(na npnnnnnnaino paanix opaaa rearpa n ero (ainenmnx nepcneirnn. Ni
ne conpae:cn eme paa nocnponano(nri cnryanni, n peayirare ioropon y~e-
nni Cranncancioro, :oo(on airep Nocioncioro Xy(oecrnennoro rearpa
Nenepxoi( nicrynn npornn cnoero y~nren n npnme i n(ee Yconnoro
rearpa. ]n nac nanee ro, iai n noce(onareino: paannrnn reopern~ecinx
noannnn o(noro n (pyroro nponnnoci npnnnnnnainoe ornomenne i nonn:a-
nni opaaa n conpe:enno: nciyccrne. Nono ciaaari, ~ro, pe]op:npyn naii
rearpa, ia(in na penccepon (ocrnr pa(nianaannn nonpoca o npnnnnnax
cymecrnonannn nciyccrna n conpe:enno: :npe. H ecn :i ncxo(n: ne na
ncropn~ecion nepcneirnni, n ioropon nonarop Nenepxoi( npeo(oenaer
orpann~ennocri ncnxoorn~ecioro rearpa, a opamae:cn i ro:y, ~ro cnnaa-
no c rpancnen(enraini:n yconnn:n nonn:annn rearpa nn, ronopn eme
oee oomenno, c yconnn:n noa:onocrn nciyccrna, a raie c npoe:on
opaaon, nixo(nmnx aa pa:in ion penpeaenrannn, ro ncn cnryannn nirn-
(nr ne rai npocro. 1or(a ye ioncepnarop Cranncancinn n cnoen cncre:e
airepcion nrpi oiaainaercn ne croi ncnxoorn~en, a ananrap(nin, ycrpe:-
ennin n y(ymee Nenepxoi( cero(nn nn(nrcn iy(a :enee pa(niaini:.
Hrai, npone(e: cpaay nnie nnnn paan~nn, neen re, na ioropix oi~no
nacrannair ncropnin, cno(n npornnocronnne (nyx penccepon roiio i nnyr-
pnrearpainon noe:nie. 3rn paan~nn aarparnnair raine ycron~nnie (nxo-
ro:nn, iai (yma;reo, nnoe;:exann~ecioe, nani;npe(cranenne (rearp),
noipyr ioropix crponrcn ornomenne penccepon n i npnnnnna: rearpainon
nrpi, n i nonpocy o rpannne cneni, n i cyreiry nocnpnnrnn apenma (apnre-
i). O(naio, no:n:o .roro, pe~i ]airn~ecin nocronnno n(er o ]noco]cion
npoe:arnie :n:ecnca, n ia(in na nnx no-cnoe:y pemaer (n cen .ry
npoe:y.
Hpn .ro: neian ne oparnri nnn:anne, ~ro n ro npe:n, ior(a ]op:npyircn
n(en cncre:i y Cranncancioro, a Nenepxoi( (eaer cnon nepnie nocranon-
in, ye no nci cny aannner o cee nonin rnn apenma inne:arorpa]. Oa
penccepa oiaainaircn ipanne nnn:areini i ro:y nono:y rnny opaaon,
aanopannaimnx ay(nropni, ~ro oripinaircn n:enno aro(apn inno.
'%
B na~ae neia inne:arorpa] npe(craer iai ononennin rnn noma(noro
rearpainoro apenma, on eme ne nocnpnnn:aercn iai nonoe nciyccrno, no
ye aaxnarinaer nnn:anne oimnx ay(nropnn. H ior(a Nenepxoi( opa-
maercn i aarany, i nrainncion io:e(nn :acoi dell`arle, ro ye n .ro:
nn(en mar nancrpe~y nynie, ycranmen or aacnin ro:nreino-ciy~nix niec,
aanoonnnmnx pycciyi cneny. Ho npn:epno n re e ro(i n Cranncancinn
n nocranonie Cnnen nrnni Nerepnnia ncnoiayer inne:arorpa]n~ecine
.]]eiri. . A. Cyepnninn, n:ecre c ioropi: Cranncancinn crann .ror
cneiraii, npn:o nnca: 3na~nreinon (oen cnoero ycnexa ]eepn~ecian no-
cranonia Cnnen nrnni`, npnne(man n raion nocropr apnreen, onaana n:en-
no inne:arorpa]y. Hamn oniri y(anci, n :i (y:ae: n (ainenme: y(e-
nri eme oime nnn:annn inne:arorpa]y npn nocranoniax
1
.
Ho .ro io eme neonocpe(onannoe, narypainoe ncnoiaonanne inne:a-
rorpa]a. B noce(yimne ro(i opamenne i ne:y crao nanon cocranni-
men (n oonx penccepon n nx paannrnn ionnennnn rexnnin airepcion
nrpi. Hnrepecno, ~ro oa ornocnnci i inno orpnnareino, no noa:ono, ~ro
no :noro: aro(apn e:y onn coa(an cnon ynniainie :ero(nin no(roronin
airepon no:exanniy n ncnxorexnniy.
Hpn .ro: Nenepxoi( npn:o aannn o cnoe: eannn ona(eri inne-
:arorpa]n~ecion rexnnion airepcion nrpi: ]n .ipana nyni ocoennie
airepi. 'acro nn(n:, ~ro npeipacnie aprncri (pa:i, aera (n inne:aro-
rpa]a nenpnro(ni conepmenno. Nerp nx (nnennn ro cnmio: mnpoi, ro
ioporoi, ecri narpo:o(eni (o ipannocrn. H naoopor, xorn i lappn-
con, ne noy~nnmnn cnennainoro airepcioro opaaonannn, yonn npncy-
myi inne:arorpa]y rexnniy, ona(e ei. ]n :enn .ra rexnnia noia lerra
incognila
2
. Bnnnne inno na Cranncancioro io iy(a oee onocpe(o-
nanni:, no (ae ecn .ro n ne io npn:i: nnnnne:, ro ca:a :ero(nia
no(roronin airepa (ncnxorexnnia) ia pacc~nrana na raiyi naocri apn-
reicioro narn(a, ioropan n npocrpancrne rearpa ia ye nenoa:ona, no
nnone oiaainaaci coornocn:a c inne:arorpa]n~ecin: ipynni: nano:
n npne:a:n :onraa
8
.
Kone~no, xorn inne:arorpa] n nonnn na paannrne rearpa, acoirnan-
ponari .ro nnnnne n (anno: ioniperno: cy~ae ne ce(yer, nocioiiy (n
Nenepxoi(a n Cranncancioro .ro i ciopee nono( (o(nn cpe(n npo~nx)
aanono nocrannri nonpoc o ree airepa, o npnnnnnax nipaanreinocrn n o
rpannne cneni. 1ain: opaao:, inne:arorpa] nicrynaer ne croiio n cnoen
ncropn~ecion n rexnoorn~ecion nnocracnx, cioiio iai :o(ei nonon rpn(y-
men opaanocrn, noanonn ynn(eri ee aa~aro~nie .e:enri ye ra:, r(e onn
eme ne ocoanananci n nonon :epe. ln(n perpocneirnnno, :ono yrnep-
(ari, ~ro ioncepnarnnnan cncre:a Cranncancioro oiaaaaci (n neia in-
no iy(a oee conpe:ennon, ~e: nonaropcrno Nenepxoi(a. H .ro napa(oi-
caino, no Cranncancinn, n orn~ne or Nenepxoi(a, ne :icn iareropnn-
:n y(ymero.
Bepne:cn aanono i paan~ni n rearpainix cncre:ax penccepon. Ye
iaccn~ecin:n cran ipnrn~ecine nina(i Nenepxoi(a n a(pec narypan-
crn~ecioro rearpa n rearpa nacrpoennn, ioropi: i npnnepen Nocion-
298
cinn xy(oecrnennin rearp. Noo(on penccep nicrynaer npornn npan(n-
nocrn na cnene aa yconnocri. Lro Yconnin rearp i npnanan noapo(nri
yrpa~ennin anrn~nin rearp, nceomnn rearp (encrnnn n npaa(necrna. Kpnrn-
iyn NX1 aa niaopnocri, n ioropon :n:ecnc nonn:aercn iai ionnponanne
nann, Nenepxoi( nponoaramaer rearp, r(e apnrei nn o(non :nnyri ne
aainaer, ~ro nepe( nn: airep, ioropin nrpaer, a airep ~ro nepe( nn:
apnreinin aa, no( nora:n cnena, a no oia: (eiopannn. Kai n iaprnne:
rn(n na nee, nn na :nnyry ne aainaemi, ~ro .ro ipacin, noorno, incri, a
n:ecre c re: noy~aemi nicmee n npocnerennoe ~yncrno nann. H (ae
rai: ~e: oime iaprnna, re: cninee ~yncrno nann
4
.
Hanoee pa(niaino paan~ne (nyx rearpainix cncre: nponnnoci n
no(xo(e i npnnnnna: rearpainon nrpi. Ye n ca:o: n:enonannn .rnx rex-
nni nn(na noe:nia. Nenepxoi(oncian no:exannia crannr no rany yra
reo iai noorn~ecinn opranna:, ncnoiaye:in na no(:ocriax n ia~ecrne
o(noro na .e:enron rearpainoro apenma. ]nnenne rea (ono iri
nipaanreini:, a nipaanreinocri (ocrnraercn npannini: ncnoiaonanne:
]nan~ecinx noa:onocren opranna:a. l(e nciari .rn :o:enri nipaanrei-
noro (nnennn Hpornnonocrannn cnon rearp ypyaano:y, n nepnie ro(i
noce penoinnn Nenepxoi( nnmer n crarie Airep y(ymero n no:exa-
nnia o ipacore n ana~ennn npannino paoraimero rea: Heoxo(n:o ori-
ciari raine (nnennn n paore, npn ioropix :aicn:aino ncnoiaonaoci
nce pao~ee npe:n. Pacc:arpnnan paory onirnoro pao~ero, :i or:e~ae: n
ero (nnennnx: 1) orcyrcrnne nmnnx nenponano(nreinix (nnennn, 2) pnr-
:n~nocri, 8) npanninoe naxo(enne nenrpa rnecrn cnoero rea, 4) ycron~n-
nocri. ]nnennn, nocrpoennie na .rnx ocnonannnx, orn~aircn (ancanrno-
crii`, nponecc paori onirnoro pao~ero ncer(a nano:nnaer ranen, a(eci
paora cranonnrcn na rpani nciyccrna
b
. Ho ecn i .rn: nce orpann~nna-
oci, ro n(en no:exannin npenpamaaci i ncero nmi n eme o(nn napnanr
]nan~ecioro rpennnra airepa, n naop nanecrnix ynpanennn. O(naio n a(eci
na(o aanono ncno:nnri o noapo(ae:on Nenepxoi(o: anrn~nocrn. 5no:e-
xannia npe(noaraer nropenne rearpa no nce c]epi nann: Paora airepa
n rpy(ono: omecrne y(er pacc:arpnnaricn iai npo(yinnn, neoxo(n:an
(n npanninon oprannaannn rpy(a ncex rpa(an
b
. 5no:exannia, rain: o-
paao:, ecri mar na nyrn npeo(oennn roro rearpa, ioropin npnanan yaari
naccnnnoro apnren, na nyrn i roraino:y rearpy, r(e apnrei cranonnrcn
y~acrnnio: (encrnnn, oro(ecrnnnci ne c repoe: (iai n ncnxoorn~ecio:
rearpe), a c ioeirnnnon omnocrii. Hcroio: raioro rearpa ia anrn~nan
rpare(nn, n ioropon no(paanne cnnainao ne apnren n repon, a apnren n
xop. lepon e nicryna iai :apnoneria, iai o(nn na .e:enron, ~epea ioro-
pin ocymecrnnoci nryprn~ecioe e(nnenne n omnocrn (encrnnn
7
.
Kai :i nn(n:, nyri Nenepxoi(a or Yconnoro rearpa i no:exannie
oiaainaercn conepmenno ecrecrnenni:, nocioiiy, paapyman oro(ecrne-
nne apnren c nponcxo(nmn: na cnene, neian ne npnnrn i (encnxoornaannn
airepcion nrpi. A pa(niainan (encnxoornaannn rpeyer npenpamennn ai-
repa n :apnoneriy, n n(eainin opranna:, n reo, ne n:eimee nniaioro oa-
(aimero ~ncron nipaanreinocrii nnyrpennero
8
.
''
Ho n nocepenoinnonnie ro(i raioe reo cranonnrcn eme n opaano:,
n ioropo: ~epea (enn(nnn(yanaanni ~eoneia nn nepconaa npoia(ina-
ercn nyri i connainon omnocrn (encrnnn. H .ro ye ne :ncrn~ecine io-
eirnnnoe (encrno cn:noncron (Bn~. Hnanon, A. Cipnnn) nn omee
(eo H. 4e(opona, no ra :arepnancrn~ecian nonrnaannn nciyccrna
(B. 5enin:nn), npe(noaraiman 6tmue noeoeo ue.oeexa
9
. Nono ciaaari,
~ro :enepxoi(oncian nonrnaannn rearpa, npenpamenne rearpa n :acconoe
apenme :enner coornomenne rearpa n nann n ~ro rpannna, npoxo(nman
:e(y nn:n, crnpaercn. Anani npe(craer iai ne~ro cy~annoe n neopao-
rannoe, eme ne cranmee rearpo: n npeinaimee n aone nenipaanreinocrn.
1earp e conepmaer nocronnnyi .icnancni, cranonnrcn cnnrern~ecin:, (n
nero ye ner oyconennix npocrpancrn, no(ono ro:y iai (n n(eainoro
airepa (cnepx:apnonerin) ner nniainx nnyrpennnx nepennannn. 3ror :en-
epxoi(oncinn rearp ncrynaer n ioniypennni c .icnancnen inno, aaxnari-
naimero cnon:n opaaa:n :acci i(en, n n iaio:-ro c:ice ye roron oro-
(ecrnnricn c inne:arorpa]o:. He cy~anno, ~ro Cepren 3naenmrenn, y~e-
nni Nenepxoi(a, paannnan n(en cnoero y~nren, naxo(nr n:enno n inne:aro-
rpa]e nonomenne cnnreaa nciyccrn, noa:onocri peanaannn Gesamllunslwerl.
H a(eci noe(nno cnnaircn nciyccrno n nonrnia, a(eci nciyccrno n nonrnia
nepaapinni, n n e(nnennn cnoe: onn ana:enyir ropecrno penpeaenrannn,
(one(ennon (o ipannocrn, (o anrn-:n:erna:a apenma, ioropoe ~epea iarapcnc
(ocrnraer nryprn~nocrn, nn rpancnen(npyimen omnocrn.
'ro iacaercn ncnxorexnnin Cranncancioro, ro ona (oroe npe:n nnrep-
npernponaaci n:enno iai rexnnia nnyrpennero nepennannn, rexnnia .:o-
nnn, a ne rea. C .rn: cnnaani :norne ne(opaay:ennn n nonn:annn cncre:i
Cranncancioro ero noce(onaren:n, (ae rain:n nenin:n, iai, nanpn:ep,
Nnxan 'exon. ]encrnnreino, n orn~ne or oriponennon anrn-:n:ern~e-
cion no:exannin, ncnxorexnnia pacnoaraer i nnrepnperannn n rep:nnax
no(paannn n n:nrannn, ~ro n (eaer Nnxan 'exon, nnnenpyn re: ca:i:
ror no-nacronme:y pa(niainin .icnepn:enrainin noci, ioropin co(ep-
aa n cee cncre:a.
Hpn nnn:areino: ananae rex ynpanennn, ioropie npe(araer Crann-
cancinn n innre Paora airepa na( coon, n nx nnrepnperannn anropo:
noanniaer conce: nnan iaprnna. Cranncancinn npn:o nnmer, ~ro aprncr
namero roia ropaa(o oime, ~e: n (pyrnx nanpanennnx nciyccrna, (oen
noaaornricn ne roiio o nnyrpenne: annapare, coa(aime: nponecc nepen-
nannn, no n o nnemne: reecno: annapare, nepno nepe(aime: peayirari
rnop~ecion paori ~yncrna, ero nnemnii ]op:y eon.oenu
10
. Ho-
cioiiy Cranncancinn nocronnno noiayercn rep:nnoornen conpe:ennon
e:y ncnxoornn, ro :oer noiaaaricn, ~ro ior(a on ronopnr o nnyrpenne:
annapare nn o nponecce nepennannn, ro :i n:ee: (eo c .:onnonai-
non c]epon, c npornnocronmen rey (ymon. 1e: ne :enee, npn nnn:arei-
no: ~rennn cranonnrcn aa:erno, ~ro nponecc nepennannn oiaainaercn ne
~e:-ro nnyrpennn:, no iai paa npnna(enr nopn(iy rea, ro ecri nnemne-
:y. H:enno on n nnnercn npe(:ero: ron rexnoornn rea, ioropyi npe(a-
raer penccep n ia~ecrne ncuxo-rexnnin. 4airn~ecin, reo airepa, no Crann-
800
cancio:y, npe(craer ne iai ]nan~ecinn opranna:, a iai a]]eirnnnoe reo. H
aa(a~a ncnxorexnnin nay~nri airepa io::ynnnnponari c no:omii a]]ei-
ron, a ne c no:omii con nn ecron, n ioropix :i nce (anno ye inmn-
ponani. 1ain: opaao:, nnemnnn ]op:a nonomennn nn, nna~e ronopn, ai-
repcian rexnnia npe(cranennn nepaapinno cnnaana n cncre:e c re:, ~ro
nnnercn no(nnno nonaropcin: c mexnuxo nepeueanu.
Cranncancinn niraercn aa:inyri rearp na airepe, npn~e: na airepe ne
naopaaime: (no(paaime:), a nponano(nme: .:onni. Airepcian .:o-
nnn ne ecri no(nnnan .:onnn, no(nnnoe xy(oecrnennoe nepennanne
pon na cnene. 3ro ecri nciyccrnennoe paa(paenne nepn]epnn rea
11
.
3ro ye ne npocro airepcian rexnnia, ioropan aanpyercn na onpe(eenno:
naope npne:on. Ho .ro n ne no(nnnoe nepennanne, a nepennanne
npenpamennoe. 1o ecri airepcian .:onnn noa:ona roiio npn nan~nn
npne:on, no ona ncer(a (ononnreina npne:y. Bnn:anne i .rn: cai:
a]]eirnnni: cocronnnn:, nina(aimn: na npnni~nix pa:oi airepcion nr-
pi-penpeaenrannn, ecri nnn:anne i ro:y, ~ro Cranncancinn ooana~aer
iai n ec:i. H cnena oiaainaercn neoxo(n:i: yconne: onapyennn
.rnx caix :o:enron.
H:enno operenne cymecrnonannn, ioropoe Cranncancinn naainaer co-
no: npncyrcrnne, n cnryannn rearpainon cneni ecri rannan aa(a~a aire-
pa. O(naio npoe:a n ro:, ~ro npncyrcrnne, ioropoe penccep aaipenner aa
cona:n n ec:i n ioropoe nnnercn npono(nnio: nepennannn, c oimn:
rpy(o: onapynnaer cen (ae n nann nne no(:ocrion. i(n, iai npanno,
ne opamair nnn:annn na .rn :o:enri n cnoe: nonce(nenno: cymecrnona-
nnn. Honce(nennocri npe(noaraer, ~ro name cymecrnonanne or(ano :exann-
ie oi(ennix (encrnnn, ro:y, ~ro Cranncancinn naainaer cono: npny~en-
nocri n ~ro npairn~ecin crnpaer a]]eirnnnocri cnryannn npncyrcrnnn.
A ona n:enno a]]eirnnna, nocioiiy paapinaer pyrnny cran(aprnix (encr-
nnn, nocrynion, cy(ennn, ncero roro, ~ro npnni~no. Cncre:a oiaainaercn cnoe-
opaanon mioon nnn:annn i ca:i: cai: nponnennn: npncyrcrnnn n
:npe. (A .ro, ca:o no cee, ye nacroiio nenpocro, ~ro ana:ennran pennia
Cranncancioro o ro:, ~ro ero cncre:a npe(naana~ena roiio (n raanrn-
nix airepon, operaer conepmenno nnon c:ic: raanr n ronio: onapye-
nnn paan~nn :e(y a]]eiro: n .:onnen, ioropon :i ye oy~eni.)
Cranncancinn n cnoe: nonn:annn nepennannn n nonpein cnoen pnro-
pnie oiaainaercn ecn n ne anrn-ncnxoorn~en, iai Nenepxoi(, ro y ro~no
ne-ncnxoorn~en. On nocronnno naneen na ro, ~roi c(eari na airepa ncn-
xn~ecinn :exanna:, cnoconin naxo(nri a(einarnie ]op:i npe(cranennn
(n no(nnnoro n na:en~nnoro ~yncrna. Hpan(a no Cranncancio:y oiaai-
naercn ne n npan(nnocrn coomeemcmeu peainocrn, a n naxo(ennn rear-
painix .e:enron (npne:on airepcion nrpi), aacrannimnx eepumt nponc-
xo(nme:y, ro ecri, npn nono: ocoanannn yconnocrn cnenn~ecioro (encrnnn,
nepennari .:onni, nacrpoenne, ~yncrno nn nce ro, ~ro onncinaercn cona-
:n n ec:i cnryanni npncyrcrnnn. Hpncyrcrnnn, ioropoe npan(nnee i-
oro npan(ono(onn: Coa(anne na cnene cocronnnn n ec:i` nnnercn pe-
ayiraro: cnoncrna eari nce oimen npan(i, nnori (o acoira
12
.
!
Cranncancinn, rain: opaao:, nonce ne npornnocronr yconnocrn rearpa,
no na~nnaer c nee. Nenepxoi( nnno ne(oonennna roninn anrnnarypana:
cncre:i Cranncancioro, ioroporo ca:oro paa(paao niny(ennoe npan(o-
no(one (eiopannn. On :e~ra oriaaaricn or nnx nonce, no noara, ~ro n
cnryannn, npnnennon i ecrecrnennon, airepa: er~e ncnonnri ana:enn-
rie npone(ypi ecn i n npe(arae:ie ocronreicrna, er~e npononn-
ponari .:onnonainyi n a]]eirnnnyi na:nri. On :e~ra o rainx rennnx,
ioropie :orn i ea xy(onnia, penccepa, ea ncnion nocroponnen no:o-
mn nepe(anari nci cny opaaa o(nn: cnon: nonnenne: na cnene.
Airepciyi nrpy Cranncancinn pacc:arpnnaer iai onpe(eennyi cno-
co6nocmt. Hrpa naxo(nr cnoe nonomenne n ree airepa, ree, nnnime:cn
cnoeopaani: .ipano:, na ioropo: .:onnn n ~yncrna ]nicnpyircn no ncen
cnoen no(nnnocrn n neonpe(eennocrn, n ycioiaaimnx :nipo(nnennnx,
ne no(ionrpoinix raay, no, re: ne :enee, npo(oaimnx y~acrnonari n
omennn airepa n apnren, airepa n airepa. Hniaion ~eone~ecinn raa, nn-
iaioe ~eone~ecioe nn(enne (cnmio: aanncn:oe or iyirypnix n ncnxoo-
rn~ecinx ianonon nocnpnnrnn) ne (air raion noa:onocrn. A ana~nr, ior(a
Cranncancinn ronopnr o npueue, ro ero na(o nonn:ari ne ]op:ancrn~ecin,
iai ]op:y nipaennn, a nna~e, nocioiiy c no:omii .rnx npne:on ycrpann-
ercn nipaanreinocri npe(cranennn (xax c0e.ano), cnn:aercn ainenr c ron
rexnnin, ioropan anenpyer i npanna: ~rennn cnenn~ecinx ecron (mra:-
na:), a nani oripinaercn (npncyrcrnne) no ncen cnoen nenipaanreino-
crn. Ho.ro:y npannino io i ronopnri ne o npne:ax airepcion nrpi, a o
npueuax-cnoco6nocmx (Cranncancinn ncnoiayer cono npncnocoenne),
ro ecri ne o orarcrne rexnn~ecioro annapara, a o orarcrne a]]eirnnnon
na:nrn, nponnnimencn n nenpepinnon paore cy~annon :ime~non :nipo-
airnnnocrn opranna:a, nponano(nmen ne noai, ne ecri, a cocmonu
18
.
]pyrn: nani: :o:enro: nnnercn ro, ~ro (n Cranncancioro npne:i
rearpainon nrpi .ro, npe(e ncero, ornomenne c (pyrn: (~acrnin cy-
~an n iai cnon (pyron), a ne npe(cranenne cen. 1o ecri xouunuxau,
a ne penpe.enmau. Kone~no, n io::ynniannn y~acrnyir n cona, n ]ai-
mnnin nanrpim, n mra:ni, no Cranncancioro nnrepecyer n nepnyi o~epe(i
ro, ~ro aa nn:n, a ro~nee ue0 nn:n, n nenn(n:o: npocrpancrne nepexo(a
or o(noro ~nrae:oro ecra i (pyro:y, n cnoeopaano: :onrano: criie.
Orci(a crpe:enne orpann~nri cnenn~eciyi no(nnnocri airepon, yca(nri
nx, nmnri reicra, a n ynpanennnx ana:ennroe cn(enne na pyiax.
Ha cnene na(o c:orperi, xo(nri, ronopnri nna~e y~me, nop:ainee,
~e: n nann, ne i npnpo(e: no-nepnix, noro:y, ~ro ne(ocrarin, ninecennie
na cner pa:ni, cranonnrcn ocoenno aa:erni:n, no-nropix, noro:y, ~ro .rn
ne(ocrarin nnnir n na omee cocronnne airepa na cnene
14
. 3(eci cpaay
opamaer na cen nnn:anne napa(oicainoe na nepnin narn( npornnonocran-
enne nann n npnpo(i. 'ro ana~nr nop:ainee, ~e: n nann B iaio:
c:ice ~eone~ecian nani nenop:aina, ecn :i ee cpannnnae: c npnpo-
(on Orner, ncxo(n na ncero panee ciaaannoro, :oer iri raion: n cnoen
nonce(nennon nann ~eonei nnnercn aaonnio: crepeornnon none(ennn,
on nocronnno nrpaer, on nocronnno na cnene, xorn n ne aa:e~aer .roro, ero
802
(encrnnn n peainnn e maonni, on e :apnoneria, n ecn on rnner nx c
coon na rearpainie no(:ocrin, ro ra: (n cnere pa:ni) onn nponnnir
nci cnoi ]aimi. H:enno crpe:enne na rearpainon cnene no(paari no-
nce(nennon nann npnno(nr i :ime~ni: noryra:. Ho(paari n (an-
no: cy~ae ana~nr n:enno iri xax n nann, ro ecri naopaari, npe(-
crannri. 3a(a~a, o(naio, nnan: iri y~me, ~e: n nann. 1o ecri nino(nri
na cner roiio re cocronnnn, ioropie eme ne npo~nrinae:i n ia~ecrne npne-
:on. ]pyrn:n cona:n, .ro :ono naanari cy~annocrn:n n nrpe, cy~anno-
crn:n, n ioropix nponnnir cen cni npncyrcrnnn, nn, n rep:nnax cncre-
:i npan(a. 3rn :nipo-npan(i cymecrnonannn ne aaipenne:i reo:
airepa n :o:enr nx nponnennn, xorn aa~acryi nnoce(crnnn cranonnrcn
ncro~nnio: cocrnennix mra:non, ro ecri naxo(nr (n cen neioropyi ]op-
:y :ime~non na:nrn, nn (ae naii :imn. 3ror naii nenaeno noann-
iaer, coa(anan ]op:y apenma, no aa(a~a cncre:i n ro:, ~roi onapynri
noa:onocri npe(rnnennn nce nonix n nonix :nipo(nnennn necronop~n-
nix ~yncrn. ]n .roro neoxo(n:o y~nricn y npnpo(i (nanpn:ep, y iomei),
y~nricn paccaenni :imn. 1oiio paccaennie :imni noanonir npo-
nnnricn cy~annocrn, ~epea ioropyi nepennanne nponniaer n npe(crane-
nne, coa(anan cnryanni n ec:i
1b
.
Cranncancinn xopomo nonn:a, ~ro ra n(eainan airepcian nrpa, ioro-
pyi on :icnr cee, ne npe(noaraer (ncrannnn, .ro nrpa acoirnon io::y-
nniannn, ioropyi cpaay e paapymaer paccronnne :e(y airepo: n apnre-
e:. 1earpaino:y airepy npuxo0umc yrpnponari, opamari nnn:anne na
(eran, ioropie apnrei nopon ne n cnax aa:ernri (ae na nepnoro pn(a.
1eopern~ecinn noci Cranncancioro oiaaacn ropaa(o pa(niainen
noa:onocren rearpa. B cnoen reopnn airepcion nrpi on nime aa npe(ei
rearpainocrn. 3pnrei n pa:na cran (n nero nnni:n orpann~nren:n. He
cy~anno n .ron cnnan noanninonenne Hepnon cry(nn NX1, r(e on :or (anari
cnoi cncre:y :oo(i: airepa: n r(e ainenr i nepenecen co cneirain na
penernnni. K .ron paore penccep i npnnnaan iy(a oime, ~e: i nocra-
nonie cneiraien. O(naio ero ncnxorexnnia rai n ocraaci necocronreina
iai mioa airepcion nrpi (cioi i :noro airepon nn naainan cen ero
y~ennia:n n noce(onaren:n), nocioiiy ona nocrpoena na .]]eirax, ioro-
pie oiaainaircn acoirno nnnenponanni:n apnreini: aao: rearpa. Bo-
npoci, iai c(eari nepennannn nn(n:i:n, ne oeian nx n mra:ni npe(cran-
ennn, n iai nenaenoe opamenne airepa i mra:na: cnnaari rain: cocron-
nne:, ioropoe aacrannr apnren orpemnricn or yconnocrn rearpainon nrpi, n
nonine ocraircn nepemenni:n. Orner Cranncancioro (nocronnnie ee(nen-
nie ncnxorexnn~ecine ynpanennn (n oripirnn nonix n nonix npncnoco-
ennn) nnnercn ne(ocraro~ni: (ae (n nero ca:oro, npnanaimero, ~ro rex-
nnia po(ennn npncnocoennn ne orara cpe(crna:n
1b
, ~ro nce panno npio
ecrnr na cnene no(coanareinie npncnocoennn
17
, n ro npe:n iai (ocrnr-
nyroe nyre: ynpanennn na penernnnnx (ocoanannoe) einer.
Hanpn:ep, ior(a pe~i aaxo(nr o .:onnonainon na:nrn, ro .ro ne roiio
cnnai nocno:nnannn n nepennannn c na:nrii rea airepa, no eme n om6op
(ia(pnponanne) nocno:nnannn, na ioropix ne nce cnoconi crari opaaa:n,
!!
iri nocnponane(enni:n. Bocno:nnannn, nonropnnci, nponano(nr nepenna-
nne nnoni n nnoni, nor ocnona opaaa, nnocnmero cy~annie orionennn n
maoni nonce(nennix (encrnnn n pnryaon omennn
18
. ]n .rnx opaaon
ner apnren, nocioiiy nce onn orionnimnecn, ycioiaaimne, cy~an-
nie nnnircn re:n cna:n npncyrcrnnn, ioropie pacnoaraircn :e(y
anaia:n penpeaenrannn. 3ro caie a]]eiri rea, ne naxo(nmne n rearpe
(n orn~ne, nanpn:ep, or rpiion no:exannin) cnocoon cnoero npe(rnne-
nnn. H (ae (n n(eainoro apnren nx nce panno ne(ocraro~no. Heoxo-
(n:a eme nicrpoennocri a]]eiron (cepnn nonropon), nx orop, crpyirypn-
pyimnn neoe, ro, ~ro Cranncancinn naainaer coornercrnenno cinoani:
(encrnne: n cnepxaa(a~en. B .ro: neoxo(n:oe yconne nponnennn
opaaa-nepennannn nn opaaa-nocno:nnannn n:ecro opaaa-npe(cranennn
19
.
Cranncancinn nocronnno niraercn c:emari rpannny cneni or npocrpan-
crna npe(cranennn ((annoro na: n ionipernix no(:ocriax, cnere pa:ni, or-
(enimen airepa or apnreen, nn (ae n ree ca:oro airepa, n ero ecrax,
nn, :ono npo(onri, n neioropix nnayainix opaaax, na ioropie opnen-
rnponana n nnonnci, n or~acrn inno) n cropony nepennannn. Hpn~e: no-
ce(nee penccep n cnoen cncre:e niraercn :aicn:aino (encnxoornanpo-
nari, ro ecri nmnri n npana eapaa(einoro na(ennn cocrnenni:n .:o-
nnn:n. 4airn~ecin, airep n:eer (eo c cocrnennon .:onnen onocpe(onanno,
~epea ncnxorexnniy, nonropnn .:onnn ~epea nocno:nnannn, ~epea reecnyi
(:ime~nyi) na:nri. Cncre:a y~nr ne croiio nrpari, cioiio nepennari.
He iri airepo:, a iri ~eoneio:.
3ro no(no(nr nac i o(non na ocnonnix n(en Cranncancioro: ~epea rearp
:i ((n nero, npe(e ncero, airepi) conpniacae:cn c n::anenrnocrii ca:oro
cymecrnonannn. lonopn nna~e, cnena neoxo(n:in .e:enr namero no-
nce(nennoro cocymecrnonannn c (pyrn:n i(i:n, a nonce ne neioe :ecro, r(e
na~nnaercn rearp. 1earp c ero rearpainocrii, no, eme n oimen crenenn,
inno c ero oee aanyanponannon rearpainocrii, npnnair nac i npn-
cyrcrnni, ior(a :noro~ncennie n oi~no ne aa:e~ae:ie cy~annocrn ia-
(o(nennoro onira n(pyr cranonnrcn omyrn:i:n n nponnnircn re cni (o-
mne opaai-nepennannn), ioropie ]op:npyir n n ne :enimen crenenn,
~e: nn(nnn(yainie npe(cranennn. 3rn cni oripinair crnpae:in nn(n-
nn(yaini: n onir rereporennon omnocrn, onir omnocrn-n-opaae, ioro-
pin, n orn~ne or ioeirnnnoro (encrnnn, naiciye:oro roraini: rearpo:,
pacnoaraercn n ca:o: nepnenrnnno: annapare namero rea
20
.
]n Cranncancioro ipanne naen .ror :o:enr cranonennn ne airepo:,
a ~eoneio:, cnnrynpni: (~acrni:) cymecrnonanne: nne nonrnin penpe-
aenrannn. B .ro: c:ice on naxo(nrcn n nenpn:npn:on noe:nie c Nenep-
xoi(o:. Ho .ra noe:nia ye ne iacaercn cocrnenno rearpainix npo-
e:. Pe~i n(er o nperenann nonrnin, nciyccrna, iyirypi (cn penpeaenra-
nnn) creperi ~eone~ecioe (a]]eirnnnyi io::ynnianni re). 1or ynn-
nepcainin rearp, ioropin :icnr Cranncancinn, n orn~ne or rorainoro
rearpa Nenepxoi(a, opnenrnponan ne na npeipacnoe npe(cranenne, a na
:n:oernoe nepennanne, cnnainaimee i(en (pyr c (pyro: ipen~e, neen
iie connainie n nonrn~ecine omnocrn. Heen ioe nciyccrno.
804
Bce .ro xopomo nicrpnpyer o(nn .nnao(, pacciaaannin ca:n: Nenep-
xoi(o:. O(na(i :i c 3. H. Panx nomn noc:orperi ]ne cnporin` n
Xy(oecrnennin rearp. Cranncancinn yana, ~ro :i n rearpe, n noce nep-
noro anrpaira npnme n ce c na:n. 3nnan(a Hnioaenna co cnoncrnennon en
npn:oron cnpocna K. C., aa~e: Xy(oecrnennin rearp crannr raine nieci.
Cranncancinn en ornern, ~ro :eo(pa:a e:y ia nyna, ~roi e~nri
oinix airepon. On noiaaa na o(noro airepa n ciaaa: Bor c:orpnre, .ror
airep ncer(a crpa(a pacxnannocrii ecra, a cen~ac on y(er ronopnri
oimon :onoor n ne c(eaer nn o(noro nmnero (nnennn...` Ho airep,
na~an :onoor, ne ciaaa eme (nyx ]paa, iai aa:axa nonci pyia:n. K.C.
onycrn roony... Kai n ero nonn:a n .ry :nnyry!
21
Cnncxo(nreinin ron
Nenepxoi(a iacaercn nciyccrna cneni, no cnenn~ecian ney(a~a Crann-
cancioro, re: ne :enee, nn(nrcn conce: nna~e, ecn ncxo(nri na ocnonannn
ero cncre:i: on npe(no~nraer cy~annin :o:enr nponnennn nann ncen
.crernie cneirain, on npe(no~nraer a]]eir airepcion rexnnie, on npe(no-
~nraer ~eoneia airepy. On ope~en na ney(a~y n ron nn nnon crenenn, no
.ra ney(a~a ncio:an, no cncre:a Cranncancioro nnyrpn cen orpnnaer
rearp npe(cranennn n opamena i re: nne.crern~ecin: io::ynniarnnni:
opaaa:, i ioropi: nciyccrno eme roiio no(crynaoci.
1
L. A. C.epuxu. Honecrn n pacciaai. Crarin n aa:erin o rearpe. Hepennc-
ia. Bocno:nnannn o . A. Cyepnnio:. N., 1970. C. 878.
2
. J. Meepxo.t0. Crarin. Pe~n. Hnci:a. 5ece(i. 1. 1. N., 19b8. C. 81b.
8
O .ro: c:.: O. Aponcon. Nerainno. N. 2008. C. 1b9172, a raie: O. Atonson.
1he Aclor`s Body. Conslanlin Slanislavsli`s Cinemalic 1healre ;; 1hird 1exl. 2008.
\ol. 17, lssue 4. P. 818821.
4
. J. Meepxo.t0. Yiaa. co~. 1. 1. C. 141142.
b
1a: e. 1. 2. C. 487.
b
1a: e.
7
Ho(ponee o cnnan (nonncnncion ionnennnn anrn~noro rearpa Bn~. Hnanona n
rearpainix .icnepn:enron n nepnie ro(i Conercion nacrn c:.: J. Ha0mouu. Po-
(enne n c:epri rorainoro rearpa ;; Cnnnn (nnan. Aypna no( pe(ainnen Leni
Herponcion. 2008. ! 2. C. 7890.
8
Ca: Nenepxoi(, o(naio, ior(a nnmer o lop(one Kp.re, npe(ocreperaer or nnrep-
nperannn noce(nero n ro: (yxe, ~ro Kp.r npornn airepa na cnene, n noiay :apn-
onerin. (. J. Meepxo.t0. Yiaa. co~. 1. 1. C. 1b8). Her, n Nenepxoi( .ro
neo(noiparno no(~epinnaer pe~i n(er o me.e axmepa, o cranonennn ero rea
:apnonerion nn, ronopn cona:n Kp.ra, cnepx:apnonerion.
9
Orne~an na ynpein 1anpona n anrnncnxoorna:e, Nenepxoi( nnmer: 1enepem-
nnn nonin apnrei (n ronopi o npoerapnare), nanoee cnoconin, na :on narn(,
ocnoo(nricn or rnnnoaa niaopnocrn, n n:enno npn .ro: yconnn, ~ro on (oen (n
n ynepen, ~ro y(er) anari, ~ro nepe( nn: nrpa, non(er n .ry nrpy coanareino, no ~epea
.ro nrpy on aaxo~er ciaaari cen iai co(encrnyimnn n xax co.u0au noe c-
nocmt, no (n nero nnoro (iai (n nonoro, n io::ynna:e ye nepepo(nnmerocn
!#
~eoneia) ncnian rearpainan cymnocri nmi npe(or npe:n or npe:enn nponoara-
mari n pe]eiropnon noay(n:ocrn pa0ocmt noeoeo 6tmu (. J. Meepxo.t0.
Yiaa. co~. 1. 2. C. 4b).
10
A. C. Cmanuc.aecxu. Paora airepa na( coon. N., 1988. C. b1.
11
1a: e. C. bbb7.
12
1a: e. C. 81b.
18
C:. ra: e. C. 4b2.
14
1a: e. C. 214.
1b
Hnrepecno n .ron cnnan cpannnri ornomenne i nnorno:y y Cranncancioro,
ioropin nn(nr n ne: nonory npncyrcrnnn, paapymaimyi yconnocri, n y Nenepxoi-
(a, ioroporo nnrepecyer n nnorno: nmi ipacora ero pnr:n~ecinx (nnennn: Ai-
repa, o ioropo: :i y(e: ronopnri |...] :i y(e: naainari npeipacnin anepi`, ioro-
pin xo~er noiaainari cnoe nciyccrno anepnnoe, cnon (nnennn npeipacnie, noiaai-
nari cnoi oniocri, noiaainari cnoi ipacory, eci nonoporon rooni nn ecrnmnn
ecr, nn ecrnmnn npioi, nn nocropr, ioropin on n:eer nipaanri n npeipacno:
iaio:-ro (nnennn. (. J. Meepxo.t0. einnn. 19181919. N., 2001. C. 8b.)
1b
A. C. Cmanuc.aecxu. Yiaa. co~. C. 4b1.
17
1a: e. C. 448.
18
C:.: 1a: e. C. 8b28b8.
19
Cranncancinn n .ro: nynire naoi eprcononcion ionnennnn opaaa, paann-
nae:on noce(nn: n innre Narepnn n na:nri. ]n A. 5eprcona opaa ne ecri
opaa ~ero-ro, ne ecri naopaenne. H:enno opaai no 5eprcony (opaai-a]]eiri,
opaai-nocno:nnannn) :arepnaini, a ne ca:n nemn. Bnoce(crnnn eprcononcian
reopnn opaaon y(er ncnoiaonana Ane: ]eeao: n ero ionnennnn inno, npe(rnn-
ne:oro iai neinn nan n::anenrnocrn conpe:ennoro cymecrnonannn (G. Deleu.e.
Cinema l. L`image-mouvemenl. Paris, 1988; Cinema ll. L`image-lemps. Paris, 198b).
20
Hnrepecno, ~ro n 1980-e rr. anraronncr Cranncancioro Cepren 3naenmrenn,
npo~rn anrnncinn napnanr ror(a eme ne onynionannon no-pyccin innrn Crannc-
ancioro Paora airepa na( coon, naxo(nr neon(anno npo(yirnnnoe (n cnoen
reopnn nocnpnnrnn conocranenne cncre:i Cranncancioro c (yxonni:n ynpanenn-
n:n Hrnarnn onoi (c:.: C. J.ennmen. Cranncancinn n onoa ;; Knnone(-
~ecine aanncin. 2000. ! 47. C. 107188).
21
Nenepxoi( ronopnr. 3anncn 19841989 ro(on ;; A. la(ion. Nenepxoi(.
1. 2. N., 1990. C. 828.
80b
OKCAHA 5YlAKOBA
KHHO. NODL D`LNPLOl
1
Honnenne inno nopo(no necioiio yronnn, o(na na ioropix ia cnnaa-
na c re:, ~ro .ror annapar no aanncn (nnennn oocrpner no(paareinie
cnoconocrn apnreen n ornomennn :oropnix peainnn. B cepe(nne XlX neia
anrnncinn ]nanoor Ynin: 5en(a:nn Kapnenrep (1818188b) onnca
n(eo-:oropnin ]eno:en, ioropin i noae no(rnep(en .eirpo-]nanoo-
rn~ecin:n onira:n. Coaepnanne (nnennn ~eone~ecioro rea niainaer n
nai(aree caoe coipamenne :yciyon, y~acrnyimnx n (nnennn nai-
(ae:oro
2
. ion apnrei anaer, ne no(oapenan o cymecrnonannn .]]eira
Kapnenrepa, iai nanpnraercn ero cocrnennoe reo, ior(a on ce(nr aa (paia-
:n, noronn:n nn onacni:n rpiia:n na .ipane.
Kapnenrep y:ep (o nonnennn inno, n Bairep 5enin:nn npn( n i
anaio: c ero rnnoreaon
8
. Hpe(nooenne 5enin:nna o ro:, ~ro no(paarei-
nie cnoconocrn, paannrie y i(en oime, ~e: y nnornix, no orni(i ne
nnnimnecn anrponoorn~ecin:n ioncranra:n, nona(air n nonoe nooenne
aro(apn inno, io n(oxnoneno n(en:n ne ]nanooron, a ncnxooron, nay-
~anmnx paannrne peenia
4
, n ncnxoananrnion. Paa:imnn o rnop~ecion cnon-
rannocrn, :oropnon airnnnocrn n n:nponnaannn (eren, ioropie paapymaircn
nocnnranne: nnyrpn ypyaanon nnnnnaannn, 5enin:nn aa:e~a, ~ro no(pa-
areinan cnoconocri (eren, nepenn:aimnx y napocix neci naop ecron,
cnococrnyer coxpanenni reecnix naniion onpe(eennoro omecrna, no npennr-
crnyer ro:y, ~roi (ern ooraman reecnin naii cnonx nocnnrareen
b
. Airep-
narnnnin (ercinn rearp :or i pacipenocrnri .ry rnop~eciyi .neprni
b
.
Knno no cpannenni c .rn: .icnepn:enro: (n neoimon rpynni
ne(arorn~ecioe nocone (n :acc. Ono nii~aer n oacri coanareino ocnan-
nae:oro onrn~ecioe eccoanareinoe, ~acri ioroporo, nncrnnirnnnoe eccoana-
reinoe, io oacrii nay~ennn ncnxoananrnion
7
. H:enno .ro :oropnoe
nncrnnirnnnoe eccoanareinoe, iai c~nra lanc 3aic, (npeirop 5epnncioro
ncnxoananrn~ecioro nncrnryra n ioncyiranr nepnoro ncnxoananrn~ecioro
]ni:a 1anni o(non (ymn (192b), onapynnaercn npn no:omn inno
8
.
B ro, ~ro ]ni:i paannnair no(paareinie cnoconocrn i(en, nepnn
n pyccine nonrnin, ipnrnin n xy(onnin. He ccianci na ]nanooron, an-
rponooron, connooron, ncnxoananrnion, onn npar:arn~ecin pacc:arpnnan
inno iai ne(arorn~ecioe cpe(crno, no:oraimee yciopnri :o(epnnaanni o-
mecrna. Knno (ono no:o~i ceeinnonnponari ~eone~ecinn ir n ~eo-
ne~ecioe (nnenne. Hnr(e ner rainx orcraix naniion, iai n iry. Beponr-
no, :i (ae nairo na(enae: nenpannino. Haniin nepexo(nr (pyr or (pyra,
!%
or noioennn i noioenni nenponepenni:n, noro:y ~ro ir ne nncrpyirnpy-
ercn n ne :oer nncrpyirnponaricn oi~ni: cnocoo:. Ni cnn:ae: aano(i
n cnn:ae: nx nenaano, no aano( ne ny(aercn n ro:, ~roi nponepnri cen
n inno. Y nac ne cnnro, iai nyno (imari, iai no(:erari io:nary, iai :iri
nocy(y, iai ronnri ne~iy, xorn n o(non ronie ne~en y nac raian ecxoanncr-
nennocri n napnapcrno, nepe( ioropi: :epiner (ae inne:arorpa]nn. Hy-
no coa(ari enry, ioropan ne nepe(paannnaa i nani |...], a naracinnaa ee
iai :oo(oro menia nnca Bnirop Lioncinn n 1928 ro(y, nepe]op:y-
npyn oee pannne :icn 1ponioro
9
.
A noniraici npoce(nri, iai :ennoci reecnoe none(enne n conercio:
omecrne, iain: ero aane~areo inno :e(y 1924 n 1989 rr., niranmeecn c
na~aa (na(narix ro(on airnnno nncrpyirnponari apnreen, iai (imari n
iai na(enari nairo. Hpe(cranennie n :o(enponannie na .ipane :anepi
reecnoro none(ennn cranonnrcn cnoeopaani: (oiy:enro: connainix ne-
pe:en n connainix yronnn n ninnnir nacrn~no n ree airepa, nono-
maimero eannyi :o(ei croinonenne yronnn n peanaannn. A ne
crpe:ici anananponari cn:non~ecine noai, ecri n ocoennocrn airep-
cinx crnen, xorn paanie airepcine mioi, neco:nenno, nnnir na npe(cran-
enne ]op: reecnon nipaanreinocrn n io::ynniannn. Ocnonnoe nnn:a-
nne n y(eni neanaioni: (nnennn: ro:y, iai i(n xo(nr, cn(nr, ear n
cronr, niir, e(nr n ncrynair (pyr c (pyro: n reecnin ionrair npn (naore,
]npre, noneye. 4pannyacinn anrponoor Napcei Nocc npe(on (n
ooana~ennn .rnx neanaionix ecron rep:nn rexnnin rea
10
. Ho(onoe or-
pann~enne non ananaa :oer nianari nonnrnoe ne(oy:enne. Oacri .rnx
reo(nnennn ia :arepnao: ncce(onannn no ]nanooron n :e(nion,
nai(aimnx naroorn~ecine orionennn, no connainix anrponooron n
nnrnncron, nay~aimnx rnni reecnon io::ynniannn, no ncropnion n iyi-
rypooron, ncce(yimnx :anepi n .rnier. Bnn:anne e nciyccrnone(on, re-
arpone(on n innone(on io oi~no cocpe(oro~eno na nionorpa]n~ecinx,
.:e:arn~ecinx, cn:non~ecinx ecrax, nx nponcxo(ennn n :yrannn. 'ro
:oryr (ari nai(ennn na( re:, iai i(n na .ipane c:opiaircn nn niir-
cn C:opianne, iai n :anepa xo(nri, ne nnnercn ana~amn: ecro:, no n
ionreicre ]ni:a n neanaionoe none(enne noy~aer ana~enne. Heocoanan-
nie nooennn rea npenpamaircn n anain n na~nnair onncinaricn nnyrpn
oneno~nix .rn~ecinx n .crern~ecinx iareropnn. Hx onpe(eenne :ennercn
or nenpnny(ennoro (o nenocnnrannoro nn paannanoro. B nciyccrne
neanaionin ecr cranonnrcn :e(naropo: nepexo(a or npnpo(i i iyirype, or
noorn~ecioro rea (noa, omymennn) i peainnn n none(enni rea, npnna(-
eamero onpe(eenno:y omecrny n nii~ennoro n noe ero iyirypi. On
coa(aer ne roiio connainoro airepa, no n ero pe]epennnainoe noe ((e-
pennn vs. ropo() n n:enno no.ro:y :oer crari ii~o: i peioncrpyinnn
iyirypnoro io(a omecrna, a n (anno: ionreicre i nonn:anni nnnnnn nn-
ayainix cpe(crn :acconon io::ynniannn, ]yninnonnpyimnx n omecrne, na
rea ~enon .roro omecrna.
B conercio: inno yrnpanne noca pyion io n (ecnrie n nnrn(ecnrie
ro(i (na(naroro neia xapairepncrnion nyirapnoro npocroi(nna, n (na(na-
808
rie n rpn(narie ro(i nnrainoro, ecrecrnennoro repon n orn~ne or :a-
nepnoro ypyn, a n (ennnocrie namero pyccioro napnn n orn~ne or
nocnnrannoro ~yoro
11
. Kpecrinne n ]ni:ax na~aa neia n (na(narix
ro(on (He:ie cnn(eren, 191b; Honiymia, 1919; A.nra, 192b) orn-
~aircn re:, ~ro nocronnno cneninair, ~ro ne c~nraercn n ne nnnercn
nnyrpn ]ni:a oneno~ni: anaio:. 1poninn n Bonpocax ira (1928)
oy~aer io::ynna:y, no o(nonpe:enno coneryer ne nenari n ne pocari
oiypion na no
12
. Hapaeino i nn(ycrpnaini: ]ni:a: (na(narix ro-
(on, ioropie y~ar, iai npannino (epari :ooroi nn onary, nonnnercn
nein pn( rnrnenn~ecinx enr, (e:oncrpnpyimnx rexnnin :irin no( (y-
me: (5epern a(oponie Aeican(pa Ne(ne(inna, 1929), nepe:emennn n
ropo(e (Kai xo(nri no ynne Nnxana Bepnepa, 192b) nn nrin n ome-
nrnn. Cpe(n nnx ecri n ]ni: He nin na no! (1980). ionirno, ~ro
ipecrinnnn na nonecrn Coennnina O(nn (eni Hnana ]ennconn~a (19b1),
nonanmnn n arepi n ionne nonni, aa:e~aer, ~ro pyccine n iaion pyion
ipecrnricn, aain, no ye anaer: A npn:o na no iocrn nenari c~nra-
ercn npo(e i neaiiyparno
18
.
Hay~enne neana~amnx ecron npn no:omn inno (nn rearpa, nreparypi
n ]ororpa]nn) (n peioncrpyinnn iyirypnoro io(a omecrna nn :o(enpo-
nannoro .rn: omecrno: nonoro rnna :oer iri ocnopeno c paanix ro~ei
apennn. Opamanci i xy(oecrnenno:y reicry iai ncropn~ecio:y (oiy:en-
ry, n napymai cpaay necioiio npann n :ory roiio rnnorern~ecin npe(no-
onri, ~ro io panime nciyccrno nn nani, inno nn ir. Xy(oecr-
nennie iaprnni ncer(a npe(arair cnoi nonpaniy ironon :o(en, no, c
(pyron croponi, n:enno onn ~acro ioppeirnpyir ironie io(i none(ennn.
1pa(nnnonnie rexnnin rea airepa raie :ennircn n nnyrpn o(non nep]op-
:arnnnon iyirypi, iaine-ro ecri airyananpyircn, a (pyrne oria(inair-
cn. 1eo airepa n ero ecr nnncani n nponecc na:enennn iyirypnoro io(a
omecrna, n ioropo: :anepi, pnryai, pnropnia n nciyccrno cnnaani (pyr c
(pyro:, naan:ni:n nnnnnn:n n nonpania:n :o(enpyn reo .noxn. A onn-
cinai :o(enpye:oe reo n nciyccrne, ne nperen(yn na yrnep(enne, ~ro
n:enno rain: n i conpe:ennni .ron :o(en. Hai(an, o(naio, aa (oiy-
:enraino aa]nicnponanni: na neniy none(enne: nonix conercinx i-
(en n noci:n(ecnrie ro(i, :ono yanari ninpaniy n ecrniynnni aire-
pon rpn(narix ro(on, n ro npe:n iai n :anepe noxo(in noioennn mecrn(e-
cnrix yanaercn ninpania airepon a:epniancioro, a ne conercioro inno. Crni
pnr:n~ecinx ecron, conpono(aimnx pe~i, :ennercn y anonn:noro npoxo-
ero, cxna~ennoro ia:epon penoprepa, napaeino na:enenni .rnx ecron
y nanecrnix nonrn~ecinx n(epon nn iy:npon .noxn na nicoion n :acco-
non iyirypi, aane~arennix n ]ororpa]nn, naiarnon rpa]nie, peia:e, in-
no]ni:e nn reenepe(a~e. 3ra c:yrnan oacri :e(y nciyccrno: n
iro: (ynpyer :on c:yrnin npe(:er onncannn ana~n:ocri neana~a-
mnx reo(nnennn.
!'
HOBLL KO]L COUHALHLX PA3H'HH
]o penoinnn crepeornni reecnoro none(ennn n paanix cnryannnx pe-
rynponanci .rniero: n connainon nepapxnen; c or:enon oonx n(er
nonci nonix :o(een none(ennn n reecnix rexnni. Panime npanna iai
cen necrn aanncinanci n noconn. 1enepi .ro aanncinanne aarpy(neno,
noro:y ~ro noce c:eni npannmero iacca :ennircn ne roiio nonrn~e-
cine pnryai. Honoe omecrno niraercn pa(niaino na:ennri ]op:i n o-
pn(i ~acrnon nann. Crapan ironan iyirypa (epnryananpyercn, .rnier,
iai n n npe(i(ymnx penoinnnx, ynpomaercn, ce:anrnia ana~amnx n neana~a-
mnx ecron aanono nepeoc:icnnaercn, ~ro coornercrnenno :enner npnnn-
rin io( reecnoro none(ennn (c]epi npnoennn ecra, ero arpnynni, onen-
iy). Knno ]nicnpyer .rn c(nnrn. Lcn n na~ae neia i nenoiaainae:i:
rexnnia: rea ornocnoci y:inanne (noce penoinnn mnpoio (e:oncrpn-
pye:oe), ro renepi nc~eaair nn no(~epinyro oiapniarypnnaircn xopomne
:anepi.
Panee rpynni, ore(nnennie o(nnaioni: ecroni: naiio:, nncnennpo-
nan n nann n na .ipane connainyi nepapxni. Pao~ne na pyccio:
(openoinnonno: .ipane orcyrcrnonan, ipecrinne pnconanci n ecrono:
naiie, naio: i pnryainon ]oiiopnon omnne. leponnn (airpnci, cry-
(enrin, ropnn~nie, eni e(nix ~nnonnnion, ionnnni ora~en) n repon
(oe(nenmne apncroipari, nonie iannrancri, anioncine cyamne) nncne-
nnponan na .ipane :anepi cpe(nnx coen, r(e ocnonnoe paan~ne n ecro-
no: none(ennn io onpe(eeno ropo(o: n (epennen, e(ni:n n orari:n,
:y~nna:n n enmnna:n, napoci:n n (eri:n. Hoce penoinnn .ra conn-
aino n reo-(e:orpa]n~ecin (n]]epennnpyiman :o(ei ia ne or:enena,
no nepeopnenrnponana, noro:y ~ro inmnn npannmnn iacc i(n c :ane-
pa:n onpe(eeni npara:n n anaxponn~ecin: nepenrio:. nmi ca:an
npocran rexnnia aan:crnyercn y craporo iacca: y pao~ero ninpn:nercn
cnuna. 1eecnin iocri: inne:arorpa]n~ecioro inmero npnnnernponan-
noro iacca (apncroiparnn, o]nnepcrna, ypyaann), nocranennoro nonon ion-
crnrynnen n nooenne ecnpannoro, nano:nnaer o crapon connainon acn:-
:erpnn, renepi nepenepnyron. 1exnnin rea n:enno .ron rpynni npe(crane-
ni iai nyirapnie n neenie. Hponcxo(nr cnoeopaanin o:en ecroni:n
iocri:a:n :e(y npoerapne:, cranonnmn:cn aropo(ni: repoe:, n apn-
croiparo: nn ypya, nepenn:aimn:n poi ero (~ame ncero naopaennoro
io:n~ecin) anrnno(a. Anaxponna:o: npe(craneni rexnnin rea ipecrinn
(noxo(ia n ee re:n, ocania, napnie ecri). 3ro:y iaccy, (n roro ~roi
nnncaricn n nn(ycrpnainyi crpany, iaion xorea nn(eri cen Poccnn, na(o
io ypannanponaricn. Coxpanenne pnryainix ipecrinncinx ecron (yia-
aareinie n yrnep(nreinie ecri, npnnercrnne n npomanne ncnonnircn
napni:n, cnnxponni:n, (yroopaani:n n nanni:n (nnennn:n oenx pyi,
npn ioropix npanan pyia cn::erpn~no (ynpyer enyi) cranonnrcn npn-
anaio: noapacrni: (crapocrn) n ia~ecrnenni: (orcraocrn, neopaaonan-
nocrn). O(naio iyirypa iacannn n (naore nepenn:aercn n ropo(cioe
oipyenne.
810
]na ]ni:a ionna (na(narix ro(on aanono iaccn]nnnpyir nipaenne
connainon nepapxnn (nonnron iai nepapxnn iyirypnan) n reecnix nponn-
ennnx, ~erio paapaarinan ecronyi (n]]epennnanni :e(y ipecrinnn-
no: n pao~n: (Konen Canir-Herepypra, 1927) n :e(y ~eoneio: crapo-
ro n nonoro npe:enn (Oo:oi n:nepnn, 1929), no (n roro, ~roi ni(enri
.ro crapoe, nerepyprcio:y pao~e:y (ani ecri ipecrinnnna (!).
B Konne Canir-Herepypra ipecrinne, pao~ne n ypya, rpn iacca n
rpn ecronix coomecrna .roro ]ni:a, (n]]epennnponani ce(yimn:
opaao:. Pao~nn (eaer :enime ecron, ~e: ipecrinnnn. Pao~nn-oime-
nni (eaer :enime (nnennn, ~e: npocro pao~nn. 5ypya (eaer oime
ecron, ~e: pao~nn. Hpn:an nnnn nnnnnaannn (ecn nonn:ari nnnnn-
aanni iai nne(enne oee ecrioro ionrpon na( reecni:n nponnennn:n)
napymena. Lme (o Hopepra 3naca :ici o cioninannn ecronoro nponn-
ennn iai anaie oee nicoioro paannrnn ia c]op:ynponana ncnxoora-
:n. B 1927 ro(y na pyccio: naiie nime nepeno( innrn ne:enioro ncnxoo-
ra 3pncra Kpe~:epa, ioropin orncnn coipamenne nepenponano(crna (nn-
ennn na noorn~ecioro paannrnn opranna:a: 5oimyi nanocri npe(-
cranner ror onapynnaimnn ncropni paannrnn ]air, ~ro y oee nicoio
cronmnx nnix cymecrn peainnn, n:eimne xapairep oropa, nce oee n
oee nanne nepexo(nr no nnyrpi. Onn nce :enee n :enee paaneprinaircn na
nepn]epn~ecinx opranax (nnennn, nce oee n nepnno: nenrpaino: opra-
ne. Honoe paa(paenne no oimen ~acrn ye ne niainaer oee nn(n:yi
ypi nepenponane(ennix (nnennn, no nenn(n:yi (n raa noce(onarei-
nocri ]nanoorn~ecinx cocronnnn nnyrpn opranna:a, ione~nix peayiraro:
ioropix aare: ye nnnercn roronoe neecoopaanoe (nnenne
14
.
1aie iaccono cioppeirnponan re:n ninonennn (nnennn. Pao~ne
nponano(nr ~erine pnr:n~nie o(nnaionie (nnennn iai :amnni, onn
cnnaani c :amnnnon nnnnnaannen (:ornn, ~acro ncnoiaonanmnncn n nre-
parype na~aa neia, cp. Uapi loo( eonn(a An(peena). Heno(nnnocri
nicoinx canonnnion, npnpannennan i neno(nnnocrn napcinx craryn, crano-
nnrcn anaio: c:eprn nn ornnaimero :npa. 5ypyaann orn~aercn nepe-
nponano(crno: xaorn~ecinx neionrponpye:ix (nnennn, re:n ioropix yne-
n~en na:enennon ciopocrii cre:in, iai n c.ncrnie. 3ro npn(aer nx reec-
no:y naiiy ynn~nnreinin n rpanecrnnnin io:na:: rocrie :y~nni (:ai-
epi, :ene(epi, iannrancri, nonrnin) rpncyr pyia:n, pryrno (nnrair ne-
~a:n, iir cen iyaia:n n rpy(i n ronair nora:n, iai ncrepn~nie enmn-
ni. Hx naroorn~ecioe nepenponano(crno (nnennn ne .crernanpyercn, iai n
cy~ae ]e:nnnanponannoro repon-(eia(enra, a npenpamaercn n orrainnai-
myi iapniarypy na nonrn~ecioe (n ceicyainoe) eccnne.
Honpannercn onnoannnn npuocoe6ennt: ia:ennie craryn napen
(e:oncrpnpyir eaynpe~nyi ocaniy, rai e, iai (pe:imnn n iapere canon-
nni xorn roona ero cionnaci na rpy(i, no cnnna ocraercn npn:on. O(na-
io :e(y ipecrinna:n n pao~n:n nipaarinaercn pocaimeecn n raaa
paan~ne.
Hnan 'yneen, nrpan n ]ni:e Konen Canir-Herepypra ipecrinncioro
napnn, cronr c noyoripiri: pro: n xo(nr, nepenannanci c norn na nory. On
!
cn(nr cornynmnci, c paccaennon cnnnon n paccranenni:n norn. Hoaa ero
cronnnn ro~no nocnponano(nr ninpaniy (epenencioro n(nora, iain: ero pnco-
nan n rearpe noce:na(naroro neia: ioenn cornyri, crynnn nonepnyri nnyrpi,
cnnna oipyrena, nnor ninn~en, pyin, ecn ne :nyr maniy, ro nncnr iai
nern. B (epenne :i nn(n: roiio cornyrie cnnni (anai ropn). Kpecrinne
xo(nr cn(nr, cornynmnci (anai ropn nn aaori). Y nonon enmnni, npe(-
noarae:on po(crnennnni na (epennn, nepeexanmen n ropo(, ioropan npnno-
(nr repon i pao~e:y, ipyran cnnna (anai crapocrn).
O(naio Bepa 5apanoncian, nrpan eny pao~ero, xo(nr c no(~epinyro npn-
:on cnnnon n npn:o nocranennon roonon, ee oirn n pyin npnari i rey.
Ona cn(nr aa croo: pao~ero no(naa iai oe(nenman (nopnncian (o~i, ne
crnanci n rann. Xorn ona no(nnpaer roony pyion n aaore, no ee :anepa
ecri c aaipiri: pro: n ee aa:erni:n enareini:n (nnennn:n npornno-
nocranena aanrpaiy ipecrinn, ior(a na ipynno: nane :yni ora:inaer
xe, aannxnnaer ero pyia:n n por n ypno (nnraer ~eicrii. 1ai e npn:o,
c rop(o no(nnri:n roona:n, xo(nr n (pyrne pao~ne. Hx ecrniynnnn :n-
nn:aina. 1eecnin ionrair orcyrcrnyer, (ae :e(y cynpyra:n. Kor(a no-
ce (oron paayin (ripi:a, ]ponr) :y noanpamaercn (o:on, enmnna n
:y~nna ne onn:air (pyr (pyra, nmi erioe noarne pyin cnn(ereicrny-
er o nx naocrn. Hpoerapnar n .ro: ]ni:e yrnep(aercn no ornomenni
i ipecrinncrny iai iacc, cronmnn na oee nicoion crynenn paannrnn n
no.ro:y ionrponpye:o c(epannoro ecra. 1exnnin rea pao~nx oee
(ncnnnnnnponani n no ornomenni i nenporn~non ypyaann.
Ocoenno .ro narn(no n npornnonocranennn oparopcinx ecron. Pao-
~ne-oparopi npe(craneni iai eaecronie nn ecrono yce~ennie rpnyni,
nx rea n pyin neno(nnni, n ro npe:n iai Kepencinn n ypyaanie :ene(e-
pi nponano(nr nne~arenne nannn~ennix rearpainix airepon, nepnno norpn-
caimnx ionnyicnnno cari:n iyaia:n, noiayimnxcn aerni:n n nno-
nncni:n noaa:n c mnpoio paapocanni:n pyia:n n aainnyron naaa( roonon.
H:enno ecronin naii ypyaanix oparopon :emaer ionrairy :e(y nn:n n
co(ara:n (pao~n:n n ipecrinna:n). Onnoannnn, ycranonennan n pa:iax cra-
pon .crernin (n paan~ennn ecronoro naiia (nyx iaccon nnainn = nyi-
rapnin, nicoinn = narern~ecinn, noy~aer nonyi nnrepnperanni n (ona
~nraricn iai cnon ~yon, no(nnnin ]aimnnin, cnoionnin
noay(ennin, rnep(in, nenoioen:in neynepennin, ncrepn~nin.
O(naio n ionne ]ni:a pao~ne nepenn:air n:ecre c aanoenanni:
npocrpancrno: nacrn ((nopno:) pn( nionorpa]n~ecinx noa: ipecrinn-
cinn n(nor cranonnrcn n noay paciannmerocn y(noro cina, n:ecre c 5apa-
noncion onn opaayir narern~eciyi penoinnonnyi Hiery.
HLPAPXHA 3lAH1APHOC1L,
HA1PHAPXALHOC1L YP5AHH3AUHA
lepon ]ni:a Oo:oi n:nepnn 4nn:onon (no ciery nerepypr-
cinn pao~nn, norepnnmnn or ionryann na:nri no npe:n Hepnon :nponon
812
nonni n operaimnn ee n 1929 ro(y) npe(cranen ne iai npoerapnn na
Herporpa(a 1914 ro(a, a iai nepcona ]oiiopnon ciaain on nrpaer ipe-
crinnnna c napni:n cn::erpn~ni:n (yiaaareini:n, nonpomaimn:n) ec-
ra:n. Lro pyin nocronnno aannri manion, ioropyi on ro :ner, ro naxoy~n-
naer, ro c(nnraer co a na aarioi n naoopor, iai cannncinn oraripi,
onncannin Cranncancin:
1b
. Kor(a on repner .:onnonainoe pannonecne, on
ne :oer ionrponponari cnon (nnennn n nrpaer (ninn re:nepa:enr, iai
n ipecrinncion :eo(pa:e
1b
pner pyamiy na rpy(n, nopomnr nooci,
ipyrnr niny~enni:n raaa:n. 1a e ncrepn~ecian peainnn (:oropnoe nenc-
roncrno) ninnnercn noce nepnon noea(in n rpa:nae, ior(a 4nn:onon nn-
(nr encine norn, onaennie (o ioen ioporin:n iia:n. Hoce crynopa
on ninpirnnaer na rpa:nan n enr co:n roony ea onpe(eennon nen.
Napinponion crapopen:nocrn 4nn:onona cranonnrcn ne roiio ]oii-
opnie napnie ecri, ncrepn~ecine :oropnie peainnn, neananne npnnnrix
ionnennnn onaennn rea n nyn~no: npocrpancrne n orcyrcrnne reec-
nix naniion conpe:ennoro ropoannna (ney:enne noiaonaricn npamaimn-
:ncn anro:arn~ecin:n (nepn:n), no n nepa n cny crapix cn:non~ecinx
ecron, cne(ennix n ]ni:e i o(no:y: repon nocronnno ocenner cen mnpo-
in: ipecro:. Lro rnner no:onricn ro na rpo:ioronopnrei, ro na naopae-
nne ennna. Kpecr na(oro aaipennercn n conercio: inno iai anai ecro-
noro nepenria n peainnn na omeo:nimne nnennn nonoro, ioropi: ra-
in: opaao: nenoino npn(aercn a:nnaenrnocri (ro n ~y(o, ro n e-
concrno).
4nn:onon nepenn:aer n nonin ir ecri crapon connainon acn::er-
pnn. On ne npocro iannercn xoannny n nonc, no na(aer nepe( nn: na ioenn
iai y(nin cin, ~ro noxoe ciopee na ecronoe none(enne rearpainoro
nepconaa na nieci cepe(nni (ennrna(naroro neia. Hn o(nn pao~nn n pyc-
cio: inno ne na(encn no(oni: innno-cannncin: reecni: naiio:.
]a n n nreparypnix reicrax na(enne na ioenn coxpannoci nmi nepe(
nape: n nionon, no ne iai npnnercrnne nepe( (npeiropo: ]apnin. 5inmnn
xoannn raie ce(yer crapo:y io(y: on ra(nr pao~ero no roone (ce(yn
io(y narpnapxainoro orna), no(aer e:y :nocrini n aroconner.
Hepe( noni: (npeiropo: ]apnin (enmnnon) 4nn:onon nirnrnnaer-
cn iai co(ar nepe( o]nnepo:, n ro npe:n iai enmnna-(npeirop no(aer e:y
pyiy. 3ro necoornercrnne ecron no(~epinnaercn (n apnren cirpannon n
ia(pe peainnen: oipyaimne nx pao~ne c:eircn. Hec:orpn na c:ex, cnpo-
nonnponannin ero npeynen~enni:n (n ne]op:ainon, .ranrapnon, cn::er-
pn~non, (e:oiparn~ecion cpe(e) n noenni:n ecra:n no~rennn, n :o:enr,
ior(a repon naxo(nr cen n nono: omecrne n coornercrnenno :enner cnon
ecronin iocri:, penccep cnaaer ero :nnrapnanponanni: ecroni:
naiio:, ioropin ooana~aer oprannaanni, aa:ennimyi nenporn~ecinn xa-
oc n ycrapenmyi innnocri. Hepni: npnanaio: nonoro reecnoro iocri:a
4nn:onona cranonnrcn noxo(ia repon. On n(er iai xoannn, coomaer na:
rnrp, no ioniperno on :apmnpyer cpe(n cranion cnoero nexa iai na noenno:
napa(e. Lro reecnie nponnennn no(na(air no( ionrpoi, yc:npnimnn a]-
]eir n cioninaimnn :oropniy. B nnrn:non cnene orncnennn c enon nn-
!!
nnnaonannin 4nn:onon cnn:aer ieniy ne iai :yni, a iai ropo(cion
~eonei, nepecran :nri ee n pyiax. On renepi ne iannercn n nonc, a nmi
ceria cionner roony. On ne ier cen n rpy(i, roiio erio yiaainaer
increni: (nnenne: a(onn na cep(ne. On yc:npner a]]eir (rnen, pen-
nocri) n ne ier :emannna, oropanmero y nero eny. Ho .ro ecronoe
nepenocnnranne ne cipinaer, ~ro npe(cranennn penccepa o nono: ecro-
no: naiie o~eni .ieirn~ni, iai, o~enn(no, .ieirn~en .ror naii n iry.
3ieirn~en reecnin naii n conepnnia 4nn:onona, nnrenrenra-:e-
mannna nepconaa na iacca, oy~ennoro reecno:y ionrpoi n cnoco-
noro nponano(nri (n]]epennnponannie ecri. On ne :oer npannino on-
pe(enri npocrpancrno ncnoiaonannn ecra. Ha rpnyne on nponano(nr :e-
ine ecri: cry~nr iapan(amo:, iai ~yon (ipoipar) n:ecro roro, ~roi
yxnyri pemnreino iyaio:, iai nam. 3aro on ocraercn oparopo: n nn-
rn:non ece(e: paaronapnnan c enon, on no (epnr pyin aa cnnnon, no
noiayercn pnr:nanpyimn:n oparopcin:n ecra:n. 3a oe(o: on y(apner
iyaio: no croy, onnri nenpannino ncnoiayn ecr n omennn c enon
y(ap iyaio: ocraercn ecro: rpyon nyirapnon arpeccnn. 3(eci nepenoc
oparopcinx ecron n rocrnnyi n cnaini io(npyercn iai orpnnareinin.
Nanepi none(ennn nnrenrenra aa croo: raie neo(nopo(ni: on nier ~an
ne na i(na (iai npocron ~eonei), a na craiana, no orcrannn naen (~ro n
conercio: io(e cranonnrcn anaio: :emannna). O(nonpe:enno on nier na
no iai nyirapnin npoerapnn nn ipecrinnnn. Aene on nannaa poi
cyrn n ia:ep(nnepa, onpe(enimyi c]epy ee ecron: ona no(aer e:y mnny,
~ncrnr ]ypaiy n cepnnpyer e(y. Hponoaramennan .:ancnnannn ne pacnpo-
crpannercn na nx ecronoe omenne, coxpannn acn::erpn~nocri.
Acn::erpn~nocri ncii~ena na omennn pao~nx n na~ainnion, n n i-
o: npocrpancrne (~acrno:, nyn~no:) ionrair :e(y i(i:n nonoro ypa-
nnanponannoro .ranrapnoro omecrna ocraercn no(~epinyro reecni:: io:-
:ynncr (~eonei ropo(cion) ypno onn:aer 4nn:onona, xonaer ero no
cnnne n ne~a:, ro ecri iyirypa iacannn nepenn:aercn na narpnapxainon
ipecrinncion omnni. No(epnnaannn ne pacnpocrpannercn na croonie :a-
nepi. B opaanonon croonon ]apnin npn cymannn einnn o .crernie
none(ennn n iry (!) pao~ne ne noiayircn ca]erion n nirnpair por
a(onn:n, onn cn(nr, norno onepmnci na oe(ennin cro oirn:n. Bnia
(nn oia) epercn n npanyi pyiy, n no n cepnnponie orcyrcrnyer.
Craryn nonix no(en nepenn:air n:nepcinn naii napcinx craryn. Ha-
:nrnni ennny n ennnrpa(e cnaen ~erin: yiaayimn: (ropnaonraini:)
ecro:, ioppeirnpyn no(nnryi i ney (ani Ne(noro nca(nnia, .:e:i cra-
poro Herepypra. 1enepi pyia cn:non~ecioro orna nirnnyra nnepe( n
y(ymee 4nrypa 4nn:onona conocrannercn c .ron craryen n c naiaro: n
aano(cio: ipo, na ioropo: na:nrnni ennny naopaen necioiio paa (no-
nin Lnrennn nonin Herp). Hpn nepnon ncrpe~e repon repnercn n ropo(e, n
pyiy ennna :ono nocnpnnnri iai yiaainaimyi nyri, no 4nn:onon enr
n npornnonoono: nanpanennn. B o(no: na noce(nnx ia(pon 4nn:onon
cn(nr no( naiaro: c .ron e craryen: ennn npornrnnaer pyiy npn:o n aa,
opaman na .ror paa ecr i apnren:, nii~an nx n npocrpancrno ]ni:a.
814
4ni: yiaainaer na onpe(eennie nonpanin n reecno: io(e. Pnryai-
nocri ipecrinncrna io(npyercn iai ycrapenmnn n or:epmnn naii n nn(ycr-
pnaino: .ranrapno: omecrne. No(epnnaannn ecra ipecrinnnna neoxo-
(n:a (n roro, ~roi coornercrnonari noni: rexnoornn:. Namnnnan nnnn-
naannn rpeyer ne (nnennn pyi, a paapaorannocrn nainen, no.ro:y nap-
nie ecri (ny:n pyia:n or ne~a c:ennircn no(nnnon incrii.
Paa(eenne ecron na nyn~nie n nnrn:nie ocy(aercn iai npnanai
(nyn~nn, cnnrne rpannni ~acrnoe;nyn~noe :apinpyer npoapa~nocri
none(ennn nonoro ~eoneia.
Hyrn i nocnnranni n nepenocnnranni naiia rea ear, no:n:o nn(y-
crpnainoro rpy(a (npn(aimero (nnenni ~eriocri n pnr:n~nocri), n no-
ennon rpennponie (oy~enne npanninon noxo(ie, cronie), aa:ennimen aa-
nnrnn cnopro:.
Ho ]ni: ne aa:e~aer cocrnennon npornnope~nnocrn: noennanponan-
nin naii npnanai ne .ranrapnoro, a nepapxn~ecioro omecrna. Ycrpannn
n ]op:ax npnnercrnnn nepapxn~nocri, ]ni: noanpamaer :nnrapnanponan-
nyi :o(ei none(ennn n ir (noxo(ia). Unnnnaannn ne(er i yce~enni ec-
ronix nponnennn, no iyirypa iacannn narpnapxainon (epennn nepenn:a-
ercn iai nipaenne rena. Or:ennn crapyi nepapxn~eciyi :o(ei, ]ni:
o(nonpe:enno (e:oncrpnpyer nonie noanimennie ecri (craryn c yiaayi-
mn:n nepcra:n). Unnnnaannn ne pacnpocrpannercn na none(enne aa croo:,
n :ecro enmnni n .ron nnnnnaannn noia ne onpe(eeno. Aenmnna ((npei-
rop ]apnin) nepenn:aer ecri :y~nn, n .ro raie rpairyercn iai anai
ycrpanennn acn::erpnn.
NAPLHPOBKA H HOXO]KA: BOLHHOL L1A1CKOL
1pennponannan, pnr:n~ecin oprannaonannan noennan noxo(ia nn :apmn-
ponia n ]ni:ax o (openoinnonno: npe:enn (na(narix ro(on ia arpny-
ro: ncii~nreino yrnerareen, iai :apm co(ar no crynenn: n 5pone-
nocne Hore:inn`. H(eainan cnnxponnocri n pnr:n~nocri nx nor io(npo-
naaci n ionreicre ]ni:a iai ~acri ea(ymnon :amnni no0ae.enu-ynn~-
roennn: ~eone~ecian rona eprn ne y:ea (nnraricn rai :exann~ecin
oprannaonanno. B ]ni:e Nari Hy(oninna :apmnpyir roe roiio co(a-
ri iapareinoro araiona, nocannie na yc:npenne cra~in. Penoinnone-
pi-(e:oncrpanri pncyircn iai xaorn~nan rona, n n nreparype nx (e:oncr-
pannn cpannnnaircn c npnpo(ni:n crnxnn:n (noroi, annna, nrn~in cran). B
po:ane Ue:enr (192b) rona ney(epn:i: noroio: necaci nnna, iynip-
ianci, cnnanci n rycrie iy~n; orpn( x.tn. no mnaa:, i(n ia:nn:n
aanpiran nnna
17
. B ropiioncion Narepn (1904) rona noxo(na na ~ep-
nyi nrnny
18
. B ]ni:e Hy(oninna (nnenne noroia (e:oncrpanron :onrn-
pyercn napaeino e(oxo(y, ce(yn npnnnro:y naiiy onncannn crnxnn.
B rpn(narie ro(i conercioe omecrno nipaarinaer cnon pnryai, ioro-
pie rpennpyircn, (ocrnran nipaanreinon penpeaenrarnnnocrn. Lcn n (na-
(narie ro(i n ]ni:ax :apmnpyir (ern n nnonepi (iai no~rn no ncex ]ni-
!#
:ax Beprona, a raie Hannpocnnne na Nocceinpo:a, 1924; Kariie
5y:anin Paner, 192b; 1aniie-rpairnpmnne, 1928), ro cnycrn (ecnrnerne
:apmnpyir ye nce. B nepnix (e:oncrpannnx na Kpacnon noma(n, cnnrix
(oiy:enraino, nn(no, ~ro (e:oncrpanri ne y:eir (epari crpon, nx pyin
oraircn, nx cnnni ne ynpyrn. Ho n n nrpono: Unpie lpnropnn Aeican-
(pona (198b), n n (oiy:enraino: ]ni:e Uneryman :oo(ocri Aeican(-
pa Ne(ne(inna (1989) airepi n nenpo]eccnonainie y~acrnnin (e:oncrpa-
nnn (ocrnrn neoxo(n:on cnnxponnocrn (nnennn n noennon ninpanin (no~rn
iai iaaain na Hore:inna). 4ni:i nocrenenno nno(nr nonyi noxo(iy
npynnncryi, cnoprnnnyi, noennyi iai npnnnrin nporornn. 'roi no(-
~epinyri, iaion noxo(ion ona(ea n nponecce nnnnnaannn reponnn Cner-
oro nyrn (1940), penccep niennaer (nnnin ne:on .nnao( ee npoxo(a
~epni: cny.ro: na ]one cnnimero eoro ]ona, ~roi apnren c:orn
paarn(eri (nnenne norn c nirnnyri: nocio:, ninpn:ennyi cnnny, paano-
por iopnyca, nocranoniy rooni.
Hropi C:npnon, anananpyn anrponoorn~eciyi :o(ei connancrn~ecioro
peana:a n nreparype, or:e~aer, ~ro Homo sapiens vacuus ne xo~er anari nn
o(non na anrponoorn~ecinx ioncranr, i ioropi: ornocnrcn, cpe(n npo~ero:
npn:oxo(enne, acn::erpnn npanon n enon noonnn rea, ncnoiaonanne
nncrpy:enron n r. (. On opamaer nnn:anne na repoen xpo:ix (Boponaen na
C~acrin Herpa Hanenio, 1947) n eanornx (Nepecien npeopaaonannin
Napecien na Honecrn o nacronme: ~eoneie 5opnca Hoenoro, 194b).
3apo(enne craxanoncioro (nnennn n maxre, r(e npn:oxo(enne orpann~e-
no, n:eer n .ro: ionreicre nerarnnnin anrponoorn~ecinn c:ic
19
. 3ra ne-
rarnnnan anrponoornn, o(naio, ne orpaanaci na inno.ipane, n n .ipannaannn
nonecrn Hoenoro 1948 ro(a Nepecien, (ae n na iocrinx, coxpanner n(e-
ainyi noennyi ninpaniy; ia:epa nn paay ne noiaainaer ero a:nyrnponan-
nie norn, ncer(a (eniarno ornopa~nnanci.
lepon-noennie n repon-npoerapnn (nnraircn, xo(nr n cronr ye ne iai
nenporn~ecine na(eprannie (eia(enri (n:enno .rn: reecni: iocri:o: nx
cna(na nreparypa n ]ni:i (na(narix ro(on), a iai ninpn:ennie o]n-
nepi. Kor(a o(nn na ne(ymnx airepon rpn(narix ro(on na pon repoen Cep-
ren Cronpon nonnnercn n ia(pe, ro on nxo(nr c no(~epinyro pacnpanennon
rpy(ii n npn:on cnnnon n, ca(nci, ne crnaer rann, conno npome (oryi
rpennponiy n noenno: y~nnme (ia(ercio: iopnyce) nenano, nrpaer n
on aprncra nnpia, nepnynmerocn na ap:nn (Unpi), nn er~nia (A.porpa(,
198b). 1ai on (nnercn n io: npocrpancrne, ~acrno: n nyn~no:, n n
ion pon: iai ana:enocen na napa(e, iai nocernrei nnpia, cnpnrannin n
cy:pai on, iai niennin na cnn(annn. B npnnnnne on nepenn:aer n
:anepe xo(nri n cronri crapin o]nnepcio-(nopnncinn io(. 3ror io(, npan(a,
cnnaercn na (pyrne ecronie naiin (nnor(a ]oiiopnie, pnryaino-cn:-
:erpn~nie ecri, a nnor(a nyirapno-io:n~ecine, npocronapo(nie), ~roi
nano:nnri o nannonainix n connainix iopnnx nonoro anrponoorn~e-
cioro ioncrpyira.
Ho ne roiio n noxo(ie n ninpanie ~yncrnyercn noennan ocnona. Lcn
n (na(narie ro(i nenrpanayercn (n]]epennnannn :e(y :ycin: n en-
81b
cin: ecroni: io(o:, ro n rpn(narie ro(i c(nnraercn rpannna mrarcioro n
noennoro, ~ro npnno(nr i oipoipa~nnanni noennix n :nnrapnaannn
mrarcinx ecron, a mnpe i crannanni npo]eccnonaino-rpynnonix
paan~nn reecnix rexnni nn(ycrpnainix n nonrn~ecinx n(epon, npoe-
rapnen, nnrenrennnn n noennix.
Conercine renepai n noennix ]ni:ax ciopee ipoipari: onn pac-
ipinair nanin, cronr c yiaaia:n, no(nocnr y:arn na no(nnci (iai Bacnen-
cinn n Crannrpa(cion nrne, 1949). 3aro or(a~a noennon ~ecrn nepenn:a-
ercn iai ioiernnin ecr n ir (enymia:n n mrarcin:n :y~nna:n (lo-
pn~ne (ene~in, 198b). Hnor(a .rn pemennn :oryr iri neon(anni:n: n
]ni:e Bparapi (198b) nnenep, nipaarinan oparopcinn crni, rpennpy-
ercn iai ]yroncr, aannan :n~. Ho aaro, nixo(n na ]yroinoe noe, on
ne(er cen ne iai cnoprc:en, a iai oparop, npneran i pnropn~ecin: ecra:
n cnope c cy(ien.
Nennircn npnnnrie rexnnin cronnnn n cn(ennn. Ha ]ororpa]nn Naica
Ainepra n Apia(nn Lanxera B iye na cepnn 24 ~aca na nann pao~en
ce:in 4nnnnonix (1981) nnrepecno nai(ari aa napnannn:n noa or(ixa:
o(nn npnconncn i crene, (pyron nocrann nory na cry, (noe cn(nmnx ynn-
paircn na cro mnpoio paccranenni:n oirn:n. O(na na .rnx noa ~acro
nocnponano(nrcn n inno: npanan pyia ynnpaercn n oi (noennin opaaen), a
enan cynr onopon iopnycy, cionnnme:ycn i nocranennon na cry n
cornyron n ioene nore. Y noennix .ra noaa ocoenno no(~epinyra canoro:.
B ]ni:ax (na(narix ro(on no(onan :anepa cronri npnnncinaaci ei:
o]nnepa: n ia~ecrne anaia nx pacxnannocrn. 1enepi noaa nepe:enna
iacconyi npnna(enocri n nocnponano(nrcn ipacni:n o]nnepa:n n pa-
o~n:n iai nenpnny(ennan (lopn~ne (ene~in).
Kpnn Hn:enon n .ri(e i naiary Honie pao~ne, nepeceenni (1929)
aane~arenaer :nr n noxo(ie pao~nx, necymnx na ne~ax cnon nncrpy:enri:
onn (nnyrcn na noycornyrix ioennx, c mnpoio paccranenni:n nora:n.
]ne npo]ninie ]nrypi ea nncrpy:enron aacynyn pyin n iap:ani n no(-
nnn ne~n .ra ocania io(nponaaci ]eicapro: iai nyirapnin or(ix,
paa:nnia
20
. Ha naiare e lycrana Kynnca 1980 ro(a Bepne: yroinin
(or crpane! maxrepi necyr cnon oronnie :oorin iai opyne n (epar
crpon iai na napa(e. ]npeirop :araanna :exon n ]enymie c xapairepo:
(1989) y~nr :oo(ix npo(anmnn rannyimen noxo(ie c no(nnnnanne: e(ep,
no aacranner nx cronri nepe( coon c:npno, iai na noenno: nany. Y repon-
nn-nneni, (enymin c xapairepo:, ne nopxaiman n rannyiman noxo(ia, a
cnoprnnno-noennan c mnpoin: maro: n pemnreini: paa:axnnanne: pyi.
Orn~nn mrarcioro n noennoro n rexnniax xo(ii, cronnnn n cn(ennn
crannaircn, no onnri nno(nrcn noapacrnie n ren(epnie ipnrepnn, pacnpo-
crpannimnecn na re:n noxo(in. B (na(narie ro(i noennin n po:ane K. Oe-
mn 3anncri (1927) eme crpe:nreen: 5icrpo, onepean cnyrnnion, npo-
me napio:noen no aee. Hanopo: n icrporon cnoero xo(a on nponano(n
nerep
21
. B rpn(narie ro(i :y~nni, ocoenno pyiono(nren, yrpa~nnair
.ry ciopocri. 5icrpo :oryr xo(nri nmi inie nepconan. A er cranonnrcn
io(o: noxo(in :oo(ix (enymei. 1ai (nnyrcn n (epenencian reponnn
!%
1arinni Oiynencion n lopn~nx (ene~iax, n pon :oo(ix :ocinn~ei n
]enymie c xapairepo:, n (enn~in ]nrypi na iaprnnax ]ennein. Coxpanni-
mne crpe:nreinocri :oo(ie n nonie :y~nni cpaay onapynnair
cnoi orpnnareinocri. 5eraimnn o]nnnanr n ]enymie c xapairepo:
nno(nrcn iai npn:ep ycynno nero(non noxo(in. Crpe:nreinocri ec-
ron n roponnnan noxo(ia orn~aer airepcrnyimnx pyiono(nreen n no(-
xan:on ]aimnno-:oo(nenaroro Aeicen Apra:amona n crapareino-
no(oocrpacrnoro ina Hin~a Pynona-L:nnnioro n po:ane C. 5aaencioro
Kanaep 3ooron anea(i (194748). Noropnan (nna:nia y ipoipara ne-
(er i neeni: r.ra:, napyman nopn(oi n iannere: rai, Pynon-L:nnninn n
cnonx ney:ecrnix nopinax nocronnno onpoin(inaer nnoro: craian c ia-
pan(ama:n na pao~e: croe repon, na(eimero cnoen :oropnion.
BOCHH1AHHL NAHLP. KAK C1A1L KYL1YPHLN
1a e y:epennocri pacnpocrpannercn n na (pyrne aaipennnmnecn n (na-
(narie ro(i reecnie nponnennn: c:ex n y(ap iyaio:. Xoxorari renepi
:oryr roiio :oo(ie. Y oee con(nix repoen c:ex aa:ennercn yiion.
Cpe(n nonix c:eircn nepconan, ninnaimnecn na npanninoro io(a no-
ne(ennn, na ~ro yiaainair npnnnaimne (eran: aac:encn, or~ero nnor
ero |...] aa:erno na(parnna; aac:encn, n ero nnor aa(poa
22
.
Kai oiyirypennoe nponnenne cninon .:onnn nn re:nepa:enra eper-
cn ~acro ne y(ap iyaia, a ranen: (n nipaennn pa(ocrn repon (na(narix
ro(on rpoxaer, yxaer, (piaraer iyaio:, rayperion, ~ooro: no croy
28
,
no(npirnnaer, (eaer aipoarn~ecine (nnennn cairo, iyinr, iynipoi.
Hepenonnimne ~yncrna roiair repon rpn(narix ro(on na ipyenne n nnc
nnpncn(iy ]oiiopnan peanaannn .n]opnn n ]nrypax nannonainoro
ranna. 1annyer :oo(on ranincr no~ii :e(y naaroi n noenno: arepe
(lopn~ne (ene~in); ornnaer ~e~eriy ipecrinnnn, repon 3e:n ]onenio,
noanpamanci (o:on noce ionnoro cnn(annn. Honnenne conercinx :iani-
on, ropo(cinx lpnropnn Aeican(pona n (epenencinx Hnana Hipiena, eme
oee ionnennnonananpyer rannenainoe nipaenne .n]opnn. Or pa(ocrn
Cronpon noce npnanannn n inn neyer oma(i, nyciaercn nncari nnpn-
cn(iy n (eaer necioiio iyinron (Unpi). Ho iyinri a(eci :ornnn-
pyircn ero npo]eccnen nnpia~a.
Kpecrinne, ioropie nicrynan n ]ni:ax (na(narix ro(on iai nocnren
oee pnryananponannoro (= orcraoro) ecronoro io(a, renepi (enrcn na
(ne rpynni crapie coxpannir na .ipane ]oiiopno oipamennin reec-
nin naii, iain: cnaaoci ipecrinncrno n ]ni:ax na~aa neia. Oren n
.ipannaannn Kanaepa 3ooron anea(i (19b0) io:iaer n ropcrn yci n
nier ~epea ne~o, :ari ipecrnrcn. Honon :acrep n Cnero: nyrn npo-
nano(nr cn::erpn~nie napnie ecri yiaaannn. Nnnnnonep n ]enymie c
xapairepo: cnaen yxnaria:n (epenencioro ynainn, xo(nmero npaanaiy,
c pyion, aacynyron n iap:an. Ho :oo(ie ipecrinne :ennir reecnie rexnn-
in, y~aci :apmnponari n:ecro noxo(in npaanaiy n (eari ro~nie ecri
818
o(non pyion; onn oriaainaircn or cn::erpn~noro y(noennn ecron n mnpo-
ion a:nnry(i (:y~nni npoxo(n ap:ni, (enymin paory na ]apn-
ie). Aecri :ennircn, ior(a nce naceenne crpani y~nrcn nncari. Hponecc
nnci:a or(ener anyi n c:ic n :enner reecnyi aprniynnni. Pe~i n(er
ne roiio o paapaorannocrn nainen n (n]]epennnannn :eioro ecra, no
n o nc~eanonennn nenocpe(crnennocrn reecnon io::ynniannn. 1e: ne :e-
nee na .ipane reecnin ionrair npo(oaer nrpari orpo:nyi poi, iacanne
e(nncrnennan rexnnia, ioropan nepenn:aercn n nonin io( na ]oiiopno-
ro, narpnapxainoro omennn. Ha~ainnin, (pyain, niennie xonair (pyr
(pyra no ne~y, riiair coece(nnia n nnor n (onepnreino iacaircn ero
rea nn pyin npn paaronope.
Hapaeino coa(anni n rpennponie nyn~nix pnryaon coa(aimnecn
nonie .nri n crannanpyime:cn omecrne noanpamair npnn~nie :a-
nepi. Herp Hanenio aa:e~aer n po:ane Ha Bocroie (1987): i(n .roro
rnna cran cia(inaricn ro(a ~eripe nn nnri naaa(. Onn cpaay connci
ricn~a:n, y(ro nx o(nn: :axo: nopo(n o(nn nerep.|...] Orni ninran
yca(ii, repnn en n orniian or (eren, a cinonin crponn ropo(a n coa(a-
nan npo~nie ce:in, npnniian cnari noce:i ~acon n cyrin n ecri rpn paaa
n (eni
24
.
Boanpamenne ypyaanix nop: n connancrn~ecio: omecrne
2b
onnpaer-
cn na nonnrne iyirypnocrn
2b
. ]nnenne omecrnennnn, en nnenepon
n (npeiropon aano(on, (ono oaropo(nri ir ea(o:nix pao~nx, noanpa-
man crapoe paa(eenne poen: :y~nni paorair n pyiono(nr, enmnni
nocnnrinair; :y~nni npnnocnr (ncnnnnny, enmnni iyirypnocri
27
.
B ypnae Omecrnennnna nonnnircn nepnie crarin o nocnnrannn iyi-
rypnix :anep
28
. B 1940 ro(y ypna Oronei na~nnaer ia:nanni no yy~-
menni iyirypi ocynnannn n pecropanax, rocrnnnnax, na noiaaax.
29
. B cep-
nnponie croa yno:nnaircn ne npocro nnia n no, a cepepnnie onaro~in
(n pii
80
. Lcn panime pe~i ma o (ncnnnnne, ro renepi o nennocrn.
Ocoenno nenni n nocnnranni noennie, aa:e~aer anrop crarin o xopomnx
:anepax
81
. Honirin nepnyri pnryainie opn(i rnna connancrn~ecinx iap-
nanaon in icrpo aa:eneni nncnennponanni:n :acconi:n (encrnnn:n
(napa(a:n, cnapraina(a:n, on:nna(a:n nciyccrn). B ironyi iyirypy nne-
(pncn n(ea ne:eninx iyiryprperepon. Ho.ro:y or(ix pao~ero acco-
nnnponacn c nocemenne: :yaeen, napion, rearpon, ionnepron, aera, a raie
napa(a, cra(nona, iypopra n (o:a or(ixa, nrpon n max:ari n mamin, aannrnn-
:n :yaiion n nenne:. Kyirypnin conercinn ~eonei nner n ~ncron inap-
rnpe, ~nraer po:an o nn(ycrpnanaannn (ln(ponenrpai Napn.rri Larn-
nnn) n Bonpoci ennnna:a, perynpno xo(nr n 5oimon rearp n n inno,
anaer nanaycri o(no crnxornopenne Hyminna, :oer naanari nnri niec Lei-
cnnpa, ~eripe pein n A]pnie, rpn :yaiiainix nponane(ennn, nnri conercinx
anro:onen, on anaio: c (ecnrn~ni:n (pon:n n cnoprnnni:n :eponpnn-
rnn:n, anaer po:ani Kpacnoe n ~epnoe n Orni n (ern, :oer onncari rpn
iaprnni c noce(nen nicranin n orncnnri, no~e:y craxanoncioe (nnenne
crao noa:oni: roiio n Conercio: Coiae. 3ror rnn conercioro ~eone-
ia :o(enpyercn n crarie Oroniia 198b ro(a
82
. Konnennnn iyirypno-
!'
crn :accnnno yrnep(aercn c ionna (na(narix ro(on, ior(a n:ecro innr o
:anepax nonnnercn nocone A. 1onopiona Kai crari iyirypni:
88
n ny-
niyercn necioiio innr o iyirype pe~n
84
. B rpn(narie ro(i oiyirypnri
ocranoniy (ona apxnreirypa nonie napin, ia]e, rearpi na oripiro:
noa(yxe, innorearpi, (nopni iyirypi; npocrpancrno na:ennr crni none(e-
nnn n npnne(er i nnnnnaannn. B Kanaepe 3ooron anea(i nponecc nnnn-
naannn (ona yciopnri .eirpn]niannn, ioropan ne roiio aaier (epen-
ni repon cnero:, no n npnne(er ry(a inno. ionirno, ~ro npn crponreicrne
Ko:co:oicia-na-A:ype cna~aa oripin oinnny n pe(ainni raaeri, a no-
ro: (7 nonpn 1982 ro(a) innorearp. 5ann ia rorona roiio :ecnne: noa-
e, a nepnin pecropan (na ro(a cnycrn.
4ni: 1984 ro(a 'acrnan nani Herpa Bnnorpa(ona (e:oncrpnpyer
pannonanaanni nann :oo(oro pao~ero n .rnx nonix npocrpancrnax. No-
cina, iy(a on nepeeaaer na nponnnnnn, npe(cranena na .ipane (o:o: e
Kopiaie, omenrne:, nocrpoenni: no npanna: ioncrpyirnnncrcion opra-
nnaannn npocrpancrna, napio: iyirypi n or(ixa c noni:n arrpainnona:n
(napamirnon nimion). Opaa nann, ioropin nepenn:aer (epenencinn na-
peni, conno .ipannanpyer nonirin :o(epnnanponari nani pyccioro (nioro
pao~ero, paapaorannie anro:ano: Harono: Kepenneni: n 192b ro(y,
ior(a ror npe(on pao~n: oprannaonari cen no anrnncio:y opaany:
aanecrn a(pecnyi innry n iaen(api, iy(a :ono aanocnri (eonie ncrpe~n,
pacnpe(enri cnon (eni no ~aca: n :nnyra: (cioiio orno(nrcn e(e, iypenni,
or(ixy, ryaery, rnop~ecion paore, ca:oopaaonanni n r. n.), ycrpannari an~
ro~no :e(y (nena(narii n ~aco: n nnri ~an n noonnne nnroro
8b
. 3rn:
conera: n ce(yer Herp Bnnorpa(on.
4ni:i npornnope~ar (pyr (pyry. B noennon iaprnne 5opnca 5apnera
Honropo(ni (1942) ipecrinnia ne :oer nonnri, no~e:y ]pannyacinn er-
~ni ncraer, ior(a ona nxo(nr n io:nary. Y Apa:a Poo:a n Crporo: inome
(198b) crapin ypyaanin npo]eccop cnpannercn y o]nnepa, ioropin
ncraer, ior(a i ne:y opamaircn: Oriy(a y Bac raine xopomne :anepi, raian
y~rnnocri Bi iro no nponcxo(enni n noy~aer orner: Kpecrinnnn
8b
.
Hpnanain ncrepn~nocrn n nenpacrenn~nocrn, coxpannimnecn n na~ae
(na(narix (norepn ca:oionrpon n a]]eire, crnxnnnoe nponnenne re:nepa-
:enra) ycrynair :ecro c(epanno:y ecrono:y none(enni. Karepnna Kapi
npe(ona napa(nr:y crnxnnnocri coanareinocri iai aancnyi on-
noannni connancrn~ecioro :era-napparnna, anananpyn ee n po:anax (na-
(narix ro(on: Ue:enre n 'anaene
87
. Ha .ipane nepexo( or anapxn~ecioro
nponnennn re:nepa:enra i c(epanno:y airyananpyercn roiio n rpn(na-
rie ro(i.
B ]ni:ax 'anaen (1984) n Cnerin nyri :i nn(n: nponecc nocnn-
rannn reecnix naniion repon n reponnn, ioropin ne(er i ionrpoi na(
]nanoorn~ecin:n nponnennn:n n re:nepa:enro:. lepon :ennir cnon re-
ecnin naii, orropran ]nanoorn~ecine, nyirapnie (= (epenencine) ec-
ri n nepenn:an c(epannie, nnnnnaonannie (= ropo(cine) :anepi.
H: (e:oncrpnpyir opaaen (n no(paannn: npo]eccnonainin io::ynncr
(io::ynncria).
820
'anianne, c:opianne n pyian, ionipnnne n ymax, nocy, no~ecinanne yxa n
aariia, yrnpanne noca oire:, no((eprnnanne cna(aimen iin (nn pii) n
r. n. ncnoiayircn renepi (n xapairepncrnin orcraix npocronapo(nix
nepconaen, no nepe(aircn airpnca: (~acro (nopnncioro nponcxo(ennn),
ioropie nrpair conercinx ipecrinnoi (ioni Opona, 1arinna Oiynen-
cian). 1ain: opaao:, ]nanoorn~nie ecri c:nr~aircn, n: npn(aercn orre-
noi crnnaannn, napo~nrocrn. Noo(ie ranincri n lopn~nx (ene~iax eme
yrnpair por a(onii, a ne ca]erion, no oe( n nx noxo(non croonon ye
cepnnponan na eon ciareprn c noa:n n nnia:n! Onn yir na xo(y, ipn-
iair npn nnrie, ~aniair apyao:, nineninan iocro~in n onnanci coio:,
roiair (pyr (pyra n oi, ionipnir n ymax n ~emyr roony; n anai ocooro
mnia onn aanrair cnn~iy o no(:eriy canora. Ho .rn npocronapo(nie ec-
ri no(aircn n io:e(nnnon crnnaannn iai aaanno-nn]anrninie, n n ]nna-
e ]ni:a repon, napocen, oriaainaircn or nnx. Hponecc nocnnrannn :a-
nep c:nr~en anpo: io:e(nn, no eae:in peayirar ncen. 4nanoorn~-
nie ecri, raie iai napin~arin re:nepa:enr, no(ear ionrpoi. Kor(a
airepi, nrpaimne :arpocon n ]ni:e ennne n Oirnpe, npe(cranni-
me: rea 1917 n 1987 ro(y, yarair ce:e~in n 5oimo: rearpe, onn (eair
.ro rai iyirypno n cionanno, ~ro (air nmi na:ei na ecr, no ne ero ]nano-
orn~eciyi peanaanni.
1exnnin rnrneni, cneni :irin nc~eaair na ]ni:on, n e(a nocrenenno
ncii~aercn na xapairepncrni noonreinix repoen, onnri cranonnci ]n-
anoorn~ecin orrainnaimen xapairepncrnion. B cnenapnn 5oimenni (y-
(ymnn ]ni: Knocri Naicn:a) lpnropnn Koannnen n eonn( 1payepr
(air ce(yimyi cneny: Naicn: nieaaer na nonniy, aanaennyi ocraria-
:n :noro~ncennix nnpmecrn: y:aron, cee(o~ni:n xnocra:n, iopoia:n or
ioncepnon, nannpocni:n iopoia:n, yriia:n, iapra:n. Cn(nr na .ron no-
nnie, na rpane omnpnoe ce:encrno, niymaer .ro ce:encrno aanrpai, :eiia-
ir a(nie pyin, n(er ~ani, xpycr, niora. C iypnnen n pyiax, c yion no pry,
ocranonnoci c~acrnnoe ce:encrno n ca:o: nano: nanenno: nponecce,
ynn(en nome(mero na nonniy nao(pannoro Naicn:a. H cen~ac e oren ce-
:encrna name n cee cni aaopari: lopo(onon!` Kai or cmpanno xapmu-
nt <aanrpaiaimen ce:in! O. .>, Naicn: orcrynaer, npnipin raaa py-
ion
88
. 4nanoornn (e(a, .pornia, nnrie) cranonnrcn c]epon xapairepncrnin
reecnix rexnni :emancrna.
5APLLHA-KPLC1LAHKA K5OBH OPOBOH
Lcn n (na(narie ro(i cnnrne rpannni :e(y ~acrni: n nyn~ni:
(e:oncrpnponaoci na npn:epe roro, iai nnrn:nie rexnnin rea (y:inanne
n aannrne cnopro:) cranonnnci nyn~no (onycrn:i:n, ro renepi n(er o-
parnin nponecc: ecri, npnnnrie n nyn~no: npocrpancrne (na rpnyne, n
iannere n na aano(e no npe:n copannn nn :nrnnra) nepenn:aircn n ~acr-
noe omenne (orncnenne n inn, (onepnreinin paaronop :e(y (pyain-
:n). Oe c]epi no(~nnnircn o(no:y ecrono:y naiiy. lepon, nipaarinai-
!
mnn paanie naiin (n .rnx c]ep, ncipinaercn iai (nyninn n no.ro:y onac-
nin (n rpn(narie ro(i .ro mnnon, n nnrn(ecnrie :emannn). 1aian ecro-
nan :o(ei (ipoipar n cnaine nn aa ~anni: croo:) nocrenenno ne(er i
aa:npanni ecronoro naiia.
B 1988 ro(y n :yaiiainon io:e(nn Bora-Bora lpnropnn Aeican(-
pona na .ipane nonnnnci noyaairie nepconan onepero~nix ipecrinn n
no(enninix cyr io:n~no c:opiaimnxcn, xapiaimnx, npnce(aimnx, ipn-
iaimnx, nepe(nnraimnxcn npaanaiy, rpymnx noncnnny, nnmymnx nnpncn(-
iy, cipeymnx opo(y n ~emymnx n aariie. Onn coa(anan neoxo(n:in
]on (n reponnn ionn Oponon, nanoee .icneccnnno (e:oncrpnponan-
men neci naop .rnx ]nanoorn~nix ecron nne .rniera, ioropie (oni
in coa(ari anai (npocro)napo(nocrn. leponnn Oponon Crpeia ca:o-
irnin raanr, ne anaiman ne roiio o Lyepre, Barnepe n norax, no n ne
y:eiman noiaonaricn noconi: nario:. B nepnon cnene ]ni:a na ipyn-
nix nanax ona na(ynaer mein, ~emer n aariie, yrnpaer noc a(onii nn
pyiano: n pnr:nanpyer pe~i na:axa:n iyaia. Haini npn~ecion reponnn
oi~no npnrparnnaircn i meia:, ropy, rpy(n, no Opona nepeno(nr en-
cioe ~yncrnennoe iacanne cen n c:opianne n yrnpanne noca. Ona noi-
ayercn ecro:, c~nraimn:cn :ycin: (no~ecinanne n aariie), rai e noino,
iai ecra:n nn]anrninix (paannoi n rpyonaron arpeccnn, cnryannonno
onpan(annon re:, ~ro nce ionnie cneni n ]ni:e ion~aircn ccopa:n.
Crpeia anaio:a ne roiio c no(ennini:n, no n c onepni:n ecra:n: ona
ncnonner apni 1arinni nn crnxornopenne ep:onrona c noa(enanne:
p, c pacnpocrepri:n (ann:n
89
(Cranncancinn). Opona crponr ecro-
nin io:na: na napo(nn: n ionneprnix no:epax ona naopaaer :y~nn
(rpyann), n peainon nann apimni-ipecrinniy c nyirapni:n :a-
nepa:n, n ]nnae ]ni:a onaan npne: rpanecrnn (n:ecro ainoro na-
rin reponnn nonnnercn na ropecrnenno: npne:e n cnmio: oimo: :y-
cio: iocri:e). Ho noro:crnennan (nopnnia Opona nrpaer noxo nocnnran-
nyi ipecrinniy nonapomiy n npn(aer rpyi: ]nanoorn~ni: ecra:
orrenoi ioiercrna.
B Cnero: nyrn ciero: ]ni:a cranonnrcn nponecc nepeo]op:ennn
(epenencioro ]nanoorn~ecioro :oncrpa n ropo(ciyi nnnnnaonannyi a-
pimni. Henocnnrannan ipecrinnia npenpamaercn n pao~yi c ro~ni:n (nn-
ennn:n; nonrnia, anaio:oro c pnropnion npanninix oparopcinx ecron;
rpannoanyi nocnnrannyi apimni c :anepa:n. Le Hnr:anono: crano-
nnrcn ]apn~nin rpy( n rpnyna :nrnnra. Hponecc nocnnrannn nonix rex-
nni rea n(er napaeino na:enenni naiia n nnemnocrn: n nponecce ]ni-
:a reponnn npeopaaercn na ra(ioro yrenia, ne y:eimero npannino rono-
pnri, n ronopnmyi crnxa:n ipacannny. Hoiaaareino, ~ro cier conercioro
Hnr:anona o nepenocnnrannn (epenenmnni n ~eoneia nonoro neia no-
crpoen na (nnennn (ero renopnanponannon oprannaannn, :nnrapnaannn,
ypannaannn), n ro npe:n iai Loy n na~ae neia (eaer craniy na iyirypy
pe~n: ecn ~eonei nay~nrcn npannino ronopnri, ro na:ennrcn n ero reec-
noe none(enne, :anepi n .:onnonainin crpon. 3(eci e naoopor: ecn on
nay~nrcn (eari npanninie (nnennn, ro na:ennrcn ero pe~i, iai :ennercn
822
pe~i 1ann, n .ro, o~enn(no, cnnaano ne c re:, ~ro inno io nona~ay ne:i:
nciyccrno:. Opona n Aeican(pon peanayir nporpa::y conercioro ioncr-
pyirnnna:a n oacrn ecra :exann~ecioro ~eoneia, ioropin c:or i noe-
(nri nauona.tnoe neuenue ynpannri nora:n n pyia:n (Kyemon)
40
n
no(~nnnri cnoe noorn~ecioe reo ~erio:y pnr:y :amnni. Ho onn npne-
rair i nno:y xy(oecrnenno:y naiiy a:epniannanponanno:y n o(nonpe-
:enno ]oiiopnanponanno:y conercio:y :ianiy.
B nepnon rpern Cneroro nyrn Opona, ne(anno nepeexanman n ropo(
(epenencian (enia, yrnpaer noc a(onii n ~emer aa yxo:, iai npocronapo(-
nin ]nanoorn~ecinn repon. Le cnnna cornyra, pyin nncnr, n npn xo(ie ona
mapiaer nora:n. 1e: e ecroni: iocri:o: cnaen n io:n~ecinn nepco-
na, (npeirop rocrnnnni (Ba(n:np Boo(nn). ]epenencine ecri Opo-
non, ione~no, ne no(nnno .rnorpa]n~ni. Ona nrpaer io:e(nnnyi (ypo~iy,
onepero~nyi ipecrinno~iy, npeynen~enno nonropnimyi ]nanoorn~ecine
ecri, anaio:ie apnren: no ]ni:a: (ecnrix n (na(narix ro(on. 1eec-
nin ionrair n ]op:i ]npra cnaaircn ron e npocronapo(non rpyona-
rocrii: Lnrennn Ca:onon meiaer 1ani no nocy n no:oraer c:opiaricn,
ona ca:a roiaer coece(nnia oire: n nnor n npocrno aamnmaercn or
noniroi Boo(nna nn Ca:onona noneonari ee. ionnie cneni rpyi,
ce(yn rpa(nnnn ]apca (cyrn rporecino napo(npyir yron~ennie naniin
rocno(): :y~nna rpyo xnaraer enmnny, ona ne :enee rpyo orrainnaer
ero n .ro ne nanacnonanne, a ]npr niennix. Hnnnnarnna (nacnicr-
nennoro) noneyn ncxo(nr or :y~nni, peainnn enmnni peaioe orrain-
nanne n nome~nna rai e arpeccnnna. Conercine ]ni:i, aainan o
.crern~ecio: ncro~nnie .roro reecnoro naiia, nepenn:air orpyennie io-
:n~ecine rexnnin ]npra n .pornin n peancrn~ecine ]ni:i iai nop:y
oi~noro ironoro none(ennn.
Hpocran rpyocri Oponon npornnonocranena nanmni: (a:a:
nnne n ceiperapme. Aecri (a: :anepni: onn npenpamair npniypnnanne
cnraperi n ioiernnin ]npr n niraircn ni~ypni:n nonncri:n ecra-
:n n noaa:n nepeii~nri nnn:anne :y~nni na rniyi incri nn onaae-
:oe ioeno. Ho nocioiiy o(na (a:a cnmio: rocra, a (pyran cnmio: xy(a,
ro nx rexnnin coaanennn oiapniarypnnaircn n nmaircn .porn~ecioro
noa(encrnnn.
Opaani (n no(paannn, (annie Oponon, ne encrnenni: c o(non cro-
poni, .ro c(epannan ecrniynnnn :y~nni-nnenepa (Ca:onona), c (py-
ron ~erioe (nnenne :amnn, ioropie nocnnrinair renopnanponannin
ecr paornnni, cnoconon rai e ~erio n ea ycran .rn :amnni ocyn-
nari. 1py( npe(cranen iai :yaiiainin no:ep, ~ro oer~aer pnr:naa-
nni (nnennn. Ho ecn nepnin pao~nn no:ep Oponon n ]ni:e n
pon cyanin, roronnmen aanrpai n iop:nmen :a(enna (an n ]op:e
.icnenrpn~ecioro ranna, ro rannenainin no:ep n nexe nepe(an :nnrapn-
anponanni:n (nnennn:n: ona ~erio nonropner o(nnaionie (nnennn na-
n:a na pi~arn. Napmenin (nyxrairnin pnr: :eo(nn, conpono(aimen
aano(ciyi paory, nicrpnpyercn Oponon, no-noenno:y :apmnpyimen :e-
(y cranion.
!!
B (onoino e(no: penepryape rexnnin rea nnnnnaonannoro :y~nni-
nnenepa coxpaneni nmi oparopcine pnr:nanpyimne ecri, ioropie c:nr-
~aircn ]op:a:n reecnoro ionraira (noxoninanne no cnnne, me~in no
nocy) ocraria:n napo(non ipecrinncion iyirypi. 1eecnin naii oiyi-
rypennon 1ann cranonnrcn nce oee e(ni: n aaari:. Le pyin nepecrair
(nnraricn, noro:y ~ro cionani ro y~ennio:, ro ne(o:ocrii. Hpocronapo(-
nie rexnnin c:opiannn, npnipinannn, yrnpannn nna, rpyonarin reecnin
ionrair ycrpannircn. lpannoanocri nonoro opaaa reponnn ne napymaercn
oee noiaao: nnrn:nix rexnni, npncyrcrnyimnx n nepnon ]aae ee ]nano-
orn~ecioro cymecrnonannn. Ni ne nn(n:, iai nnnnnaonannan 1ann ecr,
cnnr, :oercn. B nonon npynnncron noxo(ie nonnnercn noenno-cnoprnnnan
orro~ennocri, paa:epennan :apmenan cnnxponnocri iai ocnona perynpnoro,
npanninoro mara. B npe(-]nnainon cnene :nrnnra Opona nponanocnr pe~i
iai npo]eccnonainin oparop, no(~epinnan ee na~ao n ionen neprniaini:
nipoco: npanon pyin, iai ioxoannna ana:ennron ciyinrypi Bepi Nyxn-
non. B ]nnainon cnene ionnoro orncnennn Opona n Ca:onon aa:npa-
ir. ]ae ecronin naii oipyaimnx nx craryn iaercn oee nanono-
nanni:, ~e: (ocrnrnyran creneni nnnnnaonannoro oeaecrnnannn repo-
en. Hx .porn~ecioe nonenne nepenocnrcn, iai n nniropnancion nnonncn, na
oipyaimyi cpe(y. B cnene nx nepnoro ionnoro cnennn ia:epa nano-
pa:npyer na napy ]nrypncron, nepeii~aimnx .neprni neoninx repoen (on
niraercn ee onnri, ona orrainnaer ero, oa na(air n cyrpo) n aa:icona-
rie nnpy.ri cnoprc:enon, y(epnnaimnx, n orn~ne or repoen Oponon n
Ca:onona, pannonecne na i(y. B noce(ne: ia(pe ]ni:a repon aacrina-
ir (o ornrnn, n ia:epa, nanopa:npyn nnepx, yiaainaer na ciyinrypy
pao~ero n ioxoannni Nyxnnon, ioropie aa:epn n .icrarn~ecio: nopine.
Hapnmee ore(nnenne ia:ennix ]nryp aa:enner rpa(nnnonnin (orcyrcr-
nyimnn) noneyn.
4ni: nnymaer, ~ro 1ann nocnnrinaercn, npoxo(n mioy pao~ero ecra
y crania. Kai nn crpanno, n:enno anp :yaiiainoro ]ni:a ninpaercn
lpnropne: Aeican(poni: (n ciera yipomennn rainx rexnni, n ro npe:n
iai oi~no :iani (e:oncrpnpyer nneironie rea, oa(aimne ery~e-
crii, npiry~ecrii, (nna:n~nocrii, rniocrii n r. n. 3an: reecnix nponn-
ennn, (n (ncnnnnnnponannn ioropix npnerair i noennon rpennponie (ne
npocro cnoprnnni: copennonannn: nn nponano(crnennon rn:nacrnie) no-
nn:aercn iai nporpecc iyirypi. Hyn~noe npeopaayer ~acrnoe. Konrpoi
na( ecra:n, nnnimnncn peayiraro: nponecca nnnnnaannn conercioro o-
mecrna, ciopo npenpamaercn n oreir napo(nn. lpera lapo napo(npyer .ror
ecronin io( n Hnno~ie (1989): :nnrapnanponannan noxo(ia c ~erio
orne~arinae:i: mnpoin: maro:, ninpn:ennan cnnna c neno(nnnon ran-
en n aaari: aariio:; npnarie i rey nn aaoennie aa cnnny pyin,
:ycine rexnnin npnnercrnnn n iypennn; naionen, cronia noino, ioropyi
ona no(~epinyro npnnn:aer, aaxo(n n inaprnpy cnoero y(ymero ionnn-
ia pyin aaoeni aa cnnny, norn paccraneni na yponeni ne~. 3ra rpane-
crnn reecnoro naiia nocnpnnn:aercn ocoenno ocrpo, nonomennan (nnon,
n cnnaercn n ionne ]ni:a, ior(a Hnno~ia, na(enan ainoe narie, (e:oncr-
824
pnpyer rniocri rann n men, no(nnnocri ne~ n ernmnx pyi, cioianmyi
naicnpyimyi noxo(iy. Bcero (ecnri-nnrna(nari er naaa( pyccinn i npe(-
cranen na aapyeno: .ipane iai (nioe (nrn npnpo(i, ne cnoconoe no(a-
nnri nipoc re:nepa:enra nn ]nanoornn. 1nn pyccioro conercioro :e-
nnercn. H n ]ni:ax nepno(a xoo(non nonni nnrn(ecnrix ro(on lonny(
y(er noiaonaricn npocri:n anaia:n, io(npyimn:n omecrno no ry cropo-
ny eeanoro aananeca: nonoe orcyrcrnne npinx ipacoi, aaipirie (nepn n
:o~annie i(n. Hx :o~anne no(~epinyro cionannocrii (nnennn, noc-
npnnn:aimencn iai nonomenne penpeccnn. Ho.ro:y 4pe( Acrep, nrpai-
mnn a:epniancioro npo(icepa n Leionix ~yo~iax, pn:.nie Hnno~in
(19b2), niraercn pacipenocrnri aaarie (nnennn ipacnoro io:nccapa Hn-
no~in npn no:omn rannenainix na.
1
Crarin nnnercn orpinio: na in.: O. .eaxoea. 4apnia ecron. N., 2004.
Anrop n cocrannren copnnia nipaair aro(apnocri na(areicrny HO aa iea-
noe paapemenne nyniannn.
2
C:.: W. . Catpenlet. Princi ples o Nenlal Psychology. New Yorl, 1874.
8
Xorn on :or yanari o ne: n innre anaio:oro e:y ]noco]a i(nnra Kareca,
nonynpnanponanmero .]]eir Kapnenrepa. Cp.: L. Alages. Ausdruclsbewegung und
Geslallungslral. Grundlagen der Wissenschal vom Ausdrucl. 8. Aulage. Lei pzig, 1928.
S. 107.
4
W. enjamin. Probleme der Sprachsoziologie ;; W. Ben[amin. Gesammelle
Schrilen. Bd. lll. lranlurl a.N., 197289. S. 474. B .ron penenann na nyniannn no
connoornn nnrnncrnin 5enin:nn coornocnr reopni Aana Hnae o .ronenrpn~ecion
cra(nn n paannrnn naiia peenia, npornnocronmen connananponanno:y naiiy, c :orop-
ni: npe(-naiio: (eren, orn~aimn:cn or ionnennnonainix ecron napocix.
b
W. enjamin. ber das mimelische \ermgen ;; W. Ben[amin. Gesammelle
Schrilen. Bd. ll. S. 210211.
b
W. enjamin. Programm eines prolelarischen Kinderlhealers ;; lbid. S. 7bb.
7
W. enjamin. Das Kunslwerl im Zeilaller seiner lechnischen Peproduzierbarleil
(2. lassung) ;; W. Ben[amin. Gesammelle Schrilen. Bd. \ll;1. S. 874.
8
H. Sachs. Zur Psychologie des lilms ;; Psychoanalylische Bewegung. 1929. ! 2.
Berlin. S. 128.
9
. Lx.oecxu. Cran(aprnie iaprnni n ennncian nponopnnn ;; B. Lion-
cinn. 3a b0 er. N., 198b. C. b9.
10
Cp.: M. Mauss. Les lechniques du corps (1984;198b) ;; Sociologie el
anlhropologie. Presses universilaires de lrance. 19bb. P. 8bb880 (pyc. nep.: 1exnnin
rea ;; Omecrna. O:en. n~nocri: 1py(i no connainon anrponoornn. N., 199b.
C. 2422b8). 3ror nenpnni~nin n pyccio: naiie rep:nn nnor(a aa:enen n reicre na
neana~amnn ecr, reecnoe none(enne nn npocro ecr. arnncioe nonnrne gesluta,
or ioroporo nponaome rep:nn ecm, npn:ennoci nona~ay (n onncannn roro, iai
~eonei (encrnyer, cronr n xo(nr.
11
Lcn y~ecri, ~ro, iai noiaainaer Hopepr 3nac (N. Elias. ber den Prozess der
Zivilisalion. Band 2. Bern; Nnchen. 19b9. S. 194208), (n nne(ennn noconoro naria n
!#
na:enennn npnni~ei n c:opiannn enponencion nnnnnaannn nona(onoci (necrn er,
ro re:n no(onix na:enennn na conercio: .ipane nopaanreino (nna:n~en.
12
C:.: L. Tpoxu. Bonpoci ira. 3noxa iyirypnn~ecrna n ee aa(a~n (2-e
na(anne). N., 1924. C. 8884, 707b. 1e e peio:en(annn noa(epannn or :arepnon
pe~n (aer n Kepennen n pomipe Kai necrn copanne (1919).
18
A. Co.enutn. O(nn (eni Hnana ]ennconn~a ;; A. Coennnin. Copanne
co~nnennn n (ennrn ro:ax. 1. 1. N., 1999. C. 1b.
14
J. Apeuuep. Ne(nnnncian ncnxoornn. N., 1927. C. 102108.
1b
Hanxy(mnn na ncex cymecrnyimnx mra:non .ro mra:n pyccioro oraripn,
nnrnan, onpcioro cina nn (epenencioro napnn c mnpoin: paa:axo:. ]n nnx cyme-
crnyer cnenn]n~ecian noxo(ia c paanao:, o(na(i n nancer(a ycranonennie mnpo-
ine ecri, rpa(nnnonnie noai c pyia:n n oin, y(aoe ncin(inanne rooni n
orpacinanne cnyciaimnxcn na o :oo(eninx iy(pen, ocoennan nrpa c manion,
ioropyi ecnoma(no :nyr pa(n :exann~ecioro ycnennn crpacrn; y(aie rooconie
]nopnrypi na nepxnnx norax, neny~an (ninnn n npn~ecinx :ecrax n npo~. 3rn
nomocrn rai cnino nrenci n ymn, raaa, reo, :yciyi airepon, ~ro ner noa:ono-
crn or nnx or(earicn (A. Cmanuc.aecxu. Non nani n nciyccrne ;; K. Crann-
cancinn. Copanne co~nnennn n noci:n ro:ax. 1. 1. N., 19b4. C. 128.
1b
Penccepcine .iae:nnpi K. C. Cranncancioro n mecrn ro:ax. 18981980.
1. 8. 19011904. N., 1988. C. 849.
17
v. !.a0xoe. Ue:enr. Pnra, 1929. C. 124. Kypcnn :on.
18
M. !optxu. Nari. Hii-Hopi, 1919. C. 179.
19
H. Cuupnoe. Conpeana:: anrponoorn~ecioe na:epenne ;; Conpeancrn~ec-
inn ianon ; X. linrep, L. ]openio (pe(.). CH., 2000. C. 20. C:npnon or:e~aer
napymenne n (pyrnx anrponoorn~ecinx (annix: pao~nn Nyxnnon (epnr :oor n
enon pyie (~roi ne napymnri ero noannni n nape n apxernn :ycioro iai
npanoro); repon nnraircn crpannon e(on: ncrna, no( ioropi:n o:nrcn croi na
iaprnnax, ocraircn nerponyri:n, aaro Nepecien noe(aer ciporo ea n :ypanien
(1a: e. C. 24).
20
C:.: G. Slebbins. Delsarle Syslem o Lxpression. Second Ldilion. New Yorl,
1887. P. b4bb.
21
K. O.ena. 3anncri ;; K. Oema. Hapannie co~nnennn. N., 19bb. C. b1.
22
C. a6aeecxu. Kanaep 3ooron 3nea(i ;; C. 5aaencinn. Copanne co~nne-
nnn n nnrn ro:ax. 1. 1. N., 1979. C. 129, 8b8.
28
v. !.a0xoe. Yiaa. co~. C. 12, 22, 4b.
24
H. Hae.enxo. Ha Bocroie. N. 1987. C. 102108.
2b
Cp.: N. S. Timashe[[. 1he Greal Pelreal: lhe Growlh and Decline o Communism
in Pussia. New Yorl, 194b; V. Dunham. ln Slalin`s 1ime. Niddle Class \alues in Soviel
liclion. Cambridge, 197b.
2b
Ha :o(ei iyirypnocrn opamair nnn:anne ncce(onannn Leni 4nnnar-
pni (S. !il.paltick. Becoming Cullured: Socialisl Pealism and lhe Pepresenlalion o
Privilege and 1asle ;; 1he Cullural lronl: Power and Cullure in Pevolulionary Pussian.
llhaca; NY, 1992. P. 21b2bb), Ba(n:a Boiona (V. Volko.. 1he Concepl o lul`lurnosl:
Noles on lhe Slalinisl Civilizing Process ;; lilzpalricl Sheila (ed.). Slalinism: 1he New
Direclions. London, 2000. P. 210280) n Karpnoni Ken (C. Aellp. Peining Pussia:
Advice Lileralure, Polile Cullure and Gender rom Calherine lo Yellsin. Oxord, 2001. P.
27829b). Hponaran(y .ron :o(en iyirypnocrn Ken c~nraer crannanpyimn:
82b
]airopo:, xorn n ananae nonnrnn iyirypnocrn ~acro c:emnnaircn n(eoorn~ecine
iareropnn n paa:imennn o ypyaanocrn rpn(narix ro(on.
27
C:.: C. Aellp. Op. cil. P. 294.
28
C:.: L. Facxun. Bocnnranne xopomnx npnni~ei n iyirypnix :anep ;; O-
mecrnennnna. 1940. ! 11. C. 888b.
29
C:.: C. Aellp. Op. cil. P. 294.
80
Op. cil. P. 28b.
81
C:.: L. Facxun. Yiaa. co~. C. 84.
82
Oronei. 198b. ! 1. C. 2. 3ry crarii nnrnpyir n anananpyir Ken (Op. cil.
P. 279280) n Boion (Op. cil. P. 211212).
88
A. Tonopxoe. Kai crari iyirypni:. N., 1929.
84
!. unoxp. Kyirypa naiia. O~epin nnrnncrn~ecion rexnoornn. N., 1929;
A. !peeuu, A. Ceem.oea, M. Coxo.oea, M. Xnueecxa. Kyirypa pe~n n opaanax n
aa(annnx. N., 1929. (cp.: C. Aellp. Op. cil. P. 27b).
8b
H. Aepenee. Oprannayn ca:oro cen! N., 192b (cp.: C. Aellp. Op. cil. P. 2b4).
8b
Bnpo~e:, oa ]ni:a ne in ninymeni n npoiar no npn~nna:, ne cnnaanni:
c penpeaenrannen :anep.
87
A. Clatk. 1he Soviel Novel. Hislory as Pilual. Chicago; London. 198b. O(naio
rexnnin rea ne anananponanci Kapi nnyrpn .ron napa(nr:i.
88
Conercioe inno. 1988. ! 10. C. 87. Kypcnn :on.
89
A. Cmanuc.aecxu. Non nani n nciyccrne. C. 279.
40
L. A.enoe. Paora pyi (192b) ;; . Kyemon. 1eopnn. Kpnrnia. He(arornia.
Copanne co~nnennn n rpex ro:ax. 1. 1. N., 1987. C. 110.
!'
1. 3BYK H YCTHOCTL
BALPH HO3HLP
O1 4HLNA K CLAHCY
K BOHPOCY O5 YC1HOC1H B COBL1CKON KHHO
192080-x lO]OB
Honaropcine paori, onynionannie n 199b ro(y n copnnie Ko::enra-
rop nnix iaprnnoi
1
, oripin nonoe noe (n ncce(onannn n ncropnn pan-
nero inno, oparnnmnci i nay~enni npairnin ycrnoro conpono(ennn inno-
ceanca, ~ro c neoxo(n:ocrii noneio aa coon n onpe(eennyi :ero(oo-
rn~eciyi nepeopnenranni. Noer n ncropni inno nrnopnponari .ro nne-
nne no( npe(oro: roro, ~ro ono no onpe(eenni cnryarnnno, .]e:epno n ne
crpe:nrcn ocrannri aa coon (oiy:enrainin ce( 1pa(nnnonnan ncropnn
inno, n ro: ~nce n poccnncioro, n cny :nornx npn~nn ne opamaa (ocra-
ro~noro nnn:annn na npairniy innonoiaaa. Lcn ona n nay~aaci, ro iai
]eno:en, no~rn ncii~nreino npnnnaannin i r. n. panne:y inno (r. e. i
nepno(y (o Hepnon :nponon nonni). ]n conercinx 192080-x rr. (eo oc-
onnercn eme n re:, ~ro n:eimnecn ncro~nnin n oimnncrne cy~aen
nocnr nnno nipaennin npe(nncinaimnn, a ne (ecipnnrnnnin xapairep
.ro ]airn~ecin aa~epinnaer (n rpa(nnnonnix ncropnion nx nennocri. H (en-
crnnreino, iai paorari c raioro po(a ncro~nnia:n Hcro~nnia:n (n nonn-
:annn ~ero onn nnnircn
Hpnne~enne poccnncioro :arepnaa, ioropoe noia ne nponano(noci, rai-
e :oer norpeonari nanecrnoro nepeoc:icennn iai ca:oro nnennn, rai
n a(einarnix no(xo(on i ne:y.
Hoce(nne (na (ecnrnernn nonnrne ycrnocrn (oralily, oralil) noy~no
mnpoioe pacnpocrpanenne n :e(nenncrnie, .rnoornn, ncropnn nreparypi. B
cnoen ~peani~anno oraron :arepnao: n n(en:n innre Ko::enrarop n-
nix iaprnnoi: He:oe` inno :e(y rpa(nnnen n conpe:ennocrii
2
, iana(-
cinn ncce(onarei Aep:en aiacc npe(araer cxe:y (n nonn:annn ]eno-
:ena ycrnocrn npn:ennreino i inno. Anrop ni(ener rpn .rana n cranone-
nnn innoapnren: a(anrannn inne:arorpa]a iai nonoro rexnn~ecioro nao-
perennn i rpa(nnnonni: ]op:a: ycrnoro cneirain n noome apenmnon
iyirypi, aare: yiopenenne ero iai nonoro xy(oecrnennoro cpe(crna n, na-
ionen, conpornnenne c no:omii io::enraropa nneapni: ]op:a: cier-
noro nonecrnonannn, ioropie nocrenenno nno(nrcn n inno(encrnne.
880
Hcce(onanne ]ni:a ne n ero naonponannocrn or ceanca, a, naoopor,
iai .e:enr nnoro npe(cranennn, nnpaimero n cen :ecrnie ocoenno-
crn apenmnon iyirypi, (aer noa:onocri ycimari conce: (pyryi pe~i,
:aprnnainyi no ornomenni i io(n]nnnponanni: ]op:a:. Hcce(yn .ror
(nciypc, aiacc ycranannnaer pn( nnapnix onnoannnn, npornnonocranni-
mnx npairniy ycrnoro conpono(ennn ]ni:a (pe~i noncnnren onpe(en-
ercn iai napo(nan, neynopn(o~ennan, coxpanniman :ecrnie ~epri) inne:aro-
rpa]y, ioropin paannnaercn no :o(en .ranponannix iyirypnix nncrnry-
ron n ycnannaer no( nx nnnnne: nop:i nnci:ennoro nonecrnonareinoro
reicra (~in:n neorre:e:i:n npnanaia:n nnnercn nreparypnocri, .n-
rapnocri n cron~nocri). Hpan(a, iai no(~epinnaer ncce(onarei, n cy-
~ae conercioro inno nacrn ciopee noompnn rpa(nnnonnyi ]op:y ycrnon
peanaannn innocneirain (n roro, ~roi io::enrnponannin noiaa ne me
npaapea c ranni: aa(anne: ]ni:a, a naoopor, no(~nnncn i e:y, ycnn-
nan aoo(nennoe nonrn~ecioe any~anne enri
8
. 1ain: opaao:, aa(a~a
conpornnennn, cronnman nepe( ycrni: io::enrapne:, n (anno: cy~ae
ocranaaci neninonennon. Kpo:e roro, n conercio:, iai n n nnoncio:, inne-
:arorpa]e or:e~ennoe nnenne n:eo oee npornennie, ~e: n (pyrnx
crpanax, xponoorn~ecine pa:in n aarnnyoci no :enimen :epe (o ionna
1920-x rr.
B cnnan c .rn: npe(crannercn neecoopaani: c]op:ynponari nonpoc
ce(yimn: opaao:: nnncinaircn n ipacnie io::enraropi, npn ncex cnonx
cnenn]n~ecinx ocoennocrnx, n omyi rnnonyi :o(ei iai o(nn na ee napn-
anron, nn e, nanpornn, nx ocoennocrn rpeyir ni(eennn conepmenno oco-
oro cy~an, ne yia(inaimerocn n na:e~ennyi cxe:y
Hpn ncen nenay~ennocrn .roro ]eno:ena, ero neian c~nrari nonce nena-
necrni: xorn i aro(apn .nnao(y na ]ni:a Aeican(pa Nnrri lopn,
ropn, :on anea(a (19b9)
4
. ]encrnne ]ni:a nponcxo(nr no npe:n rpa(an-
cion nonni. ]epennn, oiaaanmancn na nepe(onon nnnn ]ponra, nepexo(nr n
pyin ro eix, ro ipacnix. O(nn na rannix repoen ]ni:a inno:exanni
(ero nrpaer Lnrennn eonon), cn(n nepxo: na (nna:o:amnne, ipyrnr o(nonpe-
:enno ne(an (nnia n py~iy innonpoeiropa n npn .ro: (aer noncnennn i
]ni:y, napinpyn nx n aanncn:ocrn or nonrn~ecion opnenrannn nynin. B
io::enrapnn on ncnoiayer conepmenno ocoyi ]op:y pe~n np:apo~noro
aaainai, ]nrypi, ye nc~eanynmen na pyccioro ira i na~ay XX neia.
B np:apo~no: npocrpancrne pnr:naonannan n pn]:onannan npoaa, nepeci-
nannan npnayria:n n iaa:ypa:n, n:ea conepmenno ~eriyi anponyi
npnypo~ennocri ona ncnoiaonaaci npn noiaae pania. Ayrenrn~nix
opaanon .ron ]op:i, nanecrnon no( naananne: paemnin crnx, coxpannoci
ne:noro. H:enno raion naii nia(inaer Nnrra n ycra cnoero repon. Ha
ca:o: (ee n nepno( pacnpocrpanennn inne:arorpa]a n Poccnn anp paem-
nnia ye yraca
b
. Hcro~nnin, ioropi:n :i pacnoarae: o np:apo~nix ape-
nmax (ocoenno n nponnnnnn), ipanne ciy(ni, n, noxoe, nn o(nn na nnx ne
(aer npana ciaaari c nonon ynepennocrii, ~ro inne:arorpa]n~ecioe npe(-
cranenne n ca:in na~ainin nepno( cnoero nonnennn ncnoiaonao .ry
o~eni cnenn]n~eciyi ]op:y pnr:naonannon n pn]:onannon pe~n. 1e: ne
!!
:enee, (ae ecn yno:nnyrin .nnao( na ]ni:a lopn, ropn, :on anea(a ne
nperen(yer na ncropn~eciyi (ocronepnocri, on neco:nenno nnnercn xy(o-
ecrnenni: nonomenne: nnone peainoro nnennn, o ioropo: penccep
noy~n (onoino npioe npe(cranenne aro(apn ycrnon e nnyrpennen
rpa(nnnn innonexa.
Cnn(ereicrn, ornocnmnxcn i ycrno:y conpono(enni ]ni:a n no(rnep-
(aimnx npncyrcrnne io::enraropon n nepnix cnennaino nocrpoennix in-
noaaax (19071908 rr.), coxpannoci (onoino :ao. Ni pacnoarae: n
ocnonno: iocnenni:n (anni:n: .ro, npe(e ncero, napo(nn na conpono(ai-
mne noiaa necypaanocrn noncnnren, ioropie npe:n or npe:enn nonnn-
nci n npecce, a raie cneirain, napo(npyimne inno c nenpe:enni: iapn-
iarypni: orncnnree: n penepryapax 1earpon :nnnarip
b
. Ho cpannenni
c .rn: :arepnao:, ncro~nnion, coomaimnx o (enreinocrn eiropon n o-
paaonareino: inne:arorpa]e, coxpannoci ropaa(o oime. Hpe(crannren
.ron iareropnn ye n:en onir no(onon paori n paanoro po(a ipyiax n
omecrnax no pacnpocrpanenni anannn n npo(oan rpa(nnni npe(crane-
nnn c nomeni: ]onape:, y(y~n ee npn:i:n nace(nnia:n. Or:ern:,
~ro ncro~nnin no opaaonareini: nay~no-nonynpni: ceanca:, npee:nn-
ia: cneiraien Bomenoro ]onapn, iy(a oee :noro~ncenni
7
.
'ro iacaercn npe(cranennn c y~acrne: inno-(eia:aropon, n ioro-
pix Kenn n aiacc nn(nr npe(re~ ipacnix io::enraropon, ro onn, no
:oe:y :nenni, ornocnrcn i conce: (pyron rpa(nnnn. Lcn a(eci n n:ea
:ecro, noiaynci rep:nnoornen aiacca, a(anrannn inno i apenmnon
rpa(nnnn, ro .ro ia rpa(nnnn airepon, pacciaa~nion n ~renon nponnnnn-
ainix rearpon n :aon cneni. Cnpnranmnci aa .ipano:, onn oany~nnan
]ni:i (oi~no nieci, cier~n nn crnxn na cocrnennoro penepryapa), n
ioropix onn e n nrpan rannyi poi. 3ror nn( npe(cranennn, mnpoio
pacnpocrpanennin n 19101914 rr., na~a cxo(nri na ner no :epe ynen~e-
nnn :erpaa innoenr n c paannrne: nn(ycrpnainoro innonponano(crna
nc~ea oion~areino
8
.
Ornocnreino nepnix nocepenoinnonnix er n ocoenno nepno(a rpa-
(ancion nonni, ioropin name orpaenne n ]ni:e Nnrri, :i raie ne
pacnoarae: nniain:n nnci:enni:n (oiy:enra:n, .icnnnnrno cnn(erei-
crnyimn:n o ycrno: conpono(ennn ]ni:on n ~acrno: npoiare. Lcn
iaine-ro nnci:ennie ncro~nnin o .ro: nepno(e innoncropnn n coxpann-
nci, ro nmi orpino~nie n ]par:enrapnie, ~ro orncnnercn ne roiio nce-
omn: xaoco: n nepaaepnxon, no n .e:enrapni: y:ani: roo(o:.
C :o:enra nanrnn nacrn oimennia:n n oirnpe 1917 ro(a nooenne
(e n innonponano(crne, npoiare n .icnyarannn crpe:nreino yxy(maoci.
]eaoprannaannn innonponano(crna, nexnaria y:arn n nenin, yna(oi npoia-
ra npo(oanci n noce ornnennon n 1919 ro(y nannonanaannn inno.
Ho.ro:y (o nacronmero noaononennn innonponano(crna (n 1924 ro(y) n
npoiare n:enci n ocnonno: (openoinnonnie n aapyenie ]ni:i, n no
nonnrni: npn~nna: n re, n (pyrne c~nranci n(eoorn~ecin ~y(i:n. 3a-
pyenie ]ni:i no(ean nenaype n nepe:onray, ror(a iai ore~ecr-
nennie (openoinnonnie enri (oni in nocrenenno nirecnnricn na
882
penepryapa. Hey(nnnreino, ~ro, iai coomaer innonpecca, y~acrnnci cy~an
noiaaa ionrpaan(nix enr (onn nocrynan n Poccni ~epea Cnnpi, Hoimy,
conpe(einie rocy(apcrna Hpnarnin n r. (..). K ro:y e penepryap :noro-
~ncennix ~acrnix ipyrn, ioropie paareaan no (epennn: c :aeniin:
annaparo: Hare-Koi nnori (o ca:oro ionna 1920-x rr., c rpy(o: no((ana-
cn ionrpoi n cocrann peainyi ioniypennni o]nnnaini: innonepe-
(nnia:.
Hpairnia ycrnoro conpono(ennn ]ni:on, npnanannan oporicn c npe(-
ni: nnnnne: .ron innonpo(yinnn, ia nne(ena cpaay noce npnnnrnn nep-
nix (eiperon o innonenaype (nii 1918 ro(a) n na~aa npn:ennricn n na-
nnonananponannix innoaaax Herporpa(a
9
. Ho cnn(ereicrny nanecrnoro
rearpainoro ipnrnia 1910-x rr. Aeican(pa Kyren, ioropin nepeinan]n-
nnponacn n eiropa n 19191921 rr., paora io::enraropa cno(naci i
ro:y, ~roi nponanecrn ipariyi nonrn~eciyi pe~i nepe( na~ao: ceanca.
On nnmer o nacronme: y:e ycrnocrn n re ro(i: Bci(y, r(e roiio :ono,
~nran einnn. Knne:arorpa] npe(cranncn ne roiio omnpnon, no n, rai
ciaaari, (encrnennon ay(nropnen, ioropyi n nicmen :epe nano opocnri na-
y~ni:, nonrn~ecin: n xy(oecrnenni: ananne:
10
. Ca: Kyrei nicryna c
einnn:n n ipome~no: omapnanno: aae n o(no: na nenrpainix panonon
Herporpa(a. Hyniy cocrannn npen:ymecrnenno :eine ropronni, ioro-
pix conepmenno ne nnrepeconaa nonrn~ecian nponone(i, no coiparnri cnoe
nicrynenne io ne rai-ro npocro, nocioiiy n aae npncyrcrnona nai-
(arei na Knnoio:nrera, ioropin ryr e (ea nironop eiropy: O(naio, ni
~nran ncero 8 1;2 :nnyri, cnmio: ipario, n (oen y(y (onecrn o .ro:
(o cne(ennn io:nrera. Horo: |...] ni yno:nnyn o ore~ecrne. Ha(o io
npnannri connancrn~ecio: ore~ecrne`.
3ra einnonnan npairnia craa pacnpocrpannricn no ncen crpane, na~n-
nan c 1928 ro(a, ior(a npn lannonrnpocnere
11
c H. K. Kpyncion no rane
ia coa(ana innoio:nccnn, ornercrnennan aa cnomnyi inno]nianni crpa-
ni, nii~an (epenni, ]apnin n aano(i.
3A]A'H KHHO4HKAUHH
5oiman ~acri naprnnnoro n rocy(apcrnennoro pyiono(crna nonn:aa noa-
:onocrn inno n nn(ea n ne: y~mee opy(ne npocnemennn :acc, :ory~ee
cpe(crno n (ee pacnpocrpanennn n(en npoerapcion penoinnn, n(en ipac-
noro Oirnpn
12
. Knno (ono io crari ne roiio cpe(crno: npocneme-
nnn :acc, no n cnoeopaanon nnrpnnon, (e:oncrpnpyimen nporpeccnnnocri
n conpe:ennocri nonon nacrn.
O(naio, no :nenni pyiono(crna, (eo neian io cnecrn roiio i noiaay
]ni:on. Ycrnoe conpono(enne npe(crannoci neoxo(n:i: no :norn:
npn~nna:. Ko::enrapnn noanon ne roiio napanaonari npe(nie cropo-
ni n(eoorn~ecin ~y(ix ]ni:on, no n niari na nnx :aicn:ainyi
iyirypno-npocnernreinyi noiay
18
: iaian-nny(i Hpnnnecca ycrpnn (Die
!!!
Auslernprinzessin, L. Lubilsch, 1919) :ora nocynri nicrpannen anraro-
nncrn~ecinx npornnope~nn iannrancrn~ecioro :npa, ror(a iai Co:annan
nnn (Brolen Blossoms, D. W. Griilh, 1919) npe(ocranna narn(noe
nocone i (oia(y na reorpa]n~ecine nn .rnorpa]n~ecine re:i. 1aion ]ni:,
iai ]ne cnpori (Orphans o lhe Slorm, D. W. Griilh, 1921), :ono io
noiaaari na ne~epe, nocnnmenno: 4pannyacion penoinnn, a 5eapa(ocrnyi
ynny (Die lreudlose Gasse, G. W. Pabsl, 192b) con:ecrnri c (oia(o:
o nocenoennon lep:annn.
Cxo(nie coopaennn (nironan n neoxo(n:ocri ycrnoro conpono(e-
nnn n ore~ecrnennix ]ni:on. Hocioiiy pnr: innonponano(crna ne :or
nocneri aa nocronnni:n na:enennn:n n(eoorn~ecion nnnn (ocoenno n
nepno( ioeirnnnaannn
14
), ro rannon aa(a~en io::enrnponannn ]ni:a craa
npnronia, coraconanne .rnx n(eoorn~ecin ycrapenmnx iaprnn c o~epe(-
non nonon nnnen naprnn.
Kpo:e n(eoorn~ecinx aa(annn noncnnrei ninonn n ]yninni oii-
nonennoro ~rena: no:ora nerpa:ornon ~acrn nynin, ~nran ncyx rnrpi
nn nepeno(n nx (n nepyccionai~non ay(nropnn
1b
. Ho n rpa:ornin inno-
apnrei ne ncer(a :or oonrnci n inno ea nocroponnen no:omn: ]a n
rpa:ornie-ro ~nrair :e(enno, no cia(a:, n icrpo nc~eaaimne yini na(-
nncen roiio npirair n raaax, no nn~ero ne ronopnr. 3rn na(nncn neoxo(n-
:o npo~nrinari ncyx. 'nrari nyno nnnrno, rpo:io, ne cnema |...] 'acro
na(nncn cocrannircn nenonnrno (n ipecrinn. Ho.ro:y ~ren (oen iri
naxo(~nni: n coopaanreini:, n y:eri cocrnenni:n cona:n, ne nciaan
c:ica na(nncen, nepe(ari nx co(epanne innoapnren:
1b
.
Ycrnoe conpono(enne, ipo:e roro, (ono io ninonnri eme o(ny
]yninni ]yninni a(anrannn innonaiia, cnmio: conoro, no :nenni
pyiono(crna lHH, (n nynin (ocoenno ipecrinncion), ioropan ia n oi-
mnncrne cnoe: ne roiio nerpa:ornon, no n noroonno inno-nerpa:or-
non! Ko::enrapnn (oen i no:orari apnrei cnpannricn co crpe:nrei-
ni: pnr:o: or(einix .nnao(on n c neoi~ni:n paiypca:n neioropix
]op:ancrcinx ]ni:on, a raie anaio:nri ero c ocnonni:n nonnrnn:n
innorpa:ori
17
. Ho .ro:y nono(y o(nn na innoeiropon 192b ro(a aa:e~aer:
Ha(o no:orari apnrei paaoparicn n ~acro aanyrannix (encrnnnx ]ni-
:i |...], noy~aercn ne~ro npo(e ronopnmero inno. 'yrio no(:e~ennoe na-
crpoenne apnren, c:orpn no na(onocrn, ro no((epnnaercn, ro paannaercn
n npax, coa(aercn nnan cnnai :e(y apnree:, .ipano: n paornnio:. |...]
]epenencioro apnren ocrannri o(noro c .ipano: neian
18
.
Croinynmnci c .ron npoe:on, lHH pacnopn(ncn narnri neioropie
]ni:i na npoiara n (epennnx, no no(onie nocranonennn n peio:en(annn
~ame ncero ne ninonnnci, ~e:y cnococrnonaa nexnaria cpe(crn (n ion-
rpon aa nx ninonenne:. Kpo:e roro, .rn nocranonennn ncrynan n nporn-
nope~ne c nnrepeca:n Coninno, crpe:nnmerocn, ecrecrnenno, ncnoiaonari neci
rnpa n oxorno npe(ocrannnmero ~epea :ecrnie npoiarnie ionropi cnon
ionnn nce: eaimn:.
884
HHC1PYKUHH H HX HCHOHH1LH
Ha~nnan c 1924 ro(a n orpo:no: accoprn:enre (xorn, iai npanno, :aeni-
in:n rnpaa:n) cran nonnnricn ncenoa:onie y~ennin, nncrpyinnn, po-
mipi n :ero(n~ecine noconn (n inno-nonrnpocner-paornnion. Hocro-
nnno poco n ~nco ne(o:crn, aann:aimnxcn naroronenne: paanoopaanix
nncrpyinnn n pyiono(crn. lHH, paapaoranmnn innonpoeirop lO3 (locy-
(apcrnennin Onrn~ecinn 3ano() n npe(ocrannnmnn ero n paccpo~iy oprann-
aannn:, ornercrnenni: aa innonepe(nnin, n:ecre c nonon rexnnion npe(a-
ra cnoi nporpa::y nonry~ei (n ocynnaimero ceanc nepconaa n
na(ana coornercrnyimyi nreparypy, a raie nyniona :noecrno cra-
ren na ry e re:y n (nyx cnonx ypnaax, Conercioe inno n Ko::ynncrn-
~ecioe npocnemenne. Hapn(y c lHH npairn~ecin re: e aann:anci n :no-
rne (pyrne oprannaannn: cry(nn Hpoerinno ((o ee ninn(annn n 192b ro(y),
iooneparnnnan ceri Uenrpocoiaa, na ioropin n 1928 ro(y
19
ia noaoena
ncn ornercrnennocri aa inno]nianni crpani, a raie oprani npocnemennn
(OHO), pernonainie ne(o:crna, n, naionen, :ecrnie n~enin Omecrna (pyaen
conercioro inno. 3rn: y~pe(ennn:, n cnoi o~epe(i, npnxo(noci coraco-
ninari cnoi (enreinocri c npo]coiaa:n, ioropie aann:anci oprannaann-
en ceancon n cnonx iyax n ne roiio n nnx. B 1980 ro(y, noce ynpaa(-
nennn lHH, i coa(an nonrnpocnerceirop Coiainno c paanernennon ce-
rii :ecrnix or(eennn n napaeino c nn: Uenrpainoe Ynpanenne
inno]niannn. Hecioiio noa(nee n ca:n innocry(nn na~an na(anari paa-
n~nie :ero(n~ecine noconn n pomipi.
Bci .ry nreparypy :ono paa(enri na rpn rpynni: 1) omne noconn
(n inno-nonnpocner-paornnia nn innonponaran(ncra, n ioropix ]op-
:ynponanci nen n aa(a~n inno]niannn n no(pono ocnemanci nonpoci
npairn~ecioro xapairepa, n ro: ~nce n :arepnainoe oecne~enne innono-
iaaa; 2) noncnennn i ioniperni: ]ni:a:; 8) or~eri n pacciaai o ro:, iai
npoxo(nn ceanci (raine (oiy:enri npe(craneni n ropaa(o :enime: ion-
~ecrne). Lcrecrnenno, .ra nreparypa nocnr no~rn ncii~nreino npe(nnca-
reinin xapairep. Hne :i pacc:orpn: nonpoc o ro:, iai .rn npe(nncannn
coornocnnci c peainon npairnion, a noia pacc:orpn: no(ponee, iai (eo
:icnoci n n(eae.
B no(roronie inno:exannion, nanpannimnxcn n (epenenciyi n iynyi
ceri, aa(a~a ycrnoro conpono(ennn innoceancon pacc:arpnnaaci iai co-
crannan ~acri nx nonrn~ecioro opaaonannn. B nporpa::y oy~ennn nxo(n-
n nocranonia rooca n ynpanennn no ~renni ncyx. Knno:exanni (oen
i nay~nricn nicrynari na nynie, y:eri ni(enri rannyi re:y iaprnni,
aa(ari nonpoci ay(nropnn, nay~nricn cocrannri pe~n. Ci(a nxo(no n oy-
~enne nnci:ennon rpa:ore, ~roi no:o~i ipecrinna: nncari aannennn n
aoi
20
.
B n(eae, npn :exannie n aae ncer(a (oen i naxo(nricn nponaran-
(ncr, nonrpaornni nn paornni iyirypi. B npornnno: cy~ae :exanniy
na(eao oparnricn i :ecrno:y npe(crannrei io:co:oa nn naprnn, i
ornercrnenno:y aa nay-~nraini, ecn raionan n:eaci, nn, ecn pe~i ma o
!!#
noiaae nay~no-nonynpnix n opaaonareinix ]ni:on, i arpono:y, nerepn-
napy, npa~y nn io:y (pyro:y :e(nnnncio:y paornniy. Ho nncrpyinnn
npe(yc:arpnnair n ror cy~an (na (ee nanoee ~acrin, npe(e ncero noro-
:y, ~ro npe(crannren nacrn na :ecrax oi~no nrnopnponan inno, ne nn(n
n ne: nn~ero, ipo:e npaa(non aaani), ior(a inno:exanni i npe(ocranen
ca:o:y cee. On (oen i iri n cocronnnn o(nn cnpannricn c oprannaa-
nnen n npone(enne: ceanca, n, oee roro, no(:ennri coon ~acro orcyrcrno-
nanmyi nacri na :ecrax: (ari nn]op:anni no iaio:y-ro nonpocy, ornc-
nnri nonyi naoronyi nncrpyinni, no:o~i aanonnri ani, cocrannri ao-
y nn nci, noconeronari, n iaiyi nncrannni no(ari y:ary n r. (. Ye
nnrnponanmnncn na:n :exanni, (enci cnon: oniro:, orncnner, iai (onri-
cn ycnexa inne:arorpa]a n (epenne: Nao roro, ~ro <innopaornni> (o-
en iri iyirypni:, on (oen crari nonynpni:. ]n .roro, ipo:e rexnn-
~ecion cnoponin npone(ennn ece( na paanie re:i, on (oen y:eri cnon
cona, cnon niciaaannie :icn npenpamari n nani. 1neie :arepnainie
yconnn nann e(nnia n cepe(nnia, nenpanninie (encrnnn npe(crannreen
:ecrnon nacrn n oman neiyirypnocri aa~acryi naionnir <sic!> y .rnx
i(en ne(pyeinoe ornomenne ne roiio i (anni: npe(crannren: na-
crn, no n io nce:y conercio:y crpoi. Ocoenno no nce: nnnonari nixo(nr
oimennin. 3rn aoi na(o y:eri nicymari, anan, ~ro onn ye ca:n no
cee :oryr oer~nri ~eoneia. Ha(o y:eri pacroionari ipecrinna: nenep-
noe nonnrne, yanari, orn~nri npecrynnie (encrnnn, neaaionnie nocrynin rex
nn (pyrnx nn. Ha(o ne oriaaari ipecrinna: ryr e nanncari necioiio
aannennn. Ha(o aanncari n cnoi inne~iy nce .rn aoi, ~roi i ce(yi-
me:y npnea(y (ari or~er, ~ro no nn: c(eano. 1oiio n .rnx yconnnx aaii-
~aercn aaor ycnexa inno paori. Ha(o no:nnri, ~ro ipecrinncrno n cnoen
ocnonnon :acce eme ne nner iyirypni:n aanpoca:n. Ce(onareino, rpa-
rnr (enirn na nnx neoxorno. Ho.ro:y inno n (epenne ne (ono ninricn n
aia(e:n~ecinn ceanc nn io::ep~ecioe npe(npnnrne. Ono (ono n(rn pyia
o pyiy c orinio: na ny(i ipecrinn
21
.
OCHOBHLL NL1O]H'LCKHL YC1AHOBKH
Hpnne(e: neioropie nanoee ~acro ncrpe~aimnecn n pomipax nacran-
ennn no oprannaannn innoceanca, ioropie iacaircn npe(napnreinon pao-
ri n no(roronin i nicrynenni, o]op:ennn aaa, cocrnenno ycrnoro co-
npono(ennn, a raie oprannaannn (ncnyra noce oion~annn noiaaa
22
.
a) Hepe0 ceancou innononcnnrei (oen ca: noc:orperi ]ni: (e-
areino ne o(nn paa), no(roronnri nnci:ennoe ero naoenne, ecn raionoe
ne npe(ocraneno cry(nen nn lHH (na (ee i 192b ro(y in ninymeni
pomipi npn~e: :naepni: rnpao: ncero i (ny: (ecnria: ]ni:on).
On ]op:ynpyer ocoennocrn nepconaen, roronnr cnncoi .nnreron nn no-
connn, nx xapairepnayimnx, o(y:inaer orncnennn .nnao(on nn rnrpon,
ioropie :oryr nianari nenonn:anne. Hpe(nn(n (nciyccni, on cocranner
nepe~eni connainix n nonrn~ecinx nonpocon, ioropie crannr ]ni:. Kopo-
88b
~e ronopn, on roronnr conecnyi naprnrypy ]ni:a. Lcn inno-einnn co-
npono(aer (oiy:enrainin nn opaaonareinin ]ni:, eirop, ncnoiayi-
mnn ero npe(e ncero iai nicrparnnnin :arepna, :oer npepinari en-
ry, :ennri :onra, (ononnri ]ni: (nanoanrnna:n nn (pyrn:n naopae-
nnn:n. Ho npnirnn na :ecro on nxo(nr n ionrair c npe(crannren:n na-
crn, aannrepeconanni:n n ceance, c neii, noa:ono, npnne~i nx i y~acrni n
(nciyccnn. B nenx peia:i n nn]op:annn on :oer oprannaonari ecnar-
nin ceanc (n (eren (c io:e(nnni:n ioporio:erpaia:n). 'roi cocpe(o-
ro~nricn na noncnennn, on :oer noniraricn nanrn iaccnpa, no:omnnia (n
ninnennn eanernnion, accncrenra (n (nna:o-:amnni n (ae ~rena rnrpon.
) Hepe0 exo0ou e .a., n ]one nn cnapyn peio:en(yercn ycranonnri
.ipan nonocren: cren( c nipeaia:n na raaer, c pncynia:n n iapniarypa:n,
npoc:orp ioropix aann:a i ne oee 10 :nnyr. 4one :oer iri o]op:-
eno ]ororpa]nn:n, a]nma:n, :aiera:n, oaynra:n n rpancnapanra:n. Ha
or(eino: cren(e npe(araercn nicrannri pomipi, cnnaannie c re:on ]ni-
:a. Heoiman nicrania nn nnrpnna c (narpa::a:n n nn]pa:n :oer no-
iaainari npen:ymecrna ioeirnnnaannn nn ninonenne nnrnernero na-
na. Crennan raaera, ninymennan cna:n :ecrnoro iya, :oer co(epari
penenann na ye noiaaannie ]ni:i. Hepe(nnnan nnoreia npe(araer
cren( c innra:n, oprannayer ~renne ncyx orpinion xy(oecrnennix reicron
nn nipeaoi na raaer. Peio:en(yercn raie aanecrn cnennainin nmni, iy(a
i apnren :orn onyciari nonpoci no nono(y ]ni:a, cnon aa:e~annn n
npe(oennn no oprannaannn ceancon.
n) cmnume.tnoe c.oeo (ono (nricn ne oee 1b20 :nnyr. Cnnaan
cier ]ni:a c nanii n (annon ionipernon (epenne, eirop :oer nocra-
nnri nepe( apnree: nonpoci, orneri na ioropie y(er co(epari noiaainae-
:in ]ni:. Nono raie pacciaaari o inne:arorpa]e, ero rexnn~ecinx npnn-
nnnax, ne(arorn~ecinx noa:onocrnx. lannoe aannri copanmyicn nepe(
ceanco: nyniy n ne nponanocnri ciy~nix pe~en, no n ro e npe:n ne ce(y-
er oria(inari nonrn~ecinn io::enrapnn na noro:, no noce oion~annn
ceanca nynia y(er ye yne~ena npe(cronmn:n ranna:n
28
.
Apamxoe u..oenue 0ecmeu :oer iri neci:a noeano. Ono (aercn
noce ncrynnreinoro cona n :oer aanepmnricn naoenne: nepnon ~ac-
rn. Ka(an ~acri npe(napnercn rain: naoenne:.
uxmopuna, eareino n:eiman ornomenne i ]ni:y n ne npenimai-
man 20 :nnyr, :oer npono(nricn nepe( noiaao:, noce ncrynnreinoro co-
na. Hpnaa:n :oryr cynri noprper ennna, iaen(api, yoi na nonrn~e-
ciyi re:y.
Aunopna. u.u ceemoea.ema napnanr crenraaeri na nenie, nii-
~aimnn n cen raaernie aaroonin, (narpa::i, oaynrn, (ocin no~era, crnxn,
pncynin n iapniarypi, nanocnrcn rymii na ocrarin nenin n npoennpyer-
cn na .ipan. 3ra ]op:a npn:ennaci pe(io, no n:ea, iai coomair, oimon
ycnex.
r) \cmnoe conpoeo0enue u.tua.
Hocnenue nii~aer n cen io::enrnponannoe ~renne na(nncen, orneri
na nonpoci nn pennin nynin. B aanncn:ocrn or nacrpon aaa nyno
!!%
y:eri napinponari ~nco n ~acrory noncnennn. Or innononcnnren rpeyer-
cn cnoconocri no(ipennri ciaaannoe noconnnen, oxapairepnaonari nepco-
naa :erin: .nnrero:, no~yncrnonari, iaion .nnao( :oer iri nenpanni-
no nonnr n iaion y:ecrno ocy(nri noce ceanca. Hpn .ro: :ono yciopnri
npamenne py~in, ~roi ne aaocrpnri nnn:anne nynin na neno(oaimnx
nn nyirapnix .nnao(ax, n, naoopor, ce(yer aa:e(nri (nnenne nenin
na nanix cnenax, nanpn:ep, ra:, r(e na .ipane nonnnercn ennn, nn ~roi
(ari npe:n na ~renne na(nncn.
B panonax c nepyccionai~ni: naceenne: orncnennn (oni iri npo-
me, a (n encion nynin oee no(poni:n (sic!). O(nn anrop npe(ara-
er oprannaonari ceanci (n enmnn nn npe(ocrannri n: :ecro no (pyryi
cropony .ipana; nyno ce(nri, ~roi ceanci npoxo(nn n ro npe:n (nn,
ior(a enmnni cnoo(ni. B n(eae (n encion ay(nropnn ce(yer noci-
ari innoeiropa-enmnny
24
.
Heioropie anropi peio:en(yir npocro aa~nrinari reicri na :ero(n~e-
cinx pomip: 'ro e iacaercn ~rennn einnn no innie, ro, iai noiaaa
nam n~nin onir, ono ne paa(paaer ay(nropni, ecn ~ren cnoo(no cnpan-
nercn c reicro:, no:emaercn n ionne nn coiy apnreinoro aaa, (epa
inniy no( aarenennon a:non. B .rnx cy~anx erio (ae coa(ari (n
ay(nropnn niani cnoo(no nponanocn:on pe~n
2b
.
Auno-cxa. iai :anepa nepe:eari orncnennn napo(ni:n cone~ia:n n
noronopia:n :oer crari nono(o: (n nacronmero conecnoro rnop~ecrna n
airepcion paori, xorn neii ocraercn nonrpaora co apnree:. Nnorne
pomipi yno:nnair onir paemnnion nn nnoncinx 6ennu, npe(arair npn-
ramari :yaiianron, ~renon n;nn nennon. 1or(a ceanc noy~aer naananne
inno-nreparypno-:yaiiainin :onra. Anrop o(non na nanoee paapa-
orannix pomip n rep:nnoornn, naion i .naenmrennoncion, nopy~aer
eiropy-noncnnrei aa(a~y oprannaonari apnreicine .:onnn. On paan-
~aer ~eripe rnna npe(cranennn, or n:nponnaannn (o nreparypnoro rnop~e-
crna. B .ro: noce(ne: cy~ae, nocnino: roiio no(nnni: no.ra:, ei-
rop coa(aer ~ro-ro npo(e nroporo cnenapnn ]ni:a. Crni conpono(ennn
paanix .nnao(on :oer napinponaricn or ciaain (o nay~non pe~n, or po:an-
rn~ecioro crnxa (o nonraprona, a ]op:i or pacciaaa, :onoora ~epea
(naor i coni: non]onn~ecin: ioncrpyinnn:, ecn airep na(eer paa-
n~ni:n nnronannn:n n ionrpacrni:n re:pa:n. Coxpanenne a(eci apxn-
reironn~ecioro pannonecnn ca:in conin acneir (ea
2b
.
() Me0 uacmuu :ono paa(ari unopuauonnt .ucmox c paani:n
nonocrn:n (nn. Nono raie coomnri o npe(cronmnx ceancax, o nonix
innrax, noy~ennix nnoreion, nn o peayirarax connancrn~ecioro co-
pennonannn. Honcnnrei :oer raie oomnri roiio ~ro npoc:orpennyi
n npe(napnri ce(yimyi ~acri.
e) Ho oxonuanuu noxa.a :ono oprannaonari, nanpn:ep, xuno-0ucxc-
cu. ]n .roro ce(yer cpannnri (encrnne ]ni:a c ]aira:n :ecrnon na-
nn. 3a~nn (nciyccnn nopy~aercn :ecrno:y io:co:oiny. ]pyroe ornercrnen-
noe nno (ono aamnmari anrn-reanc. Be(ymnn (oen aare: c(eari ni-
no(, ioropin :ono onynionari n crennon ne~arn. Ocoenno .ro y:ecrno,
888
ecn ]ni: aarpony airyainie omecrnennie nonpoci: nooenne en-
mnni, nocnnranne (eren, aopr n r. (. Hpe(araercn ycrponri eeuep eonpocoe
u omeemoe, r(e eirop aa(aer nonpoci nynie, rpo:io nonropner npanni-
nie n nonpanner nenpanninie orneri. Ky(a conee oprannaonari c0, ne
n:eimnn npene(enron n napo(non iyirype, a nime(mnn npn:o na iyirypi
penoinnonnon. Hpoiypop onnnner nepconaen ]ni:a, poi ioropix
iai n cy(in, a(noiara, cnn(ereen n npoiypopa renepi ncnonnir :ecrnie
airepi-inren. 1aion ne~ep (omen (nreinocrii (o nnrn ~acon) nyno
rmareino roronnri cna:n :ecrnoro (pa:ipyia n ipn(n~ecioro iya.
Hpnronop cy(a ne onaan conna(ari c :nenne: anropa ]ni:a. 1ai, n xo(e
cy(a c nnnonnoro, no aa:icy, repon nnna :oer iri cnnra. Ho ~ame ncero
cy( no(~epinnaer, ynpoman, npnronop n nonrn~ecinn c:ic ]ni:a. Pee
ca: ]ni: n ero .crernie n nonrn~ecio: aa(annn :oer crari orei-
ro: cy(a.
Haionen, noa:ono npone(enne inno-:nrnnra (no :o(en pa(no-:nrnn-
ra) nn re:arn~ecioro inno-ne~epa, ore(nnnimero nce noa:onie ]op:i:
ionnepr, pe~i, crnxn, n:nponnanponannie ~acrymin, cnenin, pacciaai o~enn(-
nen (i ]ni:a: na ncropn~ecine re:i), cy(, nicraniy ]ororpa]nn n r. (.
Ho oion~annn ceanca eirop-inno:exanni :oer oiaaari paan~nie c-
.eu nace.enu: npo(ari innrn nn o]op:nri no(nnciy na raaeri, ornernri
na nonpoci, iacaimnecn iai :e(ynapo(non nonrnin, rai n nonocren na
coce(nnx ioxoaon, no(ciaaari ornercrnenno:y aa nay-~nraini nn y~nre-
i, iai oprannaonari na ce(yimnn (eni (nciyccni o ]ni:e, ecn, nanpn:ep,
on (oen yexari cpaay noce ceanca.
) Omuem u xonmpo.t .a npo0e.anno pa6omo. Knnonepe(nnin no(-
ean conon or~ernocrn. Ho o(non na :ero(n~ei, eirop-inno:exanni
(oen or~nrinaricn no 29 nynira: n necrn ypna c 18 pypnia:n (ion-
~ecrno ceancon n apnreen, cpe(nnn noapacr apnreen, peainnn :ecrnix na-
cren, nonpoci n peainnn nynin, nipannin cnoco ycrnoro conpono(ennn
n r. (.)
27
.
O1 HPOLK1A K OCYLLC1BLHHK
Conpe:enno:y (iai n, noa:ono, ror(amne:y) ~nrarei pocaercn n raaa
nepeancrn~nocri :nornx na .rnx, ~acro ~pea:epno (erainix n naompennix
peio:en(annn. Hopon iaercn neneponrni:, ~roi iro-ro nx ninonn. H re:
ne :enee neco:nenno, ~ro ycrnoe conpono(enne io peainon npairnion.
Knnonepno(nia n cnoen conoiynnocrn npe(ocranner omnpnin :arepna, no-
anonimnn cy(nri o peaino: nooennn (e. B nen, n ~acrnocrn, noy~an
orpaenne peainie rpy(nocrn, c ioropi:n crainnaoci ycrnoe conpono(e-
nne: Hpnno( (nna:o nenepenocno ry(nr, rai ~ro reicr iaprnni npnxo(nrcn
inno-:exanniy ~nrari nao ncex cn, na(pinan roponie cnnain (o ecione~no-
crn. Lcrecrnenno, ~ro n rainx yconnnx conpono(ari iaprnny noncnnreinon
einnen nn iparin:n aa:e~annn:n ne npnxo(nrcn. Ha-aa rya (nna:o ncno-
nenne nonrnpocneraa(annn no npe:n ceanca cranonnrcn aarpy(nnreini:
28
.
!!'
Kpo:e roro, conepmenno o~enn(no, ~ro npn:enenne reopern~ecinx paapa-
oroi na npairnie crainnaoci c nenpeo(on:i:n rpy(nocrn:n, cnnaanni-
:n, iai :i i renepi ciaaan, c orcyrcrnyimen nn]pacrpyirypon: noxne
(oporn, neconepmennan n :ao npncnocoennan (n ~acrix nepenoaoi no
ea(opoii innorexnnia, nicoian nena npoiara enr npn nnaion naree-
cnoconocrn nynin n aaiaainaimnx iaprnny oprannaannn, ioniypennnn n
necoraconannocri :e(y paan~ni:n nncrannnn:n, ne ronopn ye o ypon-
ne no(roronin ca:nx eiropon: Ye n nacronmee npe:n inno-ceanci aa~ac-
ryi conpono(aircn o(noairnon niecon, (eia:annen, nnor(a :yaiion n ne-
nne:. Ho ~ame ncero (eo ion~aercn npeconyron rannyiion. Cinepnan :y-
aiia, (ypnan (eia:annn, xarypnan nocranonia xarypnix niec, ecco(epa-
reinoe cononanepenne (o:opomennoro (oia(~nia, ncnoiayimero copan-
mnxcn c:orperi iaprnny ipecrinn nce .ro :oer n ionne ionnon ornri y
ipecrinn oxory i inno
29
.
Kai nn(n:, :noro~ncennie orinin n npecce n or~eri o ceancax cnn(e-
reicrnyir o peainon npairnie, nycri n ne (ornrnnaimen (o rpeonannn
pyiono(crna. Kpo:e roro, oiman ~acri npe(nncareinix pomip cocran-
ena na ocnonannn n~noro onira anropon, oomennoro n o]op:ennoro n
nn(e peio:en(annn n nncrpyinnn. Heioropie ornercrnennie paornnin lHH
ca:n nepno(n~ecin ycrpannan noiaaareinie racrpon n nponnnnnn
80
. Ha-
ionen, ne(anno nan(ennin n Kpacnoropcio: apxnne ioporio:erpanin ]ni:,
nocnnmennin nipamnnanni onomen, (e:oncrpnpyer opaanonoe npone(enne
ceanca no( oripiri: neo:: n ]ni:e aacnnri (ern, naiennaimne a]nmy,
ycranonia .ipana, aapn(ia npoeinnonnoro annapara, npnirne :yaiianron n
nicrynenne eiropa nepe( ioxoannia:n
81
.
Hapn(y c .ron o]nnnainon npairnion cymecrnonaa n (enreinocri ~a-
crnix inno:exannion, paareaaimnx no crpane c innonepe(nnion, o ~e:
:i noia :oe: cy(nri roiio no noniria: pera:enrnponari nn aanpernri
~acrnnion: Honcnnren:n iaprnn na inno-ceancax, ycrpannae:ix n (epen-
nnx ~acrni:n inno-nepe(nnia:n, :oryr nicrynari nmi npe(crannren o-
mecrnennix n conercinx y~pe(ennn n oprannaannn. Hniaine nicrynennn
~acrnoro inno-nepe(nnnnia n cnnan c co(epanne: n no nono(y (e:oncrpn-
pye:ix n: iaprnn ne (onyciaircn
82
.
O1 HHCLNLHHOlO 1LKC1A K YC1HONY:
HPO 5LNA HC1O'HHKOB
Oaop .rnx :arepnaon crannr nepe( ncce(onaree: pn( :ero(oorn~e-
cinx nonpocon.
Hpe(e ncero, a(eci nopaaer ca: paa:ax reopern~ecion (enreinocrn,
nanpanennon na nne(penne nimeonncannon npairnin. B orn~ne or (pyrnx
crpan, n name: cy~ae ycrnan npairnia noompnercn, perynpyercn n :ei~an-
mnx no(ponocrnx, onncinaercn nimecronmn:n nncrannnn:n, ioropie coa(a-
ir, na(air n pacnpocrpannir omnpnyi ncno:orareinyi nreparypy. Hc-
840
ro~nnin .rn npairn~ecin nnior(a eme ne in npe(:ero: nay~ennn n coner-
cion ncropnorpa]nn inno co cnoncrnennon iai en, iai n rpa(nnnonnon aana(-
non nayie, anroponenrpncrcion opnenrannen.
O(naio (ainenmee naionenne rainx ncro~nnion y(er npe(crannri
(n nac peainin nnrepec roiio npn yconnn npeo(oennn ~ncro nncrnry-
nnonainon n nop:arnnnon (npe(nncareinon) nepcneirnni. Ycrnyi npairn-
iy ~acrnix (e:oncrparopon no-npene:y rpy(no (oiy:enrnponari, a carnpn-
~ecian n i:opncrn~ecian ycranonia :nornx pacciaaon o peainix nn ni-
:imennix ceancax (eaer .ror ncro~nni nena(eni:. Ocraercn ynonari
na noia ne nan(ennie ncro~nnin, ioropie :orn i cioppeirnponari .ro
nenaenoe nciaenne: :e:yapi inno:exannion-nonrpaornnion, npeco-
nyrie ypnai, ioropie onn (oni in necrn, or~eri, (nennnionie aann-
cn apnreen, cy(enie (ea, noay(ae:ie n cnnan c npairnion ~acrnnion n
r. (.. 3rn ncro~nnin, ione~no, roe y(yr oipameni cncre:on opnenrnpon
conercioro omecrna ron .noxn, no npe(oar nnon narn( na ry e ca:yi
(encrnnreinocri
88
.
XPOHOOlHA KAK YHKA
O(naio ne npnxo(nrcn nn(eri n cnenn]n~ecinx ~eprax namnx nnci:en-
nix ncro~nnion roiio ]airop, orpann~nnaimnn nn cno(nmnn na ner nx
ncropn~ecinn nnrepec. Ca:a .ra cnenn]nia recno cnnaana co craryco: pac-
c:arpnnae:oro nnennn n co craryco: inno n (annon crpane n n (annyi
.noxy, ~ro n cnoi o~epe(i (niryer neoxo(n:ocri yro~nnri xponoorn~ecine
pa:in .roro nnennn. Kai ye or:e~aoci, ]eno:en ycrnoro conpono(ennn
]ni:a pacrnnycn na nce 1920-e rr., no nnrencnnnin ninyci ncno:orarei-
non nreparypi npo(oaercn n n 1980-e. Hano:ni, ~ro n oimnncrne (py-
rnx crpan .ra npairnia yracaer no :epe nncrnrynnonanaannn inno n i na~a-
y nepnon :nponon nonni ]airn~ecin nc~eaaer. Noer noiaaaricn, ~ro o-
ee (nreinoe cymecrnonanne .roro ]eno:ena n CCCP orncnnercn aano-
a(anne: n pacnpocrpanennn anyionoro inno. O(naio na: npe(crannercn, ~ro
rannan npn~nna aaii~aercn n ron ocoon n(eoorn~ecion cranie, ioropyi
(eaa conercian nacri na inno. O .ro: ipacnope~nno cnn(ereicrnyer
nnpiynpnoe nnci:o 1982 ro(a, npnainaimee nciari nonie :ero(i conpono-
(ennn, ioropix norpeyer nepexo( i anyiono:y ]ni:y
84
. 1ain: opaao:,
(eo ryr nonce ne n eannn no((epari yracaimyi napo(nyi rpa(nnni
apenmnix nocranonoi.
Hnnnn xponoorn~ecian rpannna no(rnep(aer npe(oennoe na:n or-
ncnenne: ]op:i ycrnoro conpono(ennn conercioro inno ne in npn:i:n
nace(nnia:n (openoinnonnon npairnin ycrnoro conpono(ennn apenm.
Hn no cocrany y~acrnnion, nn no npnnnnna: oprannaannn ceanca .ra npairn-
ia ne nino(nrcn nn na inno-(eia:annn, nn na pania. Onnpanci nmi or~acrn
na .ro nace(ne, nonie npnnnnni ycrnoro conpono(ennn na~an o]op:nri-
cn roiio i 1919 ro(y. Boano(n nx reneaorni nenocpe(crnenno i npairnie
pannero inno, :i pnciye: ynycrnri na nn(y cnoeopaane .roro nnennn.
!"
BOHPOC O5 YC1HOC1H (OPALl1)
Cnoeopaane .ro cocronr npe(e ncero n cnenn]n~non rereporennocrn.
Bcno:nn: o paanopo(nocrn peio:en(ye:ix cpe(crn: .ro n nepe(nnnan
nnoreia, n cren( c nipeaia:n na raaer, oaynrn n nicrpannn, innoyp-
na n ycrnoe noncnenne i ]ni:y, npone(enne nniropnni n npe(napnimnn
noiaa ]ni:a (oia(, a raie paairpinae:ie cier~n-nnrep:e(nn. 1o e
ca:oe ornocnrcn n i (enreinocrn eiropa-io::enraropa: e:y (oanonercn
ncnoiaonari ca:ie paanie ]op:i or nennn (o arnrrearpa (r. e. nocnpo-
nane(ennn ]ni:a n rearpaino-(n(airn~ecion ]op:e). Hocioiiy noconn
(n eiropon paapaarinaircn n cpe(e iyirypnon nnrenrennnn, ro
(nanaaon rpa(nnnn, na ioropie onn onnpaircn, oiaainaercn neci:a mnpo-
in:: a(eci :oryr iri n raine pacnpocrpanennie napo(nie anpi, iai ~ac-
rymia, n conce: ni:npaimne, iai paemnin crnx, ~ro cnn(ereicrnyer, cio-
pee, o crpe:ennn oxnarnri noni:n :e(na mnpoiyi n neo(nopo(nyi no
cnoen connainon npnna(enocrn nyniy, neen o peainon pacnpo-
crpanennocrn rex nn nnix ]op:. B .ron nreparype pn(o: c napo(ni:n
anpa:n coce(crnyir anpi nnrenrenrcine, epymne cnoe na~ao n-
o n y~enon einnn, no n ]nanrponn~ecinx nay~no-nonynpnix (oia-
(ax, i ioropi: ~epea napo(nn~eciyi rpa(nnni noce(nen rpern XlX ne-
ia nocxo(nr, n ione~no: c~ere, n ycrnie ]op:i oimenncrcion arnra-
nnn. Ci(a :oryr noneiaricn n aan:crnonannn na ~ynx rpa(nnnn (6en-
nu
Jo
), n yirpaconpe:ennie ]op:i (inno-:nrnnr nn inno-cy(). H, naionen,
]yninnn .ron nreparypi (n, coornercrnenno, (enreinocrn innopaornn-
ia) raie neci:a neo(nopo(ni: napn(y c nocnnrareini:n n nonrn~ecin-
:n aa(a~a:n, ioropie aa:erno npeoa(air na( (pyrn:n, a(eci raie npn-
cyrcrnyer, noiaynci rep:nnoornen .rnx ncro~nnion, xy(oecrnennin
nn xy(oecrnenno-.:onnonainin acneir.
Ocoenno aa:erni a(eci con:emennn, io:nnnponannn, cipemnnannn paa-
n~nix ]op:, rpa(nnnn n cpe(crn. B cy~ae re:arn~ecinx ne~epon :i n:e-
e: (eo c nacronmn: nnrep:e(nnni: cneiraie:, n ioropo: neian re:a, o-
pa:niman innonoiaa, nponrpinaercn n paanix ]op:ax nay~nix n napo(-
nix, nnayainix n nepainix. 5io i conepmenno neonpan(anni: nciyc-
crnenno ni~ennri na .roro io:neica ycrnoe conpono(enne ]ni:a n pac-
c:arpnnari ero n orpine or ncero ocrainoro iai or(einin anp conec-
noro onncannn iaprnni (.i]paanc). Croi e neonpan(anni: npe(cranner-
cn na: ncii~ari na pacc:orpennn (encrnnn, nponano(n:ie (o n noce
ceanca. B .ro: ornomennn noiaaareino, ~ro (n ooana~ennn conyrcrnyime-
ro ]ni:y opa:ennn nipaarinaaci cnennainan rep:nnoornn: nponecc
noiaaa naainacn nonr- (iyir)oxpenue inno.ipana nn nonrnpo-
cnerpaora eoxpe inno, a (n ooana~ennn rannoro (encrnyimero nna
.roro :eponpnnrnn, napn(y c ncnoiaonanne: (openoinnonnix rep:nnon
(ume, o6cnume.t nn .exmop), coa(ananci nonie: x.tmpa6omnux, xu-
no-no.umnpoceempa6omnux n r.n.
Y~nrinan (nanaaon ca:ix paanoopaanix ]op: noiaaa ]ni:a, :i ne
orneprae: rep:nn ycrnocri (oralil) n ro: ana~ennn, n iaio: ero ncnoiay-
842
er aiacc, ccianci na :e(nenncra Hon 3i:ropa
8b
, no npe(no~nrae: oee
rnioe onpe(eenne .roro nonnrnn, ioropoe naxo(n: y 4pancya Aiepa. On
npe(araer rpaironari ycrnocri inno iai airyanaanni apenma, air nep-
]op:anca, npe(cranennn, ior(a ]ni:, n aanncn:ocrn or nporpa::i, n ioro-
pyi on nii~aercn, noy~aer paan~noe conecnoe nn :yaiiainoe conpo-
no(enne, na:ennercn n (nne n n pnr:e no noe inno:exannia n re: ca:i:
onapynnaer cnon neycron~nnin, na:en~nnin xapairep
87
. 3(eci :i npn-
nae:cn i nonn:anni xuno xax co6tmu (cinema as evenl) y Pnia Or-
:ena
88
. 1aioe pacmnpennoe roionanne nonnrnn no:oer npe(crannri cee
ycrnocri n noce npnxo(a anyionoro inno onoanari ee ne roiio n any~ame:
rooce noncnnren, no n n nnci:ennix reicrax: n ncroniax, paa(anae:ix
apnren: (o nn noce ceanca, n cnennainon nreparype, npe(naana~ennon
(n noncnnreen, n paan~nix ioaax na reicron n naopaennn, y(i ro n
nn(e crenraaeri nn cneroraaeri, nanecennon na neniy, n, naionen, n oayn-
rax n npnainax, opamennix i apnrei co cren aaa.
'ro iacaercn ycrnocrn slticlo sensu, r. e. nponanocn:on pe~n, ro a(eci
nano paan~nri rpn ocnonnie (nciypcnnnie ycranonin: 1) pe~i y~enan
(r. e. onnpaimancn na nnci:ennin reicr) nonrn~ecin oipamennan n
aapanee npnroronennan pe~i xopomo nn]op:nponannoro ion]epancie, npo-
me(mero cnennainyi no(roroniy n o]nnnainix nncrannnnx; 2) iai no-
nan npornnonoonocri en napo(nan, anonrn~nan, n:nponnanponannan
pe~i, nocxo(nman i np:apo~non rpa(nnnn n npairniye:an noncnnren:n
n ~acrnix innonepe(nniax; 8) n, naionen, ycrnie nicrynennn na aaa
cnonrannie pennin nn cnpononnponannie nonpoca:n ne(ymero orneri
apnreen.
HPO'1LHHL HOH1H'LCKOL H COUHALHOL
Conercian npairnia ycrnoro conpono(ennn ]ni:a ycranannnaer oco-
ie ornomennn :e(y xy(oecrnenni: ni:ico: n peainon (encrnnrei-
nocrii n cnn(ereicrnyer o crpe:ennn ynnaari o(no c (pyrn:, nii~nri
coirnn ]ni:a n ionreicr nacronmero npe:enn. Konipernan ncropnn, o io-
ropon pacciaainaer ]ni:, (ona aacrannri aa(y:aricn o ron (epenne, r(e
on noiaainaercn, n o ncropnn ncen crpani nn o ee ninemne: .rane. B aann-
cn:ocrn or niopa (oia(~nia paora c ]ni:o: n c nynion :oer paann-
naricn n ry nn nnyi cropony: or omenonrn~ecinx (eiapannn i ]ni:y
nn or ciera ]ni:a ~epea ncropni (epennn nn aano(a i omenannonai-
non nn :e(ynapo(non cnryannn.
Bo npe:n ceanca apnrei noce(onareino aann:aer paanie noannnn c
ro~in apennn (nereanca: na o(no: noice on :oer iri none~en n ncno-
nenne pon iaioro-ro nepconaa n xo(e cy(a, na (pyro: (ncrannnponan
(oia(o: eiropa nn orncnenne: ycrponcrna innonpoeiropa. B xo(e o(no-
ro n roro e innoceanca nynia :oer crari na noannni iaioro-ro (nciyp-
ca nn nonocrii or nee or:eenaricn, iri ro cy(ien, ro y~acrnnio:. 1aioe
]yninnonnponanne pa(niaino orn~aer npairniy ipacnix inno-noncnnre-
!"!
en or inno-(eia:aropon 1910-x rr., ioropie, cnpnranmnci aa .ipano:, n:n-
rnponan rooca nepconaen ]ni:a.
3rn :ero(i opa:ennn innonoiaaa, co~eranmne roionanne ]ni:a
(oia(~nio: c y~acrne: nynin, ycrnoe c nnci:enni:, rpa(nnni c conpe-
:ennocrii crannn cnoen neii ionrpoi aa nocnpnnrne: ]ni:a. B:e-
cre c re: o]nnnainie crpyirypi ne ncnirinan ocooro (onepnn i (oia(-
~niy, nycri n npome(me:y no(roroniy n pa:iax (annon nncrnrynnn. C o(non
croponi, ero nocronnno onnnnn n naccnnnocrn. C (pyron croponi, noncnn-
reinin reicr i ]ni:y n npne:i ero roionannn nce ~ame nipaarinanci
nanepxy, n Nocine, ~roi aare: pacnpocrpannricn n nn(e pomip nn co-
npono(nonoi, npnaranmnxcn i ]ni:y. 1ai nocrenenno c]op:nponaaci
ionnennnn, ~ro opaanonoe cmnoe conpono(enne ]ni:a (ono ro~no ce-
(onari nuctuennou reicry (n ro: ~nce n co(epame:ycn n .ro: reicre
npe(nncanni onnparicn na napo(nie ]op:i cmno iyirypi!) n ~ro n:-
nponnaannn (ona iri ycrpanena nn aapanee no(roronena no ncex (e-
ranx. 3ro nano:nnaer cnryanni, xapairepnyi (n (openoinnonnon Poccnn,
r(e cmnocmt, mnpoio pacnpocrpanennan n apenmnon rpa(nnnn, orni(i ne
ncer(a oana~aa cnonrannyi n:nponnaanni n r(e, naoopor, rpeonaoci, ~ro-
i ian nyn~nan pe~i, ioe ycrnoe nicrynenne (n ro: ~nce n io::en-
rapnn i nomeno:y ]onapi) npoxo(nn npe(napnreinyi nenaypy
89
.
1ain: opaao:, ecn nepnie (na na rpex .ranon, ni(eennix aiacco:,
npocennaircn n na :arepnae pyccioro (openoinnonnoro inno, ro rpernn
(conpornnenne c no:omii io::enraropa cran(aprni: ]op:a: ciernoro
nonecrnonannn) ye ne :oer iri ncnoiaonan (n nnrepnperannn ycrnoro
io::enrapnn n ero pon n conercio: inno 192080-x rr. A n:enno: n anan-
anpye:ix aiacco: cy~anx napparnnnocri, (nirye:an nncrnrynnen, napyma-
ercn nropenne: ycrnon pe~n io::enraropa. B cy~anx, anananpye:ix na:n,
ycrnoe conpono(enne, nanpornn, :icnrcn iai nnennan pe~i, npnanannan na-
npannri ne no((aimeecn ionrpoi nn(nnn(yainoe nocnpnnrne n pyco ion-
rponpye:oro ioeirnnnoro. Hoiaaareino, ~ro no :nornx reicrax cnennai-
no oronapnnaercn: ycrnocri (ona no:o~i npeo(oeri nonce:ni opaaa.
Hni:n cona:n, apnrei nannainaercn o(noana~noe npo~renne ]ni:a.
Nono io i npnnrn i nino(y o ro:, ~ro innoceanc, no cymecrny, nc-
noiaonacn iai cpe(crno n(eoorn~ecion opaorin apnren. O(naio ne ce-
(yer aainari, nacioiio neni i paapin :e(y npoeiro: n ero nonome-
nne:. Coxpannnmnecn cnn(ereicrna noiaainair :acmra naan:o(encrnnn
:e(y noncnnree: n nynion, ioropan nonpanner, npepinaer, ipnrniyer
ero, cnopnr c nn:, n nopon o~eni peaio. Ocoenno .ro xapairepno (n innone-
pe(nnei na~aa 1920-x rr.: inno:exanniy neoxo(n:o io aacynri a-
rocionnocri :ecrnoro naceennn, ~roi ero naiop:nn n nycrnn na no~er,
no(nean na reere nn o(ie (o ce(yimen (epennn, ~roi npocro ne nan-
n nn ne co:an innonpoeirop. Heoxo(n:ocri npncnoconri cnon (nc-
iypc i (annon nynie (nironaaci npocri: npar:arna:o:, no.ro:y ney(n-
nnreino, ~ro anropi nncrpyinnn y(enn rai :noro nnn:annn ~yncrny rai-
ra, ea ioroporo nenoa:ono io iacaricn onpe(eennix re:, nanpn:ep n
nonpocax anrnpenrnoanon nponaran(i
40
.
844
B:ecre c re: eirop, nnnnci npe(crannree: nacrn, i ynono:o~en
(ono(nri (o nepxon rac napo(a. On (oen i ]ororpa]nponari nyniy
no npe:n ceanca c no:omii :arnnenon a:ni, ~roi oreirnnno aane~ar-
eri peainni apnren na onpe(eennie .nnao(i ]ni:a (~ro nnone cora-
cyercn c ]yninnen ionrpon aa nocnpnnrne:) n necrn ypna ioropin aare:
noanon i y~me yanari n y~ecri cocran n niyci ay(nropnn. ]n .ron e
nen paapaarinanci :noro~ncennie onpocnnin n anieri. Ueii ananaa
apnreicinx peainnn ornnnaci oparnan cnnai c innonponano(crno:: yy~-
menne ia~ecrna innonpo(yinnn n ~acrnocrn, aa c~er opii c ]aimnni:
n camani: naopaenne: :npa (epennn n aano(a. 1aian oparnan cnnai, no-
nn(n:o:y, nnior(a rai n ne ia ycranonena, xorn n inno(earax .noxn ro n
(eo nonnnircn cciin na peainie niyci nynin, orpaennie n onpoc-
nniax, a noa(nee, na~nnan c ionna 1920-x rr., neioropie ]ni:i npocro ynn~-
roaircn no( npe(oro: nx nenonnrnocrn (n :acc, nioi ninnennon c
no:omii onpocnnion. K coaenni, onapyennie na cero(nnmnnn (eni
apxnnnie :arepnai, orpaaimne apnreiciyi peainni na ]ni:i, noia
~ro neci:a ciy(ni
41
, no.ro:y neponrnocri, ~ro .rn (oiy:enri (oxo(nn (o
cry(nn, ipanne :aa.
Kpacnin noncnnrei, ce(onareino, .ro n n ca:o: (ee nocpe(nni, ne-
peio(nponmni, xorn ero :ecro n ne conce: conna(aer c re:, ioropoe orno(nr
e:y A. aiacc. Lro ]yninnn (encrnnreino cocronr n ro:, ~roi a(anrnpo-
nari, nna~e ronopn, nepeno(nri neanaio:ie npe(cranennn n oee anaio:ie
n npnni~nie, no ne cnmio: :ecrnie, r. i. ca:a nncrnrynnn ecrio onpe-
(ener, ~ro :oer iri npe(ni: nn nenonnrni: (n apnren nnaon n
iaioe coomenne e:y nyno a(peconari. 1ain: opaao:, a(eci ne ocraercn
:ecra (n npairnin conpornnennn. Hpn .ro: onocpe(onanne nponcxo(nr n
(nyx nanpanennnx. 4ni: (oen nicrpnponari n ionipernanponari a-
crpairnie n(en. Bo npe:n ceanca io::enrapnn eiropa paarncnnir ne:ie
cneni, no:orair cnnaari paanie ia(pi. 4ni: onocpe(yer nonn:anne n(eo-
ore:, a anaio:ie nonnrnn nonn:anne ]ni:a. B peayirare .ron (nonnon
onepannn ocymecrnnercn iyirypnoe npncnoenne n airnnnoe npnomenne
apnren i reiymen iyirypnon, connainon n nonrn~ecion nann.
Paan~nie yno:nnyrie a(eci acneiri onepannn no ionreicryanaa-
nnn ]ni:a, napaeinie crparernn ionrpon n crn:ynnnn apnren n
inno:exannia, :ero(i onocpe(onannn n(eoore: o~ep~nnair nonin (n
ncropnn conercioro inno n :ao (o cnx nop paapaorannin ipyr npoe:.
B .ron cnnan ~peani~annyi nanocri (n ncropnia inno npnoperair no-
nie no(xo(i n ncropnorpa]nn 1980-x rr., ioropie cocpe(ora~nnair nnn:anne
na y~acrnn nn(nnn(a n ioeirnne, na npairniax ionrpon n crparernnx, c
o(non croponi, noompennn onpe(eennoro cyreirnnnoro ca:onipaennn n, c
(pyron, conpornnennn nannainae:i: noni: :icnreini: n none(en~ecin:
:o(en:. O~enn(no raie, ~ro nonan ncropnn inno cnoen re:arnaannen ion-
reicra nocnpnnrnn n crparernn onocpe(onannn n(eoornn c:oer nnecrn ne-
oxo(n:in nia( n ncropni ]op:nponannn iyirypnix npe(cranennn
(reprsenlalions) n CCCP n (na(narie n rpn(narie ro(i.
!"#
3C1L1H'LCKOL HPO'1LHHL: ABAHlAP] COUPLAH3N
Ha (pyro: yponne npo~rennn pacc:orpennin rnn npairni i npnanan
no:emari apnrei nnacri n cocronnne naccnnnoro coaepnannn, cnoncrnennoe
norpenrei yinapnix napiorn~ecinx npo(yiron
42
. B .ro: c:ice re
nnennn, o ioropix a(eci n(er pe~i, onapynnair ne:ao omero c reopern-
~ecin: (nciypco: L4a, a raie c npe(oennn:n ]anrn Beprona, lycrana
Kynnca nn ioncrpyirnnncra Aeicen lana na~aa 1920-x rr. B nx reopnnx
n npoeirax innonoiaa nxo(n cocrannon ~acrii n :acconoe (encrno, ioei-
rnnnoe npe(cranenne, opnenrnponannoe na coy~acrne apnren n na paane~e-
nne, a ne na coaepnanne, iai n iaccn~ecio: innoceance (dislraclion vs
conlemplalion). O(naio, nec:orpn na nopaanreinie conna(ennn n nenx nn
n no(xo(e i inno, nn o(nn xy(onni nn reoperni ananrap(a, nacioiio :ne
nanecrno, ne nponnn nn npn:oro, nn iocnennoro nnrepeca i .rn: npairnia:, n
naoopor nn o(nn na ncce(onannix reicron ne onnpaercn na n(en anan-
rap(a. 'roi orncnnri .ry crpannyi naan:nyi nenocnpnn:~nnocri, :ono
ni(nnnyri rnnoreay o cpannnreinon aa:inyrocrn xy(oecrnennon cpe(i
cronni, c o(non croponi, n nncrnrynnonainix :amnn, ioropie paapaari-
nan n anponponan :ero(i ycrnoro conpono(ennn inno]ni:on, c (pyron.
K ro:y e .ro nnenne nanpaer cny, ior(a ananrap( ye i :aprnnanao-
nan n npenpamen n :nmeni nocronnnix nana(oi.
Ho, ipo:e nn(n:ix ornomennn c ananrap(o:, :o(ei paane~enne .etsus
coaepnanne (airnnnoe ioeirnnnoe y~acrne n innocneiraie .etsus nac-
cnnnoe :o~annoe coaepnanne ]ni:a) crannr n (pyrne nonpoci. ]encrnn-
reino, raion rnn napinponannn o(non n ron e re:i n paanix anpax, paa-
ni:n cpe(crna:n nipaennn, c paanon crenenii (ocronepnocrn;ni:imen-
nocrn, c paani:n cnocoa:n none~ennn apnren, neco:nenno, ynen~nnaer
nec nnoro cneirain aa c~er innonponane(ennn, opaayimero oci .roro cnei-
rain. Ho raioe ornomenne :e(y cneiraie: n nponane(enne: ne o~enn(no
n .noxy, ior(a nponane(enne narpyaercn noni:n aa(a~a:n. Cymecrnonanne
raion npairnin nnocnr ioppeirnni n rpa(nnnonnoe npe(cranenne o iyi-
rypnon :o(en .noxn connancrn~ecioro peana:a. H(en o ro:, ~ro ion
reicr (nycian :noro paa nepenncannin, na:enennin n coracnn c nenaypni-
:n npe(nncannn:n) cranonnrcn oreiro: ]ernmnaannn ((ae ecn on nno-
ce(crnnn (oen iri nepenncan nn npocro narnr na oopora) ne onaa-
reino npocennaercn nea(e n ncer(a. Cn:non~ecinn nec reicra, :oer
iri, ne croi neni, iai :i .ro npe(crannn (o cnx nop. 1e:a (9 nnnapn,
lpa(ancian nonna) nn oaynr (Hnrneriy n ~eripe ro(a) n cnei-
raii, n: nocnnmennin, npeoa(air na( nponane(enne:, y(i .ro (ae o-
paanonin (n conpeana:a 'anaen. Ca:n pen:i noiaaa n norpeennn
xy(oecrnennoro npo(yira neci:a paannrcn n aanncn:ocrn or :ecra (nenrp
ropo(a, pao~an coo(a, noiaa, (epennn) n or nynin. 1o e ca:oe iacaercn
n craryca anropa: n aanncn:ocrn or cnryannn, ]nrypa nenioro xy(onnia
:oer ro nicne~nnaricn, ro crnparicn n noiay nonrn~ecioro (encrna. Lcri
cymecrnennan paannna :e(y npoc:orpo: 'anaena iai me(enpa parien
Bacnienix, iai :o(en (n y(ymero inno, n ero npoc:orpo: n pa:iax ne~e-
84b
pa, nocnnmennoro rpa(ancion nonne, c pe~a:n, necnn:n, ~acrymia:n, pacciaaa-
:n o~enn(nen, :oer iri, (nciyccnen n rearpanaonanni: npe(cranenne:.
Paay:eercn, n rpa(nnnonnon ncropnn inno (annoe nnenne :oer aann-
:ari nmi cyryo :aprnnainoe :ecro. Ho pacc:orpennin n pa:iax ncropnn
nocnpnnrnn, apnren n apenma, .ror ]eno:en operaer nnoe na:epenne n
nnon :acmra, iai i rpy(no nn io onennri ero peainin paa:ax. Hcce-
(onanne .roro nnennn noanonr npnnanricn i ionreicry apenmnoro n
iyirypnoro npe(oennn, i on(annn: nynin, i ]op:nponanmn: ee rpa-
(nnnn:. Ono no:oer na: raie noccranonnri rnnn~noro apnren rain:,
iain: ero noopaaa nncrnrynnn, a ipo:e roro, nepec:orperi pa:in ome-
npnnnrix cero(nn xponoorn~ecinx pyeen. lannoe e cocronr, noayn, n
ro:, ~roi, ninnnn nycian :aprnnainie, aairie, :aoaa:ernie nnennn na
ropo(cion, nenrpainon, .nrapnon nepcneirnni, nepenecn ]oiyc nnn:annn or
]ni:a i ceancy, nonnri inno n ionreicre apenmnon iyirypi, n ionreicre
nonrn~ecinx, opaaonareinix n iyirypnix crparernn.
1
Le bonimenleur de vues animes ; 1he Noving Piclure Leclurer ; G. Lacasse,
A. Gaudreaull (d.) ;; lris. Aulomne 199b. ! 22.
2
G. Lacasse. Le bonimenleur de vues animes. Le cinma muel enlre lradilion el
modernil. Qubec, Paris, 2000 (o pyccio: inno c:.: P. 18b188). aiacc i cope(ai-
ropo: copnnia 199b ro(a (c:. npe(i(ymyi cnociy). B cnoen innre, aarparnnaimen
n conercioe inno, aiacc onnpaercn na ncce(onanne Banca Kenn-:.: V. Aeplep !t.
lilm Seance: lhe Pole o Speech in Soviel lilm Lxhibilions o lhe 1920s ;; Wide
Angle. Sound in Cinema. \ol. 1b. ! 1. P. 827.
8
G. Lacasse. Le bonimenleur de vues animes. P. 18b.
4
Coracno ]o:amnen cnne:areie C. 3e:nnyxnna n N. Cern(i (N., 199b), ero
noc:orpen 11,8 :n. apnreen.
b
B ipynnix ropo(ax n Nocine, Herepypre n O(ecce oimne np:apin nc~e-
aair ye i ionny XlX n. Onacanci oimnx cionennn i(en, nonnencine nacrn
nepeno(nr nx na ropo(cine oipanni, r(e onn nocrenenno cxo(nr na ner (c:.: A. Aoneu-
nt. Paei n cncre:e nerepyprcion napo(non iyirypi ;; Pyccinn ]oiiop.
Bin. XX\. 1989. C. 128188.)
b
Orncnnrei oriamncn n, cran cnnnon i .ipany, no(crann npn:o i cnery cnoe
n(oxnonennoe nno (B crepeo-]oro-inne-:aro-ciono-no-]ono n npo~. rpa]e ;;
Hporpa::a n ooapenne apenm n rearpon. 1908. ! 7). 1earpi :nnnarip nonnnnci n
1909 ro(y n npe(aran apnrei no necioiio cneiraien n (eni (no opaany ceancon
n inno). Hporpa::a rainx rearpainix npe(cranennn nii~aa ioporine nieci, io-
ropie nepe:eanci no:epa:n napiere n innonoiaaa:n.
7
L. Huxonoe. O nay~no: inne:arorpa]e n Poccnn ;; Knne:arorpa] n ero
npocnernreinan poi ; Cocr. L. Ca:ynenio. CH., 1912. C. b0b9.
8
3ro:y ]eno:eny nocnnmeno or(einoe ncce(onanne n pa:iax ncce(onareic-
ion rpynni CNPS Cono ne:o:y: 1hlre, ca-concerl el cinma en Pussie dans
les annes dix (Le muel a la parole, copnni rpy(on ynpcion ion]epennnn, roronnr-
cn i ne~arn n na(-ne AlPHC).
!"%
9
C:. nporpa::in, nyniye:ie n ee(nennon raaere Anani nciyccrna c yia-
aanne: ]a:nnn eiropon na~nnan c (eiapn 1918 n (o ionna 1919 r.
10
3(eci n nne: A. Aee.t. Kai n i eiropo: n inno ;; Conercinn .ipan.
192b. ! 88. C. 1218.
11
]aee n reicre iai lHH.
12
A. !o.0o6un. Knno na reppnropnn CCCP (no :arepnaa: nponnnnnainon npec-
ci). N., 1924. C. 70.
18
!. o.mncxu. Kynoe inno iai opy(ne :acconoro npocnemennn ;; Coner-
cioe inno. 192b. ! 4. C. b7. B pacciaae Koino (192b) Bn~ecan Lnmion naopa-
aer n io:n~ecio: cnere noiaa Hneynron n (epenne, conpono(ae:in cna~aa
io::enrapne: ~acrnoro inno:exannia, a noro: :ecrnoro io:co:oina. Ap:apo~no-
:y aaainanni nepnoro (Cen~ac ni ynn(nre neinayi or cornopennn :npa nrny
nenioro nnrnan 3nr]pn(a c nenn(anni: (paiono:, (nna ioroporo ce:i(ecnr (ne
caenn, a n :erpax ana~nreino oime), nropnr nonrn~ecinn apron nroporo, r(e
(paion nonomaer iannrana:. Ap:apo~nin aaryp orncnner, ~ro .ro ~y~eo, io-
ropoe nepe(nnraercn aro(apn cnpnranni: n norax i(n:, a io:co:oen no(xnarina-
er: Bnninnre, ronapnmn, n nooenne a:epniancinx pao~nx. O(nn nonan ~y(onnmy
n yacnie ani n ra: cn(nr, iai co crporon naonnnen |...], a (pyrne n pixe iopn~yr-
cn nnpano, neno, ne n:enmn iyarypy noa(yxa. A nac, ronapnmn, cnpamnnai: nop:aino
.ro nn noaop (. Lunxoe. Koino ;; Kpacnan noni. 192b. ! 9. C. 788b.
14
C:. pomipi i ]ni:a: na ipecrinncion nann (Bo(onopor, 3e:n a(er
n (p.), na(annie n na~ae 1980-x rr.
1b
C:.: M. neeun. Nacconan inno-paora n nannonainix panonax. N. 1988.
1b
A. Aauepac. Orncnenne inno-iaprnn ;; ]epenencinn rearp. 1927. ! b.
C. 2824.
17
C:.: M. neeun. Yiaa. co~.; a raie: l. Kan-Heicon. O inno n (epenne ;;
Knno n nani. 1980. ! 27.
18
Knno-paornni lypon, inno-paora n (epenencinn apnrei ;; Conercioe inno.
192b. ! 1. C. 1819. Cp. raie aa:e~anne o(noro na ornercrnennix paornnion
lHH: Hoia (epenencinn apnrei ne(ocraro~no nciymen n inno-rearpe, eme (oro
inno-paornni y(er ne roiio npocri: inno-:exannio:, no n (o neioropon crenenn
aprncro:, cnnaimn:cn c nacrpoenne: apnren n na(eimn: inno-apnree: y(a~ni:,
aprncrn~ecin: ninonenne: .ipana, npn nocpe(crne ~y(ecnoro :exanna:a inno. Knno-
paornni (oen iri paemnnio: n ca:o: y~me: c:ice .roro cona. On nnnercn
n (epenne c inno-panio:, noni: ~y(ec`. Lcn npnnnri no nnn:anne nerpa:ornocri
naceennn, nonrn~eciyi earpa:ornocri na(nncen na iaprnnax n nenpnro(nocri iap-
rnn (n (annoro yponnn paannrnn apnreen, craner nnone nonnrnon neoxo(n:ocri
nicrynennn inno-paornnia, iai aprncra-paemnnia (A. Aauepac. Knno-nonrnpoc-
nerpaora n (epenne ;; Ko:co:oicioe npocnemenne. 192b. ! 1. C. 177).
19
Hocranonenne Connapio:a or 12 nin 1928 ro(a nopy~aer ioonepannn ocnon-
nyi aa(a~y no npo(nnenni inno n (epenne. 'epea ro( oee noonnni (epenencion
cern oiaainaercn n pyiax iooneparnnon. C:.: Knnopaora n cncre:e norpenreicion
ioonepannn ;; Knno n iyirypa. 1929. ! 78. C. b9b0.
20
C:.: L. Aocuamoe. Kai inno n (epenni noexao ;; Ha ncropnn inno. 1. 11. N.,
198b. C. 7991; H. Hexpacoe. Hpncrynn: i no(roronie ia(pon nonrnpocnerpaori
noipyr inno ;; Knno-penepryapnin cnncoi. 1980. ! b. C. 2829; L. Cxape6cxu.
Knno-einnn. Hocone (n nonrnpocnerpaornnion. N.; ., 1927.
848
21
Knno-paornni lypon, inno-paora n (epenencinn apnrei.
22
5oee no(pono o .ro: c:.: !. o.mncxu. Yiaa. co~.; H. txoe. Honrnpoc-
ner paora noipyr inno-]ni:a. N., 1984. C. 1b21; M. 3e.tuanoe. Cono n ]ni:a
(i npoe:e nonroipyennn .ipana) ;; Hpoerapcioe inno. 1981. ! 4. C. 818b;
Aac. 4op:i n :ero(i paori noipyr inno ;; Kpacnoap:encioe inno. 1981. ! 9
10. C. 24; A. Aauepac. Knno-nonrnpocnerpaora n (epenne; A. Aauepac. Ornc-
nenne inno-iaprnn; !. Aa-He.tcon. O inno n (epenne; !. Aa-He.tcon. Kyirypnin
]ponr n inno ;; Knno n nani. 1980. ! 2980. C. 1b17; !. Aa-He.tcon. Lme o
onire iyirpaori n ennnrpa(e ;; Knnopenepryapnin cnncoi. 1980. ! b. C. 17
18; H. A0peee. Knno-einnn ;; Knno-ypna APK. 192b. ! 8. C. 1b1b; M. Hu-
xanopoe. O]CK n pao~e: iye ;; Knno n nani. 1980. ! 4; K. Ca.manoe. Honr-
npocnerpaora noipyr ]ni:i ;; Penepryapnin iereni lannciyccrna PC4CP.
1929. ! 11. C. 2980; L. Cxape6cxu. Knno-cy(. Onir :ero(n~ecion paapaorin.
N., 1988; M. Ctuee. Kai paorair n~enin O]CK4 ;; Kpacnoap:encioe inno. 1980.
! 8. C. 11; An. Tepcxo. lyxapni. Ha (nennnia inno-paornnia ;; Conercinn
.ipan. 192b. ! 20; a raie ce(yimne o]nnnainie (oiy:enri: O oprannaannn
nonrnio-npocnernreinon paori noipyr inno. Bce: rpecra: n or(eennn: Coia-
inno ;; Knno-penepryapnin cnncoi. 1980. ! b. C. 282b; O aa(a~ax :acconon
paori noipyr ]ni:i. Peaoinnn no (oia(y na conemannn paornnion inno]n-
iannn or 8 nnnapn 1982 r. Ynpanenne Knno]niannn CCCP, 1982.
28
C:.: K.u. Kyiroipyenne n inno ;; Hpocnemenne Cnnpn. 1981. ! 1.
C. 888b.
24
C:.: M. neeun. Yiaa. co~.
2b
,. oponoe. Honrnpocner]ni:a na .ipane ;; Knno n nani. 1980. ! 1b. C. 9.
2b
C:.: . Mp.aee. Onir xy(oecrnennoro inno-ciaaa ;; Knnopenepryapnin
cnncoi. 1980. ! 7. C. 88.
27
C:.: A. Aauepac. Kai paorari c inno-nepe(nnion n (epenne. N., 1928. Anrop
i o(nn: na ornercrnennix aa inno]nianni (epennn or lHH c 192b no 1980 rr.
28
Aanpoe. Knno n (epennn ;; Conercioe inno. 192b. ! 4b. C. 1819.
29
A. Aauepac. Knno-nonrnpocnerpaora n (epenne. C. 17b.
80
C:.: L. Aocuamoe. Yiaa. co~.
81
. Hmoe, T. nuuoeuu. Onomn npoerapcin: nenrpa: (1980). PlAK4]. ! 8b8b.
82
lAP4. 4. 280b. On. b9. L(. xp. 7b0 (1). Boapaan na rpeonannn lHH, (npeirop
Coninno orne~aer: 'acrnie nna paorair, noro:y ~ro rynonrnpocneri ne naa(n-
n paory, ne nann ee n cnon pyin. Hey(nnnreino, ~ro naxo(nrcn ~acrnan nnnnnarn-
na. 'acrnni n(er ry(a, r(e on :oer aapaorari. |...] 'acrnan paora nyna ra:, r(e
ner nniaion paori. 3anpernri :i ncer(a ycnee:. Kor(a lynonrnpocneri oipennyr,
ror(a n aanpern:. A cen~ac nycri y~me ~acrnoe nno paoraer c erainon coninnon-
cion iaprnnon, ~e: on y(er ipyrnri neeraimnny. (Bicrynenne 1pannnna na co-
pannn n lHH 12 anpen 192b).
88
O na~anme:cn nepeoc:icennn npoe:i ncro~nnion no ncropnn conercioro
omecrna c:.: G. T. Rilletspotn. Le rgime ace au carnaval. lolllore non conormisle en
U.P.S.S. dans les annes 1980 ;; Annales. 2008. ! 2. P. 47149b; !. Hellbeck.
Worling, slruggling, becoming: Slalin-era aulobiographical lexls ;; 1he Pussian Peview.
2001. ! 8 (b0). P. 8408b9.
84
O aa(a~ax :acconon paori noipyr ]ni:i. C. 1b.
8b
Hnrepecno, ~ro nnoncian rpa(nnnn io::enrnponannn ]ni:on ia xopomo na-
necrna n CCCP n 19201980-e rr.
!"'
8b
C:.: G. Lacasse. Le bonimenleur de vues animes. P. 2b2b.
87
C:.: !. Albeta. Ouverlure ;; Nusique! 189b. Oclobre 2002. ! 88. P. b7.
88
Larly sounds o cinema ; P. Allman, A. Pichard (ed.). Columbia Universily, 2002. P. 4.
89
Haana~ennie (n nyn~noro ~rennn co~nnennn ne nponanocnrcn, a ~nraircn
no reicry, ea ncninx (ononennn n na:enennn (v. ,anu.oe. Bomenin ]onapi,
ycrponcrno ero n cnoco ynorpeennn. Kaprnni (n nomenoro ]onapn. Knne:aro-
rpa] n ero ycrponcrno. N., 1897. C. 11b).
40
C na~ao: nonon, oecro~ennon ]aai anrnpenrnoanon ia:nannn n xo(e nen-
ioro nepeo:a anropi nncrpyinnn ye ne aarpy(nnn cen rain:n peio:en(annn:n.
41
Hecioiio n:eimnxcn ]ororpa]nn nynin no npe:n ceancon ne co(epar nn-
iaioro yiaaannn na noiaainae:in ]ni: nn .nnao(, ~ro (eaer ocymecrnenne aann-
ennon nen npone(ypi anana coornercrnnn nn necoornercrnnn apnreicion pe-
ainnn nenoa:oni:. O ncnoiaonannn raioro rnna onpocnnion c:. nne(enne i
in.: Parler de soi sous Slaline ; B. Sluder, B. Unried, l. Herrmann (ds.). Paris. 2008.
42
O. pux. Hpornnoinnon(ne ;; Honin L4. 1927. ! 2. C. 27.
8b0
CA5HHA X3HClLH
AUDlO-\lSlON
O 1LOPHH H HPAK1HKL PAHHLlO COBL1CKOlO
3BYKOBOlO KHHO HA lPAHH 1980-X lO]OB
Bne(enne anyia nnnercn nanon neaypon n ncropnn :e(na, oyconnn-
men ]yn(a:enrainie na:enennn n (ncnoanrnne inno. 3ro iacaercn ne roi-
io nn]pacrpyiryp nponano(crna n (ncrpnynnn nonix anyionix ]ni:on.
C:ena :e(nainix napa(nr: n:ea raie (aeio n(ymne noce(crnnn (n
.crernin inno, nponnnnmnecn npe(e ncero n nonon oprannaannn napparnn-
nix crpyiryp. B ro~ie nepece~ennn .crern~ecioro (nciypca c rexnn~ecin:n
nonannn:n, nncrnrynnonaini:n na:enennn:n n .iono:n~ecin:n rpeona-
nnn:n nponcxo(na nepeoprannaannn crpyiryp nocnpnnrnn apnren. Paann-
rne nonoro rexnn~ecioro npne:a onrn~ecion anyioaanncn, noanonnmero aa-
nncinari anyi iai cneronnci n:ecre c naopaenne: na o(non n ron e
nenie, c(eao noa:oni: ne roiio onrn:ainyi cnnxponnaanni naopa-
ennn n ]onorpa::i, no n oee conepmennyi penpeaenranni rea iai opra-
nn~ecioro neoro, r. e. coa(anne oee ye(nreinon niann peaino rono-
pnmero ~eoneia n rai naainae:ix lallies.
1ain: opaao:, inno npnoperao npnnnnnnaino (pyron anropnrer na(
apnree:, iai .ro ]op:ynpyer ]onaran Kp.pn, nnrepnpernpyn omne noo-
ennn Nnmen 4yio o nacrn n pa:iax cnoen reopnn nocnpnnrnn: Heco-
:nenno, anyi c ca:oro na~aa npncyrcrnona n inno n paanix (ononnrei-
nix ]op:ax, o(naio nne(enne cnnxponnoro anyia npeopaano npnpo(y enu-
uanu, rpeyimerocn or apnren. Boa:ono, .ro paapin, ioropin na ca:o:
(ee npnnaer npenne ]op:i inno i onrn~ecin: npne:a: ionna (ennr-
na(naroro neia. Honoe conna(enne anyia c naopaenne:, rooca c ]nrypon
io ne roiio pemnreino noni: cnocoo: oprannaannn npocrpancrna, npe-
:enn n napparnna, no n ycranannnao oee nacrnin anropnrer na( nai-
(aree:, npnny(aimnn ero i nono:y nn(y nnn:annn
1
. C .ron ro~in apennn
anyionoe inno n ionreicre conercion iyirypi :ono pacc:orperi iai ~acri
roranrapnoro apenma, ioropoe oxnarinaer nce :e(nainie crpyirypi, a(an-
rnpyn npn .ro: ne roiio (ocrnennn lonny(a, no n n(ei Gesamllunslwerl
n ]op:e :arn~ecin (encrnyimen nncnennponin nacrn
2
. ln ]eop rai onn-
cinaer nacnicrnennyi ynn]nianni roranrapnoro apenma n ero ionnen-
rpanni noipyr ]nrypi no(n: Hannaannin n .ro: apenme opaa ]opa
nnner coon conoiynnocri o]nnnaino cymecrnyimero n oi~no ionnen-
rpnpyercn n o(no: ~eoneie, ioropin nnnercn rapanro: roranrapnon cno-
~ennocrn. Ka(in (oen nn :arn~ecin n(enrn]nnnponari cen c .ron
acoirnon anea(on, nn nc~eanyri
8
.
!#
B cnonx paa:imennnx o nepnix anyionix .icnepn:enrax n conercio:
inno na rpann 1980-x rr. n xorea i ionrpacrnponari raiyi reeoorn~e-
ciyi nepcneirnny c nepcneirnnon reneanca. Hpn pacc:orpennn c:eni :e(n-
ainix napa(nr: or ne:oro i anyiono:y inno :ne iaercn nnrepecni: nepe-
:ecrnri nnn:anne c peioncrpyinnn nneapnoro, .noinnonnoro paannrnn na
naan:o(encrnne paan~nix :o(een. B nepexo(non cnryannn ananrap(noe in-
no, :.nncrpn: lonny(a n roranrapnin Gesamllunslwerl ncrynair n
ornomennn conpniocnonennn n o:ena, ioropie noanonir ninnnri iai nx
noa:onocrn, rai n nx orpann~ennn.
CHHXPOHHOC1L ; ACHHXPOHHOC1L
Cnon nepnie ycnexn anyionoe inno or:erno n A:epnie: n 1927 ro(y
]ni: Henen (aaa (1he Jazz Singer) c Oo: ]ocono: n rannon pon
oana:enona ero npopin, n n peayirare oimoro nnrepeca i nonon rexnn~e-
cion cencannn co croponi nynin a:epniancine cry(nn c:orn pacmnpnri
cnoe nnnnne.
O(naio :norn:n enponencin:n penccepa:n n ipnrnia:n n:nopr anyia
i nocnpnnnr a:nnaenrno. B Conercio: Coiae noiaaareini reopern~e-
cine n .crern~ecine peainnn, ipnrn~ecin ornocnmnecn i ynorpeenni any-
ia n a:epniancio: inno. Lme (o roro iai n 1980 ro(y nenocpe(crnenno na~a-
oci nponano(crno nono:erpanix anyionix ]ni:on, :i crainnae:cn c
(ocraro~no cneiynrnnni:n (nciyccnn:n, ioropie in nianani rnneprpo-
]nponannon pe]eicnen nonoro :e(ny:a, ne ocnonannon na ionipernon :e(n-
ainon npairnie. Boa:ono, .ro io cnoeopaani: .]]eiro: aanoa(aoro
nne(ennn anyionoro inno. B cnnan c .rn: n xorea i ocy(nri nonpoc o ro:,
:ono n npn:ennri airyainin rep:nn aana(non reopnn audio-vision (any-
ionn(enne)
4
n ornomennn na~ainoro .rana conercioro anyionoro inno, n
ecn (a, ro iaine (oano~nie c:iconie orrenin on a(eci npnoperaer.
B ro npe:n iai icrpoe conepmencrnonanne anyionix rexnoornn n A:epn-
ie :ornnnponaoci npe(e ncero io::ep~ecin:n coopaennn:n, c:ena :e(n-
ainix rexnoornn n Conercio: Coiae connaa c na:enennn:n n nonrn~e-
cio: ionreicre. Hoce oion~annn nonon .iono:n~ecion nonrnin, n coorner-
crnnn c oaynro: connana: n or(eino nanron crpane, nce oime ycnnna-
aci ca:onaonnnn CCCP. 3ror nponecc i cnnaan c pa(niaini: orpann~e-
nne: n:nopra, ioropin iocnycn raie ]ni:on n rexnn~ecioro ocnamennn
b
.
]o cepe(nni 1980-x rr. n CCCP neoci napaeinoe nponano(crno iai
ne:oro, rai n anyionoro inno, :norne ]ni:i nixo(nn (ae n oonx napnan-
rax
b
. He n noce(nii o~epe(i .ro aannceo or roro, ~ro, nec:orpn na nnren-
cnnno npono(n:yi inno]nianni, neii ioropon io pacnpocrpanenne inno
iai cpe(crna nonrn~ecion n n(eoorn~ecion nponaran(i na nci crpany, (a-
eio ne nce innorearpi in ocnameni anyioni:n innonpoeiropa:n. Cra-
rncrnia perncrpnpyer n 1988 ro(y 27b78 innoycranonoi, 224 anyionix, nmi
4 na nnx cronn n ceicion :ecrnocrn; n 198b ro(y 28981 innoycranoniy,
2b8b anyionix, na nnx 71b n ceicion :ecrnocrn
7
.
8b2
Bonpoci paannrnn nn]pacrpyiryp conercioro innonponano(crna (n (annoro
ananaa nnnircn nmi ]ono:, na ioropo: pacc:arpnnaercn .crern~ecian npo-
e:arnia nepexo(a or ne:oro i anyiono:y inno. B .ro: ionreicre oimyi
nanecrnocri npnope :ann]ecr 5y(ymee anyionoro inno Cepren 3naenmren-
na, Bcenoo(a Hy(oninna n lpnropnn Aeican(pona. Lme ne onnpanci na iaion-
no ionipernin onir, .rn rpn penccepa c]op:ynponan cnoeopaanoe nn(e-
nne anyionoro inno n npornnonoonocri a:epniancio:y opaany.
B cnonx :e:yapax lpnropnn Aeican(pon pacciaainaer o noanninonennn
:ann]ecra n peayirare nioi cnonrannon ncrpe~n, noce ioropon reicr i
aanncan iai nror npe(i(ymero (ororo paaronopa: Ni mn c 3naenmrenno:
no lnea(nnioncio:y nepeyiy n na yry lnea(nnioncioro n 1nepcion, n ro
npe:n yaion, :omennon ia:ne:, rpoxo~ymen rpa:nan:n ynni, ncrpernn Hy-
(oninna. Ni c Cepree: Nnxanonn~e: in nanononani, npo~nran n yrpen-
nnx raaerax nn]op:anni o nonnennn na 3ana(e anyionoro inno. Y nac n
CCCP roe nenci aoparopnie oniri no nne(penni anyia n inno. H:n
pyiono(nn npo]eccop Lopnn n npo]eccop 1arep. Koe-iaioe npe(cranenne
o npnnnnnax aanncn n nocnponane(ennn anyia :i n:en, no oo :noro: ne
n:en nonnrnn
8
.
B ia~ecrne rexnn~ecion ocnoni nponano(crna conercioro anyionoro inno
in paapaorani neaanncn:ie or nnocrpannix narenron cocrnennie npne-
:i aanncn: n ennnrpa(e A. Lopnni: n n Nocine H. 1arepo:. Hec:or-
pn na ro, ~ro ne:enian cncre:a 1pn 3pron Xanca 4orra, Hoae]a Naccoe
n Hoae]a 3nrn (e:oncrpnponaaci n CCCP n ia nanecrna ne roiio na
cnennainon nreparypi, (o npnoperennn narenra (eo rai n ne (omo
9
.
B cocrnennix :ero(ax, ioropie noannin n peayirare .icnepn:enron c pa-
(norpancnnnen naopaennn, no(~epinnanci n (yxe conercion ca:o(ocra-
ro~nocrn (ae :aenmne paan~nn no cpannenni c cymecrnyimn:n aa rpa-
nnnen cncre:a:n onrn~ecion anyioaanncn. Cncre:i onrn~ecion anyioaann-
cn :ono orn~nri no paani: rpa]n~ecin: yaopa: na nenie: mopnncinn
:ero( xapairepnayercn ay~aron ]onorpa::on, a rareponcinn ]onorpa:-
:on ~epe(yimnxcn nooc paan~non nornocrn n mnpnni
10
.
B ~e: cocrnenno aaii~aercn .crern~ecian npoe:arnia c:eni :e(n-
ainix napa(nr: or ne:oro i anyiono:y inno B 1920-e rr. nenrpaini:
ionnenro:, onpe(enimn: cnenn]niy inno, nnnercn npne: :onraa iai op-
rannayimero npnnnnna npocrpancrna, npe:enn n napparnna. ]n conercioro
:onraa xapairepna icrpora pnr:n~ecion c:eni ia(pon, napymaiman ec-
recrnennin npocrpancrnenno-npe:ennon ionrnnyy:. 4par:enri peainocrn
cocrannircn n ocoyi cnnraicn~eciyi noce(onareinocri n re: ca:i:
opaayir nonoe innonpocrpancrno. 1aion icrpin :onra npairn~ecin i
nenoa:oen n lallies n napnanre anyionoro inno, nanpanennoro na aiy-
crn~ecin peanaye:yi pe~i nepconaa n na cnnxponnie (naorn. lonopn-
mee inno n:eer ren(ennni i aa:e(enno:y re:ny, npn~e: .ro nne~arenne
crarn~nocrn ycnnnaoci n nepnie ro(i eme n aa c~er rneoro neno(nn-
noro oopy(onannn. B anyiono: inno .crerniy ]par:enra c:enner opnenra-
nnn na ~eone~eciyi ]nrypy n nenpepinno paannnaimnxcn ia(pax
11
. Bnyr-
pennnn pe~i, ]op:npye:an apnree: npn coe(nnennn (pyr c (pyro: or(ei-
!#!
nix ]par:enron n nopo(ennn rain: opaao: c:ica .nnao(a
12
, aa:ennercn
nnemnen pe~ii, ~ro npenpamaer apnren na airnnnoro y~acrnnia nponecca
pacmn]ponin n cymaren nanpanennoro na nero opamennn
18
.
B npornnonoonocri iai :e(ynapo(no:y :.nncrpn:y n inno, onpe(e-
nime:ycn .crernion lallies, rai n ycnnnaime:ycn peancrn~ecio:y na-
npanenni n cocrnennon conercion iyirype, ioropoe rpeonao naopae-
nnn nnoro ~eoneia, cocrannren :ann]ecra 5y(ymee anyionoro inno nn-
(nr nepcneirnny n (ainenme: paannrnn ionnenra :onraa, nipaorannoro n
ne:o: inno, aa c~er npnne~ennn anyia iai ca:ocronreinoro .e:enra. Onn
nicrynair npornn cnnnnn nne~arennn n :yirn:e(naino: cnnreae ~eo-
ne~ecion ]nrypi. Heconna(enne (nn acnnxponnocri) naopaennn n anyia
nnnercn (n nnx npe(e ncero ncxo(ni: nyniro: (n coa(annn cnn.crern~e-
cioro onira ~yncrnennon (n]]epennnannn: Hepete ontmnte pa6omt co
.exou 0o.nt 6tmt nanpae.ent e cmopon eeo pe.xoeo necoena0enu co
.pume.tntuu o6pa.auu.
H roiio raion mryp:` (aer nynoe omymenne, ioropoe npnne(er nno-
ce(crnnn i coa(anni nonoro opxecmpoeoeo xonmpannxma apnreinix n
anyionix opaaon
14
.
C cero(nnmnen ro~in apennn ocrpan noe:nia :ann]ecra no :nornx or-
nomennnx penrnnnanpyercn, ocoenno ecn oee no(pono pacc:orperi ion-
ipernie opaani ron inno.crernin, c ioropon oponci conercine pencce-
pi nanpn:ep, ana:ennrin a:epniancinn ]ni: Henen (aaa. 3ror ]ni:
o]nnnaino c~nraercn nepni: lalling ilm, xorn c ero na(nncn:n n any~a-
men aa ia(po: aanncii :yaiin on eme nnone coornercrnyer .crernie ne:o-
ro inno n na ca:o: (ee co(epnr roiio o(ny paaronopnyi cneny, ioropan
cna~aa ne ia aanannponana, a nnnaci peayiraro: n:nponnaannn no
npe:n cre:oi. nmi npn:epno na ~ernepri .ra iaprnna npe(cranner coon
noimnn ]ni:, aa]ni:onannin rearp
1b
, ioropin paaoa~air n cnoe:
:ann]ecre 3naenmrenn, Hy(oninn n Aeican(pon. H (ae n noiainix cne-
nax :i n:ee: (eo ne co cnomnon cnnxponnon aanncii, nocioiiy ye
ror(a naxo(nr cnoe npn:enenne npne: play-bacl, ior(a aannci naopaennn
naia(inaercn na ~yon rooc.
B Henne (aaa pacciaainaercn ncropnn o(noro enpencioro napnn, ioro-
pin n (ercrne ne n cnnarore, no, i oimo:y ropi cnoero nepyimero orna,
yme n moynanec n cra ana:ennrocrii 5po(nen. lannyi poi ]ein
Pannonnna, ioropin no xo(y paannrnn ciera npenpamaercn n ]eia Pon-
na, ncnonner nenen :iani-xoa O ]ocon.
Kor(a ero oren enr npn c:eprn, cin nnoni, iai n (ercrne, ncnonner
penrnoanyi necni Kol Nidre. Coe(nnenne caipainon n npo]annon c]ep,
ioropoe nac y(er nnrepeconari n n pannnx conercinx anyionix ]ni:ax, n
.ron cnene nponnnercn ~epea npne: play-bacl: no npe:n ncnonennn Oo:
]ocono: penrnoanon necnn :i cimn: ne ero cocrnennin erinn (a-
aonin rooc, a conce: (pyron, ropecrnennin rooc nacronmero ianropa. 3a-
:ena cnnxponnon aanncn anyia npne:o: play-bacl c ca:oro na~aa yiaai-
naer na ro, ~ro n cy~ae coa(anae:oro cpe(crna:n inno rea pe~i n(er o
]anraa:arn~ecio: ree, c ioropi: apnrei :or i cen n(enrn]nnnponari
1b
.
8b4
PA]HOlA3
B cnoen peainnn na :ann]ecr 3naenmrenna, Hy(oninna n Aeican(pona
]anra Bepron niciaainaercn npornn (or:arn~ecion ycranonin na acnnxpon-
nocri: B anyiono: inno, rai e iai n n ne:o:, :i paa(ene: peaion rpann-
nen roiio (na nn(a ]ni:on: (oiy:enrainie (c no(nnni:n paaronopa:n,
my:a:n n r. (.) n nrponie (c nciyccrnenni:n, cnennaino npnroronenni:n
(n cre:in paaronopa:n, my:a:n n r. (.).
Hn (n (oiy:enrainix, nn (n nrponix ]ni:on nonce ne onaareini
nn coena0enue, nn necoena0enue nn(n:oro co cimn:i:. 3nyionie ia(pi,
rai e iai n ne:ie ia(pi, :onrnpyircn na pannix ocnonannnx, :oryr :on-
rano conna(ari, :oryr :onrano ne conna(ari n nepeneraricn (pyr c (py-
ro: n paanix neoxo(n:ix co~erannnx. Conepmenno ce(yer raie orpo-
cnri neenyi nyrannny c (eenne: ]ni:on na paaronopnie, my:onie nn
anyionie
17
.
]n Beprona nani: nnnercn n nepnyi o~epe(i ocymecrnenne (oiy-
:enrainoro npnnnnna n yconnnx anyionoro inno. B cnnan c .rn: on rpey-
er noinnyri nciyccrnennoe npocrpancrno areie, ~roi aanncinari anyin
nonce(nennon nann, r. e. aiycrn~ecine ]airi oipyaimero :npa
18
. Ho no-
no(y cnoero nepnoro anyionoro (oiy:enrainoro ]ni:a Cn:]onnn ]onac-
ca ; 3nryanaa: (1980) on ronopnr o nepexo(e or apxarnoro rpoa aary-
mennoro areie i crpamni: rpoxora: n eeani: nara: ]onacca
19
. Hpn
peanaannn cnonx n(en Bepron, o(naio, croinycn c pn(o: rpy(nocren n
npennrcrnnn. Co croponi innoipnrnin ero noniria aanncari (oiy:enrai-
nie anyin nne areie ia nocnpnnnra ipanne nerarnnno. Ye nepe( na~a-
o: cre:in nncan o ro:, ~ro ecrecrnennie anyin ne ay(norenn~ni n ~ro
ero na~nnanne npnne(er i iaio]onnn, i ioma~ie:y ionnepry
20
. Ha no(roro-
nnreinon cra(nn (oiy:enrainon anyioaanncn ce(onao pemnri n paan~-
nie rexnn~ecine npoe:i. 3a(a~a cocrona ne roiio n nonimennn ~yncr-
nnreinocrn :nipo]ona, no n n coa(annn nepe(nnnoro anyioaanncinaimero
innoannapara, ~ro peanaona npo]. Lopnn co cnoen rpynnon
21
. B npairnie
napynon anyiocre:in npne:i cnnxponnocrn n acnnxponnocrn cocymecrnona-
n na pannix: B peayirare nepe( na:n :arepna, cnnrin rpe:n cnocoa:n.
Bo-nepnix, :arepna, r(e naopaenne n anyi cnnri n paanoe npe:n na
paanix neniax.
Bo-nropix, :arepna, r(e naopaenne n anyi cnnri na paanix neniax, no
o(nonpe:enno n cnnxponno.
B-rperinx, :arepna, r(e naopaenne n anyi cnnri na o(non nenie
22
.
Bepron ncce(ona (oiy:enrainin anyi npe(e ncero n oacrn my:a.
Hpn .ro: on :or ncxo(nri na cnonx pannnx anyionix .icnepn:enron n
inie ro(i n cnoen aoparopnn cyxa on aann:acn paani:n cnocoa:n
(oiy:enrainon aanncn cimn:oro :npa, :onrao: crenorpa]n~ecinx aann-
cen, rpa:aanncen n (p.
28
. B ]op:nponannn .crern~ecion noannnn Beprona
cirpa cnoi poi n nrainncinn ]yrypna: c ero nnrepeco: i nn(ycrpnai-
ni: anyia: n :yaiie :amnn
24
. Opamanci i aiycrn~ecion cpe(e conpe:en-
noro ropo(a, xy(onni n io:noanrop yn(n Pyccoo xore npeo(oeri rpa-
!##
(nnnonnie npe(cranennn o :yaiie ~epea nciyccrno my:a
2b
. 1aie n n
Conercion Poccnn npono(nnci .icnepn:enri, cnnaannie c :amnnni: npo-
nano(crno: :yaiin: rai, io:noanrop n reoperni Apcennn Anpaa:on n 1922
ro(y nocrann n 5aiy Cn:]onni ry(ion
2b
.
Bne ce:anrnin conecnoro naiia my: pacipinaer cocrnennin c:ico-
non norennna n n .ro: ornomennn :oer pacc:arpnnaricn iai aay:nin
naii. B 1928 ro(y no.r-]yrypncr Aeicen Kpy~enix npe(nn(e nne(enne
anyia n inno ~epea my:. C ero ro~in apennn, nepexo( nponcxo(nr or eaany~-
noro naopaennn oreiron, nponano(nmnx my:, i any~amen aay:n :amnn,
ca:oeron nn noea(on. Ho(nnnin innonaii (n nero .ro cnoconin i
io:y yciopenni aay:nin naii: 3ay:nin naii :oer ycnenari aa (encr-
nne: ion icrpori!
On ecrecrnenno inne:arorpa]n~ecinn naii.
Beninn ne:on y(er ronopnri roiio na nenio: ne:o: naiie! (3ay)...
Knno noe(aer!..
On nno(nr, i|a]i rannix (encrnyimnx nn, a.ponan, noea(, ncenoa:o-
nie rexnn~ecine naoperennn n rpiin. H ior(a neninn ne:on aaronopnr,
ero pe~i my: :amnn, nnar n nar eeaa ecrecrnenno y(er aay:nan!
27
Lme o(nn acneir n reopern~ecinx reicrax ]anrn Beprona iaercn oco-
enno nnrepecni: c ro~in apennn audio-vision. Bepron no(pono ananan-
pyer ]yninni nonix rexnoornn nepe(a~n nn]op:annn (pa(no, ree]on, rpa:-
:o]on), npnnnnnnaino no(nn:aimnx ana~n:ocri aiycrnin. B cnoen crarie
Knnonpan(a n pa(nonpan(a (192b) on paa:imner o noa:onocrnx pa(no n
paapaarinaer n(ei pa(nonepe(a~n naopaennn, ioropan :ora i coa(a-
nari cnnxponnoe live-coirne n roaino: :acmrae cnoero po(a (npe(-)
nn(enne anyionoro inno n (ae reenn(ennn. Ocnonnie :icn cnonx reope-
rn~ecinx npe(cranennn, iacaimnxcn paannrnn :e(na, on nnrnpyer eme paa n
perpocneirnnno: reicre Or innoraaa` i pa(noraay` (1929): Ye n
cnonx nepnix aannennnx no nono(y rpn(ymero, ror(a eme ne naoperennoro
anyionoro inno innoin` (renepi pa(noin`) onpe(enn cnon nyri iai nyri
or innoraaa` i pa(noraay`, ro ecri x c.tnuuou u nepe0aeaeuou no
pa0uo xunoe.a.`.
Ho:emennan necioiio er ro:y naaa( n Hpan(e` :on crarin Auno-
npae0a` u Fa0uonpae0a` ronopnr o pa(noraae` iai o ynn~roennn
paccronnnn :e(y i(i:n, iai o noa:onocrn (n rpy(nmnxcn ncero :npa ne
roiio nn(eri, no o(nonpe:enno n c.tnamt (pyr (pyra
28
.
B cnonx ne:ix ]ni:ax Bepron paani:n cnocoa:n re:arnanpyer aiy-
crn~ecioe na:epenne n ~acrnocrn, no(~epinnan ror ]air, ~ro ero ]ni:i
in c:onrnponani ne roiio n apnreino:, no n n my:ono:, n anyiono:
ornomennn
29
. Pa(noraa nnnercn nonnrne:, onncinaimn: cn:yirannoe
npncyrcrnne aiycrn~ecioro n nnayainoro na:epennn, ioropie (pyr (pyra n
npnnnnne :oryr aa:ennri.
Pacc:orpn: ncrynnreinin .nnao( Cn:]onnn ]onacca, opaman oco-
oe nnn:anne na onpe(eennie acneiri, cnnaannie c nonpoca:n anyionn-
(ennn
80
.
8bb
4ni: npe(cranner coon ay(no-nnayainyi (oiy:enranni o ycnnnx
]onaccioro ipan no ninonenni nepnon nnrnerin nn(ycrpnanaannn n
ioeirnnnaannn n, o(nonpe:enno na :era-yponne, pe]eicni o noa:ono-
crnx anyionoro inno. B npornnonoonocri nicrparnnno-narypancrn-
~ecio:y ncnoiaonanni, anyionie n naopaanreinie .e:enri n Cn:]o-
nnn ]onacca paapaarinaircn pannonpanno n npnno(nrcn nocpe(crno: :on-
raa n conie naan:oornomennn. Paa(eenne naopaanreinon n anyionon
ionnennnn nponnnercn ye n ro:, ~ro (o nnayainoro napnanra
81
1980
ro(a Bepron nnmer n 1929 ro(y cnenapnn, n ioropo: on ocoenno nnrencnnno
npo(y:inaer nonin .e:enr anyia n ay(no-nnayaino: coiae :e(na: 1n-
iair ~aci.
Cna~aa rnxo. Hocrenenno rpo:~e. Lme rpo:~e. Henepenocn:o rpo:io
(~yri n ne y(api :oora). Hocrenenno rnme (o cpe(nero, ~erio cimn:oro
yponnn. 5y(ro y(api cep(na, roiio ana~nreino rpo:~e.
'in-ro marn npnnaircn no ecrnnne cnnay nnepx. Hpoxo(nr :n:o.
Crnxair. 1niair ~aci. Cnona npnnaircn marn. Ho(xo(nr nnornyi. Oc-
ranannnaircn. 1niair ~aci, iai y(api cep(na.
Hepnin y(ap nepionnoro iooioa. 3non aarnxaer, ycrynan rnianii ~a-
con. Bropon y(ap nepionnoro iooioa. 3non aarnxaer, cnona ycrynan rnia-
nii ~acon. 1pernn y(ap nepionnoro iooioa, nepexo(nmnn n nocrenennoe
paaneprinanne nepionnoro npaa(nn~noro nepeanona.
|....]
1niair ~aci, iai y(api cep(na. 'ro-ro na~nnaer nepe(anari pa(noree-
rpa]. Ha~nnae: cimari cep(ne aano(a cnonyi crannni. Hyic cnonon
crannnn ncnonnercn noo~epe(no paani:n rpynna:n nncrpy:enron. 3ror .ei-
rpn~ecinn nyic :i cimn: (oro no( ae:en n n maxrax, n y (o:ennix
ne~en, n no ncex (pyrnx nexax aano(a. 5nenne .eirpn~ecioro nyica ycnn-
naercn omen paoron ncex rpynn y(apnix n npo~nx nncrpy:enron, noce
~ero na~nnaer ocaenari n rpo:iocrn, n nor ye cimno na(an. 'ro-ro
nepe(aer pa(noreerpa]
82
.
B npornnonec npe(i(yme:y ]ni:y Beprona 'eonei c innoannaparo:,
n Cn:]onnn ]onacca noanniaer opaa pa(noreerpa]ncrin, nno ioropon
(aercn ipynni: nano: npe(e ncero n cocronnnn cymannn. Ka(pi c nao-
paenne: :oo(on enmnni, ioropan cn(nr n naymnniax nepe( nyiro:
ynpanennn, :ono pacmn]ponari no-paano:y. 3ra a:nnaenrnocri cnnaana
c nepeancrn~ecion ioncrpyinnen npocrpancrna, npe(cranennoro n rpa(n-
nnn :onranon .crernin iai nciyccrnenno c]par:enrnponannoe, ~ro yco-
nner opnenranni (n apnren. C o(non croponi, enmnny :ono onoanari n
ionreicre npou.eo0cmea ]ni:a iai ornercrnennoro aa anyioaannci ~ena
ioeirnna; c (pyron croponi, n ionreicre eocnpumu ]ni:a ona ]yni-
nnonnpyer iai n(enrn]niannonnan ]nrypa (n innonynin n nnnercn cno-
ero po(a nnrep]enco:.
B nponecce ca:ope]eicnn pa(noraaa no(~epinnaercn ay(no-nnayai-
nin coia inno n pa(no. 4ni: na~nnaercn c nepe(a~n cocrnennon anyionon
(opoin no pa(no. Kaercn, ~ro innoapnrei nn(nr ro, ~ro cimnr enmnna
n naymnniax. ]nirop no pa(no ornnner: Cymanre. Cymanre. lonopnr
!#%
ennnrpa(... PB 8... PB 8... Bona 1000 :erpon. Hepe(ae: :apm Hoce(nee
nocipecenie` na ]ni:i Cn:]onnn ]onacca`. Cpaay noce con (niropa
ce(yer ia(p n cry(nn c (npnepo: y :nipo]ona. Nyaiia a(eci noiaainaer-
cn n na:epennn cnoen rexnn~ecion nocnponano(n:ocrn n aa c~er ee re:arnaa-
nnn n naopaennn ocnoo(aercn or rpa(nnnonnon ]yninnn conpono(e-
nnn n inno.
Pemaimee na:enenne n neproncinx ia(pax orn~aer nepexo( or naopa-
ennn ronopnmnx, noimnx ]nryp ronny(cinx lallies i naopaenni cy-
maimen ]nrypi. 'epea ee nnayainoe naopaenne ocymecrnnercn ne roiio
paa(eenne naopaennn n anyia .ror npne: ne(er raie i paare(nnenni
oprann~ecion neocrnocrn ~eone~ecion ]nrypi, or(eenni rea or rooca n,
re: ca:i:, i cnoeopaano:y oecreecnnnanni anyia.
1ai iai ncro~nni ocraercn nenn(n:i:, :norne anyin oiaainaircn neo(-
noana~ni:n: cono pemnri, n:eercn n n nn(y npn orc~ere npe:ennoro
raira rnianie ~acon, yno:nnyroe n cnenapnn, nn nce e cryi :erpono:a
acconnannn, ioropan cranonnrcn noa:onon aa c~er re:arnaannn :yaiin. Boa-
:ono raie, ~ro na :era]opn~ecio: yponne :i n:ee: a(eci (eo c nenne:
.eirpn~ecioro nyica, o ~e: raie yno:nnaercn n cnenapnn. Kai nnayai-
nin pn(, rai n ]onorpa::a y Beprona coa(aircn :onrao: nn nacoenne:
conepmenno paanix, ne cnnaannix :e(y coon, cn:yiranno cymecrnyimnx
npocrpancrn. 4onorpa::a xapairepnayercn peain:n anyioni:n paapina:n
npn:epo: ro:y :oer cynri :yaiia :apma, ioropan neo(noiparno npepi-
naercn acoirnon rnmnnon.
Oriy(a ncxo(nr anyi rannin nonpoc, noanniaimnn n cnryannn oec-
reecnnnannn anyia. oianaannn anyia y Beprona npe(cranner, no-nn(n:o-
:y, npoe:y n (n naopaennon n cocronnnn cymannn ]nrypi. Aenmnna
npe:n or npe:enn orn(inaercn no cropona:, iai y(ro ona raie iai n
innonynia nmer ncro~nni anyia. Hnrepecno, ~ro n ionne .roro .nnao(a,
neii ioroporo nnnercn (e:ncrn]niannn nepinn, :i nn(n: enmnny ye
ea naymnnion, ior(a ona ennr icr ennna
88
. 3ror ia(p narainnaer na
paan~nie paa:imennn. Barn( pa(nocymareinnni orn~aercn or no-
opyennoro narn(a innoraaa, ncce(yimero n 'eoneie c innoannapa-
ro: :np apnreinix nnennn. 3(eci ciopee noanniaer omymenne, ~ro cy-
manne npnno(nr enmnny i nnyrpenne:y, coaepnareino:y apenni n nopo-
(aer n(oxnonenne, naxo(nmee cnoe nipaenne n rnop~ecio: aire n coa(a-
nnn ciyinrypi, npe(crannimen coon cn:non~ecioe nonomenne nonoro
nonrn~ecioro nopn(ia.
Ha :era]nan~ecio: yponne n Cn:]onnn ]onacca npornnonocrannir-
cn npanocannan nepioni n connancrn~ecioe rocy(apcrno. Xy(oecrnennan
nncnennponia .ron onnoannnn nano:nnaer nanecrnyi cenrennni Penrnn
onny: (n napo(a, a n ornomennn inno nicrpanni crarin ina 1pon-
ioro Bo(ia, nepioni n inne:arorpa] (1928), n ioropon inno pacc:arpnnaer-
cn iai ioniypenr nepinn n iaaia: Knne:arorpa] paane~er, npocnernr, no-
paanr noopaenne opaao: n ocnoo(nr or norpenocrn nepecrynari nep-
ionnin nopor. Knne:arorpa] neninn ioniypenr ne roiio iaaia, no n
nepinn. Bor opy(ne, ioropi: na: nyno ona(eri no ~ro i ro nn crao!
84
8b8
Hoce npoora n ]ni:e ce(yir ia(pi, ioropie noiaainair Poccni,
naxo(nmyicn no( rnnnoao: nepionnon n napcion nacrn. Haopaennn pe-
nrnoanoro n :onapxn~ecioro iyira (napcine :onorpa::i, nepionnie ioo-
ioa, craryn Xpncra, :onmnecn nepyimne) ~epe(yircn c naopaennn:n
maraimnxcn, ee (epamnxcn na norax ninnix. Kyi:nnannen .nnao(a nnn-
ercn paapymenne nepinn n npenpamenne ee n connancrn~ecinn iy.
Hponecc paapymennn ycnnnaercn cnenn]n~ecin:n cpe(crna:n inno: npn-
:ennercn npne: yciopennn n aa:e(ennn naopaanreinoro n anyionoro pn-
(on, ia:epa npnxo(nr n (nnenne .ro :oer iri napaeinoe nepion-
ni: iooioa: pacia~nnanne nn e maranne n:ecre c ninni:n. 3a c~er
npna:arn~ecioro npeo:ennn coa(aercn nne~arenne, ~ro iyironoe coopy-
enne nepinn pacna(aercn. Penrnoanie naopaennn na~nnair nnpnpo-
nari, ipynricn n pacrnopnricn. Boa(encrnne nnayainoro pn(a ycnnnaercn
anyio: apaannon (pon. B ionne .nnao(a (ana cepnn ia(pon n oparno:
(nnennn :i nn(n: nonie connancrn~ecine cn:noi (ana:ena, ipacnie
anea(i n r.n.), naeraimne cnnay na mnni iooioinn. 1ain: opaao:, pen-
rnoanan ionnepcnn naxo(nr cnoe aanepmenne.
]anra Bepron n cnonx reopern~ecinx reicrax n :ann]ecrax npornnono-
cranner orneprae:on n: xy(oecrnennon (pa:e, rnnnorn~ecin (encrnyimen
na eccoanareinoe, cocrnennin (oiy:enrainin :ero(, ioropin ~epea ]ai-
ri (oen noa(encrnonari na coananne: O(yp:annri n nnymnri ocnon-
non :ero( noa(encrnnn xy(oecrnennon (pa:i po(nnr ee c noa(encrnne:
penrnoanoro nopn(ia n noanoner neioropoe npe:n (epari ~eoneia n noa-
y(enno-eccoanareino: cocronnnn
8b
. O(naio n nionoopcrne, peanao-
nanno: n ]ni:e, nepioni n connancrn~ecioe rocy(apcrno ncrynair n a:n-
naenrnoe ornomenne cycrnrynnn
8b
, npn ioropo: na conerciyi nacri nepe-
nocnrcn ne roiio penrnoanie rpa(nnnn caipanaannn, no n ca: (oiy:en-
rainin :ero( iaercn aapaenni: rainnnannonni: o(yp:annnanne:.
BH]HNAA HLBH]HNOC1L lOOCA
1a nepexo(nan cnryannn, n ioropon na:enennn innorexnnin connan co
c:enon .crern~ecinx n nonrn~ecinx napa(nr:, n oacrn nrponoro inno na-
xo(nr cnoe narn(noe nipaenne n ]ni:e O(na lpnropnn Koannnena n
eonn(a 1payepra (1981). Hepnin ]ni: (nyx penccepon noce 43KCa
nnnercn nepexo(ni: no :nornx ornomennnx. On ye ne ne:on, no eme n ne
conce: anyionon, on ye yxo(nr or ionnennnn ananrap(noro inno, no eme ne
no nce: orne~aer nono:y peancrn~ecio:y nanpanenni.
B 1929 ro(y, ior(a n :apre A. Lopnn nnepnie noiaaa n ennnrpa(e cnon
.icnepn:enrainie anyionie ]ni:i, Koannnen n 1payepr na~an nncari
cnenapnn ]ni:a O(na, aa(y:inan ero iai anyionon: Ni onaareino xo-
ren cnn:ari ]ni: anyioni:. Onir :yaiin Locraionn~a i Hono:y Bann-
ony` neoxo(n:o io npo(oari. Kai n nce namn ronapnmn, :i in
npornn pe~n; (naor, iaaaoci na:, nepner .ipan i cnene. ]oiroro cni
apnreinon no.ann or(anari io neian. Xoreoci nmi ycnnri apn-
reinie opaai ionrpacro: co anyioni: pn(o:
87
.
!#'
C o(non croponi, penccepi opnenrnponanci a(eci n rpa(nnnn ananrap(-
noro inno na n(en anyionoro :ann]ecra 3naenmrenna, Hy(oninna n Aeican-
(pona, a c (pyron croponi, c ron e ananrap(non rpa(nnnen onn ncrynan n
noe:n~ecine ornomennn, nipaan cnon nnrepec i ~eoneiy, i penpeaenra-
nnn ~eone~ecion ]nrypi: Ha .ror paa io pemeno nanri n repon ne :no-
ecrno i(en, iai .ro io n name: noce(ne: ]ni:e, (a n n oimnncrne
iaprnn roro npe:enn, a roiio o(nn rannin xapairep, ninecrn na nepnin
nan o(noro nmi repon oi~nyi (enymiy. 3aranne ]ni:a nonnnoci
eme (o roro, iai ia nanncana xorn i crpo~ia cnenapnn. |...] B cone O(-
na` renepi rpy(no ycimari ~ro-ro crpannoe, npnneiaimee nnn:anne, no no
re: npe:ena: naananne io noe:n~ecin:. Ni ncrynan n cnop
88
.
Cier ]ni:a O(na, ooana~aimero na~ao nocr-ananrap(noro rnop~e-
crna Koannnena n 1payepra, n omnx ~eprax coornercrnyer nonon ]op:npyi-
mencn conercion :n]oornn. Noo(an y~nreinnna Lena Kyai:nna, ioro-
pyi nrpaer aprncria c rain: e n:ene:, :e~raer noce oion~annn ne(arorn-
~ecioro rexnniy:a ninrn aa:y n necrn ipacnnyi n npnnrnyi nani n
ennnrpa(e. O(naio Hapio:npoc, nonpein ee :emancio:y eanni, no pac-
npe(eenni ornpanner ee na Aran, n (aeiyi Onporni. Cna~aa ona npe(-
npnnn:aer nonirin ocraricn n nenrpe, no nponcxo(nr nonopor cy(ii, :e-
(nainyi ioncrpyinni ioroporo :ne xoreoci i n cnoe: ananae pacc:or-
peri oee no(pono. B peayirare y~nreinnna :enner cnoi ycranoniy
coramaercn yexari n ninonnri cnoe omecrnennoe aa(anne n nponecce :o-
(epnnaannn crpani, n nonimennn omero yponnn opaaonannn.
B (aeion onporcion (epenne ona npenpamaercn n connancrn~eciyi re-
ponni. Ona o0na ncrynaer n opiy npornn :ecrnix iyaion n npe(ce(aren
ceiconera, ioropie npo(air ioxoanyi ciornny n ne (air (ern: xo(nri n
mioy, aacrannn nx n:ecro .roro paorari nacryxa:n. Kor(a npe(nren, ~ro-
i pacnpannricn c y~nreinnnen, cpacinair ee c canen n ocrannir aa:ep-
aari n aacneennon crenn, (epenencian e(nora cnacaer ee: onn no pa(no
cnnainaircn c nenrpo: n y~nreinnny na ca:oere (ocrannir n oinnny.
Hec:orpn na nonrn~ecin ioppeirnin cier, ocnonannin na peainon
raaernon aa:erie, noce nixo(a na .ipan ]ni: i nocnpnnnr (ocraro~no
ipnrn~ecin na-aa ocoennocren n xy(oecrnennon peanaannn. lpnropnn Ko-
annnen nnmer: Hoce O(non` y nac ycranonnaci npo~nan penyrannn. Ni
c~nranci xy(onnia:n xoo(ni:n, norpnamn:n n crnnaannn n .crercrne.
Ko:nccnn, oce(onanman en]ni:`, nineca na: nironop aa nponnen-
nin n cre:iax ]op:ana:`
89
.
3ra onenia opamaer nnn:anne na a:nnaenrnyi crpyirypy ]ni:a
40
,
ioropin n name: ionreicre niainaer nnrepec npe(e ncero iai npn:ep
nepexo(a or ne:oro i anyiono:y inno. Xorn n cnenapnn ]ni: i aa(y:an
iai anyionon, n na~ae paori oopy(onannn (n anyiocre:in eme ne io.
O(na cnn:aaci iai ne:an iaprnna n oany~nnaaci noa(nee, ye noce noa-
npamennn na .icne(nnnn na Aran. Lena Kyai:nna, ncnonnreinnna rannon
pon, ncno:nnaer: H n(pyr :on penccepi n y~nren, ioropie in ranni:n
npornnnnia:n cona, ioropie c~nran, ~ro cono oipa(inaer nipaanreinocri
(nnennn, aacrannn :enn ~ro-ro nponanecrn ncyx. 3ro io pannocnino
iaio:y-ro nocri(no:y nocryniy. ]a n rooc y :enn i roneniinn
41
.
8b0
Oany~ennin ]ni: nponano(nr neoi~noe nne~arenne, nocioiiy n ne:
no~rn ne paaronapnnair. 1ai iai rexnnia cnnxponnon cre:in eme ne ia
(ocraro~no ocnoena, n anyiono: na:epennn (o:nnnpyir :yaiia n my:onie
.]]eiri. 'eone~ecian pe~i aa:ennercn :n:nion n na(nncn:n. O(na
anyionon ]ni: c :nnn:aini: ion~ecrno: con: nmi n neioropix cy~a-
nx, n (ocnnrix iyciax, or(einie pennin peanayircn cnnxponno. O co-
nocrnx anyiocre:in Koannnen pacciaainaer n cnonx :e:yapax: Ni npncry-
nnn i anyioaanncn. B necioiinx cnenax xoreoci ycnnri pemaimne :ec-
ra rpo:io ciaaannon ]paaon. O(naio (ae or(einie ia(pi ne y(aoci cnnri
cnnxponno: my: ia:epi aaryma rooc. Ha ia:epy na(en orpo:nin nonp-
nin narnni: my: na:enn xapairep, no aanncinacn ne :enee or~ernno.
1or(a ia coopyena necypaanan y(ia na ioecax, ona nano:nnaa no nnem-
nocrn nnnnon apei. Bnyrpennocri y(in onn rocron creranon anion
npornnnoro royoro nnera. B apei c rpy(o: nracinnan ia:epy: cnn:ari
nyno io ~epea oionnoe creio
42
.
Konnennnn cnnxponnoro anyia n ronopnme: inno npnnnnnnaino cnnaa-
na c npe(cranenne: o rooce, nnayananponanno: n neocrnon reecnon pe-
npeaenrannn ~eoneia, o(naio n anyiono: inno ye c ca:oro na~aa :ono
nai(ari paanie ]op:i aiyc:arn~ecioro rooca (voix acousmalique).
4pannyacinn reoperni audio-vision Nnmei Lnon onpe(en ero iai oec-
reecnennin rooc, ioropin :ono roiio cimari, ne nn(n npn .ro:, oriy(a
on n(er
48
. 3ro cnoncrnenno, n ~acrnocrn, rain: aiycrn~ecin: :e(na, iai pa(no,
ree]on nn rpa::o]on. Lcn .rn :e(na cranonnrcn oreiro: naopaennn
n inno, ornomennn :e(y re:, ~ro nn(no, n re:, ~ro cimno, yconnircn.
Boanniaer napa(oicainin .]]eir nn(n:on nenn(n:ocrn rooca, npn~e: nne-
~arenne nn(ennn y Koannnena n 1payepra no(roroneno neoiinonenni:n,
nepecnerenni:n cre:ia:n eoro na eo:, coa(aimn:n cyrrecrni nonn-
ennn anyia na cnera.
Cnoeopaanoe anyionoe pemenne n ]ni:e O(na aaii~aercn n no(nn-
:aime:cn na( ynna:n n noma(n:n ropo(a rooce, ncxo(nme: na rpo:ioro-
nopnren
44
. B ocoo nanie :o:enri .ror pa(norooc no~rn iai rpe~e-
cinn xop
4b
n:emnnaercn n (encrnne, io::enrnpyer ero n (ae niainaer
nonopor cy(ii.
5ecreecnin rooc na rpo:ioronopnren iaercn nea(ecymn: n nceanai-
mn: n~nie aaori ~epea nero nepeno(nrcn n omee na:epenne. B (nyx
:ecrax .ror rooc cnepxy, nano:nnaimnn cnoen nnronannen (niropcinn ro-
oc, nrpaer pemaimyi poi n paannrnn ciera. B ionne ]ni:a ~epea pa-
(nocoe(nnenne ycranannnaercn cnnai :e(y nenrpo: n nepn]epnen, ~ro (e-
aer noa:oni: oprannaanni cnacennn y~nreinnni: Cymanre, cymanre!
Ha Arae y:npaer y~nreinnna Kyai:nna. 1oiio ne:e(ennan onepannn
:oer cnacrn ee.
Xoreoci i oparnri ocooe nnn:anne na cnryanni, ioropan n paannrnn
ciera ne(er i nepe:ene ycranonin y~nreinnni n aacranner ee npnnnri
pemenne yexari na nepn]epni. Ha ]one necnn ]:nrpnn Locraionn~a Ka-
ian xopoman y(er nani
4b
, nponn~ecin oany~nnaimen :e~ri Kyai:nnon
o c~acrie, pa(norooc na orpo:non noma(n iai i ncrynaer n (pa:arn~ecinn
!$
ionrair c y~nreinnnen. Noo(an enmnna na npnain i n~non ornercrnen-
nocrn aa crponreicrno connana:a cna~aa pearnpyer ynpn:o n conpornnn-
ercn: 1onapnmn! Pemaercn cy(ia ne o(noro, ne coren, a :nnonon i(en. B
.ror :o:enr nepe( ia(i: cronr nonpoc: ~ro ri c(ea, ~ro ri (eaemi n
~ro ri y(emi (eari
A y(y aonaricn!
1e: ca:i: na~nnaercn croinonenne c ipoiparn~ecion nacrii Hap-
io:npoca, npe(napennoe .nnao(o:, ioropin crannr n nenrp nnn:annn (pyron
rexnn~ecinn :e(ny: ecreecnix roocon, a n:enno ree]on. 1ai iai
ree]ono: :ono noiaonaricn n n ~acrnix nenx, e:y n nepapxnn rexnn~e-
cinx :e(na orno(nrcn oee nnaian noannnn, ~e: ioeirnnno:y :e(ny:y
pa(no. Ho nyrn n Hapio:npoc Kyai:nna npoxo(nr :n:o ree]onnon y(in, n
ioropon :oo(on ~eonei paaronapnnaer o cnonx nonce(nennix aaorax (e(a,
nnnn n r. n.), cnnaannix c :emancin: iro:. 1o, ~ro rooc nnyrpn :ono
ycimari cnapyn, npornnope~nr peancrn~ecio:y cnocoy naopaennn.
Cnena necnnxponnan, ona cna~aa cnn:aaci iai ne:an n roiio nnoce(cr-
nnn ia oany~ena paaronopo:
47
.
B cy~ae Kyai:nnon ~acrnin xapairep ee ree]onnoro paaronopa ona
opamaercn i cnoe:y ennxy n npocnr ero conera ooana~aercn n na(nn-
cnx n ~epea ecrniynnni n :n:niy, a na ]onorpa::e conpono(aercn any-
ia:n pa(nomy:on, nepaaop~nnix ~ynx paaronopon n cryio: nnmymnx :a-
mnnoi, orciaimn: iai paa na yponeni io::ynniannn c ipoiparn~ecion
nacrii. Ha .ro: yponne :i n:ee: (eo c noynonomenni: rooco: na-
crn: :i xori n nn(n: pyiono(nreinnny or(ea Hapio:npoca, i ioropon Kyai-
:nna aaxo(nr n ianner, no roiio co cnnni, ea nna. 1ain: opaao: ee
roocy npn(aercn oee nicoinn craryc: :ono ycimari aa ia(po:, iai ona
(niryer peaoinni n orner na aannenne Kyai:nnon. B .ro: reicre n ipo-
iparn~ecinn rooc ncrynaer n (pa:arn~ecioe naan:o(encrnne c y~nreinn-
nen, pnropn~ecin:n cpe(crna:n aacrannn ee ncnirinari ~yncrno cri(a, ~ro
n ionne ionnon niainaer na:enenne n ee none(ennn n nnnnnnpyer nepe-
po(enne n connancrn~eciyi reponni: 1pyci, inren io:]opra, npa-
rn nacrn Coneron ne nyni na :ecrax. Ho.ro:y, ecn noa:ono, oc-
ranire y~nreinnny Kyai:nny, ne eaimyi exari n Cnnpi, a(eci... Y~n-
reinnna pner y:ary peaoinnn, ioropan en noanoner ocraricn n ennn-
rpa(e. 3(eci (ana cnnxponnan pennia, ona ronopnr nanononanni: roo-
co:: A noe(y!
B ]ni:e O(na oecreecnnnanne npn(aer pa(noroocy ocoyi nacri
na( nponcxo(nmn:. Hocioiiy ero ionipernoro nocnren nnior(a ne nn(no,
pa(norooc n nepapxnn :e(na aann:aer ca:yi nicoiyi noannni. B rayn-
ponannn nnayainon penpeaenrannn oecrnennoro n oimnncrne pnrya-
on n penrnn Nnmei Lnon onoana ncroin aiyc:arn~ecioro rooca iai
neoianaye:oro rooca
48
. Y Koannnena n 1payepra npono(nrcn napaei
:e(y ranncrnenni: pa(norooco: n rooca:n ma:anon, aa~aponinaimn:n
naceenne Aran cnon: rnnnorn~ecin: nenne:
49
. Apxan~ecine aainnannn
ma:anon aa:ennircn :arnen rexnnin n :n]oornen .eirpn~ecrna. 1ain:
opaao:, iai n y Beprona, cnn:aercn npornnonocranenne caipainon n npo-
8b2
]annon c]ep, n n nponecce cycrnrynnn nponcxo(nr caipanaannn nenn(n:o-
ro rooca conercion nacrn
b0
. Ho, n orn~ne or Beprona, rooc na rpo:iorono-
pnren n nrpono: inno Koannnena n 1payepra nnnercn pe(ynnponanni:
napnanro: aiyc:arn~ecioro rooca, ioropin nce-rain naxo(nr cnoe nono-
menne ero :ono oianaonari n o~eprannnx rexnn~ecion annaparypi,
nicrynaimen n pon neioero cnepxnepconaa.
B cnryannn nepexo(a or ne:oro i anyiono:y inno raian neoiinonennan
:e(nainan nncnennponia nacrn oripinaer ocoin, orcrpanennin narn( na
]nrypy no(n, c:ennimyi rooc na rpo:ioronopnren, r. e. na ry acoir-
nyi anea(y, c ioropon, ce(yn ln ]eopy, n roranrapno: omecrne ia(in
(oen nn :arn~ecin cen n(enrn]nnnponari, nn nc~eanyri.
Hepeeo0 c neuexoeo E.ent Lene.t0
1
!. Ctatp. Speclacle, Allenlion, Counler-Nemory ;; Oclober. 1he second decade,
198b199b ; P. Krauss el al. (Ld.). Cambridge, Nass.; London, 1997. P. 420.
2
C:.: . Gtops. Gesamllunslwerl Slalin. Die gespallene Kullur in der Sow[elunion.
Nnchen, 1988. O nocnpnnrnn narneponcion rpa(nnnn Gesamllunslwerl n Poccnn c:.
raie: Gesamllunslwerl. Zwischen Synslhesie und Nylhos ; H. Gnlher (Hg.).
Bieleeld, 1994.
8
G. Debotd. La socil du speclacle. Paris, 1992. P. b9.
4
C:., nanp.: S. Zielinski. Audiovisionen. Kino und lernsehen als Zwischenspiele in
der Geschichle. Peinbel, 1989; M. Chion. Audio-\ision. Sound on Screen ; Ldiled and
lranslaled by C. Gorbman wilh a oreword by W. Nurch. New Yorl, 1994.
b
C:.: J. Leu6epe. Knnonpo:imennocri CCCP. 3iono:nia conercion inne:aro-
rpa]nn. N., 1980.
b
C:. ranny o paannrnn innonponano(crna n nepno( 19181941 rr. n in.: 1he
lilm laclory. Pussian and Soviel Cinema in Documenls ; P. 1aylor, l. Chrislie (Ld.).
Cambridge, Nass., 1988. P. 424. Hcro~nni crarncrnin c:. n in.: Conercine xy(oe-
crnennie ]ni:i. Annornponannin iaraor. 1. 12. N., 19b1. C 198b ro(a n Coner-
cio: Coiae ne:ie ]ni:i ne nponano(nnci.
7
Kyirypnoe crponreicrno CCCP. Crarncrn~ecinn copnni. N., 19bb. C. 800
801.
8
!. A.excan0poe. 3noxa n inno. N., 197b. C. 11411b.
9
B nnnape 1927 ro(a n ennnrpa(e n n Nocine cocronnci racrpon-(e:oncrpannn
ne:enioro annapara anyionoro inno 1pn 3pron (c:.: eronnci poccnncioro inno.
18b81929. N., 2004). O .rnx racrponx-(e:oncrpannn raie cnn(ereicrnyir crn-
xn no.ra Aeicen Kpy~enix lonopnmee inno (1pn 3pron): B ]o:e Coiaon` ;
inne:arorpa]a nonan .pa ; no nceycimanie ; aaronopnn ; 1pn 3pron. (A. Ap-
uentx. lonopnmee inno. N., 1928. C. b.)
10
O rexnoornn conercioro anyionoro inno c:.: H. Anoenxo. 3ny~aman ]ni:a
n CCCP n aa rpannnen. N., 1980; 3nyionoe inno. Copnni craren. N., 1980.
11
C:.: . Muxa.xoeuu. Haopaanreinoe nonecrnonanne n anyiono: inno ;;
3ipannie nciyccrna n nreparypa. 3nyionoe inno. N., 1994. C. 1949.
12
C:.: . Jxen6au. Hpoe:i inno-crnncrnin ;; Ho.rnia inno. N., 1927. C. 18b2.
!$!
18
Ho(ponee o npoe:arnie nnyrpennen n nnemnen pe~n c:.: !. Chtislie. Soviel
Cinema. Naling Sense o Sound ;; Screen. July;Augusl 1982. \ol. XXlll. !. 2.
P. 8449.
14
C. J.ennmen, . H0oexun, !. A.excan0poe. 5y(ymee anyionon ]ni:i. 3a-
nnia (1928) ;; C. 3naenmrenn. Hapannie nponane(ennn n mecrn ro:ax. 1. 2. N.,
19b4. C. 81b.
1b
C:.: M. Chion. La voix au cinma. Paris, 1982. P. 127128.
1b
O nonnrnn ]anraa:arn~ecioro rea c:.: M. A. Doane. 1he \oice in lhe Cinema.
1he Arliculalion o Body and Space ;; Yale lrench Sludies. 1980. !. b0 (Cinema ;
Sound). P. 88b0.
17
,. epmoe. Orneri na nonpoci (1980) ;; ]. Bepron. Crarin, (nennnin, aa:ic-
i. N., 19bb. C. 124.
18
Heioropoe coornercrnne (oiy:enrainon ycranonie ]anrn Beprona :ono na-
i(ari y 5ei 5aama, ioropin paann n cnoen innre Der Geisl des lilms (]yx
]ni:i, 1980) reopni aiycrn~ecion ]nanorno:nin, noy~nnmyi peaonanc n n Coner-
cio: Coiae. Ocnonnie nooennn cnoen reopnn 5aam onyniona n crarie O(no
ye(enne n conercio: copnnie craren, nocnnmenno: anyiono:y inno (c:.: 3nyio-
noe inno. N., 1980. C. 899b).
19
,. epmoe. ]oia( na Hepnon ncecoianon ion]epennnn no anyiono:y inno
(1980) ;; Ha ncropnn inno. Narepnai n (oiy:enri. Bin. 8. N., 1971. C. 184.
20
C:.: ,. epmoe. Hepnie marn (1981) ;; ]. Bepron. Crarin, (nennnin, aa:ici.
C. 127180.
21
C:.: ,. epmoe. Ocy(ae: nepnyi anyionyi ]ni:y Yipann]ni: Cn:-
]onnn ]onacca ;; 1a: e. C. 12b127.
22
,. epmoe. ]oia( na Hepnon ncecoianon ion]epennnn no anyiono:y inno.
C. 184.
28
,. epmoe. Anronorpa]nn ;; Ha ncropnn inno. Narepnai n (oiy:enri.
Bin. 2. N., 19b9. C. 29.
24
O nocnpnnrnn nrainncioro ]yrypna:a n Poccnn c:.: !. Tacmeeen. 4yrypna:.
(Ha nyrn i nono:y cn:nona:y). C npnoenne: nepeno(a rannix ]yrypncrn~ecinx
:ann]ecron Napnnerrn. N., 1914.
2b
C:.: E. o6puncxa. 4yrypna:. N., 2000. C. 848b.
2b
O (enreinocrn Apcennn Anpaa:ona c:. crarin H. Hanoona n L. Herpymancion
n .ro: copnnie.
27
A. Apuentx. 4onernia rearpa. N., 1928. C. 1b. O coornomennn aay:n n ]oro-
rennn c:.: M. Xuno.tcxu. Nn]oornn any~amero :npa n inne:arorpa] ;; Knnone(-
~ecine aanncin. 1992. ! 1b. C. 80109.
28
,. epmoe. Or innoraaa i pa(noraay (Ha aayin innoion) ;; ]. Bepron.
Crarin, (nennnin, aa:ici. C. 11b.
29
1a: e. B 192b ro(y Bepron nocnnrn re:arnie pa(no cnoi Pa(no-Knnonpan-
(y (Knnonpan(a ! 28).
80
Ho(ponin anana ]ni:a c:.: L. !ishet. Lnlhusiasm. lrom Kino-Lye lo Padio-
Lye ;; lilm Quarlerly. 1977. !. 2. P. 2b84. Kpo:e roro, o (nciyccnnx noipyr ]ni:a
c:.: G. Robetls. lorward Soviel! Hislory and Non-iclion lilm in lhe USSP. London; New
Yorl, 1999 (ocoenno rany 1he lmpacl o Sound and Documenlalism. P. 92107).
81
,. epmoe. Cn:]onnn ]onacca (3nryanaa: ) ;; ]. Bepron. Crarin, (nen-
nnin, aa:ici. C. 288284.
8b4
82
,. epmoe. 3nyionon :apm (Ha ]ni:a Cn:]onnn ]onacca) ;; 1a: e.
C. 280288.
88
L. !ishet. Op. cil. P. 29.
84
L. Tpoxu. Bo(ia, nepioni n inne:arorpa] ;; . 1poninn. Bonpoci ira.
3noxa iyirypnn~ecrna n ee aa(a~n. N. |1924]. C. 48.
8b
,. epmoe. Knnoraa ;; ]. Bepron. Crarin, (nennnin, aa:ici. C. 92.
8b
A:nnaenrnocri ornomennn naxo(nr cnoe nipaenne raie n nporpa::no:
naanannn ncnonennoro n ]ni:e :apma Hoce(nee nocipecenie.
87
!. Ao.unee. Copanne co~nnennn n nnrn ro:ax. 1. 1. N., 1982. C. 192.
88
1a: e. C. 187, 189.
89
1a: e. C. 208.
40
L. ]onn nnmer o crnenon paanope~nnocrn ]ni:a. C:.: E. ,o6un. Koannnen
n 1payepr. N., 19b8. C. 120.
41
E. A.tuuna. O ro:, ~ro no:ni. N., 1989. C. 2b22b8.
42
!. Ao.unee. Yiaa. co~. C. 199. O npoe:arnie anyiocre:in c:. raie innry
o oneparope ]ni:a O(na (X. moecxu. An(pen Nocinnn, innooneparop. CH.,
2000. C. 11b120).
48
M. Chion. La voix au cinma. P. 2b88.
44
O pon rpo:ioronopnren n ]ni:e c:.: H. Hcunoea. O(na, CCCP (1981) ;;
Hciyccrno inno. ! 12. 1991. C. 1b21b4.
4b
C:.: E. Matgolil. Der sow[elische Slummilm und der rhe 1onilm ;; Geschichle
des sow[elischen und russischen lilms ; C. Lngel (Hg.) unler Nilarbeil von L. Binder,
O. Bulgalowa, L. Nargolil, N. Segida. Slullgarl; Weimar, 1999. S. b4.
4b
Hecnn ne roiio nicrpnpyer paannrne ciera, no or~acrn n aa:enner anrop-
ciyi pe~i nn pe~i nepconaen. Ocooro nnn:annn aacynnair nnnonarnnnie ac-
neiri n :yaiie ]:nrpnn Locraionn~a (n ]ni:a O(na. Pn(o: c io:noannnn:n
(n oimoro opiecrpa n npo]eccnonainix nennon io:noanrop ncnoiayer raie
oeprononoe nenne, map:aniy n nnepnie n inno .eirpo:arnnrnin nncrpy:enr
1ep:ennoic. K paannrni inno:yaiin n rnop~ecrne Locraionn~a c:.: A. Mepet.
Schoslalowilsch. Sein Leben, sein Werl, seine Zeil. Bergisch Gladbach, 199b (ocoenno
S. 188141).
47
C:. penenani na ]ni:: . Cmtpun. Or nnrenrenrcinx niann i peai-
non (encrnnreinocrn ;; Hpoerapcioe inno. 1981. ! b. C. 1424. Ho(ponin
anana nepeancrn~ecinx npne:on coornomennn anyia n naopaennn c:.: A. Thompson.
Larly Sound Counlerpoinl ;; Yale lrench Sludies. 1980. ! b0. P. 11b140. Kpo:e
roro, o pon ree]ona n noa(ne-cranncio: inno c:. crarii Cnena Cnniepa n .ro:
copnnie.
48
C:.: M. Chion. La voix au cinma. P. 27.
49
Penccepon ipnrnionan aa ro, ~ro onn n cnonx (oiy:enraino-.rnorpa]n~ec-
inx cre:iax aa(encrnonan nacronmnx ma:anon, n: peio:en(onan y~me ncnoiao-
nari airepon nn cry(enron. C:.: H. Hcunoea. Yiaa. co~. C.1b4.
b0
O ncnxoananrn~ecion nnrepnperannn aiyc:arn~ecioro rooca iai onopi
roranrapnoro nopn(ia c:.: S. EA. Liebe Dein Symplom wie Dich selbsl! Jacques
Lacans Psychoanalyse und die Nedien. Berlin, 1991. S. b8b8.
!$#
HHKOAH H3BOOB
H3 HC1OPHH
PHCOBAHHOlO 3BYKA B CCCP,
HH NL]HA 5L3 NL]HYNA
Lcn nnn:areino nay~nri ]airi, ocranmnecn no re: nn nni: npn~nna:
:aonanecrni:n, :ono aa:ernri crpannyi aaiono:epnocri: no(ono nceo-
men ncropnn ~eone~ecrna, ncropnn inno paannnaercn nnin~ecin. H, ior(a
na~nnaercn nonan ]aaa inne:arorpa]n~ecioro paannrnn, rexnn~ecine oripi-
rnn, iai npanno, npe(mecrnyir .crern~ecin:. 3ro iacaercn ncropnn inno
noome n ncropnn anyionoro inno n ~acrnocrn.
lonopn o ncropnn inno, oi~no n:eir n nn(y ncii~nreino ]ni:i,
cnnrie na neniy npn no:omn ]ororpa]n~ecion rexnnin, r. e. nerarnnno-
noanrnnnoro nponecca, aane~arenaimero ]nan~eciyi peainocri. K coae-
nni, (o cero (nn o~eni :ao nanncano o (pyron, ne :enee nipaanreinon n
ana~nreinon inne:arorpa]n~ecion rexnnie onrn~ecioro nepno(a, npnanan-
non cnnreanponari nonyi, (ocee ne cymecrnonanmyi cpe(y, iai nnayainyi,
rai n aiycrn~eciyi. Kaercn, e(nncrnenni: nanecrni: penccepo: .roro
nanpanennn c~nraercn iana(cinn :yirnnniarop Hop:an Nai-apen. 1e:
ne :enee on i (aeio ne e(nncrnenni: n conce: ne nepni:, io:y npnma
n roony .ra n(en.
Hnrepecno ro, ~ro reopernin inno .ry noa:onocri (ae ne ]op:ynpo-
nan. 5ea 5aam, o(nn na ca:ix nponnnareinix ncce(onareen, nnca n
194b ro(y: 3nyi ne :oer iri naopaen. Ha .ipane nonnnercn naopa-
enne airepa, no ne naopaenne ero rooca. 3nyi ne naopaen, a nocnpona-
ne(en, on :oer any~ari necioiio na:enenno, no oa(aer ron e peaino-
crii
1
. 1o ecri npnpo(a anyia npnpannnnaaci i npnpo(e ~eone~ecioro ro-
oca nn npnpo(e :yaiin, aiycrnia n io::ynniannn ne paa(ennci. io-
nirno: nn(n:in ~eonei npn raio: no(xo(e naopaacn na innonen-
ie nn nocnponano(ncn na nen Crpanno eme n ro, ~ro n:enno 5ea 5a-
am npnnn:a y~acrne n coa(annn iai :nnn:y: (nyx ]ni:on, oany~ennix
npn no:omn rai naainae:oro pnconannoro (a raie rpa]n~ecioro, y-
:anoro, :yirnnniannonnoro, cnnrern~ecioro, nciyccrnennoro n
r. (.) anyia.
Cpe(n cymecrnyimnx oaopnix :arepnaon nyno yiaaari raie rany
na innrn Nyirnnniannonnin ]ni:
2
, nanncannyi C. 5yrocancin:, n
rany na innrn H. Hnanona-Bano Ka(p aa ia(po:
8
, r(e n omnx ~eprax
orncnnircn npnnnnni nciyccrnennon ]onorpa::i, i coaenni, n ocnon-
no: rexnn~ecine. B crarie No:enr onnennn cnnmen n(en
4
anrop noni-
racn ncroionari ]noco]ciyi n(ei pnconannoro anyia.
8bb
Hrai, iro e i nepnooripinaree: Honnrno, ~ro .ro ne :orn iri
inne:arorpa]ncri (o nonnennn anyionoro inno onn nnior(a ne paa:im-
nn o reopnn anyia.
B naoperenne n paapaoriy pnconannoro anyia nanoee nennin nia(
nnecn ncero ~eripe ~eoneia:
Apcennn Anpaa:on io:noanrop n :yaiiainin reoperni, naoperarei
ynnnepcainon :yaiiainon 48-rononon cncre:i Welllonsyslem (nna~e
U.1.S);
Lnrennn Lono nnenep, rexnn~ecinn naoperarei, paapaarinanmnn
annapar (n nciyccrnennoro ncnonennn :yaiin;
5opnc Anioncinn aiycrni;
Hnioan Bonnon oneparop :yirnnniannn.
Oirnpi 1929 ro(a n ia~ecrne (ari po(ennn ca:on n(en c y(nnnrei-
ni: e(nno(ymne: or:e~air nce :e:yapncri, (ae 5. Anioncinn, ne npncyr-
crnonanmnn npn .ro:. Ha anropcrno nniro oripiro ne nperen(ona noa-
:ono, noro:y, ~ro nepni: .ry :ici niciaaa N. Uexanoncinn (.ro ooana-
~eno n crarie A. Anpaa:ona Cnnrern~ecian :yaiia
b
).
Anpaa:on i e(nncrnenni:, ioro ne nnrepecona cocrnenno rexnn~e-
cinn acneir. Lro neia noa:onocri ncce(onannn nepnoocnoni iai onrn-
~ecioro naopaennn, rai n anyia, cranonnmerocn :yaiion n rooco:. 1aion
nepnoocnonon (n nero in npocrenmne ]op:i enin(onon reo:erpnn
ina(pari, rpeyroinnin n ipyrn, na ioropix cia(inaercn ne roiio ian
nnayainan ]op:a, no raie n onrn~ecian ]onorpa::a ion ]op:i na in-
nonenie.
Ka(in na rpex ocrainix paapaor~nion pnconannoro anyia naope
cnon cocrnennin annapar opnrnnainon ioncrpyinnn.
L. Lono naana cnon annapar Bapno]ono:. Paornnin en]ni:a
:e(y coon oipecrnn ero Lonorpa]o:, no( .rn: naananne: on n ]nry-
pnpyer n paan~nix :e:yapax
b
.
Ycrponcrno 5. Anioncioro naainaoci Bnpo.icnonarop.
H. Bonnon cioncrpynpona :amnniy (n paa:erin cnoeopaanix rpee-
noi na y:arn, cynnmnx cran(aprni:n aaroronia:n ]par:enron y(ymen
]onorpa::i
7
. Lro :ero( po(ncn na rpa(nnnonnon (n roro npe:enn :yirn-
nniannonnon rexnnin y:anon nepeia(in. 4onorpa::a noia(pono cnn-
:aaci napaeino c naopaenne:. 3ro i npairn~nin :ero(, cno(nnmnn,
nnpo~e:, i :nnn:y:y nce orarcrno aiycrn~ecinx noa:onocren pnconanno-
ro anyia. B rnrpax ]ni:a Bop (1984) :ero( Bonnona (ae naanan y-
:ani: anyio:, xorn nonnrno, ~ro raioro po(a aaroronin :orn iri c(ea-
ni na ioro :arepnaa. Bonnon ne i cionen i reopernanponanni n, n
orn~ne or ocrainix naoperareen, ne ocrann nniainx nreparypnix rpy-
(on. 3aro coxpannnci n:enno ero ~eripe aaion~ennie inne:arorpa]n~e-
cine paori c pnconanni: anyio:.
Ornomennn oimnncrna paornnion rpa]n~ecioro anyia in (pye-
cin:n, ocnonanni:n na naan:ononn:annn n no((epie. Cnopi :e(y nn:n
in, iai npanno, ocnonani na reopern~ecinx paanoracnnx. 1ai, eren(a
racnr, ~ro ior(a n 1981 ro(y cna~aa n :ae n ypnae Haoperarei
!$%
nonnnaci crarin Ha anannocrax rexnnin o naoperennn L. Lono rpa]n-
~ecioro ron]ni:a (pnconannoro anyia), a n cenrnpe Coiainno npe:npo-
nao io:noanropa A. Anpaa:ona aa paapaoriy rpa]n~ecion :yirnnniannn
anyioaanncn (:ero( L. Lono)
8
, Anpaa:on ne :or c(epari noa:ymennn n no
npnea(e Lono n Nociny, nacrpoennin neci:a pemnreino, ornpanncn ni-
ncnnri ornomennn. O~enn(no, Anpaa:ony iaaaoci n ror :o:enr, ~ro Lono
niraercn npnnncari npnopnrer n paapaorie n(en pnconannoro anyia roiio
cee. O(naio (o pyionpnia(crna ne (omo n paccranci onn no-npene:y
(pyain:n.
Beponrno, n:enno cnoeopaani: :nnn:ana:o: aiycrn~ecioro peayi-
rara :ero(a Bonnona nianani nana(in na nero naompennenmero aiycrnia
5. Anioncioro, ioropie erio aa:ernri n ero reicrax
9
. lpynna HBBOC1OH
(A. Hnanon, H. Caaonon n H. Bonnon) raie ne ocranaaci n (ory. Hoionnin
A. Caaonon (cin H. Caaonona) pacciaaina :ne er (ecnri ro:y naaa(, ~ro
na( Anioncin: :yirnnniaropi oi~no no(c:ennanci. Hpn~nny no :ao-
ercrny (on i ror(a conce: peenio:) aano:nnri e:y ne y(aoci, n na:nrn
ocracn ca: ]air.
On ncno:nn n (pyron, neci:a npn:e~areinin .nnao(. 3aion~nn nepnin
]ni: no :ero(y Bonnona (Hpei( Pax:annnona), nce paornnin rpynni
ornpannnci c:orperi ero n innorearp, naxo(nnmnncn na ro: :ecre, r(e cen-
~ac naxo(nrcn Hyminncinn. H ior(a na .ipane nomo naopaenne, ne
paa(aoci nniainx anyion! 3ro npo(oaoci no~rn ceiyn(y, no ceiyn(a no-
iaaaaci nce: npncyrcrnyimn: ne~nocrii. Horpncenne io nacroiio cni-
ni:, ~ro ocraoci n na:nrn nancer(a. 'epea ceiyn(y paa(acn n anyi. Onn ne
anan aaiona (ennrna(narn ia(pon, neoxo(n:ix (n anyionon nern, n napn-
conan anyi ne c:emenni: no ornomenni i naopaenni, a cnnxponno. B ro:,
~ro .ro (encrnnreino rai, :ono ye(nricn, noc:orpen ]ni: n PlAK4]
(on i n:onrnponan n Coiainnoypna
10
). Ye n ce(yime: ]ni:e,
1anen noponi, omnia ia ncnpanena.
4ni: Bop n:e nepnin napnanr, ne nime(mnn n npoiar n no.ro:y ne
yno:nnyrin nn n o(non ]ni:orpa]nn. Ho c~acrii, on coxpanncn n i
onapyen n PlAK4] innone(o: A. ]epnnni: necioiio er naaa(. Cne-
napnn i nanncan 5eon 5aame:, roiio ~ro nepeexanmn: n CCCP, n npe(-
crann coon .ipannaanni nnrari na Cranna, n ioropon ronopnoci, ~ro
:i ne nycrn: ]amncrciyi cnnnii n nam conercinn oropo(. B ]ni:e
(encrnnreino ]nrypnpyer ornparnreinoro nn(a cnnnin co cnacrnion na
oiy, niraimancn ~ro-ro paapymnri n noy~aiman aacyennin ornop.
B oion~areino: napnanre 1984 ro(a rnna cnnnin ocracn re: e ca-
:i:, o(naio ona opy(yer na reppnropnn ioxoaa n cnacnree: nicrynair
nnonep Bacn n ero nec ]pyoi. 5ea 5aam, coa(anmnn .ror nepcona, c~n-
ra ero n(eaini: xapairepo: conercioro :yir]ni:a (n ro npe:n n :yi-
rnnniannn CLA ye in nocronnnie nepconan, cranmne nonynpni:n, a
n conercion nce nonirin no(onoro po(a 1nn-1on, 5parnminn n r. (.
napo(non inn ne niainan). 3ror :ai~yran n ia~ecrne opynn nocnr
npn cee iapan(am, npn no:omn ioroporo on n nropraercn n ca:oe (encrnne.
Cnon: pncynio: on :oer na:ennri oipyaimnn ero pnconannin :np. (Lc-
8b8
n nepe( nn: peia, ioropyi e:y na(o nepenrn, ro on ryr e pncyer ~epea nee
:ocr.) Nai~yran ca: npnconinaer n ia(p paan~nie nemn
11
. Cnoi ]op:y-
nponiy 5aam no~rn (oconno nonropner n n 1984 ro(y, ior(a ]ni: i
aaion~en, n n 194b n innre Hciyccrno inno. O(naio nnonep Bacn, napnco-
nannin n cnoncrnenno: A. Hnanony rporecino: crne, ocoon cn:narnn i
cee raie ne niana.
L. Lono, iai racnr eren(a, n ionne era 1941 ro(a aa necioiio (nen
aannca na cnoe: annapare ]onorpa::y i ]ni:y Crepnnrnnin. 3nyionex
en]ni:a ye .naiynponacn, n roiio Lono c:or cnacrn nooenne.
4onorpa::a ]ni:a coxpannaci n naxo(nrcn cen~ac n Nyaee inno n Noci-
ne cpe(n eme necioiinx (ecnrion ponion c .icnepn:enra:n Lono. Bnpo-
~e:, ca: ]ni: ne (on (o namnx (nen n, no (anni: cymecrnyimnx nine
cnpano~nnion, i cnnr na Coia:yir]ni:e (r. e. n Nocine, a ne n e-
nnnrpa(e). 3ro ocronreicrno eme npe(cronr nponcnnri.
Hponricn i npairn~ecion peanaannn cnonx n(en naoperaren: pnco-
nannoro anyia io ~peani~anno rpy(no. 1eopernin, .nryanacri-o(nno~in,
aiycrnin-nep]einnonncri ne nyni in conercio:y nn(ycrpnaino:y in-
nonponano(crny. 1o~no raine e rpy(nocrn ncnirinan n conercine naope-
raren nnernoro inno (o rex nop, noia yiaa o oprannaannn nnernix innocre-
:oi ne i na(an na npannreicrnenno: yponne. Croponnnia: pnconannoro
anyia noneao :enime anyioaannci n inno ia ye npnni~ni: (eo:.
H: npnmoci cocpe(oro~nri cnoi (enreinocri n nay~no-ncce(onareicinx
nncrnryrax, rparnri cni na (oinanne ipoxornix i(ernix (ener, npocnri
no:omn y rainx e .nryanacron...
Cyxn n eren(i, oipyanmne .ro nnenne, (o cnx nop npnno(nn i ro:y,
~ro (ae n cepieanix ncce(onannnx, nocnnmennix inno n :yaiie, :ono
io npo~nrari, nanpn:ep, ce(yimee:
Lme (o roro, iai nonnnnci .icnepn:enri c .eirponnon renepannen
anyia n ]onn~ecin: npeopaaonanne: ero (a raie n ionipernon :yai-
ie n my:on), ye (anno, cpaay noce nepnon :nponon nonni, na~anci nep-
nie nonirin nciyccrnenno renepnponari anyi, a n:enno n ]op:e rpa]n~e-
cion :yaiin`, ro ecri rpa]n~ecioro naopaennn anyia. Ha~ao .rn: oni-
ra: noon . Noron-Ha(i, aa nn: noce(onan, noce 1980 ro(a, 3. 1ox, a
n Conercio: Coiae A. Anpaa:on, H. 3enncinn, H. Bonnon, l. N. Pn:cinn-
Kopcaion, L. Lono, ioropie ocnonan .icnepn:enrainyi cry(ni npn e-
nnnrpa(cion Koncepnaropnn; n lep:annn .ro in P. H]ennnnrep, O. 4n-
mnnrep; n Anrnn ]ei 3nor, a noa(nee K. L. 5eii; n Kana(e
H. Nai-apen
12
.
Henpepinnoe na~epranne no ipai nenin io na~aro eme 5. Anion-
cin:, na~epranne or(einix ia(pnion no ipai innonenin reo:erpn~ecin-
:n ]nrypa:n Anpaa:oni:; n peayirare .ro (anao neoiinonenno nnre-
pecnie anyionie .]]eiri. Ho ro:y e npnnnnny Noron-Ha(i nanocn no
ipai enri orne~arin ~eone~ecinx nainen, npo]nn nn, yini a]annra;
O. 4nmnnrep paan~nie reo:erpn~ecine ~epren n r. n. Hx nepeno(` n
aiycrn~ecine nnennn (a conepmenno nonie anyionie .]]eiri. Hepnin
]ni: raioro po(a, ro ecri onnennin rpa]n~ecion :yaiion`, i coa(an
!$'
n 1982 ro(y n Ninxene P. H]ennnnrepo: no( naananne: 3ny~aman pyionnci`.
H. Bonnon pncona anyionie cxe:i, conna(anmne c cncre:on rpa(nnnonnix
any~annn, n nenocpe(crnenno na nenie cocrann :yaiiainie nponane(ennn.
1ai, n 1984 ro(y e:y y(aoci ~ncro rpa]n~ecin: nyre: na~eprari neci npei(
Pax:annnona. B Anrnn no(onie .icnepn:enri npe(npnnn n 1988 ro(y ]ei
3nor, aa nn: K. 5eii, n Kan]opnnn parin Ynrnen
18
.
Hpn ncen nyrannne n:en, (ar n rnop~ecinx npnnnnnon, co(epamnxcn n
npnne(ennix nnrarax na innrn 3. ncci, na(o aa:ernri, ~ro iaioe-ro nnnnne
conercinx naoperareen na :nponoe inno nce-rain omymaoci. B yno:nnan-
mencn ye innre H. Hnanona-Bano, nanonennon :noecrno: ~peani~anno
nnrepecnix (eraen n no(ponocren, ecri o(nn ionirnin nacca. O(na-
(i Hnanon-Bano npn:o cnpocn Nai-apena, anaio: n on c paora:n co-
nercinx :yirnnniaropon n oacrn pnconannoro anyia n ~nra n on namy
innry Nyirnnniannonnin ]ni:`. Nai-apen oriponenno ornern, ~ro
xopomo anaio: c .ron innron, ~ro on ee nepeno(n n crarin o pnconanno:
anyie cnino no:ora e:y n paore
14
.
1py(no ciaaari, :or n Nai-apen nepeno(nri c pyccioro naiia na anr-
nncinn, no n anronai~non npecce ncrpe~anci nyniannn o pnconanno:
anyie
1b
, ioropie :orn iri e:y nanecrni.
He ce(yer (y:ari, ~ro ]eno:enoorn~ecian n(en inno cymecrnonaa n
nono: orpine or ncen :nponon iyirypi n no(nnrinaaci roiio or ca:on
cen. Kai rexnnia (inne:arorpa]) npo(ynponaa ]noco]ni (]eno:eno-
ornn) n cnnreanponaaci c nei n ]eno:enoorn~ecion .crernie Nepo-
Honrn, rai e n ]eno:enoorn~ecian n(en inno naxo(na nnon paa neci:a
neon(annyi no((epiy (pyrnx iyirypno-ncropn~ecinx (ne ncer(a .crern-
~ecinx) re~ennn. Pacc:orpn: (eraino o(no na rainx coe(nnennn na npn:e-
pe ncropnn pnconannoro anyia.
Hanecrno, ~ro pyccinn ]yrypna: iai re~enne n nciyccrne no~rn ne nonn-
n na inno nn n(eoorn~ecin, nn ioncrpyirnnno. Ornomennn ]yrypna:a n
inne:arorpa]a oime nano:nnair nnemnee orrainnanne (]pa:a n iaa-
pe ]yrypncron ! 18, cnenapnn B. Nanioncioro, pannne .icnepn:enri . Ky-
emona), neen nnyrpennee rnrorenne. O(naio ecn pacc:arpnnari ]yry-
pna: iai :npocoaepnanne (na ~ro on nperen(ona n nepnyi o~epe(i) n :ero(
noanannn, ro na cner nixo(nr nein pn( y(nnnreinix anaornn. 4yrypncrn-
~ecian rpa(nnnn oiaainaercn cnoconon i no(ornopno:y paannrni n pao-
raer na ca:o:, iaaaoci i, nenpe(crann:o: :arepnae.
B nreparype ]yrypna: iopenni: opaao: na:enn pn]:y, pnr:, ca:o
cono. Kopneconne n conornop~ecrno nnemnne npn:eri. B ~e: nx nnyr-
pennnn c:ic Hpnne(e: xponoorn~ecinn :onra nnrar, orpaaimnn .no-
inni B. Xenniona:
1. O anyie nanncano :ope innr no n:enn Ciy~noe. Cpe(n nnx o(nnoinn
ocrpon :nenne :an~ypcinx rarap: 8029 anyion aayin cyri 80 (nen
:ecnna n ~ro anyi aayin ecri cipnn :ecnna, cimn:in ae:ni: cyxo:...
Nan~ypcine rarapi n Hn]arop no(air (pyr (pyry pyiy (1914)
1b
.
870
2. Ha (oi xy(onnion :icn na(aer nocrpoenne aayin nonnrnn, crpon
ocnonnix e(nnnn :icn, na nnx crponrcn a(anne cona.
3a(a~a xy(onnion ipacin (ari ocnonni: e(nnnna: paay:a na~eprarei-
nie anain (18 anpen 1919)
17
.
8. a) B na ncex naiiax ana~nr npamenne o(non ro~in ipyro: (pyron nn
no neo:y ipyry nn no ~acrn ero, (yre, nnepx n naaa(.
) |...] X ana~nr aa:inyryi ipnnyi, or(enimyi nperpa(on nooe-
nne o(non ro~in or (nnennn i nen (pyron ro~in (aamnrnan ~epra).
n) |...] 3 ana~nr orpaenne (nnymencn ro~in or ~epri aepiaa no(
yro:, panni: yry na(ennn. Y(ap y~a o rnep(yi nociocri. |...]
Nne B. iaercn n nn(e ipyra n ro~in na ne: |...]
Xa n nn(e co~erannn (nyx ~epr n ro~in |...]
3. npo(e ynanmero K, aepiao n y~ |...]
(18 anpen 1919)
18
.
4. 1ain: opaao: aay:nin naii ecri rpn(ymnn :nponon naii n aapo-
(ime. 1oiio on :oer coe(nnnri i(en. Y:nie naiin ye paare(nnnir
(:an 1919)
19
.
b. |...] no~e:y aaronopi, aainnannn rai naainae:on nomenon pe~n,
cnnmennin naii nai~ecrna, .rn mara(a:, :ara(a:, nira(a:, nnn, nan, nany`
cyri nepennni naopa coron, n ioropo: paccy(oi ne :oer (ari cee or~era,
n nnnircn iai i aay:ni: naiio: n napo(no: cone. |...] Crapocannncinn
naii nenonnren pyccio:y. arnncinn noniy n ~exy. Ho nanncannan na
arnncio: naiie :onrna (encrnyer ne :enee cnino, ~e: ninecia. 1ain:
opaao:, nomenan pe~i aaronopon n aainnannn ne xo~er n:eri cnon: cy(i-
en y(nn~nin paccy(oi (19191920)
20
.
b. Lcn paan~ari n (yme npannreicrno paccy(ia n ypnin napo( ~yncrn,
ro aaronopi n aay:nin naii ecri opamenne ~epea roony npannreicrna
npn:o i napo(y ~yncrn, npn:on in~ i cy:epia: (ymn, nn nicman ro~ia
napo(onacrnn n nann cona n paccy(ia, npanonon npne:, npn:enne:in n
pe(inx cy~anx (19191920)
21
.
Hpopnconinaercn nnrepecnan renepainan nnnn. Heoorna: nirn(nr
apxana:o:, apxana: neoorna:o:. 3ainnanne no .]]eiry npnpannnnaer-
cn i arnncion nn crapocannncion :onrne. Ha~nnair airnnno nponano-
(nricn nonoopaaonannie aainnannn, npe(crannimne coon nnpn:yi (en-
crnyimee aay:noe cono, ne ny(aimeecn n iaio: i ro nn io nocpe(nn-
ie :op]oorn~ecio:, cnnraicn~ecio:, cn:non~ecio:, r. e. n napaoran-
non iyirype cona. 3aronop, aainnanne .ro npn:on aay:nin naii y-
(ymero, coe(nnnimnn ncex i(en. Ha .ron ocnone onpe(enercn n(en, aaii-
~ennan n anyie. Cnoe nipaenne ona naxo(nr n rpa]n~ecion cxe:e anyia,
no:oraimen nonnri n naopecrn ynnnepcainin naii y(ymero n ero nnci-
:ennocri, nnnimyi coon rpne(nncrno n(en, nipaennon n anyie, ioropin
nipaen n pncynie, n cnoi o~epe(i nipaaime: n(ei.
4yrypna: yciopner .noinni, n(annnan y(ymee n nacronmee, :ici
n ~yncrno, nciyccrno n nnenepni ye cero(nn.
!%
O(naio nce .ro eme ne n:eer ornomennn i inno, ecn ne c~nrari ocrpoy:-
noro, xorn n ~ncro nnemnero, nai(ennn P. Aiocona o ro:, ~ro no.:a Xenn-
iona Nnpcionna .ro inne:arorpa]n~ecian enra, nymennan naoopor
22
.
Ho~rn o(nonpe:enno c aapo(enne: ]yrypna:a n Poccnn, n na~ae
1910-x rr., na~aaci (enreinocri Apcennn Anpaa:ona, npnne(man n 1917 ro(y
i opaaonanni nay~no-xy(oecrnennoro omecrna n:enn eonap(o (a Bnn-
~n. L. A. Lono ncno:nna:
Ca:o coon paay:eercn, ~ro, naanan cen .rn: n:ene:, Omecrno n:eo
n nn(y ncii~nreino nay~no-xy(oecrnennyi (n (ae oee nay~nyi, ~e:
xy(oecrnennyi) n(eoorni .roro rennainoro ~eoneia. Bepa n :orymecr-
no nayin n :are:arnin, crpe:enne i oreirnnno:y noananni ranncrnen-
nix` aaionon nciyccrna nor ~ro noy(no Omecrno npncnonri cee .ro
ncropn~ecioe n:n. |...]
Paora ma no nnnn penoinnn n :yaiiainon reopnn n rexnnie na
ocnone recnon cnnan nciyccrna n nayin. |...]
Pon pacnpe(ennci (onoino or~ernno: Cepren ]nannn nan na cen
:are:arn~eciyi npopaoriy nonpocon aiycrnin n :yaiiainon reopnn; Apce-
nnn Anpaa:on (encrnona n oacrn ]noco]nn n connoornn :yaiin, onnpa-
nci, no :epe na(onocrn, na ]naniy n ncropni; :on paora nipaanaci n ioncr-
pynponannn annapara (n anro:arn~ecion aanncn ]oprennannon nrpi. |...]
Ho .rn: (anni: npe(crannn :i cee :i c:oe: nponninyri
ananrn~ecin: narn(o: n rannnin rnop~ecrna (noia ncnonnreicioro) n,
noopyennie :are:arn~ecin:n ]op:ya:n, paanri nponneranmne n re npe-
:ena :ncrn~ecine n n(eancrn~ecine ren(ennnn n orncnennn :yaiiaino-
rnop~ecinx nnennn. |...]
Ni nen no(ion no( :yaiiainoro ncnonnren. 3ra iacra nocpe(nn-
ion` :e(y :icii io:noanropa n nocnpnnrne: cymaren na: iaaaaci
nmnen, :i npeanpan aipoarn~ecine ynpanennn nec~acrnix y~ennion ion-
cepnaropnn, nia(inanmnx nci cnoi nn(nnn(yainocri n ]nan~eciyi paory
nepnno-:yciyinoro :exanna:a pyi. Ni npe(no~nran, ~roi onn paoran
roonon. |...]
3nyionoe inno nepenepnyo nce
28
.
Hrai, i nan(en ynnnepcainin ncnonnrei, noanonimnn ecnocpe(-
nn~eciyi peanaanni rnop~ecion n(en. Kaiona ia .ra n(en no Apcenni
Anpaa:ony
3(eci nponaome o(nn na rex cy~aen, ~ro n:eir oiinonenne cranonnri-
cn ncropn~ecin:n aaiono:epnocrn:n. Ocenii 1929 ro(a cy(ia cnea A. An-
paa:ona n L. Lono c N. Uexanoncin: no npe:n oany~annn ]ni:a A. Poo:a
Han neninx paor (Hnrneria). Paapaorin anyionoro inno n CCCP
na~anci panime ncero n ennnrpa(e, n aoparopnn A. Lopnna. 1py(no cia-
aari, iaiona ia i ncropnn pnconannon :yaiin (:yiranyia, cnnre:yaiin,
nciyccrnennon ]onorpa::i), ecn i Lopnn paapaarina ne rpancnepcai-
nin cnoco (npn ioropo: ]onorpa::a noy~aercn n nn(e ay~aron ipnnon), a
nnrencnnnin (]onorpa::a n nn(e ~epe(yimnxcn nooc paanon nornocrn n
mnpnni) iai L. 1arep n Nocine, nn :arnnrnin (raine oniri roe npono-
(nnci n ro npe:n, oime ncero n lep:annn). Lcn i Uexanoncinn ne i
872
npnramen (eari neoimne :yirncranin n .ror ]ni:, ecn i nce onn
ne oiaaanci n:ecre n .ror :o:enr, ecn i n(en eaicnonnreicion
:yaiin ne ia ye nepeapeon... Kai i ro nn io, nponaome cy~an,
nnoce(crnnn onncannin n Lono, n Anpaa:oni:. Y:ecrnee cocaricn na
pacciaa Anpaa:ona, rai iai on ne cionen npnnncinari po(enne n(en roi-
io cee, n (ocronepnocri ero rpaironin iaercn oimen:
Kai-ro paa cn(en :i n cry(nn nrpoe: n, L. A. Lono, npnramennin
:noi n ia~ecrne accncrenra, n xy(onni-:yirnnniarop N. N. Uexanon-
cinn (anrop nepnoro anyionoro :yir]ni:a Ho~ra` no Napmaiy). Ni c
orpo:ni: nnrepeco: pacc:arpnnan n yny nepnyi, eme :oipyi, anyionyi
(opoiy, roiio ~ro npnnecennyi na nponnin. Uexanoncinn nocxnmacn ipa-
coron opna:enrainix yaopon ipnnon n ]anraanpona:
Hnrepecno, ecn aacnnri na .ry (opoiy ernnercinn nn (pennerpe~e-
cinn opna:enr ne aaany~nr n n(pyr nene(o:an na: (ocee apxan~ecian
:yaiia
Ni c Lono paao~aponan xy(onnia: rai iai opna:enr ca: no cee
crporo nepno(n~en, ro n aanncn:ocrn or ero ]op:i npoany~nr e(nncrnennin
anyi roro nn nnoro re:pa ernnercioro` nn rpe~ecioro` rpy(no
cy(nri, no :eo(nn nniaion, paay:eercn, ne noy~nrcn |...]
O(naio cono io ciaaano n(en nanecennn na neniy aapanee aaro-
ronennon nciyccrnennon` ]onorpa::i n ecrnmne nepcneirnni .ron n(en
aanan n (ymy nce: y~acrnnia: ece(i.
Oion~nn iaprnny, ia(in na nac noniracn peanaonari ee na cnon a(
24
.
|...] Ni (rpynna Anpaa:ona. H. H.) paoran na :yirnnniannonno:
cranie, crarn~ecin cnn:an ia(pni aa ia(pnio: ni~ep~ennon rymii (n ipyn-
no: :acmrae) ]onorpa::i. |...] Ni pan re:ponie ipacin n rorono:
nn(e na 3nin(onon reo:erpnn` rpeyroinnin, rpanennn, ina(pari, noy-
ipyrn n r. (. |...] Ni cpaay nepeii~nnci na noncin necixannix` re:-
pon, nonix ronainix cncre:, conix nonpnr:n~ecinx .]]eiron
2b
.
|...] Paane .ro raion y ]yrypna:` eari, umo6t mexnuuecxue cpe0-
cmea e.uxou no0uun.uct meopuecxou .autc., a ne nao6opom
2b
|...] Paane :i ne cranonn:cn n rynni nepe( :noroopaane: pnryaon Boc-
roia, ne n:en (n nnx y(onernopnreinix cnocoon ]nicannn, rai iai n
pnr:n~ecion :are:arnie ca:n ne nomn (aime 2 x 2 = 4` (neie, noonn-
ni, ~erneprn, noci:ie elc.)
27
|...] Bce: (ainenmn: naoenne: epyci (oiaaari, ~ro :aicn:y: ~epea
28 ro(a n:enno .rn: nyre: conercine io:noanropi noy~ar n cnon pyin
conepmennin n nocymnin annapar (n nonomennn cioi yro(no (epainx
rnop~ecinx aa:icon, neinn ynnnepcainin cnepxopiecrp no( ynpanenne:
anropa`, ne anaimnn rpannn nnpryoanocrn, nipaanreinocrn, ro~nocrn ioro
aa(annoro crpon, paanoopaann re:pon ((o naoperae:ix ca:n: anropo: nii-
~nreino), no(nnnin :np aanrpa` n :yaiie
28
.
|...] ]n cnnre:yaiin` nem rexnn~ecinx rpy(nocren nn n crpoe, nn n
re:pe, nn n crenenn nnpryoanocrn: en o0unaxoeo erin n b-crynennan pan-
no:epnan re:nepannn nnannen (a nonpoynre-ia ee cneri!), n 22-crynennan
nn(ycon, n :on 48-crynennan Welllonsyslem`, n acoirno ~ncrin :are:arn-
!%!
~ecinn crpon, n iaine-nny(i yaonnencine` rpern n mecrie rona, no ncn
npoe:a` ryr cno(nrcn i pn(y apn]:ern~ecinx (encrnnn`, n ipanne: cy-
~ae i ranne orapn]:on ((n re:nepannn)
29
.
|...] Cnnrern~ecian |...] :yaiia ne rpeyer nniainx peioncrpyinnn: nann-
mnre (n rapn (coxpannn 17-crynennin crpon, iai ocnony :eo(nn n rap:o-
nnn) cioi yro(no conyi io:noannni c :o(ynnnn:n, napnannn:n, n
pacmnpenno: (o ore:a ]oprennannon iannarypi (nanaaone nycri .ro
y(er (ae noopaae:in inaprer rapn` paanix reccnryp. H ecn roiio
ni cy:eere npannino (n c:ice nnronannn) aanncari namy :yaiiy Lo-
no c Anioncin: n 84 (nn oany~ar` ee n ni ycimnre ceeo0n ro, ~ro n
nopn(ie ncropn~ecion .noinnn` npnmo i ~epea nocornn er
80
.
|...] Paane ro, ~ro :i (eae: ne nnnercn no(nnnon peeo.ue na
:yaiiaino-rexnn~ecio: ]ponre
81
Hpocrynaiman cxe:a ne iaercn ~e:-ro noni:: ynnnepcainan cncre:a
:yaiiainix ronon, nonomenni ioropon npennrcrnyer nnainn yponeni nc-
nonnreicion rexnnin n orcyrcrnne no(xo(nmero nncrpy:enra, ny(aercn n
no:omn nnenepnoro rennn. Hyen npnop (n a(einarnoro nocnponane(e-
nnn n(en. 1aion npnop onapynnaercn n nn(e anyionocnponano(nmen an-
naparypi, aacrannimen any~ari pyiornopnyi anropciyi :yaiiy, ~ro ecri
ecnocpe(nn~ecioe (eaicnonnreicioe) nonomenne n(en anyia. 3ra n(en
anyia nner n ero cxe:e, pncynie, aaii~anci n ero reo:erpn~ecion ]op:e.
3na~nr, nonci any~annn, ne cymecrnyimnx n npnpo(e (r. e. ne cymecrnyimnx
n conpe:ennon napaorannon iyirype anyia), no ecrecrnennix (n ncex
npnpo(nix nnennn, enr n npocrenmnx reo:erpn~ecinx ]op:ax. 1ain: o-
paao:, nnrepecnee ncero yanari any~anne ]nryp enin(onon reo:erpnn ipyra,
rpeyroinnia, npn:oyroinnia, rpanennn.
Hna~e ronopn, .ro ynnnepcainan cncre:a, cnoconan cnpecconari .noi-
nni :yaiiainon iyirypi, ore(nnniman nce cymecrnyimne (ocrnennn
Bocroia n 3ana(a, (aiman noa:onocri cpaay, ea nocpe(nnion (iai n ncno-
nnreicio:, rai n n rexnoorn~ecio: c:ice) nonornri rnop~eciyi :ici
ion conocrn na ocnone nmi necioiinx nepnn~nix anyio.e:enron,
~en c:ic nnen n nx rpa]n~ecion (reo:erpn~ecion) cxe:e.
3ro acoirno ]yrypncrn~ecian n(en, npnny(ennan n 1980-e rr. i ecre-
crnenno-pnropn~ecion :acinponie: Paane .ro ]yrypna: ]a, .ro n:enno
]yrypna:.
Hrai, ia(in noniracn peanaonari n(ei nenocpe(crnennoro anyia
no-cnoe:y. Paanocri rexnoorn~ecinx cpe(crn, onpoonannix ia(i: na .rnx
rpex ~eonei, n neo(nnaionocri (ocrnrnyrix n:n .crern~ecinx peayiraron
cxo(nrcn, o(naio, n cnoen rynnnon cyrn. B inno n(en ncnonnreicrna
ncer(a ia npornnonoona n(ee cnnxponnocrn. Nexann~ecian cnnxponn-
aannn naryp]ororpa]n~ecioro inno (neo(opnreinin rep:nn N. Uexa-
noncioro), nenpe:enno (ona ia (ari (noninn oepron: no 1) cnnrean-
ponari nnemnii :exann~eciyi cnnxponnocri c nnyrpn]ni:n~ecion acnn-
xponnocrii, no 2) (onricn acoirnon cnnxponnocrn na yponne :o:en-
rainon ]ororpa]nn, con:ecrnn ]eno:enoorn~ecinn aanc cn, (encrnyi-
mnx nnyrpn ia(pa, c nein:n ]ororpa::ni:n nponecca:n.
874
Hepnan noa:onocri nama nnone a(einarnoe nonomenne n 3nyionon
aannie 3naenmrenna, Hy(oninna n Aeican(pona, nonnnnmencn ye n 1928 ro-
(y. Hpoia:nponannan n:n acnnxponnocri iai rnop~ecinn :ero( ncnoiao-
nannn anyia n inno (eaa anyi ncero nmi o(nn: na .e:enron :onranon
crpyirypi ]ni:a, o~epe(ni: :exann~ecin: rpiio:. 3ror :ero( i npnro-
(en (n o~eni neoimoro nepno(a npe:enn, nepexo(noro or ne:oro inno i
anyiono:y, n i n cyrn cnoen (ocraro~no ioncepnarnnni:, nanpanenni: na
coxpanenne y~mnx :onranix aanoenannn ne:oro .rana. 3crern~ecinn
norennna raioro npne:a ne npenocxo(n noa:onocren, (anae:ix nneroni-
:n :onoxpo:ni:n nnpani:n oia:n.
Ha(o io oa(ari c:eon ]anraanen n nenpnnrne: rpa(nnnonnix :ne-
nnn, ~roi onapynri :omnin aanac (nnymnx cn n:enno n acoirnon
cnnxponnaannn naopaennn co anyio: n (oiaaari, ~ro n:enno n nen ocno-
na (nna:n~ecion crpyirypi inno.
Orroinynmnci or :yirnnniannn, Uexanoncinn c(ea aare: (na na-
ryp]ororpa]n~ecinx cnnxponnix anyionix ]ni:a Hacn]ni 281 n lo-
nai, o nropo: na ioropix (o cnx nop :ao ~ro nanecrno. Ho cne coe(nnen-
nix cpe(crn i ero ]ni:a: npnnaercn roiio Ho~i na icon rope
A. Aeiceena. Uexanoncinn i raie, no-nn(n:o:y, nepni:, iro n ne~arn
yiaaa na noa:onocrn :ero(a A. Anpaa:ona, xorn ca: n ne nonpoona no-
ce(onari e:y nnpn:yi.
B ypnae Knno n nani n 1980 ro(y ia onynionana ero crarin O
anyionon pucoeanno ]ni:e. On nnmer: ]pyrn: npen:ymecrno: <:yirn-
nniannn na( naryp]ororpa]n~ecin:` inno. H. H.>, onnri-rain no(~ep-
innai ~ncro inne:arorpa]n~ecin:, no nireiaimn: ye ne na :ero(a npo-
nano(crna, a na cnenn]nin ca:oro :arepnaa pnconannon ]ni:i, nnnercn
nonenman cnoo(a :acrepa n xy(oecrnennon (e]op:annn nn(n:oro peai-
noro oreira, n ne roiio ero ]op:i, no ~ro eme nanee (e]op:annn
0unauuuecxo crpyirypi ]ni:i (r. e. ca:on cep(nennni innonciyccrna).
Hpan(a, naryp]ororpa]n~ecioe inno, naa:en ne npncymen e:y (e]op:annn
(nna:nin, noiayercn nanecrni: rexnn~ecin: npne:o: aa:e(ennon n yicr-
pennon cre:in; no ncno, ~ro .ror rexnn~ecinn cypporar nniaioro xy(oecr-
nennoro c:ica n:eri ne :oer.
B ca:o: ocnonno:, nenrpaino: :o:enre nocrpoennn ]ni:i n uon-
mae nce npen:ymecrna raie y(yr na cropone ]ni:i pnconannon
82
.
Ca:ie conepmennie :onranie co~erannn naryp]ororpa]n~ecioro inno
na 9b cy~anni, nmeni nacrn~ecion ro~nocrn, ne ea ocnonannn c~nraer
Uexanoncinn. Ho.ro:y nanoee naoperareinie penccepi noiayircn
npn :onrae aepiaini: (ynponanne: ia(pon (nepenopa~nnanne: nx na
rnnen) n :onrao: nnone crarn~ecinx ia(pon (npn:epi nepnoro Oi-
rnpi, Crapoe n nonoe; nroporo Apcena n 3e:n), neoxo(n:ix (n
xorn i ~acrn~noro npeo(oennn .ron cy~annocrn.
Conepmenno nna~e nporeiaer :onranin nponecc pnconannon ]ni:i.
B nicmnx cnonx ]op:ax pnconannan ]ni:a :oer (ae ne anari :onraa
iai :o:enra or(einoro, naonponannoro or ncero nponano(crnennoro nponec-
ca. B pnconannon ]ni:e ner cymecrnennon paannni :e(y criio: (nyx
!%#
:onranix ia(pon-iycion n criio: (nyx ia(pon-ieroi. Nonra noanniaer
a(eci ye c :o:enra aacre:in nroporo no c~ery ia(pa-ierin, a, ce(onarei-
no, neci :onranin nponecc pnconannon ]ni:i :oer iri .apanee npe0-
cuompen u cmanoe.en c npe(einon ro~nocrii
88
.
|...] Hni:n cona:n: n pnconannon ]ni:e (ocrnraercn ne roiio nonoe
conna(enne apnreinoro opaaa n anyia, ~ro :i n:ee: n n cnnxponnon cre:ie
c narypi, no, ~ro eme cymecrnennee n ~ro e(na n craner (ocrynni: ]ororpa-
]n~ecio:y innonciyccrny, .ro ~peani~anno recnoe cnnnne pnr:nin any-
ionon ianni c pnr:nion ianni nacrn~ecion
84
.
|...] C paannrne: e rai naainae:oro :yirnnniannonnoro`, r. e. pnco-
nannoro :ero(a aanncn anyia (.rn: aannri Apcennn Anpaa:on n Nocine,
rr. Lono n Pn:cinn-Kopcaion n ennnrpa(e), nepe( na:n noanniaer pe-
ainan noa:onocri nocrpoennn anyionon pnconannon ]ni:i no :ero(y
eme oee conepmenno:y: apnreinan n :yaiiainan ianna y(yr crponricn
o(nonpe:enno or nepnoro (o noce(nero ia(pa
8b
.
Nero( A. Anpaa:ona ecrecrnenno n noce(onareino nrnny no( o(ny
ooo~iy ynnnepcancrcin-ioc:oronn~ecine na:epennn nciyccrna 1910-x rr.;
]yrypncrn~ecine nonirin cnpecconari npe:n nyre: npn:oro naiia :ic-
en-~yncrn, onepnpyimnx na~eprareini:n cxe:a:n-cn:noa:n anyion aa-
y:non pe~n, o(nnaiono opamennix n npomoe n y(ymee ye cero(nn;
io::ynncrn~eciyi n(ei nay~no no(roronennon penoinnn, aa:ennimen
npnpo(nyi .noinni. 3ra ionnenryainan ar:oc]epa oiaaaaci y(nnnrei-
no nnrareinon cpe(on (n inne:arorpa]a na~aa 1980-x rr., ro ecri npe:enn
airnnnoro ocnoennn anyia.
Anpaa:on, n npornnonoonocri cnnxponno nocnponano(n:on acnnxpon-
nocrn .naenmrennoncio-ny(oninncio-aeican(poncion aannin, npe(on a-
coirno cnoenpe:ennyi n croi e nenop:arnnnyi nnni paannrnn anyio-
noro inno na ocnone cnnxponnaannn nepno.e:enron iai innonaopaennn,
rai n innoanyia apxan~ecin-]ororpa::noro (aanncannoro ea nocpe(crna
:nipo]ona iai nerarnna, rai n noanrnna anyia), yinaino :arepnanayime-
ro aanc rpex ocnonnix nnyrpnia(ponix (nnennn no ropnaonran ia(pa,
no neprnian n nryi ia(pa (cy::a (nyx nepnix (nnennn, nipaaiman-
cn n na:enennn paa:epon nnayainix oreiron). 5oee roro, io no(neprny-
ro ]eno:enoorn~ecio:y paaoenni (ae ocnonnoe (ocronncrno anyionoro
inno cnnxponnan cre:ia ronopnmero ~eoneia.
O(naio y:ecrnee cocaricn na ca:oro anropa n(en, no:ecrnnmero n 1982 ro-
(y n ypnae Hpoerapcioe inno crarii Cnnron]ni:a c onncanne:
(ocrnrnyrix reopern~ecinx n npairn~ecinx peayiraron:
H nor n ~e: :i ye ye(nnci c neco:nennocrii: ~ro oi~nan cncre:a
rpex ioop(nnar n npocrpancrne n:eer eayconnyi o(noana~nocri c cncre-
:on ioop(nnar anyionix. B :yaiie paan~air anyin no nicore, cne, (n-
reinocrn n re:py. 'ro .ro (aer n nepeno(e na naii apnreinix opaaon
(3a:ern: :arepnanaonannix n rexnoorn~ecio: rpiie! H. H.)
1. Hpnnenne any~amero rea npn:o na apnren na rynni .ipana
(ropnaonraino-nepnen(niynpnan i .ipany ioop(nnara) coornercrnyer na-
pacranni cu.t anyia.
87b
2. ]nnenne no nepnen(niynpy (neprnian) n nociocrn .ipana coor-
nercrnyer na:enenni etcomt rona.
8. Hepe:emenne no ropnaonran n nociocrn .ipana (cnpana naeno n
oparno) no ocn npe:en coornercrnyer 0.ume.tnocmu any~annn.
4. Ha:enenne ca:oro oreira any~annn na:enenni meu6pa, oipacin
anyia (n nnerno: inno .ra oacri pacmnpnercn).
H(n or .ron ~peani~anno npocron n nnone oreirnnnon cxe:i, rai iai
nooennie n ee ocnony acconnannn ome~eone~ni, :ono nocrponri (ae
ecnpe(:erno-opna:enrainin` .ipan, .innnaenrnin io:y :yaiiaino-
:y nponane(enni (n ne rai, iai .ro c(eano, nanpn:ep, Hnenco: c ranne:
5pa:ca)
8b
(a(eci, no-nn(n:o:y, omnia: n:eercn n nn(y nanecrnin n CCCP
]ni: O. 4nmnnrepa 1981 r. Benrepcine ranni 3ri( ! 9 na :yaiiy
H. 5pa:ca. H. H.).
Orne~an na mnpoio pacnpocrpannnmnecn cyxn o ro:, ~ro ero rpynne y(a-
oci nciyccrnenni: nyre: nocnponanecrn pe~i ennna, A. Anpaa:on aa:e-
~aer: Paay:eercn, (o nocipemennn ennna` na: cero(nn eme (aeio, iai
(aeio n (o po(ennn eai:nnnoro ro:yniyyca n peropre, nponanocnmero
pe~n n Y(apnnie`; nam peeno~ei eme roiio y~nrcn nironapnnari nana,
:a:a`: :i paapaarinae: rpa]nin or(einix .e:enron pe~n, nonyrno n
a(eci peman npoe:i, (aeio nixo(nmne aa npe(ei cnnron]ni:i. Hanpn-
:ep, oiaainaercn, ~ro no nnnn nay~noro ananaa .rnx .e:enron nnrnncra-
:n nn~ero nyrnoro ne c(eano, ne:norn: oime c(ean aiycrnin, a n o-
me: na: npnxo(nrcn na~nnari cna~aa, n :i cpaay oripinae: (no(nnnie!)
A:epnin n nay~no: naiioanannn`: nonie neperpynnnponin iaccn~ecinx
racnix` (rnep(ix, :nrinx) n coracnix` (mnnnmnx, cnncrnmnx n r. (.)
ana~nreino ynpomair npoe:y, cno(n, nanpn:ep, nce coracnie` i ~eri-
pe: rnna: rpa]nia, a racnie` i (ny:. Bce ocrainoe noy~aercn nyre:
io:nnnponannn .rnx ocnonnix mecrn .e:enron
87
.
H, npn ncen ome~eone~nocrn .rnx oripirnn, onn in nenoxo npncno-
coeni i ncnonenni connainoro aaiaaa: Cn:]onni ry(ion` :i crpon:
na npn:oyroinix rpeyroinnion, n ona npoany~nr crponnee n :omnee :onx
(oiy:enrainix` ry(ionix cn:]onnn ainncion n :ocioncion (n b-i n b-
i ro(onmnni Oirnpn). ]n Hnrepnannonaa` na:n oionani re:pi
ina(paron n npn:oyroinnion ca:ie :omnie n cnoeopaanie, ne(ocrnn-
:ie nniaion narypnon aanncii. 1panennn n pannoe(pennie rpeyroinnin
(air oee :nrine npn~ecine` ipacin: n nnx aa(y:an 1paypnin :apm`
88
.
Bnpo~e:, nniaioro connainoro aaiaaa ne noce(onao. Hnrepecno, o(naio, ~ro
n y aana(nix naoperareen rexnoornn pnconannoro anyia paora ne nima na
cra(nn iycrapnoro nponano(crna. 5oee npairn~ni: npn:enenne: nciyccrnen-
nix any~annn oiaaanci ~yri noa(nee .eirpo:yaiiainie nncrpy:enri.
1
. a.an. Hciyccrno inno. N., 194b. C. 188.
2
Nyirnnniannonnin ]ni:. C. craren. N., 198b. C. 27b28b.
8
H. Heanoe-ano. Ka(p aa ia(po:. N., 1980.
4
H. H.eo.oe. No:enr onnennn cnnmen n(en. ;; Knnone(~ecine aanncin.
1992. ! 1b. Narepnai .ron crarin ncnoiaonani n nacronmen nyniannn.
!%%
b
A. Aepaauoe. Cnnrern~ecian :yaiia ;; Conercian :yaiia. 1989. ! 8. C. 70
71. Penynianni c:.: Knnone(~ecine aanncin. 2001. ! b8. C. 824888. Cciin
(aircn no nepno:y na(anni.
b
C:., nanp.: . !pueoptee. Hnonepi ennnrpa(cion :yirnnniannn ;; Ha ncro-
pnn en]ni:a. Bin. 2. ., 1970. C. 207; T. Luxaueea. Ha nocno:nnannn npomix
er ;; Anani n inno. Bin. 4. N., 1994. C. 27.
7
]ocraro~no (erainoe onncanne ncex :ero(on :ono nanrn n yno:nnyron crarie
C. 5yrocancioro.
8
en. unneecxu. 2b er conercioro inno. N., 194b. C. b2.
9
C:.: . Xnxoecxu. Aiycrn~ecinn cnnrea :yaiiainix ipacoi (2-n or(e innrn
1eopnn n npairnia rpa]n~ecioro anyia, \l paa(e) ;; Knnone(~ecine aanncin.
2001. ! b8. C. 8b88b8.
10
Coiainnoypna. ! 28 (anyionon napnanr). 1988 ;; PlAK4]. Apx. ! 488b.
11
. a.an. Yiaa. co~. C. 111.
12
3. Lucca. 3crernia inno:yaiin. N., 1970. C. 840. (Hoicioe na(anne nimo n
19b4-:, ne:enioe n 19bb ro(y). B nnrare coxpanena op]orpa]nn conercioro na(annn.
18
1a: e. C. 84b.
14
H. Heanoe-ano. Yiaa. co~. C. 92.
1b
V. Sole.. Absolule Nusic by Designed Sound. ;; American Cinemalographer
(April 198b). P. 14b148, 1b41bb.
1b
. A.e6nuxoe. 1nopennn. N., 1987. C. b4bb47.
17
1a: e. C. b21.
18
1a: e. C. b21b22.
19
1a: e. C. b28.
20
1a: e. C. b88b84.
21
1a: e. C. b84.
22
C:.: F. Xxo6con. Honenman pyccian no.ann ;; P. Aiocon. Paori no no.rnie.
N., 1987. C. 28b.
28
E. Lo.no. Hciyccrnennan ]onorpa::a na innonenie iai rexnn~ecioe cpe(-
crno :yaiin ; Hyniannn H. A. Hanoona npn y~acrnn A. C. ]epnnna ;; Knnone(-
~ecine aanncin. 2001. ! b8. C. 88488b, 840.
24
A. Aepaauoe. Cnnrern~ecian :yaiia. C. 7071.
2b
1a: e. C. 7172.
2b
1a: e. C. b8.
27
1a: e. C. b8.
28
1a: e. C. b8b9.
29
1a: e. C. 74.
80
1a: e. C. 7874.
81
1a: e. C. 72.
82
M. }exanoecxu. O anyionon pnconannon ]ni:e ;; Knno n nani. 1980.
! 848b. C. 14.
88
1a: e. C. 14.
84
1a: e. C. 1b.
8b
1a: e. C. 1b.
8b
A Aepaauoe. Cnnron]ni:a ;; Hpoerapcioe inno. 1988. ! 910. C. 49.
87
1a: e. C. b0b1.
88
A. Aepaauoe. Cnnron]ni:a ;; Hpoerapcioe inno. 1988. ! 7. C. 47.
878
LBlLHHH NAPlOH1
HPO5LNA NHOlOA3L'HA
B PAHHLN COBL1CKON 3BYKOBON KHHO
(1980198b)
Cpaay oronopici: nnenne :noronai~nn oiaainaercn npoe:on (n ce-
ro(nnmnnx ncropnion inno no :noro: noro:y, ~ro n ncce(ye:in nepno(
ono iai npoe:a nn inne:arorpa]ncra:n, nn ipnrnion ne nocnpnnn:aercn.
O(nn na rex xy(onnion, iro n ro npe:n (eaer :noronai~ne ocnonni: npn-
e:o: cnonx nepnix anyionix iaprnn nanecrnin yipanncinn ananrap(ncr
Hnan Kanaepn(ae, ioropo:y npnna(enr .ror rep:nn nmi rpn (ecnria
er cnycrn nocnnrnr en necioiio aaanen n cnonx :e:yapnix aa:eriax.
A :e(y re: nrponoe conercioe inno n .noxy npnxo(a anyia npe(araer ne
:enee (ecnria paanoopaanix npn:epon ncnoiaonannn :noronai~nn (npn
ro:, ~ro n cpe(ne: n nepnon noonnne 1980-x rr. ninyciaercn oioo (na(narn
anyionix ]ni:on n ro(). B aapyeno: inno ron nopi .ro nnenne or:e~a-
ercn npe(e ncero n lep:annn naianyne npnxo(a lnrepa i nacrn (1onapn-
mecrno l.-B. Hacra, loyon cner A. 4ania n . Pn]enmrai no cnena-
pni 5. 5aama, Hn~in ae:n B. 1pnnaca, icrarn, nixo(na na Poccnn), a
raie n .icnepn:enrainon paore ~emcioro npoaania, cnenapncra n penc-
cepa Ba(ncana Ban~ypi Henepnan Napnnia (198b). Ho (ae n croi
nanecrnon enre, iai 1onapnmecrno, r(e (nynai~ne oiaainaercn cieroo-
paayimn: :o:enro:, nepeno( reicron (aercn c no:omii cyrnrpon. B coner-
cio: inno orcyrcrnne nepeno(a n no(onon cnryannn nnenne npnnnnnn-
ainoe. 3ro iacaercn ne roiio iaprnn Kanaepn(ae Konnnmnna (1988) n
Hpo:eren (198b), ne roiio iaccn~ecion Oipanni (1988) 5opnca 5ap-
nera no(onoro po(a npn:epi :i naxo(n: n neo: pn(e :enee nanecrnix
]ni:on, ioropie ore(nnner nmi o(no: iai npanno, .ro ana~nreinie npo-
nane(ennn nciyccrna, rai nn nna~e ni(enimnecn na inne:arorpa]n~ecio-
ro noroia c cero(nnmnen ro~in apennn. Ho(~epinnai: c cero(nnmnen, no
~acri na nnx no ne ia aa:e~ena n cnoe npe:n (iai, nanpn:ep, nepnin
anyionon ]ni: narpnapxa pyccioro inno Aiona Hporaaanona 1o::n, 1981),
no ninaa na inne:arorpa]n~ecioro onxo(a, oiaaanmnci no( aanpero:
(Non po(nna Hocn]a Xen]nna n Aeican(pa 3apxn, 1988, nn ror e Hpo-
:eren), no ne pacc:arpnnaaci n (anno: ia~ecrne (Hyrenia n nani
Hnioan 3iia nepnin cronponenrno ronopnmnn conercinn nrponon ]ni:
1981 ro(a).
O(no na noa:onix orncnennn .roro nnennn cnnaano, na :on narn(, c
re:, ~ro .ipannan :o(ei conercioro inno nocrynpyer cen iai n(eainin
opaa :npa, (nnymerocn i io::ynna:y. Kai paa i na~ay 1980-x rr. .ro
cranonnrcn conepmenno o~enn(no. Ne(y re: 1920-e rr. npe(arair (na na-
!%'
pnanra n(eaa, (ne yronnn. O(na na nnx nn(ycrpnainan yronnn, ocnonan-
nan na nono: npeo(oennn n no(~nnennn npnpo(noro na~aa iai crnxnnno-
ro n nenpe(ciaaye:oro. Le na]oc n npe(einon :exannanponannon oprann-
aannn omecrna, r(e ~eonei ecri ~acri conepmennoro :exanna:a n ca: nnn-
ercn raioni:: ~eonei-:amnna, no onpe(eenni nreparopa n ]noco]a
1920-x rr. Aeicen lacrena. 3ror napnanr n inne:arorpa]e npairn~ecin n
reopern~ecin nanoee npio nonomaer ]anra Bepron. ]pyron napnanr
npnpo(o-conny:, r(e npnpo(a nopo(aimee, nane(aimee na~ao: npn-
po(a-:ari. Honin ~eonei c no:omii nayin n rexnnin operaer apeocri, n
nponecce nocrnennn ee naiia nipacraer (o nononpannoro cornop~ecrna c
nen. 3ro rpa(nnnn Ben:npa Xenniona, n no.ann npo(oennan Hnio-
ae: 3aoonin: (no.:a 1opecrno ae:e(enn, 1988), a n inne:arorpa]e
name(man nanoee nonoe nonomenne n ]ni:ax Aeican(pa ]onenio.
Ha pyee 19201980-x ropecrnyer nepnin napnanr. Hpn:ennreino i
inne:arorpa]y .ro ciaainaercn n o]nnnaino: naca(ennn anpa arnra-
nnonno-nponaran(ncrcioro ]ni:a arnrnpon]ni:a c ero npn:o-rain
yinaini:, nai~ecin: ooecrnenne: nn(ycrpnainoro nponano(crna, ea
ocraria no(~nnnimero cee iai or(einoro ~eoneia, rai n npnpo(y. Bropon
e napnanr, npe(cranennin n .ror nepno( croi ana~nreini:n nnennn:n,
iai 3e:n (1980) ]onenio, Hpocron cy~an (1980) Bcenoo(a Hy(onin-
na, Coi Cnanernn (1980) Nnxana Kaaroaona n nepnix (nyx cy~anx
niainaer peaiyi o]nnnainyi ipnrniy, n rperie: e ocraercn (o nopi
(o npe:enn noome nne non ee apennn. B arnrnpon]ni:e n(eoorn~e-
cin nacimennoe n (ae nepecimennoe .:e:a:n n oaynra:n npo-
crpancrno aannner cen iai e(nncrnenno peainoe. Cono n .ro: npocrpan-
crne oriponenno caipaino. 3ro Cono, :acconoe, ean~noe, or~y(ennoe
or ionipernoro nocnren. Cono, nncxo(nmee cnime. Cono yiaaanne, Co-
no oaynr, .ipannaannen ioroporo, con:emaimen xponniainie n nncne-
nnponannie cneni, n nnnercn arnrnpon]ni:.
C nonnenne: anyia Cono no(onoro rnna nan(er n ionne ionnon cnoe
aaion~ennoe nipaenne n aaia(pono: (niropcio: reicre o]nnnainon xpo-
nnin. Ne(y re:, n nepno( npnxo(a anyia n inno cia(inaercn npn:o nporn-
nonoonan ecrecrnennan ren(ennnn onpe(:e~nnanne Cona. Ho(ono ro-
:y, iai n :o:enr noanninonennn inno ciero: cranonnaci ]nicannn (nn-
ymerocn, :exann~ecioe (nnenne iai raionoe, ne pac~enennoe eme na npn-
po(noe n connainoe, renepi n nenrpe ciera ]nicannn any~amero npe(-
:era
1
. H n .ron cnryannn n conercio: inno ocnonni: nocnree: cona cra-
nonnrcn ne ~eonei, no pa(no, ro ecri cono, ne roiio narn(no or~y(en-
noe or nocnren, no n nonocrii :exannanponannoe, rai e, iai n anyiopn(e n
neo: npeoa(air nn(ycrpnainie any~annn
2
. B cnenn]nie anyionix pe-
mennn conercioro ]ni:a ncce(ye:oro nepno(a :noroe orncnnercn re:,
~ro, n orn~ne or aana(noenponencioro n a:epniancioro inne:arorpa]a, anyi
npnxo(nr n CCCP cna~aa n nenrponoe inno. Orci(a n cnenn]n~ecioe ne-
:noroconne conercioro anyionoro inno nepnon noonnni 1980-x n npena-
nponanne n ne: nn(ycrpnainix my:on na( ecrecrnenni:n any~annn:n.
Pa(no cranonnrcn o(nn: na nenrpainix nepconaen ye n yno:nnyro:
880
3nryanaa:e nn noynrpono: arnrnpon]ni:e o no(roronie i y(ymen
nonne Boa:ono aanrpa (1981) penccepon nenrponoro inno ]:nrpnn ]ai-
cioro n n(nn Cnenncion. B cnoi o~epe(i n nrpono: ]ni:e cpaay e
nonnnercn pn( nnrepecnenmnx n noiaaareinenmnx opaanon ncnoiaona-
nnn opaaa pa(no iai nonomennoro rooca ipoiparnn
8
. B O(non (1981)
lpnropnn Koannnena n eonn(a 1payepra, panno iai n n Hnane (1982)
]onenio, pa(no npn:i: n nenocpe(crnenni: opaao: n:emnnaercn n cy(i-
i repoen, o(eprnnaer nx, paaoa~aer aa orionennn or npe(nncannix nop:
nn noompner, cranonnci, rain: opaao:, cnoero po(a ncenn(nmn: oio: rocy-
(apcrna (no(ono, icrarn, reeia:epe na aano(e n Honix npe:enax 'ann-
na). 1ynnionocri .roro napnanra o~enn(na: ynn]nnnponannoe o]nnnainoe
Cono ]airn~ecin nmaer repoen npana na cono nn(nnn(yainoe ono
ocraercn nmi y nepconaen orpnnareinix, (ean nx ]nrypi, (ae nenoi-
no, (pa:arn~ecin:n. 1ai .ro nponcxo(nr n ]ni:e Hnan c nepconae:
Crenana Liypara napymnree: rpy(onon (ncnnnnni, ne(annn: ipecrin-
nnno:, or ioroporo orpeiaercn cocrnennin cin. He cy~anna ii~enan ]pa-
aa .roro repon A nenonropn:an nn(nnn(yainocri! Ynn]nnnponanni:,
npe(nncanni: Cono: nn(nnn(yainocri n no(annercn. Hnoro e cona y
nepconaa n panne: anyiono: conercio: inno ner.
Boa:onocri nicnoo(ennn nn(nnn(yainocrn nepconaa (aercn n ra-
io: cy~ae ~epea nnronnponanne, ioropoe oopa~nnaercn, no cyrn, (ecaipan-
aannen o]nnnainoro Cona. Nyaiia nnronannn oiaainaercn cymecrnennen
n ana~n:en, ~e: npn:on eicn~ecinn c:ic. 3ror napnanr oyconen ca:on
cnenn]nion ncnoiaonannn anyia n inno na nepno: .rane, ~ro ro~no npe(yra-
(a eme n 1929 ro(y nanecrnin reoperni, ipnrni, ]airn~ecin n(eoor n inne-
:arorpa]n~ecinn n(ep en]ni:a 1980-x rr. A(pnan Hnorponcinn.
1on]ni:, nnca on, ecri co~eranne onrn~ecion nenpepinnocrn c in-
no]nnnponannon :yaiion, nonn:an no( :yaiion io:neic any~annn: my:on,
aprniynponanne nnronannn. |...] O~enn(no, ~ro nonee n ~ame ncero npn(er-
cn noiaonaricn my:a:n n ncnin:n nni:n nn(a:n nerap:onnanponannix, no
re: oee nipaanreinix n nonix (n yxa cymareen any~annn. Ha nropo:
:ecre ce(yer nocrannri :yaiiy n necni, a aare: ye ~eone~eciyi pe~i n
ro, ciopen ncero, n ]op:e .:onnonainix ncipnion, ocrpix nnronannn, a or-
ni(i ne n ]op:e c:iconix (naoron
4
.
Orci(a nn(nnn(yanaannn cona na nepnix nopax recnenmn: opaao:
cnnainaercn c oocrpenni:, no(~epinyri: orionenne: or nop:arnnon npo-
nanomennn, nnori (o nnonai~nn no onpe(eenni 3. Kpaiay.pa, ycranonia
na :arepnainoe ia~ecrno pe~n. Ho re: ca:i: pe~i cnaercn c npnpo(-
ni: any~anne:: co anyio: na conercinn .ipan noanpamaercn na]oc npnpo-
(o-conny:a. Peaonno, na nam narn(, y(er npe(noonri, ~ro n cnryannn
npnnnnnnainoro npeoa(annn nn(ycrpnainix my:on n conercio: inno
na~aa 1980-x :noronai~ne or~acrn iai i io:nencnpyer .ror nepeioc, ni-
nonnn ]yninni npnpo(nix any~annn, ioropi: ono oiaainaercn cpo(nn.
Ye Hyrenia n nani (aer na: narn(nenmnn ro:y npn:ep. B ]nnae
iaprnni rannin repon inmnn i:nen, a nine nononpannin ~en nono-
ro connancrn~ecioro omecrna inin Nycra]a e(er n ynnyi no~i na
!&
(peanne no eeanon (opore, ioropyi nocrpon n:ecre c (pyain:n, n or no-
nori ~yncrn noer necni na po(no: :apnncio: naiie. Koncrpyinnn .nnao(a,
ero na]oc orciair nac i no~no:y ranny repon 3e:n ]onenio (roe
naianyne rnen). B necne, iai n n ranne, oa repon nepennair :o:enr
nonoro cnnnnn c ioc:oco:, c npnpo(on. 1ai, n nepno: anyiono: ]ni:e
repoi nropnr... xop nrymei. H rai e, iai na nicrpe, opinaimnn nneaan-
no rpny:] Bacnn, ncin(inaer roony oma(i, aa c:eprii Nycra]i n Hy-
renie n nani ce(yer nocxo( conna, conpono(ae:in nrn~in: nenne:.
C:epri repon niainaer orini n npnpo(e onn ronopnr, narncnnircn na
ome: naiie. Xapairepno, ~ro Nycra]a, na npornennn ]ni:a ronopnnmnn
no-pyccin c y]]onni: ainenro:, noer necni na po(no: naiie naianyne
c:eprn-cnnnnn, iai i noanpamanci i cnoe:y po(no:y ncroiy. (Ho(onin
napnanr :i ncrpe~ae: n Noen po(nne, r(e repon-ipacnoap:een Kan n npe(-
c:eprno: pe(y nneaanno nepexo(nr c pyccioro na naii n(nm).
Hnonai~nan pe~i aacranner cionnenrpnponaricn na nne ronopnmero,
re: ca:i: onnri-rain ninnnn ero nn(nnn(yainocri n ome~eone~ecioe
po(crno, npeo(oenan ncenacrne cona. He cy~anno no(onoro po(a npne:
nepe(io ncnoiayercn n ]ni:ax na noenno: :arepnae iai cpe(crno ycne-
nnn ry:anncrn~ecioro nnrepnannonainoro na]oca. Hanoee nanecrnin na-
pnanr Oipanna. Ho eme n ionne roro e 1981 ro(a Hporaaanon ninyc-
iaer ]ni: 1o::n na cier ana:ennron Cneni na iooioine na nieci
Bcenoo(a Hnanona 5ponenoea( 14b9, r(e cnnpcine naprnaani nirair-
cn ynponaran(nponari aaxna~ennoro n nen anrnncioro co(ara. Haprn-
aan n ecrnme: ncnonennn nanecrnoro innoairepa Hnana 'yneena (nr-
panmero poi Hapnn n Konne Canir-Herepypra) o(epn: ne croiio crpe:-
enne: ycranonnri iaccn~ecinn ionrair c nnocrpanni: npoerapne:, cioiio
npocro, ycran or ipononponrnn, cnacrn or c:eprn raioro e ycranmero or
nonni ~eoneia. Ki~eni: oiaainaercn ne n:n-napoi ennn, a y:oni-
mee Hon:n: orininynmnci na cono, co(ar cnacaer cen or c:eprn.
Hanoee xapairepen .ror npnnnnn (n .crernin iaprnn en]ni:a, r(e
eme c 1920-x rr. :np npe(:ernin, :np nemen npornnonocranen ~eone~ecio:y
nny, iai :arepnainoe na~ao (yxonno:y. Knin ipacnoap:een Baciia na
]ni:a Non po(nna, ]airn~ecin aaonnmero ocnoni iaccn~ecion .crern-
in 5oimoro en]ni:a` ('anaen, Knocri Naicn:a, lpannna), rai n
ne c:oer niy~nri ]paay na inrancio: naiie (iaprnna nocnnmena ion]niry
na KBA] 1929 ro(a), oana~aimyi Kpacnan Ap:nn (pyr e(nnion`. Ho ero
orn~no non:er ea con ponecnni-inran~onoi Ban, o(erin n ]op:y npaecio-
ro co(ara no nnronannn, no nipaenni nna. B .ro: nane Non po(nna
narn(no nepeiniaercn c nime(men na .ipan :ecnne: noa(nee Oipannon,
r(e naan:ononn:anne repoen c ne:enin: :ai~nmion-co(aro: Niepo:-
rperin: (ocrnraercn conepmenno na ron e ocnone nonepx con.
B ro e npe:n ]ni: Xen]nna n 3apxn nnner npn:ep roro, iai npn
na:enennn ionreicra nnon naii :oer nocnpnnn:aricn n npornnonoo-
no: c:ice iai naii ~yoro, ro ecri npara. 3ro nponcxo(nr n ro:
cy~ae, ecn nepcona, ronopnmnn na nno: naiie nocnrei o]nnnaino-
ro cona n onpe(enercn .rn: n nepnyi o~epe(i. Hpn~e: crn:yo: i nnre-
882
pecnenme:y opaano:y pemenni a(eci oiaainaercn npoe:a no cyrn rexnn-
~ecian. Poi inran~onia Bana ncnonner :oo(on airep na Cpe(nen Aann
5opn Xan(apon, inrancin: naiio: no.ro:y, ecrecrnenno, ne na(eimnn (pan-
no iai n nanecrnin ennnrpa(cinn airep rearpa n inno lenna(nn Nn~ypnn,
ioopnrno cirpanmnn poi xoannna no~ein, r(e irnrcn inin repon). H in-
rancinn n ]ni:e :i cimn: nmi na ycr Kannrana inrancioro arpecco-
pa-:nnrapncra, ap:encioro na~ainnia repon. Ca: e repon earacen. H
earacnocri oiaainaercn n raio: cy~ae cn:noo: ero npnna(enocrn i
connaino:y nnay, cn:noo: connainoro naroncrna: xapairepno, ~ro n rnr-
pax on nocronnno n:enyercn Ban-ocni.
A o(no na rannix ia~ecrn no(onoro po(a :o(en o]nnnainoro cona n
conercinx ]ni:ax .roro nepno(a cocronr n ro:, ~ro ono aane(o:o nno,
]aimnno. Bicoinn narern~ecinn cor npnipinaer nna:ennie nen. Hnro-
nannn Kannrana, no(ronopnnmero Bana eari na conercioro nena (ca(io
cimari cona o Po(nne racnr rnrp-io::enrapnn) npenpamaercn na (o-
nepnreinon n ecrio-npniaanyi, iai roiio ereni oiaainaircn na in-
rancion reppnropnn. H:enno .ra ca:opaaoa~nreinan nnronannn o]nnepa,
ryr e ornn:aimero y Bana xe, aacranner inoro repon aaioori Kannrana
mriio: n nepnyricn n pacnooenne ipacnix.
Knin noapacr repoen ne :enee ana~n: n pacc:arpnnae:on :o(en, ~e: nx
connainan poi. 1o~nee, n ro, n (pyroe (ne croponi o(noro n roro e
nnennn, c:ica. ]ercioe (n .ro ocoenno no(~epinyro n Noen po(nne)
(aercn iai npnpo(noe, a ana~nr cranonnmeecn. Knie repon npe(crair n
nponecce ona(ennn naiio: nnrepnannonainoro omennn. H .ro naii
nonoro io::ynncrn~ecioro :npa, ioropin y(er crponricn na npnnnnnnaino
nonix ornomennnx :e(y i(i:n. B Noen po(nne nacron~nno no(~epin-
naercn (ercioe na~ao n none(ennn noonreinix repoen n .ro:
ia~ecrne onn npornnonocraneni :npy npomoro iai :npy napocix, :npy
Ornon, rpa(nnnonno nonomaimnx connainoe, rocy(apcrnennoe na~ao n npo-
rnnonec npnpo(no:y, :arepnncio:y.
Xapairepnayn ]eno:en :noronai~nn n panne: anyiono: conercio: inno,
ce(yer eme paa or:ernri, ~ro .ro nnenne paannnaercn na ]one n n npn:on
cnnan c ecrion cxe:arnaannen ncxo(noro ciernoro :arepnaa n inno .ron
.noxn. Nnoronai~ne re: ca:i: nicrynaer n ia~ecrne ycnemnoro n .]]ei-
rnnnoro cpe(crna npeo(oennn, orcrpanennn cxe:i cpe(crna nn(nnn(yan-
aannn neci:a yconno aa(y:annix nepconaen.
Paay:eercn na mnpoioe npn:enenne no(onoro pemennn nonnn o~eni
pacnpocrpanennin n 198040-e rr. reanc o iaccono: xapairepe naiia, paa-
paorannin mioon aia(e:nia Hnioan Nappa (.ro y~enne y(er no(nepr-
nyro Cranni: ecrion ipnrnie nmi n ca:o: ionne ero npanennn). Coor-
nercrnenno, nn o(nn na nan~nix naiion, nii~an n pyccinn, ne :oer npe-
ren(onari na craryc naiia :enannonainoro omennn n noano(n:o: ec-
iaccono: omecrne. (Onnri-rain xapairepnin npn:ep na Noen po(nni
n ia~ecrne nepeno(~nia n (naore :e(y Baciion n Bano: nicrynaer... pyc-
cian npocrnryria na no~ein). Knie repon, ioropi: npe(cronr noanecrn
nonin npeipacnin :np, oiaainaircn na nopore coa(annn npnnnnnnaino no-
!&!
noro naiia onn cymecrnyir n on(annn ero. 4airn~ecin ne ocoananan
roro, pannee anyionoe inno niraercn coa(ari (a :oer iri, ro~nee npe(y-
ra(ari) y(ymnn naii n coornercrnnn co cnenn]nion :yaiiainoro ne-
pno(a. Hpe(e ncero .ro naii :yaiiainix :eo(nn. 1ai, n ]ni:e Nnxan-
a ]ycona lpannna (1988198b), r(e (encrnne nponcxo(nr n enpencio:
nnme: :ecre~ie na rpannne nancion Hoimn n CCCP, nepconan repon
paanix nannn noir n:ecre n ]nnae :eo(ni, ycimannyi o(nn: na nnx
na conercion cropone. Anaorn~nin napnanr naxo(n: n oee pannen iaprn-
ne 5opnca Lnnca n Pamei Nni:an Boanpamenne Henrana 5eiiepa (1982):
npnexanmnn na paory n CCCP nerp (ero nrpaer anea(a nime(mnx (ecnrn-
erne: panee Kpacnix (innonr Ka(op 5en Can:) crapareino nocnpona-
no(nr :eo(ni necenin, ioropon y~nr ero oren repon crapin enpen (n nc-
nonennn nenioro Coo:ona Nnxo.ca).
5oee paanepnyrin napnanr no(onoro rnnorern~ecioro naiia y(ymero
npe(araer ~peani~anno nnrepecnin n nane ncnoiaonannn :noronai~nn
rpyanncinn ]ni: Cnio ]on(ae Hoce(nne ipecronocni (198b). 4ni:
nocnnmen npeo(oenni neionon po(onon npa(i ~e~ennen n xencypon n no-
no: connancrn~ecio: omecrne. Cnnrin iai ne:on n 1984 ro(y, ]ni: i
~epea necioiio :ecnnen oany~en. Kai npanno, oany~anne n rainx cy~anx
cno(noci i :yaiie, my:a: n necioiin: pennia:. Coa(aren Hoce(nnx
ipecronocnen nomn npn:o npornnonooni: nyre:. Ocrannn pyccine rnrpi,
onn oany~nn pe~i repoen-xencypon na rpyanncio: naiie, rai ~ro any~anne
ee npnopeo ]yninnn aaia(ponoro xopa (ne~ro no(onoe rpn(nari er cnyc-
rn ocymecrnnr 1enrna Aya(ae n cnoe: ana:ennro: ]ni:e Noia).
Hepconan-~e~enni n ]ni:e ronopnr no-pyccin. Ho-pyccin e ~e~enni n
xencypi n ]ni:e omaircn (pyr c (pyro:. O~enn(no, ~ro anropa: nano ne
croiio (oiy:enrainoe npan(ono(one, cioiio ca: ]eno:en :noronai~nn
n (anno: cy~ae npeo(oenae:oro pa.no.tuu. Ho xo(y (encrnnn nincnn-
ercn, ~ro npa(y nponoiannonno no(orpenair crapenmnni oonx ne:en, yc-
nemno narncnnimnecn (pyr c (pyro: nocpe(crno: pyccioro. Ho n cnene, r(e
io:co:oen-xencyp n(er na neperonopi c io:co:oine:-~e~enne:, npnnnnn
omennn repoen nicrpannaercn npnnnnnnaino nna~e. Knin xencyp ninn-
:aer na noen inna, ia(er ero na ae:i, (ocraer (y(o~iy, nrpaer nepnie
rairi Hnrepnannonaa, a aare: co cona:n Ko:co:o! npnnercrnenno
ncin(inaer pyiy. Ko:co:o orne~air e:y :oo(ie ~e~enni n, onnn no-
parcin, yxo(nr na ia(pa. 1ain: opaao:, rpn(ymnn naii cia(inaercn a(eci
na co~erannn anaionix ecron, con n :eo(nn, npn~e: :eo(nn (a mnpe
nnronnponanne, o ioropo: ma pe~i n nnrnponanmencn nime crarie A. Hnor-
poncioro) nncrnenno npeoa(aer na( npo~n:n io:nonenra:n.
Conepmenno o~enn(no, ~ro nce .rn paanoopaanie pemennn ore(nneni
crpe:enne: inne:arorpa]a ninrn, nipnaricn aa npe(ei cocrnenno eicn-
~ecioro ana~ennn cona, ninnnri ero aane(o:yi nenonory. H ~peani~anno
noiaaareino, ~ro ncninn paa, no cyrn, no(onoro po(a naii o]nnnainin,
npe(eino connananponannin npnna(enr n nepe~ncennix nime npn-
:epax nepconaa:, nperen(yimn: na nonyi nacri na( repon:n: i yno:nny-
ri: nime Kannrany na Noen po(nni n iyaia:-crapenmnna: xencypon n
884
~e~ennen n Hoce(nnx ipecronocnax :ono (oannri ranapn yroonnnion
Anrana n Hyrenie n nani, a raie inaanpenoinnonepa-coramaren n
Oipanne, na ]one aaia(ponon pe~n ioroporo n(er cnena paccrpea repon, npn-
ainaimero i paranni c ne:enin:n co(ara:n. H npn( n cy~anno, ~ro n
nepnon e cnene nroronoro (n namen npoe:i ]ni:a Hpo:eren repon
ipenocrnon ipecrinnnn opamaercn i no:emniy no-yipanncin co cona:n:
Bi nam rocno(nn, :i namn (ern. lepon nocnponano(nr ryr ]op:yy,
nnymennyi e:y re: connaini: yia(o:, npornn ioroporo on n ionne ionnon
no(nn:aer ynr. Cono rocno(nna-Orna oiaainaercn n ]ni:e, (encrnne ioro-
poro nponcxo(nr n Poccnn cepe(nni XlX neia, ipannn: nonomenne: o]nnn-
ainoro Cona naiio: Poccnncion n:nepnn. Or(annin oropanmn: y nero
no npany nepnon no~n nenecry rocno(nno: n ap:ni, noiopnimyi Kaniaa, re-
pon onnri-rain nonepx eicn~ecioro c:ica cona nan(er omnn naii c
nenoiopni:n ropna:n n nepnercn n po(noe ceo ye(enni: opno:-:crnre-
e:. Ho(ono Bany-ocniy na Noen po(nni, repon Hpo:eren, iai n ero
nenecra, ]airn~ecin ecconecen. B ro e npe:n nacri n:ymne nepconan
]ni:a (no:emni, ero ynpannimnn, iynen, xoannia op(en) nocronnno oma-
ircn (pyr c (pyro: no-pyccin, no nce ea ncii~ennn nx rnpa(i npnanani
cipiri (encrnnreinin c:ic nx nocrynion. Cono cynr :acion, npnipi-
naimen no(nnnie na:epennn eaaocrnix yrnerareen. B ]nnae e repon,
nepnynmnncn n po(noe ceo, aacraer n ernii no~i o(nocei~an, creraimnx
npyrin:n no no(e no:emn~iero npy(a. Bincnnercn, ~ro ipecrinne (eair .ro,
~roi ncnyrari nrymei, :emaimnx cnon: inaianie: cny rocno(. lepon opa-
maercn i ipecrinna: c npnaino: i ynry, no pe~n ero apnren ne cimar:
cnryannn (ana orpaenno ~epea xop nrymei, ioropix nepecran nyrari
cymaimne repon ipecrinne. B ce(yime: ia(pe npoy(nnmancn or .roro
xopa rocno(cian ~era c yaco: onapynnaer y cen n noionx noccranmnx
paon yipannnen n rpyannon no rane c repoe:. nryma~nn xop rain:
opaao: oiaainaercn a(eci rooco: no(anne:on n naynronanmencn npnpo(-
non crnxnn. lepon e iai aainnanne nonropner ]paay cnoero iaanennoro
(pyra, pyccioro penoinnonepa Ye aann:aercn aapn cnoo(i croi
nenpnni~nyi n eicnione yipanncioro ipenocrnoro ipecrinnnna.
Bce repon n iaprnne ronopnr ia(in na cnoe: naiie. Ho o(nn naii
omnn naii rpn(ymen Penoinnn
b
]op:ynpyn ycranoniy Hpo:e-
ren, Kanaepn(ae a(eci, no cyrn, (aer ]op:yy pemennn npoe:i :noronai-
~nn n panne: conercio: anyiono: inno. B raio: ionreicre ion nan~ecr-
nyimnn n nacronme: naii onapynnaer cnoi aane(o:yi nenonory, npe-
o(oenne ioropon orneceno n rpn(ymee ro ecri n y(ymee. Henonora,
neynopn(o~ennocri naiia nena:enno necer n cee .e:enr crnxnnnocrn. O npn-
po(non crnxnnnocrn, ioropon repon cpo(nn, pe~i ma nime. Ho n o]nnnai-
nin naii n cnoen cnepxynopn(o~ennocrn, or~y(anci no xo(y (encrnnn or
repon, npenpamaercn n cnoi npornnonoonocri. 3ro naii connainon
crnxnn, ~y(on n npa(enon repoi. Bime ye npnno(ncn npn:ep c inran-
cin: naiio: Kannrana n Noen po(nne. Anaoro: e:y y Kanaepn(ae :o-
er cynri naii npanocannoro orocyennn n Konnnmnne n Hpo:e-
ree, a raie ny(encioro orocyennn n lpannne N. ]ycona
b
.
!&#
Xapairepno, ~ro Hpo:eren, aanepmennin i ocenn 198b ro(a, orionnercn
nicmn: naprnnni: pyiono(crno: no rane co Cranni: n n na~ae 198b-ro
no(nepraercn ipnrnie n pe(ainnonnon crarie Hpan(i. On oiaainaercn n
onpe(eenno: c:ice innnr.ccennnen n noce(nn: npn:epo: ]eno:ena :no-
ronai~nn n conercio: anyiono: inno nepnon noonnni 1980-x rr. O]nnnai-
ni: e nroro: cranonnrcn ninymennin na .ipani n cepe(nne 198b ro(a
]ni: lpnropnn Aeican(pona Unpi. 3ror ]ni: :ono pacc:arpnnari
iai o]nnnainin ano]eoa :noronai~nn npomanne c nn:. Hepnoe npoma-
nne nponcxo(nr n ana:ennro: .nnao(e Koieinan n ]airn~ecin peme-
no iai noionenne ncex naiion nono:y rpn(yme:y :npy-:a(enny. Bropoe
n ]nnaino: .nnao(e, r(e nce ocnonnie noonreinie nepconan n(yr
crponni:n ioonna:n c nanecrnon Hecnen o Po(nne Hcaaia ]ynaencioro
na reicr Bacnnn ee(ena-Ky:a~a. 3ra necnn pacc:arpnnaaci n ia~ecrne
napnanra locy(apcrnennoro rn:na CCCP naa:en Hnrepnannonaa n noce
1948 ro(a, ior(a i yrnep(en napnanr Aeican(pa Aeican(pona na reicr
Cepren Nnxaiona n lapoi(a 3i-Perncrana, nicrynaa n ia~ecrne iai i
nnnapnanra: nepnie rairi ee cran noainni:n rocy(apcrnennoro pa(no n n
.ro: ia~ecrne npe(mecrnonan ee(nenno:y ncnonenni rn:na. 1eicr e
necnn paaomecn na o]nnnainie oaynrn-nnrari, ioropie ipaconanci nea-
(e n na nce:, na~nnan or npaa(nn~nix naiaron n ion~an mioini:n rerpa-
(n:n. Lcn eme n nepnon noonnne 1980-x Conercinn Coia nicrynaer iai
n(ennan po(nna :nponoro npoerapnara (n:enno raiono ana~enne cona po-
(nna co crpo~non yini n aarannn ]ni:a Xen]nna n 3apxn), ro
ornine pe~i n(er o ioniperno: rocy(apcrne c oee ~e: ~erio o~ep~enni:n
reorpa]n~ecin:n rpannna:n, nnmyme:cn ye c yini aarannon. H o]nnn-
ainin naii .roro rocy(apcrna, omnn (n ncex parien no iaccy pyc-
cinn. A:epniania ionn Oponon ne cy~anno no(xnarinaer cona necnn
(n napnanrax, pacc:orpennix nime Hoce(nne ipecronocni, Boanpame-
nne Henrana 5eiiepa, lpannna paanonai~nix repoen ore(nnna n ra-
inx cnryannnx :eo(nn) n n orner na nonpoc (pyron reponnn, conercion (e-
nymin: 1enepi nonn:aemi, pa(ocrno orne~aer: 1nniepi nann:ani.
Hoce paarpo:a Hpo:eren n nixo(a Unpia :noronai~ne iai ]eno:en
na (na (ecnrnernn ]airn~ecin nc~eaaer na conercioro inno. Kai .rn ipac-
in (opnconinair xapairepi naopaae:ix! Kai ooramaercn anyionan na-
nrpa!.. H iaian nonniman eaniycnna n ne(o:icne ro, ~ero norpeonan
noce rpn(nari ce(i:oro ro(a pe(airopi, cerona Kanaepn(ae n :e:ya-
pax. 1eicr n iaprnne, no nx :nenni, (oen cno(nricn i raaerno:y naiiy.
B:ecro na(nncen paaronopi. H ~acro, ~ro conce: na pyi non noxo, cimy:
Hapo( ne non:er...`, He (on(er (o mnpoinx :acc...`
7
.
Ornine nnocrpannin (n:enno nno-crpannin) naii pacc:arpnnaercn iai
naii npara ~y(on connainon crnxnn, a nnonai~nin ainenr cranonnrcn
anaio: npnna(enocrn nepconaa i nen. 3ro naii norennnainoro arpeccopa
(npen:ymecrnenno ne:eninn, a raie nnoncinn n... noicinn). Pee on nicry-
naer iai anai npeo(oenae:on n nepcneirnne connainon neapeocrn. Ci(a
iai paa ornocnrcn napnanr reponnn Oponon n Unpie, a raie naii nepcona-
en, npe(crannimnx nacenimne Conercinn Coia napo(i (napnanr :a(-
88b
mero para n ce:ie napo(on CCCP no rane c paro: crapmn: nenin:
pyccin: napo(o:). Uenrpainin noonreinin nepcona cranonnrcn orni-
ne ne npocro nocnree: o]nnnainoro cona, no n nepcneirnne nenocpe(cr-
nenni: ero nonomenne:. B raio: ionreicre acoirni: nonomenne: o]n-
nnainoro cona oiaainaercn Oren Hapo(on Crann. 3ror nepcona n cra-
nnr n~no ro~iy n name: ciere. Bo nropon cepnn ]ni:a Oopona Uapn-
nina (1942) parien Bacnienix ecri .nnao(, r(e npomrpa]nnmnncn ipacnin
io:an(np-rpyann (airep Ba(n:np Kan(eain), niranci orncnnricn co Cran-
ni:, nepexo(nr na rpyanncinn. Crann (airep Nnxan leonann) nepennaer
ero ypnin :onoor pennion: A no-rpyanncin ne nonn:ai.
orn~no, ~ro, n ionne ionnon, noannnonnpyn cen iai no(n ncex napo(on
CCCP no rane c pyccin: napo(o:, Crann npnnercrnyer ncnonenne ero
pon airepo: Aeicee: ]nin: n ]ni:ax 1pernn y(ap n Crannrpa(-
cian nrna ea rpyanncioro ainenra noome.
1
Cpannn: onncannn o~enn(na:n-inne:arorpa]ncra:n nepnix .icnepn:enrai-
nix ceancon anyionix aapyenix nporpa::. Xpncan] Xepconcinn (A. Aepconcxu.
Crpannni inocrn inno. N., 19bb. C. 271272) n 1arinna nxa~ena (T. Luxaueea. Ha
nocno:nnannn npomix er ;; Anani n inno. N., 1994. C. 28) naainair ca:i:
npin: nne~arenne: ia(pi cnnxponno ipniaimen yrin n nn(ono: ciere Ha
(nope yca(ii, a N. 5en:an (M. .euan. O inno cnn(ereicine noiaaannn. N.,
1978. C. 188184) apenme anyionon (opoin c aanncii :yaiin O]]enaxa iai
:arepnanaanni anyia.
2
Lcn aa rpannnen nepnie paori no anyiono:y inno crponnci npen:yme-
crnenno na :arepnae :yaiin, ro n CCCP :i n:ee: (pyroe yne~enne. B nepnix
anyionix iaprnnax ncnoiaonan iai rannin :arepna ncnine my:i n rpoxori.
1aioe pemenne nonpoca onpe(enoci r. n. nn(ycrpnaini: crne:`, ioropoe y nac
:norne penccepi no~e:y-ro c~nran (n cen onaareini:. Ho(ono ro:y iai n
ne:o: inno nn(ycrpnanaannn no(nocnaci nocpe(crno: ipanne nannnix npne:on.
Koropie, aa ne:norn:n ncii~ennn:n, cno(nnci i noiaay npamaimnxcn ioec, cry~a-
mnx :oorion, ernmnx ncip n naaonnno ia~aimerocn n cropony apnren maryna,
rai e ro~no n anyiono: inno nn(ycrpnanaanni cran (eari` nocpe(crno: necrep-
nn:on iaio]onnn na ncninx naron n rpoxoron, ioncrarnpona Aeican(p An(pn-
encinn n innre Hocrpoenne ron]ni:a (N., 1981. C. 21).
8
C:. crarii Canni X.ncren n .ro: copnnie.
4
A. Huompoecxu. 1on]ni: n nopn(ie (nn ;; A. Hnorponcinn. 1earp. Knno.
Anani. ., 19b9. C. 280.
b
H. Aaea.epu0.e. Ni paanoc~nin nonon nepi ;; Hciyccrno inno. 19bb. ! 12. C. 8884.
b
Bor iai Kanaepn(ae rpairyer aaynoionnin ncao: na( aa:y~enni: no:emnia-
:n ipecrinnnno: n Konnnmnne: Kaion yac! Kaioe ecnpocnernoe pacrno! Kai
n .ro: crnxe, nocnnmenno: nce:nocrnnenme:y 5ory, napncona OH ]eo(ana:
X\lll neia! Hn na nee, nn n a(y, nn n rynnax :opn, nn npn nann, nn noce c:eprn
ne ocrannr ren, a OH nce:orymnn y(er n ra: nacrannri ren!.. (H. Aaea.e-
pu0.e. Yiaa. co~. C. 82). Or:ern:, ~ro n lpannne no(~epinnaercn neananne :on-
mn:ncn n cnnarore (penneenpencioro naiia.
7
H. Aaea.epu0.e. Yiaa. co~. C. 88.
!&%
ALKCAH]P ]LPA5HH
4HLNL NAOH 4OPNL
KAK HPL]BLC1HHKH
1LLBH3HOHHOH 3HOXH
1L3HCL K PA3NLLLHHK
Bcero necioiio er naaa( (e:onnaannn reenn(ennn ia omn: :ecro:
:nornx ipnrn~ecinx .cce n craren, nonnnnmnxcn n poccnncion npecce. Cen-
~ac crpacrn aa:erno yernci. C o(non croponi, nenpn:npn:ie ipnrnin c:n-
pnnci c royi: .ipano: n c reennanonnon .crernion iai c nenae-
ni: ao:. C (pyron ecno(nocri npornnonocranennn inno n reenn-
(ennn craa o~enn(non.
1ain: opaao:, nacrynn neci:a aronpnnrnin :o:enr (n roro, ~roi
ncce(onari ]op:nponanne reennanonnon .crernin n reennanonnix an-
pon ecnpncrpacrno n yryenno. 3ro, ione~no, ne ana~nr, ~ro nyno no-
cnemno :ennri npnni~nie nn ycrapenmne no(xo(i n :ero(oornn na ciopo-
cneie ionnennnn c oparni: anaio:. Hanpornn, neoxo(n:o oparnri
ca:oe npncrainoe nnn:anne na re nnennn n innoiaprnni, ioropie (oroe
npe:n ocrananci nne non apennn innone(on n ncropnion inno. Hpe(e
ncero n n:ei n nn(y innonponane(ennn :aon ]op:i 1980-x ro(on n, n
~acrnocrn, ]ni:i-necnn. H:enno onn ocoenno npio cnn(ereicrnyir: me-
.eeu.uonna cmemuxa .apo0a.act e ne0pax cauoeo xuno.
***
B cenrnpe 1987 ro(a n Nocine cocroncn l crea( npo]coiaon inno]oro-
paornnion, na ioropo: c oimon pe~ii nicrynn na~ainni lannoro ynpan-
ennn inne:arorpa]nn 5opnc 3axaponn~ Ly:nninn. On, :e(y npo~n:, or-
nnn, ~ro nciope conercian inne:arorpa]nn ninycrnr na .ipani necioiio
me(enpon n ro: ~nce Koieinyi ]anrn Beprona. Ha nepronciyi
iaprnny Ly:nninn noaara ocoie na(e(i: Koieinan ia nepni:
(iai oiaaaoci, e(nncrnenni:) oimn: (oiy:enraini: ]ni:o: o Cran-
ne. Lcn i ona ia arocionno npnnnra n Kpe:e, noannnn Ly:nnioro,
cnino nomarnynmnecn i ro:y npe:enn, :orn i necioiio yipennricn.
C (pyron croponi, na~ainni lYKa, nce eme o(epn:in n(een coa(annn co-
nercioro lonny(a, onpe(eenno ea, ~roi Koieinan craa n (oiy-
:enraino: inno nein: .innnaenro: aeican(poncio:y Unpiy (198b).
Bicrynan na crea(e, Ly:nninn npe(crann nepronciyi iaprnny iai moy c
888
napo(no-:acconi:n necnn:n n oimon nonrn~ecion n(een: B .ro:
]ni:e :i crannn n:ecre c nocranonmnia:n, c anropo: eme (ononnrei-
nyi n oimon nanocrn n(enno-nonrn~eciyi aa(a~y, iaiyi :i crannn n
neo: pn(e (pyrnx ]ni:on, ipenio na( nei nopaorari, aa(a~y (ari xopomyi
:accono-:onnayimyi, n:ecre c re: n(enno-nanpannimyi necni, ioropan
coma i c .ipana n npoma ~epea reppnropnn, ~epea npocrpancrna, noma i
n ir namen crpani n ~epea racrpon namnx npeipacnix raanrnnix an-
ca:en aa rpannny, ~epea ricn~eycryi napo(nyi :ony, ia i nepe(ana
rpy(nmn:cn aa rpannnen.
Ni ynepeni, n n n~no, n o~eni ynepen, ~ro n .ror ]ni:, n ia~ecrne
neoxo(n:oro .e:enra, oprann~ecin n nero nxo(nmero n cocrannimero, :i
coa(an raiyi necni
1
.
Herpy(no aa:ernri, ~ro coa(anne Koieinon pyiono(nrei conercion
inne:arorpa]nn noniracn ni(ari aa cnoe n~noe (ocrnenne. O(naio, xorn
on n oimon crenenn i (no ipannen :epe, (o cepe(nni 1980-x) ranni:
inne:arorpa]n~ecin: ca(onnnio:, (aeio ne nce n ero xoanncrne no(~nnn-
oci pyiono(nmn: yiaaannn:: :norne nnennn, nponecci n nanpanennn ro
napyman crporyi nannponiy rpn(oi, ro npnnocnn xy(oco~nie nn nenpe(-
ciaaye:ie no(i, a ro n nonce noannian, iai copnnin, n ca:ix neno(xo(nmnx
:ecrax. 1o~no rai e n paanonn(nocri ]ni:on c necnuu, no:nnyran n
(oia(e Ly:nnioro, (o iaioro-ro :o:enra paannnaaci nnone crnxnnno, a
ior(a oiaaaoci, ~ro ona n:eer nnone npnneiareinin nn( n neiyi ]yni-
nnonainyi ana~n:ocri, ca(onnni nocnemn orncnnri nonnenne nonnn-
in peayiraro: cocrnennopy~non ceeinnn. Koieinan n (anno: cy-
~ae npan(a, ne cnmio: y(a~no ia npn~ncena i nono:y copry, i
ioropo:y nnion: opaao: ne npnna(eaa, no ioropin noanona o]nnn-
aino eranaonari.
1ai ~ro e .ro aa nonin copr coapena n conercio: inne:arorpa]n~e-
cio: ca(y ocenii 1987 ro(a
4OPNHPOBAHHL AAHPOB NAOH 4OPNL
Hpe(e ncero, Ly:nninn n cnoe: (oia(e enepete ooana~n neoxo(n-
:ocri coa(annn (oiy:enrainix enr, n ~e:-ro anaorn~nix :yaiiaini:
nrponi: ]ni:a:. Kon~ecrno rainx enr, na~nnan c 1984198b rr., crpe:n-
reino ynen~nnaoci; noanniao nonoe nanpanenne n (oiy:enrancrnie
co cnon:n aaiona:n n orn~nreini:n ocoennocrn:n.
Nono ni(enri (ne ocnonnie ]op:oopaayimne ren(ennnn, n pyce io-
ropix paannnanci ]ni:i raioro po(a:
1) orpann~enne npo(onreinocrn (ny:n-nnrii :nnyra:n .ipannoro npe-
:enn;
2) nocrenennoe npenpamenne necnn n (pa:aryprn~eciyi, pnr:n~eciyi n
c:iconyi ocnony :nnn-innonponane(ennn.
Conepmn: iparinn ncropn~ecinn .iciypc n pacc:orpn: .rn ren(ennnn
no or(einocrn.
!&'
Ca:i:n pannn:n innonponane(ennn:n :aon ]op:i in, iai xopomo
nanecrno, nepnie e i:ieponcine ponin. 3are:, no :epe paannrnn inne:a-
rorpa]a, npo(onreinocri ]ni:on neyionno ynen~nnaaci, npn~e: nr-
ponie ]ni:i cran nono:erpani:n ana~nreino icrpee, ~e: (oiy:en-
rainie. B nepnon noonnne 1920-x rr., ior(a cpe(necrarncrn~ecinn nrponon
]ni: (e:oncrpnponacn ye oioo ~aca, pn(onon (oiy:enrainin ]ni:
pe(io (ncn oime (ecnrn-(na(narn :nnyr. K ro:y e n:enno n nenrpono:
inno coxpannoci cronioe ioncepnarnnnoe opaaonanne cieri inno-
ypnaon n cpo~nie ninycin innoxponnin, no npo(onreinocrn ne:norn:
orn~anmnecn or i:ieponcinx ponion (coornercrnenno, 18 :nnyri n
b0 ceiyn().
Paay:eercn, ]ni:i i:iepon npe(crannn coon o(nn nenpepinnin
nan, n ro npe:n iai cieri innoypnaon n oneparnnnie xponniainie
ninycin :onrnponanci na necioiinx nanon. Paay:eercn, :aie ]op:i
1920-x rr. orn~anci oLimen nn]op:annonnon nacimennocrii n oLimn:
paanoopaane: cnocoon cre:in, nonon .crernion. Ho n innoypnai, n
cnenninycin no-npene:y :onrnponanci no npocro:y napparnnno:y npnn-
nnny, nmi ceria yconnnme:ycn co npe:en i:iepon. 3ra ocoennocri
ocraaci nena:ennon n noae, no nropon noonnne 1920-x, ior(a paannna n
cpe(ne: :erpae nrponix n (oiy:enrainix ]ni:on cymecrnenno y:eni-
mnaci.
Honnenne anyia n na~ae 1980-x nena(oro noanparno cnryanni na
ncxo(nin, i:ieponcinn yponeni. Co(epanne pn(a nepnix conercinx any-
ionix :nnn-]ni:on (c .roro :o:enra pe~i n(er ye mo.txo o coeemcxou
xuno) orpann~nnaoci cre:ion or(einix ionneprnix no:epon ro ecri
oiinonennie (e:oncrpannonnie ponin, nycian npe:enno, noy~nn craryc
ca:onennix nponane(ennn. B ro e npe:n nani n cierax nepnix anyio-
nix innoypnaon cran (nnnee; aa:erno ynen~nnci n ca:n cieri.
K ionny 1988-ro n ocoenno n 1984 ro(y anyionie innoypnai no ion~ecr-
ny cieron n (nne nanon no~rn nepecran orn~aricn or ne:ix innoyp-
naon ionna 1920-x
2
.
O(nonpe:enno c .rn: n innonpo(yinnn 19801982 rr. nn(noe :ecro aa-
nnn neute (oiy:enrainie ]ni:i, cnn:anmnecn nna~ae rai naainae:i-
:n niea(ni:n pe(ainnn:n Coiainnoxponnin, a aare: Knnonoea(o: Coiain-
noxponnin. 3rn enri oneparnnno pearnponan na nearonoy~noe nooe-
nne (e na :ecrax, neninonenne nana, ien:nn nporyimnion, o(ipen n r.
(.
8
Heoxo(n:ocri icrpon n npe(eino o(noana~non ornernon peainnn iai
oiinonennix apnreen, rai n na~aicrna (nironaa opamenne i :aon
]op:e: npo(onreinocri rainx innopenopraen, innoor~eron, inno]eie-
ronon oi~no ne npenimaa noci:n-(ecnrn :nnyr (r. e. o(non ~acrn). Bo
nropon noonnne 1982 ro(a, noce c:eni nnyrpnnonrn~ecioro iypca, niea(-
nie pe(ainnn npeiparnn cnoi paory. Bce( aa .rn: n na~ae 1988 ro(a
na~ainnio: Knnonoea(a n:ecro A. H. Ne(ne(inna cra A. N. 5nox. Knno-
]apnia na ioecax, npocymecrnonanman (o na~aa 198b ro(a, nepeopnenrn-
ponaaci c ninycia carnpn~ecinx, on~nreinix enr na nponano(crno a-
rocrnix innoor~eron o (ocrnennnx nepe(onnion nponano(crna. 3a:e~y, o(-
890
naio, ~ro na npo(onreinocrn ]ni:on Knnonoea(a .rn nepe:eni nniai
ne ciaaanci.
Boa:ono, (enreinocri niea(nix pe(ainnn Coiainnoxponnin n Knnono-
ea(a craa pemaimn: n:nyico:, aro(apn ioropo:y n 1984198b ro(ax
]ni:i :aix ]op: cran cnn:aricn oee oc:icenno n neenanpanen-
no. Boannia nonan paanonn(nocri (oiy:enrainix :nnn-enr rpex:n-
nyria, noy~nnman ncropnio-reopern~ecioe oc:icenne n crarie O. N. 5pnia,
onynionannon n na~ae 198b ro(a: B oirnpe 1984 ro(a rpecr 1ex]ni:`
npe(on penccepy B. Ae:~yno:y ocnonri nonin rnn ioporio:erpa-
nix ]ni:on rpex:nnyriy`. |...] 3a(a~a rpex:nnyrin` paanepnyri
nanryi re:y n :aicn:aino ncnon n aionn~non ]op:e na 100120 :erpax.
1e:i :oryr iri ca:ie paanoopaanie nay~nie, nonrn~ecine, rexnn~e-
cine, .iciypcnonnie, .rnorpa]n~ecine, ipaene(~ecine n (p. |...] Y(aoci nan-
rn ry cnenn]niy rpex:nnyrin`, ioropan orn~aer ee or xponniainon aa-
cre:in. 1pex:nnyria` ne roiio noiaainaer aa]nicnponannin na nenie
]air, ona ero paarncnner
4
.
B crarie or:e~aoci, ~ro i nnnapi 198b ro(a io c(eano ye 14 rpex-
:nnyroi (n ocnonno: nn(onix n nncrpyirnnnix); npn .ro: onn no~rn ne
noiaainanci n innorearpax, nniai ne penenanponanci n npecce n nce(cr-
nne .roro nrnopnponanci omecrnennocrii. Ocy(nn raioe neonpe(een-
noe nooenne iai ne(onycrn:oe, 5pni oparncn i ~nraren: c npn:i:
noaananne:: Hopa rpecry Coiarex]ni:` n npoiarni: oprannaannn: nin-
rn na neonpe(eennoro cocronnnn n, nepeipecrnnmnci`, nycrnri rpex:nnyr-
in` na .ipani, ~roi nce :i n:en noa:onocri nx ynn(eri. B .ro: aannre-
peconani ne roiio penccep Ae:~ynin n rpecr Coiarex]ni:`, no n
ec coeemcxa xunoo6ecmeennocmt
b
.
]y:aercn, .ra crarin (narnocrnponaa nanin nepeo:nin :o:enr n in-
ne:arorpa]nn. C o(non croponi, 5pni (a :ai: ]ni:a: ~erioe reopern~e-
cioe oocnonanne iai ocoo:y ca:ocronreino:y anpy co cnon:n aaiona:n
n ]op:a:n ironannn. C (pyron croponi, on iai i no(rainna omecrnen-
noe :nenne i ocoananni neoxo(n:ocrn :aix ]ni:on, a raie npnaina
inne:arorpa]n~ecioe pyiono(crno yciopnri nx o]nnnainyi eranaanni.
Hepemnreinocri pyiono(nreen inne:arorpa]nn n .ro: nonpoce (iai n
no :nornx (pyrnx), (encrnnreino, craa cepieano rop:oanri ncniyi rnop~e-
ciyi nnnnnarnny. Hanepxy npo(e i n roroni in npnanari npano :nnn-
]ni:on na nononennoe, oocoennoe cymecrnonanne, no noanonn cnn-
:ari nx roiio n nopn(ie .icnepn:enra. 1ai, n 198b198b ro(ax pyiono(n-
ren :ocioncion cry(nn Coiainnoxponnin paapemnn nnenanonin ninyci
necioiinx Honocren (nn oneparnnnix innoor~eron o ana~nreinix
coirnnx conercion nonrn~ecion nann
b
.
Xorn Honocrn (nn rai e, iai rpex:nnyrin ocranci neno~ion
paaonix ainnn, (o o]nnnainoro npnanannn ]ni:on :aon ]op:i ocra-
nacn ncero o(nn mar.
Ye n 1987 ro(y on i c(ean: noannio nocronnnoe nponano(crno inno-
peia:i
7
. Le cran ninyciari n npo:imenno-nanono: nopn(ie cpaay ne-
cioiio oprannaannn: ennnrpa(cian :acrepcian Coiainnonpoiara, Nocion-
!'
cian :acrepcian Nocpeia:]ni:a, xy(oecrnennan :acrepcian rpecra Noc-
ropinno, Kypcian peia:nan ionropa n (p. Henanpan na orcyrcrnne nocronn-
non rexnn~ecion aai, .rn oprannaannn ncnpanno cnn:an rpex-nnrn:nnyr-
nie ]ni:i, peia:nponanmne paan~nie ronapi. Hnor(a i cre:ia: y(ana-
oci npnne~i ca:ix nanecrnix airepon rainx, iai 5opnc 'npion, Hnio-
an 'epiacon, 3on 4e(opona, 1a:apa Naiapona.
Paay:eercn, neecoopaanocri innopeia:i n .noxy nceomero (e]nnnra ia,
:nrio ronopn, co:nnreinon. 1e: ne :enee, n:enno peia:a craa nepni: ycron-
~nni: n o]nnnaino paapemenni: anpo: ]ni:on :aon ]op:i.
B ro: e ro(y nimn (na(nari ioporio:erpanix ]ni:on, ia(in na
ioropix naainacn Biopi n Bepxonnin Coner CCCP. 3aiaa na .rn
npe(niopnie ponin nocrynn, ciopee ncero, c ca:oro nepxa n, nn(n:o, cra
(n pyiono(nreen inne:arorpa]nn nonon neon(annocrii: ]ni:i ne cpaay
noy~nn nnnrnoe ronapnoe nan:enonanne. B 1988 ro(y, o(naio, rpn(nari
(na nonix npe(niopnix ponia (enyraron, nanpae:ix na cen paa n Bepxon-
nin Coner PC4CP, nimn iai rpex:nnyrin. Lcrecrnenno, nniaion npairn-
~ecion na(onocrn n ninycie ]ni:on raioro po(a ne io n ne :oro iri
rai e, iai n n cre:iax innopeia:. O(naio npe(niopnie ponin :ero(n~-
no cnn:anci n (aime, nnori (o ionna 1940-x ro(on (i .ro:y npe:enn onn
naainanci ye nnrn:nnyria:n), n aannn n no~ernon rpa]e ecnoeanix
pacxo(on nanonon .iono:nin cnoe aaionnoe :ecro.
Hapaeino c (eiapn 1987 ro(a ionropa Poccna]ni: naa(na ni-
nyci ]ni:on-necen (nona~ay onn naainanci ]ni:a:n-aanenaa:n), io-
ropie npe(crannn coon (onoino npn:nrnnnie innoinni-iapaoie na no-
nynpnie napo(nie necnn nn necnn conercinx io:noanropon (reicr necen
nonropncn n cyrnrpax, ~roi apnren :orn neri npn:o n aae). C 1988
ro(a ]ni:i-necnn cnn:anci na ennnrpa(cion cry(nn :aix ]op:, n nnori
(o ee aaipirnn n (eiape 1940-ro (aa nnaioe ia~ecrno ninyciae:on npo(yi-
nnn) nx io c(eano ne :enee noycornn. Bo npe:n Benion Ore~ecrnen-
non nonni ]ni:i-necnn no npniaay nepxonnoro pyiono(crna in
~y(ecni: opaao: nocipemeni iai o(no na cpe(crn no(nnrnn narpnorn~e-
cioro (yxa. C 1941 no 1944 ro( nx nimo oioo (na(narn, npn~e: ca:on
noce(nen cra ln:n Conercioro Coiaa.
1ain: opaao:, n 1988 ro(y o]op:nnci rpn anpa :aon ]op:i: in-
nopeia:i, rpex:nnyrin n ]ni:i-necnn.
4HLN NHHYC HLCHA PABHO... 4HLN-HLCHA
Bnepnie necnn npoany~an c conercioro .ipana eme n .noxy pannnx any-
ionix oniron. Kai ye io or:e~eno nime, cnnrie na innoneniy or(ei-
nie ionneprnie no:epa na iaioe-ro npe:n noy~nn craryc ca:onennix in-
nonponane(ennn. 3are:, no :epe ocnoennn anyia, necnn nocrenenno pacrnopn-
aci n nop:ainix cpe(ne- n nono:erpanix nrponix ]ni:ax. Hono-
nennin cnnrea, o(naio, npoxo(n c rpy(o:, nocioiiy croonon (oporon co-
nercioro anyionoro inno cranonnoci rearpaino-ionneprnoe nanpanenne,
892
no~rn (e:oncrparnnno me(mee npaapea co ana:ennri:n .naenmrennoncin:n
reopnn:n :onraa n anyia. Onpe(enimn: .e:enro: crpyirypi ]ni:a
cran rearpainie n;nn ionneprnie no:epa-.nnao(i, paccrannnmnecn n
xponoorn~ecion n nonecrnonareinon noce(onareinocrn. 1aian ipynno-
o~nan copia npnno(na i ocaenni :e.nnao(nix cnnaen n i ro:y,
~ro anyi na~a (ynponari naopaenne. Coornercrnenno, iai i or~y(a-
aci or nnayainoro pn(a n :yaiia.
B peayirare n 1984198b rr. (cnona or:e~y nx iai pyenie) nonnnnci
nepnie npnanain na~nnaimerocn paayipynnennn. Conpe:ennie necnn, npo-
any~anmne n oimnx ]ni:ax, ~acro na~nnan nri ca:ocronreinon na-
nii nx rpancnponan no pa(no, ninycian na rpa:nacrnniax n ncnonnn
na .crpa(e. Onn nepe(io cranonnnci ocnonni: (ocronncrno: neioropix ]ni-
:on, ocoenno ecn npncyrcrnonan n nnx n ia~ecrne (nneprnc:enron.
]o nanecrnon crenenn nponecc paayipynnennn nicrpnpyir ninymen-
nie n 1984 ro(y nepnie conercine :yaiiainie ]ni:i lap:oni
H. A. Can~enio n Beceie penra l. B. Aeican(pona. 3rn iaprnni aao-
nn ocnony (nyx ocnonnix nanpanennn n conercio: :yaiiaino: inno,
ioropie :ono yconno ooana~nri iai ]oiiopnoe n ronny(cioe.
4oiiopnan enra Can~enio nncrnenno npe(nocxnrna rpn(ymne io-
xoanie io:e(nn H. A. Hipiena, a penpo(ynnponanne ronny(cinx :iani-
on io npo(oeno ca:n: Aeican(poni:.
H n lap:onn, n n Beceix penrax aa:erna ocaennocri (pa:aryp-
rn~ecinx cnnaen, neci:a yconnan npnnnaia :yaiin (n nepno: cy~ae) n ne-
cen (no nropo:) i (encrnni. Ocoenno orn~aaci .rn: aeican(poncian
io:e(nn, nnnnmancn innonepcnen nonynpnon .crpa(non nporpa::i Ny-
aiiainin :araann. Ho cyrn, ona ia roiio neno~ion necioiinx :yai-
iaino-.crpa(nix no:epon, rai ne (one(ennon (o ion(nnnn nononennoro a:e-
pniancioro :iania.
1e: ne :enee, nonnenne Beceix penr npnmoci na ncii~nreino
aronpnnrnin :o:enr ni(nnenne 5. 3. Ly:nnin: nana crponreicr-
na Conercioro lonny(a. Ly:nninn ycnenno no((epnna aeican(pon-
cinn ]ni: iai opaaen innonpo(yinnn nonoro rnna, ioropyi :or i npona-
no(nri inin innoropo(. Ho.ro:y ne(ocrarin Beceix penr onpan(i-
nanci n raaax nicoioro noiponnren .icnepn:enraini: xapairepo: ]ni:a
n ero crparern~ecion ana~n:ocrii.
He:aonanyi poi n cy(ie ]ni:a cirpa n ror ]air, ~ro Ly:nninn
ro~no yonn naapenmyi omecrnennyi norpenocri n no(onix paane-
iareino-repanenrn~ecinx ]ni:ax.
A raian norpenocri, na :on narn(, peaino cymecrnonaa. Be(i n(en
Conercioro lonny(a nonnnaci noce na~aa ioeirnnnaannn n nn(ycr-
pnanaannn, noce :acconoro roo(a na Yipanne n Cenepno: Kaniaae, connan
no npe:enn c na~ao: oimoro reppopa. Hni:n cona:n, n .ror ncropn-
~ecinn :o:enr omecrno ocoenno ocrpo ny(aoci n noonreinix n
naneyrnep(aimnx .:onnnx.
Hnrepecno, ~ro ne~ro no(onoe nepno( nenion (enpeccnn npai-
rn~ecin n ro e ca:oe npe:n nepennan n CLA. H na no:omi pn(oni:
!'!
a:epnianna:, na:y~enni: nonce(nenni:n rpenora:n n rpenonennn:n, npn-
ma iai paa innonpo:imennocri: n:enno n cepe(nne 1980-x peaio ynen~n-
oci ion~ecrno io:e(nn n :ianion.
Kone~no, raioe cpannenne nirn(nr necioiio npn:onnenno. O(naio n
nce-rain cionen c~nrari, ~ro Ly:nninn, ni(nnnyn npoeir Conercioro lo-
nny(a, y~nrina n .ror a:epniancinn onir. ]ae ecn n omnaici, ca:a no
cee n(en inoro innoropo(a nce panno ia na:noro mnpe n ynnnepcai-
nee, ~e: npocroe na:epenne (ornari n nepernari lonny( c no:omii :o-
(epnnaannn nponano(crnennix nponeccon n conercion inne:arorpa]nn. 3ra
n(en raie noino nn nenoino no(paay:enaa, nanpn:ep, onpe(eennie na-
:enennn n c]epe nenrponoro inno (~ro no(nep(aer orpinoi na (oia(a
Ly:nnioro, nponnrnponannin nime). Be(i nenrponie ]ni:i roe :orn
crari oee aann:areini:n n paaneiareini:n!
H (encrnnreino, ye n 198b ro(y na .ipani nime neci:a cn:nro:arn~-
nin ]ni: H. H. Konanna B cee 3e:er~nno, nano:nnaimnn no .crernie
lap:oni, no cranmnn eme oee nnni: nporornno: nipiencinx ioxoa-
nix io:e(nn.
Cier .ron (nyx~acrenin iaercn ]anrac:aropn~ecin: (npn ro:, ~ro
ocraercn n pa:iax peainon (encrnnreinocrn): n cee 3e:er~nno Henaen-
cion oacrn cymecrnyer ]nna Naoro rearpa (!), n na oripirne nonoro
rearpainoro ceaona ry(a npninair aprncri. Co ncex oipecrnix ce n (e-
peneni creaaircn apnren n c:orpnr no nnymnreino: aae inmen ap-
cion yca(ii nocranoniy Pennaopa. Kpecrinncian (enymia Hipa, n(oxnon-
ennan ncrpe~en c nicoin: nciyccrno:, pemaercn npo~nrari aprncra: crnxn.
Hoy~nn o(opnreinyi oneniy npo]eccnonaon, ona npn:nio: ornpanner-
cn n Nociny y~nricn n rearpaino: nncrnryre.
Anani ioxoannion noiaaana n ]ni:e iai ne~nin npaa(nni c necnn:n,
xopono(a:n, ranna:n n (pyrn:n nn(a:n iyirypnoro or(ixa. Koxoannin
npninair n 3e:er~nno na paayipamennix rponiax, paao(erie n napn(nie
iocri:i. Kaercn, ~ro ner nn~ero nenoa:onoro n nx eannnx, iai ner n
nniaion nponacrn :e(y ropo(o: n (epennen. Ho peainan nani n ee .i-
pannan aeropnn cnri n .ro: ]ni:e nacroiio recno n oprann~no, ~ro
ecc:icenno nx paa(enri, onnnnn penccepa n ainponie (encrnnreino-
crn n;nn oriaainaricn nepnri n nponcxo(nmee
8
. B enre Konanna npio
orpaena ne roiio ero n~nan, (epenencian, re:a, no n (yx npe:enn, neine
npe(cranennn ror(amnero omecrna. B .ro: c:ice ]ni: nnnercn a6co-
.mntu 0oxuenmou noxu. He(apo: (oiy:enrancri, ycranmne or noro~-
noro nponano(crna rnnonon innonpo(yinnn n neci:a pennnno ce(nnmne aa
nonnenne: nonix neop(nnapnix ]ni:on, nocnpnnnn ionannciyi (nyx-
~acreniy iai roroi cneero noa(yxa n naaxe nocropranci ei. Bne~are-
nne or ionanncion paori ne crepoci (ae n 19b0-e ro(i: nanecrnin pe-
nccep O. 5. Ho(ropenian n cnoen crarie o innoo~epie n nepnyi o~epe(i
yno:nnaer n:enno .ry iaprnny
9
.
B 198b1987 rr. .crernia ]ni:a B cee 3e:er~nno n ycranonia na
paaneiareinocri in no(xna~eni nei: pn(o: (oiy:enrainix ]ni:on;
iai nanoee xapairepnie naaony C noni: ro(o:! (198b, pe. N. A. Cyn-
894
inn), 3a:e~areinin ro( (198b, pe. H. B. Coonien), Hpaa(nni n ioxoae
Po:en (198b, pe. H. H. Kapaymen), Cna(ia (198b, pe. A. l. Lrpnai),
C Honi: ro(o:! (1987, pe. N. A. Cyninn). Ha nepnin narn(, n .rnx
o(no- n (nyx~acreniax ner nn~ero omero: ryr n o~epin o ioxoanon nann, n
eero(nie or~eri o rannix coirnnx crpani. 1e: ne :enee, nx ore(nnner
o(no ocronreicrno: e nomenua.e onn nnion: opaao: ne npomueopeuu.u
n(ee Conercioro lonny(a.
He:aonano n ro, ~ro n nepe~ncennix (oiy:enrainix iaprnnax (iai n
no :nornx (pyrnx) :yaiia n necnn aannn oimoe :ecro. l(e-ro any~a
(aa, r(e-ro napo(nie :eo(nn; no xopomo nn(no, ~ro :noroopaane :yai-
iainoro o]op:ennn n (oiy:enrainix ]ni:ax 198b1987 rr. nirecnn-
ercn nonnrni:n npocro:y ~eoneiy, erio aano:nnaimn:ncn n o(pi:n :ac-
coni:n necnn:n. 'acro n ia~ecrne (nneprnc:enron onn nii~anci n ]ni-
:i (npen:ymecrnenno n innoooapennn o ]naiyirypnix napa(ax) ea nn-
(n:on neoxo(n:ocrn. A c 1987 ro(a nan~ne necen n (oiy:enrainix en-
rax crao ye onaareini:. H, nocioiiy necnn nana~aino nnnnci ca:o-
nennon xy(oecrnennon e(nnnnen, ro :norne ]ni:i, iai npanno, cranonn-
nci (n nnx ope:ennreinon n nanmnen narpyaion.
Honnenne ]ni:on-necen npnneo .ry ren(ennni i aaiono:epno:y aa-
nepmenni. Hecnn open n nepnix innoinnax nonyi ca:ocronreinocri,
cran e(nncrnenni: ciero- n pnr:oopaayimn: .e:enro: n nonocrii
no(~nnnn cee nnayainin pn(.
***
Kaercn o~enn(ni:, ~ro rpa(nnnonnie innoypnai, ioporio:erpanie
xponniainie ninycin n copnie innonporpa::i 19001920-x rr. npo(e
i ye npe(nocxnman reenn(enne. O(naio onn rpeonan or apnren ne-
npeptenoeo, xax 6t puma.tnoeo ecuampueanu u ocutc.enu, n conep-
menno ne npe(noaran npnni~no nonropnimerocn, npairn~ecin pe]eirop-
noro .naeanu anaion, rnpanpye:ix nine n nn(e .eirponnix naopae-
nnn. B re ro(i innoapnren ne roiio yronn nn]op:annonnin roo( n
noy~an neioe paane~enne, no n conepman cnoero po(a n~nie nenine
reorpa]n~ecine oripirnn. H:enno ror(a ocoenno nnrencnnno aanonnaci
:nponan nnayainan ionnia, ioropan nnoce(crnnn noanona innoapnre-
i crari reeapnree:.
H nepnie nn(n:ie marn na .ro: nyrn conercioe inno c(eao eme n
1987 ro(y...
P. S. B anrycre 2008 ro(a na reeianae Pa:ep (n reennie Ho ry
cropony .ipana) ia noiaaana reenepe(a~a Knn:eniep Hocn] Crann,
nocnnmennan ]ni:a:-necnn: (4b :nnyr, np-no 1BK Pa:ep. Anrop n(en
n ne(ymnn Aeican(p ]epnnn, anrop cnenapnn Nnena Nycnna, pe-
nccep Oer Kocoanon).
!'#
1
PlAH. 4. 2091. On. 2. L(. xp. 2b4. . 81.
2
Cnpane(nnocrn pa(n nyno npnanari, ~ro conercine anyionie innoypnai
1980-x neian naanari conce: y o(nornnni:n: ecn Coiainnoypnai cocronn
n cpe(ne: na ce:no(nnna(narn cieron, ro (ercian Hnonepnn na rpexnnrn.
8
Kpo:e roro, na Knnonoea(e (eanci raie nncrpyirnnnie n y~enie ]ni:i,
carnpn~ecine nrponie ioporio:erpain.
4
O. pux. l(e rpex:nnyrin ;; Knno. 198b. ! b. 2b nnnapn. C. 4. (B aa(a~y
:oen crarin ne nxo(nr pacc:orpenne rpex:nnyroi n cnnan c e]oncin:n reopnn:n
1920-x, xorn n y(yme: na .ro nyno oparnri ca:oe npncrainoe nnn:anne
nanmne nano:nnari, iaioe ornomenne i L4y n:en 5pni n Ae:~ynin).
b
1a: e. (Kypcnn :on. A. ,.).
b
He nyrari c innoypnao: Honocrn (nn, ninycianmn:cn roiio c 1944 ro(a.
7
Or:e~y, ~ro (ecnrin innopeia: cnn:anci eme no npe:ena n.na n ycnemno
ninonnn cnoe npn:oe npe(naana~enne: npnainan c:orperi onpe(eennie nrponie
]ni:i n noiynari re nn nnie ronapi. 3rn peia:nie ponin (onoino xaorn~no
n eccncre:no coa(ananci iycrapn:n-o(nno~ia:n, rai n ne ycnen npenparnricn n
oraennyi orpaci innonpo:imennocrn. Ha-aa oriaaa or n.na ]op:nponanne anpa
innopeia:i io nciyccrnenno npepnano.
8
Hipa ornpannaci n Nociny no nacronnni Konanna, ioropin n ca:, iri
:oer, ocracn ipecrinnnno:, (a yneicn inne:arorpa]o: aro(apn rpynne Beprona,
npnexanmen n ero po(noe ceo. 1ai noanniaer aannrnan npee:crnennocri: Bepron
npnno(nr n nciyccrno Konanna, a ror (enymiy Hipy.
9
O. Ho0eopexa. Honcin innoo~epincron ;; ]oiy:enrainoe inno cero(nn.
N., 19b8. C. 7278.
89b
2. PAMATYPFHR
HLA KYKYH
NLA]Y CUHOH KHHLNA1OlPA4A
H XAPH5]OH H1LPA1YPL
KHHOCULHAPHH LBA YHUA BOCC1AHHL BLLLH
Cnenapnn ne rexnn~ecioe no(conoe cpe(crno n ne crponreinie
eca, ioropie cnn:air, ior(a (o: ye roron, a cpannn:an c paoron no-
.ron nreparypnan ]op:a, (ocronnan innnon nyniannn (n ca:ocron-
reinoro ~rennn.
e.a a.an
1
Hpnne(ennoe niciaainanne 5aama aacynnaer nnn:annn npe(e ncero
noro:y, ~ro ono ncrynaer n iaymeecn npornnope~ne c reanco:, enr:ornno:
npoxo(nmn: ~epea ero e oee pannii innry Bn(n:in ~eonei (1924):
4ni:y ne~ero (eari c nreparypon. |...] Cnenapnn ]ni:a nniai ne nnn-
ercn npo(yiro: nreparypnon ]anraann. 4ni: ny(aercn n conepmenno
ocoon cnoconocrn ionipernoro rnop~ecrna nemen, ioropan nn paay eme ne
ia ncnoiaonana n apnreinon ]op:e. ]n .roro nyno oa(ari npoaop-
nnocrii penccepa
2
. B ocnone .roro reneanca reopern~ecion :icn 5aa-
ma or rnopnmero nocranonmnia (= penccepa) Bn(n:oro ~eoneia (o
ne(ymen pon cnenapnn n innre 4ni: ~ernepri neia cnycrn ear
ne roiio nai(ennn enoro no cnon: ye(ennn: anropa aa paannrne:
conpe:ennoro e:y inne:arorpa]a (ne n noce(nii o~epe(i conercioro), no n
oee omne aaiono:epnocrn naan:oornomennn (nyx :e(nainix, connai-
nix n iyirypnix c]ep nreparypi n inno.
Bne ncninx co:nennn, innocnenapnn aanoenina nepnencrno na conercinx
innono(:ocriax n nepnyi o~epe(i aa c~er roro, ~ro nacri onnpaaci n cnoen
ionrpoinon (nn, ro~nee ronopn, aanpernreinon) (enreinocrn na oneniy
n(ennoro coornercrnnn rpeonannn: naprnn n:enno crponreinix econ
]ni:a onemecrnennoro n y:anon ]op:e nuctuennoeo reicra. Lcn
nona~ay npnopnrer nreparypi ne :or ne remnri ca:oine nncaren, ro
o~eni ciopo oiaaaoci, ~ro noe(a na( conepnnio:-inne:arorpa]ncro: ecn
n ia o(epana, ro (ocraaci cnmio: (oporon nenon: ~ero cronr xorn i
onncannie N. 5en:ano: xo(ennn no :yia: inno(pa:arypra, npo(npai-
merocn co cnenapne: ~epea rpnna(nari (!) ipoiparn~ecinx nncrannnn (o
:o:enra ero oion~areinoro yrnep(ennn (nn oriaaa)
8
. B oee noa(nii
!'%
.noxy .ro nnenne nacri (ae ne niraaci cipiri: o(nonpe:enno n aon
carnpon na innoipoiparni, n npe(ocrepeenne: neocroponi: anropa:
cynr nponymennin na .ipan :yir]ni: 4. Xnrpyia 4ni:! 4ni:!
4ni:! (19b8), cpe(n npo~ero neci:a npoapa~no ocnemaimnn nponano(cr-
nennin ]on coa(annn ]ni:a C. 3naenmrenna Hnan lpoanin raie n na
yponne cnenapnn.
1aioe onreparypnnanne nocenoennoro conercioro inne:arorpa]a
cnenn]n~ecin nreparypnoe anponoe (eenne ]ni:on na noenno-noe-
nie n cyenie po:ani, :noro~ncennie nonecrn n pacciaai
4
, oi-
moe ~nco .ipannaannn iaccnin :nponon nreparypi, nncanne innono-
rpa]nn na nepnin narn(, no(rnep(aer npanory :nennn 5aama (orono-
pn:cn n or(eino nanron crpane), ~ro ciopo, noa:ono, innocnenapnn
y(er onpe(enri ncropni inno
b
. 1o, n iaion crenenn n na iaion :o:enr
5aam i npan re:a or(einoro ncce(onannn. Hac e y(er nnrepeco-
nari nonpoc, iai cia(inanci ornomennn inne:arorpa]a n nreparypi na
aape ncropnn pyccioro n conercioro inno, iai ca:oonpe(encn anp nrepa-
rypnoro innocnenapnn. He crann nepe( coon nicoinx reopern~ecinx aa(a~,
nonpoye: pacc:orperi .ry npoe:y na o(no: noiaaareino: n neci:a cnoe-
opaano: npn:epe.
'YAOL HCKYCC1BO: HLlPANO1HLL HHCA1LH
H CLHLL KHHLNA1OlPA4HC1L
i(n ycran cymari pe~n. Hx romnnr or con: ne(i cona aaconnn
coon nemn. |...] Ni na(ee: ornparnreinon cnoconocrii nonocrii
aa(ymnri :ici nocpe(crno: nonnrnn.
!. on !ouancma.t 189o)
6
3rn cona lo]:ancran, nanncannie n ro( noiaaa nepnoro ne:oro ]ni:a
n aa 18 er (o nonnennn Bocipemennn cona B. Lioncioro, ncno (e:oncr-
pnpyir npn~nni, noy(anmne nreparopon nnn:areino ornecrnci i nonn-
enni nnayainoro naiia inno ia~ecrnenno nonon noa:onocrn ornome-
nnn i :icn n nemn. Anro:arnaannn naiia n ne(onepne i cony iai nocnre-
i ncrnni n nocpe(nniy n o:ene iai nn]op:annen, rai n .crern~ecin:n
nennocrn:n nenaeno noniman ainnn nenepainix nn(on nciyccrna. C ron
e ca:on :icn noa(nee na~a cnoi innry Bn(n:in ~eonei 5ea 5aam:
Haoperenne innrone~arannn c re~enne: npe:enn c(eao nno i(en ne-
(ocrynni: ~renni. Onn rai :noro :orn ~nrari c ncra y:arn, ~ro (pyrne
]op:i ocne(o:ennn ocranci n npenepeennn
7
.
H lo]:ancrai, n Lioncinn (n, ione~no, 5aam) cran nnoce(crnnn
nanecrni:n cnenapncra:n inno. Hcropnn ornomennn nreparopon n inne:a-
rorpa]a, o(naio, ia (ocraro~no conon nonpoye: yiaaari na neioro-
pie ]airopi, npennrcrnonanmne ne:e(ennon accn:nnnnn (nyx :ya.
B cnoen crarie 1earp :aeniinx i(en (1909) Ai]pe( ]enn (y(y-
mnn nponaran(ncr innocrnn n nreparype n anrop necioiinx innocne-
898
napnen) anananpyer inne:arorpa] na coua.tno nepcneirnni n crannr
ero n o(nn pn( c anaro:n~ecin: rearpo: n nanonrniy:o: iai nocranmnia
iponanenmen nnmn (n :aeniioro :y~nni n :aeniion enmnni:
Onn ne anair nn nreparypi, nn paannrnn, nn nanpanennn. |...] Onn xornr
iri pacrporanni:n, noay(enni:n, noa:ymenni:n; xornr onnyri or xoxo-
ra
8
. ]n .ron nen, no :nenni ]enna, n cymecrnyer inne:arorpa], pacc~n-
rannin na y(onernopenne ca:ix nnainx nncrnniron neopaaonannon ny-
nin. Lcn panime aenain :orn na(enricn nmi na cy~an n na aapanee
nanecrnie :eponpnnrnn n nncrnrynnn (:oprn, cy(i, ioppn(a, ne ronopn ye o
nanoee naienno: moy c:eprnon iaann), ro renepi i nx ycyra:
neyro:n:oe inne:a, nnoni n nnoni roronoe paairpinari nepe( raaa:n apnre-
en eannie apenma.
3ror e acneir no(~epinyr n o(non na nepnix ipnrn~ecinx paor, no(-
pono anananpyimnx ]eno:en inno n Poccnn crarie K. 'yioncioro Har
Hnniepron n conpe:ennan nreparypa (1908), ni(epanmen n nepnie e
ro(i noce cnoero nixo(a necioiio na(annn. 'yioncinn n cnoncrnennon
e:y ecrnmen :anepe ]eieronncra nocnnmaer cnon reicr ocnonno:y no-
npocy: no~e:y inne:arorpa], ocranonnnmnn :rnonenne, oa(aimnn neco-
na:epn:o oimn:n noa:onocrn:n, ~e: nreparypa, n:ecro nonon Anni
Kapennnon coa(aer ncii~nreino raine me(enpi yinapnoro anpa, iai
5era rem, ioni n yo~non n Bn(ennn no(oaaa
9
Kaiono (ono
iri cocronnne omecrna, ecn ero noni: ropo(cin: coopni: .noco:
10
cranonnrcn n:enno .ror po( nciyccrna H iaioni nepcneirnni nrepary-
pi a inne:arorpa], no 'yioncio:y, iai co~nnnrei nonecren n pacciaaon,
|...] no.r, (pa:arypr, eronncen n po:anncr |...] ecri, rain: opaao:, ocoin
nn( nreparypi n cnenn~ecioro nciyccrna
11
ecn cnon: repoe: ona ni-
npaer Hara Hnnieprona, ocnonni: :ero(o: ]apn~nyi cepnnnyi npo-
(yinni yinapnix ncrion n innoenr, a anropo: ca:oro apnren, nyi-
rapni: niyco: (niryimero nponano(nrei cnoi noi
Hec:orpn na :noro~ncennie n no :noro: cnpane(nnie onnnennn n
a(pec 'yioncioro n npeynen~ennn n c:emennn ainenron (or:ern: a(eci
crarii B. Poaanona K. H. 'yioncinn o pyccion nann n nreparype), npn-
xo(nrcn npnanari aa ero paoron o(no conepmenno neocnopn:oe (ocronncr-
no: nepe( na:n (ocronepnin cpea ncropnn pyccioro inne:arorpa]a na ror
:o:enr. Hepnin pyccinn ]ni: (]pa:a n raope no(:ocionnix niran,
pe. B. Cnnepcen) i ninymen n npoiar 20 (eiapn 1908 ro(a ~epea (na
:ecnna noce (oia(a 'yioncioro n :ocioncio: nreparypno-xy(oecrnen-
no: ipyie n npn( n niana i o(openne nncaren. Hpeoa(anne
nnaionponon nnocrpannon npo(yinnn n aypa paanpara, oipyaiman pac-
nooennie, iai npanno, n aa~nix cron~nix inapraax innorearpi ro-
ro npe:enn, nnpo~e:, ne ornyrnnaa nreparopon: omnpnin innoreicr pyc-
cion nreparypi ionna 1900 na~aa 1910-x rr. cnn(ereicrnyer o ro:, ~ro
:ao iro ne y(ocron napcrno renen cnon: nocemenne:. Hpeoa(anne
cpe(n anropon .roro innoreicra (no( ioropi: :i a(eci nonn:ae: reicri ne
0., a o inno) nreparopon cn:noncrcioro ipyra (H. Annencinn, A. 5ein,
A. 5oi, B. 5picon, 3. lnnnnyc, 4. Coory n (p.) orncnnercn re:, ~ro (n
!''
no.rnin cn:nona:a neon(anno ana~n:on oiaaaaci |...] ca:a cnryannn in-
nonpoeinnn
12
. Bce yiaaannie K. Unninno: n ero ncrareinon crarie
:apiepi innoceanca y~ cnera na-aa cnnni apnren n re:no: aae,
na(aimnn na ein .ipan; uepanue naopaennn, coa(aimnx no(one nnon
peainocrn; :exanni-0euoncrparop nponcnnir ynymennin 'yioncin: :o-
:enr, ~ro n (ecnrie ro(i xo(nn ne na ]ni:, a n inne:arorpa]`
18
.
'ro e iacaercn reicron ne o, a 0. inne:arorpa]a, ro n pyccion nrepa-
rypnon cpe(e nai(aercn ionirnan iaprnna. Hpn eayconno: nnrepece
i nono:y nn(y nciyccrna, i na~ay 1910-x rr. ye nmnnmerocn aypi cian-
(ainocrn n c:ennnmero aa~nie rpymoi na xpycrainie (nopni
14
, nrepa-
ropi iai i ocreperaircn onira npacrannn n nonyi :e(nainyi cpe(y, cyn-
myi n: pa(ynie :arepnainie nepcneirnni. Ha ncen pyccion inne:aro-
rpa]n~ecion npo(yinnn, na~nnan c po(ennn inno n nnori (o ipnanca .noxn
noennoro io::ynna:a, ior(a npo(yinnn ]ni:on npairn~ecin aa:epa, c~n-
rannie e(nnnni enr in cnnri no opnrnnaini: innocnenapnn: nn(nix
nreparopon. 5oimnncrno na nnx Kopoi, aaion n cnoo(a . An(peena
(1914), An(pen 1ooinen A. Bepnnion (191b), Hen Pannnena A. A:-
]nrearpona (191b) in anropcin:n nepe(eia:n nreparypnix nponane-
(ennn. Kpnrnia o(opner ocroponocri nreparopon n ne:e(enno crannr
nx na :ecro, ecn onn oc:ennaircn c:ennri nepo na anpi innocnenapncra:
rai, noce nocranonin ]ni:a Bepa 'nnpni o (ee 5ennca no cnenapni
H. 5pemio-5pemioncioro (1917) 1earpainan raaera nncaa: Hyno n
(eari na (oirix cea (pa:y n 2000 :erpon` Bonornri rpare(ni enn-
cna(i :oer :ony:enrainoe nponane(enne xy(oecrnennoro nepa. Ho ne
ceanci .ipana
1b
. Kai peayirar, pannnn pyccinn inne:arorpa] nopo(n ne-
yi nen(y npo]eccnonainix nocranmnion innocnenapnen (cpe(n nnx or-
:ern: (onoino nicoiyi inory enmnn 3. 5apannenn~, O. 5aenn~, N. Ka-
am-lappnc, A. Nap n (p.) n (a orpo:noe ~nco .ipannaannn nreparypnix
nponane(ennn, no ne c:or nepe:annri n cnon pn(i nncareen nepnoro .meo-
na. 1ex e, iro pnciny na nonannn n .ipanno: anpe, (ao, iai npanno,
paao~aponanne (npn:epo: a(eci :oer cynri ney(a~nan nocranonia n 1918
ro(y ncii~nreino cnoeopaanoro cnenapnn B. Nanioncioro 3aionannan
]ni:on).
B peayirare .roro i ionny 1910-x inne:arorpa], no(rnep(an reanci
'yioncioro, no-npene:y n:e (eo co cnenapnn:n neci:a nnaioro nrepa-
rypnoro ia~ecrna, ~ro aa~acryi (ae npnnercrnonaoci inne:arorpa]ncra-
:n: rai, no cona: . Kyemona, cnenapnn nnior(a ne (oen n:eri nrepa-
rypnyi nennocri
1b
. Ho(onan romnora or con y :nornx (enreen inno
(no (pyrn: npn~nna:, ~e: y lo]:ancran) npnno(na i neeanni noncion
nyren oprann~non nnrerpannn nreparypi n inno n noanninonenni npe(ye-
(ennn npornn :acrepon nepa. Kai ce(crnne (nn, ecn noc:orperi c
(pyroro ionna, iai npn~nna ney(a~n), nponacri :e(y npe(cranenne: nre-
paropon o inne:arorpa]e n peaini: nponecco: innonponano(crna yry-
naci n xo(e conepmencrnonannn n (n]]epennnannn rexnn~ecinx n npona-
no(crnennix cpe(crn inno. Ho(annimee oimnncrno nnmymnx n nepnin
paa innocnenapnn n:eo nmi ca:oe or(aennoe npe(cranenne o noa:ono-
400
crnx peanaannn nreparypnon ]anraann n o norpenocrnx penccepa npn-
:ennreino i cnenapnon no(oie. He:eninn innopenccep 3nai( An(-
pe ]inon, anrop innrn Kai nnmercn ]ni: (1919), or:e~a, ~ro nncarei
nnmer ]ni: rai, iai .ro (ono iri c(eano no npe(cranennn:, noy-
~enni: n: n innorearpe. A nocioiiy .rn npe(cranennn n oimnncrne
cnoe: (na:erpaino npornnonooni ncrnne, no~rn nce inno:anycipnnri
nniy(a ne ro(nrcn
17
. Anaorn~noro :nennn npn(epnnacn n ro e npe:n n
Poccnn . Kyemon: n ye nnrnponanmencn na:n paore 3na:n inne:aro-
rpa]nn (1920), nnepnie onynionannon nmi n 1979 ro(y, on orcrannaer
cnoo(y penccepa n nonciax nyren peanaannn nnayainix opaaon n or-
no(nr cnenapncry nmi cyenyi poi n npe(ocranennn nan<a> cnena-
pnn c na:e~enni:n nooennn:n n ocnonnon iannon (encrnnn
18
. 'e: nime
nreparypnan nennocri cnenapnn, re: xye (n ]ni:a, no paapaorannan
]aya n nonirin :onranoro pemennn (encrnnn cnnainair penccepa. Or-
nomenne Kyemona i nreparopy ncno n onpe(eenno: Anrop cnenapnn nce
npe:n nonn:aercn na:n iai npe(crannrei ~yoro nciyccrna nreparypi n
iai crpe:nmnncn nponanecrn neioropoe nreparypnoe aacnie n name: rnop-
~ecrne
19
.
Kone~no, y :nornx nreparopon (nnor(a (ae n oimen crenenn, ~e: y
inne:arorpa]ncron) npncyrcrnonao nonn:anne roro, ~ro (n nnci:a n nono:
anpe na(o nanrn n cee nonyi rexnniy
20
. Airnnnie noncin .ron rexnn-
in npnno(nn, c o(non croponi, i noanninonenni innocrnn n pa:iax n-
reparypi (npn:epo: :oer a(eci cynri po:an A. 5eoro Herepypr, na
inne:arorpa]n~nocri ioroporo neo(noiparno yiaainaoci n ncce(onarei-
cion nreparype
21
), a c (pyron i noanninonenni cnoeopaanix npo ne-
pa innocnenapnen, ioropie cran nepni:n npe(necrnnia:n nonon nre-
parypnon ]op:i, xorn no ca:i: paani: npn~nna: n ne nnncinanci n
rexnoorni n ]noco]ni inno roro npe:enn. Oparn:cn i ananay o(noro
na rainx reicron, opnrnnaini: opaao: onaaimero iai :e(nainyi cne-
nn]niy oonx nn(on nciyccrna, rai n npn~nny (n nx nenoinon npa(i.
BHL 3AKOHA KHHLNA1OlPA4A: BOCC1AHHL LBA YHUA
Ha: ne(ocraro~no io c:orperi 3nai 3oppo nn Kanner (oiro-
pa Kanrapn, 5ar(a(cioro nopa nn Hnroepanc, :i (oni in
nanri n pyin cnon nacronmee n c(eari na .roro nrpy.
E. Ho.oncxa
22
Knnocnenapnn ina ynna Boccranne nemen o(nn na noce(nnx ero
reicron. On i nanncan n lep:annn, iy(a rneo oinon ynn niexa na
nae~enne n nine 1928 ro(a no xo(arancrny A. N. lopiioro (n la:ypre
na ce:in ynna). Cnenapnn i aaion~en n nie 1928 ro(a n canaropnn
Kennrmrann n 1aynyce, a ~epea necioiio ne(ei ynn nna n rneyi io:y,
na ioropon nime n oirnpe c ~acrn~ni: napan~o: :oara n yrepen cnoco-
nocrn ~nrari n nncari. Hec:orpn na neioropoe yy~menne (ynny y(aoci
"
aaion~nri cnoi noce(nii niecy lopo( npan(i, a raie pacciaa Xo(e-
nnn no :yia: n aanncin Hyremecrnne na oinn~non ionie), 9 :an 1924
ro(a nncarei cion~acn n i noxoponen na enpencio: ia(nme la:ypr-
5ap:ei.
Boccranne nemen o(nn na (nyx nanecrnix na: innocnenapnen yn-
na. Hepnin, 3anemanne napn, i aaion~en eme (o orrea(a n lep:anni.
O ro:, ~ro Boccranne nemen io nanncano ye n canaropnn, :i yanae: na
nepenncin ynna: Y :enn :acca nreparypnix nanon. He anai, iai nin(er
n canaropnn. B nepnyi roony orpo:nin innocnenapnn. C ]noco]nen`
(A. N. lopiio:y or 2b ninn 1928 ro(a); Kon~ai rnranrcinn n rennainin
cnenapnn. n(o~ia, ione~no, ciaer, ~ro .ro (pnni (Cepannononi: pari-
n: or 10 nin 1928 ro(a); Kon~n rnranrcinn innocnenapnn. lennaino!
Ho r(e npo(ari Cier nce:npnin! 'y(eca rexnnin (Hnne 5epeponon or
14 nin 1928 ro(a)
28
. Ho ncen nn(n:ocrn, iaioe-ro npe:n ynn ncepiea (y-
:a o ero .ipannaannn (o .ro: raie :ono cy(nri no nepenncie nncare-
n
24
), o(naio noce ninncin na canaropnn Kennrmrann n napan~a n ionne
era na~ae ocenn 1928 ro(a ce(i .roro aa:ica repnircn, raie iai n
ca: cnenapnn. Pyionnci ia nan(ena n 19b0-e rr. a:epniancin: canncro:
lapn Kepno: y cecrpi ynna L. H. lopnmrenn n onynionana n nii-nopi-
cio: Hono: ypnae n 19bb ro(y
2b
.
Cnenapnn nocrpoen no npnnnnny pa:o~noro reicra: n npoore n iaaie :i
anaio:n:cn c repoe: ]ni:a, ninnnnen Hpee:, n no peainnn nynin (Hin-
nnni recno ocrynair crpannoro ~eoneia. |...] Hepe:nrnnaircn nac:emnno
(C. 4b)
2b
) nonn:ae:, ~ro ycimn: ye ricn~y paa pacciaaannyi ncropni. B
noci:n ~acrnx ]ni:a or nepnoro nna (Hpei) ne(ercn nonecrnonanne o
noccrannn nemen, no(nnro: npo]eccopo:-]nanooro: Le(ro: npornn ~eone-
ia: Le(r, nay~nnmnncn nonn:ari naii nemen (A no(nn nemn, n anai nx naii!
On npocr, iai nemi
27
. 5ea racnix n coron cnncr n mei!), na(eercn c
no:omii Hpen n cnoen (o~epn, cnoionnon, iai nemi, :exann~ecion, iai
:amnna Karpnoni aa~ari no opaany n(eainoro :npa nocymnix nemen no-
noe ne:n i(en ro~nix, cnoionnix. 'ro ne io iponn, ynncrn, eaaaio-
nnn (C. b2, 70, 7b). O(naio nan Le(ra repnnr ]nacio. Hopn(oi, nacrynnnmnn
n o~nmenno: or i(en ropo(e, nciope pymnrcn. Hona~ay nani n(er iai
npe(e: nixo(nr raaeri, oripinaircn n aaipinaircn n oi~noe npe:n :araan-
ni, aano(i nponano(nr cnoi npo(yinni. Ho nincnnercn, ~ro coa(annie (n
~eoneia nemn ne :oryr cymecrnonari ea i(en. B ropo(e na~nnaercn pacna(,
nemn nepecrair ]yninnonnponari n nani aa:npaer. Hey(a~en ion~aercn n
npoeir Le(ra no nponano(crny nonoro ~eoneia: Karpnona ninercn n Hpe-
n, n ioni ynnaer .ry enmnny-anro:ar, (n ioropon raine cninie ~yncr-
na oiaainaircn c:epreini
28
. Le(r ion~aer nani ca:oynncrno:. B ionne
]ni:a, ior(a n ropo( ncrynair anrnncine noncia, ona(enmne ceipero: nai-
ia nemen, onn ne ncrpe~air conpornnennn.
Ho(ono ]ni:y P. Bnne Kanner (oiropa Kanrapn (1919), ioropin
ynn nn(e, npan(a oripinaercn nmi n .nnore. B orner na nac:emnnie n
ne(onep~nnie nonpoci cymareen Hpei npe(peiaer rpn(ymyi iaracr-
po]y: ne(i nacri na( naiio: nemen renepi npnna(enr noenni: Bon-
402
na! 5y(er nenn(annan nonna!.. H roo(!.. H :op!.. C:epri! (C. 78). Ho ecn
n ne:enion enre apnrei n ionne nincnner, ~ro neci pacciaa i nmi
pe(o: cy:acme(mero
29
(iaioni: Hpen nona~ay nnno c~nraer nyn-
ia n ape n, noa:ono, anaio:in no ne:enio:y ]ni:y c aaiona:n pa-
:o~non io:noannnn ~nrarei;apnrei), ro n cnenapnn ynna ]anracrn~e-
cinn cier nneaanno oiaainaercn npan(on: ior(a o(nn na npncyrcrnyimnx
rpeyer (oiaaareicrn, Hpei cnncrnr, n naia Le(ra, c npe(cranennn
ioropon na~nnacn reicr, ier cnpamnnaimerocn no roone cnoeopaanan
:era]opa oaapennn, ioropoe (ono npnnrn i norpname:y no n n nene-
pnn ~eone~ecrny.
Knnocnenapnn ina ynna nnncinaercn, na nepnin narn(, n nein pn(
anrnyronnn n nponane(ennn roro npe:enn, re:on ioropix cranonnrcn rexno-
iparn~ecine n anrponoorn~ecine iaracrpo]i. Cpe(n nnx Ni L. 3a:nrnna,
P.U.P n Kpaiarnr K. 'aneia, 5ynr :amnn A. H. 1ocroro, a n inne:aro-
rpa]e, ione~no e, oee noa(nnn ]ni: Nerpononc 4. anra. Opaa
Le(ra, o(epn:oro n(een nonoro :nponopn(ia n na(eimero :arn~ecion na-
crii na( nema:n, coornocnrcn c (oiropo: Nayae na ]ni:a 4. anra ]oi-
rop Nayae nrpoi, ninymennoro na conercinn .ipan n nnnape 1928 ro-
(a
80
, a a:epniancinn xapairep ne(ennn (encrnnn (Hpei rn:nacr, n
arern~ecian no(roronia cnacaer ero no npe:n noroni n cpaennn c noccran-
mn:n nema:n) orciaer i oniry 4apnin .icnenrpn~ecioro airepa, or-
ipiron n Herporpa(e 9 nin 1922 ro(a
81
.
Hec:orpn na croi o~enn(nin ionreicr, cnenapnn Boccranne nemen npn-
:e~areen no :nornx ornomennnx. Bonpein a(pano:y c:icy, ynn npairn-
~ecin coa(aer cnenapnn anyionoro ]ni:a: nemn ynpannircn cnncrio:, a
opiecrp noccranmnx :yaiiainix nncrpy:enron nrpaer iaio]onni (nnay-
ainoe naopaenne ioropon io i n ro npe:n, ione~no, neci:a aarpy(nn-
reini:). Nnoro~ncennie pe:apin ynna (On na~ymn: rooco:;
Hoy~aircn cona iaion-ro nonynpnon .neprn~non necnn; 5io ~y(noe
anrycroncioe yrpo) nanepnnia nianan i n(onnryi nponni npo]eccnona-
on-inne:arorpa]ncron. H rannoe: ecn pyiono(crnonaricn npanno:, ~ro
na ia(yi crpoiy na(nncn (28 cona) rparnrcn o(nn :erp nenin
ce(onareino, na(nnci n 12 con npo(epnrcn na .ipane 1218 ceiyn(
82
, n
nanri na ocnony na(anne Boccrannn nemen L. e::nnra, noce(onareino
ni(ennmero ece na(nncn (oimnncrno na ioropix npn:an pe~i), ro na
o(nn rnrpi ymo i nopn(ia 40 :nnyr .ipannoro npe:enn!
88
Nono io i npe(noonri, ~ro rearpainin (pa:arypr ynn, nn paay
ne y~acrnonanmnn n nponecce innonponano(crna, npocro ne y~e cnenn]nin
inno. O(naio nepnin cnenapnn ynna 3anemanne napn, aaion~ennin eme
(o orrea(a n lep:anni, npe(crann coon neci:a ycnemnoe ynpanenne n
.ipannaannn ananripnoro ciera c pyccin: ioopnro: (pe~i n ]ni:e (ona
ia n(rn o npornnocronnnn io:co:oina 5opnca 1ia~enio inme:y ]n-
rei-a(iiranry cnnri Lro Ben~ecrna apony 4penrar-]on-opnnro]y n no-
nciax coiponnma napcion ce:in). Hpn nanpnennon ]aye n 3anemannn
napn aiiyparno pacnncani c:eni nanon, y(a~no coi(en aanc rnrpon n
(encrnnn, na:e~eni noa:onie :onranie pemennn.
"!
Kpo:e roro, ynn npn naccnnno: nocxnmennn inno iai apnrei
84
i,
no(ono Kyemony, n ]airn~ecin: pyiono(nree: innocry(nn ea nenin
npn ]o:e nciyccrn. Hnioan 'yioncinn rai onncina nocranonin nnoro
inno: ]pa:arypro: n penccepo: i ynn. On :rnonenno naopera
o~epe(nyi cneny, aa pyin cracinna co cryien nynix (n nero ncnonnre-
en, orno(n nx na necioiio ceiyn( n cropony, menoro: cooma ia(o:y,
~ro on (oen (eari (con (encrnyimn: nna: ne noaraoci nniainx,
inne:arorpa] i ne:on), n cnena ncnonnaci npn nceome: nionannn.
3pnren or xoxora na(an na no. H rai ~yri n ne ia(in ne~ep n re~enne
necioiinx er nn paay ne nonropnnci
8b
. 1py(no npe(noonri, ~roi
nncarei, npo]eccnonaino na(eimnn (pa:aryprn~ecin:n naniia:n, nacroi-
io npeneper aaiona:n anpa.
O ro:, ~ro :e(nainan npoe:arnia ynne: n (anno: cy~ae ocoanana-
aci n nonon :epe, cnn(ereicrnyer yiaaanne n ye nnrnponanme:cn nnci:e
5epeponon na ~y(eca rexnnin n ero innocnenapnn. Ho npo~rennn reicra
cranonnrcn ncno, ~ro .rn cona :oryr ornocnricn nmi i pemenni cnenn]n-
~ecin inne:arorpa]n~ecinx aa(a~ no nepenocy onnmnx nemen c y:arn na
.ipan. Nnp Ocrponnon pecnynin 19b0 ro(a (npe:n (encrnnn ]ni:a) n
rexnn~ecio: c:ice nn~e: ne orn~aercn or na~aa 1920-x rr. Oriaa or
naopaennn rexnn~ecinx nonnnoi n nipanno: ynne: anpe npar:arn~en
c ro~in apennn .ipannon peanaannn, no ne rnnn~en: ne(i nay~nan ]anra-
crnia (aer nncarei noa:onocri ecnpennrcrnenno ]anraanponari na re-
:i ncenoa:onix rexnn~ecinx npoeiron. Hicrpannen :oer cynri ne-
aaion~ennin pacciaa B. 5picona Boccranne :amnn (1908), c ioropi: cne-
napnn ynna re:arn~ecin neoiinonenno naoi. 5picon onncinaer :np
y(ymero ce(yimn: opaao:: Ni ronopnn no ree]ony n cyman n :e-
ra]on yrpennii raaery nn, ne~epo:, iaiyi-nny(i onepy; neperonapnnanci c
(pyain:n, :i npnno(nn n (encrnne (o:amnnn reeinne:a n pa(onanci, nn(n
nna rex, c ie: ronopn:, nn n ror e annapar ionanci nnor(a aero:;
:i no(i:anci n cnoi inaprnpy na anro:arn~ecio: n]re, niainan ero anon-
io:, n rai e no(i:anci na ipimy, ~roi no(imari ~ncri: noa(yxo:... Bne
(o:a n ynepenno ncnpirnna n anroyc, n naron :erpononrena n n:nepnaa
nn cranonncn na noma(iy (npnan; n .icrpennix cy~anx n noiaona-
cn :oronnieria:n n a.ponana:n; n :araannax oxorno nepe(nnracn no (nn-
yme:ycn rporyapy, n pecropanax anro:arn~ecin noy~a aaiaaannie nop-
nnn, na cye noiaonacn .eirpn~ecion nnmymen :amnnon, .eirpn~e-
cin: c~er~nio:, .eirpn~ecin:n io:nnaropa:n n pacnpe(enren:n
8b
. B pac-
ciaae 5picona ]nrypnpyir no(necnie (oporn, reecioni, .eirpo- n ]onore-
arpi, anro:arn~ecine e~ennni, crannnn no (ncrannnonno:y ynpanenni
:amnna:n n r. (. Hoiaaareino, ~ro 5picon npepna paory na( pacciaao: na
ro: ca:o: :ecre, r(e nepe~eni rexnn~ecinx nonmecrn nccni n nyno io
paannnari cier.
ynn nocrynaer crporo naoopor: on na~ncro oriaainaercn or naopae-
nnn n (eranx Brave New World n nce cnoe nnn:anne y(ener ]aye. Bne
ncnioro co:nennn, .ro nnnercn noce(onareini: npone(enne: .crern~e-
cion nporpa::i nncaren, c]op:ynponannon n:, n nepnyi o~epe(i, n cra-
404
rie Ha 3ana(!, nanncannon (n copannn Cepannononix parien n (eiape
1922 ro(a n onynionannon n 5epnne n rperie: no:epe ropiioncioro yp-
naa 5ece(a n 1928 ro(y. B crarie ynn ipnrniyer nonecri Hiepa 5enya
Aranrn(a aa ee .iaorn~nocri n ananripnie nycrn~in n peio:en(yer
coparin: no nepy n nepnyi o~epe(i, Cepannononi: parin: y~nricn
]aye
87
. Hpnainan y~nricn y 3ana(a, ynn nnmer: Ha 3ana(e :ory~an
]ayinan rpa(nnnn, n ra: :i y(e: nne aapaanreinon naocrn Pe:naona n
5eoro. Crane: no(paari rn:naancra:n :a(mnx iaccon ananrip-
ni: po:ana:: cnepna pacin, iai narnaropi, noro: ocropono o, iai ocro-
pono! naciman aanoenannyi ]ayy pyccin: (yxo:, pyccin: :imenie:,
pyccion npnion
88
.
Hni:n cona:n, Boccranne nemen npe(cranner coon npoaan~ecioe
.umepampnoe nponane(enne, ncn xy(oecrnennan crpyirypa ioroporo pao-
raer na ocnonnyi ]ayinyi nnni, noccranne nemen, nrpanmyi n pyccion
iyirype XX neia o~eni nanyi poi. Orcyrcrnne: rexnn~ecion iynn~-
in ynn no(~epinnaer .ror cymecrnennin (n nonn:annn ero aa:ica :o-
:enr: pe~i n(er ne o noccrannn :amnn n o(non:enno: pacciaae 5picona,
ne o ynre :amnn n o(non:enno: cnenapnn Po:ena Poana n o(non:en-
non nonecrn A. 1ocroro, ne o :nree pooron n P.U.P. 'aneia, ne o :exa-
nnaannn n arepanaannn y(ymero n po:ane Ni L. 3a:nrnna, ne o ome-
crnenno: iaraina:e na-aa poionoro nay~noro oripirnn n Poionix nnnax
N. 5yraiona. Hpornn ~eoneia n cnenapnn ynna noccrair ne :amnni, a
nemn ro~nee ronopn, npe(:eri :arepnainoro :npa, ncnoiaye:ie ~eone-
io: n yrnnrapnix nenx. K nn: ornocnrcn iai :amnni (anro:onn, cranin,
rpancnopr), rai n npe(:eri :een, o(e(a, ecrnnni, peici n r. (. Xapairep-
no, ~ro .ror cnncoi ynn ocranner oripiri:, nnocn npe:n or npe:enn pe-
:apin rnna Bce .rn iaprnni noccrannn nemen :oryr iri ana~nreino pac-
mnpeni, coopaano c ]anraanen penccepa
89
. Cee (n onncannn arpeccnn
nemen ynn ocranner ~ncro nreparypnin npne: ocymecrnennn :era]o-
pi: Harie (annr i(en. Bopornn~in (ymar, canorn :yr n r. (. (C. b1).
NL]HAH3AUHA NH4A H CY5HNAUHA NL]HA
He oici ren, nemi!
L. Ln, occmanue eee
Boccranne nemen nnnercn o(nn: na crepnenix iyirypnix :n]on na-
~aa XX neia, ioropin ocnonan na ~yncrne ryoioro ipnanca io::ynniannn
:e(y ~eoneio: n oipyaimn: :npo:. 3a:e~anne C. Ce:enonon o ro:, ~ro
cier ynra :amnn eper cnoe na~ao n omymennn paapin<a> :e(y
caocrii ~eoneia iai raionoro n nenn(annon :omii rexnnin
40
, n orno-
mennn noccrannn nemen ny(aercn n (nyx nanix (ononennnx. C o(non
croponi, .ro aa~acryi npa(enoe ornomenne na pyee neion i aana(no:y,
nporeano:y nyrn nnnnnaannn, ne(yme:y aa coon ipnanc nepenponano(cr-
na n n ro e npe:n yryenne paapina :e(y :npa:n pociomn n nnmeri,
"#
ropecrno :emancrna n ypanna:a
41
; c (pyron croponi omymenne ipnan-
ca anro:arnanponannoro naiia n, coornercrnenno, ipnanca nciyccrna, norepnn-
mero cnoe nnoe, nenocpe(crnennoe co(epanne (c:. niciaainanne lo]:an-
cran nime). 3na:ennrie reanci B. Lioncioro na crarin Hciyccrno iai
npne: Ueii nciyccrna nnnercn (ari omymenne nemn iai nn(enne, a ne
iai yanananne; npne:o: nciyccrna nnnercn npne: ocrpanennn nemen n
npne: aarpy(nennon ]op:i |...]; ucxccmeo ecmt cnoco6 nepeumt 0e.ante
eeu, a c0e.annoe e ucxccmee ne eano
42
n ionnenrpnponannon ]op:e
:ann]ecra no(no(nr nror ro:y, o ~e: paa:imnn n na( ~e: paoran n
na~ae XX neia xy(onnin ca:ix paanix nanpanennn.
He y(nnnreino, ~ro rnnn~nie (n ar:oc]epi pyea neion anoianncn-
~ecine nacrpoennn nonornnci na pyccion no~ne n :n] o noccrannn nemen,
onnernopnimnn coon poionoe ana~enne yrepnnnon ~eoneio: oprann~e-
cion cnnan :e(y coon n oipyaimn: :npo:. Hanoee aaion~ennoe nipa-
enne .ror :n] name n rnop~ecrne pyccinx ]yrypncron iai npn:ep
ro:y :ono npnnecrn no.:y B. Xenniona Aypani, r(e nemn coe(nnnir-
cn c :eprnena:n n e(nnin rnranrcinn opranna:-ioncrpyinni, npnnn:aimyi
]op:y ypann n noe(aimyi i(en, n rpare(ni B. Nanioncioro Ba(n:np
Nanioncinn, n ioropon nce nemn innynci, paa(npan rooc, cin(inari ox-
:orin nanomennix n:en
48
. Xapairepno, ~ro n nocepenoinnonno: rnop~e-
crne Nanioncioro cn:noo: ycnemnoro crponreicrna nonoro :npa nicryna-
er n:enno coia ~eoneia n nemn: n Nncrepnn-y]] eanmne or ~eone-
ia n 1pare(nn nemn noiopno n, ~ro xapairepno, (oponoino noanpamaircn
naaa(, npnopern n (opore iacconoe ca:ocoananne
44
.
Bemecrnennan re:arnia, noy~nnman n 1910-e rr. anoiannrn~ecioe ocne-
menne n :n]e o noccrannn nemen, coxpanner cnoi poi n noce penoinnn,
npn~e: nanoee nnrencnnnoe paannrne ona nepennaer n:enno i na~ay
1920-x rr. B 1922 ro(y n 5epnne na~nnaer nixo(nri ypna Bemi, pe(ai-
rnponanmnncn H 3penypro: n 3i ncnnin:, a ro( cnycrn n Nocine
ypna L4, rpnyna conercion nonon nemecrnennocrn; n Herporpa(e
oripinaercn locy(apcrnennin nncrnryr xy(oecrnennon iyirypi (lHH-
XYK) no( na~ao: K. Naenn~a; i 1928 ro(y oion~areino ioncon(npyercn
]ponr nponano(crnennnion n n :ocioncio: BXY1LNACe, n ioropo: no-
ce c:eni peiropa npoxo(nr airnnnie (nciyccnn :e(y croponnnia:n npo-
nano(crnennoro nciyccrna n npnnepenna:n rpa(nnnonnix xy(oecrnennix
]op:. Ca: :n] o noccrannn nemen peann:npyercn, npnoperan npn .ro:
nopon neci:a cnoeopaanyi :e(nainyi oipaciy: rai, Kopnen 'yioncinn
na(aer n 1928 ro(y innry c nicrpannn:n K. Anneniona Non(o(ip. Kn-
ne:arorpa] (n (eren, n ioropo: ]yrypncrn~ecinn :n] o noccrannn nemen
nepeoc:icnercn n napo(nnno: ii~e
4b
.
Knne:arorpa] (n (eren 'yioncioro, rai e, iai n ero innra 4yrypn-
cri (1922), in ynny, :noroerne:y ~eny Cry(nn no.rn~ecioro nepeno(a
npn ]o:e nciyccrn, pyiono(n:on 'yioncin:, xopomo anaio:i. Hec:orpn na
ro, ~ro Cepannononi parin ca:n ne in ~y(i nanecrno:y onemecrne-
nni nciyccrna
4b
, noniria ero yrnnaannn ynna ne :ora ne nononari:
reanc anrono:nn nciyccrna i ipaeyroini: ia:ne: ero crarin Ho~e:y
40b
:i Cepannononi parin (1922): Ni nepn:, ~ro nreparypnie xn:epi
ocoan peainocri, n :i ne xorn: yrnnrapna:a. Ni nnme: ne (n npona-
ran(i. Hciyccrno peaino, iai ca:a nani. H, iai ca:a nani, ono ea nen n
ea c:ica: cymecrnyer, noro:y ~ro ne :oer ne cymecrnonari
47
. Peai-
ni:, iai ca:a nani, io n nnoe inno, n ioropo: ynn npnnn:a ca:oe
(enreinoe y~acrne. B nnci:e Hnne 5epeponon or 24 nnnapn 1928 ro(a on
onncina ero iai nonin po( inne:arorpa]a, rai ciaaari nynnncrn~ecioro,
r(e <:i co Lnapne:> na(enae:cn na( nce:n :ecrni:n nreparypni:n ana-
:ennrocrn:n, n coae, ~ro no cocronnni a(oponin inne:arorpa]i n npo-
~ne nrpi e:y aanpemeni
48
.
Lanc n nono( noaononnri nrpy ea npe(a (n a(oponin nonnncn y yn-
na npn nepeea(e n lep:anni. Ho peio:en(annn Hooncion on ncrperncn n
5epnne c H. 3penypro: n ne(aeio: npomo: crono: yrnnrapna:a n
lep:annn, ranni: pe(airopo: ypnaa Bemi a n peaino: nacronme:
anropo: innrn 1pecr ]. L. Hcropnn rnen Lnponi, ioropyi ynn ~n-
ra n canaropnn no npe:n paori na( cnenapne: n o ioropon n nnci:e i
Cepannononi: parin: or 20 ninn 1928 ro(a niciaaacn (ocraro~no iarero-
pn~no: Hncarei ne o~eni. Hpo~e ero nonin po:an ]. L.` Hoxo
49
. 8
nin roro e ro(a epnncian raaera Pyi nncaa n penenann na po:an
3penypra ce(yimee: Lcn i aanrpa i ornnen :nponon ioniypc na
cocranenne cnenapnn no Lnenrepy`, ro neco:nenno nepnan npe:nn (ocra-
nercn 3penypry. Lro nonin po:an ecri ne ~ro nnoe, iai Lnenrep, nepepao-
rannin (n nonn:annn nocernreen inne:arorpa]a ncero ae:noro mapa or Ha-
pna (o 1a:yiry. |...] 1pecr ]. L.` aan napo(nn na rpaironiy conpe:enno-
crn. 3ro cnoero po(a ]noco]cio-nonrn~ecian Ba:nyia, npn~e: n (anno: cy-
~ae n ]noco]nn n nonrnia nanri n neci:a na:nyin~ecio: paapeae
b0
.
Kai y(ro orne~an na .ry penenani, ynn nnmer no Lnenrepy cnon
innocnenapnn, nepenecn nynnncrn~ecinn inne:arorpa] n nociocri n-
reparypi. Boccranne nemen ~nraercn n .ro: ionreicre iai cnoeopaanan
napo(nn-na:nyia: na yponne ]op:i na mra:ni inne:arorpa]a n inno-
(pa:aryprnn (noa:ono, orci(a (eiaparnnnie omnin ynna-cnenapncra
n npeynen~enno nocropennan ca:oonenia rennainin cnenapnn c ]n-
oco]nen`), a n nane co(epannn na nocr]yrypncrn~eciyi ionnennni
npnpy~ennn noccranmnx nemen. Be(i Le(r no(nn:aer nemn na noccranne ne
croiio na-aa co~yncrnnn i yrnerenno:y i(i:n npe(:erno:y :npy, cioiio
na roranrapnoro eannn ynn]nnnponari xaorn~nin n ne no((aimnncn ]op-
:anaannn :np i(en: 3a~e: n no(nn nemn Horo:y ~ro i(n nn~roni n
eaaaionni. A nemn npocri n o(nnaioni... 3aion n nopn(oi y(yr napnri
ornine... Uapcrno :eprnon nemn! Bce nornnyr ipo:e nac! (C. b2). Ca:n
nemn naopaaircn ynne: ea ncnioro co~yncrnnn rai, na apenme ynn~-
roennn i(en conpaircn nemn-aenain, cpe(n nnx innoannapar, aaaprno
cnn:aimnn nce nponcxo(nmee. Hoiaaareina raie n napo(npyiman :e~ri
penoinnonnoro ananrap(a cnena, n ioropon Le(r noce noe(i noccrannn
(e:oncrpnpyer Hpei nciyccrno y(ymero cnoeopaanyi :e(nai-
nyi penoinni, ~ncroe rnop~ecrno ea nocpe(crna ~eoneia: Hpei eper
o(ny raaery, pacipinaer. |...] Bce ioonni, aarannn, mpn]ri, no(nai`, paa-
"%
nnia craren |...] na :ecre, no c:ica nniaioro: naop yin. |...] Honan
innra. 1o e, ~ro c raaeron. |...] 5ecc:icnna. Crnxn. O(nnaionon (nni
crpo~in. Pn]:i na ionne crpoi! |...] Hoorno. Kncrn ca:n ia(yr na noorno
ipacin :aann! |...] Conpaircn n opiecrpe nncrpy:enri. Konnepr. Hpei
aaipinaer ymn n nieraer (C. b8b9).
Kai .ro ~acro inaer (npn:epo: ro:y :oer cynri Non(o(ip 'y-
ioncioro, (anno cranmnn xpecro:arnnni: (ercin: nponane(enne: n norepnn-
mnn cnoi napo(nnnyi cocrannimyi), n peayirare yrepn aoo(nennocrn
iai norpa]n~ecion, rai n :e(nainon noa:onin na:nyin~ecinn paa-
pea cnenapnn ynna cero(nn ne ~nraercn. 5eayconno, n (n ca:oro anropa
reicr i mnpe npocron napo(nn, o ~e: cnn(ereicrnyir nonirin ynna
npncrponri innocnenapnn (xorn orciia reicra n:enno 3penypry n coner
roro oparnricn i Lioncio:y, io:y iy:npy ynna n anropy innrn nre-
parypa n inne:arorpa] (1928), nenoino nn ocoananno npo(oan nr-
py). 1o:y ]airy, ~ro .ror reicr nocnpnnn:aercn na:n iai opaaen nrepa-
rypnon ]op:i, (ocronnon innnon nyniannn (n ca:ocronreinoro ~re-
nnn (5. 5aam), cnococrnyer name paapaorannoe n xo(e ncropnn XX :e-
(nainoro neia y:enne ~nrari ]ni:i n c:orperi nnci:ennin reicr
iai ]ni: y:enne, aa~acryi aaipinaimee na: :e(nainyi cnenn]niy
reicra. B re ro(i, ior(a coa(anacn innocnenapnn ynna, cier onnmen
nemn eme ocoananacn iai :era]opa (n ca:oro ]ni:a: ne(i npe(ye(e-
nne :nornx npornn inno io nianano re: ocoi: crpaxo:, iaion :i
ncnirinae: or :exanna:a, ni(aimero cen aa opranna:
b1
. B .ro: c:ice
]nicannn ynne: n:enno e n.ocxocmu .umepampt onnmero innoanna-
para, cnn:aimero rnnymnx or pyin nemen i(en, npnoperaer (pyroe ana-
~enne: cnoeopaanan cyn:annn crpaxa innoapnren, no(coanareinoe nee-
anne nixo(nri aa npe(ei reecnoro nnoro inno n rexnnanponannin
:np roro ]ni:a, r(e nreparop repner cnon rooc n cranonnrcn ncero nmi
nenin: ne:i:.
1
. als.. Der lilm. Werden und Wesen einer neuen Kunsl. Wien, 1980. S. 229.
2
. a.an. Bn(n:in ~eonei ;; Knnone(~ecine aanncin 2b (1994). C. b9, 7b.
8
C:. crarii Anni 5on n nacronme: copnnie.
4
Honecri o Hencrono:` (5. 5ao~inn, 1947); Honecri o :oo(oenax (C. Cn-
(een, 19b9); Honecri o ~eincre (5. ]ypon, C. Hy~nnnn, 19b9); Honecri o nenanecr-
no: airepe (A. 3apxn, 197b); Pacciaai o ennne (C. Krienn~, 19b7); Pacciaa o
npocron nemn (. Nenaiep, 197b) n (p. Xapairepno, ~ro (n o(non na nonecren
]ni:a K. Connenon Honecri na:ennix er (19b0, npna aa y~myi penccypy n
Kannax 19b1 ro(a) cnenapnn nnca innopenccep Aeican(p ]onenio.
b
. als.. Der lilm. S. 287.
b
H. .on Ho[mannslahl. Prosa l. lranlurl a.N., 19bb. S. 228.
7
. a.an. Bn(n:in ~eonei. C. b8.
8
A. Dblin. Das 1healer der lleinen Leule ;; Kino-Deballe. Lileralur und lilm
19091929. Nnchen; 1bingen. 1978. S. 8788.
9
Boa:ono, n:eircn n nn(y ]ni:i P. 5oaerrn La course des belles-mres
408
(190b) n A. Neieca La boulangerie modle (1908) n Le Poyaume des lees
(1908). Xapairepno, ~ro n cnoe: on~ennn 'yioncinn yno:nnaer ]ni:i, cranmne
nnoce(crnnn iaccnion ne:oro inno iai, nanpn:ep, Uapcrno ]en Neieca nn
cier~n Naica nn(epa. 1peonanne: nonon Anni Kapennnon 'yioncinn craan:
n 1914 ro(y penccep B. lap(nn nocymno cnn:aer .ipannaanni po:ana . 1ocro-
ro, a (na ro(a cnycrn A. Apiaron coa(aer n nono: c:ice cona nonyi Anny Kape-
nnny ]ni: ]o~i Anni Kapennnon, cnoeopaanin cnine po:ana 1ocroro.
10
3(eci o~enn(en orini na ne(annii crarii A. 5eoro Cnne:arorpa] (Beci.
1907. ! 7), r(e ror n cnoen anoornn inno nnca: Cnne:arorpa], coxpannn ~eoneiy
ero nn(nnn(yainocri, npnomaer ero i ome:y (encrny n ropaa(o oimen :epe, ~e:
nce reopern~ecine nocrponin i coopno:y nn(nnn(yana:y (A. e.t. Cnne:aro-
rpa] ;; A. 5ein. Kpnrnia. 3crernia. 1eopnn cn:nona:a. 1. 2. N., 1994. C. 819).
11
A. xoecxu. Har Hnniepron n conpe:ennan nreparypa ;; K. 'yioncinn.
Copanne co~nnennn n 1b ro:ax. 1. 7. N., 2008. C. 2728.
12
K. }uetn. K reneancy pyccioro crnn n inne:arorpa]e ;; Wiener Slawislischer
Almanach. 1984. Band 14. S. 271.
18
1a: e. C. 274.
14
O(nn na nerepyprcinx innorearpon, oripirin n 1910 ro(y na Hencio: npocnei-
re, naainacn (n naainaercn nine) Kpncra-Haac. Hoiaaareino, ~ro inne:aro-
rpa] ninpaer (n cen croi a:nnaenrnyi (noce nanecrnon carnpi ]ocroenc-
ioro n Hpecrynennn n naiaaannn na yronni 'epnimencioro) cpe(y onrannn.
1b
Unr. no: Beninn inne:o. Karaor coxpannnmnxcn nrponix ]ni:on Poccnn
19081919. N., 2002. C. 870.
1b
L. A.enoe. 3na:n inne:arorpa]nn ;; . Kyemon. Copanne co~nnennn n
rpex ro:ax. 1. 1. N., 1987. C. 81.
17
E. A. Duponl. Wie ein lilm geschrieben wird und wie man ihn verwerlel. Berlin.
1919 (Unr. no: !. Faech. Lileralur und lilm. Sullgarl; Weimar. 1997. S. 10b).
18
L. A.enoe. 3na:n inne:arorpa]nn. C. 88.
19
1a: e. C. 81.
20
A. .ox. Hnci:o i A. Cannny or 10 cenrnpn 1918 ro(a ;; A. 5oi. Copanne
co~nnennn n 8 ro:ax. 1. 8. N.; ., 19b0. C. b1b. Orner Cannna (penccepa ana:ennro-
ro Honiymin) na nonpoc 5oia n .ro: nnci:e, ~ero ror (er or nero, narn(no
noiaainaer, iaioe :ecro n ro npe:n (1918 ro(!) ncen(onreparypnie mra:ni aann:an
n ca:ocoanannn neioropix (enreen inno: Banri Ba: re:y ncropn~eciyi. ]ari
Ka~aony rparn~eciyi poi. On aa:e~areino nrpa Ueaapn. ]ari e:y iaioro-ro
nnaanrnncioro napn, ynnny. A ne anai... Kon~nri na apene nnpia, co anepn:n... Kaio-
ro-ro lenoraaa, ~epr ero anaer... |...] Hannmnre iaiyi-ro eren(y o ~eone~ecio:
c~acrie n paanie .noxn, no ~ncy ~acren b, b |...]. Ha~nnre c pan, a(a, r(e xornre (iai
n Kanne`), n(nre ~epea neia (noe rpo:a(noe nenaypi ne cymecrnyer!), (on(nre
(o y(ymero Bi npopoi, :ncrni! Hocranire iaine-ro cn:non~ecine opaai n
nenrpe ~eoneia` (~eone~ecrno), enmnny` (c~acrie), ricn~y rpexon, nepnnernn
rparn~ecioro mecrnnn ~eone~ecrna i pemenni neninx npancrnennix npoe:...
(Unr. no: H. 3opxa. Knne:arorpa] n nann Aeican(pa 5oia ;; Ha ncropnn
inno. Narepnai n (oiy:enri. Bin. 9. N., 1974. C. 14414b).
21
B cepe(nne 1920-x rr. A. 5ein paora na( innocnenapne: no cnoe:y po:any.
O .ro: npoeire, a raie o inne:arorpa]n~ecinx acneirax po:ana c:.: T. Huxo.ecx.
An(pen 5ein: Herepypr or po:ana i ]ni:y ;; An(pen 5ein. Hyniannn.
Hcce(onannn. N., 2002. C. 2b82b8.
"'
22
Unr. no: Lnaanera Hooncian n en ynn ; Bcrynnreinie aa:erin n nyn-
iannn 5. 4peanncioro ;; Bonpoci nreparypi. 199b. ! 4. C.81b.
28
Unr. no: L. Ln. Oeainni n(yr. Hpoaa. ]pa:aryprnn. Hynnncrnia. Hepe-
nncia ; Cocr. L. e::nnr. CH., 2008. C. b7b, b82, b88. n(o~ia . 5. Xapnron,
npnnennan ipyra Cepannononix parien n a(pecar :nornx nnce: ynna.
24
Ha nnci:a H. 3penypra ynny or 2b nin 1928 ro(a :ono cy(nri o ro:, ~ro
ynn aanpamnna 3penypra o ero inno-ionrairax: Hac~er inno cnpocnre y Lion-
cioro. B lep:annn n nnioro ne anai. Bo 4pannnn ecri Delluc (anrop innrn o 'ann-
ne). Lcn xornre, n :ory Bac cnecrn c nn: (1a: e. C. b94). O ionrairax ynna co
Lioncin: n ]eiio: no .ro:y nono(y na: nn~ero ne nanecrno. C:. raie nnci:o
ynna i lopiio:y na canaropnn or b anrycra 1928 ro(a: Bce nannca oimon
cnenapnn. He anai, y(acrcn n npncrponri: on o~eni rpy(en rexnn~ecin (n cre:in
(1a: e. C. b97).
2b
L. Ln. Boccranne nemen. Knno-cnenapnn n 8-:n ~acrnx ;; Honin ypna.
! 79. Hii-Hopi. 19bb. C. 4479. Penyniannn n Poccnn: L. Ln. Oeainni n(yr
(pacciaai, ]eieroni, nieci, cnenapnn, crarin, nnci:a) ; Cocr. O. ]:nrpnen. CH.,
2000. C. 208224; L. Ln. Oeainni n(yr. Hpoaa. ]pa:aryprnn. Hynnncrnia.
Hepenncia ; Cocr. L. e::nnr. CH., 2008. C. 2b8808. L. e::nnr yiaainaer, ~ro
n no(roronennon n: nyniannn in c(eani (ocraro~no ana~nreinie nyniry-
annonnie na:enennn, nanpn:ep, nine(eni n or(einoe noe n ni(eeni mpn]ro:
na(nncn n rnrpi, xapairepnie (n ne:oro inno (Yiaa. co~. C. 448). B cny cnenn]n-
in reicra npnnnroe nyniaropo: n (anno: cy~ae pemenne npe(crannercn na:
ney(a~ni:, o npn~nnax ~ero nne n reicre.
2b
3(eci n nne nnrari (aircn npn:o n reicre no nepnonyniannn c yiaaanne:
crpannn.
27
O~enn(nan aiann na copnni B. Nanioncioro Hpocroe iai :i~anne (191b).
28
C:epri Karpnoni or inn cnoeopaanan nnnepcnn pacnpocrpanennoro ci-
era onnennn ionii nciyccrnennon enmnni n anrnyronn~ecio: reicre
1920-x rr. (c:. P.U.P. K. 'aneia n 5ynr :amnn A. H. 1ocroro).
29
Kai nanecrno, ncrannan crpyirypa ]ni:a, n iopne :enniman c:ic ocnonno-
ro ciera, nonnnaci na noa(nen cra(nn peanaannn ]ni:a npornn non cnenapncron
l. Anonnna n K. Nanepa. O ana~ennn pa:i n io:noannnn .roro ]ni:a c:. nano-
ee nanecrnyi ionnennni n in.: 3. Apaxap. Hcnxoorn~ecian ncropnn ne:enioro
inno. Or Kanrapn (o lnrepa. N., 1977. C. 7278.
80
C:. ce(i nne~arennn or .roro ]ni:a n nnie N. Kya:nna Honin lyi.
C:. raie nnci:o . 5. Xapnron ynny or 8 anrycra 1928 ro(a: C:orpen Nayae`.
Kanrapn` y~me (Unr no: L. Ln. Oeainni n(yr. CH., 2008. C. b99).
81
Cnn(ereicrna o anaio:crne ynna c 43KCa:n na: nenanecrni, o(naio :ono
npe(noonri, ~ro airnnnan (enreinocri .icnenrpnion n Herporpa(e 19221928 rr.,
ipnrn~ecin orpaennan n nepno(nie roro npe:enn ((ncnyr Hciyccrno na .eirpn~ec-
io: crye, cian(ainie nocranonin Aennrii n A:epniancioro npe(cranennn, a
raie ninyci copnnia 3icnenrpna: co ana:ennri: :ann]ecro: l. Koannnena
A5! Hapa( .icnenrpnia) ne npoma :n:o nnn:annn (pa:arypra n inno:ana ynna.
O .ro: cnn(ereicrnyir n erine yioi n reicre Boccrannn nemen: K coae-
nni, Le(r aa noce(nne ro(i aapocn nayiy n ne(er n nicmen crenenn .icnenrpn-
~ecinn opaa nann (crarin o Le(re n .nnnione(n~ecio: conape; C. 47); 3a-
annenman (ocronpn:e~areinocri ropo(a. 'y(o .icnenrpnin (.iciypcono( o (o:e
410
Le(ra; C. 48). Boa:ono, ~ro pennia Le(ra n nnci:e i Hpei Ko :ne :ono
aanpocro (no n piiax!) (C. 47) orciaer i mrana: .icnenrpnia, ryoin:, iai
yxra na :ann]ecra 4. 1. Napnnerrn Niani-xo, coornercrnyimen nnraron na
ioroporo oripinaaci crarin Koannnena A5! Hapa( .icnenrpnia (Unr. no: Or aa-
rana (o Leicnnpa. Xponnia rearpainon (enreinocrn l. N. Koannnena. CH., 2002.
C. b7). Xapairepno, ~ro n nepno: innocnenapnn Koannnena n 1payepra Aenmnna
3(ncona (oceni 1928 ro(a) ana~n:i: .nnao(o: ciera nnnercn noccranne nemen.
O ncropnn reicra .roro innocnenapnn c:.: Aenmnna 3(ncona. Hepnin cnenapnn
].icon ; Hyniannn, ncrynnreinan crarin n npn:e~annn H. Hycnnonon ;; Knno-
ne(~ecine aanncin. 1990. ! 7. C. 889b.
82
. H0oexun. Knnocnenapnn (1eopnn cnenapnn) ;; B. Hy(oninn. Copanne
co~nnennn n rpex ro:ax. N., 1974. C. bb.
88
B nepnona(annn l. Kepna n penyniannn O. ]:nrpnena npn:an pe~i o]op:e-
na iai (naor n pa:iax nreparypnoro nponane(ennn ea ni(eennn penni n or(ei-
noe noe rnrpon. He n:en noa:onocrn oanaio:nricn c pyionncii (reicroorn~ec-
in rpa:ornoe na(anne ioropon (eo y(ymero), :i or(ae: npe(no~renne raio:y
o]op:enni reicra iai coornercrnyime:y, na nam narn(, ero :e(nainon nrepa-
rypnon cnenn]nie.
84
C:. nnci:o A. N. lopiio:y na Herporpa(a or 2b ]enpan 1928 ro(a: ]pyroe
:oe yne~enne: inne:arorpa]`. Ci(a aanean :accy aarpann~nix ]ni:, n n yronai
n aencrne. Bor r(e (nna:n~ecioe nciyccrno! (Unr no: L. Ln. Oeainni
n(yr. CH., 2008. C. bb8).
8b
Unr. no: L. Ln. Oeainni n(yr. CH., 2008. C. b29. Ho nocno:nnannn:
L. Hooncion 19b0-x rr., ceanci npoxo(nn eene(eino, no nnrnnna: nn cyo-
ra: (c:.: Lnaanera Hooncian n en ynn. C. 81b). Kpo:e nocno:nnannn o nno:
inno L. Hooncion, N. Conn:cioro, K. 4e(nna, L. Lnapna n (p., c:. raie no(po-
noe eerpnanponannoe onncanne o(noro na ceancon n po:ane O. 4opm Cy:ac-
me(mnn iopai (., 1988. C. 9298).
8b
. pcoe. Boccranne :amnn ;; B. 5picon. Ornennin anre. Po:an. Honecrn.
Pacciaai. CH., 1998. C. 92.
87
L. Ln. Ha 3ana(! ;; . ynn. Oeainni n(yr. CH., 2008. C. 848.
88
1a: e. C. 8b0.
89
Cxonn npne: :i ncrpe~ae: n innocnenapnn Kypra Hnnryca Cy:acme(mnn
oio:ornn nn npnii~ennn no npe:n cna(enoro nyremecrnnn (1918): 4anraann
~nraren n innopenccepa npe(ocrannercn ca:on npn(y:ari aaannie nn rporarei-
nie cneni ponnaona(i, ioropan neci:a io:n~no crainnaer i(en iyirypi, nx npn-
ni~in n iyirypnie nemn c e(crnenni: nooenne: na one npn:nrnnnon npnpo(i
(A. Finlhus. Die verrclle Lolomolive oder Abenleuer einer Hochzeilsahrl ;; Das
Kinobuch. Zrich, 19b8. S. 84). Ho(ono ynny, anrop, onncinaimnn ]anracrn~ecinn
cier noea(a-erena, conno oriaainaercn or npeporarnni y:anon nnayan-
aannn ion]nira ~eonei-nemi-npnpo(a, npe(ocrannn .ry ~ecri :e(naino:y npo-
crpancrny ]ni:a..
40
C. Ceuenoea. Pyccian no.ann n npoaa 19201980-x ro(on. Ho.rnia Bn(enne
:npa 4noco]nn. N., 2001. C. 2b.
41
Hoiaaareini: n .ro: ornomennn nnnercn noannnn Hnioan 4e(opona no
ornomenni i Bce:npnon Hapncion nicranie 1889 ro(a, niciaaannan n: n crarie c
(nnni:, no nani: n name: ionreicre aaranne:: Bicrania 1889 ro(a, nn na-
"
rn(noe naopaenne iyirypi, nnnnnaannn n .icnyarannn, inen croernero roc-
no(crna cpe(nero iacca, ypyaann nn ropo(cioro coconnn, n ~e: (ona iri
nicrania noce(nero ro(a XlX neia nn nepnoro ro(a XX, ro~nee e, nicrania na
pyee .rnx (nyx neion; ~ro XlX nei aanemaer XX K npoeiry inennon croernen
nicranin (H. ve0opoe. Cop. co~.: B 4 r. 1. 1. N., 199b. C. 4424b8).
42
. Lx.oecxu. Hciyccrno iai npne: ;; B. Lioncinn. la:yprcinn c~er. N.,
1990. C. b8.
48
. Maxoecxu. Ba(n:np Nanioncinn. 1pare(nn ;; B. Nanioncinn. Honoe
copanne co~nnennn. 1. 1. N., 19bb. C. 1b8.
44
Ornomenne ynna i Nncrepnn-y]] io cienrn~ecin:: n crarie 1earp
Pe:naona on, anananpyn na~ennoe cocronnne (pa:aryprnn n na~ae 1920 ro(a,
nnca: O iainx-no oripirnnx n oacrn (pa:aryprn~ecion ]op:i ne npnxo(nrcn
n ronopnri. Nncrepnn-y]] ocraaci e(nnn~ni: n n nicmen crenenn ney(a~ni:
nnenne: (L. Ln. 1earp Pe:naona ;; . ynn. Oeainni n(yr. CH., 2008. C.
819). Orroocin .roro cimni n innocnenapnn ynna: rai, (o: Le(ra naainaercn
Kon~er (or:e~eno L. e::nnro: n io::enrapnnx i cnenapni).
4b
C:.: . !acnapoe. Non (o (ip ;; Honoe nreparypnoe ooapenne. 1992. ! 1.
C. 804819.
4b
C:. nocno:nnannn K. 4e(nna o ipyie cepannonon: 3(eci ronopnoci o npona-
ne(ennnx iai o nemax`. Bemn (eanci`. |...] ]n (eannn nemen cymecrnonan
npne:i` (Unr. no: L. Ln. Oeainni n(yr. CH., 2008. C. b88). 1aion nemna:
cepannonon, cionnenrpnponannin na rexnn~ecion cropone xy(oecrnennoro npo-
necca, eper cnoe na~ao n no.rnie OHOA3a, ~eni ioroporo n nepnyi o~epe(i
5. 3nxenay: n B. Lioncinn npnnn:an ca:oe airnnnoe y~acrne n (enreinocrn
]o:a nciyccrn n nen n nreparypnon cry(nn npn ]HCKe ce:nnapi. ynn airnnno
nocema ce:nnapi oonx n n 1922 ro(y, eme ne aaion~nn ynnnepcnrer, i npnnnr n
locy(apcrnennin nncrnryr ncropnn nciyccrn nay~ni: corpy(nnio: no paapn(y Hc-
ropnn conecnoro nciyccrna. B 'yioiiae coxpannaci myrnnan aannci ynna
1919 ro(a, :apinpyiman ero marannn :e(y ciencnco: a(panoro c:ica 'yioncio-
ro n penoinnonni: ]op:ana:o: Lioncioro:
An (a i ipoio(n
On no cry(nn xo(n
Ho-~yioncin ronopn
Lionnrncron y~n
H :enn n ro: ~nce o~yioinna.
Hy(a-mionnrnnnn ena ynn ('yioiiaa. Pyionncnin ai:anax
Kopnen 'yioncioro. N., 1999. C. 207).
47
L. Ln. Ho~e:y :i Cepannononi parin ;; . ynn. Oeainni n(yr. CH.,
2008. C. 888.
48
Unr. no: L. Ln. Oeainni n(yr. CH., 2008. C. bb0.
49
Unr. no: L. Ln. Oeainni n(yr. CH., 2008. C. b70.
b0
Unr. no: Hin 3penypr: Xponnia nann n rnop~ecrna. 18911928. CH., 1998.
C. 82b. Hano:nn:, ~ro Ba:nyia ia onepon, nocranennon n nerepyprcio: rearpe
Kpnnoe aepiao n 1909 ro(y n napo(npyimen yconnocrn n mra:ni onepnix no-
cranonoi. Cono na:nyia crao napnnareini: ooana~enne: napo(nnnon ca:o-
pe]eicnn anpa.
b1
A. Apanu <3. !unnuc>. Cnne:a (192b). Unr. no: K. }uetn. K reneancy
pyccioro crnn n inne:arorpa]e. C. 2b7.
412
5AP5APA BYPN
llGUPA1lO DLllGUPA1lO,
HH KAK C]LAH 'LOBLK-5YKBA
OCO5LHHOC1H CULHAPHOH PA5O1L K. 1LHAHOBA B
CBL1L NL]HALHOH 1LOPHH
Hycri nanpanniman ipnrnia aay(er npnni~iy nn(eri n nepi(e
cnennainoe nnornoe, coa(annoe npnpo(oi (n roro, ~roi noanri inp-
rnaon, a n xy(onnie nn(eri :acrepa, ioropo:y (ana cnime cna o(yxo-
rnopnri n nepenonomari eaoL paanoe n opaanoe.
A. Ma.eeuu
1
llGUPA1lO. 4HlYPA KAK lLPOH
lepon nacronmen crarin npne: ]nrypi (ar. igura), ero cranonenne
(ar. iguralio), ero nc~eanonenne (ar. deiguralio). Ce:anrn~ecioe noe rep-
:nna ]nrypa nponano(nr ecione~nyi neni oreiron anannn, cymecrnona-
nne ioropix oyconnnaercn (nciypca:n, ]op:npyimn:n .ro ce:anrn~e-
cioe noe. B anrponoorn~ecio: nane ]nrypa coornercrnyer ]op:e ~eo-
neia; n pe~eno: neanaio:o:y ~eoneiy nn nanecrno:y ~eoneiy; n
]noco]cio-nonrn~ecio: nepcone; n (pa:aryprn~ecio: rey, re-
ecnocrn nn coa(anno:y airepo: opaay; n rannenaino: onpe(e-
enno:y ~epe(onanni n coornecennocrn (nnennn; n naopaanreino:
nacrn~nocrn, nornocrn; n reo:erpn~ecio: conoiynnocrn onpe(e-
enno pacnooennix ro~ei, nnnn, nonepxnocren n re; n :yaiiaino:
:eo(n~ecio:y nn pnr:n~ecio:y .e:enry, yconnime:y, yipamaime:y
ocnony :yaiiainoro nponane(ennn; n nreparypno: repoi, n pnropn-
~ecio: rpony, n crnncrn~ecio: orcrynaime:y or onpe(eennon
nop:i nipaenni n r. (. B conape ]an ]nrypa onpe(enercn iai napy-
nin o~epi npe(:era, nnemnee o~epranie, nn(, opaa, crari
2
, a .rn:oorn~ecioe
nponcxo(enne yiaainaer na cnnai ]nrypi c ]ninnen iai nanecrno, ar.
[ingete oana~aer opaaoninari, (anari ]op:y
8
.
1ep:nn ]nrypa ynorpenercn (]nrypnpyer) n ana~ennnx ]op:i, nnem-
nero o~eprannn, coennn rea, a raie nooennn n noannnn. H:enno ron-
ian ceri ce:anrn~ecinx ornomennn, npncyrcrnne rep:nna n paanix oacrnx
nay~noro n xy(oecrnennoro :imennn n, ~ro ca:oe rannoe, ero nnrpnryi-
man poi n conpe:ennon :e(nainon reopnn n npairnie
4
npnainair i no(po-
no:y pacc:orpenni ]nrypi n pa:iax re:arnin Conercian nacri n :e(na,
npe(arae:on nacronmn: copnnio:. O(na na rannix ~epr (con-)peancrn~e-
cion .crernin n nreparype, n nciyccrne nn n inno, ]nryparnnnocri nn
"!
naopaanreinocri: reanc o ]nryparnnnocrn nciyccrna 80-x ro(on XX neia
ye (anno cra omn: :ecro:. On ~acro no yrnep(aercn, iai n cy~ae
5opnca lponca (crpe:enne roranrapnoro nciyccrna i ]nryparnnnocrn, i
opaay ~eoneia, i :n:ecncy nnemnen (encrnnreinocrn
b
), no orpnnaercn
nanpn:ep, Liarepnna ]erori, ioncrarnpyn orcyrcrnne rmareinoro ncce-
(onannn nepexo(a or ennncioro nciyccrna n cranncioe n .crern~ecio: n
nncrnrynnonaino: nanax, rpeyer nepec:orpa nepcnn o npnny(enno:
opamennn xy(onnia i ]nryparnnno:y naopaenni, nocioiiy .ra nep-
cnn ocnonana na oomennn paan~nn acrpairnoro n ]nryparnnnoro nciyc-
crna (~ro nnnercn nepenoco: onpe(eennoro npornnonocranennn .pi xo-
o(non nonni n .noxy pyccioro ananrap(a, xy(onnin ioropon nnior(a ne
:icnn n nonnrnnx raioro npornnonocranennn)
b
.
'roi paapemnri npornnope~ne, ooana~ennoe n .rnx nnrarax, iaercn
y:ecrni: no(ponee oparnricn i nonnrni ]nryparnnnocrn. B oonx yno:n-
nyrix npn:epax ]nryparnnnocri nonn:aercn iai naopaanreinocri, npe(-
:ernocri nn opaanocri. lponc na(ener .ror rep:nn rnnn~ni:n ia~ecrna-
:n (con-)peana:a (opaa ~eoneia, :n:ecnc nnemnen (encrnnreinocrn),
no(xo( ]erori i dream aclory io::ynna:a necioiio ocroponee. Xorn
npn( n o~enn(no, no~e:y n:enno pyccinn ananrap( ne (y:a o acrpairno:
n ]nryparnnno: n nciyccrne, ee niciaainanne nnrepecno re:, ~ro nonnrne
]nryparnnnocrn, ocoenno n ionreicre roranrapnoro nciyccrna, onaaercn
iai .]]eir neioero no.umuuecxoeo :imennn (n ionipernon ncropn~ecion
cnryannn). ]nciypcnnnoe ynorpeenne nciyccrnone(~ecioro rep:nna, rain:
opaao:, narpyaer ]nryparnnnocri n nepeonennnaer ee na npornnono-
onocrn acrpairno:y ona npenpamaercn n cnnonn: rep:nnon opaanocrn
nn naopaanreinocrn, nonrn~ecine n n(eoorn~ecine ionnorannn ioropix
cno(nr paanoopaanie .crern~ecine ionnennnn xy(oecrnennoro naopa-
ennn i o(no:y oomenno:y npe(cranenni o :n:ern~ecio: peana:e.
H opaa, n ~eonei n 1920-e n 80-e rr. n nepnyi o~epe(i (oni in iri
nni:n ~ro i nn no(paay:enaoci no( nnocrii
7
. Ho ornomenni
i opaay ~eoneia ynn]op:npyimnn n(eoorn~ecinn noroi xy(oecrnen-
nix (nciyccnn ne i neci:a crpanno:y ce:anrn~ecio:y nacoenni ca:ix
npornnonoonix npe(cranennn o opaae. Ccianci n ocnonno: na ion-
nennni .crern~ecioro peana:a, nipaorannyi n 18b0-e rr. n oacrn nre-
parypi, conpeancrn~ecinn nreparypone(~ecinn n xy(oecrnennin ianon
no( oaynra:n nann n (encrnnreinocrn norpea n ]yn(a:enrainie
npornnope~nn n(eainon (npeipacnon) peainon nann, n :noecrno
airepnarnnnix naoennn opaanocrn n ]nryparnnnocrn naopaennoro
npe(:era nn na~eprannon ]nrypi, ioropie nponano(nnci n 1920-e.
O o(no: na rainx airepnarnnnix napocion, a n:enno o ionnenryanaa-
nnn ]nryparnnnocrn n nnci:ennon npairnie K. 1innnona, a(eci n non(er
pe~i. Ocooe nnn:anne n .ron cnnan nyno y(enri onpe(eennon (noncr-
nennocrn nace(nn nncaren co~eranni nay~nix ncce(onannn n oacrn
nreparypi n inno n nreparypnon npairnin. H:enno npn:ennreino i nc-
iyccrny inno, r. e. na ~yon :e(nainon reppnropnn, .ra npairnia paannna-
er ipnrepnn (n (n]]epennnannn (enreinocren, o ioropon 1innnon nn-
414
ca n noe:n~ecion crarie Hicrpannn (1928), nanpanennon npornn
cnnrern~ecioro :ero(a n nciyccrne
8
. B orn~ne or onpe(eennix rep:nnon-
ionnennnn, rainx, nanpn:ep, iai nreparypnan .noinnn nn nreparyp-
nan n~nocri, npoe:a ]nryparnnnocrn ocraercn oee nn :enee n:nn-
nnrnon, iai, nnpo~e:, n ncn :e(nainan reopnn 1innnona.
Konreicro: (n .ron ionnenryanaannn ]nryparnnnocrn nnnercn nn-
]nnnn, r. e. pacnpocrpanenne rep:nna opaa na oacrn nnayainocrn na
nce nn(i nciyccrna. Hoe:nanpyn c reopern~ecion (o:nnanron conpe-
:ennon no.rnin roro npe:enn c reopnen opaaa A. A. Horenn, 1innnon
(iai ]op:ancr-cnenn]niarop)
9
yiaainaer na orcyrcrnne :e(nainon cne-
nn]n~nocrn rep:nna: Lcn opaao: n o(nnaionon :epe nnnircn n oi~-
noe, nonce(nennoe paaronopnoe nipaenne n nean rana Lnrennn One-
rnna`, ro noanniaer nonpoc: n ~e: e cnenn]n~nocri no.rn~ecioro o-
paaa ]n Horenn .roro nonpoca ne cymecrnonao. |...] Ka(in opaa, ia-
(oe no.rn~ecioe nponane(enne cxo(nrcn n o(non ro~ie n n(ee, eamen
aa npe(ea:n opaaa |...]. B cymnocrn, .rn: nrnxo:oiy or:eraercn (nna-
:na: no.ann
10
.
Hec:orpn na ro, ~ro n 1910-e n 20-e rr. rep:nn opaa n nreparypone(e-
nnn eme ne npnope roro rnep(oro, nmennoro ncnion :e(nainon cnenn-
]n~nocrn ana~ennn, ioropoe e:y npnnncinaoci n pa:iax reopnn orpae-
nnn n 80-e (ior(a ]yninnn opaaa ia nepenecena c orpaennn n(en na
orpaenne npe(:era peainocrn), ipnrnia 1innnona iacaercn (nyx ]yn(a-
:enrainix ionnorannn opaaa, nrpanmnx nanenmyi poi n n reopnn co-
nnancrn~ecioro peana:a: ero npnnnnnnainon crarn~nocrn n ero apnrei-
noro, nnayainoro ia~ecrna. 1ai, n crarie Hicrpannn apnreinin o-
paa npe(cranner peaiyi onnoannni cony: Konipernocri nponane(ennn co-
necnoro nciyccrna ne coornercrnyer ero ionipernocrn n nane nnonncn.
Bepnee, cnenn]n~ecian ionipernocri no.ann npn:o npornnonoona nno-
nncnon ionipernocrn: ~e: nnee, omyrn:ee no.rn~ecioe cono, re: :enee
ono nepeno(n:o na nan nnonncn. Konipernocri no.rn~ecioro cona ne n
apnreino: opaae, cronme: aa nn:, .ra cropona n cone ipanne paaopnana
n c:yrna (1. Nenep), ona n cnoeopaano: nponecce u.uenenu .nauenu
c.oea, ioropoe (eaer ero nni: n noni:
11
.
Kai noiaainaer na npn:epe 1innnona Ba(n:np Hanepnin, nenepeno(n-
:ocri o(noro nn(a nciyccrna n (pyron omee :ecro Kyirypi 1
12
. 5oee
roro, yno:nnanne 1innnoni: 1. Nenepa yiaainaer na mnpoio pacnpocrpanen-
nyi ror(a n poccnncion;conercion .crernie penennni paori Das Slilgeselz
der Poesie (1901) (3aion crnn n no.ann), n ioropon, iai ioncrarnpyer
npe(crannrei ]op:aino-]noco]cion mioi N. H. Cronpon, nipaaercn
paapymnreinan ipnrnia reopnn ~yncrnennon narn(nocrn no.rn~ecioro
opaaa
18
. 3(eci nano or:ernri, ~ro, n orn~ne or poccnncioro nciyccrnoana-
nnn 191020-x rr., r(e, coracno N. 'y(aionon, nonn:anne paan~nn :e(y
conecni: n apnreini: npe(cranenne: io (ocraro~no pacnpocrpanen-
ni:
14
, n ne:enion .crernie paora Nenepa, noe:nanpyn c (o:nnnpyimen
ror(a .crern~ecion noannnen 4pn(pnxa 4nmepa n ncen rpa(nnnen rereinn-
cion .crernin narn(nocrn, ia aaira nnori (o A(opno
1b
.
"#
1aine niciaainannn Nenepa, iai c:epri narn(nocrn .ro nocipece-
nne naiia, o~enn(no nain ana:ennri: :ann]ecra: ]op:ancron. ]n
1innnona noe:nia c nn]nnnonni: ynorpeenne: nonnrnn opaaa crano-
nnrcn ncxo(ni: nyniro: (n paannrnn cocrnennon ionnennnn anrn-:n:ern-
~ecion ]nryparnnnocrn. Hcce(onarei nixo(nr aa npe(ei (]op:ancrcion)
no.rnin, noanpamanci na nepnin narn( n oacri pnropnin: Ka(in
opaa n naiie nanamnnaercn, aacrinaer. Kor(a on nn`, (encrnen, .ro
ana~nr, ~ro cono iai-ro oro(nnnyro, ~ro ecri n cone iaian-ro nee.xa
<iypcnn :on. . .>, (nna:nayiman ana~enne. 3ra nennaia :oer nponc-
xo(nri or roro, ~ro n cone croinynci (na ana~ennn, (na eicn~ecinx e(nn-
crna, (na ocnonnix npnanaia n .rn (na eicn~ecinx e(nncrna recnnr (pyr
(pyra (:era]opa). |...] Bo ncnio: cy~ae, nennaia onaareina (n (encrnen-
noro nnoro opaaa
1b
.
O(naio opamenne 1innnona i ennncion paaye(aimen pe~n, i opi-
e c aacrinmn:n opaaa:n nyno nonn:ari ciopee ne iai noanpamenne na
reppnropni narn(nocrn opaaa, a, coracno ]. Kyin(n~y, iai croinone-
nne rinnnoncioro :o(epnna:a n oronenrpncrcion, n(eancrn~ecion nnrnnc-
rn~ecion rpa(nnnn
17
. Hepe]op:ynponia ]op:ainon reopnn ocrpanennn
n nreparypnon .noinnn n oacrn pnropnin ne(er 1innnona n c]epy ne-
ion neopnropn~ecion ]nrypainocrn, r(e c ocoon npiocrii nponnnercn :e-
(nainoe na~ao, r. e. :e(nainan yconnocri Boopaae:oro nonrn~ecion
nacrn, ero cranonennn, ero coming inlo being.
B (ainenme: paannrnn ionnennnn (nna:naannn, nennain
18
1innnon
nce eme opercn c necnenn]n~ecin: ynorpeenne: opaaa, no ye noe:n-
anpyer ne roiio c reopnen narn(nocrn cona, no n c opaao: iai orpaenn-
e: n(en n npe(:era, a raie c nn(n:i: :npo: iai raioni:
19
. Ocranmnci
n pa:iax ananrap(non pnropnin :e(nainoro ]yn(a:enrana:a
20
, 1innnon,
n ro(i cnenapnoro ipnanca n roo(a cranmnn ni(aimn:cn nreparyp-
ni: (enree: n oacrn inno(pa:aryprnn
21
, croinycn c ren(ennnen npo-
rpa::noro oriaaa or nreparypnon ocnoni nonecrnonareinoro inno
22
n
ca:, coracno npanna: anrono:nn nn(on nciyccrn, no((epa ee. Honnrno,
~ro ne nixo(n na pa:oi nn(a nciyccrna, ocymecrnnri ~ncrie n :e(naino:
nane ]op:i y(aercn erio, a ior(a pe~i n(er o croinonennn (nyx nn(on
nciyccrn (nreparypi n inno), .ro ropaa(o rpy(nee. Ho, iai n n opie aa
~ncroe cono n aa ~ncrin opaa (Hicrpannn), rai n n npnxo(e nrepa-
rypi n inno 1innnon crapaercn aamnmari npana ia(oro or(einoro nn(a
nciyccrna: Henanecrno, ~ro raioe cnenapnn, n no.ro:y rpy(no ronopnri o
ro:, iain: e:y nyno iri. |...] Knno :e(enno ocnoo(aoci or nena
coce(nnx nciyccrn or nnonncn, rearpa. 1enepi ono (ono ocnoo(nricn
or nreparypi. Ha rpn ~erneprn noia eme inno ro e, ~ro nnonnci
nepe(nnnnion; ono nreparypno. |...] Knno :oer (anari ana.oeu nrepa-
rypnoro crnn n cnoe: nane
28
.
Ocnonnon nonopor, no ioropo:y paannnaercn reopernio-npairn~ecian npo-
rpa::a 1innnona n nonciax anaornn nreparypnoro crnn, aaii~aercn n
ro:, ~ro npn peanaannn pa(niainoro (n]]epennnponannn :e(nainix yc-
onnn ncex nn(on nciyccrn 1innnon nenaeno crainnaercn c nen~anmn:
41b
ana~enne: epauuecxo ]op:i nreparypi n no.rnin, r. e. c ionipernon
rexnnion aanncn. B crarie Hicrpannn pacc:arpnnaircn (na cy~an e-
rainoro conocranennn pncynia c reicro:: nepnin cy~an no(~nnenne
pncynia npnnnnny rpa]nin, anaorn~no:y npnnnnny no.rn~ecioro rnop~ecr-
na, nropon npn:enenne rpa]nin n ia~ecrne .e:enra nipaennn n conec-
no: nciyccrne. Coracno 1innnony, ne cono, a nipaenne, oxnarinan nce
xeuea.enmt cona (r. e. n npoe, n rpa]n~ecioe naopaenne), nnnercn
ocnononoaraimn: e(nncrno: n no.ann. B ia~ecrne npn:epa on npnno(nr
nonncryi nnni n 1pncrpa:e Len(n openca Crepna, nocioiiy n oipy-
ennn conecnix :acc pncynoi ca: nicrynaer c onpe(eennon nepai-
non ]yninnen.
3na~enne nonnennn cona n rpa]n~ecion ]op:e, pacc:arpnnae:oe n H-
icrpannnx, no(~epinnaercn n n :onorpa]nn Hpoe:a crnxornopnoro nai-
ia (1924), r(e paannran 1innnoni: reopnn .innnaenra (:nororo~ne, npo-
ei, nayannin) conocrannercn c aiycrn~ecin: no(xo(o: i crnxocoe-
nni. 1oiio .neprernio-:oropnin no(xo( i pnr:nie :oer, coracno 1i-
nnnony, orncnnri oimoe ana~enne rpa]nin crnxa
24
. 3(eci n ia~ecrne
npn:epa penoinnonnoro .icnepn:enra n oacrn rpa]nin 1innnon npnno-
(nr innnoe nciyccrno pyccinx ]yrypncron n rpa]n~ecine oniri Naap-
:e ~ro ocoenno nnrepecno, nocioiiy conpe:ennan :e(nainan ]eno:eno-
ornn npnnncinaer n:enno Naap:e ni(aimyicn poi n nepec:orpe ana-
nrn~ecinx ipnrepnen nnci:ennoro reicra n nnayainoro opaaa
2b
. Kai nn-
mer 1innnon, paapymenne, (e]op:annn oiinonennoro rpa]n~ecioro o]op:-
ennn reicra npnno(nr i noni: anyioni: n :oropni: opaaa:, ioropie
nicrynair iai noet mun nocpe(nnia :e(y rpa]e:on n ana~enne:
2b
. 1a-
in: opaao:, nepec:orp 1innnoni: oi~noro ce:nocnca n pa:iax ero co-
crnennon reopnn ce:acnoornaannn, iai n npe(cranenne o ro:, ~ro recno-
ra crnxornopnoro naiia nponano(nr ioeimnecn npnanain ana~ennn n
coa(aer nn(n:ocri ana~ennn n iaymeecn ana~enne, :ono c~nrari ana-
~nreini: maro: n paannrnn :e(nainoro no(xo(a i nciyccrny
27
. Hoxoan
rpaironia ncrpe~aercn n y N. A:noicioro: ]o:nnanron y 1innnona oiaai-
naircn ne c:iconie .e:enri, a n:enno npeconyrie npnanain, n:enno
.rn nocnren ~ncron nn(n:ocrn oiaainaircn ]yninnonaino ana~n:i:n n
.noinnn
28
. Ca:o nonnrne :nn:ocrn, ioropoe neo(noiparno ynorpener-
cn 1innnoni:, no cyrn nnnercn rep:nno: nn(n:ocrn.
Hrai, n nonciax anaornn nreparypnix npne:on 1innnon, ~roi nae-
ari nreparypnaannn inno, npneraer i ero nrepanaannn, r. e. (eaer
craniy na ]airypy rexnnin aanncn, y(i ro aannci nnci:a nn aannci pncyn-
ia. Tetlium compatalionis ye nnnercn ne nonecrnonanne:, co(epanne:
nn n(een, no nociocrii, na ioropon pacnooeni rpa]n~ecine npnanain.
3ror nepexo( c nnennoro pen:a na ronorpa]n~ecinn n c nepainoro
na rpa]n~ecinn :ono c~nrari ocoennocrii rinnnoncion ionnennnn. lono-
pnri o oronenrpna:e iai o omen ~epre ]op:ana:a a(eci ye ne npnxo-
(nrcn: :i n:ee: (eo ciopee c logo.isio.
Yno:nnyroe nime reopern~ecioe nonn:anne paan~nn :e(y conecni:
n apnreini: npe(cranennn:n n nuctuenno npairnie 1innnona ne(er i
"%
nipaorie cnenn]n~ecion ionnennnn conecnon ionipernocrn, n:enno .o-
eoeu.a.tno, ioropan narn(nee ncero noiaainaercn npn croinonennn c
(pyrn:n nn(a:n nciyccrna, r. e. ra:, r(e cono npnoperaer craryc nn(n:oro
(n ne:o: inno), a opaanocri (repon) nmaercn ee rannoro ynopa apnrei-
nocrn. B .ro: n aaii~aercn cyri omereopern~ecioro ana~ennn rinnnon-
cion cnenapnon paori.
Cnenapnn 1innnona no(~epinnair narn(nocri yini, ni~epinnan nn(n-
:ocri ~eoneia; n nnx repon cycrnrynpyercn npne:o:, ~eonei aa:ennercn
rexnnion aanncn, ioropan, iai crao o~enn(no n (ne:enionai~non) :e(nai-
non reopnn c nonnenne: ocnononoaraimnx paor 4pn(pnxa Knrrepa
29
,
onpe(enercn :e(na, nepnee, :e(naini: (n]]epennnponanne:, :arepnaini-
:n cpe(crna:n paanix nn(on nciyccrn. H:enno a(eci c ocoon ncnocrii
nponnnercn n rinnnoncinx cnenapnnx :e(nainan anrope]eicnn, :e(n-
ainan ~yncrnnreinocri n pe]eicnnnan nnrep:e(nainocri airepna-
rnnnix ionnennnn ]nryparnnnocrn nreparypnoro n xy(oecrnennoro anan-
rap(a 192080-x rr.
80
DLllGUPA1lO. lLPOH 5L3 4HlYPL
Apecranr ceiperen. 4nrypi ne n:eer.
K. Ttnnoe
81
B rnop~ecrne 1innnona npoe:a ]nryparnnnocrn conna(aer c o(nn: na
ca:ix nonyimnx nonpocon nreparypi 1920-x rr. nonpoco: nreparypnoro
repon, nonci ioroporo n 1980-e rr. c:enncn crpe:enne: i opaay nonoro ~eo-
neia, nonoro repon. Opaa nonoro, nnoro nn e connancrn~ecioro ~eoneia n
ionne 1920-x rr. cranonnrcn nanenmn: n iyi:nnannonni: .e:enro: n opa-
aonannn e(nnon .crern~ecion reopnn (n npairnin) connancrn~ecioro peana:a
o(nn: na apxernnon ioroporo n cra ca: repon n cnoe: (encrnnreino
repon~ecio: on~nn
82
. O(naio n panne: ]op:ana:e c ocoon narn(nocrii
nipaoraaci reope:a nreparypnoro repon iai npne: or npe(cranennn
npne:a iai repon (Aiocon) (o ecxapairepnoro repon n ia~ecrne coe(nnn-
reinon nnrn ciera (Lioncinn) nn e (nna:n~ecioro repon (1innnon)
88
.
]nna:n~nocri repon, ero necraninocri, ero no(nnnocri, ero (e]op:npye:ocri
.ro peaioe npornnonocranenne noanrnnno:y repoi conpeana:a, ioropin
nn noome ne :ennercn, nn, iai ero onncinaer K. Kapi, :ennercn ncii~n-
reino i y~me:y: 1or ]air, ~ro crpyirypa conpeancrn~ecioro po:ana orpa-
aer (nnenne neoro n paannrnn nn(nnn(yainoro xapairepa noanrnnnoro
repon, (eaer .ror anp crpyirypno anaorn~ni: cpe(neneionon arnorpa]nn.
O(na oman npoe:a (n nay~ennn noanrnnnoro repon cocronr n ro:, ~ro on nn
ona coxpannir n po:ane ornocnreino crarn~nyi nn(nnn(yainocri. 1e: ne
:enee noanrnnnin repon (oen pacc:arpnnaricn oee (nna:n~no ne iai
rnn xapairepa, a iai xapairepnin nporpecc
84
.
1aian ionnennnn ((nna:n~nocri iai nporpeccnnnocri) n:eer :ao o-
mero c onpe(eenne: (nna:n~nocrn repon iai :nnn:ainoro, nn(eicaino-
418
ro anaia e(nncrna, paapaoranni: 1innnoni: n Hpoe:e crnxornopnoro
naiia: Hrai, crarn~ecioe e(nncrno repon (iai n noome ncnioe crarn~e-
cioe e(nncrno n nreparypno: nponane(ennn) oiaainaercn ~peani~anno mar-
in:; ono n nonon aanncn:ocrn or npnnnnna ioncrpyinnn n :oer ioe-
aricn n re~enne nponane(ennn rai, iai .ro n ia(o: or(eino: cy~ae
onpe(enercn omen (nna:nion nponane(ennn; (ocraro~no roro, ~ro ecri
anai e(nncrna, ero iareropnn, yaaionnnaiman ca:ie peaine cy~an ero ]ai-
rn~ecioro napymennn n aacranniman c:orperi na nnx iai na .innnaenri
e(nncrna. Ho raioe e(nncrno ye conepmenno o~enn(no ne nnnercn nann-
no :icn:i: crarn~ecin: e(nncrno: repon; n:ecro anaia crarn~ecion ne-
ocrnocrn na( nn: cronr anai (nna:n~ecion nnrerpannn, neocrnocrn. Her
crarn~ecioro repon, ecri nmi repon (nna:n~ecinn. H (ocraro~no anaia
repon, n:enn repon, ~roi :i ne npnc:arpnnanci n ia(o: (anno: cy~ae
i ca:o:y repoi
8b
.
Lme n napociax i crarie O io:noannnn Lnrennn Onernna` (1921;
1922) 1innnon conocranner nreparypnoro repon raioro rnna c repon:n-
nni:n i(i:n nannnoro peana:a: Ha nonpoce o repoe` ncnee ncero
ciaainaercn (e]op:npyiman cna xy(oecrnennoro nponane(ennn n ne-
oi~annan no(arnnocri (e]op:npye:oro :arepnaa. B (nna:nie nponane(e-
nnn repon oiaainaercn croi ycron~nnon (nnymencn ro~ion, ~ro noa:ono
ecione~noe paanoopaane (nnori (o npornnope~nn) iai ~epr, one(ennix
ipyio: ero n:enn, rai n (encrnnn n pe~enix onapyennn, npnypo~ennix i
ne:y. 3(eci c neoi~annon cnoi ciaainaercn aaion :ornnnponin nrepa-
rypnix nnennn nanenni:n naniia:n; nannno-peancrn~ecioe ornomenne
i repon: nreparypnix nponane(ennn iai i nni: i(n: (aeio ne nanro
(ae n nreparypnon ipnrnie
8b
.
lepon 1innnona ne nonomenne nann, a nonomenne ero cocrnennix,
acrpairnix reopern~ecinx nooennn. Hoe:nia c peancrn~ecin: npe(-
cranenne: o repoe npio nipaena raie n n crarie Coipamenne mraron
(1924): C pyccin: repoe: cy~noci neoi~annoe nponcmecrnne: on paao-
(pa y:ary po:ana, niea, orpnxnycn n cra paarynnari ca: no cee`. |...]
Paa anrop napa repon, ro, y(i repon roiio n:ene:, nce panno narpyaia
nnrepeca n inn na ero cropone. |...] H nce-rain n xapairepncrnia ecri
ne ~epri xapairepa` n ne aannrnn`, a iaion-ro roninn conecnin
xapairep` noy~nrcn onaareino n nrore raioro repon
87
.
Onenia ]op: n ]yninnn repon y 1innnona ero (npn)anaia, ero n:e-
nn, ero nn(eica, ero na~eprannn, ero ]nrypi rai e nana (n nonn-
:annn ]yn(a:enrainix paan~nn :e(y Kyirypon 1 n Kyirypon 2, iai n
niocononcioe onpe(eenne ca:oro xy(oecrnennoro peana:a iai nono-
crii ornocnreinoro rep:nna
88
. H n ro:, n (pyro: cy~ae npan(ono(one
nnnercn ranni: ipnrepne: n onncannn ornomennn oana~aimero i oana~ae-
:o:y. O(naio npan(ono(one :ono c~nrari ca:i: (noncrnenni:, (nynano-
ni: nonnrne: ncero penepryapa peancrn~ecioro, :n:ern~ecioro (nciypca.
Ho ornomenni i naopaenni, i napnconanni nn i na~epranni (encr-
nyimero (ncropn~ecioro) nna naoenne npan(ono(onocrn n ca:o: npn-
:o: c:ice ornocnrcn i nonpoca: anrpono-n(eoornn n anrpono-rexnnin.
"'
Kai n cnenapnnx
89
Lnnen, nocranennon 43KCa:n (l. Koannneni:
n . 1payepro:) n 192b ro(y, n Hopy~nie Kne, cnnro: Aeican(po:
4annnn::epo: n 1984 ro(y) rai n n po:ane o lpnoe(one C:epri Baanp-
Nyxrapa (1927;28) n n ncropn~ecinx pacciaaax Bocionan nepcona (1981)
n Naoernin Bnrymnmnnion (1988) yiaainaercn ne roiio na :e(nai-
noe na~ao nreparypnix repoen n nocionix ]nryp, no n na noe:niy c
xy(oecrnenni:n oaynra:n conpeana:a n ca:n: opaao: nonoro ~eone-
ia, cranmn: ranni: oreiro: (n :o(enponannn conpeancrn~ecion (xy(o-
ecrnennon n peainon) anrponorexnnin
40
. H:enno no.ro:y, iai :ne iaer-
cn, :e(naino- nn :arepnaino-anrponoorn~ecian ionnennnn 1innnona
nnnercn ranni: ionreicro: ncen ero nnci:ennon npairnin
41
.
Ho, ~ro nanee, ona o(nonpe:enno cranonnrcn ynopo: cipiron opii
Kyirypi 1 c Kyirypon 2, no npe:ennix pa:iax ioropon ocymecrnnercn
.ror noa(ne]op:ancrcinn, reopernio-npairn~ecinn npoeir airepnarnnnon
]nrypannn. 4nrypannn nonn:aercn a(eci ciopee iai omnn xy(oecrnennin
npne:, peanayimnncn n aanncn:ocrn or :arepnainix (r. e. :e(nainix)
rexnni aanncn roro nn nnoro nn(a nciyccrn. Ha rpeonanne coa(annn nonoro
~eoneia, repon Kyirypi 2, 1innnon orne~aer coa(anne: nyenix anaion,
acrpairnix .innnaenron
42
n nnpryainix ne-i(en, nepcon, npnna(ea-
mnx Kyirype 1: y:anoro repon, ]nrypi na nocia, ~eoneia na yin. 3ro n
ecri rinnnoncioe in.enlio pnropn~ecinn, :omno (encrnyimnn n conpe-
:enno: (nciypce npne:, ncnoiaonannin ca:n: 1innnoni: n n Ho(nopy-
~nie Kne, n n Bocionon nepcone: O~eni opa(ona ero aaroonoi cero-
(nnmnen (28;l\) raaernon crarin: Bocionan nepcona`. 'epr noai:n! Non
Kne` nome n noconnny, a renepi Bocionan nepcona`
48
. lepon 1inn-
nona rnopennn cnoero po(a luilighl .one, onpe(eennoro ioeannn :e-
(y cymecrnonanne: n neirne:, :e(y nanii n c:eprii
44
. Cranonnci rain:
opaao: ]nrypa:n peainocrn n nnpryainocrn, c:ica n ecc:icennocrn,
]nrypi-repon npnnaircn no cymecrny i (nynanonon, napa(oicainon npn-
po(e ca:oro nnci:a.
nrepanaannn inno rannin npne:, rannan :e(nainan crparernn
cnenapnen 1innnona. Anrponoorn~ecinn :np nepene(en n :np yin, r(e nap-
crnyir nepennc~nin n nnmymne rea, annapar~nin nnci:a n ~nnonnni, nna-
ne(ennin (o crenenn nnmymero anro:ara, no~rn norepnnmnn ~eone~ecinn
oni, ca:oe crpamnoe npecrynenne ioroporo, coracno io::enrapnn: ca-
:oro 1innnona, npecrynenne npornn yini no(~ncria
4b
. Orne~aroi
1innnona-cnenapncra n :npe inno peanayercn anro:eraonncanne:, iai
nnmer K. Unninn no nono(y Lnnen: Hepennc~ni n cnenapncr, ocymecr-
nnimnn .ipannaanni, ]nrypi cnmio: noxone, ~roi n cnenapnn o
nepennc~nie ne nipanci .e:enri anro:eraonncannn. He npnxo(nrcn y(nn-
nricn, ~ro anro:eraonncareinan ce:anrnia rnroreer i crporo onpe(een-
ni: yaa: ciera: no-nepnix, i na(nncn: n naeorpa::a:, no-nropix i
re: peann: nncapcioro onxo(a, ioropie no cnoen npnpo(e conpniacaircn c
oacrii nnrepreicryainocrn. Onncia, no(~ncria, nan:ncecr ninecoi, io-
r(a aa o(nn:n ]a:nnn:n ~y(nrcn (pyrne`, a raie nanmnn anaor na-
n:ncecra n naiie inno ]nrypa nanina nce .ro cy~an croinonennn,
420
naan:onponninonennn reicron n c:iconix nacron. Ho n:enno raioro po(a
croinonenne reicron io (n 1innnona n ocnonni: ioncrpyirnnni: npnn-
nnno: .ipannaannn
4b
.
3ro naoenne neoxo(n:o nepenecrn n nonin ionreicr (no cpannenni c
nnrepreicryaini:), a n:enno n ionreicr nnrep:e(nainocrn. Bano aa:e-
rnri, ~ro (ae raion e(nin anp nciyccrn, iai ne:oe inno, no o~enn(ni:
npn~nna: nnnercn ne :ono-, a :yirn:e(naini: cpe(crno:
47
, nocioiiy n
c]epy opaaa nnncinaircn rnrpi n na(nncn. B pa:iax ce:nornin, ocoenno
y or:ana, ]eno:en nnrep:e(nainocrn inno roiyercn iai cnnrea 0ex
nonecrnonareinix ren(ennnn naopaanreinon ((nnymancn nnonnci`)
n conecnon
48
. Hpornnope~ne anaionon reopnn n ro:, ~ro, c o(non croponi, ne
opamaercn ocooro nnn:annn na paan~ne :e(nainix ]op:, n ioropix ni-
crynaer reicr, a c (pyron croponi, or:ano: or:e~aercn naan:onponninone-
nne n inno (nyx npnnnnnnaino orn~nix ce:norn~ecinx cncre:, ioropoe
nocrenenno ne(er n cropony :e(nainoro roionannn inno: Cona na~nnair
necrn cen iai naopaennn. 1ai, n rnrpax ne:oro inno ana~n:i: crneni:
npnanaio: cranonnrcn mpn]r. Ynen~enne paa:epa yin nocnpnnn:aercn iai
nionn~ecinn anai ynen~ennn cni rooca. |...] Conpe:ennan iyirypa co-
necna n nii~aer :norne nemn, npe(:eri, iai i c(eannie na con: innrn,
raaeri, ypnai. Haopaenne .rnx npe(:eron nionn~ecinn anai, n cono
nxo(nr n nero e u.o6pa.ume.tno nxuu
49
.
O(naio cnnrern~ecian ionnennnn or:ana ocraercn n pa:iax ce:norn~e-
cion rep:nnoornn (naopaanreinan n conecnan nonecrnonareinan ren-
(ennnn). B orn~ne or nee, ionnennnn ]nryparnnnocrn 1innnona, iai :ne
iaercn, paa:emaercn n:enno na rpann :e(y nnci:o: n opaao:, r. e. co-
necnocri, nocioiiy ona ~acrn~no nepeno(nrcn na rpa]n~nocri
b0
, c ca:oro
na~aa nii~aer n cen :o:enr nn(n:ocrn, n ro npe:n, iai naopaenne n
opaa cranonnrcn oreira:n ~nrae:ocrn, r. e. ]nrypainoro ~rennn. 1ain:
opaao:, ]yrypncrn~ecian yina iai raionan, ioropon n .umepampe cepe-
(nni 1920-x rr. ye ne namoci :ecra, n xuno :ora npnopecrn nnone
aa:ernyi noannni
b1
. Nennercn n ornomenne cnenapnn i ]ni:y: ecn oi~-
no cnenapnn npn aaxnare nn(n:oro npocrpancrna iai nnci:o nc~eaaer n cno-
e: :e(naino: nooennn, ro n cy~ae 1innnona-cnenapncra on n:ecre c
nonon :e(nainon aypon coxpannercn n n ]ni:ax.
5oee roro, paori 1innnona, n orn~ne or ncce(onannn (pyrnx ]op:an-
cron, n(yr npaapea c ]onoorna:o: OHOA3a, ioropin aro(apn lpa::a-
roornn A. ]eppn(a cra omn: :ecro: nreparypone(ennn
b2
. Ho.rn~e-
cine narn(i 1innnona, ocoenno reanci n rep:nni, paapaorannie n pa:iax
roionannn no.rnin loron, ne nnncinaircn, iai ye ronopnoci nime, n
ycranonennyi K. Nypamoni: :e(nainyi ]eno:enoorni 1920-x n
1980-x rr. (ananrap( ]eno:en ycrnocrn, conpeana: ]eno:en nnci:en-
nocrn)
b8
. Lcn n cy~ae reopnn ciaaa 5. 3nxenay:a cnpane(nno ronopnri o
napa(oicaino: co~erannn :ero(oornn c yiono: na ycrnocri (Ohten-
philologie, cyxonan ]noornn) n reicra c yiono: na nnci:ennocri (roro-
encinn :np nncapen n nepennc~nion)
b4
, ro ciaa y 1innnona, naoopor, nepe-
no(nrcn ii~eni: rep:nno:, ioropin npe(cranner na cen nonnrne apn-
"
reinocrn. Lcn y 3nxenay:a ncrpe~aercn peaioe orpnnanne npe(cranennn
nreparypi iai nnci:a, ioropoe aaii~aercn ana:ennri: niciaainanne:
Hanncannoe .ro cnoero po(a :yaen
bb
, ro 1innnon cnoen ionnennnen or-
ne~aer ne roiio na .nxenay:onciyi ycranoniy na ycrnocri, no n na ipnrn-
iy Bnnorpa(ona, npe(aranmero ocy(ari npoe:y ciaaa nmi na ]one cnn-
ipern~ecion ]noornn
bb
.
Hepexo( 1innnona or ycrnoro ciaaa i nnci:enno:y ocymecrnnercn
neioen (e]op:npyimen anarpa::on ciaaa nonnrne: :acia
b7
. B ro npe-
:n, ior(a paannnaercn ]op:ainan reopnn ciaaa, 1innnon n crarie o napo(nn
paapaarinaer ero cocrnennyi rnnoorni n naainaer ]eno:en (pyrn: na-
ananne: :acion. H:enno :nn:an apnreinocri nemen n reicrax loron
(loroi neoi~anno nn(e nemn; |...] n nnonncannn nemen <on> yann-
naer io:na: nemn
b8
) npnneia 1innnona i ynorpeenni airepnarnnno-
ro ciaay rep:nna, ioropin nepe(aer raie n ronioe nonn:anne roro, ~ro aa
:nn:on nacrn~nocrii roroencinx repoen, aa nx ciyinrypnocrii cipinaer-
cn crpamnan nycrora (nycroe :ecro), crpamnoe nn~ro noi
b9
. Honnrne
:acin nonn:aercn 1innnoni: n n peaino: c:ice (:acinponia, o(e(a), n n
:era]opn~ecio: (conecnie nn nemenie :acin); :acia reneparop ec-
ron n opaaon pe~n. 3rn: rep:nn :acin, c o(non croponi, oiaainaercn mnpe
ynorpeennoro (pyrn:n ]op:ancra:n nonnrnn ciaaa; c (pyron croponi, on
npe(rnnner ycranoniy na ionipernyi rexnniy aanncn, pacc:arpnnan ciaa n
pa:iax :e(nainon yconnocrn nreparypi
b0
.
Nacia nonnrne, ioeimeecn :e(y ]nryparnnnocrii n ]nrypaino-
crii. C ycranonion na ciaa .ro, ciopee, nonnrne pnropnio-no.rn~ecioe; c
ycranonion na nnemnocri apnreinoe. Nacia no ]yninnn noxoa na iapn-
iarypy
b1
ona cnnainaer napo(nnnoe ycrponcrno nreparypnon .noinnn
co c:iconi: noe: nnayainocrn n nn(n:ocrn. Hn(eicainin anai, na io-
ropo: ocnoninaercn npne: :acin
b2
, nnnercn rannon ~epron :nnn:ana:a
rinnnoncion ionnennnn nn(n:ocrn nna, y(i ro nno repon nn anropa, ero
nepconi, ero nreparypnon n~nocrn. ]encrnyimee nno peayirar :a-
nnnynnnn nnmymero. B crarie ]ocroencinn n loroi, r(e npne: :acin
naainaercn ocnonni: npne:o: loron n nnonncannn i(en, 1innnon
nnno yiaainaer na cnoconocri .roro npne:a i nepeio(nponanni ]nryparnn-
nocrn c ycrnoro, :n:ern~ecioro nana na pnropnio-apnreinin; nonnenne
ocoon, roroencion napynocrn ]nryp .ro n ecri peayirar raioro po(a
nno-nncannn, raioro po(a c(nnra. B :acie ne roiio conna(air nn(eicai-
nin n nionn~ecinn anain, ca: (npn)anai :eronn:n~ecioro .innnaenra (npn-
e: :acin) :ono c~nrari ranni: onnonenro: conpeancrn~ecioro npne:a
orpaennn, rai iai ne naopaenne, a orne~aroi n na~epranne nnenix
~epr nnnircn cocrnenni: :e(naini: nncrpy:enro: :n:ecnca.
Bn(n:ocri nnci:a npn o(nonpe:ennon nenn(n:ocrn repon ncxo(nin
nynir nepeonenin ]nryparnnnocrn n n rinnnoncinx cnenapnnx. 4nrypa :e-
nner oreiri: or anrponoorn~ecioro oreira (repon) ona nepexo(nr i :e(n-
aino:y oreiry (nnci:y). lepon nmaercn rea, on npenpamaercn n nepor-
n], r. e. n (nonnoe, ioeimeecn :e(y nnci:o: n opaao: cymecrno: 1o
e ca:oe |...] nponcxo(nr n c nmenni: rea repoe: Kne`. Kne noannia-
422
er iai neporn], aara(o~nan naparpa::a, no(icinnaiman ana~enne, iai anyio-
non io:neic <ciopee: rpa]n~ecinn io:neic. . .>, crpe:nmnncn o-
pecrn reecnocri. |...] nyenon` nepcona 1innnona operaer oni`
b8
.
Cranonenne repon, r. e. ]nrypanni Kne, :ono nonn:ari n ro: ~nce n
iai cneniy n penpo(yinni oana~aimnx ea cnnan c oana~ae:i:
b4
. Ho(po-
ni: onncanne: n cnenapnn po(ennn :e(nainon n nnpryainon nepconi Kn-
e ncn nacri na( cymecrnonanne: ~eoneia npnnncinaercn nnci:y, na~eprann-
n: n ni~epinnannn: na crpannnax (ea nanii n c:eprii i(en pacnopn-
aercn ipoiparnn. Be(i cier pacciaaa;innocnenapnn Ho((no)py~ni Kn-
e aaii~aercn n ro:, ~ro ee repon, Kne, ~ncroe rnopenne nncapn, nepnee,
noce(crnne ero onncin, nianannon rpan:arnanpyimn:n crpyirypa:n crporo-
ro ipoiparn~ecioro pen:a: B nepno: cnncie c(ea on (ne omnin: nopy-
~nia Cnnixaena nannca y:epmn:, rai iai Cnnixaen me cpaay e noce
y:epmero :anopa Coioona, n (onycrn neenoe nanncanne: n:ecro Ho(nopy-
~nin e Crnnen, Pinn n Aaan~een naana~aircn` nannca: Ho(nopy~ni Kn-
e, Crnnen, Pinn n Aaan~een naana~aircn`. Kor(a on nnca cono Ho(nopy-
~nin`, nome o]nnep, n on nirnnycn nepe( nn:, ocranonnci na i, a noro:, cen
cnona aa npniaa, nanyra n nannca: Ho(nopy~ni Kne`
bb
.
3ra onncia
bb
n n:ecre c nen, ecrecrnenno, n cymecrnonanne ca:oro
repon no(~epinnaercn ca:n: nape:, nepnee, nnecenni: n: ncnpanenn-
e: n ero no(nncii: on e (Hane l) crannr rnep(in anai (nyenon anai)
noce n:enn, (eaimerocn rain: opaao: paa n nancer(a yiaaaree: ron petsona
[icla nn e roro [iclio petsonae, ioropoe nonomaer, onnner Kne
b7
.
Lcn cier pacciaaa po(enne repon na (yxa nnci:a, ro ca: repon ne
oime pnropn~ecioro npne:a (]nrypa, rpon)
b8
, nepnee, onaennn npne-
:a nepconn]niannn: B cnoe: pacciaae Ho(nopy~ni Kne` 1innnon (o-
conno paaneprinaer nepconn]nianni peanaannn iai npne:`, nocioiiy
Kne, c o(non croponi, onaan cnon: npnapa~ni: cymecrnonanne: c(nnry rpa-
nnn con |...], n, c (pyron croponi, nepconn]nnnpyer re .innnaenri, ioropie
aa(ani n :ero(oorn~ecion oacrn ]op:ancrcion reopnn ocrpanennn (ion-
iperno reopnn peanaannn)
b9
.
Coracno 5. Nenie, nepconn]niannn n ia~ecrne aeropnn nn(nnnpyer
cen iai onaennyi (royi, neu. blo) :aneienmnny ana~ennn
70
; ca:a nep-
cona nmi nycroe :ecro, perynpyimee nponecc n nociocri ~rennn. H:en-
no n pa:iax raioro (eioncrpyirnnncrcioro ~rennn, ocnonannoro na pnropnio-
nreparypnon reopnn H. (e Nana (ocoenno na ero crarie Anronorpa]nn
iai de[acemenl), cnenapnn 1innnona, n ioropo: nycroe :ecro nrpaer ran-
nyi poi, :ono c~nrari o6pamntu nepeeo0ou aeropnn na pnropn~ecinn
npne: ptosopopoia, r(e nepeceiaircn (acrpairnan) ]nryparnnnocri n (pnro-
pn~ecian) ]nrypainocri. Ftosopopoia nepeno(nrcn H. (e Nano: iai ptosopon
poiein, r. e. (ari io:y-no nno, (ari io:y-no :aciy (n:eercn n nn(y pnro-
pn~ecian (nocranniman) ]nrypa, ioropan nocpe(crno: naiia npn(aer ne-
cymecrnyime:y rooc, a orcyrcrnyime:y nno). 3(eci nano aa:ernri,
~ro rpe~ecinn ptosopon :oer iri nepene(en n iai nno, n iai :acia: Co-
napn (pennnx naiion nac y~ar, ~ro rpe~ecinn naii oa(aer (ny:n ocnonni-
:n rep:nna:n (n ooana~ennn :acin: cono ptosopon n nponano(noe cono,
"!
nonnnimeecn (onoino noa(no ptosopeion. |...] |Ftosopon] o(nonpe:enno n
oana~aer nno: (n nac .ro conepmenno paanie peann, nnor(a (ononnimne
(pyr (pyra, ~acro npornnonoonie (pyr i (pyry. Ha ca:o: (ee n ocnone
oenx enr e(nnoe naananne, oe oxnarinaircn omn: nonnrne: nna`
71
.
Kai a(eci noiaainaer 4. 4ponrnan-]iipya, arnncian petsona nmaer rpe-
~ecinn ptosopon orrenia nnayaino-onrn~ecioro ana~ennn: ecn petsona no-
nn:aercn iai nocnrei rooca, ro ana~enne ptosopon ciopee nepe(aercn n ion-
reicre apnreinocrn n nn(n:ocrn. ]n rinnnoncioro nonn:annn ]nrypaino-
]nryparnnnoro nponecca cranonennn repon .ro paan~ne nrpaer ~peani~anno
nanyi poi. Y Kne rooca ner, on cymecrnyer nmi n nnci:enno: nn(e: on
(y)po(ennin nnci:o:, ero nn(n:ocri nepeno(nrcn na c]epi nnayainoro :n-
pa na nociocri y:arn, na ioropon pacia(inaircn peann nncareicioro
rnop~ecrna yini, mrpnxn n ne-yini, ne-mrpnxn, r. e. npo:eyrin
72
.
1innnoncinn cnenapnn rain: opaao: noiaainaer :exanna:i nnci:en-
noro rnopennn repon. O(nonpe:enno noiaainaercn, iai c(eana nani a
n:enno npne:a:n neioen :e(naino-pnropn~ecion ann:annn. 4nrypannn n
(e-]nrypannn conna(air: (ari io:y-ro nno;:aciy .ro ]nrypa; ner (pyro-
ro nna, ipo:e ]nrypainoro
78
. 4nryparnnnocri npn raion rpaironie nnner-
cn nmi .]]eiro: nnci:a n ~rennn. Kne ne roiio :oer iri pacc:orpen
iai supplemenl, on peanaonannan ]nrypa e[[acemenl iai (y)cranonennn
oana~aimero
74
. Acrpairnoe, ]op:ainoe nonn:anne nnci:a npe(cranner
coon n ipnrnia po:anrnanpyimero npne:a anrpono:op]naannn, onnennn,
n noe:nia c npn:i:n cnocoa:n ]op:nponannn (r. e. ]nrypnponannn) ~eo-
neia n conpeana:e.
Kai Kne na~eprair, rai ero n ni~epinyr; ero cymecrnonanne aanncnr or
paiypca narn(a na ero c.ouann uacx (ioropan ca:a ecri nmi pnropn-
~ecinn npne: (xamaxpe.a), nepene(ennin na rinnnonciyi rep:nnoorni
ncen(o-apnreinocrn). Co:annan :acia o(no na :noro~ncennix nonn-
rnn 1innnona, onpe(enimnx nennaiy, neconna(enne opaaon, necxo(crno,
nero~nocri n r. (., no n nen narn(nee ncero (e:oncrpnpyercn iaymancn
nn(n:ocri. B crarie O ocnonax inno 1innnon, niranci nepenecrn cocr-
nennyi reopern~eciyi ionnennni ce:acnoornaannn n pa:in inno, yia-
ainaer na ro, ~ro :aoe cxo(crno naopaennn, ero neconepmencrno n ero
nero~nocri ne :emair, a no:orair pncyniy npenparnricn n anai; .rn:
on ernrn:npyer anrn-]ororpa]n~ecinn, :nnn:ainin, nn(eicainin no(xo(
i nciyccrny (inno), ioropoe, coracno 1innnony, crpe:nrcn i acrpairnaa-
nnn
7b
. 1aion nponecc acrpairnaannn iacaercn ncex .e:enron inno, npo-
crpancrna n npe:enn, rai e iai n ]yninnn ia(pa (Cocrnenno ronopn, ia(p
naen iai npe(crannrei`) nn ]yninnn ]ayi (cxe:a ornomennn, cxe:a
(encrnnn) (1a: e. C. b1, b8).
Hepeno(n pnropn~eciyi ]nrypy ptosopopoia n inno, r. e. n c]epy, r(e
(o:nnnpyer nepnn~nan nn(n:ocri, 1innnon ycrpannaer nacronmyi nponoia-
nni: nn(n:in ~eonei ni~epinnaercn n:enno ra:, r(e on n ero ]ororenn~-
nocri roiio ~ro nonnnnci. 3na:ennran innra 5. 5aama Bn(n:in ~eo-
nei n pyccio: nepeno(e nima n 192b ro(y
7b
, a ye (na ro(a cnycrn 1inn-
non peaio nicrynn npornn nn(n:oro ~eoneia: H nnone nonnrno, ~ro na
424
nepnix nopax repoe:` inno i ornnen ero penpo(yirnnno-:arepnainin
oreir nn(n:in ~eonei`, nn(n:an nemi` (5ea 5aam). Ho nciyccrna
orn~aircn ne roiio n ne croiio cnon:n oreira:n, cioiio ornomenne:
i nn:. |...] H ne noro:y nenepen niop n repon` nciyccrna inno nn(n:oro
~eoneia`, nn(n:on nemn`, ~ro noa:ono ocymecrnenne inno ecnpe(:er-
noro, a noro:y, ~ro a(eci ne no(~epinyro cnenn]n~ecioe noiaonanne :are-
pnao:, a ne(i ono o(no (eaer :arepnainin .e:enr .e:enro: nciyccrna
|...]. Bn(n:in :np (aercn n inno ne iai raionon, a n cnoen c:iconon coorno-
cnreinocrn, nna~e inno io i roiio nnon (n nennon) ]ororpa]nen.
Bn(n:in ~eonei, nn(n:an nemi roiio ror(a nnnercn .e:enro: innonc-
iyccrna, ior(a onn (ani n ia~ecrne c:iconoro anaia. |...] Conepmenno ncno,
~ro npn .ro: crnncrn~ecio: (a crao iri, n c:icono:) npeopaennn
ne nn(n:in ~eonei` n ne nn(n:an nemi` nnnircn repoe:` inno, a no-
nin` ~eonei n nonan` nemi i(n n nemn, npeopaennie n nane nc-
iyccrna, ~eonei` n nemi` inno`
77
.
Kne cnoero po(a nonomenne .roro nonoro ~eoneia inno. 3(eci
~peani~anno nano or:ernri, ~ro n 1984 ro(y 1innnony y(aoci ni~epi-
nyri na anyionoro ]ni:a nacronmero ~eoneia, r. e. airepa. 3ror npne:
peaioe orpnnanne conpeancrn~ecion reopnn inno, rpeyimen nno coner-
cioro airepa: 3ra npairnia ]op:ancrn~ecioro nixoamnnannn na xy(oe-
crnennoro ]ni:a airepcioro co(epannn (n:ecre c airepo:), a na airepa
n(ennoro n nnoro .:onnonainoro co(epannn, nn e, c (pyron croponi,
ynpomen~ecinn oriaa or airepa no n:n nacronmen opo(i` |...], ne :orn ne
npnnecrn i npe:enno:y (no re: ne :enee (ocraro~no oeanenno:y) yna(iy
airepcioro :acrepcrna n inno n i aa:e(enni pocra airepcinx ia(pon
78
.
]n 1innnona npan(ono(one n (ocronepnocri inno nponano(nrcn npne-
:o: ne ]ororpa]nn nna, a na~eprannn neioen co:annon :acin, (e]op:a-
nnn: B inno nannnin apnrei y(er ronopnri: Kai .ror airep noxo
(nn ne noxo) na Aeican(pa Hepnoro!` n y(er npan, n n cnoen npano-
re (ae npn io:nn:enrax y(er paapymari ca:yi npe(nociiy an-
pa (ocronepnocri
79
.
Bxo(enne 1innnona n inno :ono, rain: opaao:, c~nrari iaranaaro-
po: nepeno(a no.roorn~ecinx nooennn nn(eicainon ]nrypannn na rep-
pnropni apnreinocrn. Ye ne nrpa con, a nrpa nnci:a nponano(nr .]]eir
necxo(crna. Hpo:eyroi ne roiio nycroe :ecro n crnxe, no n npoe
:e(y ia(pa:n
80
, n ioropo: nonnnercn n nc~eaaer ~eonei-yina. 4nrypa
.ro n ecri phasme, napa(oicaino:y, ioeime:y cymecrny ioropon npnnn-
cinaercn norennna pacnopnennn Boopaae:i:
81
. Ono e nnnercn re:
nycri: :ecro:, ron nociocrii, na ioropon nponnnircn npnanain nnci:a
iai npnanain nacrn.
1
A. Ma.eeuu. H niyir nin na .ipanax ;; K. Naenn~. Copanne co~nnennn n
nnrn ro:ax. 1. 1: Crarin, :ann]ecri, reopern~ecine co~nnennn n (pyrne paori: 1918
1929. N., 199b. C. 289.
2
. ,a.t. 1oionin conapi nnoro neniopyccioro naiia. 1. 4. N., 1994. C. 1188.
"#
8
C:.: M. vacuep. 3rn:oorn~ecinn conapi pyccioro naiia. 1. 4. N., 1987. C. 198.
4
C:.: liguralion. Beilrge zum Wandel der Belrachlung slhelischer Gege ;
B. Brandl-Pisi, W.-D. Lrnsl, N. Wagner (Hrsg.). Nnchen, 2000.
b
. Gtops. Kunsl r den Kamp ;; Nusen der Nachl. Nedien in der sow[elischen
Kullur der 20er und 80er Jahre. Nnchen, 2008. S. 1b8.
b
E. Degol. Die Kollellivierung der Noderne ;; 1raumabril Kommunismus. Die
visuelle Kullur der Slalinzeil. lranlurl;N., 2008. S. 8b.
7
C:.: !. Aap.mon. Ha noxoponax nnix: reopnn nnoro ~eoneia n ]op:npo-
nanne repon n panne: conpeana:e ;; Conpeancrn~ecinn ianon. CH., 2000. C. 889
8b1; a raie: K. Lu6e0uncxu. Po(enne repon. N.; ., 1981.
8
K. Ttnnoe. Hicrpannn ;; K. 1innnon. Ho.rnia. Hcropnn nreparypi.
Knno. N., 1977. C. 810818 ((aee iai HHK).
9
O ornomennn ]op:ainon mioi i Horene c:. io::. n HHK (C. 470). O cnn-
an ]op:ancrcion ipnrnin nnayainon opaanocrn no.ann co cienrn~ecin: ornome-
nne: i reopnn :n:ecnca c:.: A. Hansen-L.e. lnlermedialill und lnlerlexlualill.
Probleme der Korrelalion von Worl- und Bildlunsl Am Beispiel der russischen Noderne
(1988) ;; lorschungsberblicl lnlermedialill. Kommenlierungen und Bibliographie.
Hannover, 2000. S. 44.
10
K. Ttnnoe. Hpe(nconne i innre Hpoe:a crnxonon ce:anrnin ;; HHK.
C. 2b8. B io::enrapnnx i .ron pyionncn 1928 ro(a A. 'y(aion yiaainaer na ~nran-
mnncn 1innnoni: iypc Aaii n opaa, cnnaannin c npoe:arnion y(ymen innrn
Hpoe:a crnxonon ce:anrnin, ioropan nima n 1924 ro(y no( naananne: Hpo-
e:a crnxornopnoro naiia (HHK. C. b01).
11
K. Ttnnoe. Hicrpannn. C. 818.
12
. Hanepnt. Kyirypa 2. N., 199b. C. 220.
18
M. Cmo.poe. K npoe:e no.rn~ecioro opaaa ;; Ars poelica 1927. ! 1. Unr.
no io::. i crarie Hicrpannn (HHK. C. b4b).
14
|M. 0axoea. Ko::enrapnn] ;; HHK. C. b4b. 1ai, nanpn:ep, napn(y c 1inn-
noni: n Cronponi: na Nenepa ccianci n Caiynn, n Birorcinn, n Anp:yncinn.
1b
A(opno n cnnan c Nenepo: no(~epinnaer, ~ro crnxa: nonce ne ioppecnon(n-
pyer ~yncrnennan narn(nocri roro, ~ro onn niciaainair, n ~ro ionipernaannn crn-
xon aaii~aercn n nx naiiono: Geslall`e, a ne n ro: ipanne npoe:arn~no: onrn-
~ecio: npe(cranennn, ioropoe onn nioi (oni npnnecrn n (nnenne (T. Adotno.
slhelische 1heorie. lranlurl;N., 1970. S. 1b0).
1b
K. Ttnnoe. Conapi ennna-noe:ncra ;; K. 1innnon. Apxancri n nona-
ropi. Nnchen, 19b7. S. 481482.
17
D. Aujundi. 1he Pelurns o Hislory. Pussian Nielzscheans Aler Nodernily.
Albany, 1997. P. 128.
18
O ana~ennn .ron ionnennnn n ca:o: nonrn~ecio: reicre 1innnona, n Boc-
ionon nepcone, c:.: A. .u6au. Koncrpyinnn :nn:ocrn: K no.rnie Bocionon
nepconi K. 1innnona ;; Honoe nreparypnoe ooapenne. 2001. ! 47. C. 182
171.
19
C:.: K. Ttnnoe. O ocnonax inno ;; Ho.rnia inno. 2-e na(. Hepe~nrinan
Ho.rniy inno. CH., 2001. C. 48.
20
A. Hansen-L.e. \on der Dominanz zur Hierarchie im Syslem der Kunslormen
zwischen Avanlgarde und Sozrealismus ;; Wiener Slawislischer Almanach. 2001. ! 47.
S. 78b.
42b
21
C:.: H. !opnuxa. Hpoe:a inno(pa:aryprnn n nepno(nie 20-x rr. ;; Ha
ncropnn en]ni:a. Bin. 8. ., 1978. C. 112b; !. Heil. Pussian Wrilers and lhe
Cinema in lhe Larly 20lh Cenlury. A Survey ;; Pussian Lileralure. 198b. ! XlX.
P. 148174.
22
K. Mpanoe. Cenie repon cenie apnren: O craryce apennn n cona n
conercio: inno ;; Conercioe orarcrno. CH., 2002. C. 414.
28
K. Ttnnoe. nreparypa n inno ;; Knno. <.> 192b, 17 nonpn. Unr. no
io::enrapnn: n HHK, c. bb0.
24
C:.: K. Ttnnoe. Hpoe:a crnxornopnoro naiia. ., 1924. C. 129.
2b
H:eercn n nn(y nepexo( c nnennoro, ce:norn~ecioro ~rennn (ecr nannca-
nnn) na omyninanne, cioienne no nociocrn nn e no nonepxnocrn nnci:a
(ecr nn(eo). C:.: V. !lusset. Geslen. \ersuch einer Phnomenologie. lranlurl;N.,
1997. C:. raie: A. Gu.d.. Die Spellalel der Schril im Nonilorsladium des lilms ;;
Nelz-leslschril . Joachim Paech (UPL: hllp:;;www.uni-lonslanz.de;paech2002;zdm;
main.hlm);
2b
C:.: K. Ttnnoe. Hpoe:a crnxornopnoro naiia. C. 129.
27
1a: e. C. 82. C:. raie: M. Xuno.tcxu. Hopy~ni Kne iai reopern~ec-
inn ]ni: ;; 1innnoncinn copnni: Bropie 1innnoncine ~rennn. Pnra, 198b. C.
2848 (a(eci: C. 29). O npenpamennn rpex:epnoro npocrpancrna n (nyx:epnyi noc-
iocri .ipana c:.: K. Ttnnoe. Knno cono :yaiia ;; HHK. C. 820822.
28
C:.: M. Xuno.tcxu. Hcropnn iyirypi iai ncropnn (yxa n ecrecrnennan ncro-
pnn ;; Honoe nreparypnoe ooapenne. 2008. ! b9. C. 4b.
29
C:.: !. Ailllet. Auschreibesysleme 18001900. Nnchen, 199b.
80
C:: A. Hansen-L.e. lnlermedialill und lnlerlexlualill. C. 82. C:. raie: G.
Wille. Nedienslepsis. Zur relexiven lnlermedialill von Lileralur in der Noderne ;;
Kullur als berselzung. K. Sldlle zum bb. Geburlslag. Wrzburg, 1999. S. 170.
81
K. Ttnnoe. Ho(nopy~ni Kne ;; K. 1innnon. Bocionan nepcona. Hapan-
noe. CH., 2001. C. 848.
82
C:. :noro~ncennie paori X. linrepa, nanp.: A. !nmep. Apxernni coner-
cion iyirypi ;; Conpeancrn~ecinn ianon. C. 748784, oco. 7447b0.
88
C:.: A. Aan.en-Leee. Pyccinn ]op:ana:. Nero(oorn~ecian peioncrpyinnn
paannrnn na ocnone npnnnnna ocrpanennn. N., 2001. C. 2b02b1.
84
A. Clatk. Socialisl Pealism wilh Shores ;; Socialisl Pealism wilhoul Shores.
Durham; London, 1997. P. 28.
8b
K. Ttnnoe. Hpoe:a crnxornopnoro naiia. C. 9.
8b
K. Ttnnoe. |Hapocin i O io:noannnn Lnrennn Onernna] ;; HHK.
C. 417.
87
K. Ttnnoe. Coipamenne mraron ;; HHK. C. 14b14b.
88
F. Xxo6con. O xy(oecrnenno: peana:e |1921] ;; Paori no no.rnie. N.,
1987. C. 887898.
89
O cnenapnix paorax 1innnona c:. H. 3opxa. 1innnon n inno ;; Bonpoci
innonciyccrna. 19b7. ! 10. C. 2b829b; H. Cnuan. 1innnon-cnenapncr ;; Ha
ncropnn en]ni:a. Bin. 8. ., 1978. C. b177; H. Cnuan. 3icnenrpna: iai
cnoco paaneprinannn ncropn~ecioro ciera. Cnenapnie paori K. H. 1innnona ;
; Knnone(~ecine aanncin. 1990. ! 7. C. 101109; !. Heil. Juri[ 1yn[anov`s lilm-
Worl. 1wo lilmscri pls: Lieulenanl Kie (1927, 198884) and 1he Nonley and lhe
Bell (1982) ;; Pussian Lileralure. 1987. ! XXl. P. 847bb8; A. Ma.an0-Aancen.
"%
Knnoreopnn n innonpairnia pyccinx ]op:ancron ;; Knnone(~ecine aanncin. 1990.
! 7. C. 11b121.
40
C:.: A. Clatk. Ulopian Anlhropology as a Conlexl or Slalinisl Lileralure ;;
Slalinism: Lssays in Hislorical lnlerprelalion. N.Y., 1977. P. 180198; H. Cuupnoe.
Conpeana:: anrponoorn~ecioe na:epenne ;; Conpeancrn~ecinn ianon. C. 1b80;
A. !nmep. Conpeana: n yronn~ecioe :imenne ;; 1a: e. C. 4148.
41
C:.: . Wutm. Wachs;Persona: Abdrucl & Pseudo-Organismus. Nalerial-
Anlhropologie in Juri[ 1yn[anovs \oslova[a persona ;; Schrilen Dinge
Phanlasmen. Lileralur und Kullur der Noderne l. Nnchen, 2002. S. 8188b8.
42
O ana~ennn .innnaenra n :aonanecrno: cnenapnn 1innnona Oeanna n
iooio c:.: A. .u6au. Koncrpyinnn :nn:ocrn. C. 142.
48
A. xoecxu. Ha (nennnia.198219b9 ;; 3na:n. 1992. ! 11. C. 1b4.
44
C:.: A. .u6au. Koncrpyinnn :nn:ocrn. C. 182171. 3(eci na(o (oannri,
~ro rinnnoncinn :onra i(en n npe(:eron, nnoro n :eprnoro, (n 5i:ay:a
pe~enon, a ne rpa]n~ecinn npne:: conecnie ioncrpyinnn oiaainaircn ne aanncii,
norannen apnreinix, a n cnoeopaani: ncroio: (C. 142).
4b
K. Ttnnoe. nperro inno]ni:a Lnnei ;; Ha ncropnn en]ni:a.
Bin. 8. ., 1978. C. 7879.
4b
K. }uetn. Haeorpa::i n ]ni:e Lnnei ;; 1innnoncinn copnni:
Bropie 1innnoncine ~rennn. Pnra, 198b. C. 1427, 2b2b.
47
Ocnonannan na ce:nornie reopnn nnrep:e(nainocrn c~nraer ne:oe inno :o-
no:e(ny:o:. C:.: A. Hansen-L.e. lnlermedialill und lnlerlexlualill. S. 28.
48
K. Lomuan. Ce:nornia inno n npoe:i inno.crernin ;; K. or:an. O
nciyccrne. CH., 1998. C. 817.
49
1a: e. C. 818.
b0
Hnrepec 1innnona i nncareicio:y pe:ecy nn(en ne roiio no ncex ero po:a-
nax n nonecrnx, no n n neocymecrnennix aa:icax anropa n 80-x rr., ior(a, cy(n no
aa:eria:, 1innnon paora na( rain:n re:a:n, iai Ho~epi. Harnar n aan:crnona-
nne. |...] nn Paccinannin mpn]r. 3na:ennrie one~arin. 'nrarei npenciypan-
ron. Binecin. O noyaanennn crnxon; o(naio aa:erin roro npe:enn yiaainair n na
~peani~annin ipnanc nncareicioro craryca n nonon .pe, ero ira n ero ]yninnn.
(C:.: E. To00ec. Heocymecrnennie aa:ici 1innnona ;; 1innnoncinn copnni:
Hepnie 1innnoncine ~rennn. Pnra, 1984. C. 87).
b1
Ho(ponee o .ro: c:.: K. }uetn. K ce:nornie na(nncen n ne:o: inno (Ha(-
nnci n ycrnan pe~i) ;; 3epiao. Ce:nornia aepiainocrn (=1py(i no anaioni:
cncre:a: XXll). 1apry, 1988. C. 1481b4; K. }uetn. Hcropn~ecian penennnn inno.
Knne:arorpa] n Poccnn 189b1980. Pnra, 1991 (r. b: Penenrnnnin con ]ni:a.
Haopaenne n na(nnci iai io:nonenri :ece:norn~ecioro nepeno(a. C. 274821).
b2
C:.: . Lunexu. Lnnei crpyirypana:a ;; Honoe nreparypnoe ooape-
nne. 1998. ! b. C. 8844; M. Xuno.tcxu. ]e:on n anpnnr. N., 199b. C. 18b1.
b8
C:.: K. Mpanoe. Hnci:o n ycrnan pe~i n (nciypcax o naiie 1980-x ro(on:
H. Napp ;; Conpeancrn~ecinn ianon. C. b99b08.
b4
C:.: !. Mutao.. Orlhographie und Karneval. Nilola[ Gogol`s schizoides
Schrilverslndnis ;; Wiener Slawislischer Almanach. 1997. ! 89. S. 8b10b.
bb
. Jxen6au. Hiann ciaaa ;; Pussischer lormalismus. 1exle zur allgemeinen
Lileralurlheorie und zur 1heorie der Prosa. Nnchen, 1994.. S. 1bb. Cp.: Ni ncer(a
ronopn: o nreparype, o innre, o nncaree. Hnci:enno-ne~arnan iyirypa npny~na
428
nac i yine. Cono :i, innnnin, roiio nn(n:; ono ncer(a (n nac ne~ro nepaa-
pinno cnnaannoe c yinon. Ni ~acro conce: aainae:, ~ro cono ca:o no cee
nn~ero omero c yinon ne n:eer ~ro ono ecri nnan, no(nnnan (enreinocri,
opaaye:an rooco:, aprniynnnen, nnronannen, i ioropi: npncoe(nnnircn eme ec-
ri n :n:nia. Ni (y:ae: nncarei nnmer. Ho ne ncer(a .ro rai, a n oacrn
xy(oecrnennoro cona ~ame ne rai. He:enine ]noorn (Cnnepc, Capan n (p.)
necioiio er naaa( aaronopnn o neoxo(n:ocrn cyxonon` ]noornn
(Ohrenphilologie) n:ecro raanon` (Augenphilologie). 3ro ~peani~anno no(o-
rnopnan n(en (. Jxen6au. Hiann ciaaa ;; Pussischer lormalismus. 1exle zur
allgemeinen Lileralurlheorie und zur 1heorie der Prosa. Nnchen, 1994. S. 1b0).
bb
C:.: . unoepa0oe. Hpoe:a ciaaa n crnncrnie ;; Pussischer lormalismus.
1exle zur allgemeinen Lileralurlheorie und zur 1heorie der Prosa. S. 1b8207.
b7
O ana~ennn :acin n rnop~ecrne 1innnona, ocoenno n Bocionon nepcone,
c:.: M. Xuno.tcxu. ]e:on n anpnnr (rana Nacia, ana:op]oaa n :oncrp. C.
2072b2). C:. raie: A. Hansen-L.e. Die Pealisierung und Lnlallung semanlischer
liguren zu 1exlen ;; Wiener Slawislischer Almanach. 1982. ! 10. S. 1972b2.
B pannen paore X. linrepa o loroe ncrpe~aercn nnrepecnoe nai(enne o ro:, ~ro
rinnnoncioe nonnrne :acin y Bnnorpa(ona aa:ennercn nonnrnn:n noprpera, noprper-
noro naopaennn. (H. Gnlhet. Das Grolesle bei N. \. Gogol`. lormen und lunllionen.
Nnchen, 19b8. S. 82).
b8
K. Ttnnoe. ]ocroencinn n loroi ;; HHK. C. 201.
b9
C:.: A. Hansen-L.e. Ggl. Zur Poelil der Null- und Leerslelle ;; Wiener
Slawislischer Almanach. 1997. ! 89. S. 188808. O :aciax pe~en c:.: . Lx.oe-
cxu. Kai c(ean ]on-Knxor ;; B. Lioncinn. O reopnn npoai. N.; ., 192b. C.
709b. O aa:acinponannn npne:on n npne:e rpn:nponin c:.: . Lx.oecxu.
Honea rann ;; 1a: e. C. 110.
b0
O rpaironie ciaaa n cnere :e(nainon reopnn na npn:epe loron c:.: N. Dtubek-
Mepet, H. Mepet. Gogol` medial: Slaz(li) i Zapisli ;; Wiener Slawislischer Almanach.
1997. ! 89. S. 1071b4.
b1
O conocranennn :acin c iapniarypon, ioropan nponano(nr :aicn:ainoe cxo(-
crno nyre: narn(non .innnaenrnocrn, r. e. ea oreirnnnoro peana:a, c:.:
E. Gombtich. Nasle und Gesichl. Die Wahrnehmung physiognomischer hnlichleil im
Leben und in der Kunsl ;; Kunsl, Wahrnehmung, Wirllichleil. lranlurl;N., 1977. S.
10. Orn~ne :acin or nna a(eci oocnoninaercn n:enno re:, ~ro ona nponano(nr
rpyoe cxo(crno necxo(noro n ~ro ona ca:a orionenne or nop:.
b2
O rinnnoncion ionnennnn nn(eicainoro anaia c:.: A Hansen-L.e. Die
Pealisierung und Lnlallung semanlischer liguren zu 1exlen. S. 204.
b8
M. Xuno.tcxu. Ha:nri 1npecnn. N., 1998 (rana Hepcona iai nnreprei-
cryainoe reo (Hopy~ni Kne 1innnona). C. 889.
b4
N. Dtubek-Mepet, H. Mepet. Gogol` medial. S. 111.
bb
K. Ttnnoe. Ho(nopy~ni Kne. C. 841.
bb
O pon onncin n cnenapnnx 1innnona c:.: M. Xuno.tcxu. Hepcona iai
nnrepreicryainoe reo. C. 88b.
b7
C:.: M. Xuno.tcxu. Hopy~ni Kne iai reopern~ecinn ]ni:. C. 80. B ]ni:e
nnin~ecinn nponecc nepenncinannn n nepe~nrinannn (oiy:enra or nncapn (o napn n
oparno aann:aer ana~nreinoe npe:n n noiaaano ne ea nponnn.
"'
b8
O naan:oornomennn :e(y nnayaini:, napparnnni: n pnropn~ecin: nao-
ennn:n rep:nna ]nrypa c:.: C. 3enxun. Honie ]nrypi. 3a:erin o reopnn 8 ;;
Honoe nreparypnoe ooapenne. 2002. ! b7. C. 8488b1.
b9
A. Aan.en-Leee. Pyccinn ]op:ana:. C. 1b01b1.
70
. Menke. Allegorie, Personiilalion, Prosopopie. Sleine und Gespensler ;;
Allegorie. Koniguralionen von 1exl, Bild und Lellre. Opladen, 1998. S. b0.
71
!. !tonlisi-Ductoux. Du masque au visage. Aspecls de l`idenlil en Grce ancienne.
Paris, 199b. P. 10, 17.
72
Bropon nepeno( npono(nrcn na nociocri .ipana, r(e c ca:oro na~aa Kne
(oen i nonnnricn: n n ia~ecrne reicra Ho((no)py~ni Kne ioeercn :e(y
anpa:n pacciaaa n cnenapnn (C:.: !. Heil. Juri[ 1yn[anov`s lilm-Worl. P. 8b88bb.)
78
C:.: C. Chase. Linem Namen ein Gesichl geben ;; Paradoxe Nelapher. lranlurl;
N., 1998. S. 41448b.
74
C:.: !. Dettida. De la grammalologie. Paris, 19b7. P. 40b40b; H. Mepet. (lch)
meine russland: lnbesilznahme des Namens als Kredilaunahme (K[uchel`beler plus;
minus 1yn[anov) ;; Nein Pussland. Lilerarische Konzeplualisierungen und lullurelle
Pro[ellionen. Nnchen, 1997. S. 8b8b (a(eci: C. 72).
7b
C:.: K. Ttnnoe. O ocnonax inno. C. 89.
7b
Bepnee, ona n o(nn ro( nonnnaci cpaay n (nyx nepeno(ax, n Nocine n n ennn-
rpa(e. C:.: Knnone(~ecine aanncin. 199b. ! 2b. C. 111112. 1a: e penynionana
innra 5aama.
77
K. Ttnnoe. O ocnonax inno. C. 4844.
78
C:.: nno conercioro airepa. N., 198b. C. 9. C:. ra: e: Opaa ~eoneia na
.ipane opaa ]ororpa]n~ecinn (C. b).
79
K. Ttnnoe. O ocnonax inno. C. b8. C:. raie: . Aa.ancxu. Hpnpo(a inno
;; Ho.rnia inno. C. b089. 1a: e n ronopnrcn o rpa]n~ecion ]airype inno (C. b4).
80
O cxo(crne ionnennnn 1innnona c neproncion reopnen npo:eyria c:.:
D. Aujundi. Dziga \erlov or lhe Pelurn o lhe Sighl (live lnlervals) ;; Apparalur
und Phapsodie. Zu den lilmen des Dziga \erlov. lranlurl;N., 2000. S. 171199.
81
C:.: G. Didi-Hubetman. Phasmes. Kln, 2001. S. 11.
480
AHKL XLHHHl
O5O5LLHHL KHHO]PANA1YPlHH
O1 KHHO]PANA1YPlHH ]O ]PANA1YPlHH HCKYCC1B
Knno(pa:aryprnn nnnercn ocoi: anpo: n conercion ncropnn :e(na.
3ro onpe(eenne npncnona cee ]op:npyimancn n 1980-e rr. pe]eicnn
cnenapnoro rnop~ecrna. C nne(ennon n 1984 ro(y npairnion nyniannn cne-
napnen (o n neaanncn:o or noce(yimen .ipannaannn .ror anp npnopera-
er anrono:ni
1
. Cnenapncri nponoaramaircn anropa:n, nx reicr ornnner-
cn ocnonon ]ni:a, n e:y npnnncinaercn xapairep aaion~ennoro n ca:ocron-
reinoro nponane(ennn nciyccrna. Ca:ocronreinocri cnenapnn coa(aer n~-
nyi, n nicoion crenenn n::anenrnyi ncropni cnenapnoro nciyccrna, ioro-
pan y(er npo(oaricn nnori (o pacna(a Conercioro Coiaa. Onnpanci na
cocrnennin (nciypc
2
, .ra ncropnn ocnoninaercn na pe]eicnn npe(i(ymnx
]op: cnenapnoro rnop~ecrna (a ne na ncropnn inno, nreparypi nn rearpa).
lnpn(nocri nanncannoro ]ni:a
8
pacnoaraercn n nep]op:arnnnon o-
acrn, a na(anne n innnon ]op:e ocraercn cnoo(ni: or n:ne:enrannn.
1ai, Knrrep yno:nnaer n .ron cnnan nne(enne :e(nainix ]op: n (pyrne
:e(na ]ororpa]nn nponane(ennn nnonncn, na(nncn n ]ni:e n ia(pnin,
nii~ennie n ia~ecrne cnn:ion n reicri
4
.
Ha :arepnae inno(pa:aryprn~ecinx :onorpa]nn H. Honona, B. 1ypinna,
A. 'npiona, B. Boiienmrenna, B. Knaioncioro n cynpyron Kpan~enio, nn-
nimnxcn ocnononoaraimn:n n inno(pa:aryprn~ecion reopnn 1980-x rr.,
:i npoce(n: aa nponecco:, n ioropo: inno(pa:aryprnn ni(ener cen n
ia~ecrne omen (pa:aryprnn nciyccrn nreparypi, rearpa n inno. C ro~in
apennn rpa(nnnonnix nn(on nciyccrn onroorn~ecinn, .crern~ecinn n :e(n-
ainin craryc cnenapnn ocranacn co:nnreini:. Cnenapnn i ne nemii, a
nmi noy]apniaro:, ne nponane(enne:, a roiio nano:. On ne i nn
]ni:o:, nn nreparypon, n :e(nainan rnpn(nocri cnenapnn coornercrnona-
a ero .crern~ecion rnpn(nocrn.
Ni pacc:arpnnae: inno(pa:aryprni n ionreicre :e(naino-ncropn~e-
cion nocranonin nonpoca o nonn:annn n oprannaannn :e(na n iyirype cra-
nncion .noxn. Hepapxn~ecian oprannaannn nonrn~ecion n connainon c]ep,
nocrenennoe crnpanne rpannn :e(y nciyccrno: n npairnion iyirypnon
io::ynniannn, a raie npnopnrer c:icoopaayimen ]yninnn npe(noara-
ir cymecrnonanne napaeinix ]op: oprannaannn n n :e(nainon npairn-
ie. 3ro no(paay:enaer n nan~ne ne(ymero :e(na, naxo(nmerocn na nepxymie
nepapxnn aro(apn cnoconocrn y~me (pyrnx cynri cpe(crno: pacnpo-
crpanennn n(eoore:. Bce ocrainie :e(na nicrynair n ia~ecrne crynen~a-
rix rpancnnnn n(eoore:i na ce:anrn~ecio: yponne, npoapa~no na ]op-
"!
:aino: n nicrparnnno na :arepnaino: yponne. B neo: .ro coorner-
crnyer npairnie nenaypi c ee cynep:e(na nnci:o:. Uenaypa (e:arepna-
nayer nnci:o, n ono cranonnrcn rnnorern~ecion cra(nen ncnioro nipae-
nnn. 1ai iai ian ]op:a :e(nanaannn, y(i ro ne~ari nn cneiraii, nno-
nncnoe nponane(enne nn ]ni:, npoxo(nr ~epea npe(napnreinyi nenaypy,
nnci:o nicrynaer n ia~ecrne npo:eyro~noro anena :e(nainix rpancn-
nnn. 1ai .ro nponcxo(nr c :e(naini:n cionennn:n opaaa, po:ana, cne-
napnn, ]ni:a n nieci 'anaen. 3(eci nnci:o nicrynaer n ia~ecrne nnrep-
naa rex :e(na, ioropie ono paare(nnner n coe(nnner
b
.
B 1980-e rr. (eari o :e(na ne ne(yrcn n nnnon ]op:e. Ne(nainan npo-
e:arnia, cranman nnpyenrnon c nnrerpannen anyionoro ]ni:a n iyirypy,
ocnannaercn n ]op:e (nciyccnn o naan:oornomennnx paan~nix nn(on nciyc-
crna, npn~e: (nciyccnn ne(yrcn n ocnonno: ne (enren:n nciyccrn, a croponnn-
:n nocpe(nnia:n
b
. Ha npn:epe inno(pa:aryprnn, c ee coornercrnne: .crern-
~ecion n :e(nainon rnpn(nocrn, npocennaercn cnnai :e(y paan~ni:n
nn(a:n nciyccrn n :e(nainon rpancnnnen. 1ain: opaao:, inno(pa:aryprnn
nepenn:aer (nciyccni o cnnan nreparypi n inno n no(cny(no pacc:arpnnaer
cnnai :e(y :e(na nnci:a n ia(po:-(nnenne:, onepnpyn n nnrep:e(nai-
non aone nciyccrn nreparypi, inno n rearpa
7
. Le ncce(onanne (onyciaer
ipnrn~ecioe ornomenne i :ero(a:, onpe(enimn: ne(ymnn :e(ny: naccnnno
n n aanncn:ocrn or npe(no~nrae:on n(eoore:i
8
. Pacc:orpenne nonpoca o
nonn:annn n cncre:arnaannn :e(na n iyirype cranncioro nepno(a iai ion-
ipernin nonpoc o ]op:ax ee nnrep:e(nainocrn n:eer n eme o(no npen:yme-
crno. Kpo:e ionnenryanaannn :e(na iai cpe(crn :acconon io::ynniannn,
(nciyccnn noipyr rep:nna nnrep:e(nainocri onnpaercn na noa(nne ]op:a-
ncrcine ionnenri n nx reopern~ecine airepnarnni nepno(a 192080-x rr.
9
.
Paannrne axrnncioro nonnrnn (naor n reopnn nnrepreicryainocrn n noa(ne-
]op:ancrcioro rep:nna (o:nnanra n ia~ecrne :o(yca ornomennn n cncre-
:e nciyccrn
10
coe(nnnircn, rain: opaao:, n ionnennni anrono:nn :e(na n
(n]]epennnainoro nonn:annn nnrep:e(nainocrn.
]n inno(pa:aryprn~ecion reopnn 1980-x rr., npe(arae:on na:n (n pac-
c:orpennn, xapairepen rep:nnoorn~ecinn anrn]op:ana:. 3(eci nonn:a-
nne :e(nainocrn n nnrep:e(nainocrn n inno(pa:aryprnn crainnaercn c
]op:ancrcin:n paapaoria:n anrono:nn :e(na n (n]]epennnainon nn-
rep:e(nainocrn. Yponeni acrpairnix paa:imennn inno(pa:aryprn~ecioro
(nciypca 1980-x rr. orpann~nnaercn aa:emenne:, c:emenne: n ncii~enne:
]op:ancrcinx nonnrnn. 1eopernin (pa:aryprnn naxo(nrcn n oee nn :e-
nee nnno: ne(arorn~ecio: ionreicre, n ioropo: acrpainnn cynr npe(e
ncero nop:nponanni. Onn aannnir o cnoe: oraro: onire n ia~ecrne cne-
napncron n o na:epennn npn(ari e:y nnci:ennyi ]op:y na aro y(ymnx
noioennn. 3ro noanoner c(eari nino( o aarpy(nnreino: nooennn reo-
pnn, necnoconon oecne~nri cnoi npee:crnennocri nne c]epi reneparnnno-
ro nocnponano(crna (or :acrepa i y~enniy).
Ni onncinae: inno(pa:aryprni c no:omii naopa napa:erpon. Ho ana-
ornn c :o(eii anaionix cncre: Li:cena n name: ananae npn:ennircn
~eripe noiaaaren
11
. Cycrannnn n ]op:a npornnonocraneni (pyr (pyry c
482
o(non croponi, a nipaenne n co(epanne c (pyron. ]na nonnrnnnix na-
na cipemnnaircn. 4op:a n cycrannnn paan~aircn n nane aprniynnnn:
]op:a aprniynponana, cycrannnn nenpepinna. Bipaenne n co(epanne
paan~aircn n nane :arepnainocrn: nipaenne :arepnaino, a co(epa-
nne n::arepnaino. B ioniperno: npnoennn i inno(pa:aryprnn nn(no,
~ro crni :imennn 1980-x rr. ne (n]]epennnainin, a io:nnannonnin.
Ko:nnannn :icnrcn iai npo(yirnnnan: ipo:e io:nnnpye:oro, ona npona-
no(nr (oano~nyi .crern~eciyi nennocri. ]n]]epennnannn, nanpornn, one-
nnnaircn iai npennrcrnnn, a ne iai ooramenne. Knno(pa:aryprnn onapy-
nnaer cycrannnana: co(epannn.
]encrnnreino, nipnconinaercn nepapxnn, na nnie ioropon pacnooena
cycrannnn co(epannn. Ona aprniynpyercn ]op:a:n co(epannn n :are-
pnanayercn n ]op:ax nipaennn. Ne(nanaannn cycrannnn co(epannn
onponepraercn na nname: yponne cycrannnn nipaennn. Ne(nainocri, ec-
n no( nen nonn:ari opaaonanne ]op: nipaennn n ]op: co(epannn no-
cpe(crno: cnoeopaanocrn cycrannnn nipaennn, n iyirype cranncion
.noxn ne npnanaercn.
CY5C1AHUHA CO]LPAAHHA: H]LHHOL 5OlA1C1BO
Bo ncex reopnnx cnenapnn aa ocnony npnnn:aercn n(en. H(en ecri c:i-
conan cycrannnn. H::arepnainan n nenpepinnan, ona raie nnnercn ne-
onpe(en:on. Hapa(oicaini: opaao: nn o(nn reoperni inno(pa:aryprnn
ne co:nenaercn n ro:, ~ro n:enno neonpe(en:an n(en onpe(ener xy(oecr-
nennoe ia~ecrno cnenapnn.
Bce(crnne cycrannnanaannn n(en inno(pa:aryprn~ecioe nponane(e-
nne nocronnno ioeercn :e(y nponane(enne: n(eaini: n nponane(enn-
e: ecione~ni:.
Xy(oecrnennin cnenapnn nnnercn ne npo(yiro: nponano(crna, a ero
ncro~nnio:. Ornomenne raioro nponano(crna i n(eay ecri ornomenne no-
noro ncro~nnia n :aicn:ainoro y(onernopennn. B:ecro .iono:nin ne(o-
cra~n opaayercn .iono:nia oecne~ennn, a n:ecro .iono:nin eannn
.iono:nia y(onernopennn
12
. Airyainan npairnia :aicn:aino y(one-
rnopner norpenocri n nciyccrne, a nenc~epnae:in ncro~nni nnnercn ero
rapanro:. Lcn reoperni inno(pa:aryprnn A. 'npion ioncrarnpyer, ~ro co-
nercioe nciyccrno n:eer nicoinn n(ea, ro .ro ne ana~nr, ~ro ono ero ne
(ocrnraer nn nnior(a ne (ocrnrner, a ronopnr nmi o ro:, ~ro nciyccrno
oa(aer nenc~epnae:i: ncro~nnio:, n(enni: orarcrno:
18
. B a:epnian-
cio: inno ner xy(oecrnennoro cnenapnn, noro:y ~ro ono oa(aer ne n(en-
ni: orarcrno:, a roiio ]apnianra:n cieron
14
.
Heaanncn:o or roro, cioiio y(onernopennn ~epnaer airyainan npairn-
ia na n(eaa, on ncer(a ocraercn noni:, rapanrnpyn ecione~nocri npairnin,
ioropan nipaaercn n ecione~non pe(ainnn nponane(ennn. H(ea rapanrn-
pyer ecc:eprnocri npairnin n naanner conercioe nciyccrno or :ornna
c:eprn nciyccrn. Hponane(enne, nnraimeecn or ncro~nnia, nnnercn ne opn-
rnnao:, a n cnoi o~epe(i ncroio: nonon pe(ainnn.
"!!
]nciypc nocronnno yrnep(aer noa:onocri :noecrnennon .ipannaa-
nnn cnenapnn, ioropin cranonnrcn ncroio: ]ni:a. 1ypinn cipemnnaer nce
nciyccrna c nreparypon n nponoaramaer ee n(ennon cycrannnen, ioropan n
npomo: nacimaa rearp nreparypnon (pa:on n y(er rain: e oorame-
nne: (n inno
1b
. Honon onncinaer nponecc rnop~ecrna, aanepmaimnncn ipn-
cranaannen n(en na neoprannaonannoro noroia n :era]opax oprann~ecion
nepereiaimen cycrannnn
1b
. Noer noiaaaricn neon(anni:, ~ro n yconn-
nx n(eoorn~ecioro ionrpon na( nciyccrno:
17
reopernin oecro~air noe-
:niy npornn nonn:annn n(en iai npe(mecrnyimero nponane(enni n(eoorn-
~ecioro niciaainannn. Ho rain: opaao: nponcxo(nr noniria or(enri n(ei
or :e(nainon nnrepnperannn, a raie orneprnyri n(eoorni n ia~ecrne yponnn
ynn]niannn nciyccrn.
1ypinn orionner paan~enne Cyripnni: n(eoorn~ecioro niciaaina-
nnn n ia~ecrne omen re:i n xy(oecrnennon n(en n ia~ecrne ioniper-
non re:i
18
. 3ry ionipernyi re:y Cyripnn onpe(en iai: :ici anropa
o oreire <r. e. n(ei. . T.>, npeo:ennyi n cnenn]nie (annoro nn(a
rnop~ecrna. 1ypinn, n cnoi o~epe(i, nacrannaer na ro:, ~ro :e(nainan cne-
nn]nia onpe(enercn ropaa(o noae: ]o .roro :o:enra aa:ice-aannia ne
n:eer eme conepmenno eccnopnix npnanaion inne:arorpa]n~ecion, inno-
cnenapnon cnenn]nin`. Ona, n pannon :epe, :oer iri npnnnra n aa aa:i-
ce nreparypnoro pacciaaa, n cnenn~ecion nieci, n cnenapnn
19
.
B nonpoce o :e(nainon .crernie inno(pa:aryprnn nano ro, ~ro n(ei n
n(eoorn~ecioe niciaainanne, npe(mecrnyimee nponane(enni, ne paan~air
:e(naino. 3ro ana~nr raie, ~ro paan~ne :e(y io::ynniarnnni: nai-
io: n naiio: nciyccrna enr nonce ne n nane :e(nainocrn, c ioropi:
nciyccrno ycranannnaer cnnai. Ornepran n(ei npe(mecrnyimero n(eoorn-
~ecioro niciaainannn, oa reopernia aann:aircn nipaorion ornomennn nc-
iyccrna i n(enno:y nany
20
.
'ro iacaercn inno(pa:aryprn~ecioro nponane(ennn, ro Honon aa:emaer
n(eoorn~eciyi ]yninni n(ennon. Ha :ecro nponaran(i n nocnnrannn, n
ioropix nepnona~aino n aaii~aaci n(eoorn~nocri nponane(ennn, nicry-
naer n(ennan ]yninnn crn:ynnnn n oprannaannn: H(en ecri (nnyman n
oprannayiman cna n rnop~ecio: nponecce
21
.
Ha paan~nix yponnnx :ono nai(ari, iai n(ennin nan niraercn
ycioianyri or onpe(eennn nne nponane(ennn. 1oionanne n(en n ia~ecrne
niciaainannn Honon orionner, rai e iai n no(~nnenne cnoen n(oxnonen-
non npairnin o(non ]op:ye. 4airn~nocrn (oiy:enra on npe(no~nraer na-
crniy :ony:enra, a neoparn:on :arepnainocrn ]ni:a nnpryainocri
reicra cnenapnn.
4OPNA CO]LPAAHHA
3e:enrapnon aprniynnnen c:ica, r. e. ]op:on co(epannn, nnnircn
cier n opaa. Hperen(yn na poi anropa ]ni:a, inno(pa:aryprnn ne :o-
er orpann~nricn ca:opeanaannen n inno(pa:aryprn~ecio: nponane(ennn.
484
Ona (ona paapaorari ]op:y, n onope na ioropyi n(en :oer nepereiari
na reicra n ]ni:. Ho.ro:y oro(ecrnenne ]op: co(epannn n ]op: nipa-
ennn, i ioropi: cionni reopnn :ono:e(nainix nciyccrn (nanpn:ep, 1eo-
pnn nreparypi 1n:o]eena
22
),

ne nai(aercn n inno(pa:aryprn~ecion reo-
pnn. Knno(pa:aryprnn aann:aercn ncecroponnen ]op:anaannen co(epa-
nnn. Heaanncn:ocri co(epannn or ]op: nipaennn npnno(nr cna~aa i
napparoornn, a aare: i omen (pa:aryprnn.
Ha yponne ]op: co(epannn inno(pa:aryprnn paapaarinaer nonnrne
pacipirnn. B ornomennn nponane(ennn i (encrnnreinocrn .ror rep:nn
nnnercn nace(nnio: nonnrnn orpaennn, ioropoe 'npion n 1989 ro(y
ynpaa(nner. Pacipirne :icnrcn nepnencrnyimn: n pn(e ]yninnn nao-
paennn n nipaennn
28
. Hpne:i penpeaenrannn n nipaanreinocrn
oarcn n ocnony onroornanponannoro nonn:annn, r. e. pacipirnn (encr-
nnreinocrn.
Pacipirne: c:iconon cycrannnn n ]op:ax co(epannn inno(pa:aryp-
rnn niraercn ycranonnri neocrnocri nponane(ennn, ioropyi ona :icnr ne-
aanncn:on or :e(na n npe(mecrnyimen nonomenni n :arepnae nciyccrna.
5opia aa cier npo(oaercn (o cepe(nni 1980-x rr. B .ron opie
inno(pa:aryprnn nicrynaer ne npornn cocrnennix ]op: co(epannn, a, npe-
(e ncero, npornn co(epareinix ]op: inne:arorpa]a n nreparypi. 3ro
ocoenno aa:erno npn narn(e na cnenapnn. Xorn cymecrnyir cnenapnn co
cai:n n nepecimenni:n ciera:n, o(naio nn cpe(n na(annix, nn cpe(n
nena(annix reicron 1980-x rr. ne onapynri ecciernix cnenapnen. Ho-
~e:y e ror(a inno(pa:aryprnn no(nn:aer npoe:y ecciernocrn n y~a-
crnyer n opie aa cier, ioropin n rai ye npncyrcrnyer no ncex cnenapn-
nx Lcn ocrannri n cropone iyirypno-nonrn~eciyi no(oneiy, ro ecci-
ernocri npnno(nr i ce(yime:y: npn orcyrcrnnn ciera yponeni co(epa-
nnn nponane(ennn rai ipenio npnnnainaercn i yponni nipaennn, ~ro n
peayirare ]op:i nciyccrna oiaainaircn nenepeno(n:i:n. Cier nno(nr
napparnnnyi ]op:y, ioncrnrynpyimyi co(epanne ncex :e(na.
Beponrno, n:enno opnenrannn penccypi na nan nipaennn npnno(nr i
ro:y, ~ro inno(pa:aryprnn c eriocrii npncnannaer cee npano na cier
n yrnep(aercn, rain: opaao:, iai ]op:a co(epannn. Kpo:e roro, inno(pa-
:aryprnn noy~aer nncrnrynnonainyi no((epiy n opie npornn airep-
narnnnix ]op: opaaonannn nana co(epannn, i ioropi: crpe:nrcn penc-
cypa. C pacnopnenne: o ne(onymennn penccepon i nanncanni cnenapnen
n orpann~enne: nx nono:o~nn penccepcin: cnenapne: caninnonnpyercn
npnopnrer inno(pa:aryprnn n c:icoopaaonareinix nonpocax.
Paapin or(einix nciyccrn c e(nnon cncre:on nciyccrna nepeno(nrcn n
paapin nnyrpn ia(oro nn(a. 1enepi ia(in nn( nciyccrna :oer opecrn
cocrnennyi neocrnocri roiio ~epea ore(nnenne c ciero:. 3ra neocr-
nocri ~ncro ce:anrn~ecian, rai ~ro (ae panno(ymne ciera no ornomenni
i or(eino:y nn(y nciyccrna, na ioropoe oripiro yiaainaer Honon, ne npnno-
(nr i aaii~enni, ~ro cier nnnercn nnemnn: no ornomenni i paan~ni:
nn(a: nciyccrna. 1yr nenaypa onnri nicrynaer iai :e(nainin nnrepna.
Ona paare(nnner ]op:ainyi n ce:anrn~eciyi cropony ncnioro nciyccrna
"!#
n coe(nnner ia(in nn( nciyccrna c ciero:. Paapin nnyrpn ia(oro or-
(einoro nn(a nciyccrna n nnyrpn ia(oro or(einoro reicra crannr ioe
nponane(enne no( yrpoay pac~enennn nocpe(crno: cocrnennix ]op: nipa-
ennn. 4op:i nipaennn yinaino paa(npair nponane(enne na iycin
24
,
npn .ro: ero neocrnocri oecne~nnaercn roiio ce:anrn~ecin n roiio
~epea cier. Hpeipamenne ]op:ainoro pac~enennn neocrnocrn nponcxo-
(nr aro(apn nimeyno:nnyron cycrannnanaannn n(en.
Cocpe(oro~enne na nacimennocrn nponane(ennn n ero ]op:ainon neo-
crnocrn npnno(nr i ro:y, ~ro n inno(pa:aryprnn ne paannnaircn ]op:i na-
npnennn. Ha]oc orarcrna n nacimennocrn ne (onyciaer ]op: cipiroro
nn nencnoro c:ica. 3ro ciaainaercn na anponon cncre:e, n ioropon, na-
npn:ep, orcyrcrnyir ipn:nnainie anpi, xorn ]op:ancrcinn cier-aa-
ra(ia
2b
n conercio: (nciypce ye aaii~a n cee :o(ei (n paannrnn
(pa:aryprnn nanpnennn. Ha .roro cranonnrcn ncno, ~ro cier ne nonn:aer-
cn iai ca:ocronreinin yponeni nponane(ennn. B ia~ecrne npn:epa :ono
npnnecrn ]ni: Omnia nnenepa Ko~nna, e(nncrnennin, oa(aimnn n
1980-e rr. naopo: nepconaen n cierni:n :ornna:n ipn:nnainoro ]ni-
:a. Hpn .ro: ero cier ocnoninaercn roiio na pacipirnn npecrynennn, a
ne na aara(ie nponcxo(nmero. B .ron (pa:e cier (n apnren ne n:eer
ana~ennn, a cynr roiio pacipirni xapairepa repoen. B Omnie nnene-
pa Ko~nna orcyrcrnyer nropon nan ciera, n ioropo: ipn:nnainin anp
paapaarina i ciernoe nanpnenne na ocnone ne(ocraria nn]op:annn n
ero nocnonennn.
Ho pyiono(crny B. Knaioncioro no io:noannnn cnenapnen :ono npo-
ce(nri aa npenpamenne: (pa:aryprnn nanpnennn n (pa:aryprni ynen~e-
nnn. B nenrpe nnn:annn anropa cronr aa:ena ]op:ancrcioro nonnrnn :o-
rnnnponin oee mnpoin: nonnrne: no(roronin. Ha ca:o: (ee Knaion-
cinn cynnaer nonnrne :ornnnponin, ioropoe y Lioncioro noanono no-
crpoenne ciera c ero ionna. 3ro cyenne (e:oncrpnpyer, ~ro Knaioncinn
no(paay:enaer no( ciero: nnni n o(no: na:epennn, ycrpe:ennyi roi-
io nnepe(, c na~aa n (o ionna. Ha :arepnae a:epniancioro cnenapnn 'n-
iaro on orncnner (oano~nie no(roronin: onn nonimair nnrepec, coa-
(air nipaanreinocri, nx naana~enne ycnnri |...] .]]eir ce(yimnx aa
nen <no(roronion. A. A.> :o:enron (encrnnn
2b
.
Honopor, n ioropo: Knaioncinn nnrepnpernpyer ]eno:eni ne(ocraria
iai (oanin, a crparernn ornn:annn iai onepannn ynen~ennn, ciaainaercn n
na ero rpaironie o(noro peinnanra na apcenaa iclion 'niaro. 3(eci A:oc
Xap(r naxo(nr o(ny no(nnaiy cnoen eni, ne y(y~n n cocronnnn oriciari
nropyi. Bropan no(nnaia onapynnaercn n ionne cnenapnn n iap:ane ee
ynroro ionnnia. Knaioncinn npeneperaer rpe:n nynira:n, ~ro ocoen-
no y(nnnreino na ]one ocy(ennn ]op:ancrcioro nonnrnn ciera-aara(-
in. Bo-nepnix, on ne opamaer nnn:annn na ro, ~ro .nnao( norepn o(non
no(nnain nponymen n nnnercn yrannanne: nn]op:annn na yponne ]ayi.
Bo-nropix, e(nnn~nan no(nnaia iaercn e:y nmnen no(nnaion, a ne ~acrii
napi, ioropan aa(aer aara(iy orcyrcrnyimen ~acrn n nno(nr nnrep]epennni
yponnen ]ayi n ciera. B rperinx, onapyenne e(nnn~non no(nnain Kna-
48b
ioncinn naainaer (oano~non no(roronion, a ne oro(nnnyri: na npe:n e(nn-
crno: ciera
27
.
Opaa ycranannnaer raioe e ornomenne i cycrannnn co(epannn n
oa(aer raion e neaanncn:ocrii no ornomenni i re: ]op:a: nipaennn,
iaine in paapaorani (n ciera. Kai ]op:a co(epannn on roe :oer
iri oomen (o acrpairnoro yponnn ynn]niannn nciyccrn. 'npion or:e-
~aer: Hpnne(ennie ni(epin pacciaainair o paore na( opaaa:n nncare-
en-npoaanion. O(naio nx :ero(i npn:enn:i n i (pyrn: nn(a: nciyccrna, n,
npe(e ncero i innonciyccrny, ocoenno naio:y i nreparype. 3a:ice
opaaa ne n:eer nniainx ~epr, cnenn]n~ecinx (n onpe(eennoro nciyccrna.
Cnenn]nia noanniaer, ior(a aa:ice npernopnercn n opaa nreparypnin,
rearpainin nn inne:arorpa]n~ecinn
28
.
Han co(epannn oiaainaercn re: ca:i: nano: :e(nainon acrpainnn.
4OPNL BLPAALHHA
Han nipaennn .ro nan :e(nainoro cnniperna:a, orn~aimnncn
or nana co(epannn, nnnimerocn nano: :e(nainon acrpainnn.
Honan nnrepnperannn ]op:ancrcioro rep:nna ciera ocoenno npio
(e:oncrpnpyer c(nnr ]op: c yponnn nipaennn na yponeni co(epannn.
1ypinn naeraer ropnaonrainoro npone(ennn anaornn :e(y ]op:a:n ni-
paennn (nnonnci, oprannaye:an :ero(a:n nreparypnon no.rnin) n ]op-
:nponanne: nnirorpa]nn. Ccianci na eccnnra, 1ypinn oriaainaercn or
anaornn :e(y onncanne: n nonecrnonanne:. On npe(no~nraer ]ororpa-
]n~ecin npan(nnoe naopaenne (encrnnn
29
, r. e. npoapa~nocri no ornome-
nni i ]op:a: co(epannn. 3ro noiaaareino, rai iai (e:oncrpnpyer, ~ro
noa:onocri ioppennnn nciyccrn na yponne nipaennn (encrnnreino oco-
anaercn n npnnn:aercn pemenne ncii~nri raiyi noa:onocri. 1ai 1ypinn
ca: ioncrarnpyer .]]eir: Cran neor~ernni:n rpann :e(y nacrn~e-
cin: opaao: n conecni: opaao:
80
. Hapaeino nponcxo(nr oriaa or
ce:anrn~ecinx .]]eiron ynn]nnnponannn paan~nix nn(on nciyccrn na ypon-
ne ]op: nipaennn. B cnoen ipnrnie 1ypinn ncnoiayer n ia~ecrne apry-
:enron nonnrnn aeropnn n :era]opi, ioropie 'npion ornepraer iai
cn:noniy
81
. B aeropnn ipnrniyircn nonnrnnnan onepannonnocri ce-
:anrnin n io:nnaropnia na yponne nipaennn
82
. Onn coraconinaircn c
onroornaannen n(en, ioropan (eaer xy(oecrnennyi ]op:y n ce:anrniy
ne(ocrynni:n n oocnoninaer ioncrnryrnnnyi npornnonoonocri nciyc-
crna n pnropnin. B .ro: onapynnaercn acoirnin npnopnrer c:icoo-
paaonannn. Kpo:e roro, nipnconinaercn npnnepennocri iyirypi i ionry-
pa: nciyccrn: inno nicrynaer nmi iai (ainenman :arepnanaannn nime-
cronmen
88
cycrannnn co(epannn napn(y c nnci:o: n cnenon. Knno ne no-
nn:aercn iai :e(na, anananpyimee ]op:i nipaennn (pyrnx nciyccrn, nn-
rerpnpyn nx n npononnpyn c(nnrn ionrypon c nx croponi.
3ra crparernn nariiaercn na rpannni ra:, r(e penepryap ]op: nipae-
nnn nciyccrn nopo(aercn cycrannnn:n nx nipaennn, n ni(nnraer nc-
"!%
iyccrna iai e(nnn~nie n n:eimne cnoi cnenn]n~eciyi cycrannnonai-
nocri. Hpn .ro: oriaae or (n]]epennnannn cnn:aircn paan~nn nciyccrn
n nx ]op:ax nipaennn. 1aioe oro(ecrnenne nanpaneno na ]op:i co-
(epannn n ne(er i pacrnopenni ]op: n omen (n ncex nciyccrn cy-
crannnn co(epannn. Hpn ncii~ennn nonecrnonannn nn oriaae or :onra-
a paan~nn nnoni onapynnair cen n no(~epinnair re: ca:i: cnoe
nponcxo(enne na :arepnaa or(einix nciyccrn. Hpoe:arnia e(nnn~-
nocrn ia(oro nn(a nciyccrna cnn:aercn na yponne co(epannn ore(nne-
nne: ia(oro nciyccrna c ciero:, a na yponne nipaennn cnniperna-
:o: rearpa. Ha (pa:aryprnn rearpa n nreparypnon (pa:aryprnn, cymecr-
nyimnx na yponne nipaennn, cnnreanpyercn oman (pa:aryprnn iai inno-
(pa:aryprnn. Cnoi ynnnepcainocri ona nmer n nane co(epannn n nnn-
ercn (pa:aryprnen c:ica.
Anananpyn (pa:aryprni na yponnnx co(epannn n nipaennn, nn(no,
~ro n 1980-e rr. ne cymecrnyer (pa:aryprnn ]ni:a. Heca:ocronreinocri
inno ciaainaercn n:enno n .ro: orcyrcrnnn cocrnennon (pa:aryprnn nipa-
anreinix ]op:. ]pa:aryprnn ]ni:a na~nnaer paannnaricn roiio noce
c:eni napa(nr: n 19b4bb rr.

n nmi aare: nnrerpnpyercn n inno(pa:aryp-
rni, ioropan ocraercn (pa:aryprnen c:ica
84
.

1a:, r(e n 1980-e rr. ncraer
npoe:a ]op: nipaennn ]ni:a, n ia~ecrne :o(en npn:ennercn cnnipe-
rna: rearpa. 4ni: nonn:aercn ne iai ]ni:, a iai nreparypnoe orione-
nne or rearpa. 1ypinn nnmer: Y inno ecri noa:onocrn, ioropix ner y
rearpa, n ioropie cnair ero c nreparypon. 3(eci ne npocennaercn
crpe:ennn nn i ca:oirnocrn, nn i nanpanenni orionennn, iai .ro (e:on-
crpnpyer nocronnnoe aa:iianne na nreparype: H n .ro: ornomennn inno
orn~aercn or rearpa n npnnaercn i nreparype
8b
. Orionenne or (pa-
:i nnior(a ne ne(er i inne:arorpa]n~ecion ]op:e, a ncer(a roiio i nre-
parypnon.
HPLO]OLHHL H1LPA1YPHOC1H
Hpeo(oenne nreparypnocrn nponcxo(nr n oriaae or yponnn nreparyp-
noro nipaennn, r. e. n oro(ecrnennn ]ayi n ciera n ncii~ennn
nonecrnonannn. Ha yponne ]op: co(epannn nocronnno ronopnoci o cie-
re, no n ocnonno: c oronopion, ~ro pe~i n(er o ]aye, ocymecrnnn, rain:
opaao:, c(nnr. 'npion peanayer .ror c(nnr n noce(onareino: oriaae or
npone(ennn paan~nn :e(y ]ayon n ciero:. On nnrnpyer oa ana:enn-
rix onpe(eennn 1o:amencioro n Lioncioro o paan~nnx :e(y ]ayon
n ciero:, npn .ro: n onpe(eennn Lioncioro no(~epinnaercn :arepnai-
nin acneir ]ayi n ioncrpyirnnnin acneir ciera, a y 1o:amencioro
(ononnreino yiaainaercn na paannny :e(y pe]epenrnocrii ]ayi n
penennnen ciera
8b
. Bor ~ro :i ~nrae: o oro(ecrnennn ]ayi n cie-
ra y 'npiona: Her cepieanix ocnonannn (n paarpann~ennn nonnrnn ]ay-
i n ciera. |...] Ne(y ]ayon n ciero: ner nonoro ro(ecrna, no (n
nac n namen paore paan~ne :e(y nn:n ne cymecrnenno
87
.
488
Hepnan ~acri npe(oennn coornercrnyer ncropn~ecion cnryannn inno-
(pa:aryprnn. Ha yponne ]op: nipaennn inno(pa:aryprnn pacna(aercn na
nreparypnie ]op:i nipaennn, aaii~aimnecn n nreparypno: cnena-
pnn, n rexnoreicr, ocymecrnnimnn nnci:enno-rpa]n~eciyi rpancnoannni
inne:arorpa]n~ecion ]op:i nipaennn n penccepcinn cnenapnn
88
. 3a-
:erno, ~ro paan~ne cnn:aercn n:enno ra:, r(e :ora i nanrn orpaenne
necona:epn:ocri nipaanreinix ]op: nreparypi n ]ni:a r. e. n
:ecre :e(nainon opii inno(pa:aryprnn c ]ni:o: n c nreparypon.
Penccypa nacrannaer na ro:, ~ro ]op:a nipaennn inno noanniaer npn
:onrae, r. e. na :onrano: croe, a ee npe(onpe(eenne n penccepcio:
cnenapnn c~nraercn nmi ycrynion. 1ai iai .ra ycrynia cnnaana c ]op:n-
ponanne: inne:arorpa]n~ecioro noopaennn, r. e. c noanninonenne: rex-
noreicra n noopaennn, yrnep(enne penccepcioro cnenapnn iai :ecra
cranonennn inne:arorpa]n~ecion ]op:i nipaennn co(encrnyer ren(en-
nnn: ynn]niannn (pa:aryprnn na yponne ]op: co(epannn
89
. 1ain: o-
paao:, inno(pa:aryprnn nonropner onepanni, npone(ennyi c nreparypno-
crii cnenapnn eme n ionne 1920-x rr. 1o~ion cnnnnn c noe:nion npornn
nreparypnocrn .:onnonainoro cnenapnn io raioe e nepe:emenne
:arepnainocrn reicra n oacri noopaennn
40
. Hocioiiy npn nocra-
nonie na o(nn omnn yponeni necon:ecrn:ocri ]op: nipaennn :oer
iri or:enena, ornomenne :e(y nreparypni: n penccepcin: cnena-
pnn:n cranonnrcn :ecro: paairpinannn ion]nira. 1panc]op:annn neco-
n:ecrn:ocrn n anrnno:ni nnnercn roranrapnon crparernen, ioropan mn-
poio pacnpocrpanena n aa pa:ia:n (pa:aryprnn
41
. Ho.ro:y noa:ono (py-
roe npo~renne npe(oennn 'npiona: :e(y ]ayon n ciero: (ona
ni(epnnaricn :aicn:ainan n(enrn~nocri, rai iai orcyrcrnne paan~nn
:e(y nn:n cymecrnenno (n namen paori.
]n coa(annn e(nnoopaann nreparypi rearpa n inno y nreparypi or-
nn:aercn ee ii~enoe nonnrne nonnrne nonecrnonannn. Hanpn:ep, 1ypinn
nnmer: Hanoee pacnpocrpanennan oeani, ioropon crpa(air namn cnena-
pnn, .ro nonecrnonareinocri
42
.

C ncii~enne: nonecrnonannn nc~eaaer
ocnonnon ioncrnrynpyimnn yponeni nreparypnon reicryainocrn. B reo-
pnn npoai on onncinaercn paan~ni:n nonnrnn:n: y 5apra iai napparnn-
nocri, y 1o(opona (nciypc, y Crnpe reicr ncropnn, y Aenerr nonecr-
nonanne. 3rn rep:nni orpaair yponeni nipaennn napparnna n crnnaa-
nnn :arepnainocrn .roro nipaennn
48
. Hcii~enne nonecrnonannn or:e-
nner neci yponeni nreparypnon reicryainocrn, ~ro n:eer cepieanie no-
ce(crnnn (n cncre:i anpon. ]nciypc 1980-x rr. ne ocoanaer, ~ro ncii~e-
nne nipaanreinocrn nonecrnonannn pa(n npoapa~nocrn c:ica ne~er aa
coon pa(niainoe cyenne noa:onocrn opaaonannn .roro c:ica. 1ai
ycrpannircn nce anpi, paoraimne ncii~nreino na yponne nonecrnona-
nnn: anronorpa]n~ecine anpi n ]op:i (nennnia, nocno:nnannn, opna:en-
rainie anpi (pnr:n~ecian npoaa n enr:ornnnan npoaa). Po:an n nonecri
nnano(nrcn (o napparnnnoro nana pacciaaa
44
. 3ro ciaainaercn n na rex
anpax, ~in napparnni nniopnopnponan yponeni oprannaannn coomennn.
Hpn:epo: cyar raie anpi, n ioropix yponeni coomennn nerarnnno
"!'
npnnnaan i napparnny. Honea rann, nnrpnra o:ana n ipn:nnainie an-
pi npe(noarair neaanncn:o oprannayimnncn yponeni coomennn, na ioro-
po: n ocymecrnnercn nepenoc, cipirne n ]aicn]niannn nn]op:annn. ]a-
e ea oriaaa or nnx n cny cnoen n(eoorn~ecion cnopnocrn .rn anpi
ncii~eni. Ocranmnecn anpi c npncymen n: (naeirnion opaaa n cie-
ra nocrenenno oriaainaircn or nonecrnonareinon nipaanreinocrn.
B cocronnnn c:enocrn ne roiio ycrpannircn nce n:nniannn ciera
iai ]op:i nipaennn, no n cynnaircn ]op:i ]ayi. Ye n 1984 ro(y
craryc ]ayinoro ciera i ipnrn~ecin:: (n pannen inno(pa:aryp-
rnn 1ypinna cymecrnonao eme (na rnna cieron (ro~nee, ]ay)
4b
. Hep-
nin rnn orn~acn npeoa(anne: ]ayi na( opaao:, n ne: n:eo cnon
nenrp nciyccrno coirnn. B ca:oipnrn~non perpocneirnne 1ypinn peai-
:npyer: n nciyccrne coirnn ]ayinan ornia nepeipinaa (pa:arn~eciyi
crpyirypy n npnno(na i nnemne:y (encrnni. Yno:nnanne neioropix n:en
ni(aer npnna(enocri ]ayinoro ciera i ananrap(no:y ]op:ana:y eme
oime, ~e: ooana~enne ero iai anei(orn~ecinn n crynen~arin
4b
. Hapn-
(y c cocrnenni:n cnenapnn:n i .ro:y rnny 1ypinn ornocnr nce cnenapnn
Lioncioro, 1innnona, 5pnia n 1payepra. C ]ayini: rnno: ciera anan-
ripnin anp n io:e(nn nooennn nina(air na cncre:i anpon 1980-x rr.
4ayinan crpyirypa nc~eaaer c yponnn naopaennn, n yionenne or
(pa:arn~ecion crpyirypi npnno(nr i ee nenaopaan:ocrn. 5io i rpy(no
n rpa]nie rai, iai :i c(ean .ro (n (pa:arn~ecion ]op:i, (ari
io:noannnonnyi cxe:y coirnnnoro ciera, rai iai naopaanri cioiio-
nny(i e(nnoopaano cepe(nny :e(y npooro: n .nnoro:, or aannain i
paannaie no~rn nenoa:ono
47
. Hpn~nny .ron nenaopaan:ocrn ne ce(y-
er nciari n necocronreinocrn reopernion. 4ayinan crpyirypa nenaopa-
an:a, noro:y ~ro ona ne cnnaana nn c o(nn: na onpe(eennn ]op: co(epa-
nnn, nopo(aimnx naopaenne.
HPLO]OLHHL CHLUH4HKH 4HLNA
Bne(penne (pa:aryprnn n :onranyi .crerniy nn(no n oprann~ecio:
ionrpanynire L. ]anrana, npe(noaraime: n acnnxponno: :onrae nan-
~ne nnyrpennen cnnan. B .ro: nynire (pa:aryprnn npn(aer :onray .crern-
~eciyi nennocri. Nncrn~ecinn nynir cipemennn pacnooen nne .ipana
n nne apnren. 3ro ro~ia nne(pennn c:iconon (pa:aryprnn, r(e npn
acnnxponno: nocrpoennn ynn~roaercn paaopnannocri |...] n noanniaer |...]
c:iconoe, (pa:aryprn~ecioe na~ao
48
.
Knno(pa:aryprnn npe(noaraer nan~ne n :onrae nnyrpennero e(nncr-
na cona. 1ypinn nnmer: Cnenapnn conecnan, nnyrpennnn` ]op:a inno-
iaprnni, rai e iai iaprnna ecri nnemnnn` apnreinan ]op:a .ron nnyr-
pennen`, :icennon n conecnon ]op:i, r. e. innocnenapnn
49
. B:ecro (pa:a-
ryprnn ]ni:a y~pe(aercn inno(pa:aryprnn.
Hocpe(crno: c:emennn :onraa n io:noannnn ninn(npyercn paan~ae-
:ocri nciyccrn n yrnep(aercn anropnrer cnenapnn na( :onrao:. Non-
440
ra, r. e. npnnnnn io:noannnn xy(oecrnennoro nponane(ennn, pacnooe-
nne, io:nononia :arepnaa. 3e:enri :onraa naxo(nrcn n xy(oecrnen-
no: nponane(ennn ioro nciyccrna. Hncarei nn io:noanrop roe :on-
rnpyir`, io:nonyir :arepna, pacnoarair ero coornercrnenno cnoe:y aa-
:icy. Kaaaoci i, n .ro: ner nn~ero cnenn]n~ecioro, ~ro orn~ao i
inne:arorpa] or nreparypi, (pa:aryprnn nn :yaiin. H c .ron ro~in ape-
nnn :onra ]ni:a, npnnnnn ero io:noannnn ye nenio: aaii~en n cne-
napnn
b0
. 1aie iai n n cy~ae c ciero:, nonnrne :onraa ynorpenercn
(aime, no pe(ynnpyercn ero na:epenne iai ]op:i nipaennn.
3ror nponecc nonropnercn n c nonnrne: ia(pa. 1ai iai ananrap(ncrcinn
:onra opnenrnpyercn na (n]]epennnanni innoia(pon, r. e. na ro co(epa-
nne, ioropoe coa(aercn croinonenne: n ne co(epnrcn n ia(pe, 'npion
(eaer nino(, ~ro ca: no cee ia(p nn~ero ne co(epnr. Hycro:y ia(py
npornnonocrannercn cycrannnaino nacimennin ia(p, co(epanne ioropo-
ro oprannayercn ciero: n opaao:. Hacioiio .rn na:enennn cymecrnenni,
noiaainaer ce(yiman nnrara Kyemona, ioropin oripi cnnraicn~eciyi
ce:anrniy ia(pa. B 1941 ro(y on nnmer: Bcno:nnre rany O cnenapnn`.
Haxo(enne ia(pon nnnercn peayiraro: nonn:annn |...] ciera |...] Ce-
(onareino, |...] xapairep ia(pon aanncnr or n(en nponane(ennn
b1
.
Nonra cranonnrcn renepi nmi rexnnion inno. Ocoennocrii inno co
croponi rexnnin cneroaanncn c~nrair nan n paiypc, a co croponi rexnnin
ioncrpyinnn opaaon c~nrair neorpann~ennie noa:onocrn :onraa; n
ia~ecrne innorexnnin :onra repner cnoi .crern~eciyi nennocri iai xy(o-
ecrnennan ]op:a nipaennn: Henocpe(crnennie nino(i xy(oecrnennix
aaionon na rexnn~ecion cnenn]nin necocronreini, ne(onycrn:i, nenay~-
ni
b2
. 3rn: nicrpnpyercn ne roiio or(eenne ]op: nipaennn or ]op:
co(epannn nciyccrna, o(nonpe:enno c .rn: onpe(enercn, n iaio: nanpan-
ennn :ono (eari nino(i n iain: opaao: onn :oryr iri coorneceni
(pyr c (pyro:. Ha ]op: co(epannn :oryr nenocpe(crnenno nino(nricn aa-
ioni io:noannnn. O(naio na ]op: nipaennn :onraa ne :oryr nino(nri-
cn nniaine ]op:i co(epannn.
lpannni .roro nponecca cranonnrcn ocoenno aa:erni npn paa(eennn
nreparypnoro n penccepcioro cnenapnen. 4yninnn :onraa, ne no((ai-
mnecn aaii~enni n pa:in inno(pa:aryprn~ecion io:noannnn, nepenocnrcn
n penccepcinn cnenapnn. 3ro iacaercn ncex io:nonenron rexnoreicra: ia(-
pnponannn, nana, npo(onreinocrn nana, cnera n anyia. Bi(nnenne rex-
nn~ecinx npne:on inno n ia~ecrne npne:on nciyccrna aarpy(nnercn. 5y(y-
~n npnnnaanni: i xy(oecrnennocrn reicra, penccep renepi no anrop,
no ~nrarei, no nepeno(~ni. Kai anrop penccepcioro cnenapnn on cra-
nonnrcn ~nraree: cnenapnn nreparypnoro, n nepe( nn: crannrcn aa(a~a
nonnri cnenapnn iai nreparypnoe nponane(enne n nepenecrn ero
b8
. 1a rpa-
nnna, ioropan crnpaercn :e(y nncaree: n (pa:arypro: c o(non croponi n
cnenapncro: c (pyron
b4
, ocoenno ~erio npono(nrcn :e(y cnenapncro: n
penccepo:.
""
BHY1PLHHAA H O5LAA ]PANA1YPlHA
Ocooe :ecro aann:air (pa:arn~ecine ]op:i nipaennn, ioropie n no-
no: ore:e ocnannaer inno(pa:aryprnn. Knnocnenapnn nonn:aercn iai pac-
mnpenne (pa:i, (ae ror(a, ior(a on ynn~roaer ee ]op:i.
3ro aa:erno y B. Boiienmrenna, n 1987 ro(y anananpyimero, iai inno-
(pa:aryprn~ecinn .nnao( paannaer (pa:arn~ecinn air. Hanpn:ep, ero aa-
nnci cnen
bb
na ocnone cnenapnn 'anaena no(rainnaer i nino(y, ~ro a(eci
o(non nnyrpennen cnryannn coornercrnyir ~eripe nnemnne. 1o~nan (pa:a-
rn~ecian crpyirypa ne(ymen nnnn oiaainaercn paanron na ~eripe ~acrn.
Knnocnenapnn ne paannnaer cneny: crpe:enne i ioporin: peie]ni: n
ocrpi: :o:enra: aacranner anropon cnenapnn pacce~i (pa:arn~eciyi cne-
ny (ae ror(a, ior(a ona ennrcn nenpepinno
bb
. 1ai iai ianonn~nocri npn-
:epa ne noanoner e:y oriaaaricn or ninnennon ren(ennnn, Boiienmrenn
na~nnaer nonci e(nncrna, ioropoe n ia~ecrne .crern~ecion npe(nociin on-
aareino (ono naxo(nricn n .ro: nponane(ennn-me(enpe. On naxo(nr ero
n n:ne:enrnponannn (pa:i n innocnenapnn: Bce .rn :o:enri nnnircn
no cymecrny o(non cnenon, paannnaimencn npen:ymecrnenno n (nnyme:cn
npocrpancrne, n ]nan~ecio: (nnennn: a(eci o(na nnyrpennnn cnryannn
b7
.
Y Kpan~enio n 1940 ro(y (pa:arn~ecinn air ye nirecnen .nnao(o: n
cnnraicnce paaneprinannn, npn~e: .ror nponecc aa:emennn ne conpono(a-
cn iain:n-no (eara:n nn ia:nannen. Hn Kpan~enio, nn Boiienmrenn
ne nonropnir npne:i c:emennn, ioropie npn:ennnci i nipaanreini: ]op-
:a: nreparypnoro nonecrnonannn n inne:arorpa]n~ecioro :onraa, Boi-
ienmrenn (ae oomaer (pa:arn~ecinn air, ioropin cranonnrcn nnyrpen-
nn: e(nncrno: .nnao(a
b8
.
Anaorn~no nocrynaer Boiienmrenn, or:e~an pacna( (pa:arn~ecinx ion-
nonoi, n:eimnxcn n innocnenapnn, no(ono .nnao(a:, necioiio (ecnrion. Ha
rpannnax .nnao(on Boiienmrenn oime ne naxo(nr (pa:arn~ecinx ionno-
noi, nmi napa(oicainie npoxo(nie ionnonin. Bnoni opamanci i rearpy,
on aa:e~aer, ~ro npoxo(nie ionnonin naxo(nrcn roiio na nepexo(ax cnen
nnyrpn aira, n npoxo(nr i reancy: 4ni: nocnpnnn:aercn iai o(nn air
b9
.
Pacna( (pa:arn~ecinx e(nnnn, na ioropin yiaainaer nx paa:noenne n
norepn rpannn, :or i npnnecrn i aaii~enni, ~ro ]op:i innocnenapnn ne
nnnircn (pa:arn~ecin:n nen~nna:n. O(naio y Boiienmrenna na .roro
ce(yer, ~ro nreparypa n inno nnnircn nonepxnocrn:n nnyrpennen (pa:i,
r. e. nipaennn:n omen (pa:aryprnn.
1ain: opaao:, (pa:arn~ecine ]op:i nipaennn pacnpocrpannircn (a-
eio aa npe(ei nx (encrnnn (o rex nop, noia onn ne cranonnrcn .:nnpn~ecin
nepaan~n:i. 1or con inno(pa:aryprnn, ioropin crapaercn iri omen (pa-
:aryprnen, cranonnrcn no(no(ni: re~enne: (pa:i (Cranncancinn).
H:enno rai nponcxo(nr (e:arepnanaannn (naora. Lro ornomenne i cno-
en naiionon riann cranonnrcn acrpairni: ornomenne: i ]op:a: nipae-
nnn. B (naore nniro ne ronopnr: Ni ne non:e: (pa:arn~ecioro nponane(e-
nnn, ecn :i y(e: nocnpnnn:ari (naor iai c:eny-nrpy ~yncrn nn iai
o:en :icen. Nao roro: roiio ycranonnn (encrnennoe naana~enne pen-
442
ni, :i non:e: no(nnnoe co(epanne ~yncrn n :icen, nipaennix n
(naore,no 0ua.oe ecmt pa.eumue 0ecmeu
b0
. Yiaaanne na ro,~ro cono n
(naore ne coomaer, ne nnnercn o:eno: :icn, yro~nnercn Kpan~enio:
Pennia n innocnenapnn ncer(a pannonpannin n nononennin .e:enr in-
ne:arorpa]n~ecioro (encrnnn, a ne cpe(crno (n oee no(ponon nn]op:a-
nnn apnren
b1
. Kpo:e roro, n (naore cono ne nnnercn nocnree: nn]op-
:annn. Ono ne or(einan e(nnnna, a noro:y ne oa(aer cocrnenni: c:ic-
o:. 4op:a ero ana~ennn ne conecnan: ona aaii~aercn n co(epareinon
]op:e (encrnnn.
B (naore nocnpnnn:air ]op:y co(epannn, nor no~e:y ee nenocpe(cr-
nenno cnnainair co anyio: n oxo( rooca: B ocnonno: (naor anyionoro
]ni:a n:eer (ne ]yninnn n ne: paannnaercn cier n on pacipinaer
xapairep repon
b2
. ]naor ne (oen pacnoananaricn nn iai nnci:ennin, n
ron a]]eirannn reicra n pe~n
b8
, nn iai ycrnin, rai iai .ro npnno(nr i
rpyo:y narypana:y, i nannni: n eaniycni: no((eia: no( napo(nyi
pe~i
b4
.
CY5C1AHUHH BLPAALHHA
B cnoen xponnie naera inno(pa:aryprnn 1ypinn (eaer cno(iy apry:en-
rannn inmnx npornnnnion innocnenapnn. Cnenapnn ne norpenercn |...]
nyre: ~rennn |...] Cnenapnn nenio: n ea ocraria nc~eaaer n innoiaprnne,
npn~e: n innoiaprnne on ne nn(en` n ne cimen`
bb
.

1. e. apry:enro:
npornn xy(oecrnennoro xapairepa innocnenapnn io ro, ~ro on nnnercn
acoirno nyenon ]op:on ea ncnion cycrannnn. On i ne ~nrae:i:, ne
cimn:i: n ne nn(n:i:.
Hpn(anne cnenapni cycrannnn io nepni: na:epenne: inno(pa:aryp-
rnn, y~nrinan ee nepnie ocnononoaraimne naeri: nynianni n (naor.
C nyniannen paapemaercn npoe:a ~rennn, a n (naore anropcioe cono
:icnrcn cimn:i:.
O(naio npoe:a nn(ennn n necona:epn:ocrn nnayainix n nnci:ennix
cycrannnn nipaennn ocraercn nepaapemn:on. 'roi aannnri o cnoen npe-
renann na nnayainocri ]ni:a, inno(pa:aryprnn nnymaer innocnenapni
noopaenne: cnenapnn (oni cna~aa noopaaricn, a aare: aanncinari-
cn. Hpn paapaorie penccepcioro cnenapnn (ae penccep niny(en one-
peari opaanocri ]ni:a n noopaennn. 1ain: opaao:, noopaenne na-
~nnaer cranonnricn omn: yponne: oonx reicron. 1e: ne :enee, noopae-
nne ncer(a ocraercn co:nnreinon, cnopnon n c rpy(o: no((aimencn io::y-
nniannn ]op:on. Paan~nn nnci:ennix ]op: or~ernno npocennaircn n
noopaae:o: nreparypnoro n penccepcioro cnenapnen. O~enn(no, onn nn-
nircn npn~nnon roro, ~ro (n coomennn noopaennn nnoni opamaircn i
ycrnon ]op:e paaronopa. 5ece(a cnenapncra n penccepa cnn(ereicrnyer o
nonirie yro~nnri noopaenne n ycrno: nipannnnannn (nyx ]op: nnci:en-
nocrn. 1ai iai anropcinn reicr n ]ni:e ne cnacrn, cnenapncr cnacaercn n
noopaennn n oriaainaercn or nnci:ennocrn.
""!
Cnenapnn ne croiio nnmercn, cioiio apnreino noopaaercn n crpo-
nrcn. 1or, iro ronopnr o nncannn cnenapnen, nn ca: nn~ero ne nonn:aer n ero
cymnocrn, nn noino nn nenoino cnococrnyer ro:y, ~roi ne nonn:an
ero (pyrne
bb
. B ione~no: c~ere, inno(pa:aryprnn orpeiaercn or cnoen co-
crnennon :e(nainocrn, r. e. or nnci:ennocrn.
3nan, ~ro nponcxo(nr, n iro namn repon, :ono nncari cnenapnn, nepnee
ne nncari ero, a crponri, crponri (encrnne, crponri cneni, na nnx crponri
~acrn, na ~acren neoe
b7
. B pa:iax omen (pa:aryprnn, n ioropon inno(pa-
:aryprnn coe(nnner nreparypy, rearp n inno, .ro orpnnareinoe ornomenne
i cycrannnn: pacnpocrpannercn na nce rpn nn(a nciyccrna. ]pa:a raie ne
nnmercn: ]pa:a |...] n :o:enr ee aapo(ennn ne croiio nnmercn, cioiio
nanercn n crponrcn. 1or e, iro ronopnr o cnocoe nncari (pa:i nn ca:
conepmenno ne nonn:aer ee cymnocrn, nn no :enimen :epe cnococrnyer
ro:y, ~roi ne nonn:an ero (pyrne
b8
.
B pa:iax omen (pa:aryprnn ]ni: ne n:eer :e(nainon cycrannnn.
B:ecro nn(ennn ]ni:a inno(pa:arypr (oen crponri cneiraii: A ior(a
:i c:orpn: ]ni:, o~eni erio aainae: o ro:, ~ro :i crpon: cneiraii,
or:e~aer Honon, no(~epinnan rpeonannn (pa:aryprn~ecion ioncrpyinnn
b9
.
Narepnao: inno(pa:arypra nnnercn reo conny:a: i(n, no cy~anno:y
npnanaiy copannie n apnreinin aa, npe(crannir coon no ornomenni i
(anno:y cneiraii c:eci :exann~eciyi |...]. B xo(e cneirain ona npenpa-
maercn n oprann~eciyi, cranonnrcn neini: connaini: nnenne:
70
.
1ain: opaao:, :arepnao: (n inno(pa:arypra nnnercn apnrei, a npo-
nane(enne: inno(pa:arypra ioeirnnnoe reo
71
. B .ro: connaino: nn-
ennn nani :oer nricn o~eni nnrencnnno, nn :oer aarnxari, :oer
ncnixnyri nn oxa(aricn; .ro reo :oer rpenerari n ype nn :eprneri
n panno(ymnn nn (ae cnona pacna(aricn na cocrannie nec~nnin nce n
aanncn:ocrn or ocnonnoro nnnnnn <n(en. A. A.>, ioropan pnr:n~ecin
npannr nce: .rn: nei:
72
.

Cpe(crna:n inne:arorpa]n~ecion rexnnin coa(a-
ercn nonce ne iaprnna nn iaian-no (pyran ]op:a nnayainocrn, a ioei-
rnnnoe reo conny:a.
3AKK'LHHL
C:emenne nonnrnn yiaainaer na paan~nie ]yninnn rearpa, nreparypi
n inno n coiae nciyccrn iyirypi cranncioro nepno(a. 1earp nonn:aercn
iai cnnipern~ecioe nciyccrno, a c:emenne nonnrnn nanpaneno na cycran-
nnn nipaennn. Knno nonn:aercn iai cnnrern~ecioe nciyccrno, npn .ro:
oro(ecrnenne :onraa c io:noannnen nanpaneno na ]op:i nipaennn.
B nreparype oro(ecrnenne ciera c ]ayon nnnercn o~nmenne: na-
na nipaennn or conecnocrn nonecrnonannn. Happarnnnan acrpainnn ne-
(er i ]op:a: co(epannn. 1ai inno(pa:aryprni xapairepnayir acrpair-
nan ce:anrn~ecian nreparypnocri, cnnrern~ecian ]op:ainan inne:arorpa-
]n~nocri n cnnipern~ecian :arepnainan rearpainocri. Peoprannaannn cy-
crannnn ne ne(ercn no :epia: rexnn~ecinx :e(na. Onn ocraircn npnnnaan-
444
ni:n i ionrypa: nciyccrn n i oprann~ecion penpo(yinnn nocpe(crno: re-
ecnocrn.
1ain: opaao:, inno(pa:aryprnn ocymecrnner cnnai nciyccrn, xapairep-
nyi (n nx e(nncrna n crannciyi .noxy,

n paapaarinaer nepapxn~eciyi
:o(ei, ioropan nepexo(nr n rorainin coia :e(na.
Hepeeo0 E.ent axa.
1
B 19841941 rr. io onynionano 90 cnenapnen, 8b7 aaneceni n cnpano~nni
loc]ni:o]on(a (Cnenapncri conercioro xy(oecrnennoro inno. N., 1972). Y~nri-
nan copannn BlHKa (copanne nreparypnix cnenapnen inno(pa:aryprn~ecion ia-
]e(pi n iaprorein innone(~ecion ia]e(pi), ore~ecrnennoro ]on(a loc]ni:o]on(a
(n:ennie ]on(i, ]on( B. Bnmnencioro, iaproreiy nenocranennix cnenapnen, (ea
]ni:on) n apxnna Nyaen inno, coxpannoci oioo b00 cnenapnen.
2
B 198441 rr. onynionano oee 1b0 crarien no nonpoca: inno(pa:aryprnn.
8
Cp.: A. Schuat.. Der geschriebene lilm. Nnchen, 1994.
4
C:.: !. Ailllet. Grammophon lilm 1ypewriler. Berlin, 198b. S. 2b2; !. Ailllet.
Oplische Nedien. Berlin, 2002. S. b7, 8b87, 1bb1bb. K yiaaanni: npoe:a: c:.
raie: W. enjamin. Die Kunsl im Zeilaller ihrer lechnischen Peproduzierbarleil.
lranlurl a.N., 19b8; K. }uetn. K ce:nornie na(nncen n ne:o: inno ;; 3epiao.
Ce:nornia aepiainocrn. 1apry, 1988. C. 1481b4.
b
B pa:iax nenaypnon npairnin c nnci:ennocrii opamaircn oneparnnno. Ona
nmena ionipernon ce:anrnin, rai ~ro npornnonoonie niciaainannn n pacnopne-
nnn ne npennrcrnyir ee .]]eirnnnocrn. C:.: . Hanepnt. Kyirypa ]na. N., 199b.
C. 282.
b
B innrax Cnnrern~ecian ncropnn nciyccrn (., 1988) n Cnnrern~ecioe nay~e-
nne nciyccrn n anyionoe inno (., 1987) Hepe:nn Ho]]e niraercn paapaorari ion-
nennni cnnreaa nciyccrn. Ha aae .neprern~ecioro nonn:annn :arepnaa on cnnaina-
er ~eoneia c .neprern~ecin: noroio:, nicrpannan ero n :o(ei, rpann:n ioroporo
nnnircn nciyccrna. B ionreicre crpe:nreino na:ennimerocn an(ma]ra :e(na n
Conercio: Coiae 1980-x rr., c ]oiycnponanne: nnn:annn na anyiono: ]ni:e, .ro
yiaainaer ne roiio na nonie :e(nainie yconnn, no n na nx nonn:anne. Honin
cnnrea ninnner ycranonin n npne:i rorananpyimencn iyirypi.
7
C:.: G. Deleu.e. Das Bewegungsbild. lranlurl a. N., 1989; A. F[ei[[et. Das
Nediale und das lmaginre. lranlurl a.N., 1999.
8
Cp. innry Karepnni Kapi, n ioropon nreparypa, r. e. nnci:ennocri, nponoara-
maercn ne(ymn: :e(na, c ee e crarien, ni(nnraimen apxnreirypy n ia~ecrne rocno(-
crnyimero nciyccrna: A. Clatk. 1he Soviel Novel. Chicago, 198b; A. A.apx. Conpea-
na: n caipanaannn npocrpancrna ;; Conpeancrn~ecinn ianon ; X. linrep, L. ]o-
penio (pe(.). CH., 2000. C. 119128.
9
B ia~ecrne ipnrnin rex nanpanennn, ioropie npn ncen napnarnnnocrn paan~-
nix :e(nainix ]op:ynponoi |...] nacrannair na ro(ecrnennocrn ocnonnix crpyi-
ryp (A. Ftmm. lnlermedialill und Nullimedialill ;; Ansichlen einer lnligen
Nedienwissenschal ; P. Bohn (Hg.). Berlin, 1988. S. 199) n nnano(nr nnrep:e(nai-
nocri (o nepenoca co(epannn na o(noro cocy(a (:e(ny:a) n (pyron (!. Faech.
lnlermedialill. Nediales Dierenzial und lransormalive liguren ;; lnlermedialill ;
J. Helbig (Hg.). Berlin, 1998. S. 1b), :ono npnnecrn ]op:ancrciyi reopni nciyccrna,
""#
]oiycnpyimyicn na :arepnainon n ]op:ainon cropone nciyccrna. Paan~enne
]op:ancron, npono(n:oe n:n :e(y naiio: nciyccrna n ironi: naiio:, aarparn-
naer acneir paan~ennn :e(na n nciyccrna. 4op:a nonn:aercn iai cncre:arn~ecioe
(n]]epennnainoe pacipirne :e(nainon croponi cncre:i nciyccrna. Ocrpanenne
n aarpy(nenne ]op:i aa(epnnair nnn:anne na cnenn]n~ecin :arepnainon cropo-
ne naiia. 1ain: opaao:, n (nciyccnnx 1920-x rr. o nonnrnn :arepnaa ]op:ancri
pacc:arpnnair cyryo :e(nainyi cropony paan~nix nn(on nciyccrn.
10
A. Hansen-L.e. lnlermedialill und lnlerlexlualill. Probleme der Korrelalion
von Worl- und Bildlunsl Am Beispiel der russischen Noderne ;; Dialog der 1exle.
Hamburger Kolloquium zur lnlerlexlualill ; W. Schmid; W.-D. Slempel (Hg.). Wien,
1988. S. 2918b0.
11
L. Hjelmsle.. Prolegomena zu einer Sprachlheorie. Nnchen, 1974. S. b1b2.
12
C:.: . Mep.un. Hponano(crno y(onernopennn: Kparinn iypc nonr.iono:nn
connana:a ;; Kullur Sprache lonomie ; W. Weillaner (Hg.). Wien, 2001. S. 878.
18
A. upxoe. O~epin (pa:aryprnn ]ni:a. N., 1989. C. 87.
14
A. unoepa0cxa. 4apnianri cieron ;; Hciyccrno inno. 1940. ! 9. C. 2b
27. B. 1ypinn n cnoen innre ]pa:aryprnn inno (N., 1988) raie or:e~aer: B a:e-
pniancion cncre:e, r(e no rpnr:enry paapaarinaercn cpaay nocranono~nin cnenapnn,
anropcinn cnenapnn orcyrcrnyer (C. 82).
1b
C:.: . Tpxun. Cier n io:noannnn cnenapnn. N., 1984. C. b7.
1b
H. Honoe. Hpoe:i conercion (pa:aryprnn. N., 1989. C. b8
17
Hanepnin yiaainaer na c:eny ]yninnn nenaypi or ]nirpa (o reneparopa n(en
n na ro, ~ro npe(napnreinan pe(ainnn npnnn:aer na cen ]yninnn anropcrna (cp.
N. Atis. Anachronismen der sow[elischen Nodernisierung der neue Arbeiler au dem
Weg vom Bauern zum Beslarbeiler ;; Zwischen Anachronismus und lorlschrill ;
P. Becler; K. Nundl; D. Sleinweg (Hg.). Bochum, 2001. S. 2224). B npairnie nenay-
pi onapynnaercn ror e nepexo( or nonn:annn nciyccrna iai orpaennn (encrnnrei-
nocrn i ionnennnn nciyccrna iai n(ennoro. . Hanepnt. Kyirypa ]na. C. 241.
18
. Cmtpun. O connancrn~ecion peioncrpyinnn conercion innonpo:imen-
nocrn. ., 1982. 3(eci n (aee nnr. no: . Tpxun. Cier n io:noannnn cnenapnn.
C. 8182.
19
1a: e. C. 82.
20
Heco:nenno, raie n:eer ana~enne rpa(nnnonnoe nonn:anne nep]op:arnnnoc-
rn n(en iai reicra (cp.: !. Mutao.. Jenseils der Nimesis. Nnchen, 1998. S. 917).
Beponrno, .ro no:oraer inno(pa:aryprnn cnnri napa(oicainyi :e(nainyi cnrya-
nni, n ioropon ona oiaainaercn. Hocioiiy n(en ne nnnercn :arepnainon, r. e.
:e(nainon, ro ea ee rpa(nnnonnon npnnnain i reicry io i rpy(no oocnonari,
no~e:y :e(ny: ]ni:a ne :oer nenocpe(crnennoro nnraricn n(een. B (encrnnrei-
nocrn e ]ni: ne paannnaer cnnan nn no ornomenni i n(ee, nn no ornomenni i
cycrannnn co(epannn.
21
H. Honoe. Yiaa. co~. C. b7.
22
1n:o]een npnnnainaer ]op:i co(epannn nreparypi rai recno i naiioni:
]op:a: nipaennn, ~ro on niny(en paa(enri (pa:y. B (ainenme: ona nmi nano-
onnny, r. e. nmi n cnoen naiionon ]op:e npnna(enr i nreparype. L. Tuuoeee.
1eopnn nreparypi. N., 1948. C. 8b9.
28
C:enocri nonnrnn nipaenne n naopaenne cipinaer ]ninni, naxo-
(nmyicn n nx ce~ennn. O~enn(no, ~ro ]ninnn ne noy~aer npnanannn. B:ecro ni:ic-
44b
a (ioropin n nreparypno: .nnnione(n~ecio: conape 1987 ro(a xapairepnay-
ercn nce eme iai ]nirnnnin, a ne ]ninnonainin (C. 71)) n ia~ecrne ocnonnon
:icn anropa ]nrypnpyer roiio aa:ice. Honnrne rnnn~ecioro n nonnrne opaa-
nocrn raie oiaainaircn nepe( npoe:a:n ]ninnn, xorn nx cnnai c nanii ne
or:ennercn. Pacrnopennocri ni:ica n (pyrnx nonnrnnx o~enn(na y 1n:o]eena (L. Tu-
uoeee. Yiaa. co~. C. 8040). B ron e :epe, iai o6pa.-cem cipinaer nonnrne
]ninnn, nirecnnircn n ]op:i ]anracrn~ecinx n npnii~en~ecinx anpon. B inno-
(pa:aryprnn na nponecc .roro nirecnennn yiaainaer oimoe ~nco nena(annix n
ne.ipannaonannix cnenapnen lpenepa. Hoce(nn: nponane(enne: .roro anpa nnn-
ercn P.U.P. 'aneia, nepepaorannin n cnenapnn lpenepa lnei cencannn n
.ipannaonannin n 198b ro(y. B cnoi o~epe(i Boiienmrenn, ronopn o ]ninnn,
noiayercn nonnrne: neneponrnoro. 1piin inne:arorpa]a, niainaimne n:ecro
~yncrna (encrnnreinocrn niani neneponrnoro, iayrcn e:y npoe:arn~ni:n.
Hec:orpn na pn( noniroi nx nnrerpannn (n ia~ecrne rnnepoi, roonoipynrei-
non (pa:arn~nocrn ion]nira nn innomyrin), Boiienmrenn n ionne ionnon nce
e ioncrarnpyer nx necon:ecrn:ocri c .crernion crannna:a: Bne(enne .]]eiron
neneponrnoro rpeyer oimoro xy(oecrnennoro raira: rpii, nmennin oprann-
~ecion cnnan c anpo: cnenapnn, c ero n(enni: aa:ico:, c paannrne: (pa:arn~ec-
ion opii, :oer y(nnnri, ncnyrari, nac:emnri, paane~i, no no(pinaer xy(oecrnen-
noe nne~arenne (. o.txennmen. ]pa:aryprnn inno. N., 1987. C. 147). 1ai iai
nonnrne ]ninnn orcyrcrnyer iai n npe(i(ymnx, rai n noce(yimnx napa(nr:ax
pyccioro nciyccrnone(ennn, ronopnri o crnpannn rpannni :e(y (encrnnreinocrii
n ]ninnen io i ney:ecrno. Lro ner nn n ]op:ana:e, nn n conercion ce:nornie.
C:. copanne ncro~nnion: U. !uslus. Lileralur als Nylhenabril. Universillsdisserlalion.
Bochum, 2002. S. 8b119. (H. Gnlhet. Der sozialislische bermensch. Slullgarl, 1998.
S. 184.; E. ,o6penxo. Nera]opa nacrn. Nnchen, 1998. C. 87 c., 49 c.; . Hanep-
nt. Kyirypa ]na. C. 2b82bb; A. Clatk. 1he Soviel Novel. P. 1411b2).
24
C. ,unauoe. 3a ciernoe nciyccrno. Hpan(a, 1b.4.1984.
2b
. Lx.oecxu. nreparypa n inne:arorpa]. 5epnn, 1928. C. 88.
2b
. Knaxoecxu. Hocrpoenne innocnenapnn. N., 1940. C. 2b, 80.
27
O~enn(no, ~ro Knaioncinn noce(ona aa rpennpono~ni: aa(anne: innrn Lion-
cioro Kai nncari cnenapnn (N.; ., 1981). Hyno :noro ~nrari, nnn:areino n
:e(enno; nyno npoc:arpnnari iaprnni n paanpari nx. Han(nre, nanpn:ep, n no-
c:orpnre <sic!> iaprnny 'niaro`. Hoc:orpnre <sic!>, iai n nen paoraer ~epnin
~yoi, nannaannin na py~ie (nepn, iai paoraer nnanoa; cioiio paa paoraer ia(an
nemi, iai ona noanpamaercn no-nono:y n enry; noc:orpnre, iai paorair ~aci, no(nna-
in enmnn. Kai xapairepnaonano ornomenne :ya i ene. Ho(y:anre: no~e:y rai
(oro ne noiaainaercn ynrin, no~e:y napo(npyercn cnena or~annnn enmnni na(
ynri: ~eoneio: (C. 2122). Knaioncinn ne aa:e~aer orcyrcrnnn npe(:eron. Pac-
~er na (pa:aryprni nanpnennn c no:omii ciernon ]op:i narnrnn (o ~e: cnn(e-
reicrnyer, nanpn:ep, npo(onreinocri orcyrcrnnn rpyna) n nonropnoe nne(enne
npe(:eron ycioiaair or ero nnn:annn.
28
A. upxoe. Yiaa. co~. C. b4.
29
. Tpxun. Cier n io:noannnn cnenapnn. C. 49.
80
1a: e.
81
C:.: A. upxoe. Yiaa. co~. C. bb.
82
. Tpxun. Cier n io:noannnn cnenapnn. C. 49.
""%
88
Cp. paan~enne Hanepni: ropnaonrainoro nopn(ia K1 n neprniainoro no-
pn(ia K2 (. Hanepnt. Kyirypa ]na. C. 7299), n paan~enne .innnaenrnocrn n
nepapxnn (1a: e. C. 120).
84
B 19b4 ro(y na~nnair na(anaricn Bonpoci inno(pa:aryprnn, a n 19bb ro(y
Bonpoci innonciyccrna. C .roro :o:enra na~nnaer nixo(nri oimoe ion~ecrno
nyniannn o penccepcio: cnenapnn, ~ro cnn(ereicrnyer n:enno o crpe:ennn inno
i ycranonenni cocrnennon (pa:aryprnn nipaanreinon ]op:i. C:. raie innry
C. 4pennxa ]pa:aryprnn .ipana (N., 19b1), ioropan co(epnr, n orn~ne or na(a-
nnn 1980-x rr., (ononnreinyi ~ernepryi rany, nocnnmennyi cnnan cona c naopa-
enne:. H xorn pe~i n(er o inno(pa:aryprnn, a(eci nponcxo(nr ocroponoe paa(ee-
nne :e(y (pa:aryprnen ]ni:a n inno(pa:aryprnen: Kone~no, cier crponrcn ce-
ro(nn nna~e, ~e: (na(nari nn (ae (ecnri er naaa(. Haopaenne oime ne nnner-
cn cyanion cnenn~ecioro (encrnnn nn npocri: nicrparopo: nreparypnon ]a-
yi. Cero(nn iai nnior(a panee ]ni: :oer oparnricn i nann ea nocpe(nnion,
ncce(onari ee n cynri en (Unr. no ne:. na(.: S. !tejlich. Dramalurgie des lilms.
Berlin, 19b4. S. 7).
8b
. Tpxun. Cier n io:noannnn cnenapnn. C. 7071.
8b
]n ]ayi ne nano, n iaion ~acrn nponane(ennn ~nrarei yanaer o coirnn
n (aercn n ono n nenocpe(crnenno: oomennn or anropa, nn n pacciaae nepconaa,
nn cncre:on oionix na:eion. B ciere e nrpaer poi n:enno nno( :o:enron n
noe nnn:annn ~nrareen. 4ayon :oer cynri n (encrnnreinoe nponcmecrnne,
ne ni(y:annoe anropo:. Cier ecri nceneo xy(oecrnennan ioncrpyinnn (5. 1o:a-
mencinn); Honnrne ciera cnmio: ~acro c:emnnair c onncanne: coirnn c
re:, ~ro npe(araoci yconno naainari ]ayon. Ha ca:o: (ee ]aya ecri nmi
:arepna (n ciernoro o]op:ennn. 1ain: opaao:, ciero: Lnrennn Onernna`
nnnercn ne po:an repon c 1arinnon, a ciernan opaoria .ron ]ayi, nponane(en-
nan nne(enne: nepennaimnx orcrynennn (B. Lioncinn). Unr. no: A. upxoe.
Yiaa. co~. C. 44.
87
1a: e.
88
1ep:nn rexnoreicr npnna(enr A. Lnapny (A. Schuat.. Op. cil.). C:. rai-
e: . Tpxun. ]pa:aryprnn inno. C. 87bb.
89
. Tpxun. ]pa:aryprnn inno. C. 8b. ]ainenmn: ]opcnponanne: .roro npe-
(onpe(eennn nnayainocrn ]ni:a nnci:enni:n ]op:a:n nnnercn nne(enne :on-
ranix ncron. 1peonanne cocranennn :onranix ncron niainaer conpornnenne
3naenmrenna n ]onenio. C:.: . Luxu. |Biciaainanne na Conemannn y r. Ly-
:nnioro rnop~ecioro airnna no nonpoca: aanpemennn nocranonin ]ni:a 5enn yr
penccepa 3naenmrenna 1921 :apra 1987 ro(a] ;; Annie rooca. N., 1999. C. 89.
40
Ocoenno narn(ni: .]]eiro: nnnercn ~pea:epnoe npn:enenne :nororo~nn.
K noopaenni rooca n nnci:ennix na(nncnx c:.: K. }uetn. K ce:nornie na(nn-
cen n ne:o: inno.
41
B cnnan c .rn: :ono ncno:nnri Hciyccrno (n opii lponca (. Gtops. Die
Kunsl r den Kamp ;; Nusen der Nachl ; G. Wille; J. Nuraov (Hg.). Nnchen,
2008. S. 1b1171). Anrop co:nenaercn, ~ro cyri cranncion crparernn ia n ncii-
~ennn, n ronopnr, nanpornn, o nii~ennn ncnioro n (naeirniy opii. Hpeopaao-
nanne ~eoneia n opna npe(noaraer, ~ro ioe nnenne :oer iri rpanc]op:npo-
nano n cn::erpni aa n npornn. Hicrpannen ro:y cyar anrnia:nannn, ninnn-
imne ne ncii~ennoro, a nii~ennoro n opiy. 1e: ne :enee, ncii~ennoe cy-
448
mecrnyer, n n:enno ra:, r(e paan~nn acn::erpn~ni. 3(eci noannnn crainnaercn ne
c orpnnanne:, a c necon:ecrn:ocrii, ioropyi ona ne cnocona rpanc]op:nponari n
cn::erpn~noe orpnnanne. Cn::erpnn noannnn n orpnnannn necer na cee raie or-
nercrnennocri aa naan:oaa:enne:ocri nennocren. Ho.ro:y noane(enne cnenapncron n
anropi nonce ne npornnope~nr ynpaa(nenni anropcinx npan na cnenapnn n 1988
ro(y. Oriaa or nonnrnn rorainocri, npe(npnnn:ae:in npe(e ncero n ncropn-
~ecinx ncce(onannnx, npe(crannercn na: omno~ni: nino(o:. (C:.: F. ecket,
A. Mundl, D. Sleinueg. \orworl ;; Zwischen Anachronismus und lorlschrill. S. l
\). B noce(nee npe:n Piinn raie niraercn nnecrn (n]]epennnn n nacnicrnen-
nie :npi (niraryp. Kpnrniyn nonnrne roranrapna:a n pacc:arpnnan crannciyi
cncre:y iai (nirarypy, on (eaer reopern~ecinn mar naaa( (M. Rpklin. Pume des
Jubels. lranlurl a.N., 2008. S. 11.) ]nciypc, rorananpyimnncn ~epea pe]eicni na
cnoe orpnnanne n:ecro npnoperennn ca:on(enrn~nocrn, no(enr (pen]y. 3rn:
nonnrne: 5o(pnnnp onncinaer nocronnnin c(nnr rpannni i ee (pyro:y, ioropo:y
no(ear (nciypci, rorananpyimnecn n cny npn:enennn orpnnannn (!. audtillatd.
Die Agonie des Pealen. Berlin, 1978. S. 710). nmi ~acrn~nan (encrnennocri nonn-
rnn opii n c(nnrn co(epannn .rnx nonnrnn cnn(ereicrnyir no.ro:y ne o (n]-
]epennnponannocrn cncre:i, a nnnircn ce(crnne: (pen]a, r. e. noo~ni: .]]ei-
ro: cocrnennon roranayimen crparernn.
42
. Tpxun. O nponano(crnennon iyirype anropcioro cnenapnn ;; laaera Knno.
0b.07.1988.
48
C:.: R. atlhes. Das semiologische Abenleuer. lranlurl a.N., 1988. S. 180;
A. Slietle. 1exl als Handlung. Nnchen, 197b. S. b8; T.. Todoto.. Die Kalegorien der
lilerarischen Lrzhlung ;; Slrulluralismus in der Lileralurwissenschal ; H. Blumensalh
(Hg.). Kln, 1972. S. 278.; G. Genelle. Die Lrzhlung. Nnchen, 1998.
44
Kpo:e conocren, c ioropi:n crainnaercn 5en:an npn nocrpoennn innono-
necrn, ce(yer oparnri nnn:anne na ipnrniy Bnmnencioro no nono(y innopo:ana
Ni, pyccinn napo(. B:ecro innononecrn n innopo:ana ianonnanpyercn innopacciaa
iai npaopaa cnenapnn.
4b
Honon no:emaer ]ayy n nenrp cnenapnon io:noannnn c yconne:, ~ro anan-
ripnie anpi, r(e na( nce: (o:nnnpyer ornia coirnn, ocranyrcn n cropone (H. Ho-
noe. Yiaa. co~. C. b1).
4b
. Tpxun. Cier n io:noannnn cnenapnn. C. 98, 94.
47
1a: e. C. 9b.
48
E. ,.uean. Ni na Kponmra(ra. N., 1987. C. 2b.
49
. Tpxun. Cier n io:noannnn cnenapnn. C. 1b.
b0
. A.nepc. ]nennni innoipnrnia: 19281987. N., 199b. C. 121. Cp. raie y
Hy(oninna: Nonra iai rep:nn nmi ooana~aer cieniy iycion. Copiy iaprnni
na ~acren. Ho, ione~no, nocioiiy iaprnna aa(y:inaercn anropa:n n onncinaercn (o
ee cre:in n cnenapnn n penccepcio: nane, ~acrn, na ioropix ona y(er conparicn,
onpe(enircn aapanee (. H0oexun. Copanne co~nnennn. 1. 8. N., 197b. C. 2b2).
b1
L. A.enoe. Ocnoni innopenccypi. N., 199b. C. 284.
b2
H. Honoe. Yiaa. co~. C. 9b.
b8
C:.: A. upxoe. Yiaa. co~. C. 8b.
b4
Anepc nicrynaer npornn npornnonocranennn cnenapncra n nncaren. C:.:
. A.nepc. Yiaa. co~. C. 121.
bb
3annci cnen :ono pacc:arpnnari n ia~ecrne pacnpocrpanennoro ananrn~ec-
ioro mara. Anana ]ni:on onnpaercn, rain: opaao:, na cnenapnn.
""'
bb
. o.txennmen. Yiaa. co~. C. 107. 1ypinn roe or:e~aer, ~ro ]airypa
inne:arorpa]n~ecion coirnnnocrn na~nnaer ia~ecrnenno orn~aricn or ]airypi
coirnnnocrn rearpa. Crainnanci c paan~enne:, on orne~aer y(noenne: nnemnocrn
nipaennn n nnyrpennocrn coirnn. Ueocrnocri yrnep(aercn nniopnopannen no
nnyrpennii coirnnnocri. Henpepinnocri n neocrnocri nnemnero rearpainoro
(encrnnn o:aircn, nepepaarinaircn n nnoni coe(nnnircn aro(apn npnnnnny .nn-
~ecioro nonecrnonannn n nnyrpennero (npn~ecioro) (nnennn re:i. Y 1ypinna
n:ne:enrannn iaioro-no (pyroro nn(a nciyccrna raie nnnircn cnocoo: opa-
aonannn e(nnnn (c:.: . Tpxun. Cier n io:noannnn cnenapnn. C. 7874).
b7
. o.txennmen. Yiaa. co~. C. 107.
b8
1a: e. C. 107. B napaen ynnnepcanaannn iai :o(yca acrpainnn, nniopno-
pannn npe(crannercn :o(yco: oomennn cranncion .noxn.
b9
1a: e. C. 108.
b0
. o.txennmen. ]pa:aryprnn. N., 1929. Unr. no: . u v. Apaeuenxo. nre-
parypnin cnenapnn. N., 1940. C. 78.
b1
. u v. Apaeuenxo. Yiaa. co~. C. 79.
b2
A. upxoe. Yiaa. co~. C. 9b. Or:ern:, ~ro cimn:ocri eme ne nnnercn roo-
co:. looc npnna(enr rey airepa n n .ro: ia~ecrne nnnercn re:po: pe~n.
b8
1a: e. C. 98.
b4
. Tpxun. ]pa:aryprnn inno. C. 171. K coornomenni ycrnon n nnci:ennon
pe~n c:.: K. Mpanoe. Hnci:o n ycrnan pe~i n (nciypcax o naiie 1980-x ro(on:
H. Napp ;; Conpeancrn~ecinn ianon. C. b99b08.
bb
. Tpxun. Cier n io:noannnn cnenapnn. C. 27. 3rn apry:enri oomaircn
n xapairepnaanni innocnenapnn iai noy]apniara. Konnennnn noy]apniara, aa
ncii~enne: Pemencioro n 3naenmrenna, xapairepna (n ncero cnenapnoro (nciyp-
ca nropon noonnni 1920-x rr. Cpe(n :nornx (pyrnx c:.: . Lx.oecxu. Noraia. N.;
., 1927. C. 22; K. Ttnnoe. O cnenapnn ;; Ho.rnia. Hcropnn nreparypi. Knno. N.,
1977. C. 828824; O. pux. Ha reopnn n npairnin cnenapncra ;; Kai :i paorae:
na( innocnenapne:. N., 198b. C. 48; M. .euan. 'ro raioe cnenapnn ;; O inno. N.,
1978. C. 1471b1.
bb
. Tpxun. Cier n io:noannnn cnenapnn. C. 81.
b7
1a: e.
b8
1a: e.
b9
H. Honoe. Yiaa. co~. C. b8, bb.
70
1a: e. C. bb.
71
M. Ftx.un. 1eppopoornin. N., 1992. Cp. raie: Ka(pi ~ame ncero nicrpn-
pyir ore(nnenne ioeirnna i(en cymareen y pa(norapein, ~nrareen y o(-
non raaeri, y~acrnnion o(noro copannn nepe( rpnynon na ocnone cona, n oi-
mnncrne cy~aen necimn:oro (O. .eaxoea. Conercioe inno n nonciax omen
:o(en ;; Conpeancrn~ecinn ianon. C. 1bb).
72
H. Honoe. Yiaa. co~. C. b4. Hcnxnia ioeirnnnoro ~eoneia orn~aercn or
ncnxnin or(einoro nn(nnn(yy:a. Lro ninocnnocri oime, rai e iai n cna ero
nocnpnnrnn. Lro na:nri caee, ero .:onnonainocri :enee .acrn~na n ianpnana, ero
nnn:anne necranino.
4b0
3. MOTHBL H XAHPL
3NNA BH]]HC
C1PAHA C HOBLN KPOBOO5PALLHHLN
KHHO, 3LK1PH4HKAUHA H 1PAHC4OPNAUHA
COBL1CKOlO HPOC1PAHC1BA
1
ioe penoinnonnoe npeopaaonanne omecrna npe(noaraer rpanc]op-
:anni iaprnni :npa, ioropan (n .roro omecrna xapairepna, n, re: ca:i:,
coa(anne nonon nannonainon iapri. Opaai npocrpancrna noopaae-
:an reorpa]nn nannn onpe(enir ionrypi rpa(ancrna. ]n :oo(on Crpa-
ni Coneron n nepnoe nocepenoinnonnoe (ecnrnerne .ra aa(a~a ia n
ocoennocrn cona. Coracno o]nnnainon pnropnie, crpana naxo(naci n
noncie nonix ]op: conercion n(enrn~nocrn, ioropie nnno orn~an i ee
or npennx nannonainix ]op: n coornocnnci i c nonrn~ecion n
connainon penoinnonnon oprannaannen nonoro rocy(apcrna. ]n .roro rpe-
onaaci nonan iapra.
B nepnoe (ecnrnerne noce penoinnn conercian reppnropnn ia npo-
crpancrno:, opermn: nonoro xoannna. Hpnnnrin 2b oirnpn 1917 ro(a
]eiper o ae:e cn:non~ecin nepe(a na(enne ncen ae:en n ee ne(pa:n na
~acrnix pyi n pyin rocy(apcrna
2
. 3rn rocy(apcrnennie pyin in, ~ro
ne:aonano, npnpanneni i pyia: napo(a. 1ain: opaao:, reppnropnn npn-
opea cn:non~eciyi neocrnocri neocrnocri, npnna(eamyi :ac-
ca:. B .ro: ia~ecrne ona :ora iri no(neprnyra nenrpanaonanno:y nann-
ponanni. Hanecrnin ennncinn nan .eirpn]niannn ncen Poccnn, npnnn-
rin Boci:i: naprnnni: crea(o: n 1920 ro(y, i nepni: omenanno-
naini: nano:
8
. C na~aa nepnon nnrnerin n 1928 ro(y nenrpainoe
nannponanne npenparnoci n oci, noipyr ioropon cran npamaricn coner-
cine .iono:nia n omecrno.
Conercian o(epn:ocri nannponanne: ~acro ocnoninaaci na eannn
Uenrpa npo(e:oncrpnponari creneni ionrpon na( omecrno: n neo: n
nannaari ynn]nnnponannie pemennn npoe: orpo:ni: reppnropnn:. Ca:
rep:nn nan npenparncn n cnnonn: :ony:enrainix a:nnnn, coornocn-
mnxcn c ncropn~ecin:n npene(enra:n, yrnep(aimn:n nenrpanaonannin
ionrpoi
4
. Heco:nenno, ~ro napaeinie npoeiri .eirpn]niannn, nn(ycr-
pnanaannn n ioeirnnnaannn 19201982 rr. npe(crannn coon ecnpe-
ne(enrnyi noniriy rpanc]op:annn conercioro npocrpancrna e eeo e.ocm-
nocmu peionnenryanaanni nannonainon iapri.
"#
O(naio anana nnayainix n nepainix yconnn onncannn .rnx npoei-
ron pacipinaer iy(a oee conyi iaprnny nx neen n ]yninnn. B ~acrno-
crn, on ncipinaer pnropniy coa(annn nonix cnnaen :e(y nenrpo: n nepn]e-
pnen, ycranoniy na ioncrpynponanne airepnarnnnon oprannaannn npocrpan-
crna npn connana:e.
]n :oo(oro conercioro npannreicrna ocnoenne n nanecenne na iapry
nonoro rocy(apcrna io ]yn(a:enrainon aa(a~en ooana~ennn rpannn na-
crn. Croinynmnci c neornrni:n npocropa:n crpani, nacri (ona
ia n:eri (eo c npar:arn~ecin:n n n(eoorn~ecin:n n:neparnna:n, (ni-
ryimn:n ]op:nponanne nonon reorpa]nn iai peainon, rai n noopa-
ae:on. Ca: ycnex nonoro rocy(apcrna aannce or :nnn:anaannn orpo:-
nix paccronnnn, paa(ennmnx nenrp n nepn]epni, n or coa(annn nnrerpnpo-
nannoro connainoro rea. B npairn~ecio: n cn:non~ecio: c:icax oec-
ne~enne .roro npocrpancrna nn]pacrpyirypon cranonnoci, ce(onareino,
nonpoco: nanennon nanocrn. Hn(ycrpnanaannn, .eirpn]niannn, pac-
mnpenne cern eeanix (opor in n onpe(eenno: c:ice ~acrii oee
mnpoioro nponecca reo(ean~ecioro ncce(onannn conercioro npocrpancrna:
rpanc]op:annn npocrpancrna (nenanecrnoro) n reppnropni (nanecrnyi n
nanecennyi na iapry).
3ro nn(enne reppnropnn nonon conercion nannn ocnoninaoci na peno-
innn n npocrpancrnennon oprannaannn, aepiaino orpaanmen penoinni
n oprannaannn connainon; ono io nepaapinno cnnaano c coa(anne: n
nnayanaannen roro, ~ro Hcaai 5aei naana noni: iponoopamenne:
Conercion Poccnn
b
. Connancrn~ecioe npocrpancrno crponrcn na ocnonann-
nx, orn~nix or rex, na ioropix aanpyercn iannrancrn~ecioe npocrpancrno:
ono (ono iri npe(e ncero panno:epni: n ne nepapxn~ni:. Ho(ono
ro:y, iai ynn~roaircn iacconie paan~nn, npeo(oenaircn npornnope-
~nn :e(y nenrpo: n nepn]epnen, :e(y ropo(o: n (epennen n r. (. B coor-
nercrnnn c n:neparnno: 3nreica, conercioe npocrpancrno npe(noaraercn
rpanc]op:nponari ~epea coe(nnenne ropo(a n (epennn n e(nnoe neoe
b
.
O(naio .ro i ne roiio npoeir ynn]niannn, no raie n (no ipannen :epe,
na yponne pnropnin) nponecc paenueanu. Ha npornennn ncex 1920-x rr. n
n re~enne nepnon nnrnerin .iono:n~ecian ioonepannn ipecrinn n pao~nx,
n:enonanmancn cutuxo ropo(a n (epennn, ia :omni: n(eoorn~ecin:
oaynro:, n:enmn: mnpoine n:nniannn, nixo(nmne (aeio aa npe(ei cyry-
o .iono:n~ecinx (e]nnnnnn, i ioropi: on i nana~aino npnnnaan. C:i~-
ia ia oaynro: n ron e :epe, n iaion ona ia nonrnion, a :era]opon
nacroiio e, nacioiio ona ia peainocrii: ipecrinnnn n pao~nn e(nni
iai conercine rpa(ane, a nenrp n nepn]epnn peion]nrypnponani iai pae-
nte npocmpancmea n (e-nepapxnanponanno: omecrne. 5earpann~nin npo-
crop noccoa(anacn iai e(nnan ceri naan:ocnnaannix npocrpancrn. Bnyrpn
.ron :o(en naan:ocnnaen noannia ii~enon nonpoc o crpyirype conercion
n(enrn~nocrn. Kai na npairnie ypannennie npocrpancrna (oni iri
oprannaonani H r(e nepeceiaircn :ecrnan n nannonainan n(enrn~nocrn
4b2
HHHH 3LK1POHLPL]A'
Ycnex .roro (nonnoro npoeira ynn]niannn n ypannnnannn aannce
no :noro: or (opor n cpe(crn io::ynniannn. Hn]pacrpyirypa c(eaa noa-
:onon iai peainyi, rai n noopaae:yi iapri. B npairn~ecio: c:ice
nn]pacrpyirypnie cnnan onpe(enn pa:in (n connainoro n nn(ycrpnai-
noro paannrnn, ror(a iai na cn:non~ecio: yponne nnnn .eirponepe(a~ n
eeano(oponie nyrn coa(anan :era]opn~ecinn cieer (n neornrnoro
npocropa npocrpancrna, inmero (o cnx nop earpann~ni: n ne o]op:-
enni: n omecrnenno: noopaennn.
Hnr(e .ro naoenne npairn~ecioro n cn:non~ecioro na~a ne nipaan-
oci ncnee, ~e: n :ony:enraino: Hane .eirpn]niannn, ornnenno: n
1920 ro(y. Han lO3PO, nipocmnn na npe(oennn lea Kpnanoncio-
ro (rpa(ancioro nnenepa npn npene: pen:e), i nonoporni: nyniro:
n n(eoorn~ecio: iaprorpa]nponannn Conercion crpani, no o(nonpe:en-
no n nepni: ore(nnnimn: e(nni: nano: .iono:n~ecion peioncrpyi-
nnn. On cra ornero: iai na n(eoorn~ecine, rai n na npar:arn~ecine n:ne-
parnni. Hpoe:a rpancnoprnponin ropi~ero n pecypcon ~epea neornr-
nie npocropi (anno npe(cranna coon ocnonnoe npennrcrnne (n icrpon
nn(ycrpnanaannn, a cnopi o ro:, iai coa(ari ceri io::ynniannn n pannona-
nanponari paannnaimyicn poccnnciyi npo:imennocri, nenci n napcion
Poccnn n XlX neie nocronnno
7
. 1e: ca:i: noce penoinnn oimennin
ncran nepe( neoxo(n:ocrii ne:e(ennix pemennn ca:ix nacymnix npai-
rn~ecinx npoe:.
3eirpn]niannn noanona pemnri :norne na nnx. Cnococrnyn nn(ycr-
pnanaannn n nenn(annix :acmraax, ona o(nonpe:enno ~ro ne :enee na-
no rpanc]op:nponaa nonce(nennyi nani n ia(on ro~ie Conercion
crpani, coa(anan ceri, ioropan nnrerpnponaa i nenrp n nepn]epni. Paanep-
rinae:an n recnon cnnan c pa(no]niannen, .eirpn]niannn npe(cranna
coon ~acri io::ynniarnnnon nn]pacrpyirypi, ore(nnnnmen neconocrann-
:ie (iai peaino, rai n cn:non~ecin) npocrpancrna. Ona (eaa noa:oni-
:n nonie cxe:i ironannn nannn na iapre ro, ~ro Kpnanoncinn naai-
na .eirpn~ecin: cieero: crpani
8
.
Crpyirypa .roro cieera ceri .eirponnnn no(nn:aer ]yn(a-
:enrainin nonpoc o oprannaannn nannonainoro npocrpancrna. Kai raio-
nan, ona noanoner ynn(eri oee mnpoiyi npoe:y, c ioropon croinyaci
nacri n .ror nepno( n cnoe: no(xo(e i npocrpancrnennon oprannaannn crpa-
ni. 1ai, cnopi 1920-x rr. ]oiycnponanci na npornnonocranennn pa(nai-
non cncre:i (n ioropon nenrpainan .eirpocrannnn c Nocinon iai nen-
rpainon ro~ion pacnpe(ena i .neprni no ncen reppnropnn) n (e-
nenrpanaonannon, cerenon .neprern~ecion :o(en crpani
9
. Oion~areinin
nan, npe(cranennin n 1921 ro(y, paa(en Poccnnciyi 4e(epanni na no-
ce:i .iono:n~ecinx pernonon, re: ca:i: noonn na~ao pernonaino:y
nannponanni
10
. 3rn: na:e~aoci nponanecrn penoinnonnin c(nnr n reo-
rpa]n~ecio: paa:emennn nponano(crn
11
. Y(apenne (eaoci na ocnx, ioro-
pie nepeceian i reppnropni, cnnaan i coornercrnyimne ~acrn n coa(a-
"#!
n i nonie nenrpi, ioropie, iai nponoaramaoci n Hane, npe(e nce-
ro cnnaani :e(y cooi .eirponnnn:n
12
. 3ro ne oana~ao, ione~no, oria-
aa or nenrpainon noannnn cronni: ]airn~ecin, ocnonnan iapra .eirpn]n-
iannn (e:oncrpnpyer rpa(nnnonnyi pa(nainyi crpyirypy, n:eimyi No-
ciny n cnoe: nenrpe. Ha iapre in or:e~eni, o(naio, n nnnn, npoxo(nnmne
neaanncn:o or cronni :e(y rain:n ropo(a:n, iai 1ya, Pnaani, Hnnnn
Honropo(, 1a:on. 3ro coornercrnonao npnnnnna: nana: neoimne ropo(a
npnanani in nrpari poi :ecrnix nenrpon. 1ain: opaao:, .eirpn]nia-
nnn pacnpocrpanna rpa(nnnonnyi pa(nainyi crpyirypy na nepn]epni. B
.ro: ia~ecrne ona coxpanna (nonnyi :o(ei pa(nainon (nenrpocrpe:n-
reinon) n o(nonpe:enno (enenrpanaonannon (nenrpoenon) npocrpancr-
nennon oprannaannn, caancnponan n(ea (enenrpanaannn c npar:arn~e-
cion neoxo(n:ocrii nenrpa.
3ra onnoannnn :e(y cerenon n pa(nainon :o(en:n oprannaannn .ei-
rpn]niannn xorn n iaaaaci cyryo cnennainon, iacaaci na ca:o: (ee
iy(a oee mnpoinx re: onpe(eennn reppnropnn n ornomennn :e(y
nenrpo: n nepn]epnen n nonon conercion reorpa]nn. ]encrnnreinan opra-
nnaannn .neprocncre:i ia no~rn ~ro nropn~non no cpannenni c :era]o-
pn~ecin: c:ico: (earon. B ia~ecrne cn:noa cerenan :o(ei .neprocnc-
re:i ia mnpoio nonnra (n npo(nnraaci n:enno n .ro: ia~ecrne) iai
pa(niainin ypannnnarei nepn]epnn c nenrpo:. Oecne~enne nannn .ei-
rpo.neprnen nmno i npo:imennocri npairn~ecion neoxo(n:ocrn n nen-
rpe, noanonn en pacnpocrpannricn no ncen nannonainon iapre npn no:omn
nonon cern: Poccnn noipoercn rycron cerii .eirpn~ecinx crannnn
18
.
Bnyrpn .ron nonon cern nce c]epi in i cn:non~ecin panni: (ae
:aeniine .eirpn~ecine crannnn (oni crari :ecrni:n nenrpa:n
14
. O-
paa .eirpocern cra nani: cn:noo: nonoro npocrpancrna, nce ~acrn ioro-
poro (oni in iri renepi cnanni n e(nnoe neoe :omnon cerii
pacrymnx na ro(a n ro( rocy(apcrnennix .eirponepe(a~
1b
.
HPOCBLLLHHL: ANHO'KA HLH'A
B ia~ecrne ore(nnnimen cern .eirpocnnai neca ne roiio .eirpn~e-
ciyi, no n n(eoorn~eciyi .neprni npocnemenne iai .eirpn~ecioe o-
paaonanne :acc
1b
. 3eirpn]niannn nea i iyirypnon rpanc]op:annn na-
nnn: coracno :acconon pnropnie, a:no~ia Hin~a ocnerna re:nie yri
Conercion crpani
17
. B re~enne 1920-x rr. Han lO3PO ocranacn ocnon-
ni: opy(ne: n opie c nepenria:n iannrana:a n .iono:n~ecion or-
craocrii (epennn, a raie nncrpy:enro: (ocrnennn n(eaa c:i~in. On,
iai aannn ennn, cnner ropo( n (epenni, noion~nr c poanii :e(y ropo-
(o: n (epennen, (acr noa:onocri iyirypno no(nnri (epenni, noe(nri (a-
e n ca:ix ryxnx yrax orcraocri, re:nory, nnmery, oeani n o(n~anne
18
.
3eirpn~ecioe npocnemenne nonce ne io :era]opon: ennn rpeo-
na, ~roi .iae:nnpi Hana .eirpn]niannn co(epanci na .eirpocran-
nnnx n n mioax n ia~ecrne n(oxnonnimen rpa(an innrn: 3ra nporpa:-
4b4
:a naprnn (ona crari ocnonnon innion, ioropan (ona nonrn no nce
mioi
19
. Hay~enne nporpa::i .eirpn]niannn npe(yc:arpnnaoci n ]op-
:e y~acrnn n cnoeopaano: pnryae. B pa:iax nporpa::i no nponaran(e
Hana lO3PO ypnancry H. H. Cinopnony-Crenanony ia aaiaaana inn-
ra, nonynpnanpyiman .eirpn]nianni. Bropoe na(anne innrn (1922 ro(a)
co(epao npe(nconne ennna, n ioropo: no(i peio:en(ona npo~nrari
ee ia(o:y rpa(annny nonoro Conercioro rocy(apcrna, ~roi npn ia(on
.eirpn~ecion crannnn n Poccnn a nx cnime 800 ne roiio ia .ra
innra, no n npono(nnci onaareino ome(ocrynnie napo(nie ~rennn
20
.
Bce rpa(ane (oni in y~acrnonari iai npn:o, rai n cn:non~ecin
n (ocrnennnx crpani: ia(in :or ninonnri xorn i neoimne aa(a~n
no .eirpn]niannn. B Hane n ocynnaimen ero pnropnie rmareino
no((epnnacn aanc :e(y rpan(noani:n coopyennn:n (orpo:nie .ei-
rpocrannnn rnna Boxoncrpon n ]nenpocrpon nanoee nanecrnie (ocrn-
ennn n (ee .eirpn]niannn) n neoimn:n aa(a~a:n na :nipoyponne, a
pernonainie n nannonainie iapri aprniynponan .ror aanc: iai oe-
ma ennn, ni noy~nre |...] pn(o: c omn: nano: npone(ennn .eirpn-
]niannn cnennainie nani, nanncannie (n ia(oro panona
21
.
Hocronnnoe nepereianne or :nipo- i :aipoyponni n oparno, o~enn(noe
n .rnx onncannnx, io omn: :ecro: n nponaran(e .roro npe:enn n orpaa-
oci n connaino: n npocrpancrnenno: nanax. 3na:ennroe aannenne e-
nnna n 1920 ro(y o ro:, ~ro io::ynna: ecri Conercian nacri nic .ei-
rpn]niannn ncen crpani, pacipinaer a(eci conie ornomennn :e(y ion-
rpoe: cnepxy n nacrii na :ecrax
22
. C o(non croponi, .eirpn]niannn
ia nanenmn: nncrpy:enro: pacnpocrpanennn Conercion nacrn no ncen
reppnropnn, opy(ne: n rocy(apcrnenno: npoeire ioncon(annn n ro:orenn-
aannn. C (pyron croponi (no ipannen :epe, pnropn~ecin), .ro i (enenrpa-
nanpyimnn npoeir, ioropin (oen i npnannri nacrn pernona: (ncen
crpane) n noanonri n: nrpari cnoi ocoyi poi n coa(annn nonoro conna-
ncrn~ecioro :npa. 1ain: opaao:, crpe:enne i ro:orennocrn conpono(a-
oci napa(oicaini:, na nepnin narn(, nnrepeco: i ocoennocrn: n paan-
~nn: na yponne pernona nn io::yni. H:nnnnrno Han yrnep(a, ~ro
ia(in yrooi ncen crpani naen ia(in yro aacynnaer cnera, ia-
(in nrpaer cnoi poi. H:en n nn(y raiyi no(nnnocri n pernonainocri
Hana, ennn nnca: 3ra nporpa::a, ia(in (eni, n ia(on :acrepcion, n
ia(on noocrn, y(er yy~maricn, paapaarinaricn, conepmencrnonaricn n
nn(ona:ennricn
28
.
KHHOCTLNKA 3LK1PH4HKAUHH
ennncioe nn(enne cn:non~ecioro xapairepa Hana io ~acrii oee
mnpoion ycranonin na ]op:nponanne conercion ncropnn iai nponecca, n io-
ropin none~en ia(in, a ynop na nnrerpanni n ynn]nianni cirpa na-
nenno nanyi poi (n inno. 3na~enne ]ni:a n nponaran(e c:i~in, n
nepe(a~e nonocren n (epenni, n npenpamennn ipecrinnnna n y~acrnnia
"##
crponreicrna nonon nann n rpa(annna nonoro rocy(apcrna io conep-
menno ncno. Ho(ono pa(no n .eirpn]niannn, inne:arorpa] i nnrerparo-
po:, coa(aimn: e(nnoe conercioe npocrpancrno.
Ha~nnan c cepe(nni 1920-x rr., nponano(crno n pacnpocrpanenne inno-
raaer io npnanano nanenmen n(eoorn~ecion aa(a~en
24
. Coiainno-
ypna, ioop(nnnponanmnncn Coiainnoxponnion, nponane n 192b ro(y
89 ninycion; i 1929 ro(y nn]pa nipoca (o 84 ne:ix ]ni:on n c rex nop
ne onyciaaci nne 70 ]ni:on n ro(
2b
. B ro(i nepnon nnrnerin .rn
innoraaeri npenparnnci n nanenmee opy(ne ioncon(annn n ye(e-
nnn. 1ai, Hamn (ocrnennn cepnn innoypnaon, nixo(nnmnx ee:e-
cn~no n 1980 ro(y n nnnnmnxcn cnoero po(a innoconpono(enne: i o(no-
n:enno:y ypnay, na(ananme:ycn N. lopiin: in cnennaino nanee-
ni na nepn]epnnnoro apnren, pacciaainan (n noiaainan) e:y o (ocrnenn-
nx nenrpa (rocy(apcrna): Naeniine i(n (oni anari, ~ro ncninn nx
rpy( noanpamaercn n: e n ]op:e rex (ocrnennn, o ioropix pacciaainaer
.ror ypna
2b
. Cepnn ]ni:on, no(onie .ron, npocennan noanninone-
nne nonoro noopaae:oro nannonainoro npocrpancrna: aaii~an n cee
]par:enri, cnnrie paani:n innooneparopa:n n paanix pernonax, onn no(-
~epinnan nanocri nia(a pernona n nenine (ocrnennn crpani. 3rn:
nyre: innoopaai nanocnn na iapry e(nnyi reppnropni, n ioropon orno-
mennn :e(y nenrpo: n nepn]epnen xapairepnaonanci naan:oaanncn:o-
crii. B coornercrnnn c pnropnion .eirpn]niannn, craryc nenrpa aannce or
(encrnnn nepn]epnn, a (ocrnennn :aeniioro ~eoneia nnnnci ncro~-
nnio: nannonainon rop(ocrn.
Lme n 1920 ro(y ennn no(~epiny neoxo(n:ocri innoaanncn nponecca
.eirpn]niannn n mnpoioro pacnpocrpanennn ]ni:on
27
. 4ni: ninonn
o(nonpe:enno ]yninnn arnrannn n npocnemennn: ero aa(a~a cocrona iai n
pacnpocrpanennn xopomen nonocrn (paannrne .eirpn]niannn iai ncropn~e-
cioro npoeira), rai n n opaaonannn :acc (npairn~ecioe ana~enne .eirpn-
]niannn). 5oee roro, ]ni:i (oni in cnococrnonari :accono:y y~a-
crni (iai cn:non~ecio:y, rai n peaino:y) n nponecce npeopaaonannn
crpani. Ho(ono (pyrn: nponaran(ncrcin: :arepnaa:, (oiy:enrainie ]ni-
:i, nocnnmennie lO3PO, in or:e~eni nocronnni: c(nnro: or ~acrnoro
i ome:y, orpaaime:y (nonnyi (nna:niy .eirpn]niannn. Bo-nepnix, .ei-
rpn~ecrno, y(y~n aaon nn(ycrpnanaannn nannn, nponaran(nponaoci n :o-
ny:enrainix ]ni:ax o .eirpocrannnnx n rpan(noano: crponreicrne.
Bo-nropix, a:no~in Hin~a na:ennn nani pao~nx n ipecrinn no ncex
yroiax orpo:non crpani. 3eirpoceri re: ca:i: n:ea iai omenanno-
nainoe, rai n :ecrnoe ana~enne.
a:no~in Hin~a in u0eo.oeuuecxuuu a:no~ia:n, npnopermn:n no~-
rn nionn~ecinn craryc n 1920-e rr. ]na ii~enix opaaa nocronnno nonropn-
ircn n (oiy:enrainix ]ni:ax o .eirpn]niannn: nepnin .eirponpo-
no(a, npncoe(nnennie i (epenencio:y (o:y; nropon, oee nnrn:nin ipe-
crinncian ce:in (o:a aa paoron npn .eirpn~ecio: ocnemennn
28
. K npn:e-
py, o(na na ~acren ana:ennron innoxponnin 3c]npi Ly Beninn nyri,
nocnnmennon (ecnrnerni Conercion nacrn, naainaaci 3eirpn]nnnpy-
4bb
e: conerciyi (epenni. Hponecc i noce(onareino paa(een na pn( pe-
npeaenrarnnnix .nnao(on: or nanopa:i (epennn (n no~non ni:nnannn)
ia:epa nocrenenno npnnaaci i yn~non a:ne, aare: ce(ona .eirpo-
npono(, n(ymnn n (o: n, naionen, npoxo(nmnn ~epea ocnemennoe oino no-
nnyrpi
29
. Ho(oni: e opaao: ]anra Bepron n ]ni:e Laran, Coner!
(192b) (e:oncrpnpona :noroopaane cnocoon ]yninnonnponannn .eirpn-
]niannn. Penccep (nnracn or ionrnin n nenrpe ropo(a |...] i .eirpn]n-
iannn oipann n, naionen, i .eirpn]niannn (epennn
80
. Bnayainie opa-
ai coa(anan nonyi, nceore(nnnimyi ceri: npono(a n onopi .eirpone-
pe(a~ nonnnnci nona~ay n nponnnnnaino: ropo(ie, aare: n (epenne n, n
nrore, nnan cna .eirpn]niannn nxo(nr n ia(yi nay, ocneman npe(e
ncero, paay:eercn, noprper nenioro ennna, orna .eirpn]niannn.
1ai (epennn n ia(in or(einin (o: in cn:non~ecin cnnaani c oi-
mn: conercin: npocrpancrno:. B opaae ocnemennoro (o:a n .eirpn~ecion
a:no~in npocne~nnao pacrymee arococronnne npocrix i(en n rocy(ap-
crna n neo:. B o(non na innoraaer no( naananne: Conercian (epennn
a:no~ia npn:o cnnaana c rnrpo: 3anro~nan nani (n nac ye ne :e~-
ra: .nnao(i, cnnrie na Hnnen Bore, noiaainair .eirponpono(a, no(coe-
(nnennie i (o:y ioxoannia, aare: ia:epa c(nnraercn npn:o i a:no~ie
nnyrpn (o:a, npn ioropon ero nini paorair
81
. 1e:a 3eirpn~ecrno na
(epenne craa o(non na ii~enix n conercio: iyirypno: nponano(crne
192080-x rr. Kai (eiapnponaoci n o(no: na ]ni:on 1982 ro(a, no ncen
crpane aanraercn ennncinn cner. Ho:nn: aaner o c:i~ie
82
.
1ain: opaao:, penpeaenrannn .eirpn]niannn n (oiy:enrancrnie c(e-
aa nn(n:on (naeirniy ro:orennocrn n paan~nn n penpeaenrannn orno-
mennn :e(y :ecrni: n omeconercin: npocrpancrna:n. B cnoe: crpe:e-
nnn i noxoecrn n panencrny :o(ei cern no(nn:aa nonpoc o craryce
oiainocrn n conercion noopaae:on reorpa]nn. Ocnemennan (epennn craa
anaio: na n(eoorn~ecion iapre, aanymennon n nannonainoe opamenne.
O(nonpe:enno c .rn:, o(naio, (epennn ia u0enmuuupoeana, in aa(a-
ni ioop(nnari oiainon n(enrn~nocrn. 3ror o~enn(nin napa(oic nnncn
npo(yiro: nponaran(i: (epenencian omnna, ior(a-ro o~eni cnenn]n~ecian,
ia conepmenno acrpairnon. Hpoxo(n cinoai nponaran(ncrcinn ]nirp,
oiainocri xori n npnoperaa oomaimne ~epri, no ocranaaci npn .ro:
ne oee ~e: npn:epo: oiainon n(enrn~nocrn (n oee mnpoion ay(nro-
pnn. 3ry napa(oicainyi (noncrnennocri (enenrpanaonannoe npocrpan-
crno coxpanno n re~enne 1920-x rr. n .noxn nepnon nnrnerin.
lPAH]HO3HLL HPLO5PA3OBAHHA
B mnpoio: c:ice, .eirpn]niannn rpanc]op:nponaa iai peainin, rai
n cn:non~ecinn an(ma]r, coa(an nonie ro~in opnenrannn n nnnn nnn-
nnn na eapenix pyccinx npocropax. Nono ciaaari, ~ro ona npnnea i
c(nnry n ca:on ionnennnn conercioro npocrpancrna or ecnpe(einoro n
neo]op:ennoro npocropa i orpann~ennon n nanecennon na iapry reppnro-
"#%
pnn. 3ror c(nnr i yciopen nepnon nnrnerion. B 1927 ro(y in aanyme-
ni rpn rpan(noanix nn(ycrpnainix npoeira: Boro-]oncion iana, ]nenpo-
crpon n 1ypicn, cnnainanmnn rypiecrancinn xonoi c cnnpcin: aepno: n
.neprnen. 3ro in ipaeyroinie ia:nn conercion nn(ycrpnanaannn, n ia-
(in na nnx icrpo cra nanenmn: cn:noo: conercioro repon~ecioro
nacronmero.
3anyci nepnon nnrnerin conpono(acn iooccainon nponaran(ncrcion
ia:nannen, n ioropon inno nrpao ii~enyi poi
88
. ]oiy:enrainie ]ni-
:i nanocnn na iapry (ocrnennn nnrnerin. 1ai, n 198081 rr. in coa-
(ani ]ni:i o crponreicrne Narnnroropcioro io:nnara
84
, a cepnn (oiy-
:enrainix ]ni:on Kapra iannrainoro crponreicrna, nixo(nnman c 1929
ro(a, yiaainaa na creneni na:enennn nannonainon iapri n ro(i nnrner-
in. Ka(in .nnao( oripinacn nn(o: oimon iapri ncen conercion reppn-
ropnn c nanecenni:n na nee noni:n a:no~ia:n conercinx (ocrnennn,
noce ~ero opamacn i nn(nnn(yaini: oimn: n :ai: npoeira:, na:e-
nnnmn: nno crpani
8b
. Bce io n nacronme:: Crpana crponrcn |...] yi-
naino ea ionna aannnoci n o(non na craren 1980 ro(a
8b
.
3anyci n 1982 ro(y ]nenpocrpon i aane~aren n pn(e (oiy:enrainix
]ni:on n ia~ecrne orpo:noro (ocrnennn Conercioro rocy(apcrna. 3a(a~a
inno n (pyrnx cpe(crn nponaran(i cno(naci i ro:y, ~roi nii~nri nci
reppnropni n npaa(nonanne .rnx (ocrnennn, i ro:y, ~roi c(eari nx omn-
:n. Hpn:epo: :oer cynri ]ni:, nponane(ennin no(nnnon innocry(n-
en Aeican(pa Ne(ne(inna n re~enne rpex ~acon oripirnn ]nenpor.ca n ryr
e ornpanennin (n npoc:orpa n nanmne ropo(a
87
. Ye na ce(yimnn
(eni ]ni: (ocrnr Nocini n (pyrnx ipynnix ropo(on (Knen, Cranno, Xapi-
ion), ~roi npoerapnn cronni CCCP n Yipanni na (pyron (eni ynn(en
ro, ~ro onn rai (oro (an
88
. Ciopocri nponano(crna n pacnpocrpanennn
ia nnon (e:oncrpannen npeo(oennn orpo:nix paccronnnn n ynn]nnn-
ponanno: conercio: npocrpancrne, nanpanennon na none~enne ncen nonon
conercion nannn n ncropn~ecioe nacronmee.
B 1980 ro(y no cy~ai (ecnrnernn nana lO3PO i ninymen cnenn-
ainin (oiy:enrainin ]ni:
89
. B ne: in ncnoiaonani (ne iapri (n
cpannennn Conercion reppnropnn c reppnropnen (openoinnonnon Poccnn.
B ]ni:e noiaainanci :n]n~ecine (aeine nyrn, ioropi:n n napcion
Poccnn nepe:emanci yroi n ne]ri i nenrpaini: ]apnia: n aano(a:
(81b0 i:. or 5aiy (o Canir-Herepypra), n naopaanci noea(a, nepeceian-
mne nycrie crenn npocrpancrno, penpeaenrnpyimee neonrocri neor-
nrnon (oconercion reppnropnn. 4ni: (e:oncrpnpona no ionrpacry, iai
.eirpn]niannn rpanc]op:nponaa nannonainoe npocrpancrno, ocnonn .rn
paccronnnn. Uenrp Nocina ye ne i e(nncrnenni: yao:: .eirpn-
]niannn oianaonaa nponano(crno, c(eaa ero noa:oni: npairn~ecin n
ion ro~ie na iapre crpani.
4oiycnpynci na (enenrpanaannn, ]ni: nponnn (pyron nanin acneir
pannen conercion nn(ycrpnanaannonnon nponaran(i ynop na nonce(nen-
nyi nani i(en. Boopaae:oe c(nnraercn or npo:imennoro crponrei-
crna i nii: Boxoncrpon coa(a aay (n crponreicrna nonix ]apni n
4b8
npnxo(a nonoro npoerapnara, ny(anmerocn n non noma(n. 1pny:]ai-
nin ]nna ]ni:a (e:oncrpnpona n(eoorn~eciyi nennocri nin (n
nonix pao~nx (pao~ero noceia) n (nyx noce(onareinix opaaax, cno(nn-
mnx noe(nno oiainoe n nannonainoe npocrpancrna. B nepno: (ocrnennn
]nenpocrpon or:e~eni no~non ni:nnannen: nanopa:nan cre:ia enoro
epera pein, ycinannoro ornn:n .eirpn~ecrna. 1ai crponia nanocnaci na
iapry. 3a .rn:n .eirpn~ecin:n ornn:n eaa peainocri pao~ero nin,
no.ro:y ]ni: aanepmacn cre:ia:n nocrpoei, ioropi: eme npe(crono crari
nacronmn: noceio:. Hec:orpn na o~enn(noe ]oiycnponanne na npo:im-
ennix nenrpax, ]ni: c(nnraercn i nepn]epnn, i irono:y iai nanenmen
~acrn connancrn~ecioro crponreicrna. 3ror ]oiyc na nie cnn(ereicr-
nyer o nepexo(e or :aipo- i :nipo-na:epenni n pannen conercion n(eoornn,
i nonce(nennon nann, nnnimencn nanenno nanon napaeii i :ony-
:enraino:y crponreicrny.
CTLNKA OKALHOC1H: KHHOHOL3] ALKCAH]PA NL]BL]KHHA
3ror ainenr na nonce(nennocrn cra rannon ~epron nonon noopaae-
:on iapri conercioro npocrpancrna n 1920-e rr. n .noxy nepnon nnrnerin.
Knne:arorpa]ncri n n(eoorn noaran, ~ro :acconan ay(nropnn y~me or-
iniaercn na anaio:oe, r. e. na penpeaenranni cnoen cocrnennon nonce(nen-
nocrn. Pe(ainnonnan crarin ypnaa Conercioe inno n o(no: na no:epon
aa 192b ro( npe(araa ionnenrpnponaricn ne cioiio na iaprnnax o nenrpe
nn noennix napa(ax n (e:oncrpannnx, croiio na raion (oiy:enrainon
innonpo(yinnn, ioropan oxnarinaa i no nce: ore:e no(nnnyi nani
ncex napo(on, nacenimnx CCCP, nx ir n nonce(nennie coirnn
40
. Bce .ro
nepepoco n ionne 1920-x rr. n ia:nanni no( naananne: nno: i (epen-
ne, ~acrii ioropon io coa(anne ]ni:on o ro:, ~ro :oro i iri nnre-
pecno n ana~n:o (n ipecrinn. Honirin ncce(onannn apnren npe(npnnn:a-
nci iai n ropo(e, rai n n (epenne
41
. 1ai nenrp niracn nonnri ocoennocrn
nepn]epnn: nay~ari ipecrinncioro apnren .ro ana~nr nay~ari nani,
nnrepeci n ir (epennn
42
. 1ain: opaao:, npenpamenne inno]niannn n
.]]eirnnnin n(eoorn~ecinn nncrpy:enr neio aa coon nnn:anne i pea-
nn: nonce(nennon nann n :ecrnoro npocrpancrna. Ono raie rpeonao
npnanannn aa oiainocrii npana na cneuuunocmt.
3ra aaora o onire oiainocrn n ocoennocrn nn(na na npn:epe pao-
ri innonoea(a Aeican(pa Ne(ne(inna nacronmen innocry(nn na ioe-
cax, coa(annon n anrycre 1981 ro(a no yiaaanni UK, nyremecrnonanmen no
conercion reppnropnn n nepno( :e(y 1981 n 198b rr. n (oiy:enrnponanmen
na innoneniy crponreicrno connana:a
48
. Knnonoea( ninonn nponaran-
(ncrciyi :nccni, oy~an n, ~ro eme nanee, npae0ueo noxa.tea peann
connancrn~ecioro crponreicrna. Hoea( nepe:emacn n ocnonno: or Noci-
ni i ranni: ropo(a:: 1a:, r(e ~ro-ro io ne rai, nanpn:ep, ne ninonncn
nan nn io nero(noe pyiono(crno, ry(a nanpanncn nam noea(, ioropin,
iai ncno:nna Ne(ne(inn, ninonn poi cnoero po(a omecrnennoro onn-
"#'
nnren
44
. 4ni: (oen i nenocpe(crnenno y~acrnonari n cranonennn
nonoro nopn(ia: Knno :oer iri ne roiio noome opyne: naprnn,
aannn Ne(ne(inn, no n ioniperni: opyne: naprnnnon n~enin na ion-
ipernix y~acriax connancrn~ecioro crponreicrna
4b
.
Knnonoea( i ~acrii ro:orennanpyimero npoeira, nanpanennoro na pea-
naanni (npeirnn nenrpa. Lro narn(, ]nicnpyimnn na innoneniy peayi-
rari nanonix npeopaaonannn na :ecrax, i, :e(y re:, nonepnyr i ne-
pn]epnn. Hyremecrnyn no crpane, innonoea( ]oiycnponacn na npoe:ax
nn(ycrpnanaannn n ioeirnnnaannn n ca:ix paanix :ecrax, orne~an na
rpeonanne crponreicrna connana:a na ncex yponnnx omecrna n npnno-
(n n aanc rpan(noanie, omecoianie n :ecrnie coirnn. Lme oee na-
no ro, ~ro npairnia noea(a cnino orn~aaci or oi~nix arnr-noea(on: on ne
nocrann ]ni:i c nenrpa na nepn]epni. Ho npnirnn io:an(a noea(a
aanncinaa na innoneniy nani :ecrnon io::yni, ioxoaa, nponnnnnai-
non ]apnin n nx nonce(nennocrn no npnnnnny innoxponnin. 3are: ]ni:
nponnncn, pe(airnponacn npn:o n noea(e n ryr e noiaainacn :ecrni:
nren:
4b
. 1ain: opaao:, ]ni:i nponano(nnci na uecme n npe(naana~a-
nci (n :ecrnoro ncnoiaonannn. lannoe orn~ne innonoea(a or ion
inno]apnin aaii~aercn n ro:, ~ro cre:ia ]ni:a y nero oprann~ecin n
nepaapinno cnnaana c ne:e(enni: noiaao: na :ecre nponano(crna, aa-
nnn Ne(ne(inn
47
.
B .ro: c:ice innonoea( i ornero: na nacymnin nonpoc 1920-x rr.
iai omaricn c :acca:n
48
Ho :nenni Ne(ne(inna, ce(onao noiaaari i-
(n: ro, ~ro onn anair y~me ncero: Ynn(eri na .ipane cnonx (pyaen. Cnon
nex, cnoi ynny nnrepecno ia(o:y ~eoneiy
49
. Hoce(crnnn .roro o(o-
:amnnnannn (n noopaae:on iapri Conercion crpani y(nnnreini: na
.ipane ipecrinne n pao~ne nn(nr cen n ia~ecrne conercinx rpa(an, a nx
nonce(nennan nani npe(cranena no~rn iai innoxponnia. 1ain: opaao:,
innonoea( npn(ana :ecrnon nonce(nennocrn craryc co6tmu, aann:aimero
nanenmee :ecro n nannonaino: npocrpancrne.
Coracno Hnioai Hanoony, io:an(a innonoea(a nepnon ocoanaa, ~ro
.ipan .ro ne aepiao, no npeopaaonarei nann
b0
. Nono ciaaari, o(-
naio, ~ro rpynna Ne(ne(inna aa:e~areina iai paa oripirne: n pacmnpe-
nne: norennnaa .ipana n:enno iai aepiaa, orpaaimero nani ca:oro
apnren no ncen ee nenpnneiareinocrn. Hpo(yinnn innonoea(a npe(cran-
na uecmntu ume.u cauux ce6. Coornercrnenno, Ne(ne(inn aa]ni-
cnpona n peainnn na cnon ]ni:i apnreicinn moi or ca:on(enrn]nia-
nnn c .ipannon peainocrii
b1
. Knno, n ionne ionnon, io nce eme cpannn-
reino noni: :e(na, nomeni: aepiao:, oa(aimn: iain:-ro aara-
(o~ni: map:o:. Ynn(eri cen aane~arenni: n .ro: nomeno: aepiae
io, nanepnoe, aaxnarinaime n nonyime, a nponecc ocrpanennn (ana apn-
rei nonoe ananne iai o cee, rai n o oipyaimen ero cpe(e. ]n Ne(ne(-
inna .ror nponecc i arnrannonni: no npen:ymecrny cnoeopaanan
nnrepnonnnn, ~epea ioropyi necoanareinin ~eonei npenpamacn n co-
nercioro rpa(annna, npnnncannoro npn no:omn ia:epi i nono:y cn:non-
~ecio:y nopn(iy.
4b0
B ocnone ]noco]nn innonoea(a eaa ryoio yiopenennan nepa n
n(eoorn~eciyi ana~n:ocri uacmu. Corpy(nn~ecrno n coy~acrne in ran-
ni:n ~epra:n ero paori, ~acrii omero rpynnonoro npoeira, ioropin ea
n ocnone :e(ne(inncioro nn(ennn. Necrnie nren in nrnnyri n npona-
no(crno ]ni:on na paanix yponnnx nnori (o no:omn n coa(annn rnr-
pon. H no :epe paannrnn rexnnin n npone(yp, ncnoiaonannix n paore inno-
noea(a n re~enne nepnoro ro(a, :ono nn(eri rpan(noanocri :nccnn, ioropyi
Ne(ne(inn noaon na cen: ne npocro e~enne nonce(nennix npoe:, no
ncnoiaonanne inno n coa(annn ca:nx iareropnn rpa(ancrna n rpa(ancio-
ro y~acrnn. Naeniine i(n (nenn(n:ie repon, no cona: Ne(ne(inna)
nrpan nanyi poi n crponreicrne connana:a.
1ai oiainocri :apinponaaci na noopaae:on iapre. Ho:n:o :ecr-
non ca:on(enrn]niannn, ca:a npnpo(a paori innonoea(a rpeonaa ioop(n-
nannn oiainoro npocrpancrna n cncre:e (pyrnx reppnropnainix cnnaen.
Ho npnirnn n ]onacc, nanpn:ep, io:an(a Ne(ne(inna (e:oncrpnponaa
maxrepa: ]ni:i, npnneaennie c Kpnnacca n cnnrie ra: aa necioiio ne-
(ei (o roro
b2
. ]e:oncrpannn ]ni:on, nponane(ennix no npe:n npe(i(ymnx
noea(oi no (pyrn: maxra: nn ioxoaa: n re~enne o(non .icne(nnnn, coa-
(anaa noopaae:yi ceri. Nono ciaaari, ~ro n ]ni:ax innonoea(a :e-
crnoe nnnoci oee nennon iareropnen, ~e: omenannonainoe. Opra-
nnaonannin n nenrpe n npncannin orry(a, noea( na npairnie cn:non~ecin
or:enn .ror nenrp, iai i pacrnopnn ero n pernonainix cnnanx n no((ep-
nnan :ecrnyi ca:on(enrn]nianni, nii~ennyi n cn:non~eciyi peai-
nocri conerciocrn. Knnonoea( (e:oncrpnpona :ecrnoe :ecrno:y, (ana ro-
oc nepn]epnn, noanon :ecrni: nren: ynn(eri cen na .ipane.
3ror nnrepec i oiaino:y (eaer ]ni:i innonoea(a y(nnnreini:n
(oiy:enra:n nonoro ira na~aa 1980-x. 1ai, ]ni: Kai nnemi, ronapnm
ropnni (1982) oripinaercn aace(anne: maxrepcioro io:nrera, na ioropo:
ocy(aircn npoe:i nnaion nponano(nreinocrn n rpy(onon (ncnnnn-
ni. 3ace(anne io cnnro, ~ro naainaercn, n peaino: npe:enn c :nnn-
:aini: ncnoiaonanne: :onraa (iai .ro npairnionaoci n paore inno-
noea(a). B peayirare pacipinaercn ne.]]eirnnnocri ca:oro io:nrera, no(-
~epinyran noiaao: pacrymen iy~n nporoioon n (oiy:enron. ]pyron rnrp
opamaercn i apnrei c nonpoco:: Kai meo nani, ronapnm maxrep, ro-
r(a iai ia:epa pacipinaer nonce(nennyi nani ca:nx maxrepon. Orner, iai
:ono nonnri, (aei or noanrnnnoro. 4ni: npornnonocranner peainocri
yconnn nann n(eaa: conercioro crponreicrna, pacipinan npan(y, cron-
myi aa rocy(apcrnennon pnropnion. B ]ni:e, nanpn:ep, (e:oncrpnpyercn
necocronreinocri rocy(apcrnennon nonrnin pacnpocrpanennn iyirypi
n iyirypnocrn n paan~nix conx naceennn; cnn(ereicrno: nnocrn
rocy(apcrnennon pnropnin o yipamennn pao~nx inapraon aeenii
nnnircn aine (epenna nponn~ecian no(cneria i mnpoio peia:npye-
:i: nnrennnn: rocy(apcrna coa(ari yronn~ecioe npocrpancrno (n or(ixa
nonoro npoerapnara. Kponarn ea :arpacon, n io::ynainon croonon
nniro ne ecr, rpn(nari ce:en nner n o(no: no:emennn...
4ni: ipnrniyer noxne yconnn nann n, iai raionon, nnnercn ~y(o:
coxpannnmn:cn (oiy:enro: peainon nann. Haneennie na pemenne o-
"$
iainix npoe:, paornnin innonoea(a ne onnci noiaainari (encrnnrei-
nie npoe:i, c ioropi:n crainnanci conercine rpa(ane n ro(i nepnon
nnrnerin, n .ror ]ni: orn~aercn npe(e ncero ryoion cn:narnen n
co~yncrnne: i ronapnmy maxrepy n ero (pyain:. On (e:oncrpnpyer cny
(yxa npocrix i(en, nx cnoconocri onnari npocrpancrno cpe(n rpnan n
rpy(nocren, o(o:amnnnari ero. 4ni: noiaainaer, iai maxrepi n nx ce:in
coa(air nani n neninocn:ix yconnnx: i(n roronnr nnmy na rpnano:
(nope omenrnn, (ern nrpair cpe(n aion aeenn, ce:in nnyr ciy~en-
no, :oo(ie i(n nmyr ye(nnennn n omecrnennix :ecrax... Kpynni: na-
no: norn, yronaimne n nenpoxo(n:on rpnan, iai cn:no rneix :arepn-
ainix yconnn nonce(nennon nann.
***
Hrai, (noncrnennocri n conocri conercion oiainocrn cranonnrcn
o~enn(non. B pnropnie n opaaax .eirpn]niannn :i nn(n:, ~ro nonoe co-
nercioe npocrpancrno noannnonnponaoci iai (enenrpanaonannoe n ypan-
nennoe: iareropnn oiainocrn :ecrnon cnenn]nin n y~acrnn in n
~nce ocnonnix onop rpan(noanoro npoeira rocy(apcrnennon rpanc]op:a-
nnn. O(naio .ro io ne~ro oimee, ~e: ~ncran npar:arnia. 3(eci nama
cnoe orpaenne oee mnpoian n nnone ncipennnn n(eoorn~ecian ycra-
nonia na coa(anne nonoro rnna npocrpancrnennon oprannaannn, nonoro ipo-
noopamennn Conercion Poccnn. B ]ni:ax Ne(ne(inna ocoenno ncno aa-
:erno .ro ]oiycnponanne na nepn]epni. Ho o~enn(ni raie n napa(oici
raion ycranonin. B napo~nro: no(~epinnannn Ne(ne(inni: cnenn]n~nocrn
nonce(nennon nann pernonon n nepn]epnn Conercion crpani peann o-
iainocrn in ncipiri iai ne~ro conepmenno orn~noe or n(eananponan-
non acrpairnon .eirpn]nnnponannon (epennn. B peayirare :e~ra o no-
non npocrpancrnennon oprannaannn na~aa pacna(aricn na ~acrnocrn; :ecr-
noe npocrpancrno ne no((anaoci cn:non~ecin: rpanc]op:annn:, neno(r-
e:ni: n iy(a oee (pyrn: n ocoenni:, ~e: roro rpeonan :o(en
cern noopaae:oro conercioro npocrpancrna.
Hepeeo0 c ane.ucxoeo E. Ancan
1
Narepna .ron crarin nanr na :oen innrn \isions o a New Land: Soviel lilm
rom lhe Pevolulion lo lhe Second World War (Yale Universily Press: New Haven, 2008).
2
B ]enpae 1918 ro(a aa nn: noce(ona oee paanepnyrin ]eiper BUHK o
connanaannn ae:n.
8
. H. Lenun. 2b ]enpan 1919 ;; B. H. ennn. Honoe copanne co~nnennn n
bb-rn rr. b-e na(. N., 19b819bb. 1. 8b. C. 10b.
4
C:.: R. Felhpbtidge. 1he Social Origins o Slalinism. London, 1974. Coracno
4ac:epy, rep:nn nan noanni n pyccio: naiie n nerponciyi .noxy n cnnan c
4b2
:o(epnnaannonni:n a:nnnn:n Herpa (Max Vasmet. Pussisches elymologisches
Wrlerbuch. Heidelberg, 19b8). 3ro cono npnopeo nionn~ecinn craryc n conercinn
nepno( n, n ~acrnocrn, n crannciyi .noxy.
b
H. a6e.t. He]ri ;; H. 5aei. Co~nnennn n 2-x rr. 1. 2. N., 1992. C. 22b.
b
Unr. no: Conpe:ennan apxnreirypa. 1980. ! 12. C. bb.
7
R. Roosa. 1he Associalion o lnduslry and 1rade, 190b1914 (neonynionannan
(oiropcian (ncceprannn, Columbia Universily, 19b7). Unr no: A. D. Rassueilet. 1he
Generalion o Power: 1he Hislory o Dneprslroi. New Yorl, 1988. P. 28. C:. raie:
A. D. Rassueilet. Pussian lnduslrialisls and Slale Socialism ;; Soviel Sludies. 1972.
! 28. P. 89b418. Kpnanoncinn nnca cnon nepnie npoeiri .eirpn]niannn eme
(o penoinnn iai cyamnn :nnncrepcrna.
8
!. Apuanoecxu. O .eirpn]niannn. Pe~i na \lll crea(e Coneron. N., 1921.
C. 9.
9
C:.: !. Coopetsmilh. 1he Lleclriicalion o Soviel Pussia. llhaca, 1992. P. 1b71b7.
10
Ci(a nxo(nn: Uenrpainin npo:imennin panon, Cenepo-3ana(, Ypa, ]oneni,
3ana(, Cpe(nenocinn panon, Cnnpi n Kaniaa. Ce(yer aa:ernri, ~ro .ro in rpa-
(nnnonnie nn(ycrpnainie nenrpi.
11
H. Cxeopoe-Cmenanoe. 3eirpn]niannn P.C.4.C.P. n cnnan c nepexo(non ]aaon
:nponoro xoanncrna. N.; Hr. 1928. C. 17b.
12
Han .eirpn]niannn PC4CP: Bne(enne i (oia(y \lll crea(y Coneron. N., 1921.
C. 142.
18
. H. Lenun. Or~er o paore Uenrpainoro Hcnonnreinoro Ko:nrera ;;
B. H. ennn. Honoe copanne co~nnennn n bb-rn ro:ax. 1. 42. C. 1b1.
14
Han .eirpn]niannn PC4CP. C. 217.
1b
!. Apuanoecxu. 10 er lO3PO: pe~i na ropecrnenno: neny:e Noco-
ncnoio:a n Nocconera 2b (eiapn 1980 r. N., 1981. C. 18.
1b
. H. Lenun. Or~er o paore Uenrpainoro Hcnonnreinoro Ko:nrera. C. 1b8.
17
Hcro~nni .roro nipaennn rpy(no onapynri, nocioiiy ono io mnpoio
pacnpocrpaneno. C:., nanpn:ep, no(nnci no( ]ororpa]nn:n n ypnae Hpoeirop
(3acnna a:no~ia Hin~a), nocnponane(enni:n n in.: . Lucmoe, !. Au6epna0u.
Oirnpicine crpannni (19171941). N., 1970. C. 1b8.
18
. H. Lenun. Or~er o paore Uenrpainoro Hcnonnreinoro Ko:nrera, 2 ]enpa-
n 1920 r. ;; B. H. ennn. Honoe copanne co~nnennn n bb-rn ro:ax. 1. 40. C. 109.
19
1a: e. C. 1b01b1.
20
. H. Lenun. <Hpe(nconne i innre H. Cinopnona-Crenanona 3eirpn]nia-
nnn P.C.4.C.P.>. B neioropix na(annnx .ron pomipi ncrynenne arpnyrnponano
H. ennnon (Ha(e(e Kpyncion).
21
1a: e.
22
. H. Lenun. Or~er o paore Uenrpainoro Hcnonnreinoro Ko:nrera. C. 1b9.
28
1a: e. C. 1b8.
24
C:.: Parly Cinema Conerence Pesolulion: 1he Pesulls o Cinema Conslruclion in
lhe USSP and lhe 1asls o Soviel Cinema ;; 1he lilm laclory: Pussian and Soviel
Cinema in Documenls 189b1989. ; P. 1aylor, l. Chrislie (Ld.). London, 1988. P. 211.
2b
Un]pi nanri na iaraora Bcepoccnncioro locy(apcrnennoro apxnna inno]oro-
(oiy:enron ((aee PlAK4]).
2b
Unr. no.: Maxcuu !optxu. 1nrp na Hamnx (ocrnennn (1980) (PlAK4] 0
1888).
"$!
27
. H. Lenun. Hnci:o A. H. Piiony n H. H. Pa(~enio, 28 oirnpn 1920 ;; B. H.
ennn. Honoe copanne co~nnennn n bb-rn ro:ax. 1. b1. C. 820.
28
C:., nanp.: Hamn (ocrnennn. 1980. ! 1 (PlAK4] 0-1888).
29
Beninn nyri (1927, pe. 3c]npi Ly) (PlAK4] 0-29b7-Xl).
80
Laran, Coner! (192b, pe. ]anra Bepron) (PlAK4] l-102b7).
81
Connancrn~ecian (epennn: Knno-ypna. 1988. ! 24 (PlAK4] l-2b2b).
82
Ha ennncio: nyrn (1982) (PlAK4] l-879b).
88
C:., nanp.: Hepnan nnrneria n CCCP (1929) (PlAK4] l-18978).
84
C:., nanp.: Narnnrocrpon (1980) (PlAK4] l-8819).
8b
Kapra iannrainoro crponreicrna (1929) (PlAK4] l-12884).
8b
Oaop ne~arn ;; Bonpoci io::ynainoro xoanncrna. 1980. ! b. C. 7b.
87
Hyci ]nenpocrpon (10 oirnpn 1982, 8 ~.) (PlAK4] 0-b214). A. Me0ee0xun.
'ro raioe innonoea( ;; Ha ncropnn inno: ]oiy:enri n :arepnai. N., 1980. C. 4b.
88
12 y(apnix pencon. N., 1984. C. 17.
89
10 er lO3PO: Knnonicrpannn i (oia(y r. Kpnanoncioro (1980)
(PlAK4] 09711).
40
Conercioe inno. 192b. ! 28. C. b8bb.
41
C:., nanp., nporoioi nocenpoc:orponix ocy(ennn n pao~en ay(nropnn:
nno: i nny c pao~n: apnree: ;; Knno n nani. 1929. ! 4. C. 1b17; Ho
nponnnnnn ;; Conercioe inno. 1927. ! 2. C. 242b.
42
Conercioe inno. 192b. ! 28. C. b1.
48
R. Taplot. An lnlerview wilh Alexander Nedvedlin ;; lnside lhe lilm laclory:
New Approaches lo Pussian and Soviel Cinema ; P. 1aylor, l. Chrislie (Ld.). London,
1994. P. 1bb17b (1b9).
44
A. Me0ee0xun. 'ro raioe innonoea( ;; Ha ncropnn inno: (oiy:enri n :are-
pnai. N., 1974. C. 28.
4b
1a: e.
4b
1oiio n 198182 rr. n noea(e io c(eano 72 ]ni:a no( pyiono(crno:
Ne(ne(inna. 5oimnncrno na nnx c~nraercn yrepnnni:. B 1989 ro(y (ennri na nnx
in nan(eni n panee ne ncce(onanno: apxnne. 5nnorpa]ni n ]ni:orpa]ni
Ne(ne(inna n ero noea(a c:.: A. ,ep6un. Beci Ne(ne(inn. 4ni:orpa]nn ;; Knno-
ne(~ecine aanncin. 2000. ! 49. C. 8b14b.
47
A. Me0ee0xun. 'ro raioe innonoea( C. 28.
48
A. Me0ee0xun. 294 (nn na ioecax ;; Ha ncropnn inno: (oiy:enri n :arepn-
ai. N., 1977. C. 87. H. A. Hanoon raie yrnep(aer, ~ro nnnnne Ne(ne(inna na
apnreen io orpo:ni:, .ro io c:emenne: anaio:oro n neanaio:oro (c:.: H. H.-
eo.oe. 4eno:en inno: Hcropnn n reopnn. N., 2001. C. 247).
49
H. H.eo.oe. Unr. co~. C. 247.
b0
1a: e.
b1
A. Me0ee0xun. 294 (nn na ioecax. C. 87. C:. raie: A. Me0ee0xun. 'ro raioe
innonoea( C. 84.
b2
12 y(apnix pencon. N., 1984. C. 29
4b4
HA]LA]A lPHlOPLLBA
PLHPL3LH1AUHA 1PY]A B COBL1CKHX
4HLNAX KOHUA 19201980-x rr.
Hpoe:a penpeaenrannn rpy(a n inno ~peani~anno cona nnn(y ore-
:a nonnrnn rpy(, rpannni ioroporo n pacc:arpnnae:in nepno( paao:iny-
nci, nopan n cen no~rn nce nn(i ~eone~ecion (enreinocrn. Hocioiiy
cn:noncrcian rearpanaannn none(ennn n 1920-e rr. onroornanpyercn, xy-
(oecrnennie npairnin, n cnoi o~epe(i, npenpamaircn n cnoco irnn. Hao-
:op]na: nciyccrna n nann crpani orpaaercn, n ~acrnocrn, n cnryannn
nreparypnoro rexnorona, oprannaye:oro rocy(apcrno:. H:enno n .noxy ro-
ranrapna:a ioe (encrnne pacc:arpnnaercn iai xy(oecrnennoe niciaai-
nanne, a xy(oecrnennoe niciaainanne nnrepnpernpyercn iai nponano(cr-
nennin nponecc. Knno nrpaer a(eci onpe(enimyi poi, nocioiiy nnnercn
npoopaao: oprannaannonnoro cnnreaa nn(ycrpnn n nciyccrna n roranrap-
no: Gesamllunslwerl
1
. B ia~ecrne npn:epa :ono npnnecrn :yaiiainie
nponano(crnennie io:e(nn, r(e pao~ne n ipecrinne nnmyr n noir y cnonx
cranion n rpairopon
2
: a(eci ecri n operenne nceomero c~acrin n rpy(e, n
nonn:anne paori iai nciyccrna
8
(npn .ro: Barnep npenpamaercn n ron-
ny(cinn :iani), n iapnananaannn nponecca nponano(crna.
KHHLNA1OlPA4H'LCKOL CANOCO3HAHHL 1PY]A
'roi npoanananponari crpyirypy innopenpeaenrannn rpy(a, ce(yer, n
nepnyi o~epe(i, oparnricn i ]eno:eny (nnennn. B 1nop~ecion .noi-
nnn (1907) 5eprcon pacc:arpnnaer ~eone~ecioe coananne no anaornn c
inne:arorpa]n~ecin: :exanna:o:
4
. Coracno 5eprcony, inne:arorpa]n~e-
cinn nnreeir iai cpe(crno ~eone~ecioro noanannn omno~en n (oen
iri c:emen no :epe rnop~ecion .noinnn cnoen npornnonoonocrii
nnrynnnen, cnoconon nocrnrari nponecc cranonennn iai ionrnnyainoe e(nn-
crno. Ani ]eea n cnoen innre Knno 1. Opaa-(nnenne (1988) ocnapn-
naer ro~iy apennn 5eprcona na (ncipernocri inne:arorpa]n~ecioro cnocoa
noanannn. Paannrne inne:arorpa]a, no ]eeay, cocronr n nepexo(e or :onra-
a, ioropin paannaer na ~acrn (nnenne, or acca:na (nnennn-opa-
aon, or nenpn:on penpeaenrannn npe:enn i noiaay nenpepinnoro (nne-
nnn, i npn:on penpeaenrannn (nreinocrn (dure), i npe:enn-opaay
b
.
Knnoannapar, no 5eprcony, oiaainaercn cpo(nn ]noco]nn n(en, npn .ro:
no( n(een nonn:aercn iaprnna (encrnnn, aacnnran c rpex ro~ei apennn:
"$#
npnarareinoro, cymecrnnreinoro n raroa. Cne(enne nemen i n(en: co-
cronr n paaoennn nponecca cranonennn na ero rannie :o:enri
b
.
Hnrepecno, ~ro aa(oro (o naoperennn rexnnin, anro:arn~ecin ]nicn-
pyimen nn(n:yi (encrnnreinocri nano(one ~eone~ecioro coanannn, n
]noco]nn leren ye i paan~n: cnoero po(a ]ororpa]n~ecinn cno-
co oprannaannn :icn. ]nxoro:nn ri:a;cner nrpaer poi n onpe(eennn
]yxa: nmi n ca:ocoanannn iai nonnrnn ]yxa nonopornin nynir coana-
nnn, r(e ono na ipaco~non nn(n:ocrn ~yncrnennoro nocicroponnero n na nyc-
ron ri:i cnepx~yncrnennoro norycroponnero ncrynaer n (yxonnin (nennon
cner nacronmero
7
. K aaiona: nerarnnnoro oropaennn peainocrn orcia-
er ocnonnoe rereencioe 0euenue (die Bewegung) cnnrne npornnonoo-
nocren. Ca:ocoananne n 4eno:enoornn (yxa ]yninnonnpyer iai nera-
rnnnan nenia, ]nicnpyiman :o:enri (encrnnreinocrn: 1oiio y(y~n
neeamueno cnocmt oopu.enntx cauocmome.tntx uouenmoe, npo-
croe n` ecri ror po( nn ro npocroe nceomee, (n ioroporo paan~nn ne
cyri paan~nn; n ca:ocoananne no.ro:y (ocronepno anaer cen ca:o roiio
aro(apn cnnrni roro (pyroro, ioropoe nponnnercn (n nero iai ca:ocron-
reinan nani...
8
(iypcnn :on H. !.).
Paa(eennin na ia(pi n .nnao(i, rpy(onon nponecc neo(noiparno nocnpona-
no(nrcn n roranrapno: inno. Honiria pac~ennri nponano(crno na ]aai
npn no:omn :onraa nnnercn omen (n ncex ]ni:on 192080-x rr., npn
.ro: rpy( :oer penpeaenrnponaricn n iai cnnrar:a, n iai napa(nr:a
9
. Haopa-
an rpy( iai paarnrin na ]aai nponecc nn iai pn( conocrann:ix :e(y
coon (encrnnn, inne:arorpa] re:arnanpyer cnon :exanna: nciyccrnenno
c:onrnponannoe (nnenne, coa(annoe npn no:omn cienin or(einix ia(pon.
Lcn n ocnone inne:arorpa]n~ecioro cnn:ia enr AE@ n nonn:annn 5eprco-
na, ro aaoni: pe]epenro: innoenri oiaainaercn rpy( nn, nipaanci cona-
:n roro e 5eprcona, inne:arorpa]n~ecioe no(paanne oreirnnno:y (nne-
nni. Anaor raio:y no(paanni co(epnrcn n ion :amnne conin
annapar (encrnyer ne ionrnnyaino, a (nciperno, rai ~ro ia(an ero ~acri ]yni-
nnonnpyer or(eino, no(~nnnnci nn(nnn(yaino:y pnr:y. Boanninonenne inne-
:arorpa]a c]oiycnponao nnn:anne :e(nainix cpe(crn na nonirie penpeaen-
rannn (nnennn, n o(non na rannix re: craa a(eci paoraiman :amnna.
Hponecc nn(ycrpnanaannn nciyccrna c npnxo(o: inne:arorpa]a me
napaeino no :enimen :epe n rpex nanpanennnx: na yponne npe(:era
coomennn, anropa n io(a. ]nnymeecn naopaenne na .ipane iai cnoco
rpancnnnn xy(oecrnennoro niciaainannn cnnaano c noanninonenne: no-
noro npe(:era coomennn rexnnin, aa:ecrnnmen ~eoneia iai rannoro
repon po:annoro nonecrnonannn. Ha na~aino: .rane paannrnn inne:arorpa-
]a rexnnia ia aannena ne roiio iai re:a, no n iai cycrnryr nacronme-
ro ~eoneia-apnren, yrpoaimnn ero cymecrnonanni. O(nn na ca:ix cen-
cannonnix pannnx ]ni:on yn i:iepa naopaaer naponoa, necymnncn
na apnreinin aa (Hpnirne noea(a i noiaay a Cnora, 189b). Annapar
ne roiio cra noni: repoe:, no n yrpoa pennnnenry, npononnpyn ero na
nnrepairnnnoe nocnpnnrne nciyccrna no cnn(ereicrny o~enn(nen, :norne
apnren nciainnan c :ecr, nn(n, ~ro noea( ernr na nnx
10
.
4bb
1panc]op:annn iyirypnoro npocrpancrna nponnnaci ne roiio na pe]e-
pennnaino: yponne: ca: nncrnryr inne:arorpa]a cra nonomenne: n(en nn-
(ycrpnanaannn rpy(a n nciyccrne, oriaaa or nn(nnn(yainoro anropcrna n, coor-
nercrnenno, onpe(en nepexo( i ioeirnnno:y rnop~ecrny. Lcn no ornome-
nni i xy(oecrnennon nreparype nn nnonncn eme :ono ronopnri o npona-
ne(ennn, n ioropo: rai nn nna~e iaiinpyercn nn(nnn(yainocri ero anropa, ro
no ornomenni i ]ni:y ipearnnnin rpy( npnnn:aer or~ernnie ]op:i ]a-
pn~non oprannaannn
11
. 'e: conee cranonnaci rexnnia, npn no:omn ioropon
cnn:aoci inno, re: ecr~e (eaaci cncre:a ynpanennn. Oprannaannn inno-
]apnin orn~aaci or oprannaannn nop:ainon ]apnin
12
roiio re:, ~ro
nponano(n:i: npo(yiro: i ne or(einin npe(:er, a cn:ynnnn :npa, nii-
~aimero n cen BCL npe(:eri. yn ]eii n innre Pholognie (1920; pyc.
nep. iai 4ororennn inno, 1924), (enci nne~arennn:n or nocemennn ronny(-
cion inno]apnin, nepe(aer paaronop c npo(icepo:, ioroporo nononao, iai
.]]eirnee nepe:ecrnri ropi na cre:o~non reppnropnn. B .ro: npn:epe opra-
nnaannn n inno npnoperaer ioc:oycrponreinie :acmrai. B 1920-e rr. inne-
:arorpa] npnni~no cpannnnaercn c ]apnion: Cnenapnn neon(anno n cy-
~anno nanncari neian, n nnmymnn ero (oen anari o ornomennn cnenapnoro
nana i nany inne:arorpa]n~ecio:y, (oen anari rexnniy nponano(crna, (o-
en anari nepexo( or nana i nany, (oen nonn:ari c:ernie nonpoci, nonpo-
ci ncnoiaonannn cn (annon ]apnin
18
, a penccep c rexnn~ecin: ycrpon-
crno:: 3naenmrenn noxo na (nnrarei nnyrpennero cropannn, npncnocoen-
nin (n ceicioxoanncrnennix paor
14
.
1pernn acneir, n ioropo: nponnnaci nn(ycrpnanaannn xy(oecrnen-
noro reicra, cocron n nono: cnocoe oana~nnannn npe(:ernon (encrnnrei-
nocrn. 3ror cnoco, c o(non croponi, ocnoninacn na ~ncro :exann~ecinx
(encrnnnx, cnnaannix c paarnrne: n nepeio:nononion orcnnroro :arepna-
a, apxnnnpyimero peainocri, a c (pyron croponi, nperen(ona na (e:nyp-
rna:. Hanecrnin n innone(~ecion nreparype .]]eir Kyemona aaii~a-
ercn n ro:, ~ro npn no:omn :onraa ia(pon (ocrnraercn niann innocoi-
rnn, ioroporo ne cymecrnonao n (encrnnreinocrn. Nonra nnnercn ai-
repnarnnni: cnocoo: oprannaannn xponorona, cynr nen: ioncrpynpona-
nnn nonoro :npa.
Xy(oecrnennoe nponano(crno no Kyemony cocrono, o(naio, ne roiio n
io:noannnonno: :annnynponannn ]par:enra:n reicra. Ocnonnoe nnn:a-
nne n ero reopnn inno y(enoci nonirie :o(enponari (nnennn. Ayren-
rn~nocri naopaennoro na .ipane ~eoneia orne~aa :exannie ~eone~e-
cioro rea, ioropyi Kyemon nonn:a iai paory
1b
.
Ho(onan :exannia cynr nen pacipirnn ocnonnoro, no Kyemony,
pe]epenra inne:arorpa]a rpy(onoro nponecca, ioropin rai nn nna~e npe(-
craer na .ipane nne aanncn:ocrn or roro, ~ro n:enno nnnercn npe(:ero:
cre:in: Paoran no ocn:, neoxo(n:o no:nnri, ~ro nce inno-(encrnne ecri
pn( rpy(onix nponeccon. Beci ceiper cnenapnn n aaii~aercn n ro:, ~roi
anrop aa(ana pn( rpy(onix nponeccon, npn~e:: nannari ~an rpy(onon
nponecc, n (ae neonaricn rpy(onon nponecc, rai iai n .ro: ecri onpe(e-
ennan :exannia
1b
.
"$%
Nexann~ecioe nonn:anne ~eoneia n 1920-e rr. npoennponaoci na ca-
:ie paanie iyirypnie c]epi, cno(n noe(nno nciyccrno n nep]op:anc ]nan-
~ecioro rpy(a: ecn y Nenepxoi(a airep pacc:arpnnaercn iai :exann~e-
cioe reo, acrparnpyimeecn or cnonx noorn~ecinx ]yninnn no npe:n cnei-
rain, ro y (npeiropa Hncrnryra 1py(a (BUH1) Aeicen lacrena, croponnnia
renopnancion cncre:i n rpy(onon oprannaannn, ncnxorexnnia na pao~e:
:ecre (eaa na pao~ero rearpainoro airepa
17
. Ye n 1910-e rr. nonnrne
(nnennn (n Nenepxoi(a pacnoaraoci n nenrpe rearpainoro nciyccrna,
orrecnnn na nropon nan nreparypnin reicr: (oanoeno y(er (ari airepy
cono nmi ror(a, ior(a y(er coa(an cenapu 0euenu. |...] C.oea e me-
ampe .unt .opt na xanee 0euenu (5aaran, 1912)
18
.
Hepenopor n inne:arorpa]e, nanpannnmnn .ror :e(ny: na penpeaenra-
nni rpy(a, iai c~nraer Kyemon, conepmn 'apn 'annn, npe(onn cnoe:y
repoi omaricn ne c oa(aimn:n ncnxnion naprnepa:n, a c npe(:era:n.
B ia(o: ]ni:e inne:arorpa] coomaer o ca:o: cee, o cnoen nn(ycrpn-
ainon npnpo(e: 1py(onon nponecc :exannia, ce(onareino (nnenne,
ce(onareino acoirnin :arepna inne:arorpa]nn
19
.
C (pyron croponi, rpy(onon nponecc y Kyemona nonn:aercn n (yxe pe]-
eicoornn. Lcn y Beprona, oy~anmerocn n Hcnxonenpoorn~ecio: nncrn-
ryre n Herporpa(e, nn(ycrpnainan :o(ei ~eone~ecion ncnxnin nn(ynnpy-
er reopni nocnpnnrnn, npncymero :exanna:y ia:epe, n cnnaannyi c .rn:
ionnennni inno:onraa, nocrpoennoro na nnrepnaax
20
, ro y Kyemona pe-
ainin ~eonei rpy(nrcn nocpe(crno: pe]eica
21
: Cnenapnn (oni
(anari pe]eici (encrnyimnx nn na nponcxo(nmee, nipaaimeecn n opa-
mennn ~eoneia c nema:n n i(i:n ~epea (nnennn
22
.
AHHAPA1 H KONHO3H1HAA KPLA1HBHOC1L
Nexannaannn homo sapiens n ero (nnennn orciaer i n(ee ~eoneia
iai annapara, ioropan ia nonynpna n nei Hpocnemennn n no(nepraci
ipnrnie n po:anrna:e. Hpoe:a penpeaenrannn rpy(a recno cnnaana c npo-
e:on penpeaenrannn annapara, cynnmero ynnnepcainon :era]opon rnop-
~ecioro A n nepnon rpern XX neia. 3nr:yn( 4pen( neo(noiparno npnera i
cpannenni coanannn c :e(naini: annaparo:, ]nicnpyimn: nai(ennn
y(i ro onrn~ecinn npnop n 1oionannn cnonn(ennn, (1raumdeulung,
1899) nn nomenin oinor (Noliz ber den Wunderblocl, 192b). H(en
annapara no(paay:enaer y(noenne ~eone~ecioro rea, n ye noro:y oiaai-
naercn :o(eii io:noanrnon ipearnnnocrn anropa, ne(ymero (naor c co-
crnenni: ]pyrn:.
]nciyccnn o rexnnie iai o npoeinnn ~eone~ecinx opranon onnnaci n
cn:noncrciyi .noxy n cnnan c rexnoiparn~ecion nnrepnperannen ~eone~e-
cioro coanannn. Paora 3pncra Kanna 1877 ro(a, n ioropon ror nnepnie npe(-
on nonnrne opranonpoeinnn, npnopea ocoin peaonanc n ipyry nen-
cioro ncnxoananaa: 3nr:yn( 4pen( nnmer crarii Das Unheimliche, r(e ]o-
iycnpyer cnoe nnn:anne na opaae ~eoneia-annapara; 4epennn n (nyx no:e-
4b8
pax lmago aa 1919 ro( ne~araer reanci ncce(onannn no rexnnie; Bnirop
1ayci nyniyer paory ber die Lnlslehung des Beeinlussungsapparales`
in der Schizophrenie (O ncroiax noa(encrnyimero annapara` n mnao]pe-
nnn (1919)), cranmyi o(nn: na npereicron i innre ]eeaa n lnarrapn Kann-
rana: n mnao]pennn.
Coracno 1ayciy, noa(encrnyimnn annapar .ro :amnna, oa(aiman
:ncrn~ecin:n cnoncrna:n, coa(anae:an noopaenne: oinix mnao]penn-
en na onpe(eennon cra(nn
28
. Annapar, iai npanno, cocronr na iopnyca, pyio-
nroi, pi~aron, ioec, inonoi, nponooi, arapen n r. (. 1ayci cpannnnaer ]yni-
nnonnponanne :amnni c inne:arorpa]o:, no ron npn~nne, ~ro oinix ~acro
ecnoionr ne rpex:epnie rainnnannn, a iaprnni, cnpoennponannie na no-
cine nonepxnocrn, rnna cren n oionnix creio. Beeinlussungsapparal, no na-
i(ennn: 1aycia, nnnercn cycrnryro: rennrann, no n or(einix cy~anx
nrpaer poi (nonnnia, aa:eman reo oinoro nenio: n rpancnpyn ero
ionni no nnemnnn :np. Ce(yn Kanny, 1ayci naainaer raiyi cycrnrynni
npoeinnen
24
.
Paannnan re:y rexnnin iai .paana ~eone~ecinx opranon, 4pen( onncina-
er ]eno:en das Unheimliche (nnepnie n rep:nnoorn~ecio: ana~ennn .ro
cono ynorpen 3pncr Hen~) nreparypnin .]]eir .noxn po:anrna:a,
cocronmnn n npn(annn nepconay npo:eyro~noro craryca :e(y ~eone-
io: n anro:aro:. Ha npn:epe crpaxa norepn raa n Heco~no: ~eoneie
lo]:ana 4pen( ornocnr .ro nnenne na c~er io:neica iacrpannn
2b
. Cnen
Cnniep, anananpyn ]pen(oncioe das Unheimliche n cnnan c re:on npore-
aon n ionnennnen innoraaa n rnop~ecrne ]anrn Beprona, yrnep(aer, ~ro
n reopnn 4pen(a rannyi poi n ]op:nponannn das Unheimliche nrpaer
ne crpax norepn ~acrn rea, a crpax ee aa:emennn
2b
. B ]eno:ene yrioro y
4pen(a ecrecrnenno nanrn npoopaa crpaxa nepe( rexnnion noome, xan(er-
reponcion onacnocrn (die Geahr). Y 4pen(a ncro~nnio: yrioro (o(nn
na noa:onix nepeno(on Das Unheimliche) cranonnrcn, no cyrn (ea, i-
oe y(noenne n nonropenne iai oprana (rexnnia), rai n (encrnnn (none(e-
nne anro:ara).
B nocrcn:noncrcinx nnrepnperannnx nonnrne opranonpoeinnn nepe-
craer iri ~e:-ro nnemnn: no ornomenni i rey. Kor(a oren Hane 4open-
cinn nnca, ~ro opy(nn pacnupm oacri namen (enreinocrn n namero
~yncrna re:, ~ro onn npo0o.am name reo
27
, on n:e n nn(y, ~ro rexnn~e-
cine naoperennn aa:ennir cnoconocri ~eoneia c:emari rpannny cnoero
rea nocpe(crno: noromennn nnmn, no(i n r. n. He:eninn anrponoor Ap-
noi( leen n innre ]yma n rexnn~eciyi .noxy (19b7) (enr opranonpo-
einni na rpn rnna: Organersalz, Organverslrlung n Organenllaslung
28
.
Lcn Organersalz npnanan aa:emari ~eone~ecioe reo n ipnrn~ecinx cy-
~anx, ior(a ro:y rpoanr onacnocri, ro Organverslrlung cynr ycnenni
~eone~ecinx opranon, a Organenllaslung no(paay:enaer paarpyaiy nanpn-
ennn, ioropo:y no(nepraircn ~acrn rea.
B 19b0-e rr. nonnrne annapara iai npoeinnn opranon nocnpnnrnn io
ncnoiaonano n :e(nainix ncce(onannnx iana(cioro y~enoro Napmaa
Naii.na. Anaornn :e(y rexnn~ecin: annaparo: n :e(naini:n cpe(-
"$'
crna:n noy~nn nonyi nani n neo:apicna:e (Airiccep), crpyirypa-
na:e (Aan-yn 5o(pn, a nce( aa nn: Kpncrnan Nern, npe(onn pac-
c:arpnnari .e:enrapnin annapar inne:arorpa]a, n (yxe aiana, iai
aepiainoro (nonnnia ~eone~ecioro coanannn) n (eioncrpyirnnna:e (ana-
na ]pen(oncinx :era]op nnci:a y ]eppn(a n innre Hnci:o n paan-
~ne). Airiccep nepeoc:icn rereencinn reanc, racnmnn, ~ro rpy( aa-
po(aercn n noopaennn, n npo~nra no-nono:y reanc Napica o aance n
na(crponie. B crarie H(eoornn n n(eoorn~ecine rocy(apcrnennie anna-
pari (1970) Airiccep yrnep(aer, ~ro ian n(eoornn nnnercn penpo-
(yinnen nponano(crnennix ornomennn n coanannn nn(nnn(a n npn .ro:
:arepnaina. 'eonei onepnpyer n(en:n iai npe(:era:n, a ecn n(en, ioro-
pi:n on :annnynpyer n roone, nnie, ~e: re, ioropie on naaraer na
conax, ro .ro ana~nr, ~ro on nnnn~en nn nepnepcnnen. 1ain: opaao:,
cymecrnonanne n(en ioro nn(nnn(yy:a :arepnaino, nocioiiy ero n(en
cyri ero (encrnnn, nii~ennie n :arepnainie npairnin n perynpyimne-
cn npn no:omn pnryaon, ioropie, co cnoen croponi, onpe(enircn nocpe(-
crno: :arepnainoro n(eoorn~ecioro annapara, oriy(a n(en .roro cyrei-
ra nponcxo(nr
29
. 3e:enrapnin n(eoorn~ecinn .]]eir
80
, no Airiccepy,
cocronr no nii~ennn nn(nnn(yy:a n onpe(eennyi n(eoorn~eciyi cnc-
re:y: noarne pyi npn ncrpe~e, oini nonnencioro, a(peconannin npoxo-
e:y, opamenne cnnmennnia i nepyime:y.
Aan-yn 5o(pn pacnpocrpann paapaorin Airiccepa na oacri inno-
reopnn, nne(n nonnrne .e:enrapnin annapar, n ioropo: coe(nnnnci n(eo-
ornn n ncnxoanana inne:arorpa]a. Coracno 5o(pn, .e:enrapnin anna-
par inne:arorpa]a npoeinnn ne croiio rea, cioiio ncnxnin ~eoneia.
Lcn n(eoorn~ecinn annapar Airiccepa nopo(aer cyreira, nii~ennoro
n ecriyi cncre:y connainix pnryaon, ro ocnonnan ]yninnn inne:arorpa-
]a no 5o(pn c(eari cyreira rpancnen(enraini:. laa-cyreir
81
, ne-
nn(n:an aaa nciyccrnennon nepcneirnni, y(y~n or~y(en or rea, noy~a-
er neorpann~ennie noa:onocrn nepe:emennn n n(enrn]niannn. O(naio apn-
rei n(enrn]nnnpyer cen ne croiio c re:, ~ro penpeaenrnpyercn, cioiio c
re:, iro crannr cneiraii c ia:epon. Ho(ono ro:y, iai aepiao y aiana
conpaer ]par:enrnponannoe reo n noopaae:yi nnrerpanni A, rpancnen-
(enrainoe A ore(nnner opinin nnennn, nepennae:oro onira.
Hror cneiynnnn: no nono(y annapara n paa(noennn ipearnnnon n~no-
crn no(no(nr ]eea n lnarrapn: Ynnnepcainin npo(ynenr .ro mnao]pe-
nni
82
, yrnep(air onn n innre Kannrana: n mnao]pennn. Ce(yn
.ro:y reancy, anropi ne nn(nr npn~nn or(enri npo(yir or nponano(crna
no ipannen :epe, iai c~nrair onn, naroronennin oreir cymecrnyer roiio
aro(apn ro:y, ~ro on none~en n nonin nponecc npo(ynnponannn. 1ain:
opaao:, n:neparnno: nponano(crna oiaainaercn ero ne-aanepmae:ocri. Ce-
(yer or:ernri, ~ro nicrpannen raion ecione~nocrn nnnercn ion air
anropenpeaenrannn n nponane(ennn nciyccrna. Ca:oorpaenne npncyrcrnyer
n 'eoneie c innoannaparo: iai a:nnnn coa(ari ]ni:, ioropin npona-
no(nr ]ni: ro ecri nponano(crnennyi anopni, aano(nmyi rpy(onoe
(encrnne n ecione~nocri.
470
Hn(ycrpnanaannn rnop~ecioro rpy(a n cnnan c nncrannnen inne:aro-
rpa]nn n iyirypnoe npocrpancrno y:enimaer ana~n:ocri ]nrypi anropa
npn coa(annn nponane(ennn
88
. 3ror ]air orpaaercn n ionnennnnx 1920-x rr.:
c o(non croponi, anrop aa:emaercn annaparo: (Bepron), c (pyron croponi
cncre:on nponano(crna, no(~nnenni: ioropon on cranonnrcn n nponecce na-
roronennn ]ni:a (Kaaancinn). Lcn pacc:arpnnari nn(ycrpnainyi ion-
nennni anropcrna c ro~in apennn aira xy(oecrnennoro rnop~ecrna, ro anrop
cranonnrcn ne croiio npo(ynenro:, cioiio aprncro:, ioropin (encrnyer
no( ionrpoe: cnoero :e(ny:a. B pa:iax ]noco]cion anrponoornn raion
anrop (eaercn ~e:-ro npo(e l`homme machine a:erpn nn ~eoneioopy(n-
e: 3pncra Knrepa
84
. B nocrcn:nona:e rpy( ~acro ionnenryanayercn iai
npeo(oenne paa(noennocrn anropcioro coanannn, iai noniria cnnri paan~nn
:e(y A coa(aimero n ero cocrnenni: ]pyrn:. 1ain: opaao:, ]op:npyercn
:eraanrop io:noanrnin anrop, nii~aimnn n cen oee ~e: o(ny ipearnn-
nyi nncrannni, o(na na ioropix :oer ionrponponari (pyryi.
]yainin cyreir rpy(a noy~n opaanoe nonomenne n cranncio:
inno, peanaonanmnci n co~erannn ~eonei;:amnna: na pyee 1920
80-x rr. (o:nnnpyer ~eonei na rpairope, n cepe(nne 1980-x ~eonei n
ca:oere. Koncrpyinnn ~eonei y crania :yirnnnnnpyer opy(nn rpy(a,
anenpyn i ricn~epyio:y Lnne: crano~nni ocynnaer cpaay :noro
:amnn reponnn nponano(crnennon io:e(nn l. Aeican(pona Cnerin nyri
(1940) 1arinna Nopoaona, napamnnan re:ni rpy(a, n ionne ionnon paoraer
na 1b0 craniax
8b
. 3noinnn rannoro repon :oer aaii~aricn n nepexo(e
or o(noro rexnn~ecioro opy(nn i (pyro:y: n Crapo: n nono: 3naenmrenna
Nap]a aninna nepexo(nr or cenaparopa i rpairopy.
1py(nmnncn no-paano:y noannnonnpyer cen n coce(crne c rexnn~ecin:;
:e(naini: annaparo:, ro coi(an (ncrannni no ornomenni i :exanna:y,
ro cnanci c nn: no~rn (o nonoro cnnnnn. 'eonei n opy(ne paa(eeni
na na~ainon ]aae ionnenryanaannn inno. Lcn n pannnx :ann]ecrax ]an-
rn Beprona oneparop oiaainaercn niii~en (iai ciaaa i 5o(pn nirec-
nen) na (encrnnreinocrn ]ni:a (peaina nmi innoia:epa n ee cnoco
nn(ennn), ro ionnenryanaannn rnop~ecioro rpy(a n ionne 1920-x rr., npe(-
cranennan n ]ni:e ]anrn Beprona 'eonei c innoannaparo: (1929), npo-
rnnonocranner (encrnnreinocrn raioro cyreira, ioropin name cnoe (o-
nonenne n rexnn~ecio: opy(nn. Oneparop Nnxan Kay]:an, neor(en:in
or cnoen :amnni, nii~en n cnn:ae:yi n: peainocri iai nnopo(noe reo,
oa(aimee ncii~nreinon :eranoannnen.
Kain: opaao: .icnnnnpyercn .:ancnnannn annapara or ~eoneia B :a-
nn]ecre Knnoin. Hepenopor (1928) Bepron nno(nr nonnrne innoraaa n
c:ice opranonpoeinnn ~eoneia
8b
. 1o~ia apennn na ia:epy iai na yconep-
mencrnonannin ~eone~ecinn raa, nicrynaimnn n (anno: ionreicre cn:no-
o: iornnrnnnon cnoconocrn ~eoneia, orciaer i reancy 5eprcona o inne-
:arorpa]n~nocrn :exanna:a coanannn. O(naio, coracno Beprony, n aire noc-
npnnrnn nponcxo(nr ne roiio aannci (nnennn, no n nponano(crno nonix
npocrpancrn: A innoraa. A crponrei. A noca(n ren, cero(nn coa(anno-
ro :non, n ne cymecrnonanmyi (o cero :o:enra y(nnnreinenmyi io:nary,
"%
roe coa(annyi :non. B .ron io:nare 12 cren, aacnnrix :non n paanix
~acrnx cnera. Co~eran cnn:in cren n (eraen (pyr c (pyro:, :ne y(aoci
pacnoonri nx n nopn(ie, ioropin ree npannrcn, n npannino nocrponri na
nnrepnaax inno]paay, ioropan n ecri io:nara
87
, a raie nonix cymecrn:
A y o(noro epy pyin, ca:ie cninie n ca:ie onine, y (pyroro epy norn,
ca:ie crponnie n ca:ie icrpie, y rperiero roony, ca:yi ipacnnyi n ca-
:yi nipaanreinyi, n :onrao: coa(ai nonoro, conepmennoro ~eoneia
88
.
Knnoraa cra nanecren aana(no:y apnrei no nropon noonnne
1920-x rr.
89
Boa:ono, na nepronciyi ionnennni oriniaercn 5acrep Knron
n io:e(nn Cameraman (1928): n pemaimyi :nnyry :ecro neaa(a~nnoro
oneparopa aann:aer oeainna, ioropan (ae ne c:orpnr n oreirnn, a npocro
ipyrnr py~iy ia:epi, no npn .ro: cnn:aer nanoee nanie, c ro~in apennn
ciernon ]yninnn, ia(pi. B io:e(nnno: anpe anro:ary ne rpeyercn cnn-
pnryanaannn (n roro, ~roi npannino ]yninnonnponari, n ~eone~ecioe
na~ao pn(o: c nicoiorexnn~ni: opy(ne: cnnaercn (o ecrnainoro.
B ]ni:e 'eonei c innoannaparo: ia:epa anrpono:op]na, ona nnpa-
er n cen npnanain noorn~ecioro n :exann~ecioro ycrponcrn, no ocnonnan
n(en ]ni:a cocronr n ro:, ~ro innoannapar raion e pao~nn, iai n nce,
naopaennie na .ipane
40
. 4nrypa xy(onnia-rnopna raie ia nepene-
(ena n ncnonennn innoion n nponano(crnennin nan: napinpyn nocronn-
nin (n pnropnin 1920-x rr. :ornn canorn nime nciyccrna, nocxo(nmnn i
Honrene Harona n i ee orpaennn: n :imennn mecrn(ecnrnnion XlX n.,
Bepron npornnonocrann innoion-canonnion (enren: nrponoro inno, io-
ropix naaina ~ncrnimnia:n canor
41
. 'eonei c innoannaparo: crpo-
nrcn na nocronnno: noncie coornercrnnn :e(y cnocoa:n nponano(crna
]ni:a n npo:imennoro nponano(crna na necioiinx yponnnx: nacrn~e-
cio: (riani no( naina:n mnen (nnercn iai nenia n pyiax :onrannni),
rexno-rnnoorn~ecio: (innoannapar n mnennan :amnna npnna(ear i o(-
non rpynne cia~ionix :exanna:on n ncropnn rexnnin) n conapno:, ecn
no(ii~nri i pacmn]ponie ]ni:a ce:anrniy :onranix niciaainannn,
nano: nipaennn ioropix cranonnrcn nemn, a nano: co(epannn n(no-
:a, nrpa con, nnrara
42
.
1exnnia na cye nponano(crna ne e(nncrnennin (nonnni innoanna-
para n ]ni:e. B pn(e .nnao(on 'eoneia c innoannaparo: ia:epa cono-
crannercn c noenni: opy(ne:: nanpn:ep, oreirnn nicrynaer iai (yo ny-
e:era, nano(n:oro c ipimn na ropo(. Boennan :era]opa a(peconana a(eci
ne roiio :onray, no n oparno:y xo(y nenin: aacnnrie oreiri napina-
ircn na raaax y apnren rpa:nan pacxo(nrcn n paanie croponi, paapy-
maercn ynna, :e(enno paaa:inaercn nonoa: a(anne 5oimoro rearpa
48
.
B inne:arorpa]e 1980-x rr. rexnn~ecine ienranpi airnnno aaxnarinair
noannnn rannix repoen. Hpn .ro: ~nco nponano(crnennix inno]ni:on,
coa(ananmnxcn n nepno( c 1988 no 1940 rr., cpannnreino nenenio: 12 ]ni-
:on, (encrnne ioropix nponcxo(nr na ]apnie, n 18 n ceicion :ecrno-
crn
44
. 1nni (enreinocrn, naopaennie n rainx ]ni:ax, n npnnnnne, no((a-
ircn ron e crpyirypnaannn, ~ro n n nponano(crnennix po:anax .icrarn-
~ecian rpara nponano(nreinon cni rea (y(apnnin) nn e ynn~roe-
472
nne opy(nn rpy(a n naroronennix npo(yiron (npe(nren). Lcn pacrpann-
pnnanni :amnn no ciery npnxo(nr ionen (npe(nreen paaoa~air), ro
pacxo(onanne rea :ann]ecrnpyercn iai ecione~noe y(apnnin crannr
nce nonie n nonie peiop(i.
1aion nponano(nreinin rpy(, ioropin n cnoen neaanepmn:ocrn co-
nocrann: c mnao]penn~ecin: nponano(crno: ]eeaa n lnarrapn, oianayercn
n paanix ronocax: n no(neecie (er~nin, pe. K. Pana:an, 198b), n npo-
crpancrne no( ae:en (Laxrepi, pe. C. Krienn~, 1987), na ae:e (Kpe-
crinne, pe. 4. 3p:ep, 198b), na :ope (1aniep ]epenr, pe. A. 4ann-
nn::ep, 1940), n :amnnno: nexy (Bcrpe~nin, pe. 4. 3p:ep n C. Krie-
nn~, 1982). Bce .rn oiyci ore(nnner na]oc eaorn(non rpari nponano(n-
reinix cn, ioropan :oer nponnnricn n ~pea:epnon pociomn noera (er-
~nin), nonirie nepeninonnri nan na nenpnro(no: (n paori :opcio:
cy(ne (1aniep ]epenr), crpe:ennn nonicnri nponano(nreinocri rpy(a
na craniax (o neneponrnix nn]p (Cnerin nyri, pe. l. Aeican(pon, 1940).
1LKC1 B 4HLNL
Kai npanno, oreiro: penpeaenrannn ]ni:a o xy(oecrnenno: rnop~e-
crne cranonnrcn nncrnrynnn, npo(ynnpyiman nciyccrno
4b
, npn .ro: nappa-
rnnnan crparernn cocronr n paanen~annn ]ninnonainocrn
4b
. 1e:on raioro
nponane(ennn nnnercn ne croiio nponecc cre:in or(eino nanroro ]ni:a,
cioiio nn(ycrpnn iyirypi n neo:, nnyrpn ioropon nponcxo(nr (e:onra
roro nn nnoro :e(ny:a
47
. B cnnan c .rn: :ono ronopnri o or~ernno
nipaenno: rnne anrn-nianonncrcioro :eranciyccrna. Oparni: opa-
ao: nocrpoeni n crannncrcio: nciyccrne ]ni:i o nponano(crne peai-
noro, a ne ]ninnonainoro npo(yira: c o(non croponi, rexnn~ecioe ycr-
poncrno, ecn ono noxo ]yninnonnponao nna~ae, ynen~nnaer nponano(n-
reinocri i ionny, c (pyron croponi, cier nipaarinaer repoen rpy(a n
rpy(onie (ocrnennn, ion~ecrno ioropix y:noaercn n ]nnae. 1ai ion-
crpynpyircn nonie i(n cninie, c:eie, onine, c rnneprpo]nponannon
cnoconocrii i rpy(y.
Bo nropon noonnne 19201980-x rr. ananrap(ncrcine :ornni ioncrpyi-
nnn nonoro ~eoneia npn no:omn :onraa cnnainaircn c ocoon poii
ne~arnoro cona. Lcn ]anra Bepron nnca n cnonx :ann]ecrax o aa(a~ax
coa(annn nonoro A(a:a nyre: inno:onraa, ro n 1980-e rr. inno oropaa-
er .icnepn:enri no npoeirnponanni ~eoneia, nocranennie (pyrn:n :e(n-
aini:n cpe(crna:n. B ]ni:e 1pairopncri c:emennin Kn:o: pnra(np
Haaap (eaercn ~eoneio:, ior(a n raaere nyniyercn ero ]ororpa]nn n
coomenne, ~ro on co cnon: rpairopo: (aer (nonnyi nop:y na ioxoanix
nonx. B ]ni:e Opcona Y.ca lpa(annn Kenn onncinaercn :e(na]apn-
ia, aannran craxanoncin: (]op(oncin:) napamnnanne: ninycia nn]op:annon-
nix na(annn. Hpn .ro: neii Kenna cranonnrcn noniria nciyccrnenno coa-
(ari onepnyi anea(y npn no:omn :acc-:e(na. 3ra noniria orciaer i .ic-
npeccnonncrcio:y ne:o:y inne:arorpa]y c ero enr:ornno: loe:a, nciyc-
"%!
crnennoro ~eoneia, (e:onn~ecioro (nonnnia, n npe(e ncero, i nepno:y npo-
nano(crnenno:y ]ni:y Nerpononcy 4pnna anra, n ioropo: coa(anne
nciyccrnennon enmnni npnno(nr i ynry n ynn~roenni nponano(crna.
Ocooe :ecro n ]ni:ax 1980-x rr. aann:aer nnci:ennin reicr, noanni-
mnn na na(nncn n ne:o: inne:arorpa]e. Haeran pe]eicnn na( ]ninno-
nainocrii, inne:arorpa] 1980-x rr. (e:oncrpnpyer nnn:anne i (oiy:enra:,
~acrni: nnci:a: n raaerni: crarin:, ioropie aa~acryi nrpair nanyi ci-
ernyi poi. Onnoannnn ne~arnin;pyionncnin, iai npanno, ne o~eni
cymecrnenna (n ]yninnn reicra n inno]ni:e, nanenmen na ioropix nn-
nercn yanananne, npncnoenne n:enn nepconay, nii~enne ero n n(eoorn-
~eciyi cncre:y. B Haprnnno: nere (pe. H. Hipien, 198b) raioe ni-
inianne cyreira npncyrcrnyer n n cy~ae ne~arnoro (oiy:enra, n npn
naxo(ennn opinia nnci:a, n ioropo: y(ocronepnercn n~nocri iyaia 3i-
nna (A. Apniocon).
nreparypnin reicr iai re:a (n ciera pe(io ncrpe~aercn n inne:aro-
rpa]e 1980-x rr.
48
. Hcii~enne cocranner inno]ni: ina Kyemona Be-
ninn yremnrei, nocranennin n 1988 ro(y no :ornna: pacciaaon O`lenpn,
nocnnmennix, n ocnonno:, re:arnaannn nreparypnoro rpy(a. oianayn (en-
crnne ]ni:a o nncareicio: rpy(e n :ecrax aaii~ennn, Kyemon re:arn-
anpyer :e(nainyi necnoo(y anropa. ]encrnne ]ni:a nponcxo(nr n
1899 ro(y n ripi:e mrara Orano, r(e no no(ono:y onnnenni n ipae
1000 (oapon cn(e anioncinn c~erono( O`lenpn, nncanmnn reicri no(
ncen(onn:o: Bnin: Hoprep. Biop .roro anropa cnnaan ne roiio c re:, ~ro
yne~ennn:n iyemonnen in a:epniancine nncaren n ronny(cinn
inne:arorpa], no, o~enn(no, n c .cce 3nxenay:a O`lenpn n reopnn nonei
(192b), ioropoe nocyno ocnonon ionnenryanaannn :era]ninnonainoro
anpa n Poccnn
49
. B cnoen crarie 5opnc 3nxenay: naopaaer O`lenpn iai
anropa, pe]eirnpyimero na( npnpo(on ]ninnonainocrn. Ocnonnon ion]nir
Benioro yremnren npornnonocranenne nnaion ncrnni n noani-
maimero o:ana :ono nnrepnpernponari iai npornnocronnne inno-
npan(i n nrponon ]ni:i, ioropoe, nnpo~e:, yrparno i 1980-: rr. opeo
nonnani
b0
.
B Benio: yremnree nepeceiaircn (na innociera: ne:on ]ni:
Nera:op]oaa ]e:ca Baenranna .ipannaannn o(non:ennoro pacciaaa
O`lenpn, n anyionon ]ni:, nocnnmennin cy(ie ca:oro O`lenpn n ero rona-
pnmen no aaii~enni, npe(crannimnn, rai ciaaari, nacronmyi nani
b1
.
3nyionan ~acri nnner coon naan:o(encrnne necioiinx ciernix nnnn.
5ni Hoprep, on e O`lenpn (K. Xoxon), nnmer pacciaa o cy(ie ronapnma
no aaii~enni, ]e:ca Baenranna (H. Honoceinen), oinoro ryepiye-
ao:. ]e:c Baenrann coomaer n :nnyry or~annnn, ~ro cn(nr n ripi:e ye
1b er: 1b er n rnni a(eci
b2
. Kor(a-ro ero necnpane(nno aaca(n aa pe-
meriy cimni 5en Hpanc. ionnnna 5ena Hpanca npo(anmnna racryion
]yicn (A. Xoxona) ooaer nonei O`lenpn n niena n ero repoen.
B io:noannnn ]ni:a .rn ciernie nnnn nepeneraircn rai, ~roi
.icnnnnponari io::ynniarnnnyi cxe:y nreparypnoro coomennn: anrop-
repon-~nrarei. Hepnin ia(p, ioropin :i nn(n: n ]ni:e ]nrypa ~eo-
474
neia aa pemerion. Hepe( ia(po: n(yr rnrpi: nncarei. nnnn ]yicn na-
~nnaercn n ce(yime: .nnao(e: aa rnrpa:n ~nrareinnna ce(yer noiaa
npo(anmnni racryion aa cronion. Nonranie cienin :e(y napa-
eini:n nonecrnonannn:n ~acro :apinponani pacipiron innron O`lenpn.
Hacronmen nann anyionoro innoreicra npornnocronr ni:ice ne:on in-
nononei Nera:op]oaa ]e:ca Baenranna, ioropyi nnmer Hoprep. Lc-
n n nacronmen nann Baenrann n Hpanc nornair (nepnin or ~axorin,
nropon aacrpeennin ]yicn), ro n ni:imenno: :npe Hoprep (apyer
n: nani, :oo(ocri n nponneranne.
B Benio: yremnree rpy( naopaaercn iai ~acri cncre:i nponano(-
crnennix ornomennn :e(y npo(ynenro: n paoro(aree:: n npe(cranen-
non :o(en aanc nponano(crna n norpeennn napymen, n cn:non~ecinn
o:en ]yninnonnpyer iai i nanananiy. ]enirn nnnircn ne e(nncrnen-
ni: cnrnn]nianro:, aa:emaimn: rpy(. Hncarei 5nn Hoprep nnmer pac-
ciaai (n nreparypnix ypnaon, o:ennnan cnon craryc nncaren na oco-
oe nooenne n ripi:e, ro ecri ]airn~ecin :ennn rpy( na rpy( e na
npnnnernponannyi paory ripe:noro anreiapn. Kyemon ncnoiayer (non-
noe io(nponanne (n ooana~ennn npo]eccnn cnonx repoen. ]nonnon rpy(
nncaren-anreiapn ioppenpyer c (nonnon aannrocrii ]yicn, ioropan no-
y~aer npano na ~ecrnin rpy( npo(anmnni racryion n o:en na npocrn-
rynni, ro ecri npo(anan cnoe reo cimniy 5eny Hpancy. Y(noenne rpy(o-
non inan]niannn n (encrnnreinocrn napo(npyercn n ]nirnnno: :npe
ncrannon nonei, ioropyi nnmer Hoprep: ]n::n Baenrann, nop, cnenna-
nanpyimnncn na nao:e anioncinx cen]on, ninercn n (o~i (npeiropa
ania n, ~roi cnnciari (onepne y(ymnx po(crnennnion, na~nnaer... ra~ari
canorn
b8
! Ho(onin narypainin o:en, c o(non croponi, cynr npo(o-
enne: ren(ennnn conercioro nciyccrna, aannron cnnenne: cn:non~ecion
nennocrn (enenoro iannraa, a c (pyron croponi, orciaer i nonnrni nor-
a~a, ioropoe enr n ocnone .iono:nin rpari 5aran.
Cran(aprnin ciernin xo( reicra o po(ennn reicra cocronr n paanen-
~annn nennocrn xy(oecrnennoro nponane(ennn, ioropoe n anrope]eicnn-
no: napnanre operaer cnoconocri ecione~no npon]epnponari. Paannni
ner (encrnnreino n aemope.excueen n .ro: cy~ae (nciypc, nn e on
penpeaenrnpyer (pyron :e(ny:, pacc:arpnnan ~yoe iai cnoe. Xorn n ]ni:e
Kyemona onncinaercn ne ]ni:, a nreparypa, ioropan c .ron neii nepe-
no(nrcn n ]ni:, :exanna: (ncipe(nrannn oiaainaercn re: e. Hpo(yinnn
nncaren n ]ni:e Beninn yremnrei conocranena c anre~ni:n ronapa-
:n n nianen nia(oponennn pacciaai Hoprepa ioppecnon(npyir e-
iapcrna:, ioropie nmi npe:enno oer~air oeani, no ne :oryr ee nie-
~nri (ryepiyea Baenranna ne no((aercn e~enni, iai ne no((aercn na:e-
nenni ero craryc aaii~ennoro: nec:orpn na nce yrpoai Hoprepa nanncari
npan(y o ecroinx y(nnx ripi:i, c:epreino oinoro ]e:ca ne (onycia-
ir (ae (o cnn(annn c :arepii). Hiaopnocri ]ninnonainoro (nciypca
:apinpyercn nerarnnno: nncarei coipymaercn n ]nnae, onapynn, ~ro ne
cnocoen nipaanri nacronmyi nani: Hnior(a n ne c:ory nanncari ro,
~ro anai, ro, ~ro na(o nanncari.
"%#
1PY] 1LA
lnneprpo]nn nponano(crna n cranncinx ]ni:ax nipaaercn iai na
:aipoyponne ciera, rai n na :nipoyponne io:noannnn ia(pa n nponano(cr-
nennix cnenax. 4ni:i o nn(ycrpnaino: rpy(e nonecrnyir o .nryanaa-
:e, paore na nanoc, .iaairnponanno: pacxo(e nponano(nreinix cn, nepe-
rpene :exanna:on n r. (.. Ka:epa, conno no(irpinan rpy(nme:ycn, nanpa-
maer, ncipnnner peainocri, ioropyi (oen na:ennri pao~nn n cnoe:
rpy(ono: nopine. B Con Cnanernn (pe. N. Kaaroaon, 1980) iai enr:o-
rnn npoxo(nr :naancnena: onaennin ropc pao~ero, ipymamero inpion
ia:nn, nanpanen neecrecrnenni: opaao: no (naronan ia(pa, ~ro (ono,
nn(n:o, no(~epinnari opiy c npnpo(on n ee aaiona:n.
Penpeaenrannn ]nan~ecion paori ipecrinn n npoerapnen n conercio:
inne:arorpa]e n(eoorn~na n nanpanena ne croiio na orpaenne ncropn-
~ecinx coirnn
b4
, cioiio na ionnenryanaanni ipearnnnoro rpy(a iai raio-
noro. Onir noiaaa ipecrinncioro rpy(a n ia~ecrne (enreinocrn no rnop~e-
cio:y nepeycrponcrny :npa i ocymecrnen n con:ecrno: npoeire Cepren
3naenmrenna n lpnropnn Aeican(pona lenepainan nnnn. Cre:in ]ni-
:a, na~arie n 192b ro(y, in npepnani oee airyaini: connaini: aaia-
ao: paoron na( iaprnnon Oirnpi. lenepainan nnnn, na:ennn na-
ananne na Crapoe n nonoe, nima na .ipani n 1929 ro(y.
Casling enri orpaaer ren(ennni i rorainocrn nciyccrna, ior(a n ]yni-
nnn rpancnropa xy(oecrnennoro reicra nicrynaer paornni ]nan~ecioro
rpy(a. lannyi reponni Nap]y aninny nrpaer ne airpnca, a nacronman
ipecrinnia.
3ro caoe cymecrno n ecri, no ciery, rannan cna, ne(yman i :amnnnaa-
nnn ceicioro xoanncrna. 5oee paannrie n ]nan~ecio: nane ioxoannin
ne ny(aircn n opran.paanax: A ca: cee :amnna ~nrae: :i n rnrpax
niciaainanne o(noro na ipecrinn; Bo, pyin! n .ipan aanonnir nenpan(o-
no(ono ipynnie iyain, cnnrie aro(apn nciaaimen cnoconocrn orei-
rnna 28. lnnepona: n naopaennn ]par:enron rpy(nmerocn rea cnnaan
c napa(nr:arn~non (n roranrapnon iyirypi n(een nairo~nocrn nponano(-
crna. Hpne: no(~epinnannn :omn pao~nx pyi ncnoiayercn n (pyrn:n pe-
nccepa:n ne:oro inne:arorpa]a: raiona pyia pao~ero n ]ni:e 3p:epa
Oo:oi n:nepnn (1929). B .nnao(e Xoannn iro noce nonpoca noannia-
er aa:nnia, n, naionen, crapin pao~nn, iai onncinaercn n penccepcio: cne-
napnn, c coananne: cnoero (ocronncrna no(nn:aer iopnnyi enyi pyiy, iai
i (e:oncrpnpyn ee, npnnaer i annapary, aaipinaer nce noe...
bb
.
Hciaenne nop:ainix paa:epon ~eone~ecioro rea no(ii~aer ne roi-
io :ornn :omn, no n re:y nipo(ennn (nnenne naaa(, i npnpo(e. 3n-
aenmrenn ionra:nnnpyer nporpeccnnnyi rexnniy n anrponoorn~ecinn per-
pecc, ncnoiayn (n .roro nnyrpn- n :eia(ponin :onra: eaopaanoe nno
Nap]i aninnon ro nonnnercn n o(no: ia(pe c cenaparopo:, ro ~epe(yercn
c ia(po:, r(e naopaaercn rexnn~ecinn :exanna:. Paannrne rexnnin noa-
npamaer nac i nepnoirnocrn, ]opcnponannoe napamnnanne opranonpoeinnn
~eone~ecioro rea oopa~nnaercn perpecco:, orpnnanne: ~eone~ecioro n
47b
noiay ann:ancrn~ecioro nor ocnonnan :ici, ioropyi :ono npo~ecri
n ]ni:e.
B paore O crpoennn nemen (1989) 3naenmrenn nnca, ~ro io:noannnn
eper crpyirypnie .e:enri naopaae:oro nnennn n na nnx coa(aer aaio-
no:epnocri nocrpoennn nemn
bb
. Cenaparop nnnercn ycrponcrno:, n::anenr-
ni: ron ]aae :onraa, ior(a n(er orop ia(pon (n cocranennn oion~arei-
noro napnanra enri. 'epea naopaenne .roro :exanna:a (ocrnraercn re:a-
rnaannn npne:a, c no:omii ioroporo naroronen ]ni:. Cneny, n ioropon
aninna nai(aer paoraimnn cenaparop, no(crannn cnoe nno no( crpyi
piaymnx ianei cnnoi, :norne penenaenri roro npe:enn naxo(nn oprna-
crn~ecion, n: iaaaoci, ~ro ona rorona cpocnri c cen o(e(i n iararicn
onaennon n .rnx noroiax xinynmero na nee arococronnnn, paannaime-
rocn noipyr nee crpyn:n cnnoi
b7
. Anananpyn peainnn apnreen, 3naenmrenn
ncno:nnaer iaprnny ]onenio 3e:n (1980), r(e reponnn (encrnnreino cpi-
naer c cen o(e(i n :e~ercn no xare: e:y .ro nano:nnaer xicroncine pa(e-
nnn. O(naio cronr aa:ernri, ~ro n 3e:e oprnacrn~ecian re:a nno(nrcn iai
npo(oenne re:i c:eprn: ipecrinnia (L. Naicn:ona) nna(aer n eay:ne
noce c:eprn cnoero ennxa Bacnn (C. Cnamenio), ioroporo yn iyai
b8
.
Ha]oc .ro ro, ~ro aacranner apnren |...] nixo(nri na cen
b9
. Bixo( na
cen 3naenmrenn naainaer ex-slasis. On ncnoiayer .ror rep:nn, iai n Hcen(o-
onrnn, n c:ice reicronponano(crna n n ro e npe:n penennnn reicra
b0
. Ha
npnni~noro cocronnnn nino(nrcn ne roiio apnrei, no n reicr: .icrarn~e-
cinn .]]eir, ioropin nponano(nr na]ocnoe nocrpoenne, cocronr n ro:, ~ro
naopaae:oe nocronnno nepexo(nr n nnoe, nonoe ia~ecrno. B anrn~nyi ion-
nennni 3naenmrenn (oanner a(eci nonnrne (naeirnin: cymnocri nepexo(a
reicra na o(noro n (pyroe cocronr n (naeirn~ecio: cia~ie
b1
. Haananne
]ni:a Crapoe n nonoe, rain: opaao:, nicrpnpyer reopern~ecinn reanc.
Ho npnananni penccepa, ]ni: i nay~ni: .icnepn:enro:, ioropin (oen
i nepn]nnnponari npnnnnni narern~ecioro nocrpoennn, no(:e~ennie no npe-
:n cre:oi 5ponenocna Hore:inna`. B paore Ha]oc (194b1947) penc-
cep noanpamaercn i aaree narernanponari npe(:er ceicioxoanncrnennoro oo-
py(onannn
b2
. Hepnan ~acri paori Cenaparop n cnnron lpaai nocnnmena
inno]ni:y Crapoe n nonoe. 3naenmrenn onpe(ener io:noannnonnin crpon
]ni:a no ]op:ye napina, ocnonannon na cxe:e nennon peainnn.
Hpn:enenne nciaaimen cnoconocrn oreirnna 28 no:oraer npe(:e-
ra: nixo(nri aa o~eprannn npe(nncannix n: npnpo(on ore:on n ]op:
b8
.
B .ro: 3naenmrenn yc:arpnnaer no(~epinnanne re:i ~eoneia, ioropin c
no:omii nn(ycrpnn |...] cnoen rnop~ecion noen aacrann nixo(nri na
cen` neia:n ycranonnnmnecn nop:i n ]op:i
b4
. 1nop~ecian non, o ioro-
pon nnmer penccep, ornocnrcn a(eci ne i anropy inno]ni:a, a i ero repon:,
conercin: ipecrinna:, ioropix on, rain: opaao:, pacc:arpnnaer iai cyrei-
ron xy(oecrnennoro rnop~ecrna, coa(aimnx narern~ecinn reicr.
Ce(yer aa:ernri, ~ro narern~ecinn reicr 3naenmrenna rnnoorn~ecin
po(crnen npnnnnny rpari 5aran, na]oc ncer(a n iaion-ro :epe nnner co-
on luxus. Bixo( na cen, cnnonn:n~nin penrnoanon .iaairannn, oana~aer
ecc~ernoe pacxo(onanne cn, pacrpannpnnanne naionennoro norennnaa.
"%%
Lcn rpara nponcxo(nr na rereencion nerarnnnocrn, ro na]oc raie aannr
orpnnanne: ca:opaapymenne:, c:emenne: rpannn rea.
'eonei n ]nnae ]ni:a 3naenmrenna npeopaaercn: ioncrpyinnn n-
nornoe (Nap]a) nic npo:imennoe opy(ne rpy(a (rpairop) po(aer conep-
mennoro rexnn~ecioro ienranpa. Ko:e(nn Hnana Hipiena 1pairopncri (1989)
cynr noiaaareini: npn:epo: ce(yimero .rana n penpeaenrannn ]nan-
~ecioro rpy(a, ior(a (encrnne n ]ni:e crponrcn no :o(en, onncannon nanncr-
cin: ]noco]o: 3pncro: Knrepo: n .cce 1orainan :onnaannn (1980).
Coracno Knrepy, crnpanne coconnn n eciaccono: (cp. io::ynncrn~ecio:)
omecrne oana~aer paapymenne npnnnernponannon iacri nonnon, n peayira-
re ioroporo cranonnrcn noa:onon rorainan :onnaannn naceennn. B .rnx
nonix yconnnx ne nponano(nrcn nn o(noro (encrnnn, ioropoe xorn i iocnen-
no ne n:eo noennoro xapairepa. B ia~ecrne npn:epa nacrynennn :nnrapn-
aonannon .noxn rpy(a Knrep npnno(nr conerciyi nnrneriy. B conercio:
omecrne, iai yrnep(aer Knrep, (encrnyir nn(i npnny(ennn, ioropie na-
croiio cnini, ~ro ~eonei npnnercrnyer nx nionanne:. B ]ni:e Hipiena
:nnrapncrcinn no(reicr rpy(onoro no(nnra n nionanne rpy(nmnxcn npn-
cyrcrnyir n nonon :epe. lannin repon ]ni:a Hipiena Kn: Apio (Hnio-
an Kpi~ion), npneaaimnn n yipanncinn crennon ioxoa, ~roi paorari
rpairopncro:, (e:onnaonannin ranincr, cynnmnn na ]aine: Bocro-
ie. Bo npe:n noa(einannn ae:n rpairopo: na peiop(nyi rynny ipecrinne
onapynnair iaciy ne:enioro o]nnepa 1918 ro(a .ro cynr nono(o:
(n cepieanoro cpannennn rpairopa c ranio: na ioxoano: copannn. 1pairo-
pncri, n ro: ~nce n encian pnra(a Napinni 5aan, nonaino oy~aircn
raniono:y (ey, a ca: rpairop npnpannen i oeno:y opy(ni.
]naeirn~ecinn cia~oi or penpeaenrannn rpy(a i penpeaenrannn non-
ni orpaaer nepexo( or o(non ]op:i nerarnnnocrn i (pyron. Or rpari
nponano(nreinix cn na ]ponre paor cranncinn inne:arorpa] nepexo-
(nr i naopaenni rpari ~eone~ecioro rea na noenno: ]ponre. Hocioi-
iy co(ar n pao~nn n ionne 19201980-x rr. (na nia o(noro opaaa,
noa:ona n oparnan rpanc]op:annn: n Oo:ie n:nepnn 3p:epa pao-
rari na conercinn aano( ycrpannaercn ynrep-o]nnep 4nn:onon, ionryen-
nin n norepnnmnn na:nri no npe:n Hepnon :nponon nonni. Paan~ari :e-
(y nponano(crno: nn(ycrpnn, ipecrinncinx xoanncrn n :e(nainix cpe(crn n
.ry .noxy neerio rpy( ocraercn rpy(o:, noia ioncrnrynpyiman ero one-
pannn ne na~nnaer orpnnari (npnnocnri n eprny) ~eoneia.
1
O cnnan :e(y nciyccrno: n roranrapni: rocy(apcrno: c:.: H. Gnlhet. Die
\erslaallichung der Lileralur. Lnlslehung und lunllionsweise des sozialislisch-reaislischen
Kanons in der sow[elischen Lileralur der 80er Jahre. Slullgarl, 1984.
2
Hnrepnperanni .rnx cnen c:.: F. Aene.. Soviel Cinema in lhe Age o Slalin ;;
Slalinism and Soviel Cinema ; Ld. by Pichard 1aylor. London, 1998. P. b7; M. En.ensbetget.
We were born lo lurn a airy lale inlo realily: Grigori Alexandrov`s 1he Padianl Palh
;; Slalinism and Soviel Cinema. P. 98.
478
8
Cp. cneny na po:ana H. 3penypra ]eni nropon, n ioropon repon crpa(aer n
inne:arorpa]e, nai(an na .ipane i(en, rannyimnx ]oicrpor, n cpannnnan nx c
(nnenne: mecrepenoi n npnno(nix pe:nen. 3ror ]par:enr orciaer i :ann]ecry
]anrn Beprona Ni (1922), r(e or nna nonix inne:arorpa]ncron aannnercn: Ha:
pa(ocri nnmymnx nn na econnie nonnrnee n ne pa(ocrn ~eone~ecinx ranny-
ei (,. epmoe. Crarin, (nennnin, aa:ici. N., 19bb. C. 47).
4
A. epecon. 1nop~ecian .noinnn. Nnnci, 1999. C. 888.
b
Konnennnn 5eprcona, o~enn(no, ia nocnpnnnra pyccin:n ]op:ancra:n. N. A:-
noicinn, ceryn na npornnope~nnocri rpaironin 5eprcona y Lioncioro, c o(non cro-
poni, yiaainaer na eprcononcioe nonn:anne (nnennn iai na o(nn na ncro~nnion
reopnn ocrpanennn, a c (pyron croponi, nn(nr n cnnreanponannn (nnennn na neno-
(nnnix ]ororpa:: aay (n ]op:ancrcion nnrepnperannn inno iai anaionon cn-
cre:i (M. Xuno.tcxu. C:iconan nemi n innoreopnn OHOA3a ;; 1perin 1inn-
noncine ~rennn. Pnra, 1988. C. 109120). ]en:c Keprnc yc:arpnnaer n ]op:ancr-
cinx nnapnix napax nn(enne;yanananne, ionrnnyainocri;(ncionrnnyainocri,
anro:arnaannn;(eanro:arnaannn npn:oe ce(onanne rai naainae:on napa(nr:e
5eprcona (!. M. Cutlis. Bergson and Pussian lormalism ;; Comparalive Lileralure.
\ol. 28. ! 2. 197b. P. 109122).
b
A. epecon. 1nop~ecian .noinnn. C. 8498b0.
7
!. . v. !eee.t. 4eno:enoornn (yxa ; Hepeno( l. Lnera. CH., 1999. C. 99.
8
!. . v. !eee.t. 4eno:enoornn (yxa. C. 97.
9
B Crapo: n nono: (192b1929, pe. C. 3naenmrenn, cope. l. Aeican(pon)
n .nnao(e naroronennn cnnnon rymn noiaainaercn niiap:nnanne nopocnr, onnn,
paa(eia rymn, rep:n~ecian opaoria n r. (. B .nnao(e na ]ni:a 'eonei c innoan-
naparo: (1929, pe. ]. Bepron), n ioropo: ~epe(yircn (encrnnn ria~nxn, mnen n
:onrannni innonenin, rpy( nicrynaer ye iai napa(nr:a.
10
Ho(ponee o penennnn .roro ]ni:a c:.: K. }uetn. Hcropn~ecian penennnn
inno. Knne:arorpa] n Poccnn 189b1980. Pnra, 1991. C. 1b7188.
11
Honnrne oprannaannn oiaainaercn n nenrpe :icn 1920-x rr. B 1eiroornn
A. 5or(anona oprannaannn nponniaer na noorn~ecinn yponeni: npnpo(a nepecraer
iri ornercrnennon (ae aa nponecci iponoopamennn, ioropie perynpyircn n yro-
nn~ecio: ~eone~ecio: omecrne nyre: nepennannn iponn.
12
4apnia cnon n o(non:ennon innre 3penypra nn~e: ne orn~aercn or aano(a,
iae~amero npoerapnn. Haroronenne innonenin anrop onncinaer rai: B o(non :ac-
repcion pao~ne aa(ixaircn or n(onnrix ncnapennn, n (pyron, nponnainae:ie ne~non
cipocrii, onn ne:nnye:o aaoenair, n rperien onn annyr, n ~ernepron roxnyr, n
nnron noipinaircn pnii .iae:i, no ncex onn ne nn(nr oiinonennoro cnera ipoxornon
cne~in: .ro ipori, .ro ery~ne :imn, .ro aine iapni no(ae:nix no( (H. Jpen6pe.
4apnia cnon ;; H. 3penypr. Copanne co~nnennn. 1. 7. N., 19bb. C. 204).
18
. Lx.oecxu. Knno]apnia ;; B. Lioncinn. 3a copoi er. N., 19b8. C. b8.
14
. Lx.oecxu. Hx nacronmee ;; B. Lioncinn. 3a copoi er. C. 74.
1b
C:.: L. A.enoe. Hciyccrno inno. N., 1929. C. b0. Ce(yer aa:ernri, ~ro
opia c ni:ico:, nonn:ae:i: na :anep nreparypnon yconnocrn, npnno(nr i paapa-
orie nonon airepcion rexnnin. 3ra rexnnia cynr ron e nen coa(anni nonoro
]nirnnnoro ~eoneia, ioropin (oen nponano(nri nne~arenne nacronmero. Lcn
Bepron pemaer npoe:y ioncrpynponannn nonoro A(a:a, iai n npoe:y npocrpan-
crna, n ocnonno: :ero(o: :onraa, ro Kyemon ncnoiayer (n .ron nen n ro: ~nce
"%'
n oy~ennoro airepa. Koniypnpyimnn c inne:arorpa]o: rearpainin :e(ny: nrnc-
innaercn n pa:in nonoro rexnoorn~noro nciyccrna: airep pacc:arpnnaercn Kyemo-
ni: ne iai peaepnyap .:onnn, ioropie ncnonnimnn poi (oen nepennari na
cnene n nponecce nrpi, a iai :amnna, :enniman cnon reecnin oni n aanncn:ocrn
or cnryannn: Lcn (annin ~eonei nicoioro pocra y:eer rai coipamaricn n :im-
nax, ~ro :oer crari ~eoneio: :aeniioro pocra, ro .ro nicman creneni nepenono-
mennn (1a: e. C. 47). B orn~ne or reopnn ]airorpa]nn n innonpan(i, Kye-
mon ecn n orpnna rpn:, ro ne pa(n npnne~ennn i cre:ia: rnnaen c ynni, a n
noiay airepcioro nepenonomennn: (ae opo(y, rpeye:yi no cnenapni, na(ea-
o orpamnnari iai n nann.
1b
1a: e. C. b8
17
Ho(ponee o .ro: c:.: S. Sasse. ldeale Unreiheil. Pegisseure und Pegeln (in)
der Kunsl ;; Kollellivlrper. Kunsl und Polilil von \erbindung ; S. Sasse, S. Wenner
(Hg). Bieleeld, 2002. S. 122 .
18
. Meepxo.t0. Crarin. Hnci:a. Pe~n. 1. 1. N., 19b8. C. 212.
19
L. A.enoe. Hciyccrno inno. C. 104
20
Ce(yer npnnnri no nnn:anne paan~nin yponeni n nonn:annn (n, ce(onarei-
no, penpeaenrannn) rexnnin y Kyemona n ]anrn Beprona. Lcn y Kyemona rexnn-
ia cyna cnnonn:o: npne:a n, rain: opaao:, ]yninnonnponaa n xy(oe-
crnenno: nponane(ennn na yponne io(a, :e(y re: iai rpy(, cnnonn:n~nin (nne-
nni, nnncn pe]epenro:, ro y Beprona rexnnia nonn:aaci iai :amnna n ncnonn-
a iai poi anropa (innoraa), rai n poi pe]epenra (oreir naopaennn). 3ra
onnoannnn ne ycioianya or nnn:annn conpe:ennnion: 5opnc Ly:nninn npornnono-
crann ]op:ancra Kyemona, nonn:aimero rexnniy iai npne:, (oiy:enranc-
ry Beprony, (n ioroporo rexnnion nnnaci :amnna (c:.: . Luxu. Knne:aror-
pa]nn :nnonon. N., 198b. C. b4).
21
O re:e poorono(onn nonoro ~eoneia n conercio: inno n cnnan c ncnxo-
]nanoorn~ecin:n y~ennn:n Hanona n 5exrepena c:.: !.-H. L.eee.t. Koncrpyinnn
n nanpamenne. Honin ~eonei n conercio: inno ;; Knnone(~ecine aanncin. 2001.
! b0. C. 4b.
22
L. A.enoe. Hciyccrno inno. C. 11b.
28
C:.: V. Tausk. ber die Lnlslehung des Beeinlussungsapparales in der
Schizophrenie ;; Psyche. Bd. XXlll, H. b. Slullgarl, 19b9. S. 8bb.
24
lbid. S. 8b4.
2b
C:.: S. !teud. Gesammelle Werle. Band 12. Werle aus den Jahren 19171920.
lranlurl am Nain, 19bb. S. 248.
2b
C:.: S. Spieket. Orlhopdie und Avanlgarde. Dziga \erlovs lilmauge aus
prolhelischer Sichl ;; Apparalur und Phapsodie: Zu den lilmen des Dziga \erlov ;
N. Drubel-Neyer, Ju. Nuraov (Hg). lranlurl am Nain, 2000. S. 147170.
27
H. v.opencxu. Y no(opaa(eon :icn <'. 2, r. 8: Opranonpoeinnn> ;;
H. 4opencinn. Copanne co~nnennn n 4 ro:ax. 1. 8 (1). N., 1999. C. 402.
28
A. Gehlen. Die Seele im lechnischen Zeilaller. Hamburg, 19b8. S. 10.
29
C:.: L. Allhousset. ldeologie und ideologische Slaalsapparale. Hamburg, 1977.
S. 189.
80
lbid. S. 141.
81
!.-L. audtp. ldeological Lecls o lhe Basic Apparalus ;; Narralive, Apparalus,
ldeology ; Phili p Posen (ed.). NY, 198b. P. 292.
480
82
G. Deleu.e, !. Guallati. Anli-di pus. Kapilalismus und Schizophrenie. lranlurl
am Nain, 1974. S. 18.
88
Bonpoc o no(~nnennn anropy ero nncrpy:enra airnnno pacc:arpnnaercn ye n
nocenoenno: innone(ennn, na~nnan co crarin Aeican(pa Acrpiia (Aslruc) Po(e-
nne nonoro ananrap(a: ia:epa-crno (1948), n ioropon innoannapar npnpannnnaercn
i nnmymen :amnnie nncaren n npe(naana~aercn ne (n orpaennn (encrnnreinoc-
rn n ne (n ninnennn n nen npan(i, a (n ca:onipaennn cipnnropa.
84
1exnn~ecinx ienranpon onncinaer H. H. C:npnon n innre Connoco]nn peno-
innn, or:e~an, ~ro inexr n:ecre c opy(ne: .ro ocoo conan :amnna, rnnep-
io:noanrnin npnop, eme o(na cryneni n .noinnn io:noanrnon rexnnin (H. Cuup-
noe. Connoco]nn penoinnn. CH., 2004. C. b7). 1exnnia .noinnonnpyer no nanpan-
enni i cnnpnryanaannn. Coracno C:npnony, n(en ~eoneia-:amnni n paanix ee
:o(n]niannnx noniria :icnri aa nncrpy:enr, npe(nocxnmaiman penoinni.
8b
Ho(ponin anana .roro ]ni:a no :o(en ciaain c:.: M. En.ensbetget. We
were born lo lurn a airy lale inlo realily: Grigori Alexandrov`s 1he Padianl Palh.
P. 97108. 3nnenceprep aa:e~aer, ~ro n .ron nponano(crnennon io:e(nn paora nao-
paaercn c ceicyaini:n oeprona:n n ~acro neorn~n:a or ranna. B ro e npe:n
rpy(onon nponecc nocranen iai copennonanne, n ioropo: nenrpanayircn ren(epnie
npnanain, n enmnna (1arinna Nopoaona n ncnonennn . Oponon) cranonnrcn cno-
ero po(a an(pornno:.
8b
C:.: ,. epmoe. Crarin, (nennnin, aa:ici. C. b8.
87
1a: e. C. b4.
88
1a: e. C. bb.
89
Knnoraa i nnepnie npo(e:oncrpnponan n Hapne ero: 192b ro(a n
pa:iax :e(ynapo(non nicranin Lxposilion lnlernalional des Arls Dcoralis, aro(apn
ionraira:, ycranonenni: Aeican(po: Po(~enio. Ca: Bepron niexa n Lnpony n :ae
1929 ro(a, nocern lep:anni n 4pannni (no(ponee o .rnx n (ainenmnx noniriax
Beprona nanrn cnoero apnren n Lnpone c:.: T. Tode. Lin Pusse au dem Liellurm. \erlov
in Paris ;; Apparalur und Phapsodie: Zu den lilmen des Dziga \erlov. S. 4872).
40
C:.: K. }uetn. Hcropn~ecian penennnn inno n Poccnn. C. 8b9.
41
1a: e. C. 870.
42
1a: e. C. 871.
48
1a: e. C. 8b1.
44
C:.: F. Aene.. Soviel Cinema in lhe Age o Slalin. P. bb.
4b
C:.: R. Slam. Pelexivily in lilm and Lileralure. Ann Arbor, 198b. P. 71.
4b
lbid. P. 188.
47
Cymecrnyer pn( ]ni:on o nponano(crne inno, n ioropix oreiro: naopae-
nnn nnnercn paapymenne cry(nn (nanpn:ep, Lro nonan paora (191b, pe. 'apn
'annn) n ero e 3a .ipano: (191b)) nn e nponano(crne iai raiono:, ioropoe
npnno(nr i rorainon iaracrpo]e (Nerpononc 4pnna anra).
48
3ro orn~aer ]ni:i 1980-x or inne:arorpa]a 19b0-x rr., ior(a re:arnaannn
rpy(a cnenapncra n nncaren cranonnrcn omn: :ecro: n inno. C:.: R. Slam.
Pelexivily in lilm and Lileralure; a raie: C. Ames. Novies aboul lhe Novies: Hollywood
relecled. Kenlucly, 1997 (cp. ocoenno rany b Picluring Wrilers). Bannmnci aa
naopaenne nreparypnoro rpy(a, inne:arorpa]n~ecinn :e(ny: onennnaer ero ne-
rarnnno: n 5yinap Cancer (19b0, pe. 5. Yan(ep) :oo(oro nncaren ]o lnnca
ynnaer b0-ernnn anea(a ne:oro inno Hop:a ]ec:on( (lopnn Cnencon), crpaxye:an
"&
cnon: cyron n inmn: naprnepo: no paore Naico: ]on Nanepnnro: (3pnx ]on
Lrporen:). B ]ni:e B ye(nnenno: :ecre (19b0, pe. Hnioac Pen) nncarei, pe-
mnnmnn nonirari c~acrin n lonny(e, npononnpyer ynncrno cnon: cnenapni: aa-
:ico:.
49
Ho(ponee o .ro: c:.: J. !pe6ep. Nera]ninnn cenoe nnrno ]op:ana:a
;; Pyccinn reicr. ! 4. CH., 199b. C. 78b.
b0
3ro npornnocronnne onnri crao airyaini: n 19b0-e rr. Cp. enie inno-
(nnennn no 4pannnn rnna Cinema veril (Aan Pym n (p.) n Le Groupe Dziga
\erlov (Aan-ii lo(ap). Nouvelle vague onnpaaci na (eiapannn .rnx npoio:-
:ynncrn~ecinx rpynn: nepnin nono:erpanin ]ni: lo(apa Ha noce(ne: (ixa-
nnn (19b0) i cnnr ea cnenapnn.
b1
Honnrne nacronman nani n Benio: yremnree a:nnaenrno: ~nrarei-
nnna ]yicn onpe(ener iai nacronmyi nani :np pacciaaon cnoero in:oro
nncaren.
b2
3ro ~nco noanoner npe(noonri, ~ro Kyemon ncnoiayer a(eci .aonon naii:
ripi:a mrara Orano ooana~aer conercinn crpon, ioropo:y n :o:enr cre:oi ]ni:a
(1988 ro() ncnonnoci 1b er.
b8
Cp. nimeonncannyi canonyi re:y n inno(earax 1920-x rr. 1or, iro ra~a-
er canorn, ornocnrcn i ]airorpa]a:.
b4
Honirie ninnennn ncropn~ecioro ]ona n ]ni:ax Crapoe n nonoe n 3e:-
n nocnnmena crarin Hayn 5epnca. On pacc:arpnnaer ioeirnnnaanni n iyiryp-
nyi penoinni 19281981 rr. iai ocnonnon ncro~nni noce(nnx ne:ix ]ni:on
neninx penccepon, paoraimnx na inne:arorpa]n~ecio: ]ponre nepnon nnrn-
erin, iai nx conlribulion lo colleclivizalion. C:.: F. E. utns. Cullural Pevolulion,
Colleclivizalion, and lhe Soviel Cinema: Lisenslein`s Old and New and Dovzhenlo`s
Larlh ;; lilm and Hislory. \ol. Xl. ! 4. December 1981. P. 849b.
bb
Unr. no: K. }uetn. Hcropn~ecian penennnn inno. C. 428.
bb
C. J.ennmen. O crpoennn nemen ;; C. 3naenmrenn. Hapannie nponane(e-
nnn n b ro:ax. 1. 8. N., 19b4. C. 88.
b7
C. J.ennmen. Ha]oc ;; 1a: e. C. 7b.
b8
Ne(y re: n Crapo: n nono: c:epri pacc:arpnnaercn iai arpnyr nnornoro
:npa: y:npair ne i(n nornaer ne:ennon ii, orpanennin o(nocei~ania:n
Nap]i, a raie nopimnpcine cnnnin, ioropix nipamnnair, aannair n ocoi: opa-
ao: npenapnpyir na aano(e.
b9
C. J.ennmen. O crpoennn nemen. C. b1.
b0
Ho(ponee o ncropnn nonnrnn na]oc c:.: S. !tank. Der Dislurs des Lrhabenen
bei Gogol` und die longinsche 1radilion. Nnchen, 1999. 4pani cnnainaer .ic-raanc
onrnna c narononcin: y~enne: o :annn iai o ~eone~ecion ipearnnnocrn. B or-
n~ne or nonnrnn na]oca y co]ncron, r(e n pac~er epercn npe(e ncero pennnnenr,
cyri :annn enr n oacrn nponano(crna reicron.
b1
C. J.ennmen. Ha]oc. C. b9.
b2
1a: e. C. 78.
b8
1a: e. C. 80.
b4
1a: e.
482
LANNA LAXA]A1
COHLPHHK, HAPA3H1, CHACH1LL
4HlYPL 1PL1LLlO B KHHO 1920b0-x rr.
1
B 1914 ro(y Hane 4opencinn nnmer n o(nnna(naro: nnci:e cnoen
innrn Cron n yrnep(enne ncrnni (O (pye): ]pya .ro nn(e-
nne cen raaa:n (pyroro, no npe( nno: rperiero, n n:enno 1periero. A, or-
paanci n (pyre, n ero A npnanai cnoe 0peoe X
2
. ]yana: (pyi, (yn-
pyimnn A no A yanaer cen ca:oro n (pyre iai cocrnennoe (pyroe
oiaainaercn (n 4opencioro o(nonpe:enno repnapni: ornomenne:: (py-
a ocymecrnnercn roiio npe( nno: rperiero, n .ror rpernn (n 4open-
cioro onaareino 5or. Koncrpyinnn nencii~ennoro rperiero nnnercn
ipanne nanon (n ]noco]nn 4opencioro, iai n noome (n ]noco]nn
pyccioro cn:nona:a. Hpn .ro: ion]nrypannn rponx y 4opencioro npo-
e:a iai oroconnn, rai n ornin. Hepnoe :icn:o nmi n onnoannnn io
nropo:y, n .ra anrnno:nn cnn:aercn npn no:omn rperiero.
Hpoe:a rperiero nnnercn n(po: cn:noncrcion ]noco]nn; .ry ]nry-
py :ono nanrn n y Ba(n:npa Cooniena, n y Bn~ecana Hnanona, n y ina
Kapcannna. 1pn(nari er cnycrn .rn ionnennnn peairnnnpyircn n crann-
cion iyirype. B npoeire oimon cranncion ce:in
8
n n ionreicre noapac-
raimen caipanaannn nonrn~ecinx crpyiryp onn nonnnircn nnoni iai
ipnnrorpa]n~ecinn cyreicr. 1ai, ioni y~nreinnni Haramn n craxanon-
na Aeicen n ]ni:e Ha(enne 5epnna na~nnaercn no( noprpero: Cran-
na. 3(eci nnayaino peanayercn nai(aimee ionnyi napy nno rperie-
ro, o ioropo: nnca 4opencinn.
Ho cnepna o (na(narix ro(ax. H n .ror nepno( ]nrypa rperiero nrpaer
nanyi poi, xorn n nmennyi caipainon aypi. B 1920-e rr. Poccnn aannra
coa(anne: nonoro ~eoneia n nonoro omecrna, n n:enno (n .roro nyen
rpernn. leopr 3n::ei onncinaer c connoorn~ecion ro~in apennn napnie
ornomennn iai (o-omecrnennie
4
; omecrno noanniaer roiio c npnxo(o:
rperiero: 'nco (na oana~ao, c o(non croponi, nepnin cnnrea n ynn]nia-
nni, c (pyron croponi, nepnoe paa(eenne n anrnreay; nonnenne rperiero
ana:enonao coon nepexo(, npn:npenne, oriaa or acoirnon onnoannnn
xorn nnor(a n coa(anne ee rai 3n::ei nnmer n 1908 ro(y n cnonx
Hcce(onannnx o ]op:ax connanaannn
b
.
B ]ni:ax 1920b0-x rr. :ono nanrn oa rnna ]nrypi rperiero: ca-
ipainin n npo]annin, ]noco]cin-penrnoanin n connoorn~ecinn. B n-
nonpnon ornie .ra ]nrypa coa(aer ion]nrypanni (ncaanca. Lcn :ono-
orn~ecine (iai, nanpn:ep, 5or) nn (non~nie (iai, nanpn:ep, ipyrie i(n
Harona) crpyirypi .ro crarnia, ro ]nrypa rperiero npnnnocnr (nna:n~-
"&!
nin .e:enr iai n o(no-n-cee, rai n n rap:onn~ecioe pannonecne napi.
1peyroinni .ro :ocr :e(y n(enrn~nocrii n nnaiocrii
b
, npo:eyro~-
nin .ran :e(y e(nncrno: n :noecrno:. 1ain: opaao:, rpeyroinni oia-
ainaercn :e(naropo:, ]yninnn ioroporo :oer cocronri iai n airnnnaannn,
rai n n npn:npennn npornnope~nn.
4nrypa rperiero nnnercn
npo(yirnnnon, rai iai ona npnno(nr noionmyicn crpyirypy n (nne-
nne, xorn ~acro .rn: ne (ocrnraercn nniaion nen. 3ro ana~nr, ~ro ]nrypa
rperiero cynr n ro e npe:n ]nrypon orcpo~in;
]nrypon paannni, rai iai ona cronr :e(y (ny:n nen~nna:n;
:e(nainon ]nrypon, rai iai nocpe(crno: nee ocymecrnnercn ion-
rair :e(y ]nrypon nepnoro n ]nrypon nroporo;
a:nnaenrnon: c o(non croponi, ona oemaer npn:npenne (iai n rpa-
(nnnn ncropnn xpncrnancrna), c (pyron croponi paapymaer (na(y (iai n
.(nnono: rpeyroinnie).
B conercio: inno 192040-x, a raie 19b0-x rr. ]nrypa rperiero npoce-
nnaercn iai na napparnnno:, rai n na :eraiyirypno: yponne. H:enno
ioncrpyinnn, ocnonannie na rpna(e, nicrpannair nanenmne iyirypnie ion-
nennnn: pacna( rpa(nnnonnon ce:in n cnoo(noe ceicyainoe none(enne n
(na(narie ro(i; yronn~ecine npoeiri no nonomenni n(eainon rponni na
ae:e n rpn(narie; inaan-caipainie ]anraann cnacennn n copoionie;
roronnocri eprnonari coon pa(n omero ara n mecrn(ecnrie
7
. 4nry-
pa, o ioropon non(er pe~i, nepconn]nnnponana n conepnnie, n napaanre nn n
cnacnree. Bonomennan n ioniperno: opaae, ona n:eer reo: .porn~ecioe,
cnoprnnnoe nn caipainoe. Hoce(nee (caipainoe) reo ne(er i rpanc]n-
rypannn.
Kai ]par:enri iyirypnoro (nciypca, nipannie ]ni:i penpeaenrnpy-
ir crni cnonx .nox: nocrpenoinnonnin ananrap(, crannciyi iyirypy,
orrenei. 4nrypa rperiero cn:nro:arn~na (n (o:nnanrnix re: roro npe:e-
nn, y(i ro opia craporo n nonoro ira nn inaan-caipainan cnnai :e(y
:accon n nacrii. Hpn .ro: ]nrypa rperiero nace(yer connancrn~ecin:
yronnn: n .icnepn:enra: 18b0-x rr., ior(a nnrnncri n napo(nnin paapyma-
n nonnrne rpa(nnnonnon ce:in. 3ra ]nrypa orciaer raie i cn:noncr-
cion ]noco]nn .poca, r(e ]nrypa rperiero ia cnoero po(a aaoro: (n
nxo(a n ne~nocri.
Kaiyi ]yninni ninonner ]nrypa rperiero Kai nocpe(crno: rperiero
npoeirnpyircn napparnnnie n iyirypnie ion]nrypannn, iai onn coa(aircn
n nepecrpannaircn
COHLPHHK: 2 + 1
Hpo]annin napnanr ]nrypi rperiero n inno 1920-x n 19b0-x rr. peanay-
ercn n opaae conepnnia. 1perin Nemancian Apa:a Poo:a (1927) npe(a-
raer :o(ei, i ioropon opamaircn noa(nenmne ]ni:i: rpernn a(eci .ro
rpa(nnnonnin conepnni n napnix ornomennnx, coa(aimnn rpnanrynpnyi
484
ion]nrypanni eannn. 1pernn nnocnr neycron~nnocri n napy, n ioncren-
nnn 2 + 1 nocronnno nepepacnpe(enercn, ocrannn :ecro rperiero no(nn-
ni:. B ro e npe:n n ]ni:e no(nn:aircn n(en, ioropie ocy(anci n
]noco]cinx, connoorn~ecinx n nreparypnix npoeirax no ipannen :epe c
18b0-x rr. Pe~i n(er, nn :noro nn :ao, o nono: ~eoneie n o nono: omecr-
ne. 3ror nonin ~eonei ne nii~en n ce:ii, ocnonannyi na napnix ornome-
nnnx, a nnnercn ~acrii (yxonnoro coomecrna, ecn nipaaricn cona:n
4ep(nnan(a 1ennnca
8
. 4nrypa rperiero, nroprmancn n ce:ennyi nani na-
pi n 1perien Nemancion, cranonnrcn :era]opon nocrpenoinnonnoro i-
ra. Ona onnernopner nonpoc, ocymecrnn: n nonin ir, :ono n aa:ecrnri
ce:ii omecrno:.
Necro rperiero no(nnno, ono :oer iri aannro paani:n nepconaa:n:
nn (pyr :ya no~yer na (nnane, a :y c enon n cynpyecion nocren,
nn :y cnnr na (nnane, a (pyr c:enner ero n nocren. ]pyron napnanr
ena oiaainaercn rperien, n ro npe:n iai :y~nni opaayir napy. lepon
1perien Nemancion crponrei n corpy(nni rnnorpa]nn, r. e. conocrann-
:i c npe(crannren:n nonoro nciyccrna 1920-x rr., n ]ni: :ono nnrepnpe-
rnponari iai npo]annin napnanr :n]a o xy(onnie, r(e enmnna-:e(narop
coa(aer noa:onocri (n (pyi rennainix :y~nn
9
.
1pn nepconaa n 1perien Nemancion cocrannir ioncrennni 2 + 1;
onn coa(air ne ycron~nnin rpeyroinni, a rpn napi c nepe:enni: rperin:
10
.
4ni: ion~aercn re:, ~ro enmnna yxo(nr or oonx :y~nn, na~nnan nonyi
nani (aeio or Nocini. Conpe:ennan Anna Kapennna ne pocaercn no( no-
ea(, a noiayercn n: iai rpancnoprni: cpe(crno:, ioropoe neaer ee na cnoo(y.
Ca:in o~enn(nin npereicr rpeyroinnia n ]ni:e .ro ana:ennran
ce:in Nanioncinn nn 5pni Ocnn 5pni. Hoce roro iai Nanioncinn
nepeexa i 5pnia:, inaprnpa ypyaanon napi craa nyn~ni: npocrpan-
crno:, inaprnpon L4a iai ronopn Lioncinn, :ecro:, r(e ycrpannanci
nyn~nie ~rennn, r(e nannponan nonin ir n r(e .ror nonin ir nono-
macn n nani
11
. B 1perien Nemancion npocrpancrno raie nnnercn
nyn~ni:, (nepi ye ne (encrnyer iai rpannna. Lnp:a, cronman nocpe(n
io:nari, ]yninnonnpyer iai nciyccrnennan nperpa(a n or(ener ionnyi
napy or rperiero napa eme ne nc~eaaer n rpeyroinnie, a oiaainaercn
ro~ion conpnennn (n nero. Bce napi ornocnrcn i 1perie:y nnmer
Penare 5eprep n ye yno:nnanmencn innre LlLBL NACH1 KUNS1
12
n
aa:e~aer (aee: 1perie ne:nnye:an nncrannnn
18
. Hapa (o:nnnpyer n n
rpeyroinnie Nanioncioro5pnion, n n 1perien Nemancion. nn 5pni
nnmer n cnonx :e:yapax: Ni c Ocen oime nnior(a ne in nain
]nan~ecin, rai ~ro nce cnernn o rpeyroinnie`, inn nrpoe:` n r. n.
conepmenno ne noxoe na ro, ~ro io
14
.
B ornomennnx 5pnion n Nanioncioro no(paay:enaercn n :ycian (py-
a. Aenmnna ne naxo(nr cnoi n(enrn~nocri n cnnan c :y~nnon n ncer(a
ocraercn nne coiaa, npe(crannn na cen ]pyroe. nn 5pni nnmer o orno-
mennnx :e(y 5pnio: n Nanioncin: rai: Boo(n no :noro: nepecrpon
Ocnno :imenne |...] n n ne anai oee nepnix (pyr (pyry, oee inmnx
(pyaen n ronapnmen
1b
.
"&#
Kayc 1enennr, ronopn o npo(yirnnnon ]e:nnnnnon ceicyainocrn, cnn-
ainaer ]op:nponanne rainx ioncrpyinnn c ]nrypon enmnni-eprni (en-
mnna, ioropan cranonnrcn ionnon eprnon male couple
1b
): ona coa(aer
napy rennainix :y~nn n, ninonnn cnoi aa(a~y, oi~no nc~eaaer. 1aian
crpyirypa rnnn~na (n xy(onnion-:y~nn. Y 5pnionNanioncioro na rpe-
yroinnia yxo(nr o(nn na :y~nn, n 1perien Nemancion rperien oiaaina-
ercn (encrnnreino enmnna, ioropan yeraer na cornopennoro ei coiaa.
1ain: opaao:, ionen ]ni:a, iai npe(crannercn, (erep:nnnponan ne croi-
io .:ancnnannen, cioiio :exanna:o: iyirypi n neo:.
Ho:n:o ]nrypainon croponi, rperie nno n 1perien Nemancion nii-
~aer n cen n ]nryparnnnyi cocrannimyi; ona nnnercn nonomennon :e-
ra]opon oniron nonoro ira. Hpn .ro: ]ni: aancnpyer na rpann :e(y
nocr-penoinnonni:n airepnarnna:n craporo ira n noapo(enne: ion-
cepnarnnnix noannnn, yipenennix n 198040-e rr. n cranncion iyirype.
C o(non croponi, n cepe(nne (na(narix nonynpna cnoo(nan ioni; nana(-
in Aeican(pi Koonran na rpa(nnnonnyi :opai n ioncepnarnnnie npe(-
cranennn o paie nomn n ncropni n nn(e cnino coipamennon ]op:yi
reopnn craiana no(i
17
. Koonran aamnmaer pa(niainyi noannni, nicry-
nan npornn craporo ira, opnenrnponannoro na ce:ii, nepnocri n :onora:-
nocri n paie; ona arnrnpyer npornn neneponrnoro pacro~ennn (ymennix
cn
18
enmnn n ionnix ornomennnx. ioni (n Koonran aann:aer
nropocrenennoe :ecro; nanee (n nonon enmnni ca:o(ncnnnnna n:e-
cro naonnn ~yncrn n connainan n(en, nayia, npo]eccnn, rnop~ecrno
19
. Le
nonecri ioni rpex noioennn (1928) xy(oecrnennan opaoria .ron
reopnn naopaaer rpn renepannn .:ancnnnponannix enmnn: enmnny
npomoro, ioropan no((epnnaer cynpyeciyi cnnai c in:i: ~eoneio:;
enmnny nacronmero npe:enn, ioropan, xorn n ne nepnr n pai, nce e rparnr
:noro .neprnn na (ymennie nonennn; n enmnny y(ymero, ioropan panno-
naino ornocnrcn i cnon: ionnnia:, ne nnyrinan .:onnn n noonyi nani.
C (pyron croponi, n 192b ro(y, ro ecri aa ro( (o ]ni:a Poo:a, nonnn-
nci rpn xy(oecrnennix nponane(ennn, ioropie n conoiynnocrn conepmn-
n ioncepnarnnnin nepenopor, nicrynnn npornn npn:ara cnoo(non non
na( :opaii: yna c npanon croponi Cepren Naaminna, 5ea ~epe:yxn
Hanreen:ona Po:anona n Coa~nn nepeyoi ina ly:nencioro. 3rn rei-
cri or~acrn ne(yr oripiryi noe:niy npornn reopnn craiana no(i, roo-
cyn aa :opai n npornn cnoo(non non. Kpnrni A. enen onpe(en o-
myi re:y .rnx rpex reicron rai: ioni neian cnecrn i ]nanoorn~ecio-
:y ornpanenni
20
. Bo ncex rpex reicrax nporaronncri pe(ynnponani (o
]nanoorn~ecinx norpenocren (napaei i reopnn craiana no(i no-
onon air n: nyen iai craian no(i, ior(a onn xornr nnri), r. e. (o nnorno-
ro cocronnnn. 1aio:y none(enni npornnocronr omecrnennie nennocrn: :o-
pai, xopomne :anepi n ipacora.
Hpn:ep ioncepnarnnnoro nepenopora n oacrn inn 5ea ~epe:y-
xn Po:anona. Pacciaa nanncan n .nncronpno: crne. Aenmnna ayercn
n nnci:e na yrpary n conpe:enno: omecrne xopomnx :anep, :opan n n(ea-
on ipacori: Bce (enymin n namn ronapnmn-:y~nni (epar cen rai, iai
48b
y(ro onrcn, ~roi nx ne aano(oapnn n nanmecrne n aropo(crne :anep.
lonopnr napo~no paanenni:, rpyi: rono:, c xonanie: pyia:n no cnnne
21
.
leponnn pacciaainaer, iai ona, ncrpernnmnci c ronapnme: no y~ee, n :e~rax
o inn n po:anrnie
22
oro(nnraa noonon air n neonpe(eennoe y(ymee, n
ro npe:n iai cry(enr cnemn: Hy ~ro paaronapnnari, roiio npe:n repnri...
28
.
B ionne ionnon cry(enr nanacnona ee, (y:an npn .ro:, ~ro conepmaer nop-
:ainin noonon air. Hepcneirnni enmnni n :y~nni pacxo(nrcn n pac-
ciaae; reponnn o(na na rex enmnn, ioropie, no Koonran, rparnr cnoi
(ymennyi .neprni apn. Paan~aircn aanpoci repoen n reponnn n n 1peri-
en Nemancion: ona roe on(aer oime, ~e: noy~aer.
B 198040-e rr. conepnni n inn orxo(nr na aa(nnn nan, n:ecro .roro
na~nnaer (o:nnnponari penpeaenrannn npara napo(a
24
. 1oiio n 19b0b0-e rr.
rpernn cnona cranonnrcn airnnni: n n~non nann, naopaennon n inno.
]ennri (nen o(noro ro(a (19b1, pe. Nnxan Po::), nanpn:ep, cnnaan nn-
repreicryaino c 1perien Nemancion. 4ni: Po::a, o(naio, nocnnmen ne
nocrpoenni nonon nann n nonoro ira, a re:e omecrnennoro eprnonpnno-
mennn, ioropan peanayercn, n ~acrnocrn, n ]nrype rperiero. Bor crpyirypnie
.e:enri, ioropie ncrpe~aircn n oonx ]ni:ax:
noannnn rperiero n ioncrennnn 2 + 1 oripira n no(nnna;
ornomennn :e(y repon:n xapairepnayircn nnrn:nocrii
2b
: y~acrnn-
in rpeyroinnia nnnircn (pyain:n, po(crnennnia:n nn ionnnia:n;
conepnni nropn~en no ornomenni i cnoe:y npornnnniy; cnnai :e(y
conepnnio: n re:, c ie: on copennyercn, anaorn~na ornomenni :e(y opn-
rnnao: n ionnen. 3ro ana~nr, ~ro ornomenne :e(y ioniypenra:n nnnercn
:n:ern~ecin: c ro~in apennn Anpapa
2b
n ero reopnn :n:ern~ecioro ea-
nnn: conepnni iai ionnni n:nrnpyer :ya. Oreir eannn nrpaer a(eci
nropocrenennyi poi; no Anpapy, na~ao rain: ornomennn: ia(er ne ea-
nne oreira, a conepnn~ecrno. Conepnn~ecrno no0cxa.teaem eanne or-
eira
27
, nnmer Aipexr Komopie o Anpape. Ca: no cee oreir nepecraer
n ionne ionnon nnrepeconari conepnnion (iai n ena n 1perien Neman-
cion).
B ]ni:e ]ennri (nen o(noro ro(a conepnn~ecrno (nyx :y~nn na-aa
enmnni orpaaer opiy aa nay~nie n :opainie nennocrn: (na ]nania,
cepieanin lycen n meroenarin cienrni Kynion, yxannair aa cnoen io-
eron een. Hx ornomennn rai e (nna:n~ni, iai n 1perien Nemancion:
cnepna y en ionnan cnnai c lyceni:, noro: c Kynioni:, n n ionne
ionnon ona nixo(nr aa:y aa lycena. H a(eci eanne (pyroro nnnercn
ncxo(ni: nyniro: (n cocrnennoro eannn; conepnn~ecrno oonx :y~nn
iopennrcn n eannn n:nrnponari (pyroro. Kai roiio oreir aanoenan, onn
repnir i ne:y nnrepec; en, iai n ee npe(mecrnennnna n 1perien Neman-
cion, ~yncrnyer cen nmnen. Xorn ona roe y~enin, ]ni: noiaainaer ee
no~rn ncii~nreino n (o:amnen cpe(e na iyxne: n ryr en nnrnpyer
reponni na 1perien Nemancion.
Paannna :e(y (ny:n ]ni:a:n enr n iyirypnix nennocrnx, ioropie
ioncrpynpyir ]yninni ]nrypi rperiero. B nenrpe ]ni:a Po::a cronr no-
npoc, n:eer n c:ic eprnonari coon pa(n ara omecrna. lycen npnno-
"&%
cnr cen n eprny pa(n aro:nix .icnepn:enron, n ro npe:n iai Kynion
ni(nnraer na nepnin nan cnoe cocrnennoe aro. 3ro orpaaercn iai na
ero :anepe (eparicn, rai n na crne ero o(e(i. Lcn nce( aa leprpy(on
enepr nnrepnpernponari :o(y iai rearpainin ]eno:en par excellence
28
,
ro Kynion nncnennpyer cen iai nn(nnn(yancr. On orn~aercn cnon: :o(-
ni: iocri:o: n or lycena (lycen ca: no~rn ncer(a n cneno(e(e), n or
na:y~ennon iro: en, ioropan nce ~ame ncrpe~aercn no xo(y ]ni:a n
(o:amne: xaare. ]ae noxo(ia Kyniona .ro ne crpe:nreinin mar
y~enoro, a nepenoe rynnie ]anepa. ionnin rpeyroinni ]yninnonn-
pyer n ]ni:e pa(n npornnonocranennn (nyx noannnn: ninpan lycena, io-
ropin eprnyer coon pa(n ara omecrna, en onnernopner conecri ]ni-
:a. 1e: ca:i: ona ninpaer roronnocri i eprnonpnnomenni n:ecro .rona-
:a nn, iai ronopnrcn n ]ni:e, rorainyi yronni n:ecro peainon yronnn.
Ho(no(n nrorn, ce(yer ciaaari, ~ro ionnin rpeyroinni oiaainaercn
nenanecnoconi: n oonx ]ni:ax; ]nrypa rperiero napymaer pannonecne
napi, ~roi n ionne ionnon yrnep(nri ee (n nonon ioncrennnn). 3ro :oer
iri no :ycion coia, iai n 1perien Nemancion, nn orpecranpnponan-
nan ncxo(nan napa, iai n ]ennrn (nnx o(noro ro(a. 3:ancnnnponanno:y
ionny nepnoro ]ni:a npornnocronr eprna n noiay ioeirnna n nocr-
]ni:e.
HAPA3H1 HPO1HB CHACH1LA: C1POlHH KHOLA
Noo(an enmnna nixo(nr noce iynannn na eper, aa nen nai(aer
craponarin, nonin :y~nna. Bciope noce .roro ona npnnercrnyer :ya,
roe ne:oo(oro, npnexanmero (o:on na (oporon :amnne. Hoae npnxo(nr n
rocrn lpnma arern~ecinn, ipacnnin :oo(on ~eonei (Bor rnn conpe-
:ennon :ycion ipacori, iai nnmer Kpnn Oema n cnenapnn
29
).
Ye na~ainie ia(pi noiaainair, ~ro n ]ni:e Crpornn inoma (198b)
ecri necioiio rpeyroinnion: i nape npncoe(nnnircn n napaanr, n norennn-
ainin ionnni. 3rn (na rpeyroinnia (ynpyircn (aime n ]ni:e; ca:
lpnma y~acrnyer n eme o(no: rpeyroinnie n:ecre co cnon:n (pyain:n, (nc-
iooo: n (enymion; npn .ro: (ncioo noxo na nero, iai nanen. 4ni:
(e:oncrpnpyer neyi raepei rpeyroinnion, nocrpoennix no paani: :o(e-
n:: rai, Crenanon, Nama n Unrponon orciair i ypyaano:y rpeyroinn-
iy XlX neia. Unrponon nnrnpyer npnnnaimnion na po:anon ]ocroencioro,
nanpn:ep, Crenana Bepxonencioro na 5econ n 4o:y 4o:n~a Onncinna na
Cea Crenan~niona. Kai n onn, Unrponon coe(nnner n cee ipo(crno, ynn-
enne, ceicyainoe n connainoe eanne. ]oiropy on icrnr
80
, a na Namy
c:orpnr a(ni:n raaa:n. Bropon rpeyroinni, lpnma n ero (pyain, nano:n-
naer n(ea ioeirnna 1920-x rr. B ia(pax, r(e :oo(ie i(n naopaeni n
rn:naann n na cra(none, onn cnnaircn c (pyrn:n :oo(i:n, ipacnni:n i(i:n,
r. e. rpeyroinni :oer pacmnpnricn n crari ioeirnno:. B nx :nnn:ai-
nix cnoprnnnix napn(ax onn no~rn roie
81
, ~ro nano:nnaer iai nonoro A(a-
:a ai:encron, rai n anrn~nin (cranncinn) iyir rea rnnn~nin (n ]ni:a
488
iyirypnin cnniperna:. B re~enne ]ni:a ornomennn Namn, Crenanona n
lpnmn paannnaircn n n(eainin rpeyroinni. Hoce pn(a cnen pennocrn
:y, ana:ennrin xnpypr, nce e oriaainaercn or :ononoinoro npana na
cnoi eny n nii~aer lpnmy n cnoi ce:ii.
B Crporo: inome ioniypnpyir (ne ]nrypi rperiero: napaanr n cnacn-
rei. Hapaanr .ro ror, iro nner aa c~er (pyrnx n npe(nr n:. B reopnn
Nnmen Ceppa napaanr cn:no cncre:i; no ca:a cncre:a, no Ceppy, no(-
~nnena ornie cy~an n xapairepnayercn nonpe(enne:, ecnopn(io:
82
. Ha-
paanr onnernopner .ro nonpe(enne. Y Ceppa ia(an cncre:a ope~ena na
yna(oi, na nepexo( or nopn(ia i ecnopn(iy. B Crporo: inome lpnma,
aa:e~areinin npe(crannrei nonoro noioennn, npnanan ocranonnri (erene-
panni cncre:i: n ionne ]ni:a napaanra Unrponona nironnir, a cnacnrei
lpnma aann:aer ero :ecro. Hpn .ro: on ne napymaer nopn(oi, a naoopor,
npnno(nr oipyaimee n cocronnne conepmennon rap:onnn, n ioropon cnn:a-
ircn nce paan~nn n npeipamaercn ioe (nnenne. Crpornn inoma npo-
eirnpyer raiyi :o(ei ncropnn, coracno ioropon cnacnrei nironner napa-
anra na pan, a (naeirnia xoannna n paa cnn:aercn n Acoirno: ]yxe.
5oime ner ecnopn(ia, ocraercn roiio nopn(oi: nepconan open pan na
ae:e. B .ro: ]ni:e, crpe:nme:cn i acoirnon rap:onnn, ion]nrypannn
rperiero (ana ne n nn(e ]op:yi 2 + 1, a iai ioniypenrnan opia (nyx
rpeyroinnion
88
.
Kaiyi poi nrpair napaanr n cnacnrei n Crporo: inome Unrponon,
npnnnaimni n oraro: (o:e, no(c:arpnnaer aa enon cnoero xoannna
napaanr n inno nnnercn nyanepo:. ]n Ceppa napaanr rapanrnpyer ne roi-
io (nna:niy cncre:i, no n oneniy ~ynx ornomennn. Lro npnananne n ro:,
~roi :emari (pyrn:. Hapaanr ne :oer cymecrnonari n o(nno~iy, nocioi-
iy on ncii~ennin rpernn, n roiio ornomenne i ornomenni (aer e:y
nri
84
. Unrponon crapaercn (oiaaari cnoi neoxo(n:ocri, io::enrnpyn
~yne ornomennn :e(y Crenanoni: n Namen, :e(y Namen n lpnmen.
Bna~ae lpnma iaercn oi~ni: ionni: conepnnio:; nx no~rn (na-
eirn~ecinn rpeyroinni, nopo(ennin eanne:, opion n crpe:enne: i
npnananni, iai i nnnercn napnannen rereencion :o(en xoannna n paa:
Nama n Crenanon conercine apncroipari
8b
, n lpnma 4oinn, opnci aa
npnananne n ioni Namn, opercn n aa npnananne Crenanona. 1e:a nacrn
nrpaer n ]ni:e nanyi poi: He :oer iri nacrn ~eoneia na( ~eone-
io: ronopnr ]ncioo
8b
. ]n lpnmn, naoopor, nonnrne ~ncron nacrn
nnnercn peenanrni:, ~ro no(rnep(aer nonyi nepapxnaanni connainoro
crpon n 1980-e rr. O (oirope lpnma ronopnr: 3ro ~ncran nacri. On ne
aninp. |...] On neninn y~enin, on rennn
87
. Hoce opii, noce roro, iai
lpnma n Crenanon npnanair (pyr (pyra, noanniaer ~ncrin rpeyroinni
88
:
on ye ne co(epnr napnix crpyiryp, n ne: rpn ~eoneia ore(nneni oria-
ao: or eannn. 3ro .(nnon rpeyroinni
89
, cocronmnn na orna, :arepn n cina,
no .(nnono eanne cina ynri orna cyn:nponano. Cin ne ynn~roaer
orna, a nocxnmaercn n: iai nenin: ~eoneio:: Ko:co:oen (oen pan-
nnricn na y~mnx. y~mne .ro re, iro rnopnr nayiy, rexnniy, :yaiiy, :ici.
3ro nicoine y:i. |...] 1e, iro opercn c npnpo(on, noe(nren c:eprn
40
.
"&'
1ai ~ro .ror rpeyroinni, no(ono 1ponne, o(nonpe:enno n neprniai-
nin, n ropnaonrainin
41
, nce ero croponi o(nnaioni n n ro e npe:n paa-
n~ni: Panencrna ner n ne :oer iri. Ca:o nonnrne copennonannn ynn~-
roaer nonnrne panencrna. Panencrno ecri neno(nnnocri, copennonanne
ecri (nnenne. |...] Pannnncn na y~mnx, nepnoe npanno
42
rai nnmer
lpnma n cnoe: Ko:neice (ymennix ia~ecrn. 3ror rpairar n npnnocnr
e:y, n ionne ionnon, npnananie Crenanona. Kai co~nnnrei Ko:neica
lpnma nxo(nr n rpeyroinni na pannix. Panni:n croponi rpeyroinnia
cranonnrcn aro(apn ro:y, ~ro ia(in orpeiaercn or cen. 1peyroinni n
Crporo: inome, no Hropi C:npnony, (e:oncrpnpyer :aaoxncrciyi nn-
rn:nocri, ioropan ne~er aa coon acoirnoe panencrno. Lcn nce crpa(a-
ir, ana~nr nce o(nnaioni
48
.
Nono c(eari nino(, ~ro Crpornn inoma nnnercn .crernanponanni:
napnanro: cnnmennon ncropnn; ]ni: onncinaer nepexo( or ae:noro ecno-
pn(ia i neecno:y craancy. Lcn napaanr nonomaer ecnopn(oi, ro lpnma
nnnercn npe(crannree: rap:onnn na ae:e; on n c:ice 3pnxa Ay.pa-
xa
44
[iguta tetum, npopoi peainoro. Cn:nro:arn~no, ~ro cnacnrei n .ro:
]ni:e 1980-x rr. naopaaercn iai cnoprnnnoe reo; cnopr n omecrne
.roro npe:enn aann:aer :ecro nepinn, no(xnarinan ee pnryainie npairnin.
Cnopr ]nrypnpyer n ]ni:e iai cnoero po(a aa:ecrnrei penrnn
4b
; rpairar
lpnmn o :opainix nennocrnx, ioropin on aa~nrinaer cnon: ronapnma:-
cnoprc:ena: n rn:nacrn~ecio: aae .ro nonan nepcnn Cnnmennoro Hnca-
nnn. H(eainin rpeyroinni n ]ni:e [iguta ltinilalis; ona nonomaer
n(ea n(enrn~nocrn n nnaiocrn n o(no n ro e npe:n. K ro:y e (oirop
Crenanon, npa~, ioropin noanpamaer i(en i nonon nann n yinaino: c:ice
cona, n:nrnpyer nce:orymecrno 5ora.
CAKPALHLH 1PLYlOLHHK: HA]LHHL 5LPHHA
4ni: Apa:a Poo:a n Oemn i aanpemen n 198b ro(y
4b
: ero .crernia
oiaaaaci cnmio: recno cnnaannon c caipainon croponon. K ro:y e n
lpnme nonornoci rpne(nncrno (opo ncrnna ipacora ipe(o Ba-
(n:npa Cooniena.
B ]ni:e Ha(enne 5epnna, cnnro: n nepno( pacnnera iyira n~no-
crn, caipanaannn rpeyroinnia nepexo(nr na nonin .ran. Lcn penrnoa-
nin rpeyroinni, cnnmennoe rpne(nncrno, nnnnci nenpe:enni: ]ono: (n
ionnoro rpeyroinnia, npo]annpyercn n 1perien Nemancion (o neya-
nanae:ocrn, a n Crporo: inome .crernanpyercn, ro n cranncio: iyi-
rono: ]ni:e on noy~aer nanoee ncnoe nonomenne. B Crporo: ino-
me ]nrypa rperiero, nrpaimero poi cnacnren, eme (onoino acrpair-
na Honin 'eonei lpnma oa(aer orono(onon ipacoron, conepmen-
ni: cnoprnnni: reo:. B Ha(ennn 5epnna ero :ecro aann:aer iai i
ca: 5or Crann.
Ho :epe noapacrannn caipanaannn n nrpy ncrynair cn:noncrcine npo-
eiri; onn npenpamair crannncrciyi crpyirypy eannn n nan:ncecr. Po-
490
:an Haramn n Aeicen n Ha(ennn 5epnna oiaainaercn napnanro: ion-
nix ornomennn, o ioropix nnmer Ba(n:np Coonien n cnoen ]noco]nn
inn. 1aian ioni ne(er i noananni 5ora, n ionreicre ]ni:a Cran-
na. Cn:noncrcian ]noco]nn .poca c ee co]noorn~ecion cocrannimen
oiaainaercn npereicro: (n ionnix ncropnn cranncioro inno. 3ro
]noco]nn Cooniena, Kapcannna, 4opencioro n (pyrnx :icnreen npe(-
cn:noncrcion n cn:noncrcion .nox.
Ocnonnon cn:noncrcinn :n], ioropin Coonien napacinaer n C:ic-
e inn, ncxo(nr na rpexcrynen~aron .noinnn inn: noonan ioni
napi, paannnanci n connaino-npancrnennyi ioni io nce:y ~eone~ecrny,
npenpamaercn n ioni i 5ory n ne(er i ecc:eprni: Hpe(e ]nanoorn-
~ecioro coe(nnennn n nnornon npnpo(e, ioropoe ne(er i c:eprn, n npe(e
aaionnoro coiaa n nopn(ie connaino-npancrnenno:, ioropin or c:eprn ne
cnacaer, (ono iri coe(nnenne n 5ore, ioropoe ne(er i ecc:eprni
47
.
B y~ennn Cooniena (n noae y Kapcannna) ae:nan ionnnna nnnercn
nonomenne: Co]nn: (nye(nncrno napi cnnaano c rpne(nncrno:. Y Kapcann-
na n eme oimen crenenn, neen y Cooniena, pacmnpenne A npnno(nr i
(nye(nncrny A n 1i n, n ionne ionnon, i rpne(nncrny, n ioropo: napa operaer
nonoro ]pyroro. 1ai ioni noanoner naeari conncna:a A. B Nocles
Pelropolilanae (1922) Kapcannn npoeirnpyer :o(ei, r(e rpne(nncrno n
in:in ca:a ioni (5or) nnnercn e(nncrnenno noa:oni: nnaann
ncee(nno:y 5ory.
1eopnn: Cooniena n Kapcannna naia ]noco]nn .poca Bn~ecana Hna-
nona, ero ionnennnn speculum speculi: ]nan~ecioe reo ~eoneia ]yninnonn-
pyer no ornomenni i :npy iai nnoe aepiao. Kai n aepiao, o(naio, ono
orpaaer nce opaai n oparno: nopn(ie rai noananne nciaaer peai-
nocri. L(nncrnennin nixo( na raioro nciaennn (encrnnreinocrn npe(oc-
ranner ]pyron, cranonnci aepiao: aepiaa n re: ca:i: ncnpannn noana-
nne. Lcn (noe inr (pyr (pyra rai cnino, ~ro cnnaircn n o(no neoe, n:
nyen rpernn, ioropin :or i orpaanri .ro neoe n cnoe: aepiae. ioni
i (pyro:y, rain: opaao:, nnnercn neoxo(n:i: yconne: noanannn; npan(a
noananae:a roiio n (pyro:, n .ro noananne npnno(nr i Xpncry. l(e (noe
nn rpoe n:ecre no n:n Xpncrono, ra: cpe(n nnx Ca: Xpncroc
48
.
Cnenn]n~nocri cn:noncrcion 1ponni no cpannenni c xpncrnancion rpa-
(nnnen n ro:, ~ro o(nn na ee ~enon aa:enen: n:ecro Cnnroro ]yxa rperie
:ecro aann:aer Co]nn. 1ain: opaao:, (ana noa:onocri nonornri 1ponny
n ae:no: irnn neecnan Co]nn nicrynaer n cn:noncrcio: ionreicre
iai ae:nan ionnnna.
B Ha(ennn 5epnna .ro ornomenne :e(y ncee(nni: 5oro: n ero nep-
conainon, rpon~non penpeaenrannen coxpanner cny: Crann, Aema n Hara-
ma paairpinair caipainyi 1ponny, nicrynan iai Oren, Cin n ae:nan Co-
]nn. Crann n ]ni:e aroconner ioni Aemn i Harame, ioropan, co
cnoen croponi, noy~nn aroconenne, rorona i inn. Harama orncnnercn
n inn, rn(n n(ai na Cranna Crann rai :ono (o(y:ari cn:no-
ncrcinn cyreicr onaareino nyen (n ncrnnnoro noanannn, n n ro e
npe:n on, n cnoe: caipaino: na:epennn noananae:in oreir.
"'
B ro npe:n iai ]ni:i npo]annon nnnn 1perin Nemancian, ]e-
nnri (nen o(noro ro(a noiaainair nepconaen oi~no n(noe:, Crann
iai rpernn ncer(a npncyrcrnyer n ornomennnx Haramn n Aemn, y(i ro
noprper, npo(yir noopaennn nn peainin (inno-)nepcona. 3ra ioni
rai n ocraercn rpexrpannon na npornennn ]ni:a, (ocrnran cnoen nicmen
ro~in n ]nnae: Aema n Harama ncrpe~aircn n aanoenanno: 5epnne n:en-
no n ror :o:enr, ior(a Crann, conno 5or, cnyciaercn c nea.
O(naio Crann, Aema n Harama n ]ni:e cyri roiio penpeaenrannn,
onn npe(crannir neapn:oe ncee(nncrno, Cranna iai aaia(ponyi cymnocri.
Crann, iai nnca An(pe 5aaen n nepnon crarie o Cranne n inno, .ro nniap-
nannn nnix oron n :eprnix repoen, ero reo ~y(o ncnion reecnocrn
49
n
on nicrynaer n ]ni:e iai penpeaenrannn caipainoro :ecra nacrn. 5aaen
cpannnnaer :y:n]nianni ennna c inne:arorpa]n~ecion :y:n]niannen Cra-
nna; oe onn cn:non~ni
b0
.
Caipainie ornomennn innonepconaen c na:eio: na rpancnen(enrnocri
neiyr aa coon eme o(ny ionnyi cnnai po:an :e(y :accon n na-
crii. C nonnenne: Cranna n ]ni:e .ra ioni (ocrnraer iyi:nnannn.
lepon ]ni:a nnnircn :e(naropa:n n ornomennnx :e(y :accon n na-
crii; iai roiio apnrei n(enrn]nnnpyer cen c Haramen nn Aeicee:
nn aapaaercn nx ~yncrno: inn
b1
, y nero roe na~nnaercn po:an co
Cranni:. Hpn~e: poi nocpe(nnia n .rnx ornomennnx ncnonnir ne roi-
io nepconan: :e(ny: cranonnrcn :e(naropo:, cnnainaimn: :accy n nacri.
Peai:npyn, :ono ciaaari, ~ro rpeyroinni n Ha(ennn 5epnna n
caipainin, n iyirypnin o(nonpe:enno, on orpaaer .:onnonainie orno-
mennn, npncymne (annon iyirype, no.ro:y on recno cnnaan c ncnxoornen
.ron iyirypi. B innre Hcnxoornn :acc n anana A 4pen( nn(nr ocnony
nciyccrnennon :acci n nepe .ron :acci n ro, ~ro ecri no(i, ioropin
inr n pannon crenenn ia(oro or(einoro ~eoneia
b2
. B raion rone
ia(in nn(oano cnnaan c no(e: n c ronapnma:n, npe(crannren:n :ac-
ci
b8
. 4pen(oncioe onncanne ionnix cnnaen :acci coornercrnyer iai na
ropnaonraino:, rai n na neprniaino: yponne crpyirype nenion crann-
cion ce:in. Ornomennn :e(y Haramen n Aemen n nx aroronenne nepe(
Cranni: orpaair ry e crpyirypy onn inr (pyr (pyra, inr Cran-
na, n Crann inr nx.
1
3a:ice .ron crarin noanni na ce:nnapa no nnrn:nocrn n Ynnnepcnrere Kon-
crann, npone(ennoro n:ecre c Hrope: C:npnoni: n an:ne: ce:ecrpe 2002;2008 rr.
5aro(api ero, a raie y~acrnnion n y~acrnnn ce:nnapa aa nnrepecnie n(en n (nc-
iyccnn; Ha(e(y lpnropieny aa ioppeirypy pyccioro reicra.
2
H. v.opencxu. Cron n yrnep(enne ncrnni. Paris, 1989. C. 489.
8
O .ro: c:.: A. A.apx. Cranncinn :n] o nenion ce:ie ;; Conpeanc-
rn~ecinn ianon ; X. linrep, L. ]openio (pe(.). CH., 2000. C. 78b79b.
4
C:. peai:e npoeira ioncranncioro Graduierlen-Kolleg Die ligur des Drillen
(4nrypa rperiero: hllp:;;www.uni-lonslanz.de;igur8;, Programm, S. b).
492
b
G. Simmel. Soziologie. Unlersuchungen ber die lormen der \ergesellschalung
;; G. Simmel. Gesamlausgabe. Band 11. lranlurl a. N., 1992. S. 124.
b
H(ei, ~ro n rpeyroinnie conna(air n(enrn~nocri n nnaiocri, :ono nanrn
npe(e ncero n peneccancnix oroconcinx paa:imennnx o rpne(nncrne (c:.:
E. .on Samsonou. 1rias, 1riaden ;; Hislorisches Wrlerbuch der Philosophie ; J. Piller,
K. Grnder (Hg.). Band 10. Darmsladl, 1998. S. 14791488), r(e rpon~nocri crano-
nnrcn nanee aro(apn cnoncrnenni: en npo(yirnnni: cna: (ebd. S. 1481); ona
nonn:aercn a(eci iai reneparop :noecrna na nyrn or e(nnnni i (eia(e. (1a: e
c:. paa:imennn Hnioan Kyaancioro n Kapa 5onnnyca o n(enrn~nocrn n nnaio-
crn, e(nncrne n (pyro:).
7
B nnrn(ecnrie ro(i npn:epo: :or i cynri ]ni: ernr ypann, no .ro
ye (pyran napa(nr:a, cnnaannan c npe(anne:. Hac nnrepecyer npe(e ncero nnnn or
(na(narix (o copoionix ro(on, n ]ennri (nen o(noro ro(a nii~aercn na:n n
anana (c:. (aee n reicre) roiio iai nocr-]ni: 1perien Nemancion.
8
4ep(nnan( 1ennnc n 188b ro(y na(aer cnoe anoorni coomecrna
(Gemeinschal), npornnonocrannn ee omecrny |Gesellschal]; on orn~aer coome-
crno iponn (ce:in), coomecrno :ecra n, iai nannicmyi ]op:y, coomecrno (yxa
(C:.: !. Tnnies. Gemeinschal und Gesellschal. Grundbegrie der reinen Soziologie.
Darmsladl, 19b8. S. 14).
9
nn(a Xenrmei onncinaer ornomennn ee Nnep n N.na Pen iai peanaa-
nni ]op:i npo(yirnnnon ceicyainocrn (rai 1enennr naainaer napy, (encrnyi-
myi n pa:iax rpeyroinnia): 3na~enne ee Nnep (n N.n Pen ne orpann~nnaer-
cn nmi :noroernn: :ecro: :o(en, y~ennni, :yai n noaiennon |...]. Ona nrpa-
a raie nanyi poi iai rperin` n male couples`, na ioropie me N.n Pen,
npe(e ncero c ]imano:. |...] Hnrepecno, ~ro n .ron nape iai n n cippeancrn-
~ecio: ipyry n neo: Pen eper na cen ]e:nnnanponannyi poi penpo(ynnpy-
imero`. Ha .ro: ]one cranonnrcn noa:oni: ni(eenne eme oimero rennn`
]imana. 1ain: opaao: roiio n nape po(aercn Anrop (L. Henlschel. Das Paar,
das nie eins war: Lee Niller und Nan Pay (19291982) ;; LlLBL NACH1 KUNS1:
Knsllerpaare im 20. Jahrhunderl ; P. Berger (Hg). Kln; Weimar; Wien, 2000. S. 2b7).
Hnrepecni a(eci n pon, paairpinae:ie nepconaa:n: n 1perien Nemancion
:ennircn ncnonnren na poi ionnnia;rperiero, n cy~ae e ee Nnep
N.n Pen ]iman ryner enmnna.
10
Hen 3opian paapaarinaer ro:o.porn~ecinn cyreicr :ycion napi (c:.: H. 3op-
xa. 5pai nrpoe: conercian nepcnn ;; Hciyccrno inno. 1997. ! b. C. 8997
(nnrari nne no .eirponnon nepcnn: hllp::;;www.a-z.ru;women;lexls;
zorlar.hlm)). 3opian ni(nnraer reanc o ro:, ~ro connainin nonpoc nnnercn ycryn-
ion npe:enn n nenaype. Ho 3opion, n:enno ioni nrpoe: ia n nenrpe nnn:a-
nnn cnenapncra Lioncioro n penccepa Poo:a. 'ro iacaercn ornomennn .ron i-
nn nrpoe: i 18b0-: rr., ro n 1920-e rr. onncinae:oe ~yncrno norepno ~ncrory n
rpenory, xapairepnie (n .noxn mecrn(ecnrnnion XlX neia.
11
. Lx.oecxu. O inaprnpe L4a ;; B. Lioncinn. Ann-in. Bocno:n-
nannn. Ne:yapnie aanncn. Honecrn o npe:enn : C ionna XlX n. no 19b4 r. N., 19bb.
C. 4404b9.
12
Henepeno(n:an nrpa con: ioni (eaer nciyccrno ; ioni Bacri Hciyccrno.
18
R. etget. \orworl und Danl ;; LlLBL NACH1 KUNS1. S. Xl.
"'!
14
Unr. no: . Xnee.t0m. K ncropnn ornomennn B. B. Nanioncioro n . K. 5pni
;; 5. Anr]ei(r. B. B. Nanioncinn n . K. 5pni. Hepenncia 191b1980. Sloclholm,
1982. C. 82.
1b
1a: e.
1b
A. Theueleil. Nale couple oder der Knsller und sein lrauenoper (schrilliches
lnlerview mil Paolo Bianchi) ;; Kunslorum inlernalional. Bd. 107. S. 94.
17
A. Aollonlai. Aulobiographie einer sexuell emanzi pierlen Kommunislin. Berlin.
<5. r.>. S. 9.
18
1a: e. S. 1011.
19
A. Aollonlai. Die neue Noral und die Arbeilerllasse. Unr. no: G. Raelhet. Kollonlai.
Hamburg, 198b. S. b9
20
Unr. no io::enrapnn: C. Hnionenio i: H. Fouanoe. Hapannie nponane(ennn.
N., 1988. C. 890.
21
H. Fouanoe. 5ea ~epe:yxn ;; H. Po:anon. Hapannie nponane(ennn. C. 187.
22
3ron roon oo(pannon io:nari n cen~ac ne nn(ea aro(apn re:nore. A
:ora noopaanri, ~ro :oe nepnoe c~acrie nocerno :enn n ocranonie, (ocronnon
.roro c~acrin. Ho :ne nyna ia ~eone~ecian nenocri n ue.oeeuecxa acia.
Nne nyno io nepecrari ero ~yncrnonari ~yn: n no~yncrnonari cnon: po(ni:,
nain:. 1or(a n nce cpaay crao i nain: n noa:oni: (1a: e. C. 194).
28
1a: e.
24
Hpn:ep .ro:y ]ni: Haprnnnin ner Hipiena (198b). B ]ni:e Hipi-
ena rpernn nnnercn yrpoaon ne roiio inn, no n nonrn~ecion npancrnennocrn
reponnn.
2b
O nonnrnn nnrn:nocri n o no(xo(ax i ne:y n aana(non ]noco]nn n connoo-
rnn c:.: H. Cuupnoe. Nolherucler, nn O .icrpe:ainix rexnniax cnennn;(nc-
rannnponannn n io::ynniarnnno: aire ;; Nhe schaen, Absland hallen. Zur
Geschichle der lnlimill in Pussland ; N. Grigor`eva, Sch. Schahadal, l. P. Smirnov
(Hg.). Nnchen. <n ne~arn>
2b
R. Gitatd. Nensonge romanlique el vril romanesque. Paris, 19b1.
27
A. Aoschotke. Die ligur des Drillen bei lreud und Girard ;; Bndnis und
Begehren. Lin Symposium ber die Liebe ; A. Kra, A. 1ischel (Hg.). Berlin, 2002. S. 80.
28
G. Lehnetl. Der modische Krper als Paumslulplur ;; 1healralill und die
Krisen der Peprsenlalion ; L. lischer-Lichle (Hg.). Slullgarl, 2001. S. b81.
29
K. O.ena. Crpornn inoma. Hieca (n inne:arorpa]a ;; K. Oema. Hapan-
noe. N., 1974. C. 804.
80
Crenanon: On, nonn:aere, ycnon :anepy xnacraricn :noi ... Nama: 3ro ree
npannrcn (1a: e. C. 807).
81
Crpanno. O~eni crpanno. Kai no cne. Ho(xo(nr roin ~eonei n ronopnr, ~ro
iro-ro inr :oi eny (1a: e. C. 818).
82
M. Settes. Der Parasil. lranlurl a. N., 1987. A a(eci ce(yi onncanni ionnen-
nnn Ceppa, c(eanno:y Aypeo: L:n(ro: (A. Schmidl. Lin Navigalor im enzyllo-
pdischen Ozean. 3eirponnan nepcnn: hllp:;;www.boerverlag.de;serres-rezb.hlm).
88
Nono io i iareropnanponari ]ni:onie ia(pi no opaay (nnennn ]ee-
aa: ]eea paan~aer n inno opaa-a]]eir (cnnaan c ~nco: 1), opaa-ainni (cnnaan c
~nco: 2) n :enrainin opaa (cnnaan c ~nco: 8). Nenrainin opaa o6pa., .an-
mt omnonenuuu x npe0uem, cn:non~ecine (encrna, nnreeiryainie ~yncrna
(G. Deleu.e. Das Bewegungs-Bild. Kino 1. lranlurl a. N., 1997. S. 2bb). B ia~ecrne
494
npn:epa (n rpne(nncrna, r(e ncrpe~aircn 1, 2 n 8, ]eea npnno(nr parien Napic:
Ka(in na nnx aann:aer onpe(eennoe :ecro n nepaapymn:o: rpne(nncrne; lap-
no .ro 1, npe(crannrei neecnix a]]eiron, no n rainx nn]epnainix nncrnniron,
iai npoopnnocri, noxornnocri n nan(ana:. 'nio .ro 2, on necer (encrnne, eper
na cen nnnnnarnny, ne(er (y.i c oipyenne:. |...] lpay~o, naionen, .ro 8, ~eonei
nnrepnperannn, cn:non~ecinx (encrnnn n orne~ennix ornomennn (1a: e. S. 2b7).
Lcn :i oprannaye: rpex :y~nn n Crporo: inome no .ron :o(en, ro napaanr
Unrponon 1 (npoopnnocri, noxornnocri), (oirop Crenanon 2 ((y.i c lpnmen),
a ca: lpnma 8 (cn:non~ecine (encrnnn n acrpairnie ornomennn). 1oiio n .ro:
]ni:e (eo n ro:, ~ro 8 niii~aer 1 n 2, n orn~ne or io:e(nn slapslicl, r(e paanie
]op:i opaaon-(nnennn (encrnyir n:ecre.
84
M. Settes. Der Parasil. S. 1bb.
8b
K. O.ena. Yiaa. co~. C. 817.
8b
1a: e. C. 828.
87
1a: e. C. 824.
88
C:npnon ronopnr o yronn~ecio: rpeyroinnie (ycrnoe aa:e~anne na ce:nnape).
89
Honnrne napaanra paapaorano n reopnn Ceppo:. ]n ]nrypi conepnnia :o-
no nanrn paanie reopern~ecine :era-pacciaai: 4pen(a, r(e conepnn~ecrno cymecrnyer
:e(y orno: n cino: no ornomenni i oreiry :arepn; Anpapa, ioropin nepeoc-
:icner .ro ornomenne n ro: c:ice, ~ro na nepnin nan ni(nnraercn ne oreir, a
conepnn~ecrno; pacciaa leren o xoannne n pae n 4eno:enoornn (yxa, ioropin
onepnpyer ii~eni:n ionnenra:n eannn, npnanannn, cnnrnn (Begierde, Anerlennung,
Auhebung), npn~e: oreir conepnn~ecrna acrpairen npnananne (pyroro.
40
K. O.ena. Yiaa. co~. C. 828.
41
O neprniainocrn oimon cranncion ce:in, ornax n cinax, c:.: A. A.apx.
Yiaa. co~.
42
K. O.ena. Yiaa. co~. C. 880.
48
1ai C:npnon nnrepnpernpyer Crpororo inomy n ce:nnape o nnrn:nocrn
(c:. cnociy 1); c:. i ro:y e: H. Cuupnoe. Hcnxo(naxponoornn. Hcnxoncropnn pyc-
cion nreparypi or po:anrna:a (o namnx (nen. N., 1994. C. 288289.
44
E. Auetbach. ligura ;; L. Auerbach. Gesammelle Auslze zur Pomanischen
Philologie. Nnchen, 19b7. S. bb92. O ]nrype c:. raie: G. tandslllet, S. Felets.
Linleilung ;; De igura. Pheloril Bewegung Geslall ; G. Brandslller, S. Pelers
(Hg.). Nnchen, 2002. S. 781.
4b
Anne 4anr pacc:arpnnaer n crarie o po:ane Yipamenne (n ipyia orno-
menne penrnn, cnopra n penpeaenrannn (A. !leig. Leibromm: Der Sporllrper als
Lrlser in Narieluise lleiers Line Zierde r den \erein ;; 1healralill und die
Krisen der Peprsenlalion ; L. lischer-Lichle (Hg.). Slullgarl, 2001. S. 447). Cnopr n
.ron rpna(e nnnercn cycrnryro: penrnn: Cnopr na~nnaer nirecnnri nncrnryan-
anponannoe ncnonenne penrnn n aa:emari ero noni:n pnryaini:n npairnia:n
(1a: e. C. 449). 3ry n(ei o cnnan cnopra n penrnn :ono ncnoiaonari n npn
ananae Crpororo inomn. Lcn iyir cnopra n rea cycrnryr penrnn, ro .ro
:oer ncrynnri n npornnope~ne c n(een lponca o :oncrpyoanocrn cnoprnnnoro rea
(c:.: . Gtops. Der 1exl als Nonsler ;; B. Groys. Die Lrindung Pusslands. Nnchen,
199b. S. 219220). lponc ncxo(nr na roro, ~ro cnoprnnnoe reo .ro cnrnn]nianr
ea cnrnn]niara. Lcn, o(naio, cnopr nnnercn napnanro: penrnn, ro cnoprnnnoe
reo cranonnrcn anaiono airnnni:.
"'#
4b
O ]ni:e n ncropnn ero aanpemennn c:.: !. T. Heil. No Lisl o Polilical Assels:
1he Collaboralion o Ju. Olesha and A. Poom on Slrogi[ [unosha. Nnchen, 1989.
47
.. Co.oetee. C:ic inn ;; B. Coonien. Co~nnennn n (nyx ro:ax. 1. 2. N.,
1990. C. b27.
48
u. Heanoe. Penrnoanoe (eo Ba(n:npa Cooniena ;; Bn~. Hnanon. Co-
panne co~nnennn. 1. 8. Bruxelles, 1979. C. 808.
49
A. a.in. Le cinma sovilique el le mylhe des Slalin ;; Lspril. Juillel-aol
19b0. P. 220. O Cranne n ]ni:e c:. raie: O. ulgako.a. Herr der Bilder Slalin
und der lilm, Slalin im lilm ;; Agilalion zum Glcl: sow[elische Kunsl der Slalinzeil ;
H. Gassner (Hg.). Bremen, 1994. S. bbb9.
b0
A. a.in. Op. cil. P. 228.
b1
B rpn(narix ro(ax aapaenne io noonreinon :era]opon n reopnn
penennnn conercioro inno; apnren (oni in aapaaricn xy(onnio: c no:o-
mii nponane(ennn nciyccrna, npe(e ncero inno (c:., nanp., crarii o ]ni:e 'ana-
en: iaprnna aapaaer ero <apnren L. L.> re:n e ~yncrna:n n :icn:n, ioro-
pie non n nee xy(onni (<Anonuu>. 'anaena c:orpnr ncn crpana ;; Hpan(a.
21.11.1984. C. 1). Honnrne aapaennn nepennro na ]noco]nn nciyccrna . 1o-
croro, o .ro: c:.: S. Sasse. Noralische lnellion. Lev 1olslo[s 1heorie der Ansleclung
und die Symplome der Leser ;; Ansleclung. Zur Krperlichleil eines slhelischen
Prinzi ps ; N. Schaub, N. Sulhor (Hg.). Nnchen. (ln prinl). O orpnnareinon
n:nniannn :era]opi aapaennn c:.: J. Hauan. 'yaponcioe (eo: lpynnonoe
nanacnonanne n yronn~ecioe eanne ;; Conercioe orarcrno. Crarin o iyirype,
nreparype n inno. K mecrn(ecnrnerni Xanca linrepa ; N. 5anna, L. ]openio,
K. Nypamon (pe(.). CH., 2002. C. b0. Han:an noiaainaer, ~ro nn]einnn n aapae-
nne ynorpenircn n opie npornn npancrnennoro yna(ia.
b2
S. !teud. Nassenpsychologie und lch-Analyse. Die Zulunl einer lllusion. lranlurl
a. N., 1997. S. b7.
b8
|J]eder einzelne |isl] einerseils an den lhrer |...], andererseils an die anderen
Nassenindividuen gebunden (1a: e. S. b8).
49b
AHHA 5OH
5LCK H HHLL1A HC1OPHH
COBL1CKHH HC1OPH'LCKHH 4HLN
HO] HOH1H'LCKHN PYKOBO]C1BON
YHPABLHHA HPOHAlAH]L H AlH1AUHH UK BKH(5)
B conercion inne:arorpa]nn niop repoen ncropn~ecinx ]ni:on npe-
ce(yer nonrnio-nocnnrareinyi nei, y~nrinan orpo:nyi cny inno iai
:orymecrnennoro cpe(crna nocnnrannn :acc
1
. 3ra nnrara orpinoi na nnci:a
An(pei A(anony or 1b :apra 1941 ro(a, n ioropo: corpy(nnin Ynpanennn
nponaran(i n arnrannn UK BKH() Nniynn n Poccnncinn npocnr Uen-
rpainin io:nrer aanpernri nocranoniy ]ni:a Neprnan nern no cnena-
pni 1payepra n 1n:omenio nnn(y necoornercrnnn cnenapnn rpeonannn:
nonrn~ecioro pyiono(crna
2
. Kain:n e in .rn rpeonannn n n iainx
:epax onn nipaanci B (annon paore n noniraici na :arepnae napan-
nix apxnnnix (oiy:enron na Ynpanennn nponaran(i n arnrannn ioporio
noiaaari neioropie ocnonnie nnnn paannrnn conercioro ncropn~ecioro in-
no na npornennn necioiinx er c 1988 no 194b rr. Ocoenno :enn
y(yr nnrepeconari ]yninnn ncropn~ecinx ]ni:on n o]nnnaino: npocrpan-
crne cncre:i :acconon nponaran(i, c o(non croponi, n n neo]nnnaino:
npocrpancrne rnop~ecrna penccepon c (pyron.
Kai nanecrno, no nropon noonnne 1980-x rr. ncropn~ecioe inno n Coner-
cio: Coiae cranonnrcn o(nn: na ocnonnix nncrpy:enron nponaran(i. Hcro-
pn~ecian re:a nopy~aercn ne(ymn: penccepa:. 3ro nponcxo(nr na ]one
ana~nreinix nonrn~ecinx nepe:en, nce(crnne ioropix aaipennercn iyir
n~nocrn. Hcropnn nepenncinaercn aanono: napcioe ca:o(epanne nonrn-
~ecin peannrnponano n nenx nannonainoro ore(nnennn n opii npo-
rnn nnemnero npara. Hapaeino c nepeonenion (aeioro ncropn~ecioro
npomoro n(er nepeoc:icenne ne(annnx ncropn~ecinx coirnn. B cenrn-
pe 1988 ro(a Hpan(a nyniyer o(opennin Uenrpaini: io:nrero: reicr
nonoro y~ennia no ncropnn naprnn Hcropnn BKH(). Kparinn iypc .n-
nnione(ni iyira n~nocrn Cranna
8
.
locy(apcrnennan ncropnorpa]nn onnpaercn ne roiio na cono, nnci:en-
noe nn ycrnoe. Le ni(aimn:cn nponaran(ncro: oiaainaercn inne:arorpa-
]nn, n n nepnyi o~epe(i anp ncropn~ecioro ]ni:a, nioi cnoconin
npoy(ari peainin opaa npomoro na .ipane. Ha~nnan co nropon noonn-
ni 1980-x rr. anp ncropnio-norpa]n~ecioro ]ni:a cncre:arn~ecin nc-
noiayercn n nenx nonynpnaannn iyira n~nocrn n naca(ennn nonoro
narn(a na ncropni. Paarpo: mioi ncropnia-:apicncra Hoiponcioro, orpn-
nanmero poi n~nocrn iai rnopna ncropnn, oripi nyri inne:arorpa]n~e-
cin: opaaa: neninx (enreen npomoro. B:ecro rnopnmero ncropni na-
"'%
po(noro ioeirnna na nepe(nnn nan nixo(nr nporpeccnnnin ca:o(epen.
Honnnircn raine :ony:enrainie innorepon, iai Aeican(p Hencinn, Hnan
lpoanin, Herp Hepnin. C:ena ncropnorpa]n~ecion napa(nr:i, name(man np-
ioe nipaenne n paannrnn conercioro inno, coanareino npono(naci Or(e-
o: nponaran(i. Kai :ono cy(nri no ye yno:nnanme:ycn nnci:y corpy(-
nnion Ynpanennn nponaran(i n arnrannn An(pei A(anony, nonrn~ecio:y
pyiono(crny in n .ro npe:n yro(ni ye ne neceie :yaiiainie io:e(nn
na nann ioxoanoro ioeirnna, a ]ni:i, n ioropix repon:n nnnircn |...]
ipynnie ncropn~ecine n~nocrn, cnoei nanii n (enreinocrii xapairepnan-
pyimne onpe(eennie ncropn~ecine coirnn, nnennn nn neie .noxn
4
.
Bo nropon noonnne 1980-x rr. ncropn~ecinn ]ni: npnoperaer poi
nanoee ana~n:oro n nonrn~ecio: ornomennn anpa inne:arorpa]nn. Hep-
ni: (ocrnenne: na .ro: nyrn nnnercn ]ni: Herp Hepnin, nepnan
cepnn ioroporo nima n 1987 ro(y. Hoiaainan napn ni(aimencn n~nocrii,
pemnreini: n nain: napo(y nacrnree:, coa(aren ]ni:a nno(nn o-
paa no(n n innoonxo( crpani. B ]ni:e Aeican(p Hencinn (1988)
napo( ye ca: rpeyer no(n. Bnn(y yrpoaimen ropo(y noennon onacno-
crn n nana(ennn ne:nen ]o:am 1nep(ncann~ opamaercn i napo(ni: :ac-
ca: Honropo(a c npnaino: anari Aeican(pa Hencioro ncrari no rane non-
cia: 5e(a n(er na nac oiman, oimnx i(en or nac norpeyer. He n,
(pyron nyen! H pyia ipen~e, n roona nocneren, n cana ~ro ia no ncen
<sic!> ae:e, n npary ~roi ne(o: i...
b
'roi oecne~nri nonrn~eciyi
arona(enocri ]ni:a, penccepy Ceprei 3naenmrenny (an n coanropi
cnenapnn naioro i nacrn nncaren Herpa Hanenio. locy(apcrnennin
ionrpoi, o(naio, pacnpocrpanncn ne roiio na nponecc coa(annn cnenapnn i
]ni:y, no n na nce ocrainie ]aai innonponano(crna.
Banon nncrannnen nonrn~ecioro pyiono(crna ncropn~ecin: inno nn-
noci Ynpanenne nponaran(i n arnrannn UK BKH(), ioropoe io opaao-
nano nocranonenne: X\lll crea(a naprnn (n nanpanennn ncen paori no
ne~arnon n ycrnon nponaran(e. Crpyirypa Ynpanennn ia yrnep(ena opr-
ipo UK BKH() 4 anrycra 1989 ro(a, a ero na~ainnio: i yrnep(en
ceiperapi UK BKH () A. A. A(anon
b
. Ynpanenne ninonno ]yninni no-
cpe(nnia :e(y naprnnni: pyiono(crno: n rnop~ecin:n paornnia:n inne-
:arorpa]nn, cnycian na nnx nonrn~ecine (npeirnni, ornocnmnecn i inno (n
~acrnocrn, ncropn~ecio:y) n ce(n aa ninonenne: .rnx (npeirnn.
]oiy:enri apxnnnoro ]on(a Ynpanennn co(epar iai crenorpa::i ipn-
rn~ecinx ocy(ennn ]ni:on, rai n nenocpe(crnennie yiaaannn pyiono(-
crna no nx nepe:onrnponie. ioniren n .ro: ornomennn npn:ep ]ni:a
Hy(oninna A(:npa Haxn:on, nepnona~ainan nepcnn ioroporo ia no(-
neprnyra ecrion nenaype. Bce(crnne .roro ]ni: i nepe:onrnponan, a
ero ionnennnn iopenni: opaao: na:enena. lonopn o pon Cranna n coa(a-
nnn cynepanpa norpa]n~ecinx ]ni:on, Lnrennn ]openio yrnep(aer,
~ro anropo: ]ni:on .roro anpa ia ca:a nacri
7
. Kaprnna o a(:npa-
e Haxn:one, no(ono pn(y (pyrnx iaprnn ncropnio-norpa]n~ecioro anpa,
ia n~no aaiaaana Cranni:. Ha~ara ona ia n 1944 ro(y, no nmi n
498
1947 ro(y nima na .ipani crpani. B cenrnpe 194b ro(a nepnan nepcnn
]ni:a ia no(neprnyra ipnrnie n nocranonennn UK BKH () O inno-
]ni:e 5oiman nani
8
. Ha copannn Ynpanennn nponaran(i n arnra-
nnn, npoxo(nnme: 2b anpen roro e ro(a, A(anon (a nonnri npncyrcrnyi-
mn: (enren: inno, ~ro nacrn eareina nepepaoria ]ni:a: Ni ncn-
~ecin npnnercrnye: iaprnny Haxn:on`, ona ornecena n paapn( mecrn. 3ro
y(er o(nn na y~mnx ]ni:on, n (n roro, ~roi on i namen e(n la-
:niron`, y~me ero (opaorari, ~roi on i me(enpo:
9
.
B 1947 ro(y nepepaorannin napnanr A(:npaa Haxn:ona i narpa-
(en Cranncion npe:nen. Cy(ia ]ni:a nicrpnpyer no(re: n aaiar anpa
ncropn~ecioro ]ni:a n 1940-e rr. Bo :nornx ornomennnx nepeo:ni: :o-
:enro: (n conercion inne:arorpa]nn n neo: n (n anpa ncropn~ecioro
]ni:a n ~acrnocrn cra 194b ro(. B yconnnx nonon nonrn~ecion cnryannn,
connmencn noce oion~annn nonni, nacri na:enna cnoi noannni no orno-
menni i ncropn~ecio:y ]ni:y. Kpnanc anpa conna no npe:enn c ipnan-
co: pyiono(n:on rocy(apcrno: inne:arorpa]nn. O .ro: cnn(ereicrnyir
ceipernie (onecennn HKB] o ren(ennnnx n ioeirnne innopaornnion, xpa-
nnmnecn n apxnne Ynpanennn nponaran(i n arnrannn. Hapo(nin io:nccap
rocy(apcrnennon eaonacnocrn Nepiyon
10
(onocnr ronapnmy A(anony n cei-
perno: (oiy:enre, (arnponanno: 4 :apra 194b ro(a, ~ro HKB] CCCP pacno-
araer (anni:n o nan~nn cymecrnennix ne(o~eron n paore xy(oecrnen-
non inne:arorpa]nn, npnne(mnx i neninonenni nana nponano(crna inno-
iaprnn n 194b r.
11
. Lcn pacc:arpnnari .ro (onecenne iai cenc:orpa::y
pocra ipnrn~ecinx nacrpoennn n inne:arorpa]n~ecion cpe(e, ro ono cnn(e-
reicrnyer o aacronno: cocronnnn conercioro innonponano(crna n o ar:o-
c]epe c(epannoro ynrapcrna n rnop~ecinx ioeirnnax. Ho(rnep(enne:
ro:y :oer cynri pn( (oiy:enron HKB], aarparnnaimnx nnrepecyimne
nac nonpoci nonrnaannn ~acrnon c]epi n n:emareicrno nonrn~ecion na-
crn n rnop~ecinn nponecc (enreen nanenmero na nciyccrn.
Ho npe(e ~e: oparnricn i co(epanni (oiy:enron HKB], ce(yer
yncnnri cnenn]niy reicron (annoro po(a. 1eicri, npnneiae:ie a(eci n
ia~ecrne ncro~nnia, ornocnrcn i anpy (onoca nn (onecennn. Coxpannnmne-
cn opaani raioro po(a reicron a(peconani yaio orpann~enno:y ipyry nn
n no(ear coxpanenni n ceipere. B nnx nepe(aercn co(epanne niciaai-
nannn (no ncen neponrnocrn, ycrnix), aanncannix rperin:n nna:n ea ne(o-
:a n coracnn ronopnnmero. 1ai iai niciaainannn ne anropnaonani, creneni
a(einarnocrn aanncn ne :oer iri na(eno ycranonena. Hencno raie,
ana n ronopnnmnn o ro:, ~ro ciaaannoe nepenocnoci ie:-ro na ~acrnon
c]epi n o]nnnainyi. Uennocri (onecennn iai ncro~nnia nn]op:annn on-
pe(enercn npe(e ncero re:, ~ro nii~ennie n nero niciaainannn ]nicn-
ponanci no~rn cpaay noce aira pe~n n no.ro:y orpaair nnie :nennn, ne
npome(mne ~epea ]nirp nonrn~ecion ioppeirnocrn roro npe:enn nn, no
ipannen :epe, oee cnoo(nie or ee nop:, ~e: anropnaonannie reicri. He
:enee nnrepecni:, ~e: co(epanne ca:oro niciaainannn, nnnercn c(ean-
nin (onoc~nio: no(op ]airon, no c ero no:omii :ono c(eari nino(i o
ro:, iaian nn]op:annn c~nraaci aacynnaimen nnrepeca na~aicrna.
"''
B nimeyno:nnyro: ceiperno: nnci:e A(anony Nepiyon nnrnpyer pe-
nccepa Cepren Krienn~a, ocrpo ipnrniyimero ipoiparna: n conercio:
innonponano(crne: Lcri nana, paare(aiman n pacmarinaiman inne:arorpa-
]ni .ro ~y(onnmnin ipoiparna:. B nepno( 192b1980 rr. n npanennn
locinno io b ~eonei n necioiio ~eonei ocynnaimero annapara, nce
ocrainie i(n paoran na cry(nnx. H .ro .e:enrapno, ne(i n:enno
ra:, na cry(nnx, (eaircn iaprnni. Hoc:orpnre, ~ro nponaomo aa .rn ro(i
Cioiio paoraer n cry(nn n cioiio na( na:n
12
Bina( Krienn~a npornn
ipoiparna:a no(paay:enaer n ocrpyi ipnrniy nenaypnon cncre:i. O .ro:
cnn(ereicrnyer npnno(n:oe Nepiyoni: niciaainanne cnenapncra Nnxan-
a Kpienn~a 5en:ana, ayimerocn na :noecrno nenaypnix nncrannnn,
ioropi: onaareino no(nepen ia(in cnenapnn:
Heyen :i nce, iro panime rai :noro paora, xo(n: ea (ea na-aa
namero neeannn paorari Bce n(er ne or .roro, na: :emair paorari. Kai
cen~ac cen (oen ~yncrnonari (pa:arypr, ecn ero cnenapnn npoxo(nr ce-
(yimee ion~ecrno nncrannnn:
3annia na cnenapnn nocrynaer i pe(airopy Cnenapnon cry(nn;
Ocy(aercn na pe(ainnonno: conere;
Ocy(aercn na pe(ioernn cnenapnon cry(nn;
3aii~aercn (oronop na cnenapnn;
Cnenapnn nocrynaer i pe(airopy cnenapnon cry(nn;
Hepe(aercn na ocy(enne pe(ainnonnoro conera;
Ocy(aercn na pe(ioernn;
B cy~ae aronpnnrnoro oraina cnenapnn nepe(aercn n lani xy(o-
ecrnennix ]ni:on, r(e ero ~nrair pe(airopa;
Cnenapnn nepe(aercn na pacc:orpenne nocronnno (encrnyimen cnenap-
non io:nccnn npn Ko:nrere;
Cnenapnn nocrynaer na npoc:orp na~ainnia lania;
Cnenapnn nocrynaer na npoc:orp Hpe(ce(aren Ko:nrera;
Cnenapnn pacc:arpnnaercn na xy(oecrnenno: conere Ko:nrera;
H roiio n ro: cy~ae, ecn cnenapnn noy~aer o(openne xy(conera
ero nanpannir na cry(ni, r(e on raie npoxo(nr ~epea ocy(enne na xy(o-
ecrnenno: conere
18
.
Unrara narn(no nicrpnpyer paapacranne :norocrynen~aron nepapxn-
~ecion nenaypnon cncre:i, cranmen o(non na npn~nn rnop~ecioro ipnanca
conercioro innonponano(crna. Nnenne (npeiropa cnenapnon cry(nn ]. H. Lpe-
:nna nepe(aercn n (onecennn n oee peainx nipaennnx: B conpe:en-
nyi na: .noxy rennainie nponane(ennn n xy(onnin nenoa:oni, rai
iai rnopnri <rai n reicre. A. .> o ro:, ~ro xo~ercn, aanpemaercn, a
pa:in paapemae:oro nacroiio yain, ~ro n nnx nn~ero ne coa(ami nyrno-
ro
14
. ]aee Lpe:nn paanopa~nnaer ipnrniy nenaypnon cncre:i, noiaainan,
~ro nenaypnie yiaaannn n aanperi (eair nenoa:oni: coa(anne rennai-
nix nponane(ennn.
Penccep Hnan Hipien, coracno reicry (onecennn, cnnainaer niop anpa
ncropn~ecioro ]ni:a c ercrno: innopenccepon or nenaypi n or nnorpe-
nemymnx re: conpe:ennocrn: Conpe:ennon re:i n namen inne:arorpa-
b00
]nn ne cymecrnyer. Bce onrcn aa nee paricn n n nepnyi o~epe(i ca: 5OL-
LAKOB. He rai nonepnemi re:y, ne ro:y yro(nmi, ne rai y(er nocranen
nonpoc n ni crainnaereci c aanpemenne: namero cnenapnn. Ho.ro:y
3H3LHL1LHH cn(nr na Hnane lpoano:`, HY]OBKHH na Haxn:one`, HL1-
POB xo~er crannri Hopr-Apryp`, 5APHL1 Boin n onni`. A e ca: xo~y
(eari ]ocroencioro. 3ro nnrepecno n ne onacno. Hpn raion nenaype, iaian
cen~ac ecri n Ko:nrere n n (pyrnx oee nicoinx nncrannnnx, :i roiio n
c:oe: niexari na ncropnn nn na iaccniax...
1b
Unrara cnn(ereicrnyer o ro:, ~ro ncropn~ecioe inno, ioropoe no nropon
noonnne 1980-x rr. o]nnnaino nepe(aercn nonrn~ecin: pyiono(crno: n
pacnopnenne rnop~ecinx (enreen, cranonnrcn cnoero po(a nnmen (n cne-
napncron n penccepon. C]epa ~acrnoro rnop~ecrna ocnannaer o]nnnainoe
npocrpancrno n nenx rnop~ecioro nn ]nan~ecioro ninnannn. Hanpanne-
:in rocy(apcrno: no(re: ncropn~ecioro inno (o yponnn ne(ymero anpa,
na~anmnncn no nropon noonnne 1980-x no( anaio: noapacraimen yrpoai
nonni n (ocrnrmnn iyi:nnannn n ro(i opii c nnemnn: nparo:, noce
oion~annn nonni, no ncen nn(n:ocrn, npeipamaercn.
Ha conemannn no nonpoca: inno 2b anpen 194b ro(a A(anon ni(nnraer
rpeonanne naprnnnocrn nonoro nnrnernero nana. Ha: neoxo(n: nee-
ycrpe:ennin nan c ro~in apennn ero naprnnnocrn, ne n c:ice roro, ~roi
nce ]ni:i in na naprnnnie re:i, a n c:ice roro, ~roi nam nan n:e
i nnno nipaennin nponaran(ncrcinn xapairep, r. e. nponaran(nponari n
yrnep(ari re ia~ecrna conercinx i(en, ioropie na: n nacronmee npe:n
neoxo(n:o paannnari n npnnnnari
1b
. C .ron (npeirnnon cnnainaercn a(pe-
conannoe rnop~ecin: (enren: rpeonanne opamaricn i conpe:enni: re-
:a:. B nenrpe nonoro re:arn~ecioro nana nponano(crna xy(oecrnennix
]ni:on (oni in cronri ye ne npomoe n ne iaccnia, a conercian
(encrnnreinocri nocenoennix er. A(anon paarncnn: Pe~i n(er ne or-
nocnreino roro, ~roi noome naeari ncropn~ecion re:arnin, .ro io
i nepaay:no, no ncropn~ecine opaai no:orn pacipiri nein pn( conpe-
:ennix npoe:, nnrepecyimnx ~eoneia. Ho.ro:y nonpoc me o nponopnnn,
ron. Aeican(pon ronopn ornocnreino roro, ~ro ecri (ncnponopnnn, r. e. or
conpe:ennon re:arnin ymn. |...] Pe~i n(er o ro:, ~ro ne onaareino pac-
ipinari re nn nnie ncropn~ecine opaai. |...] pe~i n(er o ro:, ~roi ne
cri(nricn npono(nri n ]ni:ax re n(en, ioropie :i c~nrae: neoxo(n:i:
nponecrn n conerciyi nyniy. Ha: ne~ero cri(nricn cnoen n(eoornn n c
ro~in apennn :opainon n(eoornn :i o(epan noe(y. (Ano(nc:enri)
17
.
leoprnn 4e(oponn~ Aeican(pon, na~ainni Or(ea arnrannn n nponaran(i
UK BKH(), (aer innopaornnia: na conemannn oee no(ponie noncnennn
i noni: (npeirnna:: 4ni:i o nonne y(yr nnoni crannricn n (oni
crannricn, no ]ni:i, ioropie roiio opameni n npomoe, (ae n o nonne,
(oni iri nonpaneni. |...] Bonna ion~naci, rocy(apcrno ncrynaer n co-
nepmenno nonin nepno(, n i(n (y:air ye no-nno:y n ~yncrnyir nani
no-nno:y, nannci aa paory no-nno:y, a iaprnn, ioropie i orpaann .ror
nepno(, rainx iaprnn ner n nane. Han neci opamen n npomoe, ra: roiio
o(no npomoe, oee nanix re: ner. Boanpar n npomoe, .ro o(nn na
#
iopennix nopoion nana, npe(cranennoro Nnnncrepcrno: inne:arorpa]nn
18
.
Ha con Aeican(pona ce(yer, ~ro oprani nacrn crannr no( nonpoc ne
roiio anp ncropn~ecioro ]ni:a o (aeio: npomo:, no n ]ni:i o Ben-
ion Ore~ecrnennon nonne.
Nnxan Po:: n cnoe: nicrynennn na conemannn no(xnarinaer apry-
:enr Hipiena n n orner A(anony noncnner noannni penccepon no nonpocy
o ]yninnn ncropn~ecioro ]ni:a: Ynepni Bac, An(pen Aeican(ponn~, ~ro
n ana~nreinon crenenn ro, ~ro i(n pocnnci na ncropn~eciyi re:arn-
iy .ro i peayirar ne eannn or(ixa, a eanne nanepnnia nocrannri
iaprnny. Onn c:orpen n ronopnn nor Ba(n:np Herponn~ <rai n rei-
cre. A. .> nocrann Herpa l`, Herpa ll`, Hnana lpoanoro`, 5ea nnni
nnnonarie`. On iai ce na ncropni, rai n noronner. Hy(oninn nocrann
iaprnny Cynopon`, A(:npa Haxn:on`, ioropan, icrarn ciaaari, caan iap-
rnna. He anai, iai noy~noci, no nor o(nn paa nancn aa iaprnny Pyccine
i(n`. 'ro noy~noci Hoy~noci noxo. O(nn paa nancn na nonei o
lnrepe. He nimo. i(n (y:air, ~ro ncropn~ecian re:a nineaer
19
. Po::
cnnainaer ncropn~eciyi re:arniy c ycnexo: ]ni:a, yiaainan npn .ro: na
cninoe noa(encrnne ncropn~ecinx iaprnn penccepa Ba(n:npa Nnxano-
nn~a Herpona. Nici Po::a o ro:, ~ro ncropn~ecian re:a nineaer, (encrnn-
reino naxo(nr no(rnep(enne n rnop~ecrne Bcenoo(a Hy(oninna, ioropin
noce ]ni:on Nnnnn n Hoapcinn (1989, Cranncian np. 1941) n Cyno-
pon (1941) npo~no yrnep(ncn n a:nya penccepa ncropn~ecinx iaprnn, no
norepne ipax c ]ni:a:n na conpe:ennie re:i. 4ni: Hy(oninna Bo n:n
Po(nni (1948) o cy(ie npocrix i(en na ]ponre, nocranennin no niece
Koncranrnna Cn:onona Pyccine i(n, ne n:e ycnexa. Ye n 1942 ro(y
Hy(oninn norepne nonyi ney(a~y c ]ni:o: Ynnni nixo(nr na (opo-
ry ((pyroe naananne nno ]amna:a), ioropin i cnnr con:ecrno c pe-
nccepo: Kpne: 1apn~e: no :ornna: (pa:arn~ecinx cnen 5eproi(a 5pexra
Crpax n nnmera 1perien n:nepnn ]ni: i aanpemen. He ia aany-
mena n nponano(crno n noce(nnn paora Hy(oninna iai (pa:arypra nann-
cannin n: n 1948 ro(y n coanropcrne c K. Cn:ononi: cnenapnn C:oen-
cian (opora o xo(e nrni aa Nociny
20
. lanni: repoe: .roro ]ni:a (o-
en i iri napo( npocrie i(n, cnnaannie :e(y coon nmi no npn-
xorn ciera ~epe(on cy~annix ncrpe~ c o(nn: n re: e ~eoneio:
noenni: ioppecnon(enro:. Bnoce(crnnn Hy(oninn ye no npe(oenni
na~aicrna aanncn cnenapne: A(:npaa Haxn:ona, noro:y ~ro, iai on ni-
paancn, n ne :ory ocranaricn ea paori |...]. Ho n rai ryoio npnnnaacn
i C:oencion (opore`, ~ro cpaay npn:npnricn c nenoa:onocrii ocymecr-
nnri ee na .ipane n ne :ory
21
. Ha npe(oenne nepepaorari cnenapnn
]ni:a anropi ne coracnnci. Hna~e io c aaiaanon paoron A(:npa
Haxn:on, ioropyi Hy(oninn, ne conpornnnnci, cymecrnenno nepepaora.
B aaii~enne :ne i xoreoci nepnyricn i aaranni nacronmen cra-
rin 5eci n nnmera ncropnn, ioropoe, no-:oe:y, xapairepnayer rannie
ren(ennnn paannrnn ncropn~ecioro ]ni:a n nepno( c 1988 no 194b ro(. Kai
cnn(ereicrnyir apxnnnie (oiy:enri, necnon 194b ro(a ncropn~ecioe inno
repner cnoe npnnnernponannoe nooenne n raaax nonrn~ecioro pyiono-
b02
(crna. C nocranonenne: UK BKH() O inno]ni:e 5oiman nani` n c
aanpero: nropon cepnn ]ni:a Hnan lpoanin ono nepecraer ninonnri n
]yninni y(onon nnmn (n penccepon, niraimnxcn naeari onacnocrn
conpe:ennix re:.
B ro npe:n iai anp ncropnio-norpa]n~ecioro ]ni:a o nacrnrenx n
noiono(nax npomoro noce 194b ro(a npnxo(nr n yna(oi, nonynpnocri
npnoperaer nonin anp: ncropnio-norpa]n~ecinn ]ni:, n nenrpe ioropo-
ro cronr ipynnie y~enie (nanpn:ep, ]nanoor Hanon, naoperarei pa(no
Honon, noor n ceeinnonep Nn~ypnn) nn io:noanropi (Nycoprcinn, lnnia,
Pn:cinn-Kopcaion). Boa:ono, .ro nonoe nanpanenne cnnaano c noa(encrnn-
e: na niyci conercion nepxymin rpo]ennix ]ni:on ne:enioro nponano(-
crna
22
. Heioropie ]ni:i o ni(aimnxcn y~enix n io:noanropax, ioropie
cnn:anci n nannona-connancrcion lep:annn, in or:e~eni n 1perie:
penxe nicmen narpa(on iai ocoenno nennie c rocy(apcrnenno-nonrn~e-
cion ro~in apennn
28
. 1aion narpa(i i y(ocroen, nanpn:ep, cnnrin penc-
cepo: lanco: Lrennro]]o: ]ni: Poepr Kox, open npornn c:eprn
(1989), a raie ]ni: o Nonapre Koro orn inr (1942). C conercin:n
ncropnio-norpa]n~ecin:n ]ni:a:n nx ore(nnner rannoe: n(en ranen-
crna nannonainon iyirypi n nayin. Bicrynenne penccepa Knn Pana-
:ana na conemannn no nonpoca: inno 2b anpen 194b ro(a yiaainaer na ro,
~ro n .ra c:ena ncropnorpa]n~ecion napa(nr:i ia oyconena ioniper-
ni:n nonrn~ecin:n (npeirnna:n: Cen~ac y nac ye ycranoneno, ~roi ne
(eari ncropn~ecinx iaprnn, ne (eari iaprnn, cnnaannix c nnocrpanni: :are-
pnao:. O .ro: rnep(o :i (n cen pemnn n noy~nn or nac coornercrnyi-
myi (npeirnny no .ro:y nonpocy
24
. Cpenccnponannoe nacrii na(enne anpa
ncropn~ecioro ]ni:a conna(aer no npe:enn c no(re:o: (pyroro nanpanennn
ncropn~ecioro anpa ncropnio-norpa]n~ecioro ]ni:a o (ocrnennnx na-
nnonainon nayin n nciyccrna. B Conercio: Coiae 194b ro(a .ror nonin
anp coornercrnyer napacraimn: nannonancrn~ecin: ren(ennnn: n nnnci-
naercn n nonrn~ecinn ]on ia:nannn npornn ioc:ononrna:a n nnaiono-
ioncrna nepe( 3ana(o:. Annie napaen c ocnonni:n nanpanennn:n nann-
crcioro inno n .ro: ionreicre npnoperair ocoyi ana~n:ocri.
Aemop etpaaem e.6ox 6.aeo0apnocmt
M. o6pux .a nouot e nepeeo0e mexcma cmamtu.
1
PlACHH. 4. 17. On. 12b. L(. xp. 71. . 84.
2
PlACHH. 4. 17. On. 12b. L(. xp. 71. . 88.
8
Kparinn iypc nynionacn n Hpan(e c 9 no 19 cenrnpn 1988 ro(a. Hyn-
ianni conpono(an pe(ainnonnie crarin, n ioropix paarncnnaci cyri nonoro no(-
xo(a i coornercrnyimn: paa(ea: ncropnn naprnn. C:.: H. Mac.oe. Kparinn iypc
ncropnn BKH() .nnnione(nn n n(eoornn crannna:a n nocrcrannna:a: 1988
1988 rr. ;; Conercian ncropnorpa]nn. N. 199b. C. 240278 (3(eci: c. 240, 2b8).
4
PlACHH. 4. 17. On. 12b. L(. xp. 71. . 84.
#!
b
C:.: C. J.ennmen, H. Hae.enxo. Aeican(p Hencinn. nreparypnin cnena-
pnn ;; C. 3naenmrenn. Hapannie nponane(ennn n mecrn ro:ax. 1. b. N., 1971.
C. 1b8.
b
C:.: PlACHH. 4. 17. On. 12b.
7
E. ,o6penxo. 3ann:areinan ncropnn: Hcropn~ecinn po:an n connancrn~ec-
inn peana: ;; Conpeancrn~ecinn ianon. CH., 2000. C. 879.
8
C:. crarii Bcenoo(a Hy(oninna Kai n cra penccepo: (1949): Bo nce:
nanecrno: nocranonennn UK BKH() o iaprnne 5oiman nani` :on paora ia
or:e~ena iai ney(a~a xy(onnia, ne nay~nnmero n nynon :epe ncropn~ecinn :are-
pna, no(:ennnmero pacciaa o nenio: ]orono(ne n ero ana~ennn (n ore~ecrnennon
ncropnn na~ncro ni(y:anni:n, :ein:n anei(ora:n, ne n:eimn:n nn nnrepeca, nn
ana~ennn (n conercioro apnren (n in.: . H0oexun. Hapannie crarin. N., 19bb.
C. 48).
9
PlACHH 4 17. On. 12b. L(. xp. 878. 81. A(anon n:eer n nn(y n:enmnn
oimon io::ep~ecinn ycnex ncropn~ecinn ]ni: Lady Hamillon (nn 1hal
Hamillon Woman) o po:ane op(a Heicona c 3::on la:niron (Beniopnrannn,
1941, pe. Aeican(p Kop(a).
10
Nepiyon, Bcenoo( Hnioaenn~ (189b19b8). Apecronan 18.09.19b8; npnrono-
pen Cnennaini: cy(eni: npncyrcrnne: Bepxonnoro cy(a CCCP 28.12.19b8 i BNH.
Paccrpenn. C:.: H. Hempoe, A. Cxopxun. Kro pyiono(n HKB]. 19841941. Cnpa-
no~nni ; Ho( pe(. H. l. Oxornna n A. 5. Pornncioro. N., 1999.
11
PlACHH. 4. 17. On. 12b. L(. xp. 4b7. B. Nepiyon. Hapo(nin io:nccap rocy-
(apcrnennon eaonacnocrn Coiaa CCP 4 :apra 194b r.; ! 1bb7.
12
PlACHH. 4. 17. On. 12b. L(. xp. 4b7. . 18.
18
PlACHH. 4. 17. On. 12b. L(. xp. 4b7. . 2228.
14
PlACHH. 4. 17. On. 12b. L(. xp. 4b7. . 28.
1b
PlACHH. 4. 17. On. 12b. L(. xp. 4b7. . 28.
1b
PlACHH. 4. 17. On. 12b. L(. xp. 878. . b.
17
PlACHH. 4. 17. On. 12b. L(. xp. 878. . 8081.
18
PlACHH. 4 .17. On. 12b. L(. xp. 878. . 89.
19
PlACHH. 4. 17. On. 12b. L(. xp. 878. . 94.
20
nreparypnin cnenapnn C:oencian (opora onynionan n copannn co~n-
nennn Hy(oninna n rpex ro:ax (1. 1. N., 1974. C. 8b1412); c:. raie io::enrapnn
i reicry (1a: e. C. 488484).
21
C:.: . H0oexun. Copanne co~nnennn n rpex ro:ax. 1. 1. N., 1974. C. 484.
22
3a .ry :ici n aro(apna Nane 1yponcion
?J
Cu.: A. Aan.og. Slaalspolilisch besonders werlvoll: Lin Handbuch zu 80
deulschen Spielilmen der Jahre 1984 bis 194b. Nnchen, 1994.
24
PlACHH. 4. 17. On. 12b. L(. xp. 878. . 72.
b04
4. CEPFEH SH3EHLTEHH
BALPHH HO]OPOlA
'HCO NACCL
C. 3H3LHL1LHH H 1LOPHA HA4OCA
]HHANH'LCKHH KBA]PA1. KONHO3HUHA 3KPAHOB
1. lOOBA 5LKA. KHHAA 5OHUA HAULHBAL1CA, YXO]H1 3A KA]P
BBLPX.
2. KPYHHO. PYKA |C KHHAAON] Y]APAL1 3A KA]P BHH3.
8. Omnn nan. 1icn~a nnricor ~eonei nanrcn c orioca (npo]ni).
4. Hnri(ecnr ~eonei ncrair c ae:n, npocrnpair pyin.
b. nno co(ara |on] npnnennaercn.
b. Cpe(ne. 3an.
7. B3]PAlHBAL1 1LO 5LKA (lOOBA 3A KA]PON). BAH1CA.
8. KPYHHO. HOlH 5LKA B KOHBYLCHH. KOHL1O 5LL1 B YAY
KPOBH.
9. Kpynno. 3arnopi nnnronoi.
10. BLPLBKOH HPHKPY'HBAK1 lOOBY 5LKA K C1AHKY.
11. 1icn~a ~eonei npoeraer.
12. Ha-aa iycrapnnia nipacraer c ae:n neni co(ar.
18. KPYHHO. YNHPAL1 HO] HLBH]HNLN Y]APON lOOBA 5LKA.
(NLP1BLK1 lA3A)
14. 3an :ei~e, co cnnni.
1b. CPL]HL. C1AlHBAK1 HOlH 5LKA HO-LBPLHCKH (CHOCO5 PL-
3AHHA CKO1A B LAA'LN HOOALHHH).
1b. Kpynnee. i(n nanrcn c opina.
17. PLAY1 KOPOBL lOPO, LL1|CA] KPOBL.
18. Hoyipynno. B ia(p no(nn:aircn i(n c npornnyri:n pyia:n.
19. HA AHHAPA1 (B ]BHALHHH) H]L1 5OLU C OKPOBABLHHOH
BLPLBKOH.
20. 1ona enr i aaopy, o:aer. 3a aaopo: aaca(a (n (na-rpn ia(pa).
21. B ia(p na(air pyin.
22. O1]LAK1 lOOBY KOPOBL O1 1YOBHLA.
28. 3an.
24. 1ona niarinaercn c orioca n no(y.
2b. 3an.
2b. Kpynno. Bicrpeo: ninnair ayi.
27. Horn nexori yxo(nr.
##
28. B BO]Y B1LKAL1, OKPALHBAA LL, KPOBL.
29. KPYHHO. H3 lOPA 5LKA XLLL1 KPOBL.
80. H3 1A3HKA PYKH BLHBAK1 KPOBL B BL]PO.
81. HAHLBON HA14OPNA C BL]PANH KPOBH B ]BHALHHH K
Y1HH3AUHOHHONY 3ABO]Y.
82. Y NLP1BOH lOOBL HPO1ACKHBAK1 A3LK CKBO3L B3PL3AH-
HOL lOPO (O]HH H3 HPHLNOB 5OHHH, BLPOA1HO, ]A 1OlO, '1O5L B
KOHBYLCHAX HL HOBPL]H1L LlO 3Y5ANH).
88. Yxo(nr norn nexori (:ei~e).
84. C]HPAK1 KOAY C lOOBL.
8b. 1icn~a nnricor ynrix y no(nonn opina.
8b. ]BL NLP1BLL O5O]PAHHLL lOOBL 5LKOB.
87. 'eone~ecine pyin n ye iponn.
88. KPYHHO. BO BLCL 3KPAH. NLP1BLH 5L'HH lA3
1
.
1. O(nn .ipan, no n (nnennn paa(non. B:ecro e(nnoro .ipana (na
napaeino reiymnx noroia opaaon, ~in naopaanreinie pn(i xorn n ne-
peceiair (pyr (pyra, no :e(y coon ne coomaircn. Hecon:ecrn:ocri nx
rpy(no orncnnri re:, ~ro o(nn na nnx nnnercn nrponi:, a (pyron (o-
iy:enraini:. Nonranan n(en ]nnaa Cra~in iai paa n aaii~aaci n
npeo(oennn nx necon:ecrn:ocrn croinonenne: (nyx paan~nix nanon
n o(no: nnayaino: noe. Con:ecrnri n re: ca:i: ycnnri o(nn aa c~er
(pyroro, nanrn nx omee :ecro n (onricn peayirara, e(ennmero cnon:
yaco:. Ho n:enno .roro n ne y(aoci (ocrn~i. Nera]opa i(en ynnair
iai cioron norepnea ney(a~y. Ho~e:y O(nn na orneron (aer ca: 3naen-
mrenn:
B nepno: cnoe: ]ni:e Cra~ia` :ne xoreoci (onecrn yac ]nnaa (o
nicmen ro~in. Ca:oe crpamnoe n naopaennn iponn ca:a iponi. B nao-
paennn c:eprn ca:a c:epri. 3ro, npan(a, ye neioropin nicioi aa npe-
(ei cpe(crn nciyccrna. Ho :i n:en cy~an narern~ecinn paa(anen-
nyi cra~iy n :acconin paccrpe. H n nne :onranon nepepeaion n nrponon
paccrpe iycin no(nnnon iponn n c:eprn. 5onnn. Opamenne c i(i:n,
iai co ciora:n`. Kponi n ecroiocri onnn nnone re:arn~ecin nipaann
ionen ]ni:a. Bne~arenne noy~noci (encrnnreino yrioe. Nnorne ea
cy(oporn ne :orn c:orperi na .ipan. 3]]eir ionna ]ni:a na npe:iepe
(1924) i o~eni cninin. Ho nor :i nonean Cra~iy` n Cn:ononcinn
panon, r(e :i ee ~acrn~no cnn:an. Bce mo npeipacno. Kaprnny npnnnn
orn~no, aa ncii~enne: o(noro ]nnaa. Kai paa yaco: e(nnnmero iponi
]nnaa. A i omeo:en .rn: nponao:, noia ne coopaan, ~ro onnn`
:oer nocnpnnn:aricn |...] n iai :ecro, r(e aarorannnair npo(onoicrnne, :n-
co. Cn:ononia`, xorn n pao~nn panon, no :noro: coxpanna n re ro(i eme
xapairep npnropo(no-xoanncrnennin. |...] Hpe(e ncero npn coaepnannn .rnx
iycion ncranao npe(cranenne ne o c:eprn n iponn, a o ronn(nne n iorerax
2
.
Kone~no, ney(a~a ]nnaa Cra~in orncnnercn ne roiio re:, ~ro in
ne y~reni o~enn(nie paan~nn (:oer iri, (ae iacconie) n apnreicion
b0b
io:nerennnn. ]a n :ono n ronopnri o ney(a~e 1or(a n nce noce(yimne
]ni:i 3naenmrenna :oryr oiaaaricn n ron nn nnon crenenn ney(a~ni-
:n, no n nnx no-npene:y neycrpann: paapin :e(y nce re:n e (ny:n
.ipana:n: xpanou-l, na ioropo: (ona ipennricn io:noannnonno-:onra-
nan ]op:a nponane(ennn, u0e (nanpn:ep, penoinnonnan), n (pyrn: xpa-
nou-ll, ~in poi ncno:orareinan: nocrannri ~yncrnennin :arepna (n
opaaon, (onix nicrpnponari paannrne n(en. Penoinnonnan n(en (ona
iri nepenra apnree: ~yri n ne ero cocrnennon ioen, ecn yro(no,
nioo~ena n ero roony. Ha ca:o: e (ee, iai :ono nn(eri n ne roiio
no Cra~ie, .ipan-ll oiaainaer cninenmee conpornnenne .ipany-l: naopa-
enne u0eu npornnocronr ca:on n(ee. Nono noniraricn (naeirn~ecin
ynopn(o~nri .ipan-ll n .ipane-l (ecn no( (naeirn~ecin: ynopn(o~nnanne:
:i y(e: nonn:ari no(~nnenne ~yncrnennoro, .icnpeccnnnoro :arepnaa nro-
poro .ipana io:noannnonnon n(ee nepnoro). O(naio nn~ero ne noy~aercn.
3ipan-ll oiaainaercn anrono:ni:, opaayer cocrnennoe inne:arorpa]n~e-
cioe npocrpancrno, npe:n n yconnn ero nocnpnnrnn. C:ei yrnep(ari, ~ro
nepnin .ipan, xpan-u0e (nn (naeirn~ecinn .ipan) ne n cnax npn:n-
pnri n cee nnyrpennee nanpnenne n paaa(, cymecrnyimne n .ipane-ll.
Hepe( na:n (ne cepnn opaaon: o(na noiaainaer paccrpe, (pyran on-
ni. Bropan cepnn ornocnreino :e(enno (nnercn n cpannennn c nepnon:
necnemno npe(rnnne:ie ]ororpa]nn onn-ro n niainair ornpamenne, moi,
onn ney:ecrni (rai :oer iri npe(rnnena ]ororpa]nn ca(ncrcioro ynn-
crna, c(eannan cy(eni: .icnepro:, nn nopno-oripiria). Ha nepe(ne: na-
ne moinpyiman ]nanoornn: reiyman iponi, na:axn noa, c(npanne ion,
npe(c:eprnie cy(oporn nnornoro, n nce:y .ro:y no(no(nrcn nror n noce(-
ne: ia(pe :eprnin raa iia na neci .ipan. 3(eci nce nnrepecno, n
npe(e ncero rexnoornn onnn, no.ro:y neian ynycrnri nn o(non (eran
(nanpn:ep, iai peyr ciornny no-enpencin). Opaai paa(ein ciora :e(-
enno nyicnpyir n ipynnix nanax, nepennan cneni paccrpea. Bonpoc nce
ror e: iai naopaanri ~eone~eciyi c:epri Orner: ca:on c:eprii! Ho
~ro raioe caua c:epri C:epri nenaopaan:a, no aaro naopaan:o nacnne,
ne(ymee i c:eprn. 1ai, nce nnn:anne nepenocnrcn i nacrn~ecin: noa:ono-
crn: nacnicrnennoro aira. Paan~ne cepnn, (aimnx nnyrpennee (nnenne
.ipana-ll n icrpore nn :e(ennocrn npe(rnnne:ix cnen. Bnemnee or-
n~ne raie o~enn(no: o(na cepnn opaaon nnner coon oianaanni un0u-
eu0a.tno ]op:i nacnnn, n ro npe:n iai (pyran uaccoeo. 1exnnia
naopaennn rnen :acci nnan, ~e: ra, ioropan neoxo(n:a (n coa(annn
opaaon nn(nnn(yainoro nacnnn. B nepno: cy~ae icrpora, yciopennn
re:na, c:emenne npocrpancrnennix rpannn; no nropo: nonie nayai, aa-
:e(ennn, ]nanoorn~ecian naocri ca:oro (encrnnn nacnnn, no(pono-
crn: ro, ~ro ri ne xo~emi paarn(inari, no ren aacrannir. Hanpareinoe
~epe(onanne ia(pon-cepnn (ono io i nnecrn apnren n nenpepinnocri
e(nnoro, no~rn cnnxponnoro noa(encrnnn airon nacnnn: ~roi yanari, iai
rnner ~eone~ecian :acca, on (oen npo~yncrnonari na cee, iai :oer
rnnyri e(nnnna, cocranniman ~eone~eciyi :accy. O(naio .ra crparernn
oiaaaaci omno~non (n:enno (n ]nnaa Cra~in), nocioiiy opaaen :y-
#%
~nreinon n ciorcion c:eprn oricinnacn na onne (aaon ciora n pac-
crpe noccranmnx :acc eme noa:oni iai opaai, :oryr iri con:emeni
n pe~eno: oopore, no ne n :onrano: criie). 3annae:oe nnornoe ne
crao n cn:noo: eprnonpnnomennn.
2. Omnia 3naenmrenna re: oee y(nnner, ~ro n ro: e ]ni:e :i
naxo(n: :noro (ocraro~no y(a~no ninonennix cnen rnen :acci: na-
npn:ep, paaron (e:oncrpannn c no:omii pan(conron (nn cnena: iaaain,
araiyimne pao~nx), r(e crpyn no(i ne oianaonani nnyrpn ]ni:n~e-
cioro npocrpancrna, onn conno ene, no.ro:y ~eone~ecine rea, erymne n
npn~ymnecn, ne :oryr yipiricn or nnx; re e nacrnrair nx nonci(y n (ae
ror(a, ior(a npocrpancrno, n ioropo: nmyr cnacennn, yconnercn, cranonnrcn
anpnnrni:, .rn crpyn ncer(a oiaainaircn nne ero aaionon n no.ro:y cno-
coni nicennari, npece(onari, aaronnri n onymiy, opymnnaricn na rea
n io: nx yipirnn; onn ne n:eir, nonropni, nniaion oianaannn n ]ni:e
n npe(crannir coon ne cn:no n ne anai, a npuo ecm nacnnn, ero
y(apnyi, eayconno pe]eicnyi ]nanoorni. H nor crpyn, :onoronno ii-
mne n rea, nocrenenno, n cny :onranon paaneprin n pnr:n~ecioro nonropa
o(noro n roro e (encrnnn (n paanix ia(pon, nacrnrair n apnren. Bo ncn-
io: cy~ae, y(ap crpyn, nponnaimnn o(e(y eprni, na~nnaer onoananaricn
n namn: reo:.
NONSlLUP, NADANL, BLBL. 'HCO 8 B 3KOHONHH 3KC1A3A
8. 3ipan-ll :norococrannin, on nii~aer n cen neonpe(eennoe ~nco
nonropnimnxcn (ercinx nepennannn (iaprnnoi), n na nnx :i :oe: na-
ne~i neine npanna ioncrpynponannn nepnn~non cneni. 1aiona re:a iaann-
.ma]ora, ~ro yinaino c inocrn npece(yer noopaenne 3naenmrenna-
pnconaimnia. Cepnn .ma]ornix opaaon .ipana-ll, aaon ciora, nn(nnn-
(yananponana no ~ncy 8. Nono nanrn rpna(i xpucmuancxo uucmuxu
(anana Bn(ennn cn. Hrnarnn onoi); ueonucnte (anana nnonncn
eonap(o (a Bnn~n n 3i-lpeio); ncnoiaonanne uem-neuemno io:noannnn
npn ncce(onannn opaanon (pennepyccioro nciyccrna (Cnnran 1ponna An-
(pen Pyena); n, naionen, nocranonia uu.ancen (anana penccepcinx io:-
noannnn Boanpamenne co(ara, Karepnna Ha:anona, ]eccann, Ynn-
crno crapyxn-nponenrmnni na Hpecrynennn n naiaaannn ]ocroencioro n
:noecrno (pyrnx, nii~an raie cneni iaann na ]ni:on Hnan lpoanin,
]a a(pancrnyer Neicnia!); epauuecxue rpanci, ioropie paaneprinanci
iai npeopaaonanne rpex ]nryp n npocrpancrne .ma]ora n r(e neprniainoe
na:epenne io io:noannnonni: n oa(ao cnoni:, nacnicrnenni:
neiropo: (n npe(e ncero n:ei n nn(y ca:ie oimne cepnn pncynion
Ynncrno iopon ]yniana, Pacnnrne iia n (p.).
4. Hcce(yn apxnnnie :arepnai, narainnaemicn na crpannyi cepni
pncynion, nocnnmennix re:e mpexna.oeo ua.tuuxa. 'ro .ro aa opaa n ~ro
b08
noy(no 3naenmrenna ero coa(ari 3ro, eccnopno, cn:no rpon~nocrn n cn:no
ncrnnnoro :ecronooennn :ai~nia-n-iy(pnmiax nnyrpn ce:ennoro rpe-
yroinnia cneni
8
. 1pn po(onix e(nnnni-airepa opaayir rearp na:nrn, roiio
rpn ne oime n ne :enime. 3aion ~nca 8, npnnepennocri ioe:y 3naen-
mrenn neyiocnnreino coi(aer
4
. Hana, uaua u 6e6e crpyirypa ce:in,
no ne roiio
b
. 3ro eme n narern~ecian rpna(a nana~ainon n(eainon i-
nn cnnnne rpex 6e. nacu.u, rap:onn~ecioe coracne e(nnnn, r(e ncnioe
orropenne n crpa(anne, oi n nenanncri naxo(nrcn no( ionrpoe:, r(e nn
o(na na e(nnnn ne na(enercn ocoi:n nono:o~nn:n, npenocxo(crno: nn
cnon c:eprn. L(nncrno npe0-eenuma.tno, ono npe0cecmeem n nne ce-
:in: Hane~no npnionannoro i nane n :a:e (onnri e n ca:) (ny: c:ep-
reino na(oenmn: (pyr (pyry, aannmn:cn (pyr c (pyro: cynpyra:, cynpyra:,
ioropi: nn napi, nn or n nn repon ne :oryr (ari cnoo(i n ocnoo(ennn
(pyr or (pyra; ioropie (ae ynri (pyr (pyra ne :oryr n nancer(a ope~eni
pacna~nnaricn rycii:n y(nn:n nepaapinnoro rponnoro noprpera, monsieur,
madame el bebe .rn: orpaenne: n ipnno: aepiae oecrnennoro :rno-
nennn cnnnnn rponnon npnpo(i ~eoneia n :o:enre ncnimin .icraaa
b
.
Hrai, e(nncrno (ocrnn:o roiio xcmamuuecxu: ia(an e(nnnna, ~roi
coe(nnnricn c (pyron, (ona ninrn na cen, aa cnon npe(ei n n o(no
:rnonenne (ocrn~i .roro n.eeoeo npocrpancrna nann, r(e ia(an e(nnnna
cranonnrcn (ny:n, a ia(ie rpn o(non. H .ro cnnnne noa:ono nmi
uepe. nacnne ]pyroro nyrn ner. 3icraa ocnoo(aer or nacnnn, no (ocrn-
raercn .icrarn~ecioe cocronnne nocpe(crno: nacnnn. Bo ncnio: cy~ae, y
3naenmrenna ne nanrn nnon ro~in orc~era. Nono ciaaari n rai: .icraa
.ro nonoe cocronnne n, ioropoe ne(ocrnn:o ea nacnnn, no:oraimero
nepece~i rpannny, or(enimyi ioe ione~noe n or ca:oro cen n ]pyro-
ro. Ho n crpyirype .icrarn~ecioro cocronnnn ce(yer ni(enri neiyi no-
ce(onareinocri ]aa cranonennn. 3icraa nepennanne raion cni n
:omn, ioropoe ne no((aercn rap:onnaannn nocpe(crno: ~nca, noome nnia-
ion nnemnen :epe; :o:enr .icraaa .ro :rnonenne cnnnnn, ncnimin, (ocrn-
enne nnia crpacrn, oprnacrn~ecinn napin n r. n. 3icraa iai :rnonenne
cranonennn 5irne:. H n cny .rnx xapairepncrni .icraaa ero ce(yer or-
n~ari or na]oca. B cymnocrn, na]oc ecri .icrarn~ecioe cocronnne, rap:onn-
anponannoe ~nco:, n (n 3naenmrenna-(naeirnia, .icrarnia n nnanonepa
.ro rap:onnayimee ~nco ncer(a y(er 8. Ha]oc nnnercn ]aaon, npe(mecr-
nyimen n no(rorannnaimen .icrarn~eciyi ncnimiy, nixo(enne n aa
cnon rpannni. Ho ecn n peayirare .icraaa nponcxo(nr nonoe nc~eanone-
nne reecnoro n, ro n narern~ecio: nepennannn n cymecrnyer n nenpe-
pinno: aa:emennn (ononnimnx (pyr (pyra pannix e(nnnn, cocrannimnx
coon nenpepinno pacrymyi oprnacrn~eciyi :accy
7
. Ha]oc oxnarinaer nce
oLimyi :accy ~eone~ecinx re, nony(an nx i nanpanenno:y (nnenni,
nce oee cna~nnaer nx, aacrannn ia(yi nn(nnn(yaino nipaennyi e(n-
nnny iri nepaapinnon ~acrii rpo:a(noro ioeirnnnoro rea. ]pyrne e
opaai, nanpornn, npe(rnnnircn n conepmenno nnon paaneprie: (nnenne
:acci (rnei n po(enne), a(eci ~nco :acci neonpe(eeno n nn]pono:
.innnaenre, ono ne rap:onn~no, a pnr:n~no. Nacca-n-(nnennn (pocre) o-
#'
a(aer cnon: ~nco:, nepannonecni:, .icrarn~ecin:, cia~ymn:. 'nco :ac-
ci .ro ~nco n .icraae, .icrarn~ecioe, nime(mee na cen, a ana~nr neion-
rponpye:oe (cocrannimn:n ero e(nncrno ~acrn:n), ero neian nc~ncnri n
rap:onnanponari.
b. Lcn na]oc .ro n:noann, (nmeecn, conno pacrnnyroe :rnonenne,
ocranannnaimee npe:n pa(n .:onnonainoro nepennannn, ro .icraa .ro
.icnoann, napin, npioi, :rnonenne nepexo(a, ye .:onnonaino rpy(no
onpe(en:oe.
3KPAH KAK CBLPXPLALHOC1L
b. B 190b ro(y (n noapacre, eme (aeio: or penccepcioro) 3naenmrenn
nn(nr nnie iaprnnin parien i:iep nor ce(i nepno-nocnpnnrnn,
nepnon ncrpe~n c :arn~ecin: .ipano:. O(naio, no ero cocrnenno:y npnana-
nni, on ne ope na nci noce(yimyi nani roro moinpyimero oriponennn,
ioropoe ncniran nepnie apnren. Ho~e:y Horo:y, ~ro on ye ana n
in rearp, mioinyi rn:nacrniy n nnpi, ana, ~ro raioe nocranonia :naan-
cneni, no cnon: (ercin: nrpa: n aannrnn: pnconanne:. 3ipan i (n nero
ciopee ynnnepcaini: opy(ne: n nciyccrne conocranennn opaaon. Po(e-
nne .ipana ne ne~er aa coon aemouamuuecxu nonin narn( na :np, no aaro
oripinaer nonoe, norennnaino ecnpe(eino nacrn~no e:ioe npocrpancrno
opaaon, npe(e nenoa:onoe. 3ipan .icnpeccnnnin, nipaaimnn, nponano-
(nmnn, conocrannimnn (ne orpaaimnn n ne .ipan noanannn): Bi ronopn-
re, inne:arorpa], ny ~ro e, npeipacno! Hoc:orpn:, ~ro c ero no:omii :ono
c(eari!
7. B cnonx reopern~ecinx mry(nnx 3naenmrenn ne nepecraer ninnnri
inne:arorpa]n~nocri yinaino iix anpon nciyccrna: nce ecri inne:a-
rorpa], nce xune-uamo-epauuno: no.ann, nnonnci, apxnreirypa, npoaa, rearp,
nnpi. Bce ecri (nnenne: (nnenne nor nepnona~ainan cycrannnn inne-
:arorpa]a. Knne:arorpa] naneiaer na c:enix e:y nciyccrn ror nn( (nn-
ennn, ioropin nennno aaii~en n nx ]op:e (n :oer (ae conpornnnricn
.ro:y nane~enni). B raio: cy~ae nn(i nciyccrna paan~aircn nmi no
nnyrpennen (nna:n~ecion (inne:arn~ecion) ]op:e, airnnnoe npncyrcrnne
ioropon n coa(aer neci xy(oecrnennin .]]eir. 3ipan, nonn:ae:in rorai-
no :ecro ncrpe~n rerepo-xpono-ronn~ecinx paan~ae:ix nn(on (nnennn,
n on o(nn n cnax con:ecrnri nx n o(non nociocrn naopaennn, y(epari
ionrpacrnocri, npornnoopcrno n (ae naan:noe orpnnanne opaaon, reiymnx
c paanon ciopocrii. He n:eimnn cocrnennon nornocrn, ncer(a oripirin,
n.ocxu n :era]nan~ecio: c:ice, .ipan cnocoen npnnnri n nipaanri i-
yi ipnnyi (nnennn: ne(i ecri (nnennn, ioropie conepmair ~eone~e-
cine rea, no ecri n re, ~ro npnna(ear no(e, orni, nerpy, norony, ae:erpnce-
nni, crae noion nn (nnymencn ~eone~ecion :acce; ecri (nnennn, ioro-
pie no((epnnair y:npornopnimyi rap:onni (penne-inrancioro an(ma]ra;
b10
n ecri aa~aponannin c:eprii noion anrn~non ciyinrypi; n ecri nepanno-
necnocri, nerepnn:ocri n crpacrnin nopin noanocnmencn i nniy rorn~ecion
apxnreirypnon nnnn; n ecri (nnennn nn(ennn, ioropie noanonir na: ~yn-
crnonari iai crapyi, rai n conpe:ennyi nnonnci (nanpn:ep, ipnnan ueo-
nucna n eeouempuuecxa no npanny l. Bei]nna).
8. Honropi cnona: rorainin .ipan, no 3naenmrenny, onpe(encn ne oco-
i:n noananareino-orpaareini:n cnoncrna:n, ne nopaanreini:n pea-
nn:n, ioropie in nnepnie nipnani na ne~noro (oinne:arorpa]n~ecioro
neirnn, a roiio (nnenne:. B orn~ne or Kpaiay.pa n 5enin:nna, 3naen-
mrenn ne nn(e npenocxo(crno inne:arorpa]a na( (pyrn:n nciyccrna:n n
ro:, ~ro ror oripinaer nene(o:in :np, moinpyer, araiyer name nocnpnnrne
noa:onocrii nipinari na craporo :npa ero nnayainyi nonnany. Loi or
nonnani ne xamapcuuen. O~aponannocri .rn:n ]nrypia:n-renn:n, nx nrpon-
(nnenne:-nacrnion n eme oime re:, ~ro :ono (ocrn~i ecnpe(einoro
rocno(crna na( nce: :npo: opaaon, ecn nay~nmicn n:n xopomo ynpannri.
Ho.ro:y nce, ~ro nona(aer n c]epy (encrnnn .ipana, (ono nponrn :onra-
nyi opaoriy a .ro ana~nr, ~ro ia(an (erai (ona iri npe(eino
nipaena, n ner nniaion cy~annocrn, nniaion nann npacnox, no :i
(oni naneiari ~ncrie rona (nnennn n, ce(onareino, rea, nx nponano-
(nmne, na xaoca nonce(nennoro ironannn, na Hn~ro. Pe~i n(er o npeo(oe-
nnn .ipana nn ero npenpamennn n ocoyi peainocri pea.tnocmt-ue-
0, coe(nnnimyi peainoe coirne co apnree:, ioropin ero nocnpnnn:aer
n:enno aro(apn neoi~ni: orpaareini: noa:onocrn: .ipana: ece
ex.uamt, coe0unmt, ompaamt... 1ai coa(aercn .ipannin .]]eir peai-
nocrn, no ca: .ipan npeo(oenaercn, nocioiiy nmi cynr :ecro: coe(nne-
nnn peainocrn n apnren. B (pyro: cy~ae .ipan ocoanaercn iai rexnn~e-
cioe ycrponcrno, or ioroporo aanncnr nanoee nonan n conepmennan nepe-
(a~a opaaa peainocrn. B cny orpann~ennocrn rexnn~ecinx n npocrpancr-
nenno-reo:erpn~ecinx napa:erpon .ipan oa(aer cnon conpornnennn n
:oer npennrcrnonari nono:y paannrni ~yncrna peainocrn y apnren. Kai
(onricn nanoee cninoro nepennannn peainocrn .ipannon n ia~ecrne
pea.tnocmu
9. B ncce(onannnx O crepeoinno n ]nna:n~ecinn ina(par 3naen-
mrenn ocy(aer ]nan~ecinn n noopaae:in craryc .ipana. Nono n
paannri n yrynri ia~ecrno oropaennn peainocrn c no:omii yy~me-
nnn rexnn~ecinx xapairepncrni .ipana 3ipan iai iycoi eoro noorna,
ina(parnin nn npn:oyroinin, (nyx:epnin n nocinn. Boa:onocrn .ipa-
na iayrcn 3naenmrenny nenc~epnae:i:n ner nniainx orpann~ennn :a-
repnainoro n ]nryparnnnoro xapairepa nn orpann~ennn no rynne. Lcn
nce e :i naxo(n: neioropie na nnx, ro .ipan :ono conepmencrnonari,
na:ennn ero reo:erpn~eciyi ]op:y n paa:epi (no.uxpan, cmepeoxpan n
r. n.) Noer iri, cronr na:ennri paa:ep n nen~nny .ipana (ne roiio
nanopa:nin, onainin, no n pacrnnyrin no ropnaonran (ea~nn), no nep-
rnian (cron~nn) nn (ae :ennimnn cnon ]nan~ecine paa:epi no xo(y
#
(e:oncrpannn naopaennn, r. e. .ipan, npe(cranennin n nn(e (nna:n~ecio-
ro ina(para. O(naio noce(yimee paannrne rexnn~ecinx noa:onocren inno
eme paa no(rnep(no, ~ro npoe:a :arepnainon peainocrn .ipana ne croi
cymecrnenna, nocioiiy .ipan .ro, n cymnocrn, nmi neioropan nonepx-
nocri, cnoconan i orpaenni npoennpye:ix na nen opaaon-renen, n ne o-
ee roro. 3ipan nropn~en, n n cny .roro ana~enne npnoperair ca:n opaai.
1o, ~ro :i naainae: .ipano:, n ecri .ror .ipan-opaa, nn on (oen eoo6pa-
amtc, r. e. na(enricn opaaa:n, ~roi cymecrnonari n ia~ecrne .ipana.
Bor no~e:y .ipan .ro ncer(a 0unauuuecxu xea0pam, r(e neprniainin
noroi opaaon nepeceiaercn n (ononnercn ropnaonraini: (nnenne: n
ncninn opaa nixo(nr aa cocrnennie rpannni no nne.ipannoe npocrpancrno,
ioropoe-ro n nnnercn ncrnnno .ipanni: npocrpancrno:.
1aion .naenmrennoncinn .ipan-l
8
.
1ain: opaao:, .ipan ne cpe0cmeo no.nanu nn ompaenu pea.t-
nocmu, a, ciopee, po( peainocrn nicmero nopn(ia ceepxpea.tnocmt. A .ro
ana~nr, ~ro .ipan ne croiio orpaaer n noanaer, cioiio coa(aer ca:y peai-
nocri, nnnnci no ornomenni i nen oee nicmen peainocrii, ne nopo-
0enno, a nopo0ae ncno:nn: orn~ne nalura nalurala or nalura
nalurans (5. Cnnnoaa).
10. Hay~an crpon niciaainannn, nor ye noneia ocy(aimnx ]eno:en
inno, :ono ni(enri no ipannen :epe rpn crparern~ecine nnrepnperannn: i
nepnon ce(yer ornecrn no.naeame.tno-ompaame.tn, io nropon cun-
memuuecxu-0ua.exmuuecx (ioncrpyirnnnyi) nn u0eo.oeuuecx, n i
rperien nappamuen, nonecrnonareinyi. Orci(a n n(en .ipana iai
e.uxo u.a.tno Manunt. 'ro raioe inne:arorpa] 5erymne iaprnn-
in, ~en er :i ne nn(n:. H ero naana~enne ne roiio n ro:, ~roi
no.namt (orpaanri panee nene(o:oe ~eone~ecio:y narn(y), no n n ro:, ~ro-
i etpa.umt n e(nncrne opaaon nce, ~ro ecri peainocri, a .ro ana~nr ne
npocro iri o(nn: na nonix nciyccrn, a crari ca:i: nicmn: Opaao: (pe-
ainocrn) na ncex (ocrynnix opaaon, cnnreanponari n cee inne:arn~ecine
noa:onocrn rpa(nnnonnix anpon. Knno-opaa orn~aer or (pyrnx opaaon
ocooe ia~ecrno: ne iri coon, iri opaao: (n (pyrnx opaaon. Hn ne-
cioiio nna~e: xuno-o6pa. xax ncma, nempa.tna a6cmpaxmna opua
0euenu 0. etpaenu .6tx 0peux eo.uontx 0euenu. Cpe(n :n-
nap(a (pyrnx opaaon ero noannnn nano:nnaer noannni coe(nnnreinon
cnnain n n noa:ono: nepe~ncennn (ecione~no:): nce coe(nnner, rai
iai npe(cranner omxptm ]op:y, roronyi i ion rpanc]op:annn pa(n
oxnara ioro nopn(ia opaaon (nnennn. Paare(nnner ro, ~ro rorono cnri-
cn, n coe(nnner ro, ~ro naxo(nrcn n necnn:ae:o: ion]nire n npornnocron-
nnn. H mo n mo, n mo npornn moeo, n mo n:ecro moeo n r. (. lpa::arn~e-
cian poi n n ro: n cocronr, ~ro, ncer(a ocrananci re: e ca:i: anaio:,
.ro n n:ecre c re: ]yninnonaino onpe(enercn unmencuenocmt (npo-
rnn, n:ecro, pn(o: n r. n. ). Knno-opaa, xorn n n:eer cnon cnenn]n~e-
cine ~epri, no ne nperen(yer na orn~noe or (pyrnx opaaon nooenne;
b12
ciopee, on nempa.en n nipaaer (ocrynni:n cpe(crna:n ornomenne :e(y
opaaa:n. Yronnn rorainoro .ipana .ro .ipan iai n:ecrnnme iix
opaaon, iai ecn i ne io nniainx orpann~ennn (n nepeno(a ncero ne-
nnayainoro (nenn(n:oro) n nnayainoe (nn(n:oe)
9
.
Hocrenenno noananareinan nennocri inno-.ipana craa no0uunenno
]yninnen, na nepnoe :ecro craa nixo(nri cnnreanpyiman, nn napparnnnan,
a aare: (naeirn~ecian, cnoconan nipaanri paannrne n(en (n napnannnx).
Cero(nn cymecrnyer :noecrno ioniypnpyimnx .ipanon, n oee nenoa:o-
en o(nn-e(nncrnennin .ipan, cnnreanpyimnn n cee nce (pyrne. O(naio n
re penoinnonnie npe:ena iaaaoci, ~ro nce :oer iri orpaeno n orpa-
aercn n e(nno:, moma.tnou xpane po(aimerocn inne:arorpa]a (nce
cyno e:y :arepnao: nipaennn;orpaennn, npoeinnn, perpeccnn n npo-
rpeccnn, no ne n:eo cocrnennon irnnnon nornocrn).
]nnenne nocnpnnrnn y 3naenmrenna ncer(a naxo(nrcn n cra(nn pe-epec-
cueno, n nnior(a ne npo-epeccueno, no on ycnannaer n oripinaer (n cen
peainocri reiymero npe:enn c no:omii npe(mecrnyimero onira (ercrna,
r(e no(ono:y nepennanni ye nan(eno :ecro n iaproreie rpan:arn~e-
cion na:nrn.
NLlAONAHHA
11. Hpe(e ~e: cranncian :amnna reppopa npncrynna i paore, :n-
]oornn noccranmen :acci, :acci ropn~en, nepennaa cnon rpny:]. Be-
nin: rpny:]aropo: :acci i C. 3naenmrenn. Kai nanecrno, Crann ne
in penoinnonnon :acci: reppop iai oprone(nn :acci n (oen i
nocnpennrcrnonari ee ca:onponanoino:y aapo(enni n nenpe(ciaaye:i:
nopina:. 3ro, ione~no, ne ana~nr, ~ro on ne xore, no(ono lnrepy, n:eri
cnoi :accy, no ero :acca (ona iri nnon, ye ne penoinnonnon, a
no(arnnon i reppopncrn~ecio:y nepeio(nponanni n ion :o:enr npe:e-
nn n ro~ie connainoro npocrpancrna, aacrinmen, xoo(non, erio nponn-
nae:on (n crpaxa, iaann, nepe:emennn n nc~eanonennn, (n pacrpari .neprnn
n pacio: rpy(e. Cpe(crna reppopncrn~ecion nepeio(nponin napa(i, (e-
:oncrpannn, cy(i, arepn, crponin n r. n. Bce .ro io:nairno oprannaonan-
nie npocrpancrna nacnnn, no(~nnennie cnenn]n~ecion ny:epannn. Apxn-
reirypnan :erao:annn lnrepa-Lneepa nepeiniaercn c inne:arorpa]n~e-
cion :erao:annen coa(aren Oirnpn.
12. O(naio, npn nx o~enn(non naocrn, n n(enx 3naenmrenna n Kaner-
rn conpe:ennnion nanna:a n crannna:a nporn(inair cymecrnennie
paan~nn. Cocrnenno, Kanerrn niraercn coa(ari anmpono.oeu uacct nn,
(pyrn:n cona:n, niraercn ynn(eri n nen ocooe connainoe opaaonanne,
ioropoe n: onncinaercn rai, iai ecn i :acca npe(cranna coon e(nnin
neocrnin opaa, neinn nonrn~ecinn remrair, cioncrpynponannin no :o(e-
n ~eone~ecioro rea (no c necioiio nni:n anaro:n~ecin:n n ~yncrnen-
#!
ni:n xapairepncrnia:n). Kain: nnyrpennn: ~yncrno: npe(e ncero py-
iono(crnyercn :acca 'yncrno: pocra! Nacce nyno pacrn, ocrananci pannon
cee, ynen~nnari nornocri cnonx pn(on, crpe:nricn i eme nicmen nor-
nocrn, n:eri nanpanenne, ciopocri n nei. Kopo~e, nyno iri reo:, nycian
ocoi:, no nce e n:enno reo:, nycian ceepx6tcmptu, no nce e reo:.
Hornocri-nnrencnnnocri-icrpora. O(naio :acca ynann:a n cnoe: :oryme-
crne na( ronon n n~nocrii. Lcn rona :oer conparicn n raaeri,
neon(anno napymari omenpnnnrin nopn(oi, ~roi ryr e nc~eanyri, ce-
(onareino, ee cymecrnonanne n connaino: npe:enn orpann~eno. Hnoe (eo
:acca: ona ne :oer cymecrnonari (ocraro~no (oro n connaino: npe:enn,
ecn ee cymecrnonanne ne y(er no((epano cnennaini:n :amnna:n (:n-
nrapncrcin:n, reppopncrn~ecin:n nn narern~ecin-penoinnonni:n), no(-
(epnnaimn:n pen: ee pocra, pacnpocrpanennn, ynpannimn:n icrpo-
ron. Ho(onie connainie :amnni ncer(a niraircn cnnri aaaop :e(y y-
(ymen neii :acci n noa:onocrn:n ee pocra. 3ror npocrpancrnennin aa-
aop no npe:enn n ecri icrpora, o(no na ]yn(a:enrainix ia~ecrn uacct-e-
0euenuu. A.-H. Caprp, ccianci na cnn(ereicrna o~enn(nen aaxnara 5ac-
rnnn penoinnonni:n :acca:n, oparn nnn:anne na ro, ~ro noccranman
:acca (nnraaci c uno icrporon, ioropyi nnemne:y nai(arei nenoa-
:ono io nn npe(crannri, nn npe(ciaaari
10
. ]ainnn nei aa:e(ner (nn-
enne :acci, ee pocr, nanman yciopner, no.ro:y neoxo(n:o (ponri
(ainii nei (ocrnn:ocrii nen nanmen, ~roi :omi :acci, ee icr-
pora n pacnpocrpanenne ne nepecranan napacrari. 'nco re: ca:i: crano-
nnrcn cn:noo: pocra :acci. 3. Kanerrn n cnoe: ana:ennro: o~epie lnr-
ep no Lneepy nno(nr nonnrne cxaueeo uuc.a, leaping numbets: Cni-
nenmee cpe(crno (n roro, ~roi noay(nri :accy .ro noiaaari en ee pocr.
Hoia :acca ~yncrnyer, ~ro ona ynen~nnaercn, en neaa~e: pacna(aricn. 'e:
nime ~nco, ioroporo, iai en ronopnr, ona :oer (ocrn~i, re: cninee ee
nne~arenne or ca:on cen. Ho en na(o (ari nnoe omymenne roro, iai ona
(ocrnraer raioro ~nca. Bce n napacraime: noay(ennn iapaiaircn nnepx
b0, bb, b8, 80 :nnonon ne:nen!... Nacca, nopaennan .rn:n nn]pa:n, nocnpn-
nn:aer nx iai cnoe :rnonennoe npnpamenne. Le nanpnennocri rain: opa-
ao: (ocrnraer npe(eino noa:onon :epi. 'eonei, aapn(nnmnncn .ron na-
npnennocrii, ne :oer nnyrpenne or nee ocnoo(nricn. Y nero noanniaer
neo(on:oe crpe:enne onnri oiaaaricn n .ro: cocronnnn raie n nnem-
ne
11
. ]n 3naenmrenna :acca, n orn~ne or Kanerrn, ne ia anrponoorn~e-
cin: oreiro:. Nacca iai raionan ne cymecrnyer, ona ne nai(ae:a, no
:acca .ro ncer(a ciopee opaa :acci, a ne ca:a :acca iai peaino cymecr-
nyiman n conny:e. ]pyrn:n cona:n, (n 3naenmrenna :acca ne n:eer nn~e-
ro omero c ynopn(o~ennon :accon :nrnnron, napa(on n ron, xapairepnix
(n ropo(cion iyirypi XlXXX neion. Nacca .ro raion oreir, ioro-
pin cranonnrcn connaino nai(ae:i: n ncce(ye:i: mo.txo noce po-
(ennn inne:arorpa]n~ecioro .ipana. He panime n ne noae. 1oiio .ipan
cnocoen n:ecrnri n cen ecione~nin pocr :acci, ee icrpory n (nnenne,
n roiio .ipan ecri ro :ecro n connaino: npocrpancrne, r(e :acca cranonnr-
cn noa:onon n cymecrnyimen (encrnyimen, npo(oaimen cnoe (nne-
b14
nne. Bor no~e:y ranna :acci aaii~aercn n ecione~no:, .icrarn~ecin na-
pacraime: ~nce.
18. B o(non na noce(nnx cnonx ece( 3naenmrenn no(pono noncnner,
iai c(eari ]ni: Hnan lpoanin nonnrni: :nnona::
Hnrepecno, iai npn:yr, ecnpepinno nonropn on. Ha(o c(e-
ari :noro npoc:orpon ncropnin, nncaren, xy(onnin n :acconie npo-
c:orpi. Nacconie, ~roi ricn~n n ricn~n o(nonpe:enno c:orpen, y~me
y(yr nocnpnnn:ari, n ricn~y n n (ecnri ricn~ paa y~me: ecn n o(nn na cra
ricn~ n y~me nocnpnnn:ai, ~e: o(nn na (ecnrn ricn~. |...]
3na~nr, ecn n o(nn croricn~nin, n oime non:y ~e: o(nn na
(ecnrn ricn~
Onaareino! 1aion pac~er.
H ro~ia apennn
Beponrno, n rai nocnpnnn:ai c ro~in apennn :nnonon, ioropie
ronopnr ~epea :enn o(noro, n paa y rai, ro n (onepnircn :ne, ecn n noanoi
cee ro, ~ro ne nxo(no n pac~er .rnx :nnonon. 3ro n na: ronopi ne (n
nnrepnii, n n ca:o: (ee cnoionno cen ~yncrnyi, ior(a ynpanni ipynni:n
n ore:ni:n nen~nna:n. Kone~no, :oer iri n rai, ~ro neci :nnon
y(er ~yncrnonari cen iai o(nn-e(nncrnennin poinn, nec~acrnin n naxai-
nin no .ro ye ne :on c]epa. Cono:, n ne ii rai naainae:oro ncn-
xoorn~ecioro nciyccrna (ymennin :nipoioc: ne npnneiaer :enn, n oi-
me xore i ncce(onari ranni ioc:oca... Lcri ncnxoornn :acc n napo(on, crpan
n rocy(apcrn, :open, nycrini n rop, n .ra cpe(a neci:a :ao ncce(onana
12
.
Orci(a nce omnin n ne(oy:ennn ipnrnion, no(oapennn n nciaennn pe-
ainix ]airon ncropnn, npeynen~ennnx, a raie paanoro po(a opaanan na-
iro~nocri, ioropan (ona iri ocy(ena c ro~in apennn .ipana-orpae-
nnn;noanannn, .ipana-nonecrnonannn. 3ipan moma.tnt nepnn~en n ne :o-
er iri nopo(en. 3ro orncnner, no~e:y 3naenmrenn ncia croi cninoe
cpe(crno npuoeo (encrnnn na coananne apnren, ~roi ne :oro noanninyri
co:nennn n ro:, ~ro coa(anae:in na .ipane opaa i nocnpnnnr, ycnoen, cra
.e:enro: nocnpnnn:aimero coanannn. ]pyrn:n cona:n, coananne .ipana n
.ipan coanannn nepaan~n:i n nponecce nocnpnnrnn, nocioiiy ca:o coana-
nne npo(yir paarya .ipannix opaaon. Knne:arorpa]n~ecinn .ipan oi-
me ne iycoi noorna, na ioropoe npoennpyercn naopaenne, a ne~ro nena:epn-
:o oimee. C no:omii .ipana naoperaercn nonin cnoco connainoro npo-
nano(crna, nponano(nrcn me.a uacct. 3ipannanponari :accy .ro nonce ne
ana~nr orpaari nn ionnponari peainie, .:nnpn~ecin nai(ae:ie cione-
nnn i(en, .ro ana~nr enepete ee coa(anari. 3ipan .ro cnepxpeainocri n
no.ro:y ecri ne~ro nena:epn:o oimee, ~e: peainocri. nmi on o(nn n
cnax ynpannri noni: npe:ene: Hcropnn, ncninn paa noaononnri penoi-
nnonnoe (encrnne n rpannnax ron :n]n~ecion ornin, ~ro onponepraer nan~-
nin craryc peainocrn. nmi on o(nn cnocoen ni(epari ioe noapacra-
nne :acci, iai i nn i icrp n coipymnreen ee pocr, no ona pacrer ne
ca:a no cee, a ncii~nreino aro(apn .ipanni: noa:onocrn: cnoero noc-
nponane(ennn. Nacca, c:orpnman na cen, napacraer n ~y(onnmnon nporpeccnn
##
1100, 11000, 1100000, 11000000. O(nn iai ricn~a, (ecnri ricn~, cro
ricn~, :nnon... O(nn iai nce n nce iai o(nn c:ic .ron nanecrnon ]op:y-
i penoinnonnoro parcrna n ro:, ~ro :acca n ne npe(noaraer ni(eennn
nn(nnn(yainon e(nnnni n aire ca:oro penoinnonnoro (encrnnn
18
. Honora
noa(encrnnn na apnren (ocrnraercn npononnponanne: nennon peainnn :acco-
noro nocnpnnrnn. Nacca (ona nn(eri cen, nn(eri, iai ona pacrer a(eci n
cen~ac. B Cra~ie, 5ponenocne Hore:inne`, Oirnpe, Crapo: n nono:
((a n n oee noa(nnx ]ni:ax Aeican(p Hencinn, Hnan lpoanin) :ono
nn(eri, iai ]op:npyercn .ipannan :acca, iai ona pacrer, (nnercn, noe(aer n
rnner. H iai inr noneenari ei ca: 3naenmrenn.
14. Pocr n no(nnnocri penoinnonnon :acci no(~nnnercn pnr:y neioe-
ro noapacraimero ~nca. B cnenapnn ]nnaa Cra~in pocaercn n raaa
~nconon pac~er (nnennn :acci-roni: b01001b00 ~eonei eryr, na-
(air, ocraircn eari, na(i:aircn ~acroioo: pyi; (nnenne ia(pon pac-
crpea yicrpnercn n npn:on aanncn:ocrn or roro, iai ~acro ~eone~ecinn
noroi pacceiaercn aana:n nicrpeon. Fumuuuecxoe uuc.o o(no na yco-
nnn cymecrnonannn .ipannon :acci. 3ipan, n roiio on, noanoner na: nn-
(eri :accy n y~acrnonari n ee rnopennn, oecne~nnaer ee pocr, nornocri,
icrpory, rpannni paccennannn. H n ciaaanno: ner nn~ero napa(oicainoro.
]encrnnreino, .ipan paanoopaane: (ainnx (nanopa:nix) n nainx na-
non y:noaer ~nco c:orpnmnx. Ho .ro y:noenne neian nonn:ari iai
npocron no(c~er apnreicinx nocemennn nn io:nnannn npoeinnn, no re,
iro naxo(nrcn nepe( .ipano:, ne npocro c:orpnr, a nixo(nr na cen, naxo-
(nrcn n .icraae, n roiio n cny no(onix nepennannn onn n cranonnrcn
ron no(nnnon :accon, ioropyi po(aer inne:arorpa]. Ni ~yncrnye: :accy
ror(a, ior(a na: no(ciaainair nyrn i o:acconenni cocrnennoro nn(nnn-
(yainoro onira nepennannn, o(nnoioe n anrono:noe apnreicioe n (ono
iri yrpa~eno n noroie ioeirnnnoro rpanca. O:acconnri c:orpnmyi e(n-
nnny, e(nnnn oime ner! Nacca (ona ynn(eri cen n ia~ecrne :acci, n
:acca, nn(nman cen, n ecri ra :acca, ioropan ne n:eer ene inno.ipana nnoro
cnocoa npe(cranennn. B raio: cy~ae, .ipan nicrynaer n ia~ecrne neioero
nepnenrnnnoro nporeaa, c no:omii ioroporo :acca cuompa oro(ecrn-
ner cen c :accon noxa.teaeuo. Baan:noe orpaenne. 3rn (ne :acci
onaareino (oni connacri, n e(nno: noe nocnpnnrnn orpaanricn (pyr n
(pyre. H:enno no.ro:y or(einan c:orpnman e(nnnna aro(apn nocpe(nn-
~ecrny .ipana y:noaercn (o ricn~n, (ecnria, cornn ricn~, c:emnnaercn co
nce:n (pyrn:n e(nnnna:n n e(nnon pnr:n~ecion ipnnon, ioropan (encrnn-
reino :oer none~i n penoinnonnoe (encrnne :nnoni. C ron nnren-
cnnnocrii, c iaion .ipan ocymecrnner cnoe (encrnne, n n ro: e nopn(ie
napacrannn ~nca apnreen (nnercn ca:o .ipannoe naopaenne, ioropoe
renepi cranonnrcn :ecro: (encrnnn nn]p, na(nncen n cn:noon, or:e~aimnx
nyrn pocra ~eone~ecinx :acc
14
. Beponrno, :acca nn :acconn(nie rea
npe(einin cy~an napymennn ycron~nnix, nonropne:ix n nncrnrynnonai-
no aaipenennix, connaino n nanenno ana~n:ix cnnaen i(en. 3apo(e-
nne :acci nenoa:ono n xopomo crparn]nnnponanno: conny:e, r(e :noe-
b1b
crnennie ornomennn :e(y nn(nnn(a:n perynpyircn c no:omii paan~-
nix (ncrannnn, panron, nepapxnn, oecne~nnaimnx nannonaino-reppnropn-
ainyi, anrponoorn~eciyi nn n~nocrnyi n(enrn~nocri. Nacca opaayer-
cn na nepn]epnn conny:a, ona .icreppnropnaina n ne (onyciaer nnyrpn
cen crparn]niannn n (ncrannnn, n npornnno: cy~ae ona pacna(aercn. No-
no ciaaari, ~ro (n opaaonannn :acci neoxo(n:o uucmoe connainoe npo-
crpancrno. Hn, ro~nee, opaaynci, :acca ca:a n coa(aer ero, no ner rpannn,
npennrcrnyimnx ee ecione~no:y pocry. 'ncroe npocrpancrno, noayn, ce-
(yer nonn:ari n ro: ]nan~ecio: c:ice, n iaio: (n nac ~ncron nnnercn
ra(ian nonepxnocri croa, no ioropon cnoo(no pacreiaercn :acnnncroe
nnrno. Ho(oni: e opaao: pacreiaercn n :acconn(noe reo, crpe:nci aa-
nonnri nce nopi connainoro npocrpancrna. Opaa :acci po(aercn .ipa-
no:, n: no((epnnaercn yronnn cymecrnonannn raioro connainoro npocrpan-
crna, r(e :acca :oer cnoo(no napacrari, ne ncrpe~an npennrcrnnn. Ho :ac-
ci n nce, ~ro :acconn(no ne npocro inne:arorpa]n~ecinn ]anraa:. A (a-
e ne anai, o ~e:, cocrnenno, ronopnr re cy~annie oropaennn penoinn-
onnon :acci o penoinnn nn, iri :oer, o noa:onocrnx .ipana .rn
penoinnn coa(anari
1b
'nco :acci (ono pacrn, pacrn cia~ia:n, iri n
nenpepinnocrn .roro cia~ioopaanoro (nnennn. Pnr:n~ecin nonnroe ~nco
ncer(a oime ca:oro cen n ne :oer nnior(a connacri c nenrpainon e(n-
nnnen, ne n: ynpannir, a ono ynpanner... Cioiio nx ]ecnri, cornn, ricn~n,
cornn ricn~ Hx ri:a!
uc.o 0na uacct. H:enno pnr:n~ecian nona, aaxnarinaiman co-
on reiymne :noecrna, (eannrerpnpyer namn reecnie cxe:i n opaai, yn-
paa(nner ~yncrno (ncrannnn n eaonacnocrn, peairnnnpyer ncnxo:n:ern~e-
cioe ~yncrno.
UH4PL H 'HCO
1b. 'nco npe(rnnner cen n .nnao(e na Craporo n nonoro pumuuue-
cxu: eie anraarn na ~epno: ]one, n .rn anraarn ]nan~ecine ce(i
coirnn: pocr ~nca ioxoanon apren
1b
. Her pnr:a ea cia~ymero ~nca,
n:enno ono n (ono ynpannri cocronnnn:n .icraaa, npenpamari rony apn-
reen n pea.tno pacrymyi :accy. 'nco :acci nicrynaer n (nyx ocnonnix
na:epennnx: o6pa.nou upa) n nonmunou uuc.o), npn~e: noce(nee
ne pacrnopnercn n nepno:, a iai i ninecinnaercn aa .ipan, cnnanci c
orn~ecin:n yconnn:n narern~ecioro (nciypca. Ho.ro:y ~nco (encrnyer,
no nc~ncnercn n ia(o: na:epennn n, ione~no, ne nnnercn ~ncro ion~e-
crnennon :epon, ore(nnnimen naccnnnoe :noecrno (ncipernix e(nnnn,
re: oee ne nnnercn iaiiynnnen nn no(c~ero:. 'nco :acci xauecm-
eenno n nipaaer coon pnr:n~ecioe coornomenne rpynn e(nnnn. 'nco
ecri pnr:, npeo(oenaimnn ncniyi nannainae:yi rap:onni nn ro (nne-
nne, ioropoe noanoner ciaiari nn]pa: (naopaanreino:y pn(y).

Bor iai,
i npn:epy, io::enrnpyer 3naenmrenn nn]ponie ia(pi Craporo n nonoro:
#%
A upt Un]pi pocra ion~ecrna ~enon apren Hoce roro iai
orirpan ]onrani aanrpan nn]pi. Kai e .ro :ono ne aano:nnri
Hpan(a, nn]pi ror(a, n 19281929 ro(ax, :enee nne(pnnci n nocnpnnrne iai
cpe(crno nonon connancrn~ecion nipaanreinocrn. 3ro nnrneria npny~n-
a nac nn(eri na]oc n nipacraimnx nn]pax, iai n orne appnia(. |...] Un]pi
n lenepainon nnnn` paorair ye ne no nnnn opaanon, a ce(yimn:
paapn(o: nonnrnnni:. C:ena nn]p (aer nonnrne o pocre apren. Honn-
rnnnin .e:enr none~en n nrpy iai noce(nnn cia~oi nipaanreinix
cpe(crn ye aa npe(ei opaaa. |...] Ciae: roan na(nnci. ]ari nn]-
pi ion~ecrno ~enon raioe-ro`. A nonnrnnni: .e:enro:, npnnen-
ni: i opaano:y pemenni, n y(yr nn]pi, c:onrnponannie iai .e:enri
(encrnnn. }upoeo pocm ecmt, no cecme, uucmoe nonmue <iypcnn
:on. . H.>. Kai pocr namen npo:imennocrn. Pocr noiaaareen ycne-
nae:ocrn. H .ror ~ncro nonnrnnnin .e:enr noanpamen oparno n cnon o-
paanin c:ic. Un]pi pacryr n (encrnnreino... nipacrair. Un]pi crano-
nnrcn ipynnen ne roiio cnon: co(epanne: 1b, 27, 84, no n ... ]op:on, ro
ecri pa.uepou no ia(py
17
.
Un]pa ne ~nco. 5oee roro, onn naxo(nrcn, rai ciaaari, n npornno-
(nnennn. Un]pi opaayir nopn(oi cy~annix npepinannn, npepinncro-
cren, nocioiiy nanran or(eino nn]pa ooana~aer ~nco e(nnnn, cocranni-
mnx nepaan~n:oe e(nncrno. Un]pa nmi nionn~ecinn opaa ~nconoro
e(nncrna nn neoro, n ioropo: nce cocrannimne ero e(nnnni (ani o(no-
npe:enno. Un]pa ~ncrin anai ion~ecrna. Un]pa ca:a cen ooana~aer,
nna~e ronopn, n nn]pe nonocrii nipaeno ~nconoe co(epanne. Un]pa
.ro iopnyciya, ncer(a :noecrno nc~ncn:oro, no nmennoro cn:non~ecio-
ro npe(crannreicrna n opaae ~nca. Un]pa nneprna n crarn~na, neno(nn-
na. Kai roiio e nonnnercn ~nco, ro cpaay e nii~aercn nopn(oi nc~nc-
ennn npnnnnn naan:o(encrnnn :e(y nn]pa:n. Un]pa no(ona a]a-
nnrnon yine, ~nco neo:y cony. Un]pa .ro no:ep (no:ep (o:a, na-
npn:ep), npia, a]nma, na(nnci, no n:enno nce: .rn: ona :oer iri, roiio
ecn nnrepnpernpyercn n ia~ecrne na(eennoro c:ico: anaia. Un]pa ro,
~ro enr na nonepxnocrn, ~ro cpaay e (ano narn(y, ~ro ne rpeyer nniaion
nnrepnperannn. 'nco, ~roi crari ~nco:, (ono iri oprannaonano, nc-
~nceno no cocrannimn: ero e(nnnna: (nc~ncenne :oer iri apn]:e-
rn~ecin:, reo:erpn~ecin: nn .icrarn~ecin:, ye nixo(nmn: aa rpannni
iaioro-no nc~ncnimero nopn(ia). Un]pi crarncrn~ni, ca:n no cee nn-
~ero ne nipaair, onn nmi npe(crannreicrnyir.
Boanpamanci, o(naio, i noinnyro:y na:n cenaparopy, nyno eme ciaaari,
~ro .ra aanepmaiman cnena ianaiia(i` noapacraimnx nn]p, no cymecrny,
eper eme o(nn (oano~nin apiep`, ocymecrnner eme o(nn cia~oi n o-
acrn :ero(on n cpe(crn naoennn ciera.
Hepni: i cia~oi u. npe0uemnoeo noxa.a e o6pa.noe u..oenue.
Ho ianaiia(a nn]p` n(er (aime, n, noxo(n conepmnn nropon cia~oi na
oacrn u.o6pa.ume.tno n oacri neu.o6pa.ume.tn, ona (eaer pe-
maimnn, rpernn cia~oi na oacrn o6pa.noeo naoennn n oacri naoe-
nnn nonmunoeo.
b18
Ho u0e xo.uuecmea a(eci nipaena ne npe0uemntu noiaao: :accon-
in`, ne o6pa.no :era]opon i(cinx noroion`, peion creiaimnxcn` n
ioxoa, no ~ncri: nonnrne:, na~epranni: uuc.ou
18
.
Be(i ior(a :i ronopn: o onrn~ecio: .]]eire no(paannn n nano:nna-
e: cee, ~ro inne:arorpa] na cnonx pannnx .ranax n coa(anacn iai nciyccrno
(n :acc (:acconoe) n ~ro 3naenmrenn npeipacno noiaaa paannny, ioropyi
apnrei yxnarinaer cpaay e :e(y o6pa.ntu n nonmuntu npe(crane-
nne: ~nca. 'nco :acci npe(craer n opaaax neion nenpepinnocrn, (n-
reinocrn nepennannn ca:oro ~nca. 'nco :acci .ro nynir nepece~e-
nnn ncex cn, no((epnnaimnx ee cymecrnonanne. H nor ror(a apnrei, na-
pacran :accon npoc:orpon n y:noanci n .ipannix opaaax, nepennaer
cen ye ne npocro iai apnren-nai(aren, a n ia~ecrne ~nconoro cyrei-
ra :acci. 'nco cia~er, npiraer, no n cpinaercn, ono nce npe:n coa(aer neinn
epeuenno unmepea. nepe( ce(yimn: pocio:, ioropin :ono npe(yra-
(ari, roiio nepenn cen n ia~ecrne e(nnnni :acci nn n ia~ecrne noe-
(nren, npn~acrnoro i rpny:]y ncex, nn iai eprni, y(e ioropon na(enne n
nn~roecrno. O(nn n ror e rpa]ni :oer oropaari iai pocr n ecione~-
nyi cny noanimennn, rai n n oparno: nanpanennn nn]nnni ncex
nennocren, rorainoe oecnennnanne ~eone~ecioro ycnnn, yrpary ncninx
na(e(. Boa:ono, ~ro .ro o(nn n ror e nponecc, roiio co cipiri:n ]aaa-
:n ycnexa n nopaennn, noanimennn n na(ennn. lpannni, n ioropix :acconoe
coananne cen pnr:n~ecin nocnponano(nr rnranrcine ia~en cia~ymnx
~nce, ro nanpaimnxcn nnepx, ro na(aimnx n ea(ny. O~epe(noe cy~an-
noe nina(enne ~nca nenoa:ono npe(yra(ari
19
.
HPHPO]A H HC1OPHA
1b. Honpoye: noncnnri paan~ne :e(y xcma.ou n naocou na :are-
pnae ionnennnn eo.etnennoeo, paapaorannon 3naenmrenno: n ncce(ona-
nnn Hepanno(ymnan npnpo(a. Ornomennn :e(y oprann~ecin: n narern-
~ecin:, pocro: n paannrne: npe(crannir ocnonnyi onnoannni ypnon n
rparn~ecion .noxn, onnoannni npupo0t n ucmopuu. 3naenmrenn niraercn
pacnpocrpannri aaioni na]oca (narern~ecion ]op:i) na oprann~ecine nne-
nnn n oreiri, a ro, ~ro on naainaer aaiona:n paannrnn na aaioni pocra:
cia~ioopaanin xo( na ia~ecrna n ia~ecrno ecmt ne mo.txo opu.a poc-
ma, no ye opu.a pa.eumu paannrnn, noneiaimero nac cnoen aaiono-
:epnocrii ye ne roiio iai e0unuunte eeeemamuente` e0unut, no0uu-
nennte eo.uonntu .axonau npupo0t, no ye iai e0unut xo..exmue-
nte u coua.tnte, co.name.tno uacmeue e ee pa.eumuu
20
.

H (aee n
noncnenne cia~ia na ia~ecrna n ia~ecrno: Mouenm cnepmennn :i nonn-
:ae: a(eci n c:ice rex ro~ei nponecca, ~epea ioropie npoxo(nr no(a n
uenoeenue cranonennn napo:, e( no(on, ~yryn craii. 3ro ror e
nixo( na cen, nixo( na cocronnnn, nepexo( na ia~ecrna n ia~ecrno, .icraa.
H ecn i no(a, nap, e( n crai :orn ncnxoorn~ecin perncrpnponari cnon
omymennn n .rn ipnrn~ecine uouenmt :o:enri cnepmennn cia~ia, onn
#'
ciaaan i, ~ro onn ronopnr |c] na]oco:, ~ro onn n .icraae
21
. Hpnpo(a ncro-
pnayercn ~epea cia~oi or e(nnnni i :acce (ioeirnna:) n nor ~ro
nano: npnpo(a n ncropnn con:emaircn n ca:o: cia~ie, no na :nipocio-
nn~ecio: yponne, n (nnennn :arepnn. 1e: ca:i: rep:nni onnoannnn nen-
rpanayircn, nx (yana: cnn:aercn aro(apn rperie:y, ioropin ne :o-
er iri nii~en n o~ep~ennyi iyirypon onnoannni ncropnn-npnpo(i; n
.ror rpernn ceepxopeanuunocmt. Hcropnn (ona nepnyricn n :are-
pni: ione~no, :arepnn nonn:aercn ne iai ~ncro ]nan~ecinn, iocnin n nnepr-
nin cycrpar nnoro n :eprnoro, :arepnn .ro .neprnn, (nnenne n opia
cn, xaoc pnr:on, nnpannn, nyicannn; nce, ~ro cymecrnyer nmi ~acrn~-
nie :ann]ecrannn :arepnn, n :i, iai nnmer 3naenmrenn, npnomae:cn` i
omymenni .axonouepnocme 6tmu, uamepuu xax nenpeptenoeo cmanoe-
.enu (iypcnn :on . H.)
22
.
17. 1ain: opaao:, iyirypa n ncropnn oiaainaircn rep:nna:n cnepx-
npnpo(i, neioen apennarypon onira cnepxoprann~ecioro cranonennn. B .no-
xaino: noe npa(i n npnrnennn oprann~ecioro n ncropn~ecioro nepenec
noy~aer n(en cranonennn. Hni:n cona:n, ncropn~ecioe ana~n:o nmi n
ron :epe, n iaion ono nnnercn cnocoo:, c ~ien no:omii cni :arepnn
yciopnir oprann~ecinn pocr (o npe(ea, npnno(nr n .icraa. B:ecro o-
iainoro, nererarnnnoro, nn(nnn(yaino npnpo(noro rea po(aircn nnie
rnni reecnon npairnin, me.a uacct, xo..exmuente me.a, naxo(nmnecn n
nenpepinno: connaino: cranonennn, oprannaonannie no aaiona: narern-
~ecioro irnn. H .rn rea croi e ncropn~ni, cioi n cnepxnpnpo(ni.
Oprann~nocri an(ma]rnoro opaaa ycrpannaer 3naenmrenna nmi (o roro
:o:enra, noia on paapaarinaer ocnonnie npnnnnni rap:onn~ecioro, :yai-
iainoro nepennannn nenaaa (cinra ry:anon n Hore:inne), ioropie
nce e ocraircn (n nero nepexo(ni:n n (ononnreini:n opaana:n. He
onn nryr n ocnonanne nonon penoinnonnon xcmamuuecxo :era]nan-
in ~yncrnennocrn oriy(a, cocrnenno, n na~nnaercn inne:arorpa] 3naen-
mrenna. Cnnpaenn(nan ipnnan, xpuea opeanuuecxoeo pocma, ycrynaer :e-
cro xcmamuuecxo ((naeirn~ecion nn narern~ecion) xpueo cou-
a.tnoeo pa.eumu. Oprann~ecine aaiono:epnocrn ne(ocraro~no nipaanreini,
n npe(e ncero noro:y, ~ro onn ne n cnax nepe(ari :omi nacrn~ecinx
opaaon, napymaimnx omenpnnnrie naopaanreinie ionnennnn. Pe~i n(er
a(eci, ione~no, o npnpo(e .icrarn~ecioro nepennannn n ero nacrn~ecinx
noa:onocrnx. ]encrnnreino, paane :ono ornepnyricn or roro rpo:a(noro
ncnxn~ecioro onira, ~ro i naionen n aana(noenponencion iyirype aa
noce(nne (na ricn~eernn .icrarnia cnnrix n penoinnonepon, nnanone-
pon, :ncrnion n cnonn(nen 3icrarn~ecine opaai :npa orpnnair pannonec-
nie n n cee ycnoioennie opaai. Lcn iri noce(onareini:, ro npn(ercn
npnanari, ~ro pa(niainin penoinnonnin inne:arorpa] :ono npe(cra-
nnri n nn(e onrnio-.icrarn~ecion :amnni, ioropan paoraer na noce(nnx
rynnax nennon :arepnn, ee :nipocionn~ecinx cn n nnpannn, nponano-
(n :acconie n ioeirnnnie rea. H paannrne raioro po(a .icrarn~ecion
reecnocrn c nenaenocrii npnno(nr nac i nicmen cra(nn paannrnn opra-
b20
nn~ecioro cnepxoprann~ecio:y, a c ero ycranonenne: yrnep(aercn ionen
Hcropnn.
18. 3naenmrennoncinn penoinnonnin na]oc ncer(a onnpacn na nena-
enocri penoinnonnoro nacnnn, ioropoe on nonn:a (ocraro~no mnpoio,
n ne roiio n connaino: ionreicre .noxn, no ropaa(o mnpe: inne:arorpa]
iai ioc:o-reypn~ecian nayia. Penoinnonnoe nacnne orner npnpo(e
iai :arepnn iocnon, re:non, rop:oanmen, no(annimnn ncropn~ecioe na:epe-
nne Hcropni. H n .ro: c:ice penoinnn npe(craer iai neinn ncropn~e-
cinn iaraina: npnpo(noro nopn(ia, iai nceencinn e.pte
28
. Hciyccrno ne
roiio nipaao napinnyi :omi penoinnn, no n nnepnie oripinao (encr-
nne ee n npe(eax conpe:ennon .noxn. O(nn: cono: penoinnonnoe na-
cnne onpan(ano iai coirne ioc:oorn~ecioe. Bor no~e:y ono ne :oer
iri inan]nnnponano n rep:nnax (opa n aa, cnpane(nnoro n necnpane(-
nnoro, n nn ncrnni. Penoinnonnoe nacnne aaionno n cny ero eaaa-
ionnocrn, ono npnpo(no n ioc:n~no n roiio no.ro:y ncropn~no. Bor no~e:y,
ior(a :i npnc:arpnnae:cn i ocoo:y .icrarn~ecio:y penoinnonno:y (nc-
iypcy, ioropo:y c~nraer cen npn~acrni: 3naenmrenn, :i ne (oni nonn-
:ari ero n ipn(n~ecin-npanonix nn :opainix rep:nnax. Penoinnonnoe
nacnne .ro nime(man na cnonx npe(eon npnpo(a, a, ro~nee, npnpo(a, cran-
man ncropnen. H .ro ncer(a noixanne ornn (Oroni), paanni pei n noro-
ni (Bo(a), ypn n c:ep~n (Berep), c:emenne rop, nanepennn (3e:n).
1ai npnnanreino :ora i nirn(eri no.rnia nonrn~ecioro y 3naen-
mrenna no.umuxa peeo.uonntx cmuxu.
1
C. J.ennmen. Hapannie nponane(ennn n mecrn ro:ax. 1. b. N., 1971. C. 428
424. (Bi(eennn mpn]ron :on. Kpynnin mpn]r no(~epinnaer opaai onnn, :e-
inn opaai paccrpea. H .rn (na noroia opaaon, naan:no orpaanci n ocnapnnan
npano (pyr (pyra na no(nnnoe nipaenne n(en, (nnyrcn nepepocia:n, npepinncron
pnr:nion, niranci aacrannri apnren nepennari nn(n:oe rai, iai .ro aa(y:ano pe-
nccepo: . H.)
2
C. J.ennmen. Hapannie nponane(ennn n mecrn ro:ax. 1. 4. N., 19bb. C. 4b2
4b8.
8
Nnorne paa:imennn Knra nocronnno npamaircn noipyr ce(yimnx ocnonnix
nonpocon: iai noa:oen nponecc nn(nnn(yannn n iai on pea.tno ocymecrnnercn
H no~e:y nenononennan, cipiran ~ernepran ]yninnn nrpaer n ne: raiyi cymecrnen-
nyi poi (no cpannenni c rpon~nocrii, ioropan orpann~ena encion ]yninnen n
neocrnocrn A-n(enrn~nocrn) Nai~ni-n-iy(pnmiax 3naenmrenna ror e rpex-
nain :ai~ni. Knr yiaainaer n o(no: na cnonx ncce(onannn (4eno:enoornn
(yxa n ciaaiax): 'eripe cn:no neocrnocrn, a neocrnocri nrpaer ana~nrei-
nyi poi n :npe opaaon eccoanareinoro; noe(a ~eripexnororo cymecrna na(
rpexnorn: nonce ne nnnercn neon(annocrii (A. Kne. ]yma n :n]. Lecri apxe-
rnnon. Knen, 199b. C. 81b.) H (aee: Ne(y ~nca:n rpn` n ~eripe` cymecrnyer
nepnn~nan onnoannnn :ycioro n encioro, no npn .ro: ~ernepn~nocri nnnercn cn:-
#
noo: neocrnocrn, a rpon~nocri raionon ne nnnercn. Hoce(nnn, n coornercrnnn c
axn:nen, ooana~aer nonpnocri, no o(na rpna(a ncer(a npe(noaraer nan~ne (py-
ron: nicoioe npe(noaraer nnaioe, cner ri:y, (opo ao. Bipaanci n .neprern-
~ecinx rep:nnax, nonpnocri ooana~aer norennna; a ra:, r(e ecri norennna, cyme-
crnyer n noa:onocri neoro noroia coirnn, rai iai npornnonoonocrn crpe:nrcn
i caancnponannocrn. Lcn npe(crannri cee ~ernepn~nocri n nn(e ina(para, no(e-
ennoro no (naronan na (ne noonnni, ro noy~n: (na rpeyroinnia c nepmnna:n,
nanpanenni:n n npornnonoonie croponi. lonopn :era]opn~ecin, neocrnocri, cn:-
nonanpye:yi ~nco: ~eripe, :ono paa(enri na (ne pannie noonnni n noy~nri
(ne npornnonoonie rpna(i. 3ra npocran pe]eicnn noiaainaer, iai rpn` :oer
iri nine(eno na ~eripex`; rain: e opaao: oxornni orncnner, ~ro ero oma(i
na ~eripexnoron craa rpexnoron na-aa roro, ~ro o(no ee ioniro io oropnano 12-i
noia:n. Ona ca:a craa rpexnoron nce(crnne nec~acrnoro cy~an, ioropin, o(naio,
nponcxo(n n ror ca:in :o:enr, ior(a oma(i noin(aa npe(ei re:non :arepn. lono-
pn naiio: ncnxoornn, ior(a eccoanareinan neocrnocri cranonnrcn o~enn(non, r. e.
noin(aer eccoanareinoe n nepexo(nr n c]epy coanannn, o(no na ~eripex ocraercn
noaa(n, npo~no y(epnnae:oe horroi vacui eccoanareinoro (1a: e. C. 817818).
4
Cp.: Ho~e:y :i nonci(y crann: rponx i(en Kaian acconnannn (ona noa-
nninyri n cnnan c re:, ~ro nci(y y nac rpoe i(en aa(aer nonpoc o(nn na cry(en-
ron.
Hniaion acconnannn, orne~aer Cepren Nnxanonn~. 3ra nn]pa n:eer
conepmenno ionipernoe ana~enne. Lcn ni noai:ere na aaipinanne npoxo(a ~eripex
i(en, ro cepe(nna npoxo(a y(er naopaanreino oripira; eme oime .ro omyma-
oci i npn (nyx ~eoneiax. 3na~nr, na: nyno nci(y crannri ne~ernoe ~nco
i(en. (. Hunu. Ha ypoiax penccypi C. 3naenmrenna. N., 19b8. C. 74).
b
Beponrno, .ro naananne nanro y :o(noro n XlX neie ecrceepa ]pannyacioro
nncaren licrana ]poaa Nonsieur, Nadame el Bebe, ni(epanmero :noecrno nepe-
na(annn n (openoinnonnon Poccnn. C. 3naenmrenn n ca: ne ana, oriy(a .ro naana-
nne npnmo, or iaion innrn n ~ro n nen, cocrnenno, nanncano.
b
C. J.ennmen. Ne:yapi. 1. 2. N., 1997. C. bb.
7
Bn~. Hnanon ]op:ynpyer aa:e~areino ro~no: O .icraae nn eay:nn iai
nnennn cocrnenno iyirono: :i nnpane ronopnri roiio ror(a, ior(a ono npnnn:aer
xapairep cocronnnn ioeirnnnoro. 3ra con:ecrnocri nccrynennn ecri orn~nrei-
nan ~epra ]nonnconix oprnn. Hn or, nn oxna~ennie nocropro: ero cynren ne
npeinair n o(nno~ecrne. ]nonnc oipyen cnon: n(eaini: co:no:, ]naco:` cnyr-
nnn n cnyrnnion. 1poe ye cocrannir :noecrno, no noaapenni (pennnx, name(me:y
(ae ipn(n~ecioe npn:enenne (lrs aciunl collegium`); orci(a, iri :oer, npe(-
no~renne rpna(i n (nonncnncio: :npe n iyire: rpn Nnna(i, rpn Hponrn(i, rpn xopa
naixanoi y Lnpnnn(a. 3ror iyir rpeyer omnni (r. e. no :enimen :epe rpex y~ac-
rnnion), ipyronoro xopa`, oprnn`. Bixo(enne na cen, na rpanen n~nocrn, cnnnne
co nce: nne ee cymn: n cocrannimn: name pacmnpennoe n`, napanayercn nn
aa(epnnaercn n cnonx cnoo(nix nponnennnx o(nno~ecrno:. O(nno~ecrno nccryn-
ennn no~rn ncer(a onacno, iai cocronnne naroorn~ecioe... (u. Heanoe. Hpa(no-
nncnncrno ;; 3cxn. 1pare(nn ; B nepeno(e Bn~ecana Hnanona. N., 1989. C. 828).
5eay:ne n :npe (pennero rpe~ecrna io no(ono oeo0 aeonuu, nocronnno nonaai-
me:ycn n ea ycran ronnme:ycn nnepe( ocrpni... (1a: e. C. 822). Boa:ono, ~ro
no(onoe ocrpne eay:nn rnao 3naenmrenna-pnconaimnia n .icrarnia aa rpann-
b22
ni cocrnennoro n, nony(an ero nixo(nri n nnoe ]anrac:arn~ecioe npocrpancrno,
r(e ~nco 8 (rpn nepconaa) :oro i ecione~no y:noaricn n cny nenpepinnoro
napinponannn cnen ecroiocrn, ioropie n ia~ecrne nacrn~ecinx opaaon onncinan
i ca: nponecc .roro nixo(ennn.
Cp. raie: ...y:enne .nnon rap:onnanponari ion oprnaa:, ne paccann ero,
a niny(an ero nyicnponari neeycrpe:enno n .iono:no no( npoapa~non, iai .]np,
ynpyron ooo~ion. Uei ia o(na: aa~aponaricn n aa~aponari. Cionannan npn~ec-
ian crpo]a, ocoenno n :enie xoponon, aaioninan nccrynenne crpacrn, pnymeecn na
(ymennoro xaoca napyy, ona ca:a n :yaiiaino: c:ice npe(cranner coon y(nnn-
reinoe nnenne oprnaa:a, rap:onnponannoro ~nco:`. (X. J. !o.ocoexep. ornia
:n]a. N., 1987. C. 82).
8
Cp.: 1ai ~ro nn ropnaonrainan, nn neprniainan nponopnnn .ipana ca:a no
cee ne nnnercn n(eainon.
Kai :i nn(n:, (encrnnreinocri n ]op:ax npnpo(i, iai n n ]op:ax npo:im-
ennocrn, n n coe(nnennn .rnx ]op: nopo(aer opiy, ion]nir oenx ren(ennnn.
H .ipan iai nepnoe aepiao ne roiio .:onnonainix n rparn~ecinx ion]niron, no
raie n ion]niron ncnxoorn~ecinx n onrn~ecin npocrpancrnennix, (oen iri
noe: nrni oenx .rnx onrn~ecinx nnemne, no ryoio ncnxoorn~ecinx no c:ic-
y npocrpancrnennix ren(ennnn apnren. (C. J.ennmen. Hapannie nponane-
(ennn n mecrn ro:ax. 1. 2. C. 819.)
9
Cronr ncno:nnri o ron nenpn:npn:ocrn, c iaion 3naenmrenn ornepra onir
Knnoion (n(en ]anrn Beprona). Anani npacnox r. e. (anraneproncinn inne-
:arorpa] (]ni: 'eonei c innoannaparo:) noy~a ~ncro orpaareinyi ]yni-
nni, noaononnn mnpoioe noananne :npa, no ne nepecrpannan nn coan(an ero. No-
(ainocri 0o.noeo (ona ycrynnri cnoe :ecro :o(ainocrn cecmeoeanu. Bor
n:enno .ra cnnaannocri n necnoo(a ia:epi ocy(aaci 3naenmrenno: npe(e nce-
ro. H: ocy(acn nenpe(nanrin n conepmenno paccennnin raa, y(aimnn ea
nana n nen no nanenno:y npocrpancrny, iai ecn i n ca:a nani ia ne rorona
i raioro po(a nai(enni, no.ro:y ee :ono io aacrari npacnox...
10
Lnponencioe cpe(neneionoe coananne o(no npe:n io npocro napanaonano
crpaxo: nepe( :onroicin: namecrnne:. Nonroi nonnnnci no( crena:n enponen-
cioro ropo(a conepmenno neon(anno n raie nneaanno nc~eaan. Ho~e:y :n] o nx
(innoicion nea(ecymnocrn i rai ycron~nn Nacconoe (nnenne nonncinx ]op:n-
ponannn :onroon io crparern~ecion aara(ion, no onn (nnranci nyrn:n, o cyme-
crnonannn ioropix nenoa:ono io nana~aino npe(noonri coananni, (n ioro-
poro noe cpaennn npe(cranno coon ~ro-ro no(onoe pinapcio:y noe(nniy. Hane-
crno, ~ro (nnenne :onroicinx nonci onpe(enoci ecrecrnenni:n nyrn:n uon-
eo..ona0tue.oeex.eept)mpaena mpona, .ro io (nnenne: oimnx :acc
nca(nnion (r. e. (nnenne: n(an or naceennix nyniron n n no~noe npe:n). H, ione~-
no, .ro (nnenne nenoa:ono io npe(yra(ari nn no ciopocrn, nn no nanpanenni c
ro~in apennn reo:erpnn :apmpyron n (opor Cpe(neneionon Lnponi, ono onpe(enoci
conepmenno nnon iaprorpa]nen. Cnon: (nnenne: :onroi napyman omne npe(-
cranennn enponennen o npannax n yconnnx (nnennn nonncinx :acc, noopaae-
:yi n rpa(nnnonno npnnnryi iaprorpa]ni :nnrapnoro (nnennn. 3ro napyme-
nne n coa(ao ncnxoorn~ecinn a]]eir icrpori (nnennn :onroon. He nnnaci
n nenocrnn:an icrpora :onroon ce(crnne: ncnxoorn~ecion omnin npn noc-
npnnrnn npe:enn n npocrpancrna
#!
11
J. Aanemmu. 'eonei namero croernn. Xy(oecrnennan nynnncrnia. N.,
1990. C. 78.
12
3naenmrenn n nocno:nnannnx conpe:ennnion. N., 1974. C. 40b.
Cp.: ...(ymennoe cocronnne, ncnirinae:oe oparopo:, :oer iri nipaeno ~nc-
o: 10, n ~ro npn nepnix conax, npn nepnix nepax cnoero ipacnope~nn on nepe(aer
no :enimen :epe noonnny cnoero ~yncrna ia(o:y nx cymareen, ioropix, noon:,
800 ~eonei. Ka(in na nnx y(er pearnponari na ero cona nn ano(nc:enra:n, nn
y(noenni: nnn:anne:, n nce .ro none(er aa cooi ro, ~ro ncenoa:onie or~eri o
rainx aace(annnx naainaircn (encrnne:, cencannen. 3ro (encrnne` y(yr ncniri-
nari nce n o(no n ro e npe:n, n rai iai cymarei aannr ay(nropnen ne :enee, ~e:
oparopo:, ro ero noopaenne y(er nneaanno oxna~eno apenme: .rnx 800 nn, ncni-
rinaimnx nanecrnoe (ymennoe cocronnne; .ro apenme ne npe:nner, aro(apn nime
or:e~enno:y aaiony, nponanecrn peainoe omymenne (annoro ~yncrna. ]onycrn:, ~ro
on ncnirinaer roiio noonnny .roro ~yncrna, n noc:orpn: na peayirar. Horpncenne,
n: ncnirannoe, y(er nipaaricn ye ne b, no noonnnon b, y:noennon na 800, r. e.
7b0. Lcn ror e aaion npn:ennri i ro:y, iro naxo(nrcn nepe( copanne: n ronopnr
cpe(n .ron roni, ro ~nco, nipaaimee ero nnyrpennee noay(enne, y(er ye ne
7b0, no 7b0;2 x 800, rai iai on nnnercn nenrpo:, iy(a nce .rn ryoio rponyrie
nn(nnn(i orpaair nepe(anae:ie n: nne~arennn (C. Cuee.e. Hpecrynnan rona.
Onir ioeirnnnon ncnxoornn ;; Hpecrynnan rona. N., 1998. C. b9b0).
18
A.-H. Caprp paapaora crparerni penoinnonnix rpynn nn rpynn ncropnn,
noniranmnci aa:ennri n:n rereencinn Cyreir (groupuscule, rpynna-n-cioie-
nnn(ercrne) group-en-usion). lpynna onpe(enercn iai :noecrnennocri nn(nnn(ya-
nanponannan; cyreir rpynni nnnercn :noecrno: ncex (pyrnx cyreiron, cocran-
nimnx rpynny. 'nco 10 ecri :nnn:ainan e(nnnna :epi ~eone~ecion airnnnocrn
n Hcropnn. Hni:n cona:n, orc~er penoinnonnoro (encrnnn na~nnaercn c ~nca 10.
He nn]pa a(eci ana~n:a, a rpannna ~nca. 'nco 10 .ro ne npocran cy::a ~enon
rpynni, a unmepuopu.oeannoe ~nco, n ono npe(cranner coon, no aaii~enni Caprpa,
e(nncrno, nmennoe ~acren, nn ro, ~ro :ono naanari unmencuenocmt e0unoeo 0e-
cmeu. Ornomenne :e(y 0ecmtu n 0ecmt onpe(enercn crenenn:n :omn n cni,
ioropi:n oa(aer ia(in na (ecnrn ~enon rpynni (C:.: !.-F. Satlte. Crilique de
la raison dialeclique. Paris, 19b0. P. 419, 420, 422).
14
C:. cxe:y pnr:n~ecion crpyirypi ~nca :acci no 3naenmrenny n: C. J.enn-
men. Hapannie nponane(ennn n mecrn ro:ax. 1. b. N., 19b8. C. 98.
1b
3(eci cronr npnnecrn :nenne nanecrnoro ncce(onaren ncropnn pyccioro inne-
:arorpa]a K. l. Unninna: Croponnnin nreparypi ]aira` noaran, ~ro 3naen-
mrenn crann cnoen neii no(:ennri ncropni :n]oorncrnion. Heian ciaaari, ~ro
raine onacennn in eaocnonareini, no (eo ocrono neci:a nenpocro. Orione-
nnn or ncropn~ecion (ocronepnocrn n:en cnon: ncro~nnio: ne croiio noa(nenmnn
ni:ice, cioiio mnpoiyi ceri cyxon n :oni, pacnpocrpannnmnxcn ror~ac e noce
Oirnpicion penoinnn. 1iani cnenapnn Oirnpn` yinaino nponnrana .rn: ne-
mecrno:`. ]eo ne n nexnarie nn]op:annn iai nanecrno, n pacnopnennn penc-
cepa in nocno:nnannn o~enn(nen n y~acrnnion noccrannn, n ro: ~nce n nanncan-
nie cnennaino (n ]ni:a. B:ecre c re: :ono aa:ernri, ~ro no :nornx cy~anx
3naenmrenn or(ana npe(no~renne ne ]aira: n ne ncropn~ecin: :n]a:, a :n]oornc-
rnie ycrnon, raaernon, crnxnnnon, no(ronnnmen ]airi ne no( repon~eciyi cxe:y, a no(
cxe:y nnoro coirnnnoro apxernna (K. }uetn. Hcropn~ecian penennnn inno. Kn-
b24
ne:arorpa] n Poccnn 189b1980. Pnra, 1991. C. 8b0). Bce ciaaannoe :ono ornecrn
i noncnenni napa(oicancrcion crparernn 3naenmrenna: nenpe:ennoe eanne cra-
nnri ucmopuuecxue ]ni:i, no opnenrnpynci na nnencropn~eciyi nei n (ae pacr-
nopnn ncropn~eciyi ]airn~nocri n cnenapno-cierno: ni:ice, peman conepmenno
nnie npoe:i, neen oripirne ncropn~ecion ncrnni (nn xorn i nepnocri en).
1b
Cp. 5eie anraarn .rn in noapacraimn:n ne roiio no paa:epy, no n no
nnyrpenne:y ana~enni ion~ecrna apa6cxuuu upauu: b1017208b, nn]pa-
:n, ioropie, nipacran n ion~ecrnenno: cnoe: ana~ennn o(nonpe:enno c ynen~enne:
nacrn~ecioro paa:epa na~eprannn, orcryinnan noe(onocnyi (poi noapacraimero
ion~ecrna nn, ncrynaimnx n :oo~nyi aprei (C. J.ennmen. Hapannie co~n-
nennn n mecrn ro:ax. 1. 8. C. 8b.) Honnrno, ~ro pnr:n~ecioe ~nco .ro ro ornome-
nne, ioropoe :oer nonropnricn n nonropnercn, coxpannn nepenniy nn]p nena:en-
ni:... Ho (ae ecn n :ennircn pnr:n~ecine ia~ecrna, nce panno ~nco ocraercn ne
(anni: n nn]pono: onie: ncn cy::a nn]p opaayer pnr:n~eciyi ipnnyi, ioropan
y(epnnaercn e(nni: ornomenne: ~nca.
17
C. J.ennmen. Hapannie nponane(ennn n mecrn ro:ax. 1. 4. N., 19bb. C.
24b24b.
18
C. J.ennmen. Hapannie nponane(ennn n mecrn ro:ax. 1. 8. C. 88.
19
Hn]nnnonnin nopn(oi ~nca, ioropin :ono cero(nn nai(ari noo~ni, n
(ae n ia~ecrne eprn pacnoaraercn n onpe(eennon :erpnie, ro~nee, n:eer oi~nin
iacia(nin rpa]ni, ioropin, iai nanecrno, nicrpannaercn no neprnian, nocioiiy ca:a
ropnaonrai nicrynaer n ia~ecrne neion ne(ocrnn:on n n(eainon nop:i. Kpnnan
na(ennn iypca pyn no ornomenni i (oapy ioeercn .ro oi~nin napnanr
ioeannn iypcon nair, ioropin ne napymaer on(annn. H nor 17 anrycra 1998 ro(a
ce(yer napin, ioropin orpaaercn :omni: nn]nnnonni: n:nyico: n omn: io-
anco: ]nnancono-anioncion cncre:i. ]oap naeraer, renepi nce nn]pi, ioropie
nina(air na .ipan, na(eeni :arn~ecin:n cnoncrna:n: 10, 1b, 20... b0 pyen aa (o-
ap. Hannia. 'nco, pnr:nanponannoe ]nnanconon iaracrpo]on, oiaainaercn (ymon
neioen pacrymen, anonn:non n conepmenno conercion :acci (:acconan ciynia ro-
napon nepnon neoxo(n:ocrn, iai nepe( nonnon nn roo(o:). 3ra nerarnnnan :acca
pacrer e na0enuu n noia eme ne n:eer yconnn (n noanrnnnoro pocra, nenio: aann-
cnr or nacronmero iypca pyn(oapa. Ho ecn i :i ciaaan, ~ro nn]nnnonnin
y(ap i roraini:, :i i omnnci. On aarpony nmi rai naainae:in cpe(nnn
iacc n, n cymnocrn, n: orpann~ncn. Ocnonnan ~acri omecrna ne roiio ne nocr-
pa(aa, no n ninrpaa or oecnennnannn pyn. Oecnennnanne pyn crao nonon
nennocrii, ioropyi :acconoe coananne nocnpnnno noonreino n c neioropi:n
na(e(a:n na yy~menne nann. 3a:erno, ~ro (encrnne nn]nnnonnon ipnnon o-
iaino n ne :oer (aa pe(in:n ncii~ennn:n) npnnecrn i omen nannie n .iono:n-
~ecion iaracrpo]e. O(naio o~enn(no, ~ro nn]nnnonnan (enpeccnnnocri omecrna
(na~nnan c pe]op: lan(apa) ia n ocraercn ranni: ncro~nnio: connainon
anarnn, nnrnna:a n iai ocrpon nexnarin npennx nennocren, rai n oecnennnannn
y(ymnx.
20
C. J.ennmen. Hapannie co~nnennn n mecrn ro:ax. 1. 8. C. b9.
21
1a: e. C. 70
22
1a: e. C. 208
28
3naenmrenn ncce(yer 1ipi:i cepni o]opron ].-5. Hnpanean c
ro~in apennn nnyrpennen (nna:nin opaanon io:noannnn n npnxo(nr i nino(y, ~ro
##
nepe( na:n n:noann, cxptmt e.pte. Bor no~e:y n o]oprax 1e:nnn :i ne
omymae: rnecrn n rnera, no o(ny eriocri: nepe( na:n ne nonomennan oia:enen-
man rnecri ripe:nix aaion n cren, a napinaimeecn oaio nepcneirnnnix npoe-
ron, :i conno aacrae: :o:enr napina, no rai (nna:nia eo.etnennoeo ~yncrna
npoia(inaer cee nyri nixo(n, ninecinnanci aa nn(n:yi io:noannni npona-
ne(ennn. H .ror nyri cipiron .neprnn napina, n:noann, cranonnrcn n nyre: namero
napacraimero nay:ennn nepe( napinnon cnon. Y lonn xo.occa.tnoe (A. ]eppn(a)
onpe(enercn ~epea omyi ion]nrypanni nacnnn ne npocro necopaa:epnocrii nen-
rpainon ]nrypi c ocraini:n, nepn]epnnni:n, no n yrpoaon co croponi ncecoipy-
maimen non i nacnni, ioropoe nenoa:ono nn aa(epari, nn ocranonnri.
b2b
BOL4lAHl 5AHLHXO44
A44LK1 KAK A]PLCAUHA
4HlYPAUHA NACC B 5POHLHOCUL HO1LNKHH`
1
NACCL H NL]HA
Knno 1920-x rr. .ro inno, nocronnno .icnnnnrno pe]eirnpyimee
cnoi :e(nainyi (ncnoannni n (eaimee noa:oni: raine ia(pi, iai ana-
:ennrin innooneparop n rone na 'eoneia c innoannaparo: ]. Beprona
(1929), (eioncrpynpyimne croi npnni~nin na: ioncrpyir :acc-:e(na n
nicrannimne ero iai nrpy oonx io:nonenron :acci n :e(na. B .ro:
opaae :i paan~ae: ne roiio ecr anrope]epennnn, cnoncrnennin (n
ananrap(ncrcioro (nciypca roro npe:enn, no n ropaa(o oimen crenenn :e-
raopaa, iaprnny o iaprnnax
2
, paarncnnimyi na: cnnai :e(y :accon n
:e(na.
Cnnai .ra cranonnrcn o~enn(non ~epea nooenne innooneparopa. Ni
nn(n: ero nnncanni: n ia(p, n neproncinn Knnoraa, nanpanenni: na rony
n epymn: ee n ]oiyc. 3ro :noroconnin ia(p, (aimnn apnrei noa:o-
nocri nai(ari co nroporo yponnn aa re:, ~ro nponcxo(nr na yponne nepno:,
ioropin n cnoen ronoorn~ecion crpyirype n pacnooennn oneparopa
na( :accon, no(~epinyro: ~epea y:noenne naopaennn ]op:ynpyer
cnoero po(a nnayainin napa]paa: ne xy(onni n ne ]ororpa], a innoonepa-
rop nnnercn re: arenro:, ioropin npe(naana~en (n aane~arennn ropo(-
cion :acci no cona: Bepnepa 3o:apra, eccnnanix, a:op]nix :acc
naceennn
8
, aanonnnmnx ropo(a eme n ia~ecrne npo(yira XlX neia. 1e:
ca:i: .ror ia(p nnnercn io::enrapne: i coornomenni connainoro n
rexnn~ecioro paannrnn iai aaonon ioncrennnn :o(epna
4
.
Peenanrnocri .roro :era(nciypcnnnoro io::enrapnn nponnnercn n n
ncropn~ecion ]nnannn. Oneparop nnncinaercn nenocpe(crnenno n :e(nai-
no-apxeoorn~eciyi nnni, oa(aer :e(nainon reneaornen, ioropan n cno-
nx paan~nix paanoporax noiaainaer, nacioiio cnenn]n~ecine ion]nrypa-
nnn :acc n :e(na oiaainaircn oyconenni:n .ron ncrpe~en connainoro
n rexnn~ecioro paannrnn: Kai ]anep 5o(epa, rai n oneparop i:iepon
ninpaer rony n ia~ecrne cnoen npnnnernponannon reppnropnn. Naen-
mee :exann~ecioe (nnenne, re~enne n npornnoxo(, noai n nna nenanecrnix
npoxonx |...]: nce .rn :n:oernie n npexo(nmne nnennn (air ero narn(y
nnmy n onpe(enir c]epy ero nnnnnn
b
.
Lcn oneparop i:iepon a n:ecre c nn: n Beprona c :e(naino-
ncropn~ecion ro~in apennn nnnercn npee:nnio: o(eponcioro ]anepa,
ro .ra reneaorn~ecian nnnn o(nonpe:enno yiaainaer n na cymecrnennin
#%
paapin, :e(nainin cia~oi. Xorn (n oonx, ]anepa n oneparopa, rona
cynr panni: opaao: cipie: nocnpnnrnn, .eirpn~ecin: n (nna:n~e-
cin: noe:, nocnpnnrne .ron roni n narn( na nee noiaainair ana~nrei-
noe orn~ne, nireiaimee na yinainon :e(nainon c:eni poen: Xo(e-
nne naa( n nnepe( npeipamaercn, oneparop ninpaer onpe(eennyi ncxo(-
nyi ro~iy, on noxu0aem mo.n n cranonnrcn o(nno~ion n necioiio ye(n-
nennon noannnn. Ho(nnnin n y(aimnn narn( ]nicnpyercn, pa.-uno-
enue cranonnrcn or(aenne:, a ]anep n:enno n .ror :o:enr na-
6.0ame.eu
b
.
3ra c:ena poen ncer(a any~nr n neproncinx ]ni:ax n ror :o:enr, ior(a
oneparop, cna~aa (nnranci n rone co mrarnno: n ia:epon na ne~ax, noin(a-
er ~eone~eciyi :accy, ~roi pacnoonricn nanpornn nee: na :ocry, nepe-
ipecrie, ipime (o:a. B cnoen ronoorn~ecion n (ncnoanrnnnon ion]nrypa-
nnn, n pacnooennn o(nno~in n necioiio ye(nnennon noannnn n n cnn-
aanno: c .rn: nopo(enne: Ha6.0ame., c:ena poen n:eer (aeio
n(ymne noce(crnnn (n roro, o ~e: a(eci non(er pe~i: naan:o(encrnnn :ac-
ci n :e(na. 5eon no(~epinnaer, ~ro .ror :e(nainin cia~oi ne(er iai
noiaainaer pannnn inne:arorpa]n~ecinn anp nn(on (nanpn:ep, y i:i-
epon) nenocpe(crnenno i ro:y, ~ro :e(y ronon n oneparopo:, :e(y
:accon n :e(na paannnaercn ncropn~ecin nonoe n n nicmen crenenn cnenn-
]n~ecioe naan:o(encrnne. ]n oneparopa, iai n cnoe npe:n (n ]anepa,
rona nnnercn cipie: (n nn(ennn, crn:ynnnen nocnpnnrnn n oreiro:
no(eennn. B:ecre c re: ~epea ia:epy, ~epea :e(ny: inno rona nperepne-
naer cymecrnennyi rpanc]op:anni, cranonnci :o(enpye:on n (ncnnnnnn-
pye:on. No(enpye:on, nocioiiy ia:epa npenpamaer rony n (nna:n~e-
cioe noe, naxo(nmeecn no( nnnnne: iai cn ionnenrpannn, rai n pacnie-
nnn; (ncnnnnnnpye:on, rai iai ro e ca:oe noe npnoperaer nocpe(crno:
ia:epi onpe(enimyi crpyirypy, npe(nncanne nanpanennn (nnennn, ero
npe(ciaaye:ocri n opa:enne.
Coornomenne connainoro n rexnn~ecioro paannrnn n ocy(ae:o:
ia(pe na 'eoneia c innoannaparo: nnnercn nani: ne roiio c :e(n-
aino-apxeoorn~ecion ro~in apennn. 3ror ia(p, nncnennpyimnn cnnai :ac-
ci n :e(na, oa(aer o(nonpe:enno ~erin: n nicmen crenenn peenanrni:
ncropn~ecin: n nonrn~ecin: ionreicro:. 'eonei c innoannaparo: (a-
rnponan 1929 ro(o:, ionno: (eia(i, or:e~ennon n Conercio: Coiae nonir-
ion coa(annn :acconoro omecrna, airepnarnnnoro aana(no:y n onnpaime-
:ycn na yronni ocnoo(ennn yronni, nponoaracnnmyi o cee n na~ae
.roro (ecnrnernn re:, ~ro npn :acconon nncnennponie ncropn~ecinx coi-
rnn ricn~n airepon paairpinair ca:nx cen iai ncropn~ecinx cyreiron n
ncnonnir cnon cocrnennie ncropn~ecine pon. 3]]eiro: .roro ia rpanc-
]op:annn nanennix crpyiryp n rearpainie. Hx conepmenno nnan ion]n-
rypannn npocennaercn n ionne .roro (ecnrnernn ne n noce(nii o~e-
pe(i n ro:, ~ro c aapo(enne: crannna:a :acca na raaax npenpamaercn n
oreir pnryainon, crporon (ncnnnnni, nncnennpyimencn n npocrpancr-
nax nionannn
7
. Hana~ainan yronnn ocnoo(ennn nirecnnercn npn .ro:
n nonepxnocrnyi crpyirypy opna:enrainoro
8
.
b28
O~enn(no, ~ro inno n .ron cnnan nina(aer ocoan poi. Kai nniaine
(pyrne :e(na (o .roro, inno oiaainaercn n cocronnnn (iai .ro noiaainaer
'eonei c innoannaparo:) eene~epnee conpari :acconyi nyniy n
o(no: :ecre n nanpannri ee omnn narn( n o(ny ro~iy
9
. Knno y(aoci
npe(crannri :acci iai (nnraimnecn :acconie rea n iai rea :acc. H ior(a
3epxap( e::epr ronopnr o ro:, ~ro ~eone~ecine :acci |...] cranonnrcn
nocnpnnn:ae:i:n iai ore(nnennn ocooro po(a roiio ~epea :e(na n ~ro
:e(na :oryr noccoa(ari :accy (ae ra:, r(e ee ner
10
, ro nn i iaio:y (pyro-
:y cpe(crny :acconon nn]op:annn n ro npe:n .ro ne ornocnrcn n raion :epe,
iai i inno
11
.
Ho.ro:y raie o~enn(no, no~e:y conercian :acconan yronnn 1920-x rr. n
nepnyi o~epe(i npono(naci ~epea :e(na inno. Ocoyi poi a(eci, ea co-
:nennn, nrpaer Cepren 3naenmrenn. H:enno on i ro:y npe:enn, iai enponen-
cine n a:epniancine penccepi noiaainan nerarnnnie iaprnni a:op]non
:acci c noannnn ipnrnin iyirypi, nncnennpona :accy iai e(nnoe oprann-
~ecioe ioeirnnnoe reo. H n:enno 5ponenocen Hore:inn` iai (oiy-
:enrnpyer penennnn ]ni:a n lep:annn paapaora npn:o-rain napa(nr-
:arn~ecine innoopaai :acci
12
, ioropie i ro:y e rai peaino nponano(n-
n ioeirnnnoe noopaenne, nnpryainin :np noopaae:on ioeirnn-
nocrn, ~ro cn:ynipi, inne:arorpa]n~ecine ia(pi n ciopo: npe:enn ye
pacc:arpnnanci iai (oiy:enrainoe ]nicnponanne ca:oro npe(:era: Xy-
(oecrnennie ]ni:i 3naenmrenna (ae n oimen crenenn, ~e: ponin
nonocren rpa(ancion nonni 19181921 rr., coa(anan onir :acci, cranmnn
ro~ion orc~era (n y(ymnx roionannn
18
.
Ha .ron nepcneirnni :i ncce(ye: naopaenne :acc n (nyx cnenax
.roro ]ni:a. B nnx, ipo:e cocrannon ioncrpyinnn :acc-:e(na, nno(nrcn
nonnrne nno :acci. 3ro nonnrne cnon: cne(enne: noe(nno (nyx ionnen-
ron, rpa(nnnonno cronmnx n nnapnon onnoannnn no ornomenni (pyr i
(pyry, (eaer narn(ni: ro nanpnenne, n ioropo: ionnenr nna n(pyr nnoni
]nrypnpyer iai anai nn(nnn(yainocrn. 3naenmrenn conepmenno coana-
reino paoraer c .rn: nanpnenne:, orn~aimn: enponenciyi iyirypy
n neo:, n niraercn c(eari ero npo(yirnnni: (ne cy~anno n cnnan c
ncce(ye:i: a(eci ]ni:o:), ni(enn nno na ero iyirypnon aaipenen-
nocrn n ia~ecrne y(ocronepennn nn(nnn(yainocrn. Ueii ia rpanc-
]op:annn nna n ynnnepcainin cnrnn]nianr, oripinan re: ca:i: noa:o-
nocri nepecrynnri yno:nnyrie nnapnocrn, n npe(e ncero nnapnyi on-
noannni nn(nnn(yy: :acca: 5oee cnoo(ni:n oiaaanci :i ca:n, io-
r(a na: na(o io paapemnri ioeirnnnin oni nore:inncioro :arpo-
ca`. Hn o(non, no cymecrny, cinoanon ]nrypi, nn o(noro ~acrnoro conpa-
reinoro nna n Hore:inne` :i ne n:ee:. Ho croi e o~enn(no, ~ro
e(nnin oni :nrenoro ponenocna, ro ecri ]ora 190b ro(a, e(nnin o-
ni :arpoca nepnon penoinnn, eayconno, n:eercn. He naopaennin nn-
r(e, on re: ne :enee, caranci na ec~ncennoro ion~ecrna nn, nocrynion,
nymei, ]aron, non, ry:anon, oaion, noanniaer na iaprnni ]nanorno:n~e-
cin conepmeno or~ernno
14
.
#'
AKUHA
Bxo( :acc n ncropni o(na na nnayainix cnrnaryp XX neia ~acro
ocymecrnnercn y Cepren 3naenmrenna yinaino: ncrynenne :acci n ia(p
:apinponano iai niciaainanne. 1ai n rperie: aire Hore:inna, r(e cna~a-
a nn(en eme cnoionnin pannn: yrpo: nopr, a noro: naaria c eamn: n
rpoy Baiynn~yio:, npn~e: rnrpi nano(nr :ocr :e(y noncran~ecin: po-
nenocne: n ropo(o: n neon(anno noanniaer ia(p: opa:ennin c (nyx
cropon :acion, cyamen aananeco:; (nnnan, yaian, nycran ecrnnna, ioro-
pan ~epea nanin neon(anno oiaainaercn nonon i(en; ia(p, aara(o~nin n
cnoe: cia~ie or nycrori i aanonennocrn, iai ca:o noanninonenne :acci:
Heon(anno nce nono i(i:n
1b
.
1o, ~ro :i nn(n: a(eci c (ncrannnn nenpepinnon cre:in omn: nano:,
nnnercn ncxo(ni: nyniro: na raaax napacraimero (nnennn. Hanpanne-
:oe n onpe(eennoe pyco ~epea ropo(ciyi apxnreirypy, ocoenno ]opcnpye-
:oe ecrnnnen iai nocpe(nnio: inneanca
1b
, connainoe reo ]op:npyercn n
(nnennn iai reo, ioncrnrynpyimee nepnoe oropaenne :acci: :acci iai
peia. H, iai y(ro ean no(~epinyri npncymne .ro:y oropaenni arpny-
ri 0euenu, pocma n nanpae.enu, ]ni: nenpepinno oirpinaer (ai-
nenmne roni i(en, iai neprniaino, rai n ropnaonraino onpe(enimne
paa:ep .ipannon nonepxnocrn n oenx ee ioop(nnarax. Cn:no pein .ro
cn:no npe:enn, ior(a opaayercn :acca, noia ona eme ne (ocrnra roro, ~ero
ona (ocrnrner n y(yme:
17
.
3ro oropaenne reneanca :acci noy~aer n (ainenme: neenanpan-
ennoe npo(oenne, y(ro i ]ni: xo~er eme oee narn(no ooana~nri
a(eci npncymne cn:noy pexu ronoorn~ecine crpyirypi nnrepnaa, nepexo-
(a. Ni nn(n: (aee, omn: nano:, ry e ca:yi rony, iai ona :e(enno
na(nnraercn c aa(nero nana naopaennn ~epea paa(enimnn oripiroe :o-
pe :o na nepe(nnn nan. Nacci i(en, n:onrnponannie n .ror ia(p n npn-
operaimne ~epea (nnenne ia:epi (ononnreinyi nacrn~nocri, ycrpe:-
nircn n napinpyimnxcn nonropennnx npe(i(ymero ia(pa nnna no paan~-
ni: ecrnnna:. 3ra peia no nnayainon ornie noce(onareinocrn ia(-
pon cranonnrcn :ope:. Ho:n:o roro, a(eci naxo(nr cnoi peanaanni n
nropoe cn:non~ecioe oropaenne :acci: 1ona xo~er crari raion e
oimon, iai :ope, ona nreiaer n :ope
18
ror .e:enr, ioropin ropo(cine
:acci (enr c noncran~ecin:n :arpoca:n
19
.
1ain: opaao:, nepnona~aino :i n:ee: (na oropaennn :acci, ioro-
pie ni(enircn iai ce:anrn~ecin, rai n ]nrypaino. 3ro ia(pi, aprniyn-
pyimne ncrpe~nin c:ic
20
, no(rnep(aimnn panencrno, nornocri, pocr n
nanpanenne iai ioncrnryrnnnie npnanain :acci
21
; ia(pi, cnnrie ncii~n-
reino omn: nano: n noiaainaimne :accy, oprannaonannyi no npe:enn n
npocrpancrne, oomennyi a(pecni:n cn:noa:n pein n :opn n coornercr-
nyimyi ron nepanno(ymnon npnpo(e, o ioropon nnca ca: 3naenmrenn
22
.
3ro n nno(nie 1ableaus, n ioropix :acca nicrynaer iai (nnraimancn ion]n-
rypannn ec~ncennix i(en, pacipinaimancn cna~aa iai nnnn nn ion-
ryp, iai acrpainnn, iai ~ro-ro, ~ro eme (ono iri nonomeno n nepconn-
b80
]nnnponano
28
. 'ro-ro, ~ro re: ca:i: (ono opecrn nno, nocioiiy e(nncr-
nennoe nno, ioropoe :i (o cnx nop nn(en, naxo(nrcn nne npe(eon .ron
:acci nno Baiynn~yia, :eprnoro :arpoca.
'epea iai pnr:n~ecin, rai n ce:anrn~ecin npono(n:oe nii~enne nna n
:acci nenocpe(crnenno pocaercn n raaa ne roiio mnpoinn cneirp nn, no
n nx nnno paan~nin craryc. Heioropie (nna ypya) ]nanorno:n~ecin
naneeni na acoirnyi npo~nrinae:ocri; (pyrne (nna ciopnmnx i(en),
nanpornn, nocnr orne~aroi nicoion .icnpeccnnnocrn. Ne(y .rn:n (ny:n
noica:n no:emaircn nna oimnncrna pao~nx, :arpocon, enmnn. 4yni-
nnn nna ryr aaii~aercn n coa(annn o~enn(nocrn, re:, ~ro ono npnna-
ercn i aaion~enno:y` anaiy
24
.
B:ecro nn(nnn(yainix nn, n:eimnx cnoi norpa]ni n :ennimnxcn
no npe:enn, npnxo(nr, no cona: 3naenmrenna, :yaiiainan ra::a
2b
, cepnn
nn n yinaino: c:ice cnncoi nn, nnno naneennin na ro, ~roi no-
(opnari (onepne i nny iai npnnnernponanno:y nocnrei nn(nnn(yaino-
crn n :n:n~ecion .icnpeccnnnocrn. Nnoecrno nn, ioropie :i a(eci nn-
(n:, or:e~eni ryoin: ciencnco: no ornomenni i nny iai y(ocronepe-
nni nn(nnn(yainocrn. Ho(ono noa(nenmn: paora: ]eeaa n lnarrapn, y
3naenmrenna raie aa:eren oriaa or nna iai aepiaa nnyrpennero :npa
2b
.
Penccepa nocxnmao nno iai pe]eicnn npnanaion iacca nn connai-
non rpynni, nno iai :acia, iai .icnpeccnnnan (erai, iai anai, iai rnna.
3ro io n .ro n:eer nenrpainoe ana~enne (n namnx (ainenmnx paa-
:imennn ciyinrypnoe, ore:noe nno, nno, nmymee noanpamennn i re-
y. 3ra cipinaimancn or rpa(nnnonnix iyirypnix n connainix nop:
opnenrannn nna nnnaci, ea co:nennn, ocnononoaraimn: maro: rpairon-
in n nncnennponin naan:o(encrnnn nn(nnn(yy:a n :acci no ry cropony
ycron~nnix (nxoro:nn. nmennoe cnoen nenonropn:ocrn, nno npo]nnpyer
cnon nacrn~ecine n connainie na:epennn, operan re: ca:i: nenocpe(cr-
nennyi cnoo(y (n (pyrnx napnanron. Hpoe |...] :e(y pa(niainon nep-
cnen cyreirnnnocrn iai nenonropn:ocrn |...] n ananne: o irnn ~acrii
roni, ynen~ennon connainon cncre:i
27
, ioropin nnnercn npn~nnon npn-
nnernponannon pon nna n inno, npnoperaer y 3naenmrenna nnoe nano-
nenne. Hpiia n nnrn:noe, ncnonenne nna iai aepiaa nnyrpennero :n-
pa coornercrnenno ro ia~ecrno, ioropoe nana~aino onpe(ener nno n
inno a(eci ne~ero n (ari.
Ce(yn reicryaini: :ero(a:, ioropi:n coe(nneno a(eci rain: opaao:
(e-nn(nnn(yananponannoe nno, :ono onapynri ncrnnnyi no.rniy co-
e(nnennn n rpanc]op:annn nn(nnn(yy:a n :acci, o(noro n ncex, iai .ro
any~nr n o(no: na rnrpon no.rniy, cncre:arn~ecin ncnoiayimyi rpn
napa:erpa: ]nrypy, nno n narn(.
Hepnin cnoco nnerennn inno]nrypi n ore:nyi ion]nrypanni onepn-
pyer ronoornen ia(pa. On aaii~aercn n ro:, ~ro na nepe(ne: nane :ono
nn(eri nno, a na aa(ne: nane n ro e npe:n cxe:arn~no, cena nanpano,
(nnyrcn ~epea ia(p i(n. 3ro cnenn]n~ecinn cnoco npo~rennn rynni
peaiocrn, npne: oomennn, cnnainannn nepe(nero n aa(nero nanon, noion n
(nnennn, ronopnmero n cymaimero, o(noro n :nornx. 1ain: opaao: ocy-
#!
mecrnnercn .crern~ecioe naan:o(encrnne ]nrypi n ]ona c re: .]]eiro:,
~ro e(nnn~nin n ia~ecrne ]nrypi cranonnrcn nocnpnnn:ae:i: roiio na
]one :acci. 3ro naan:o(encrnne pe]eirnpyimero n pe]eirnpye:oro e(nn-
crna, r(e ioeirnnnoe npn:ennercn iai pe]eirnpyiman, a nn(nnn(yainoe
iai pe]eirnpye:an nnnn.
B orn~ne or .roro npne:a, onepnpyimero eu.a.tntu coe0unenueu o0-
noeo co eceuu n pa:iax or(einoro ia(pa, ce(yimnn npne: (encrnyer no
cnnraicn~ecion nnnn, coe(nnnimen :noecrno ia(pon. Nono ooana~nri
ero iai npne: .apaenu ecmou: o(nn ~eonei ronopnr, (pyrne raie
na~nnair ronopnri; o(na pyia cn:aercn n iyai, (pyrne orne~air re: e
ecro:. B ionne .nnao(a :i n:ee: cia~ioopaanyi iyi:nnanni n .icrarn-
~ecio: ecre pao~ero, pnymero na cee pyaxy. C .rn: :ono cnnaari eme
o(nn npne: xo..exmuenoeo nepopuanca: .ro (encrnne, ioropoe (eair
nce n:ecre (e:oncrpnpyir, ciopnr, noir nn rpoanr iyaia:n. Hpne:
ore(nnennn e(nnn~non ]nrypi n rpynni, ncnoiayimnn :e(nainie paan-
~nn :e(y naopaenne: n nnci:o:, nnnercn, n ione~no: c~ere, naan:non
mpancxpunue mexcma.tnocmu u eu.a.tnocmu. Lro napa(nr:arn~ecioe
ocymecrnenne nponcxo(nr n (eennn rnrpa Bce aa o(noro o(nn aa
ncex, r(e aanonnimne .ipan cona o(nn n nce :onrnpyircn c naopa-
ennn:n rpynni nn o(noro ~eoneia.
Ce(yimnn napa:erp, (eaimnn oa non un0ueu0u n uacca naan-
:onponniaimn:n (pyr (n (pyra, .ro ipynnin nan, nno ipynnoro nana.
3(eci, r(e naxo(nr cnoe :ecro pa(niainie nepcnn cyreirnnnocrn iai e(n-
nn~nocrn, ocoenno or~ernno aa:erno ocooe :o(enponanne nna y 3naen-
mrenna. Kai nanecrno na pannen reopnn inno, (n nna n ipynno: nane
rnnn~en cnoeopaanin npioi, neon(annoe ni(nnenne nnepe( na coorner-
crnennoro npocrpancrnenno-npe:ennoro ionreicra n aony nnrn:noro: Lcn
:i roiio ~ro nn(en nno n ryme roni n ecn ono noro: ni(enercn na
nepe(nnn nan, ro na: na~nnaer iaaaricn, ~ro :i oiaainaercn c nn: c raay
na raa. Lcn :i nn(en ero nepe( .rn: n oimo: no:emennn, ro npn npn-
nennn i na: nna ipynni: nano: :i aainae: o .ro: no:emennn.
Be(i nipaenne nna n .nauenue .roro nipaennn ne n:eer acoirno nnia-
ioro npocmpancmeennoeo omnonenu u.u ce.u. Cron nno: i naonponan-
no:y nny, :i ne ~yncrnye: cen n npocrpancrne
28
(iypcnn :on. . .).
3naenmrenn raie no(~epinnaer .ror npocrpancrnenno-npe:ennon npi-
oi, nnnnnnponannin ipynni: nano:. O(naio c(eannie n: orci(a nino-
(i n ornomennn nna n(yr npairn~ecin n npornnonoono: nanpanennn.
Y 5aama .ror npioi ii~ i ]nanorno:n~ecio:y npo~renni nna, ioro-
poe (ono oripiricn nnronnponannon n nrpe nipaennn ra::e ]nanorno-
:n~ecioro nipaennn
29
. 3naenmrenn, nanpornn, nanennaercn na npornnono-
onin noic :n:n~ecioro nipaennn aannennyi nepepaoriy opra-
nn~ecioro, cyreirnnnoro` nna
80
. nna pao~nx, nno craporo ~eoneia,
nno :oo(on enmnni nce .ro nna, nmennie iai nipaennn, rai n
cyrrecrnn nan~nn nnyrpennero :npa. 3ro n ropaa(o oimen crenenn nna-
aepiaa, ]yninnonnpyimne iai cenc:orpa]i, (eaimne nn(n:i: ne~ro na-
xo(nmeecn nne nx ro ne~ro, ~ro io i acoirno nenpe(crann:o n
b82
u.o6paenuu :acci: ncropnn, rpynni, iacci. 3rn nna oiaainaircn (ecyr-
eirnnnponanni:n ea roro, ~roi o(nonpe:enno iri (enn(nnn(yananpo-
nanni:n; onn nnnircn n ron e :epe ~nrae:i:n, iai n nn(n:i:n, n ron e
:epe anaia:n, iai n rea:n.
Lcn cna~aa ia(oe na .rnx nn nicrynaer n cnoen nnayainon anrono-
:nn ca:o aa cen, ro ne y(nnnreino, ~ro n crpyirypi narn(a rpernn
npocennae:in a(eci napa:erp paapaarinaircn nna~e. Hn o(no na .rnx
nn ne o]op:eno no ianonn~ecion ornie narn(a, nn o(no ne nii~eno n
.e:enrapnin cnnraicnc nn(eri n iri ynn(enni:. H nce e ia(oe na
.rnx nn naxo(nrcn no( nnnnne: narn(a, nanpanennoro nonne n aa ia(p
ry(a, r(e, iai :i anae: na nno(noro ia(pa, enr :eprnin :arpoc: ]nrypa
rperiero, ioropan ]nrypnpyer ipynni: nano: iai nocpe(nni :e(y :noe-
crno: paapoanenno c:orpnmnx nn, n opaayer ror npoe, ]yninnn ioroporo
aaii~ena n ro:, ~roi nonornri nenonomae:oe cnnai, ore(nnnimyi
:noecrno or(einix i(en :e(y coon.
3]]eir, ioropin ce(yer na nii~ennn e(nnn~nix ]nryp n oee ipyn-
nyi ]nrypainyi ioncrennni; (ainenmnn, cnnaannin c (ecyreirnnnaa-
nnen nn n ipynno: nane .]]eir; n ione~no: nrore noy~ennin ~epea
pee ]pyroro .]]eir panencrna. Bce .rn .]]eiri cnnainaircn n .]]eir
nepe:ennoro ]oiycnponannn. B .ro: acneire ye oronopennan io:noannnn
:opn n :oa cranonnrcn .crern~ecion npei(nen i npocrynaimn: no npe:n
.nnao(a ionrypa: noa:onocrn nn(eri n nepennari o(nonpe:enno n n
pannon crenenn iai nn(nnn(yainoe, rai n ioeirnnnoe. Lcn ]oiycnpyercn
:ope nnnen cranonnrcn :o; ecn ]oiycnpyercn :o, ro ]ono: cranonnr-
cn :ope. 1ain: opaao:, n .ron io:noannnn :ope n :o, :acca n nn(nnn(yy:
nonepe:enno yiaainair (pyr na (pyra. 1ain: opaao:, nonmecrno 3naen-
mrenna aaii~aercn n coa(annn naan:ocnnaannix n nenpepinnix pn(on,
npeo(oenaimnx iyi nnapnyi crpyirypy n (yana: ioeirnnnoro n
nn(nnn(yainoro. Onn (ocrnrair ciopee nonon peainocrn, ioropyi :ono
naanari (nnn(yainocrii, nenocpe(crnenno coe(nnnimen nena:epn:yi io-
eirnnnyi pe]eicni c ocoi:n ~yncrna:n ia(oro nn(nnn(yy:a
81
.
PL-AKUHA
'erneprin air 5ponenocna Hore:inn` na~nnaercn .nn~ecin: rnrpo::
B re na:nrnie (nn ropo( n o(non nanii c noccranmn: ponenocne:.
Hoce(yimee nnnercn mnpoio:acmranon (e:oncrpannen con(apnocrn :e-
(y naceenne: O(ecci n :arpoca:n Hore:inna: :ocr, na ioropin ye
na:eiaoci n oropaennn :acci Nope, nnrencn]nnnpyercn nocpe(crno:
noce(yimen (nna:nin (apa n o:ena. Hocanni npnnocnr na Hore:inn
npo(yiri. C nicori, c o(non na ecrnnn, nanpanen narn( i ropnaonry, i
ponenocny. Hpn .ro: ni(enircn or(einie i(n: nonan enmnna n
nencne, (a:a n man n c opnero:, eanornn iaeia. Cnona, iai n npe(e,
noanniaer cnn(po: aapaennn: cinoai paan~nie connainie con rene-
pnpyercn :onrao: ecr :axannn yinaino neni :axannn.
#!!
Ho(nn:aercn oipamennoe ipacnoe ana:n ponenocna, o(na :ari noiaaina-
er na nero n peenia npopinaercn no(aaroonoi n n(pyr. B nepnon pe-
(ainnn (pyr aa (pyro: ce(onan ~eripe ioporinx ia(pa, n ioropix peain:
ro~io: (cirpanni: n airepcin n :onrano) aanpoin(inaercn roona (e-
nymin. B (nyx ce(yimnx ia(pax na~aa eay:noro era roni nnna no
crynenn:. H roiio aare: .ipan noiaainaer npn~nny nann~ecioro ncnyra
mepenry iapareen, ncrynaimnx na nepxnii noma(iy
82
.
Bneaannocri .ro ne roiio, iai c]op:ynpona Kap-Xannn 5opep, nen-
rpainan iareropnn :o(epna
88
; nneaannocri .ro o(nonpe:enno cnrnarypa
ia(oro a]]eira. A]]eira, ioropin n npe(oenno: cy~ae (encrnyer eme
cninee, rai iai ero npn~nna ocraercn (n nac cna~aa cipiron. Ni nn(n:
peainni, nn(n: ne~ro, (onoe naxo(nricn no npe:enno: n iayaaino: orno-
mennn i ~e:y-ro o(naio :i ne anae:, iaioe (encrnne (Allion) npe(mecr-
nyer .ro:y ornerno:y (encrnni (Pe-Allion)
84
. Ni anae:, ~ro ne~ro npnno-
(nrcn n (nnenne, no ne anae:, iro nn ~ro a(eci nnnercn ncro~nnio: (nn-
ennn
8b
. 'epea raioe ninecenne aa cioin ncnion npn~nni, ~epea nneaan-
nocri, c ioropon raine ia(pi nacnicrnenno npepinair n ]ni:e re~enne
nponcxo(nmero, n renepnpyercn .ra nnymnreinan nnrencnnnocri a]]eira,
cn:nro:o: ioropon nnnercn (epraimancn pinio: roona. Honropennin ne-
cioiio paa, pinoi rooni no~rn ~ro nnpirnnaer n ia(p. loona cranonnrcn
:n~o:, ioropin iai n ca:n a]]eiri nepecraer no(~nnnricn. Ona
cn:no n o(nonpe:enno, iai [ump cul, inne:arorpa]n~ecinn .]]eir. Ho-
.ro:y :i nn(n: a(eci ne roiio ro, iai roona icrpo ncin(inaercn nnepx,
o(nonpe:enno :i nn(n:, iai n ca:o inno-reo ~epea :noroiparnoe nonrope-
nne npnoperaer napinnon xapairep
8b
.
Henocpe(crnennin peayirar .roro napina npe(e ncero peainn paa-
pin c (nerern~ecion opnenrannen apnren. Onaennin ein ]on, na ioro-
po: roona npiraer nnepx, ne (aer na: nniainx yiaaannn, r(e nponcxo(nr ro,
~ro :i a(eci nn(n:. K ro:y e nno enmnni cnnro .icrpe:aino naio.
Ono nonepnyro an]ac, rai ~ro cocrnenno nna :i ne nn(n: nmi roony,
aaipiryi na(aimn:n nnna nooca:n. 3ro (enepconn]nnnponannoe, (erep-
pnropnanponannoe nno. H, rain: opaao: na ~ro n ncce(onannnx (o
cnx nop no~rn ne opamaoci nnn:annn .nnao( na~nnaercn c coanarei-
noro napymennn nna. Ha .ro: yponne, no c :noroiparni: ycnenne:, npo-
ncxo(nr ror c(nnr, ioropin ]ann( 5op(y. onpe(ener iai renepainin
.]]eir .rnx ~eripex ia(pon: Cepnn na ~eripex ia(pon na~nnaercn c oc-
aennn npocrpancrna ecrnnni, npe(crannn inaan-(nerern~ecine` opa-
ai: nnior(a ne nixo(n aa npe(ei ciera nenio: |...], no n ne nonocrii
n ne:, onn ]yninnonnpyir n ia~ecrne :rnonennix nepnenrnnnix n .:o-
nnonainix crn:yon
87
.
3nnao( c ecrnnnen c nepnoro ia(pa nnronnponan iai nepexo(nan aona n
n:eer, no cnn(ereicrny 3naenmrenna 1989 ro(a
88
, nenocpe(crnennoe ornome-
nne i ncce(onanno:y n npe(i(ymen rane .nnao(y. B nenrpe cnona naxo(nr-
cn ncrpe~a nn(nnn(yy:a n :acci, nna n rea. H nce e paan~ne :e(y
(ny:n .nnao(a:n neoiinonenno nenio. B ro npe:n iai n nepno: .nnao(e
]op:npyercn ioeirnnnoe reo, ipncranayimee cen ~epea cn:non~e-
b84
cine onpe(enren peia n :ope iai ynryiman penoinnonnan oparn-
:an :acca
89
, no nropo: .ro reo cncre:arn~ecin paapymaercn. H ecn n
nepno: .nnao(e .ro ioeirnnnoe reo ocnamaercn orari: naopo: paan~-
nix nn, no nropo: cy~ae nno cranonnrcn :ecro: opii n paapymennn.
Hpocennan .ro paapymenne, :ono aa:ernri, ~ro ye n nepnix ia(pax
na~nnaercn nponecc paaoennn :acci, npnne(ennin n (encrnne yrpoai-
men ecrniynnnen ]iia Pnmeie neoimon ciyinrypi nnepxy o(ec-
cion ecrnnni, :npnan noaa ioropon neenanpanenno npenpamaercn ia:e-
pon n yrpoaimyi. i(n n nannie eryr c ecrnnni, n ecnopn(o~nix (nn-
ennnx, noo(nno~ie nn rpynna:n, nonocrii cran nanpanenne:, o(epn-
:ie o(nn: e(nncrnenni: eanne: npo~i or onacnocrn
40
.
Hannia .ro pacna( :acci n :acce. Or(einin ~eonei orna(aer n
xo~er cipiricn or nee, cronmen iai neoe no( yrpoaon
41
nnmer Kanerrn.
1aion pacna( i i nenoa:oen n oripiro: npocrpancrne. ]n noannino-
nennn nannin neoxo(n:a orpann~ennan npocrpancrnennan (ncnoannnn. ]n
Kanerrn napa(nr:arn~ecin: nnnercn aa:inyrin aa rearpa, n ioropo:
neon(anno ncnixnnaer na:n n nce crpe:nrcn i nixo(y. 3naenmrenn eper
npocrpancrnennyi (ncnoannni ecrnnni, no~rn npe(onpe(enimyi naopa-
enne pacna(a :acci n :acce. K ro:y e n npe(oenno: ionreicre .ro
eme n nnrepreicryainan (ncnoannnn nano:nnanne o ron ecrnnne, ioro-
pan n npe(i(ymen ~acrn oecne~nnaer noa:onocri noanninonennn :acci.
Pacna( :acci nporeiaer, iai .ro noncnner penccepcinn cnenapnn, ~epea
cncre:arn~ecioe paciainanne npe(e neocrnoro na rereporennie ~acrn~-
in: Horn cranonnrcn na ioenn (! 1b)
42
; Hpoer (! 17); ecrnnna n
nannie (! 24); Horn noi eryr. Nari n (ern na annapar (! 88);
Karnrcn i(n (! b1); Hepe(nne ioeca na ipai cryneniin (! b8d);
1ea iarnrcn i nnay ecrnnni (! 90); Horn ip. n annapar (!. 91a).
H iai paa n cny roro, ~ro ecrnnni nnnircn cncre:a:n nopn(ia, r(e (nne-
nne n rea nanpannircn no onpe(eenno:y nyrn, a raie na-aa iyirypno
:apinponannon cn:non~ecion ]yninnn ecrnnni iai neprniainoro pac-
ipirnn :npa
48
, nno(n:an nenocpe(crnenno c nepnix ia(pon rpanc]op:annn
ynopn(o~ennon :acci n :accy, oxna~ennyi nannion, (encrnyer ocoenno nne-
~arnime.
5er :acci c ecrnnni, nenocpe(crnenno nianannin nacrynenne: iaaa-
ion n no(ronne:in cryneniia:n iai innern~ecin: ycnnree: .ro (nn-
enne ioeirnnnoro rea, noiaainaimero cen o(nonpe:enno iai neoe n
iai pacna(aimeecn. Lcn nam narn( nanpanen rai, iai n nnrnpye:o: ia(pe
c nn(o: na ecrnnny, ro :i nn(n: roiio nyaipiin, aa:inyrie n npocrpancr-
ne n ecnopn(o~no nepe(nnraimnecn ro~in. 1aine cre:in omn: nano:,
cy::npyimne ia(pi, noiaainaimne na: coornercrnyimee cocronnne neoro,
nporeiair n cncre:arn~ecin npanninon noce(onareinocrn, no~rn iai neni
anaion npennnannn. B peaio: ionrpacre i nn:, rai ciaaari, na (pyro: noice,
n o~enn(no ycnnnaime:cn pnr:e, nporeiaer pac~enenne .roro ioeirnn-
noro inno-rea nocpe(crno: :onraa, ioropin ~epea cre:in ipynni: na-
no: ]oiycnpyer or(einie no(ponocrn, a ne neoe. Cocrnenno paapymenn-
e: oiaainaercn ne paccrpe, a nacnicrnennan rpanc]op:annn roiio ~ro
#!#
opaaonannoro ioeirnnnoro rea n reo pacna(aimeecn, oxna~ennoe nann-
ion. B .ron cnnan nno noy~aer nenrpainyi ]yninni iai iyirypno n
:e(naino :apinponannin a(pec. B .ro: .nnao(e paapymaercn n npeipamaer
cnoe cymecrnonanne iai reo ne roiio ca:o ioeirnnnoe reo, no n nno.
Ho(ono npe(i(yme:y .nnao(y, :i n:ee: a(eci roiio n ropaa(o oimen
crenenn (ereppnropnanponannie nna n .icrpe:ainix, ~acrn~no nano(n-
mnx pa:iy ia(pa npn:o na nno, cre:iax ipynni: nano:: nno :arepn, y
ioropon aacrpennair cina; nno niainaimen nionorpa]n~ecine acconna-
nnn c Naler dolorosa :oo(on enmnni c (ercion ioncion. 3rn nna, ~ac-
rn~no eme npnna(eamne (nereancy, ornocnrcn ciopee i npo:eyro~non
aone n, ocnoo(ennie or neoxo(n:ocrn, :oryr nponcnnri napparnnnie ]n-
rypi, cranonnricn a]]eiro:, re: nno: y~nreinnni, ioropoe, iai cnrnanan-
pyer opamenne i .ro:y nny 4pencnca 5.iona, nnnercn nonomenne: .ic-
rpe:ainoro a]]eira.
Henocpe(crnennin ionreicr (encrnnn, n ioropo: noanniaer .ro nno, on-
pe(enercn (ercion ioncion: npiran nnna no ecrnnne, ona niiarinaercn na
ia(pa n nona(aer (iai iaercn) no( y(ap can iaaaia, aa:axnnaimerocn aa
ia(p. 3a .rn: ce(yer nno y~nreinnni. 3ro e(nncrnennoe nno, i ioropo:y
(aircn (erainie yiaaannn n penccepcio: cnenapnn: loona Horanne-
non n iponn (! 92) n Horannena c ninri: pince-nez (! 92b)
44
. Kpo:e
roro, .ro nno, ioropi: aanepmaercn .nnao( na ecrnnne. Henocpe(crnenno aa
nn: ce(yer ia(p nonopa~nnaimencn opy(nnnon amnn c no(aaroonio:: H
ror(a na anepcrna noennix nacren O(ecci ornernn cnapn(i ponenocna.
1ain: opaao:, .nnao( c ecrnnnen aaian~nnaercn na nne, ]nrypnpyi-
me: n cnoe: paapymennn iai aepiao roro paapymennn, ioropoe nepennaer
na npornennn .nnao(a ioeirnnnoe reo. 3ro nno, noanniaimee iai no-
nomenne ncero roro, ~ro nponaomo nepe( .rn: n roro, ~ro nponcxo(nr cen-
~ac, n i ro:y e n oenx nociocrnx, n ioropix ioeirnnnoe reo ioncrnryn-
pyer cen iai inno-reo: n nociocrn ]nryp n n nociocrn (nciypca.
1o, ~ro io nno:, (e]nrypnponano. Ono npenparnoci n ne~ro nnoe.
Hpanin raa c:orpnr c yaco:, enin paanr nyen. Paanro n nencne.
Por paaopnan n ipnie. 3ro nanonennoe ]nan~ecin: nacnne: nno, norepnn-
mee cnon oni, ~ro (e:oncrpnpyercn o~enn(non acn::erpnen :e(y ero
npanon n enon noonnna:n. Lcn ]eea c~nraer: Kpynnin nan .roro n-
na nno |ace] n ero ynn~roenne |eacemenl] o(nonpe:enno
4b
, ro .ra
or:ena npnnnnna nn(nnn(yainocrn n io::ynniannn iacaercn a(eci o~enn(-
no ne roiio nna, no n rooca. Por paaopnan n ipnie, on rpanc]op:nponan n
re:nyi ~epnyi (ipy, n ry (ipy na ipai naiia
4b
, ioropan cnrnananpyer
npopin peainoro n niainaer ioeanne :e(y reo: n naiio:, :e(y npn-
cyrcrnne: n ana~enne:.
]e]nrypnponan npe(e ncero ca: ia(p. 5aro(apn pnr:n~ecio:y :onra-
y n icrpore, cna~aa ycioiaaer ror ]air, ~ro a(eci n(er pe~i no cyrn (ea
o npairn~ecin ocranonenno: naopaennn. 3ror ia(p n:eer o~enn(no (py-
ron :e(nainin craryc, ~e: e:y npe(mecrnyimne; ne(i neaa(oro (o roro
noiaaannin cry(enr, ce(nmnn nonoporo: rooni aa (nnenne: ioncin, oc-
raercn no npe:n ia(pa c Horannenon nena:enni:: neno(nnni:, crarn~ni:,
b8b
ea iaion-no :n:n~ecion airnnnocrn, re: ca:i: ea nn(niaropa npe:e-
nn. 1ain: opaao:, oronopennoe paapymenne nna oana~aer n no:exy (n
ca:oro ]ni:a. Ka(p, aanepmaimnn nci cneny, cranonnrcn ia(po: :e(y
]ni:o: n ]ororpa]nen, :e(y (nnenne: n ocranonion, nanii n c:eprii.
Koeirnnnin cyreir, cioncrpynponannin n nepnix .nnao(ax, paapymen
re: ca:i: ~epea rpn crynenn n onepannn: iai oxna~ennoe nannion ioei-
rnnnoe reo, pacna(aimeecn na cocrannie ~acrn, iai repnimee cnoi nn(nnn-
(yainocri n oni nno n iai ia(p, repnimnn cnon craryc iai no(nnnan
iaprnna n aacrinaimnn na :rnonenne, ~roi n ionne .nnao(a nncnennpo-
nari n nociocrn :e(nainoro ro e oia:enenne, ioropoe nno ]nrypi ye
nepeno na npornennn .nnao(a.
1ain: opaao:, nicoinn aapn( a]]eira, orn~aimnn .ror .nnao(, o~e-
nn(no nixo(nr n:enno na .ron npo:eyro~non aoni. Ka(pi-a]]eiri
.ro nnrepnai. Kaion ia(p :or i iri oee a]]eirnnni:, ~e: .ror
nnrepna :e(y (encrnne: n peainnen (encrnne: iaaaia n peainnen
aamnmaimerocn.
3KPAH;1LO
Bropon air 5ponenocna Hore:inn` na~nnaercn co cnen naiaaannn:
neoiman rpynna :arpocon (ona iri iaanena. Onn naipiri eon cne-
rnmencn napycnnon n re: ca:i: ocraircn ne(ocrynni:n name:y narn(y.
Hpnain Baiynn~yia 5parin! npnno(nr i ro:y, ~ro, iai ronopnr noce(yi-
mnn rnrp, ]pornyn nnnronin. Ha~nnaercn nceomee noccranne. Hpnrono-
pennie i c:eprn nicnoo(aircn na-no( napycnni, n eoe noorno ocraer-
cn eari na naye iopan. Heon(anno :eprnoe noornnme na~nnaer
nrpari na npornennn necioiinx :rnonennn poi :arn~ecioro arenra: iai
y(ro ~yncrnyn eme neioropoe npe:n noce yxo(a :arpocon nx npncyrcrnne,
ono (imnr n menenrcn. Narepnn cnmio: aa:erna, a ee paa(ynaimnecn
(nnennn cnmio: ana~n:i, ~roi ornecrnci i .ro:y roiio iai i nappa-
rnnno:y :o:enry. 1ain: opaao:, necono ynn(eri n .ro: no~rn narern~e-
cio: conpniocnonennn noornnma n re innope]eicni ron reopnn naopa-
ennn, ioropan n enponencion iyirype cnnaana c reicrninon napa(nr:on
vera ilon c ron napa(nr:on, ioropan, iai :ne iaercn, cranonnrcn n .ro:
ia(pe n(nonne nnpyenrnon. C o(non croponi, pacc:arpnnan npoe:y nao-
paennn; ncno, ~ro ono re:arnanpyercn a(eci iai cenoi, iai ce(, iai npn-
cyrcrnne orcyrcrnyimero. C (pyron croponi, c ro~in apennn npoe:i nna,
ero ncroi cnnainaercn c orne~ario: nia Xpncra na noornnme Beponnin, n
ron nyenon ro~ie orc~era, or ioropon eper cnoe nponcxo(enne aana(noe
nonn:anne nna
47
.
Ha .ron nepcneirnni :ono io i nonpoonari cnecrn noe(nno npnne-
(ennie paa:imennn c re:, ~ro a(eci (eaer ca: reicr ]ni:a. B cyrni-
non :eronn:n~ecion onepannn noornnme, pacrnrnnaimeecn na( :arpoca:n,
cranonnrcn ror(a noornnme: inno.ipana, :o(eii rairninoro nn(ennn, r(e
npncyrcrnne n orcyrcrnne, naocri n (ncrannnn oiaainaircn noa:oni:n n
#!%
pannon crenenn. B:ecre c re: rain: opaao: noa:ono oee ro~no pacipiri
ocoin ionryp ]ni:a 3naenmrenna. On cocronr n ro: n .ro iai paa
no(~epinnaercn orn~ne: or :o(en vera ilon ~ro .ipanni: naopae-
nne: oiaainaercn ne e(nnn~noe nno, no ncn rpynna i(en, rai ciaaari, :nipo-
ioeirnn. B o~epe(non paa cranonnrcn ncni:, iai cnino or(ancn .ror
]ni: or npe(cranennn o nne iai no(nncn nn(nnn(yy:a. Hpn roionannn
yiaaannoro ia(pa n rpa(nnnn vera ilon iai ncxo(noro :n]a inno cranonnr-
cn raie o~enn(no, ~ro ]ni: nnnercn reecni: :e(ny:o:, (aime: rey
npncyrcrnne. C .rn: ]oiycnponanne: na ree o(nonpe:enno noanniaer no-
npoc, ne nnnercn n nana~aino oronopennan naan:ocnnai :acci n :e(na
ne(n]]epennnponannon, ne rpeyer n inno noome, nn, noa:ono, roiio
.ror e(nnn~nin ]ni:, paarpann~ennn :e(y ionnenro: uacct n nce oee
ni(nnraimn:cn n nponecce paccy(ennn na nepe(nnn nan ionnenro: me.a.
H re: ca:i: ce(yer npnnnri pemenne, (oni n :i onpe(enri raiyi
:noro:epnyi cnnai o(noro n neoro n ]ni:e 3naenmrenna iai :accy nn
iai ioeirnnnoe reo.
Nacca, iai ]op:ynpyer Herep Corep(ani, peai:npyn Kanerrn, .ro o-
mecrno iai cionenne, nepenairoi ~eone~ecioro :arepnaa; ona no(~n-
nena .]]eiry aaxnarinannn n, xorn n (nnraer reo, ca:a nnnercn ero npo-
(yiro:
48
. Konnenr ioeirnnnoro rea, nanpornn, (eaer iai paa .ro: n nenrpe
cronr eanne c(eari reo npo(yirnnni: iai :arpnny, pe]epennni (n
ionnenryanaannn omnocrn n, rain: opaao:, n:arnnnponari n nncnennpo-
nari no anaornn c nn(nnn(yaini: reo: ca:y omnocri iai reo. Lcn,
ncxo(n na .roro, aa(ari nonpoc, iaiyi ionnenryanaanni n nncnennponiy
nepennaer .ro ioeirnnnoe reo n 5ponenocne Hore:inn`, ro iaercn
onrn:aini: ornernri na .ror nonpoc, ncxo(n na na:epennn, ioropie nepen-
naer n nacronmee npe:n ionnenr ioeirnnnoro rea n ero iyirypone(~e-
cinx o]op:ennnx. Ocnononoaraimen nnnercn a(eci ea co:nennn ra ion-
]nrypannn (nonnon ocn, ioropan pacc:arpnnaer ioeirnnnoe reo no (ny:
nanpanennn:: c o(non croponi, c ro~in apennn :era]opn~ecioro n cn:non-
~ecioro ore(nnennn rea n omnocrn, iai neprniainoro nponecca, ioropin
:ono oomnri ii~eni: cono: no.umuxa coe0unenu; a c (pyron
croponi, c ro~in apennn nii~ennn rea no nceoxnarinaimyi connainyi
npairniy, iai ropnaonrainin nponecc, oomennin ii~eni: cono: uc-
xccmeo e.auuoce.u
49
.
Hai(an neprniainin nponecc .ron nonrnin coe(nnennn, :ono ynn-
(eri aa:ernie anaornn rea n :noecrna i(en c :era]opnion oprann~e-
cioro. Ha~ao: a(eci cynr, iai ye crao ncno, nncnennponanne :noecr-
na iai pein n :opn, iai ipncranaannn, noanonimen npn:oe conpniocnone-
nne c napa(nr:on ecrecrnennoro. Le ce(yimen peanaannen nnnercn nnn-
nnnponannan ionnenryanaannn :noecrna iai oprann~ecioro rea ~epea cne-
(enne noe(nno :eprnoro :arpoca n ciopnmen roni, :ann]ecrnpyimee cen
iai cnnai rooni n rea. 3ra cnnai oriponenno nnrnpyer rpa(nnni corpus
chrisli myslicum
b0
. Bnpo~e:, c re: .]]eiro:, ~ro ocoanaiman cen iai reo
Xpncrono eepa omnocri cranonnrcn ceemcxo penoinnonnon omno-
crii, ocoanaimen cen iai nepconn]nianni ncropnn. Cnoe oion~areinoe
b88
nonomenne nonrnia coe(nnennn naxo(nr, o(naio, roiio ~epea iareropni
nna, ~epea nno iai :ecro naopaennn, iai nn(n:oe :ecro omecrnen-
nix, :e~eone~ecinx n nnyrpn~eone~ecinx ]yninnn
b1
. nno Hore:in-
na, ooana~ennoe 3naenmrenno: n nno(non nnrare, ro nno, ioropoe |iai
raionoe] nnr(e ne npe(craneno, io i iai paa re: nno: na ec~ncen-
noro ion~ecrna nn, nocrynion, nymei, ]aron, non, ry:anon, oaion.
]ononnreino i .ron neprniainon ocn c ee :era]opnaannen omnocrn
iai rea n iai nna nicrynaer ropnaonrainan oci c nepcneirnnnaannen
ioeirnnnoro rea ~epea connainyi npairniy, ~epea ry connainyi (en-
reinocri, ioropan npnnnainaer ero |e(nnn~noe reo] ~epea pnryai, npanna
n oprannaannonnie ]op:i |...] i cn:non~ecio:y nocnrei n crannr n co-
npniocnonenne c (pyrn:n n omnocrn
b2
. Lcn aa(ari n .ron cnnan nonpoc,
~ro e coe(nnner nnyrpn cen n :e(y coon rony ciopnmnx, rpynny npo-
recryimnx pao~nx nn rpynny :emanoi, ro .ro mnpoinn cneirp conn-
ainon (enreinocrn. Ha~anmnci pnryao: ciopn, or~ernnenmee nipae-
nne ioroporo npe(crannir nnaio cionennie rooni oenx enmnn n na~a-
e .nnao(a; paanopa~nnanci (aime n pnryae omero nennn; naxo(n cnon
anoren n ecre cn:annn iyaia, cnnai ioroporo c cn:non~ecin: nocnre-
e:, neponrno, ne nn(na nnr(e rai ncno, iai n yrnep(ennn Poana 5apra
(.ro nniai ne :oer iri ]amncrcin: iyaio:, no nenocpe0cmeenno iya-
io: npoerapnara)
b8
oa .nnao(a pacipinair nciyccrno naan:ocnnan,
nocpe(crno: ioroporo or(einin ~eonei ncrynaer n paanoopaanie ornome-
nnn c (pyrn: n co nce:n (pyrn:n, coa(anan re: ca:i: ioeirnnnoe reo, n
ioropo: ~acri n neoe naxo(nrcn n recnon cnnan (pyr c (pyro:. 3ro ioei-
rnnnoe reo cioncrpynponano n oimon crenenn ~epea napa(nr:y pyin. Kai
connainoe reo ono airnnno n pe-airnnno, nnnnci, iai nnymaer ia(p c no-
ornnme:, reecni: reo: c cocrnennon ioen.
Ka(p c noornnme: nponcnner o(nonpe:enno npoe n .ron (nyocnon
:o(en na nonrnin coe(nnennn n nciyccrna naan:ocnnan. On iacaercn
naan:ocnnan :e(na n rea, a raie nonpoca o ro:, iaiyi poi nrpaer ca:
]ni: iai :e(ny: (n renepnponannn raioro ioeirnnnoro rea. 4ni:
iai :e(ny:, no(ono ro:y, iai n penrnoanon omnocrn npn~acrne, nn n
iannrancrn~ecion omecrnennon ]op:annn (enirn, renepnpyer ioei-
rnnnoe reo: n reicre ]ni:a n n nocnpnnrnn apnren. 3ry ]yninni n 1920-e rr.
]ni: n pannon crenenn ninonner n pyccio:, ne:enio: n a:epniancio:
omecrne. B .ro (ecnrnerne nonce:ecrno nponcxo(nr ionnenryanaannn n
peanaannn inne:arorpa]n~ecioro ioeirnnnoro rea. Ho n ro npe:n, iai
.ro ioeirnnnoe reo n 1one (Knnr Bn(op, CLA, 1927) nn n Nerpono-
nce (4pnn anr, lep:annn, 192b) onpe(enercn ~epea acrpainni opna:en-
ra, n 5ponenocne Hore:inn` ono ioncrnrynpyercn iai reo n nocronnno
nocnpnnn:aercn no ry cropony cnoero io(nponannn iai reo, aprniynpye:oe
~epea :onra, ioropoe y(ro niraercn aapaanri apnren cnon:n a]]eira:n,
cnon: na]oco:. B .ro:, nanepnoe, n aaii~aercn ncii~nreinocri .roro
]ni:a, .ror ncropn~ecinn :o:enr nino(a rea na-no( nacrn nnci:a, nonir-
ia aacnnri noanpar reecnocrn no :nenni Aana-iia Hancn, nenrpai-
nin nynir ocymecrnnnmencn n 1920-e rr. nporpa::i :o(epna n oacrn
#!'
:acc-:e(na: Ocraercn nncari ne o ree, no ca:o reo. He reecnocri, no reo.
He anai, mn]p rea, no reo. 3ro io nporpa::on :o(epna, n, xo~ercn na(e-
nricn, oime ye ne ecri
b4
.
1
Hepeno( crarin: W. eilenho[[. Aell als Adressierung. liguralionen der Nasse
in Panzerlreuzer Polemlin ;; monlage;av. Zeilschril r 1heorie & Geschichle
audiovisueller Kommunilalion. 18. 01. 2004. S. b071. Hyniannn pyccioro nepeno(a
c ieanoro paapemennn anropa.
2
W. !. Thomas Milchell. Nelapiclures ;; W. J. 1homas Nilchell. Piclure 1heory.
Chicago, 1994. P. 87.
8
Unr. no: . Wepetgta[, H. Lelhen. Der Linzelne in der Nassengesellschal ;;
Lileralur der Weimarer Pepublil 19181988 ; B. Weyergra (Hg.). Nnchen; Wien,
199b. S. b88.
4
!. Mn.-Aoenen, W. Schae[[et. Unruheherd Lileralurwissenschal. Line Linhrung
;; Nasse und Nedium. \erschiebungen in der Ordnung des Wissens und der Orl der
Lileralur 1800;2000 ; l. Nnz-Koenen, W. Schaeer. (Hg.). Berlin, 2002. S. X\.
b
L. elloi. Lumire und der Augen-Blicl ;; Kinlop. 199b. Jg. 4. S. 28.
b
1a: e. S. 29. (Kypcnn opnrnnaa. . .).
7
M. Ftx.un. Hpocrpancrno nionannn. 1oranrapna: n paan~ne. N., 2002.
C. bbb4.
8
Cp.: S. uck-Motss. Dreamworld and Calaslrophe. S 1b2.
9
Cp.: A. Aaes. Das Kino und die Nassen ;; Nasse und Nedium. S. 177.
10
E. Lmmetl. Was verbindel Nedium und Nasse Geleilworl ;; Nasse und Nedium.
S. Xll.
11
O c:emennnx, nianannix :e(naini: nepexo(o: i reenn(enni c ero e(nno-
n~ni: :acconi: norpeenne:, c:.: C. atl.. Die Nasse allein zu Hause. Alle
lunllionen und neue Nedien ;; Nedienlullur der b0er Jahre. Dislursgeschichle der
Nedien nach 194b. Bd. 1 ; l. Schneider, P. N. Spangenberg (Hg.). Opladen, 2002.
S.114.
12
C:. o(ny na nepnix ipnrni Xepepra Hepnnra c ero ii~eni: onpe(eenne:
Hore:inna iai :acconoro ]ni:a (Hetbetl !heting. Panzerlreuzer Polemlin
|1.b.192b] ;; Herberl Jhering. \on Peinhardl bis Brechl. Bd. 2. Berlin, 19b9. S. b17).
Y Bairepa 5enin:nna (ny:n ro(a:n noae n ero Lrwiderung an Oslar A. H. Schmilz
co(epnrcn ro~noe niciaainanne o Hore:inne iai o ]ni:e, r(e (nnenne :acc
nnepnie n:eer nonocrii n ncii~nreino apxnreironn~ecinn xapairep (c:.:
W. enjamin. Lrwiderung an Oscar A.H. Schmilz ;; W. Ben[amin. Gesammelle
Schrilen. Bd. ll. lranlurl a.N., 1991. S. 7b17bb). C:. raie noannni ca:oro 3naen-
mrenna, aannennyi n crarie n Kpacno: ana:enn or 19.0b.192b (S. Eisenslein. Zum
Prinzi p des Helden im Bronenosec Polemlin ;; S. Lisenslein. Schrilen 2. Panzerlreuzer
Polemlin. Nnchen, 1978. S. 12b.), n ncii~nreinyi paory Ciaanni 5ai-Nopcc
(S. uck-Motss. Dreamworld and Calaslrophe).
18
S. uck-Motss. Dreamworld and Calaslrophe. P. 147.
14
C. J.ennmen. Penccypa. Hciyccrno :naancneni ;; C. 3naenmrenn. Ha-
pannie nponane(ennn n mecrn ro:ax. 1. 4. N., 19bb. C. 84b.
1b
E. Canelli. Nasse und Nachl. Hamburg, 19b0. S. 12.
b40
1b
Cp.: S. Zielinski. Airmalion und berschreilung. Sluen als (ilm-)archilellonische
Urarlealle ;; lilmlausl. 199b. Hel 98100. S. 84.
17
E. Canelli. Op. zil. S. 91.
18
1a: e. S. 89.
19
3ra crpyirypa uop n uo.a n ia~ecrne :arpnni naopaennn :acci opaayer
nnrepreicr i o(no:y na ca:ix nanecrnix ia(pon ]ni:a 1pny:] non (198b, enn
Pn]enmrai, lep:annn) ro:y ca:o:y ia(py, cnnro:y no~rn c nicori nrn~iero noe-
ra n noiaainaime:y n(ymero no aanron conne: ynne ~epea uope ynn]op:nponan-
non :acci CA n CC lnrepa, conpono(ae:oro orcraimn:n or nero na rpn mara
irne n ln::epo:. 3ro nenpnipiran nnrepreicryainan yaypnannn, aa:enniman
.naenmrennonciyi :accy ninonnimn: poi uo.a ]ipepo: y Pn]enmrai. O (ai-
nenmnx acneirax no(onon naopaanreinon nonrnin c:.: A. Atenkel. Das Gesichl
der Nasse. Soziologische \isionen ;; Gesichler der Weimarer Pepublil ; C. Schml-
ders, S. L. Gilman (Hg.). Kln, 2000. S. 20b227.
20
R. atlhes. Der enlgegenlommende und der slumpe Sinn. Krilische Lssays lll.
lranlurl am Nain, 1990. S. b1.
21
Cp.: E. Canelli. Op. cil. S. 27.
22
3na~enne npnpo(non crnxnn no(i iai airepa n ioeirnnnon nrpe no(~ep-
inna ye n cepe(nne 1980-x rr. Hnan Aicenon n cnoe: roiio n 1997 ro(y nane~aran-
no: noprpere 3naenmrenna. Cp.: !. Axjonou. Serge[ Lisenslein. Lin Porlrl. Berlin,
1997. S. 94. 3aranne Hepanno(ymnan npnpo(a nannponaoci 3naenmrenno: iai
omee naananne (n ncce(onannn .crernin ]ni:a. Cp.: C. J.ennmen. Hepanno-
(ymnan npnpo(a. 1. 1 : 'yncrno inno. N., 2004.
28
O ana~ennn nnnn iai .crern~ecioro ionnenra, nipaaimero (n 3naenmrenna
(nnenne n ce( n o(nnaionon crenenn, cp.: M. Yampolskp. 1he Lssenlial Bone Slruclure.
Nimesis in Lisenslein ;; Lisenslein Pediscovered ; l. Chrislie, P. 1aylor (Ld.). London,
1998. P. 178; O. ulgakoua. Serge[ Lisenslein drei Ulopien. Archilellurenlwre
zur lilmlheorie. Berlin, 199b. S. 10b.
24
C. J.ennmen. Penccypa. Hciyccrno :naancneni ;; C. 3naenmrenn. Ha-
pannie nponane(ennn n mecrn ro:ax. 1. 4. C. 848.
2b
Unr. no: . Ho0opoea. C. 3naenmrenn n inne:arorpa] nacnnn ;; Hciyccrno
inno. 1994. ! b. C. 9b.
2b
Cp.: . Ho0opoea. Yiaa. co~. C. 9b9b.
27
G. Aoch. Nhe und Dislanz: lace-lo-ace- Komunilalion in der Noderne ;; Auge
und Aell. Wahrnehmung und lnlerallion ; G. Koch. (Hg.). lranlurl a.N., 199b.
S. 289.
28
. al.s. Der lilm. Werden und Wesen einer neuen Kunsl. Wien, 19b1. S. b9.
29
!. Aesslet. Pholognie und Physiognomie ;; Geschichlen der Physiognomil:
1exl, Bild, Wissen ; P. Campe, N. Schneider (Hg.). lreiburg im Breisgau, 199b. S. b22.
80
. Ho0opoea. Yiaa. co~. C. 99.
81
G. Deleu.e. Das Bewegungs-Bild. Kino l. lranlurl am Nain, 1989. S. 129.
82
H. A.euan. Bapenenmnn en. K nponcxo(enni, c:icy n ]yninnn :onranon
:era]opi ;; Knnone(~ecine aanncin. 1988. ! 1. C. 9b.
88
C:.: A. ohtet. Pllzlichleil: Zum Augenblicl des slhelischen Scheins. lranlurl
a. N., 1981.
84
1e: npn:e~areinee no.ro:y nepe:onra, nponane(ennin 3naenmrenno: no
rpeonanni ne:enioro npoiara. Henocpe(crnenno n .ror no(aaroonoi, n ioropo: i
#"
ro:y e i coipamen coia n, penccep npeaa ipynnin nan crpenimero opy(nn
n :apmnpyimnx canor, noccoa(an re: ca:i: rpa(nnnonnyi iayaainocri npn~nnno-
(encrnennon ornin n cnene noce(yimero ercrna.
8b
O .ron apncroreencion nepcnn paliens n agens c:.: !. Slatobinski. Allion
und Peallion. Leben und Abenleuer eines Begrispaars. Nnchen, 2001. S. 21.
8b
O ana~ennn e.ptea iai .crern~ecioro npnnnnna y 3naenmrenna cp.: Bapin`
n nciyccrne, ocoenno narern~ecinn` napin ~yncrn, crponrcn conepmenno no raion
e ]op:ye, iai napin n oacrn napin~arix nemecrn (C. J.ennmen. Ne:yapi.
1. 2: Hcrnnnie nyrn naoperennn. N., 1997. C. 80).
87
D. otduell. 1he Cinema o Lisenslein. Cambridge, 1998. P. 74.
88
Oreiro: cpannennn (n 3naenmrenna nnnercn a(eci ne nno n ne cnnai nn(n-
nn(yy:a n :acci, a narern~ecian crpyirypa, cyaman io:noannnonni:n cioia:n
yiaaannix ceinennnn (cp.: C. J.ennmen. Oprann~nocri n na]oc ;; C. 3naenm-
renn. Hapannie nponane(ennn n mecrn ro:ax. 1. 8. N., 19b4. C. 4471).
89
E. Canelli. Op. cil. S. b1.
40
1a: e. S. bb.
41
1a: e. S. 2b.
42
Unr. c yiaaanne: no:epa :onranon ]paai no: C. J.ennmen. 5ponenocen
Hore:inn. Penccepcinn cnenapnn ;; C. 3naenmrenn. Hapannie nponane(ennn n
mecrn ro:ax. 1. b. N., 1971. C. b8b0.
48
S. Zielinski. Airmalion und berschreilung. Sluen als (ilm-)archilellonische
Urarlealle ;; lilmlausl. 199b. Hel 98100. S. 8b.
44
C. J.ennmen. 5ponenocen Hore:inn. Penccepcinn cnenapnn. C. b0.
4b
G. Deleu.e. Op. cil. S. 140.
4b
!. Ttabanl. Arlilulalionen. Hislorische Anlhropologie der Sprache. lranlurl a.N,
1998. S. 11b
47
B ornomennn .roro io:neica, ioropin a(eci :oer iri aarponyr nmi no-
nepxnocrno, c:.: G. Deleu.e, !. Guallati. Das Jahr Null Die Lrschaung des Gesichls
;; G. Deleuze, l. Guallari. 1ausend Plaleaus. Kapilalismus und Schizophrenie. Berlin,
1992. S. 2292b1.
48
F. Sloletdijk. Die \erachlung der Nassen. \ersuch ber Kullurlmpe in der
modernen Gesellschal. lranlurl am Nain, 2000. S. 11.
49
C:..: Kollellivlrper. Kunsl und Polilil von \erbindung ; S. Sasse; S. Wenner
(Hg.). Bieleeld, 2002. S. 910. (Kypcnn opnrnnaa. . .)
b0
Cp.: Cht. .. taun. Der Kollellivlrper und seine Sle ;; S. Sasse, S. Wenner.
Kollellivlrper. Kunsl und Polilil von \erbindung. Bieleeld, 2002. S. 808.
b1
!. Aumonl. Bild, Gesichl, Passage ;; Das Gesichl im Zeilaller des beweglen
Bildes ; C. Blmlinger, K. Sierel (Hg.). Wien, 2002. S. 100.
b2
Kollellivlrper. Kunsl und Polilil von \erbindung. S. 9.
b8
R. atlhes. Op. cil. S. b1. (Kypcnn opnrnnaa. . .).
b4
!.-L. Nancp. Corpus. Berlin, 2008. S. 18. (Kypcnn opnrnnaa. . .).
b42
XAHC lKH1LP
HA HY1H K APXL1HHY NA1LPH
lLHLPALHAA HHHA C. 3H3LHL1LHHA
H 3LNA A. ]OBALHKO
4ni: lenepainan nnnn C. 3naenmrenna npe(cranner coon mar na
nyrn penccepa or ]airorpa]n~ecion .crernin ananrap(a i :n]ornop~ecio-
:y inno 1980-x rr.
1
O .ro: cnn(ereicrnyir iai crarin 3naenmrenna, nann-
cannie no npe:n paori na( iaprnnon, rai n ero paccy(ennn 198040-x rr.
o :n]e n iyirypnon anrponoornn, (ome(mne (o nac no( naananne: Ne-
ro( (Grundproblem). Nono ciaaari, ~ro .rn paa:imennn npono(nnci
no( anaio: re:i nporpecc n perpecc ii~enix nonnrnn, yiaainaimnx
ne roiio na omnn ropnaonr cronmnx n .rn ro(i nepe( conercion iyiry-
pon npoe:, no n na re rnop~ecine pemennn, ioropi:n 3naenmrenn na .rn
npoe:i pearnpyer.
Paapaarinan re:y nporpecc n perpecc, penccep oc:icnnaer nepexo(
or conno-]op:ainon .crernin ananrap(noro rnna i rnop~ecrny, ocnonanno:y
na anrponoorn~ecinx crpyirypax. 1aine nnennn, iai ipyronan ]op:a, pnr:,
nonrop nn opna:enr, ioropie panime c~nranci .e:enra:n ioncrpyinnn,
pacc:arpnnaircn a(eci ye ne n naonponanno: nn(e, no iai nonomennn
ioncranrnix npaopaaon, ncrpe~aimnxcn n paanix .noxax n paanix iyiry-
pax. B cnnan c .rn: :ennercn nonn:anne xy(oecrnennoro rnop~ecrna. C o(-
non croponi, xy(onni nicrynaer n ia~ecrne coanareinoro crponren npo-
nane(ennn, c (pyron iai ncce(onarei npaorn~ecioro :imennn. Coor-
nercrnenno, noa(encrnne nponane(ennn nciyccrna onpe(enercn re:, ~ro n
ne: nponcxo(nr (noncrnennin nponecc: crpe:nreinoe nporpeccnnnoe noane-
cenne no nnnn nicmnx n(ennix crynenen coanannn n o(nonpe:enno e
nponninonenne ~epea crpoenne ]op:i n con ca:oro rynnnoro ~yncrnenno-
ro :imennn
2
.
Baan:oornomenne: orn~ecioro n npaorn~ecioro :imennn onpe(en-
ircn ne roiio rnop~ecinn nponecc n .crern~ecian crpyirypa or(einoro
nponane(ennn, no n xy(oecrnennan io::ynniannn n pa:iax omecrnennon
cncre:i n neo:. 3naenmrenn nonn:aer, ~ro nopa npomaricn c nianen o
conercion Poccnn iai npoerapcion crpane, naxo(nmencn na nopore conna-
na:a. Ho(onie yronn~ecine npe(cranennn cynn ncro~nnio: n(ox-
nonennn n ocoennocrn (n eno-ananrap(ncrcinx n npoeriyironcinx xy-
(onnion.
Kor(a 3naenmrenn cnn:aer ]ni: lenepainan nnnn, on nnepnie cra-
innaercn c ipecrinncion Poccnen n c npoe:on .iono:n~ecioro aanoa(annn,
na ioropyi nocronnno yiaaina ennn n noce(nne ro(i cnoen nann. Ho-
#"!
.ro:y ne cy~anno na~ao nepeopnenrannn 3naenmrenna nocxo(nr n:enno i
nepno(y paori na( .rn: ]ni:o:. Kaprnna noiaainaer aanoenanne rex-
nnion pyccion (epennn no ncen ee crpamnon apxan~ecion orcraocrn. Ho-
nn(n:o:y, na ocnone .roro :arepnaa 3naenmrenn npnme i aaii~enni, ~ro
nporpecc noa:oen nmi na ]one ocoanannn orpo:non crenenn ]airn~ecin
cymecrnyimero perpecca. Cyri cranncion .noxn oiaainaercn nenonnrna,
ecn ne y~nrinari .ry conyi (naeirniy craporo n nonoro.
B:ecro roro, ~roi oryino ocy(nri perpeccnnnie ren(ennnn, 3naen-
mrenn crapaercn nocrn~i aaiono:epnocri, cronmyi aa .rn: paannrne:. On
nonn:aer, ~ro ion]nir apxanin n :o(epna nenaeno npnne(er i nepecrponie
ne roiio xy(oecrnennon .crernin n cncre:i io::ynniannn, no n omecrna
n neo:. Orpo:nyi poi a(eci nrpair yconnn penennnn, yponeni nnreei-
ryainon n .crern~ecion no(roronennocrn nynin. Hanecrno, nanpn:ep, ~ro
n Poccnn n yconnnx earpa:ornocrn n nropn~non opainocrn
8
noa(encrnne
pa(no io (pyrn:, ~e: na 3ana(e, r(e ye (anno npeoa(aa ne~arnan iyi-
rypa. 1o e ca:oe iacaercn n nocnpnnrnn nnayainix nciyccrn mnpoion
:accon ipecrinncinx n noyipecrinncinx apnreen. 3naenmrenn panime n
rye :nornx (pyrnx enix xy(onnion ocoana ocrpory .rnx npoe:
n crpe:ncn i npn:npenni c nenaeni: perpecco: ea nonoro oriaaa
or (ocrnennn nepno(a yciopennoro nporpecca.
Kai ye yno:nnaoci, cnnai :e(y :arepnao: ]ni:a lenepainan n-
nnn n re: ]airo:, ~ro iaprnna oripinaer (opory i nono:y .rany rnop~ecrna
3naenmrenna, ne cy~anna. Ho(xo(n noce noiaaa npoe: pao~nx (Cra~-
ia) n ap:nn n nne :arpocon (5ponenocen Hore:inn`) i rperie:y yry
:arn~ecioro rpeyroinnia, i ipecrinnnny, 3naenmrenn ~yncrnyer, ~ro re:a
ipecrinnnna n ae:n rpeyer opamennn i neanaio:i: e:y (o cnx nop ap-
xan~ecin: nacra: iyirypi. Kai (oiaaareino apry:enrnpyer N. A:noi-
cinn, nocioiiy c ae:en cnnaano npe(cranenne o oprann~ecio: e(nncrne
napo(a n (ononrn~eciyi .noxy, ennn n (eipere o conercion nacrn 1917 ro-
(a ne :or nonocrii nrnopnponari .ry ]yn(a:enrainyi :n]oore:y nep-
nn~noro e(nncrna n oprannin
4
. Xapairepno, ~ro y 3naenmrenna re:a apxan-
in n :n]a ncninaer n:enno n cnnan c paoron na( lenepainon nnnen. B
.ro npe:n 3naenmrenn nnmer o aranna:e ]ni:a, nepe~ncnn neioropie
ne~nie cieri (1. Noncen n ciaa. lpaai. Cenaparop. 2. Hoxnmenne
Lnponi. Nap]a n ii. 8. 5iiannc. Anoianncnc. 4. ]ann( n lona] (Aa-
pon n Baciia)
b
). O~enn(no, iopnn raioro aranna:a in aaoeni n ca-
:on crpyirype :arepnaa. Oripinan (n cen cymecrnonanne npaorn~ecio-
ro, apxan~ecioro con na yponne iai nn(nnn(yainoro rnop~ecrna, rai n conn-
ainoro coanannn, 3naenmrenn npnxo(nr i ye(enni, ~ro (enren iyirypi
(oni or(ari (ani .ro:y ]airy.
Hepeopnenrnponia na :n]oorn~ecioe inno rpeonaa nepexo(a or npeo-
a(aimero n .crernie ananrap(a npe(cranennn o ioncrpyirnnno: npne:e
i opaay, ioropin cpaarinaer na ]one (nnnon nenn npaorn~ecinx npo-
rornnon. Kpo:e roro, penpeaenrannn :n]a cnococrnyer :aicn:aino:y pac-
mnpenni nipaanreinix cpe(crn inno n nanpanennn Gesamllunslwerl,
nii~an raine ia~ecrna iai anyi, nner, ciernocri n r. (. Cranonenne anyio-
b44
noro inno, npoxo(nnmee n:enno ror(a, cirpao n .ro: nponecce o~eni ana~n-
reinyi poi.
C ca:oro na~aa y 3naenmrenna npn opamennn i nonon re:arnie :ono
nai(ari rep:nnoorn~ecinn c(nnr n cropony :n]oorn~ecioro :imennn.
B 192b ro(y on nnmer o cnoe: eannn naopaanri n ]ni:e opiy :e(y
coxon n rpairopo:, ia:enni: neio: n :o(epno:
b
. Ye ror(a npeconyrin
cenaparop yno(onercn narneponcio:y lpaai. 1pn ro(a cnycrn 3naenmrenn
naainaer n ia~ecrne rannoro repon ]ni:a conne, oipyennoe rpairopa:n,
paora ioropix npn(acr ricn~eerne:y nny ae:n nonin oni
7
. B:ecro
e]oncioro yne~ennn :amnnon npoany~aa n(en cnnreaa rexnnin n npnpo(i
(n nonimennn no(opo(nn ae:n.
B cnonx paa:imennnx o na]oce n .icraae oee noa(nnx er 3naen-
mrenn nepe(io npneraer i npn:epa: na lenepainon nnnn. B nenrpe ero
nnn:annn cronr ornomenne no(coanannn i coanareinon (enreinocrn. Hpn-
:ep ]aocoopaanoro cenaparopa :noro ronopnr o ero ornomennn i ]pen-
(na:y. 3naenmrenn ipnrniyer 4pen(a aa ro, ~ro ror pacc:arpnnaer nn(o
naonponanno or ocrainon c]epi ~yncrnennoro none(ennn. Coracno 3naen-
mrenny, .porn~ecian nnrepnperannn nn(o ne ecri nepnn~nan, aancnan nn
nana~ainan ornpannan nepnoocnona. Ona ne oee ~e: npo:eyro~nin
noycranoi
8
. 5oee roro, .pornia (n 3naenmrenna ne cymecrnyer nne conn-
ainon ocranonin. B aa:eriax O cymnocrn nciyccrna (1929) 3naenmrenn
nnmer, ~ro .pornia cnmio: oiman cna, ~roi ne nocnoiaonaricn ei. On
npe(araer (eoianaanni noonoro ne~ennn, r. e. (eceicyanaanni .poca
n npn:enennn i connainon cnryannn. Ho cona: Bn~. Bc. Hnanona, 3naen-
mrenn crpe:ncn nonnri, iai cn:non~ecine (encrnnn or nepnona~ainon
noorn~ecion ]yninnn npnoperair nepenocnin connainin c:ic
9
. B aa-
:eriax Kai c(eana lenepainan nnnn` 3naenmrenn ronopnr o ro: e,
yrnep(an, ~ro oianaannn .porn~ecioro ]on(a n:enno na y~acrie inn
n oimnncrne cy~aen npnno(nr i ca:o(anenni n ca:onc~epnanni paa-
(paennn
10
n ~ro no.ro:y ona (ona ycrynari nanpanennocrn nonne. Cne-
na y cenaparopa ninonner n:enno .ry ]yninni (eceicyanaannn. O(naio
rpy(no noopaanri, ~ro ona nnnercn nmi nicrpannen reopnn 4pen(a:
:ono npe(noonri, ~ro n cnoen cnepxo(noana~nocrn ona o(nonpe:enno
co(epnr napo(n~ecinn na:ei na opro(oicainin ]pen(na:.
Ha npn:epax na lenepainon nnnn nocrpoeno n na~ao crarin Ha-
]oc (194b47). Hpn:e~areino, ~ro n cnnan c narernaannen cenaparopa y
3naenmrenna eme no npe:n paori na( ]ni:o: ncninair onpe(eennie
:n]oorn~ecine :ornni. B 192b ro(y on nnmer: Ho~e:y rpenemyr cep(na
apnreen, ior(a no( rpo:onie paciari narneponcion :e(n pnnanra:n aa-
ropaercn cnnmennin iyoi lpaan Lnxapncrnn Ha ~opra na: nyna .ra
ncnancian nocy(a! Hycri y~me aaropnrcn orne: raaa namen io:co:onn
nepe( :epnanne: ecrnnin ioeirnnnoro cenaparopa
11
. B crarie Cenapa-
rop n ~ama lpaan o(opnreino nnrnpyircn oraini aana(nix ipnrnion,
cnn(ereicrnyimne o .]]eire nccrynennoro .icraaa n cnene y cenaparo-
pa. Cpe(n npo~ero ra: nnmyr o (nonncnncio: npna:e penccepa n o
~yncrnennon, no~rn nnornon pa(ocrn ipecrinnin Nap]i npn nn(e noroia
#"#
opiarnnaimnx ee cnnoi. Ho cona: 3naenmrenna, .rn orinin nano:nnair
cneny c roon aon na 3e:n ]onenio, ioropan noro: ia y(aena na
]ni:a.
3naenmrennonciyi n(ei (eoianaannn nn(o ce(yer pacc:arpn-
nari n ionreicre (nciyccnn rex er o ceicyainocrn. Hpeoa(aimnn no(-
xo( i noono:y nonpocy :ono oxapairepnaonari iai nncrpy:enrainin
12
.
O(nn: na rannix npe(crannreen .roro nanpanennn i ncnxoor n ne(a-
ror A. 3ainn(
18
, ioropin c~nra, ~ro y~enne 4pen(a o cyn:annn n ero
:apicncrcio: roionannn oripinaer orarenmnn npocrop (n nocnnrannn
airnnnix ioeirnnncrcinx naniion
14
. Cyn:anni on nonn:a n mnpo-
io: c:ice iai connaino-rnop~ecinn :o:enr n ~eone~ecion noornn. C ro~-
in apennn .prono:n~nocrn .neprern~ecioro ipyronopora n ~eone~ecio: re-
e 3ainn( ipnrniona ceicyainin ypyaanin ]ernmna: aa pacrpary no-
onon .neprnn na nnaine nponnennn
1b
.
5oee roro, on c~nra, ~ro noonan ioni nonenoe .rornpyer, on~no-
crner connainoe, iai i iaccono po(crnenni nn in niennie. Heo-
xo(n:o, ~roi ioeirnn oime rnny i cee, ~e: ionnin naprnep. Ko-
eirnnncrcioe rycineer, ior(a cnmio: pacnyxaer ioni
1b
. 3rn: 3ainn(
pearnpyer na yrnep(enne A. Koonran, ~ro aro(apn pocry omecrnenno-
crn :opainan naonnnn inmen napi or ioeirnna nc~eaner. B orn~ne
or A. Koonran 3ainn( onrcn, ~ro npn iyire ipiaroro 3poca` y nac
y(yr noxo crponricn a.ponani
17
. Koonran e noaaraer cnon na(e(i
na npeopaennyi ioni-ronapnmecrno nn ioni-(or i ioeirn-
ny: 3a(a~a npoerapcion n(eoornn ne narnari 3poc na connainoro ome-
nnn, a nmi nepenoopynri ero io~an na crpei nonon ]op:annn, nocnnrari
~yncrno inn :e(y noa:n n (yxe nen~anmen nonon ncnxn~ecion cn-
i ronapnmecion con(apnocrn
18
. Oiaainaercn, ~ro noaapennn Koon-
ran orni(i ne orpann~nnaircn nponaran(on cnoo(non inn. B orn~ne
or nncrpy:enrananpyimero nepeii~ennn noonon .neprnn na omecr-
nenno-noeanyi (enreinocri, ona no(~epinnaer neoxo(n:ocri npeopae-
nnn noonix ornomennn, coa(annn ipiaroro 3poca, nocrpoennoro na nenno-
crnx con(apnocrn, ~yriocrn, orain~nnocrn n eannn no:o~i (pyro:y
19
.
]yxy npe:enn, o(naio, n oimen :epe coornercrnonaa reopnn npn:oro
nepeii~ennn nn nepe:emennn noonon .neprnn na connainin nan.
Penoinnonnie .noxn, no :nenni 3ainn(a, ocoenno aronpnnrni (n ne-
peoprannaannn connainon .neprnn. 5aro(apn (eceicyananpyime:y noa-
(encrnni conercion omecrnennocrn, noa:onocrn cyn:annn, r. e. nepe-
no(a ceicyananponannix nepennannn na rnop~ecine nyrn, ~peani~anno ne-
nin
20
. Lcn y rpa(annna npoerapcion crpani nonnnrcn nenynie no-
onie eannn, nce .e:enri oipyaimen cpe(i (rpeonannn nponano(cr-
na, iyirypnie paa(panren, omecrnenno-iacconoe :nenne, napr.rnia, npo-
].rnia, iacconan (ncnnnnna) (oni nx nepece~i n iopne, aarop:oanri,
nepeii~nri, nepenecrn na (pyrne, iaccono- rnop~ecine nyrn
21
.
He c~nran cneni y cenaparopa, lenepainan nnnn co(epnr ne:ao
ia(pon, naopaaimnx nepenoc .neprnn nn(o na crponreinie aa(a~n. Ci-
(a ornocnrcn n :n]oorn~ecine cneni cna(ii iion, n con reponnn Nap-
b4b
]i aninnon o ncnonncio: iie, ioropin nonnnercn na nee iai opaa,
oemaimnn y(ymee naonne n ]op:e orpo:nix crpyn :ooia n no(i. Ho-
nnrno, ~ro n nenx connainoro crponreicrna a(eci ncnoiaonan :n] o
ono(ornopennn 3e:n Heo:
22
.
Bo :nornx ornomennnx aacynnaer nnrepeca n nenrpainan ]nrypa Nap-
]i aninnon. ]o lenepainon nnnn :i ne ncrpe~ae: y 3naenmrenna
oprannaannn :arepnaa noipyr nenrpainoro nepconaa. Kpo:e roro, anin-
na iai reponnn nenrponoro ]ni:a,

nrpaiman cnoi cocrnennyi nani,
.crern~ecin n n(eoorn~ecin npornnonocranena anea(a: aana(noro inno
28
.
Ho oime ncero npn:e~areen ror ]air, ~ro 3naenmrenn nipa n:enno
enciyi ]nrypy n ia~ecrne rannoro repon cnoero ]ni:a, ~ro noome npe(-
cranner coon ncii~enne n ero rnop~ecrne.
len(epno:y nonpocy n name: ionreicre orno(nrcn ocooe ana~enne. B co-
nercion nionorpa]nn 1920-x rr. n ia~ecrne npe(crannren ipecrinncrna ]n-
rypnpona oi~no :yni. Aencinn opaa no npe:n nepnon nnrnerin cyme-
crnona n (nyx npornnonoonix nnocracnx. C o(non croponi, yipennoci
npe(cranenne o enmnne iai orcrao: .e:enre, conpornnnime:cn io-
eirnnnaannn n ainx ynrax; c (pyron croponi, cran nonnnricn naia-
ri, noiaainaimne :oo(ix crponnix ioxoannn n ipacnix nariax, cn(nmnx
na rpairope
24
. B ]ni:e 3naenmrenna poi enmnni eme ne onpe(eena
conercin:n mra:na:n. Nap]a aninna conce: ne coornercrnyer rpa]aper-
no:y opaay :oo(on rpairopncrin, xori ona n airnnno co(encrnyer :exann-
aannn (epennn. B ]nnae ]ni:a ona cn(nr aa pye: rpairopa, no~rn neyana-
nae:an n ioano: me:e n o~iax rpairopncra.
Hpn:e~areina raie cnena, n ioropon reponnn noanoner rpairopncry
oropnari ociyrin or ee iin (n no~nnin :oropa. Ha:ei na ceicyainoe
(encrnne no(rnep(aercn ee o~enn(non cri(nnocrii. Ho n n .ro: cy~ae
:ono (y:ari o npne:e nepe:emennn. loronnocri aninnon noeprno-
nari cnoen iion (n rpairopa noe(aer cri(, n cnena ion~aercn rexnn~e-
cin: .icraao:: Nap]a nciainnaer na rpairop, ioropin noce pe:onra, aa-
(poan, naionen (nnraercn c :ecra.
Koeirnnnaannn (epennn n nmenne :ynia nacrn oripin (opory ]e-
:nnnaannn ipecrinncrna
2b
. Ha~nnan c cepe(nni 1980-x rr. poi penpeaenra-
nnn ioxoanon (epennn oion~areino nepema i enmnne. O .ro: cnn(e-
reicrnyer, nanpn:ep, nanecrnan aeropn~ecian ciyinrypa Pao~nn n io-
xoannna B. Nyxnnon. Bo ncex oacrnx iyirypi yipenenne apxernna :a-
repn co(encrnonao nonimenni pon enmnni, n cnnaia enmnna ae:-
noe no(opo(ne cranonnrcn omenpnnnron.
Nn:oxo(o: :ono (oannri, ~ro no npe:n cre:oi Nap]a aninna po(n-
a peenia. Hanecrna ]ororpa]nn, ioropan noiaainaer 3naenmrenna, (epa-
mero nonopo(ennoro na( cenaparopo: iai iyneii nonon nann. 5epe:en-
nocri aninnon n po(enne peenia, npan(a, ocraircn ]aira:n ee n~non
norpa]nn, ne nxo(nmn:n n xy(oecrnennyi ianny. B cnere nimeyno:nny-
ron reopnn nepeii~ennn .neprnn nn(o na crponreinie aa(a~n :ono
nnrepnpernponari .ro ocronreicrno re:, ~ro nacronmn: peenio: an-
innon 3naenmrenn c~nraer n:enno :oo~nin iooneparnn, coa(annin ei.
#"%
B cnnan c :n]oornaannen ]op:ainix .e:enron o~eni nnrepecen ]n-
na ]ni:a, r(e noiaainaercn pn( rpairopon, cnnpaeopaano namymnx ae:-
i. 3ra iaprnna ionrpacrnpyer c ia(pa:n namymnx na cee ipecrinn, noanni-
mn:n, no npnananni penccepa, no( nnnnne: K.re Koinnn. Pe:nnncnen-
nnn nepnix rpy(onix cra(nn opaayer aranncrn~ecinn no(reicr`
2b
, na
]one ioroporo naopaaercn :exannaannn ceicioro xoanncrna.
5oimon nnrepec npe(cranner ]op:ainin acneir cneni c rpairopa-
:n n cnere coopaennn o ana~ennn ipyronon ]op:i, naoennix n Nero-
(e. 3naenmrenn ncxo(nr na roro, ~ro ipyroopaanoe crpoenne co(epnr n
cee nein io:neic no(cny(no nenanrix n nac acconnarnnno n pe]ei-
ropno oriniaimnxcn .e:enron, noccoa(aimnx c:yrnoe nepennanne a-
rnx n aronoy~nix cra(nn pancioro irnn
27
. B connaino: nane opaa
ipyra aacranner, iai (aime nnmer 3naenmrenn, nnpnponari rpan:y yre-
pnnnoro pan eciacconoro crpon n omecrna, ne anaimero .icnyarannn
28
, a
n nn(nnn(yaino: nane on niainaer ~yncrno noanpamennn na ry cra(ni
eaaamnrnon oecne~ennocrn
29
, ioropan cnnaana c :arepnncin: ono:, r. e.
c nnyrpnyrponi: paannrne: :a(enna.
B ]ni:e, o(naio, ncrpe~aercn ne npocro ipyronan ]op:a, ooana~aiman
ne~nyi nonropne:ocri ea iaioro-no noa(encrnnn nnemnnx ]airopon, a nn-
(ona:enenne ipyra ]op:a cnnpan, ioropan, iai nnmer 3naenmrenn, n npo-
rnnonoonocri ipyry oana~aer paannrne, nonrop n nonon ia~ecrnennocrn
80
.
1ain: opaao:, :ono c(eari nino(, ~ro n ocnone ]nnaa ]ni:a enr
npe(cranenne o nen(enrn~nocrn ioeirnnnaannn (epennn (ocrnenni no-
noro ipyra pancioro irnn. B orn~ne or o]nnnainon nponaran(i c ee
noiaao: ioxoanoro orarcrna n c~acrnnix ioxoannn, n ]ni:e yrnep(a-
ercn, ~ro npn:oro cia~ia n pancioe cocronnne ner. Cnnpai iai napnanr
ipyronon ]op:i yiaainaer na npe:ennon ]airop, na neoxo(n:in nponecc
nocrenennoro npnnennn i n(eay ipyra. 3ror npn:ep :noro ronopnr o
.naenmrennoncio: :ero(e ncnoiaonannn perpeccnnnix apxan~ecinx npe(-
cranennn n nenx connainoro nporpecca.
B lenepainon nnnn 3naenmrenn npe(napner re ren(ennnn :n]oorn-
aannn, ioropie n nepnon noonnne 1980-x rr. nixo(nr na nonepxnocri coner-
cion iyirypi. C o(non croponi, on noen-nenoen nnnercn y~acrnnio:
.roro nponecca; c (pyron croponi penccep, no(ono rain: reopernia:, iai
B. Hponn, O. 4pen(enepr n H. Napp, oripinaer cee noa:onocri ipnrn~e-
cioro oc:icennn o]nnnainix :n]on n nponecce cranonennn. K :arepnn-
cio:y apxernny 3naenmrenn no(xo(nr ocropono, ~erio paan~an ]airn~e-
cioe nacronmee n eannoe y(ymee. B ro npe:n iai conpeana: nenocpe(-
crnenno noiayercn :n]oorn~ecin:n opaaa:n n ~e: on ocoenno n-
aoi nannona-connana:y apxan~ecioe na~ao npe(craer y 3naenmrenna n
pe]eirnponannon ]op:e, n npeo:ennn ~epea npna:y conpe:ennoro nay~-
noro :imennn .rnoornn, anrponoornn n ncnxoananaa
81
.
Pemaimn: nonoporo: n ]op:nponannn cranncion :n]oornn ia .ic-
nnnnrnan nepeopnenrannn i 1984 ro(y na nonnrnn Po(nni n napo(a. 3rn
npe(cranennn :ono no(necrn no( rep:nn apxernna :arepn
82
. Honan ncnxo-
b48
:n]oorn~ecian ocnona conercion iyirypi naxo(nr cnoe nipaenne n o-
men ar:oc]epe nann n nonix xy(oecrnennix ]op:ax. Kai nonin nerera-
rnnno-.:onnonainin aanc iyirypi 1980-x rr., apxernn :arepn n o]nnn-
ainon rep:nnoornn cnnaan co c~acrnnon nanii, c:exo:, ipacoron, no(o-
po(ne: n naonne:. B xy(oecrnenno: nane on nonomaercn n aapo(ai-
mnxcn anpax conercion npn~ecion necnn
88
n innoio:e(nn, n nono: opaae
enmnni n naopaanreinix nciyccrnax n r. (.. B nenrpe apxernna :arepn
naxo(nrcn cn:non~ecian n(enrn]niannn enmnni c ae:en, opaanocri nne-
rennn n no(opo(nn.
B conercio: iyire no(opo(nn iai i onnaer (pennnn :n] o :arepn
cipon ae:e. 5pocaercn n raaa noe:n~ecian nanpanennocri npornn rex
penrnoanix npe(cranennn, ioropie n napo(no: neponannn conyrcrnonan
encio:y opaay ae:n. 1ai n y 3naenmrenna .icrarn~ecinn na]oc cneni y
cenaparopa ionrpacrnpyer c ecno(ni: .icraao: ipecrnoro xo(a no( nio-
non 5oro:arepn
84
. C o(non croponi :i nn(n: nii, nor n cyxocri
8b
, c (py-
ron (oro(annie cnno~nie iacia(i. 'y(o ncxo(nr ne or nioni, a or
:amnni. Ho(onie e acconnannn conpono(air n (pyrne cn:noi npo-
rpecca n ]ni:e iia n rpairop.
C ro~in apennn nonomennn apxernna :arepn nanpamnnaercn cpannenne
lenepainon nnnn c (pyrn: ]ni:o: roro npe:enn c ceicioxoanncrnen-
non re:arnion c 3e:en Aeican(pa ]onenio (1980). B orn~ne or
3naenmrenna, ]onenio nenio: norpyaercn n :n]oorn~ecinn cier. Lro
iaprnna nai~ecian yronnn
8b
, noiaainaiman noe(y nann na( c:eprii.
C:epri (e(a Ce:ena n na~ae n c:epri Bacnn n ]nnae nii~eni n ipyro-
nopor ne~noro cranonennn n y:npannn. Crapni ninpn:nercn (n roro, ~ro-
i crecri rpymy, a noro: cnoionno y:npaer. Hoce c:eprn Bacnn, ynroro
iyaio: Xo:on, po(crnennnin oriaainaircn or ycyr nona, npe(no~nran pn-
rya noxopon c nenne: nonix necen o nonon nann. Ho(onoe nporpa::noe
anrnxpncrnancrno
87
xapairepno n (n iyira no(opo(nn, cnnaannoro co Bce-
coianon ceicioxoanncrnennon nicranion. Hpn:epo: :oryr cynri ncen-
(o-]oiiopnie crnxn rnna: Bce xornr nay~nrncn, ; Hepennri nayin xnrpo-
crn:; Kaia noy~me nonri-iop:nri, ; Yro(nri :ari cipy-ae:i, ; |... ] 'ro
noenne ae:imie ; B ion ~ac, n ioe npe:e~io, ; 5ea rpoaonoro
nonnannn, ea :oenin, ea iannnin, ; H ea anony iooioinoro, ; 5ea
~erin-nerin nepionnoro, ; Kpecra xo(a nionnoro
88
.
B peanaannn :n]a no(opo(non ae:n 3naenmrenn n ]onenio cnino
orn~aircn (pyr or (pyra. 3naenmrenn c:orpnr na ae:i raaa:n ypanncra
n ]airorpa]a, (eaimero nepnie marn n cropony :n]ornop~ecioro inno, n ro
npe:n iai ]onenio ncxo(nr na npnpo(non nann, cioppeirnponannon npo-
rpecco: n nn(e rpairopa. Ho cona: . Koaona, orn~ne 3e:n or lene-
painon nnnn mo om.uuue opeanuxu om opeanu.auu, om.uuue na-
memuxu om namemu.auu, om.uuue uuonomuuecxoeo utn.enu om pa-
uona.tno eteepenno uuo.oeu.auu (iypcnn anropa A. !.)
89
. O .ro:
paan~nn raie ronopnr niop naanannn ]ni:on. lenepainan nnnn nn,
iai npe(ara Crann, Crapoe n nonoe, no(~epinnair ncropn~ecinn npo-
necc :o(epnnaannn ceicioro xoanncrna
40
. B nenrpe nnn:annn ]onenio
3eu. c oimon yini iai nonomenne apxernna :arepn.
#"'
4ni: 3naenmrenna orn~aercn re: ocrpi: npornnonocranenne: cra-
poro n nonoro, ioropoe io cnoncrnenno n ocoennocrn ananrap(no:y inno n
]oro:onray .noxn nepnon nnrnerin. O .ro:, nanpn:ep, cnn(ereicrnyer
ionrpacr ipecrnoro xo(a n cneni y cenaparopa, yoron (epennnnon Poc-
cnn n namymnx rpairopon. B coornercrnnn c .rn: (n ciera ]ni:a
xapairepno nneapnoe neeycrpe:ennoe paannrne, no((epnnaimeecn no-
ce(onareinocrii icrpix, ecrinx :onranix iycion. B iaprnne ]on-
enio pocaercn n raaa crpe:enne i oprann~ecion nnin~nocrn. 3ry nni-
n~nocri :i naxo(n: ne roiio n pnr:e npnpo(i, ona nii~aer n cen n
~eone~eciyi nani. Y:npan, Bacni n (e( Ce:en noanpamaircn n ono
3e:n. Crni :onraa ]onenio orn~aercn cnoioncrnne: n :e(enni:
re:no:. C:iconan (o:nnanra 3eu.u ni(enercn re:, ~ro ]onenio aa~ac-
ryi noiaainaer peainocri iai i ee raaa:n (n nnne: paiypce), rai
~ro cnnrie cnnay neno(nnno aacrinmne i(n, ioponi, noi
41
npe(crair
n nn(e (eren 3e:n.
Kaprnna 3naenmrenna no :nornx ornomennnx crponrcn eme no aaiona:
e]oncioro anpa norpa]nn nemn (C. 1perinion), n ioropo: (encrnyi-
mne nna rpynnnpyircn oioo ionnenepa, nanoe :ecro aann:air nponec-
ci nponano(crna :ooia nn aepna n raine rexnn~ecine oreiri, iai cenapa-
rop nn rpairop. Hpn .ro:, ione~no, opro(oicainin nemna: ]ni:y 3naen-
mrenna ne cnoncrnenen, cnn(ereicrno: ~e:y nnnircn xy(oecrnennie o-
paai Nap]i aninnon nn rpairopncra.
B ro npe:n iai 3naenmrenn nponaran(npyer naanenne :npa rexnn-
ion
42
, n nenrpe ]ni:a 3e:n, po(anmerocn na c:ecn connainoro airn-
nna:a n narypancrn~ecioro nanrena:a
48
, naxo(nrcn ]nrypa naannren Ba-
cnn, ioropin, no(ono eren(apno:y ropiioncio:y repoi ]anio, eprnyer
cnoen nanii (n cnacennn napo(a n (n noccranonennn no(opo(nn ae:n.
Ho(ono nrea(y :eccnn na oce n Hepycan:, on nonnnercn n (epenne na
craino: oimenncrcio: ione. Bce( aa O. 4pen(enepr, npoanananponan-
men ]on nencioro reicra
44
, cneny na ]ni:a :ono nnrepnpernponari
iai conoiynenne nea c ae:en-(ennnen
4b
. Ka(pi noxopon Bacnn naony-
ir :ornna:n, cn:nonanpyimn:n noe(y nann na( c:eprii nerin no-
nn, aa(enaimne nno y:epmero, non no(conyxon, po(enne peenia. 4n-
na rpoaonon (o(i, nponnaimnncn na ropi noi n apyaon, iai eme
o(nn cn:no ono(ornopennn ae:n neo: n ycnennon ]op:e no(xnari-
naer :ornni no(opo(nn n naonnn na~aa ]ni:a: neo, noipiroe ry~a:n,
ioimymnecn non, (enymia c no(conyxo:, noin n nonn, cnnrie n paa-
nix paiypcax. 3rn ia(pi nano:nnair crnxornopenne Ben~anne no(a:n
(1982) H. 3aoonioro, nponane(ennn ioroporo nepe(io nocnnmeni re:arnie
ceicion nann:
Ho(i Nn~ypnna, nnro:ni ca(ono(a,
Bapamennie ycnin:n napo(a,
Pacnpe(eennie na iy~n n xo:i,
Kai ni nonyere nirnnie y:i!
Kai ni cnnere cnon: npoapa~ni: cnero:.
bb0
Kor(a, no(onie cnerna: n io:era:,
enre, opaayn noipyr nac
Orpo:nix noion nnie nannoni!
4b
B ]nnae ]ni:a ipyronopor ono(ornopennn ae:n aa:iiaercn n ~eo-
ne~ecion c]epe: noce c:eprn Bacnn ero noaiennan Haraia naxo(nr
cnoe c~acrie n ornrnnx (pyroro :y~nni.
Honie ren(ennnn :n]oorna:a, ianonnanponannie lopiin: n ero nicry-
nennn na Hepno: crea(e Coiaa nncareen, in ne cpaay npnnnri n na~ae
1980-x rr. O~eni xapairepna n .ron cnnan, nanpn:ep, ocrpan ipnrnia, nicia-
aannan ]e:inno: 5e(ni: no nono(y 3e:n n carnpn~ecion no.:e 4no-
co]i (1980). 4ni: ]onenio xapairepnayercn 5e(ni: iai iyanian in-
noiaprnna, no(oneion ioropon nnnercn neionon yia(, crapnna. Carnpa
5e(noro nanpanena n:enno npornn n(nn~ecinx n apxan~ecinx :ornnon
n iaprnne:
Heaie:in, ne~nin pacrnreinin :np!
lpnanin rpairop ryr ni(y:ia. 1ai. Hpnxo(nman.
A nani nacronman,
Anani co~nan nor:
5epe:ennon ai nnor,
Hoe panoe, noio nannnoe,
Ho(conyx, apya na ax~e...
|...]
3ro nce no(opo(no-pacrnreinoe,
Croi iyanio-npeicrnreinoe,
Croi (yp:anno-napioanoe,
31O BCL HLKOXO3HOL!
47
]n ney:on:oro narn(a npoerapcioro no.ra, npnniimero i ananay
:npa c ro~in apennn iacconon opii, :n]oorn~ecine ~epri ]ni:a, cnn-
aannie c apxernno: :arepn apxana: ne~noro pacrnreinoro :npa, iyir
ae:n, n(nn~ecian ipacora npnpo(i, no(opo(ne npnpo(i n enmnn, pan-
cian cnena y:npaimero crapnia nipaair nmi iyaniyi n(eoorni
n onacnon ooicrnreinon ]op:e.
Ho, nec:orpn na orpnnareinoe ornomenne enix i noni: :n]a: Po(n-
ni n 3e:n, ~eripe-nnri er cnycrn coornercrnyimne opaai namn ca:oe
mnpoioe pacnpocrpanenne. O conpornnennn enix, ocranmnxcn nepni:n ia-
reropnn: :apicncrcion iacconon reopnn, cnn(ereicrnyir cnopi noipyr
conercion innoio:e(nn, ioropan iai encinn anp noannia na ocnone
yipennimerocn apxernna :arepn
48
. Knnoiaprnny l. Aeican(pona Beceie
penra cnaco nmi o(openne cnepxy. 3ro ronopnr o ro:, ~ro nepexo( or
penoinnonno-yronn~ecion iyirypi i iyirype (na
49
ne i npnnnr cpa-
ay n iyirypnon cpe(e n croinycn na na~aino: .rane c ocrpon ipnrnion
co croponi enix. Hpn:e~areino, ~ro n ne:eninn innoipnrni 3nr]pn( Kpa-
iay.p oxapairepnaona ]ni: ]onenio iai npo(yir nreparypnoro no~-
nennn~ecioro po:anrna:a
b0
.
##
B o]nnnainon iyirype 1980-x rr. nanecrnie inme :arepnncioro apxe-
rnna in ianonnanponani. ]ocraro~no ncno:nnri o noimnx n c:eimnxcn
ioxoannnax nn o ec~ncennix naopaennnx rnna enmnna nic ypo-
an, enmnna nic nneri, :oo(an :ari nic peenoi n r. (., nano(nnn-
mnx nce nnayainie :e(na. B coornercrnnn c :n]o: oimon ce:in
b1
ci(a e nepe(io npnannercn opaa :y(poro, (opoeareinoro orna Cra-
nna, noiponnren neonncye:oro orarcrna ae:n n :arepnncioro c~acrin. He
:oer iri co:nennn, ~ro nonie :n]i ninonnn cpe(n npo~ero n io:nen-
caropnyi ]yninni, noiaainan iaprnny ]anracrn~ecioro orarcrna, n (encr-
nnreinocrn orcyrcrnonanmero n ioeirnnnaonannon (epenne.
Ho no(roronia nonopora i apxernny :arepn n conercion iyirype ma
ye panime. H ne cy~anno ona cnnaana c re:arnion (epennn n ae:n. ]ae
raion anrop npio nipaennon npoerapcion opnenrannn, iai 4. la(ion, n
cnoen nonecrn Honan ae:n (1980), opamanci i (epenencion re:e, no((aer-
cn ee oannni n ~acro noiayercn xo(n~n:n crepeornna:n, cnnaanni:n c
.ron re:arnion. Ho rnny ciera .ro rnnn~nin ioxoanin po:an, n ioropo:
onncinaercn npeo(oenne paanix ne(ocrarion n ioeirnnno: xoanncrne n, n
ia~ecrne onaareinoro noonreinoro aanepmennn, crponreicrno .eirpo-
crannnn. He aacranner cen (ari n npnni~nin :ornn ynra orcraix a,
nai(aimnx c ornpamenne: aa re:, iai a(oni ionn ipo:cair reo ae:-
n-:arymin |...] c rpo:o:, c orne:, c napiranne:
b2
.
Ha ae:i-:arymiy cciaircn orni(i ne roiio ynryimne ai. Ha
nen cronr n ioxoanan (epennn. lana Cy(oporn ae:n oripinaercn ~yncr-
nenni: opaao: rea (ymen ono(ornopennn necennen npnpo(i: 'epnan
ae:n na(an iaercn opomennon iponii, ro~no c nee n:ecre c cnera:n cea-
a npomoro(nnn ioa: cronr nonanri n .ry :niori onary n pianer
rycron ain ]onran. Hen (aeine n naine neryxn, n c aien crpacrii
iy(axran iypi. B:ecre c iypa:n neornrno nea ae:n
b8
. Conne aannaer
ae:i apio n onino, a cioni xo:on reecno nore<ir> n :peimnx
nonax
b4
.
Hanoee ~yncrnnreini i iyiry no(opo(nn oiaainaircn enmnni.
Hpnexanman na ropo(a n (epenni nocnnrareinnna lan omymaer reecnyi
nenocri i rneo:y ni:enn nopo(ncrix iopon: 3ro :np :arepen, :np
pa(ocrnoro iop:ennn n inn i (erenima:
bb
. 1o e ca:oe ~yncrno ona(e-
naer ei n cnnnapnnie: Anani. Hepymn:oe, ecc:eprnoe, nonoe ropn~en
inn n a(i paa:noennn :arepnncrno
bb
.
Ano]eoao: .roro iyira nnnercn ncropnn ioxoannni ymn, nnymen n
ea(erno: paie, no ne eaimen iri nycronnero:. Hoy(ae:an neyro-
n:on a(on :arepnncrna, ona n orcyrcrnne :ya epe:eneer or (pyroro
~eoneia. Ciopnan ranna, oipyaiman epe:ennyi enmnny, niainaer y
lan re e omymennn, ioropie noannin y nee panime n cnnnapnnie: Ho~e-
:y (ae y nnornix-:arepen ncer(a rnmnna n noa(yx (imnr ranncrnennon
ciopii
b7
B ionne nonecrn nepe:ena, nponaome(man c epe:ennon enmn-
non, onncinaercn na ]one nnerymero ca(a. Hoce (ymennoro paaronopa lan
yxo(nr or ymn neaa:erno, na noco~iax, ~roi ne norpenonri oa~non
rnmnni ca(a n ymnnon :arepnncion ranni. H ~yncrnonaoci, ~ro :e(y
bb2
nei n .rn:n nnxpn:n nnera io ~ro-ro omee
b8
. Hpn .ro: ne nrpaer pon,
~ro napymaircn omenpnnnrie :opainie nop:i: n nonecrn la(iona, rai
e iai n n ]nnae ]ni:a ]onenio, noorn~ecinn nncrnnir, eayconnoe
eanne npo(oari nani oiaainaercn cninee.
B orn~ne or rex xy(onnion, ioropie roronnn no~ny (n nonix :n]on,
3naenmrenn ocranannnaercn y nopora apxernna :arepn. Kai :ono cy(nri
no lenepainon nnnn, on n(er nyre: coanareinon :n]oornaannn, conpo-
no(ae:on nay~non opaorion apxernnn~ecinx cnryannn. B cnoen reopern-
~ecion paore na( Nero(o: on ocoanaer nanenmee ana~enne nonpoca o
coornomennn perpecca n nporpecca, apxanin n :o(epna, noorn~ecioro n co-
nnainoro pn(on. 4ni: ]onenio 3e:n n ana~nreino oimen :epe
naoi ]op:npyimencn :n]oornn. On nnnercn nenocpe(crnenni: nipa-
enne: rex :n]oornanpyimnx ren(ennnn, ioropie nicrynair y 3naenmrenna
n onocpe(onanno: nn(e.
1
lpannny :e(y ananrap(non ]airorpa]nen 1920-x n :n]ornop~ecin: inno
1980-x rr. ne ce(yer npono(nri rai ~erio, iai .ro nnor(a (eaercn. 4airorpa]n~ec-
inn :ero( npncyrcrnyer n nreparype, ]ororpa]nn, ]oro:onrae nn inno nnori (o
ionna nepnon nnrnerin, xorn n no(nepraercn cnini: nepe:ena:. Hpn:epa:n conpn-
ennn crporo (oiy:enrainoro naiia c nnnon :n]ornop~ecion ycranonion nnnircn
raine ]ni:i ]. Beprona, iai 1pn necnn o ennne nn Koieinan. Hpan(a,
npne:i (oiy:enrainoro anpa n 1980-e ro(i (encrnnreino c~nraircn nea(einar-
ni: nipaenne: conercion :n]oornn n ycrynair oee (ocrynni: :accono:y apn-
rei ]op:a: nrponoro ]ni:a.
2
C. J.ennmen. Nero(. 1. 1. N., 2002. C. 1b7.
8
K rep:nny nropn~non opainocrn, noanniaimen na yponne conpe:ennix :e(na,
c:.: W. Ong. Oralill und Lileralill. Opladen, 1987. S. 188, 1b9.
4
M. Xuno.tcxu. ennn nponoaramaer conerciyi nacri (3a:erin o (nciypce
ocnonannn) ;; HO. 1997. ! 2b. C. b4.
b
Unr. no innre: u. c. Heanoe O~epin no ncropnn ce:nornin n CCCP. N.,
197b. C. b8.
b
Hnri .nox. K nocranonie iaprnni lenepainan nnnn ;; Hpan(a. b.7.192b.
7
lenepainan nnnn ;; Conercinn .ipan. 1929. ! b. C. b7.
8
Nero(. 1. 1. C. 27b.
9
u. c. Heanoe O~epin no ncropnn ce:nornin n CCCP. C. 98.
10
1a: e. C. 97.
11
Unr. no na(.: C. J.ennmen. Hapannie nponane(ennn n mecrn ro:ax. 1. 8.
N., 19b4. C. b18.
12
C:.: G. W. Lapidus. Women in Soviel Sociely. Berleley. Los Angeles; London:
Universily o Caliornia Press, 1978. P. b492.
18
O 3ainn(e c:.: E. Naiman. Sex in Public. 1he lncarnalion o Larly Soviel
ldeology. Princelon; New Jersey; 1997. P. 12b129.
14
A. 3a.xun0. O~epin iyirypi penoinnonnoro npe:enn. N., 1924. C.b9.
1b
A. 3a.xun0. Hoonon nonpoc n yconnnx conercion omecrnennocrn. ., 192b.
C. 1b.
##!
1b
A. 3a.xun0. O~epin iyirypi penoinnonnoro npe:enn. C. b4.
17
1a: e. C. bb.
18
A. Ao..onma. ]opory ipiaro:y .pocy ;; Noo(an rnap(nn. 1928. ! 8.
C. 128.
19
C:.: 1a: e. C. 122.
20
A. 3a.xun0. Hoonon nonpoc n yconnnx conercion omecrnennocrn. C. b8.
21
1a: e. C. 89.
22
C:. o .ro:: C. J.ennmen. Nero(. 1. 2. C. 401.
28
C:.: H.-!. Schlegel. Serge[ Lisenslein. Schrilen 4. Nnchen, 1984. C. 17.
24
C:.: V. onnell. lconography o Power. Berleley; Los Angeles; London: Universily
o Caliornia Press, 1997. C. 107114.
2b
E. Walets. 1he lemale lorm in Soviel Polilical lconography, 191782 ;; Pussias
Women ; B. L. Clemenls el al. (eds.). Berleley, 1991. P. 241.
2b
C:.: C. J.ennmen. Nero(. 1. 2. C. bbbbb7.
27
1a: e. C. 802.
28
1a: e. C. 808.
29
1a: e.
80
1a: e. C. b71.
81
Ho(pono o nnnnnnx paanix nay~nix noaapennn na 3naenmrenna c:.: A. ohn.
Zur Kunsllheorie S. N. Lisensleins 19801948. Nnchen, 2008.
82
C:.: A. !nmep. Apxernni conercion iyirypi ;; Conpeancrn~ecinn ianon.
CH., 2000. C. 7b4779.
88
C:.: 1a: e. C. 7bb77b; a raie: H. Aopnuenxo. Ciaaano pyccin: nai-
io:.... An(pen Haronon n Nnxan Looxon: Bcrpe~n n pyccion nreparype. N.,
2008. C. 28b2bb (r. Hecnn pa(ocrn 1980-x n ]eno:en Hcaioncioro).
84
C:. no(ponoe onncanne penrnoanoro .icraaa n cnene :oennn o (o(e y 3n-
aenmrenna n na(.: Hapannie nponane(ennn n mecrn ro:ax. 1. 8. C. 8288.
8b
1e e ca:ie :ornni npncyrcrnyir n onncannn mecrnnn n 1exnn~ecio: po:a-
ne A. Haronona (1981), r(e raaa nioni Napnn c:orpnr ea nepi, nenocrn n na(e-
(i. C:.: Crpana ]noco]on An(pen Haronona: Hpoe:i rnop~ecrna. Bin. 4. N.,
2000. C. 897898.
8b
. vu.uuonoe. Bropoe npnmecrnne, nn ecc:eprne yronnn ;; Knnone(~ecine
aanncin. 1994. ! 28. C. 172.
87
C:.: . Muxa.xoeuu. Haryp]noco]nn 3e:n ;; 1a: e. C. 118.
88
Unr. no: M. !o.6xoea. 'y(o-nicrania ;; Oirnpi. 1989. ! 89. C.204.
89
L. Ao..oe. 3e:n n rnop~ecinn onir 3naenmrenna ;; Knnone(~ecine aa-
nncin. 1994. ! 28. C.202.
40
Haananne, ioropoe ]ni: nocnr n ne:enio: npoiare, Der Kamp um die Lrde
(5opia aa ae:i) npe(cranner coon io:npo:ncc :e(y connaini: n :n]oo-
rn~ecin: ainenra:n. C:.: H.-!. Schlegel. Serge[ Lisenslein. Schrilen 4. Nnchen,
1984. C. 7.
41
T. Cepeeeea. Ko:noannnn no.rn~ecion crpoin ;; Knnone(~ecine aanncin. 1994.
! 28. C. 178.
42
H.-!. Schlegel. Serge[ Lisenslein. Schrilen 4. C. 27.
48
E. ,o6penxo. Cenrei nerpa ;; Hciyccrno inno. 1997. ! 8. C. b0.
44
O. vpe0en6epe. Brea( n Hepycan: na oce (Ha enanreicion :n]oornn) ;;
O. 4pen(enepr. Nn] n nreparypa (pennocrn. N., 1998, C. b28bbb.
bb4
4b
Cp.: C. Tpuu6au. 3nennropa, Apcena, 3e:n: Opaa :eccnn ;; Knnone(-
~ecine aanncin 1994. ! 28. C. 18418b.
4b
H. 3a6o.oxu. Croni n no.:i. Crnxornopennn. N., 1989. C. 1b4. 3(eci
:ono ronopnri o cxoecrn nmi n :ornnno: cocrane: orrenoi nponn~ecioro rnnepo-
na:a, cnoncrnennin 3aoonio:y, y ]onenio orcyrcrnyer.
47
Unr. no: Knnone(~ecine aanncin. 1994. ! 28. C. 1b7.
48
C:.: A. !nmep. Apxernni conercion iyirypi. ;; Conpeancrn~ecinn ianon.
C. 77b77b.
49
C:.: . Hanepnt. Kyirypa ]na. N., 199b.
b0
C:.: Knnone(~ecine aanncin. 1994. ! 28. C. 190.
b1
A. A.apx. Cranncinn :n] o nenion ce:ie ;; Conpeancrn~ecinn ianon.
C.78b797.
b2
v. !.a0xoe Cop. co~. n noci:n ro:ax. 1. 4. N., 19b9. C. 4b1.
b8
1a: e. C. 4b8.
b4
1a: e.
bb
1a: e. C. 821.
bb
1a: e. C. 828.
b7
1a: e. C. 822.
b8
1a: e. C. 48b.
###
5. POCCHR H AMEPHKA
CLPlLH KAH1LPLB
NLA]Y HOBLN H C1APLN CBL1ON
HLKO1OPLL HPO5LNL KYL1YPHOlO KOH1LKC1A
COBL1CKOlO HLNOlO KHHO
Y nac ner nenin. ]anre na: ee n ni yanaere, ~ro raioe a:epnian-
cinn :onra, raanrnnie innonarypmnin n iai noncrnny no-a:epniancin
npeipacen ropo(, (ae raion ne a:epniancinn, iai Nocina!
1
3rn cona .
Kyemona cn:non~ecioro repon .ron crarin :orn i iri .nnrpa-
]o: i io:y ncce(onanni ncnoiaonannn a:epniancioro onira coner-
cin: inno.
3icnepn:enri no ioncrpynponanni .icnpeccnnno-(nna:n~ecioro inno-
pn(a orpaan nonci conercin: crpoe: :o(een cnepxicrporo .iono:n~e-
cioro paannrnn, n A:epnia ia (ocraro~no y(aena (n roro, ~roi nocnpn-
nn:aricn iai airepnarnna Lnpone: ee, nanpn:ep, or(enn or ocrainoro
3ana(a ]. Bepron (paarpann~nnanmnn iaprnni, npninmne i na: c 3ana(a
n na A:epnin
2
) n Kyemon (3ana( n A:epnia |...] (eraino nay~nn ronio-
crn cnoero (ea)
8
.
Cnepnn cnon :onranie oripirnn c a:epniancin:n, conercine inne:aro-
rpa]ncri nnrepnpernponan nxo(enne inmen Poccnncion n:nepnn n co-
npe:ennocri ~epea roony inmen Lnponi n o(nonpe:enno coa(anan ci-
er o npenocxo(crne conercion cncre:i na( (ocrnennn:n A:epnin.
A:epnia ia ncno:orareino-npo:eyro~ni: n(eao: na nyrn i io:-
:ynna:y
4
. Honnnnmnecn n Poccnn opaani a:epniancion rexnnin n npe(-
crannren a:epniancioro (eonoro :npa (npe(cranennie n iaprnne Kye-
mona Becro:, a n Hannpocnnne or Nocceinpo:a K. Aenycioro
orn~anmn:cn nmi crenenii nonori Nai-5pan(ro:) (ean oee ion-
ipernon npnrnrareinocri a:epniancioro orarcrna n noanonn :e~rari o
eme oee oprannaonanno: n :enee nanpareino: n pacnpe(eennn ar
nopn(ie. Nnorne cnnainan connancrn~ecioe y(ymee c o~nmenni: or
.icnyarannn n ypyaanon nyirapnocrn a:epniancin: nacronmn:. B A.n-
re A. Hporaaanona, r(e cpe(n neycrpoennocrn nepnix conercinx er nono-
manci :e~ri o ioc:n~ecinx noerax, noainnie (aeion naneri oiaaina-
nci peia:ni: oaynro: io:nannn c necymecrnyimen 18b-n nii-nopicion
aneni.
Kai n penoinnonnan .iono:nia, ny(anmnncn n peaino: n(eae peno-
innonnin inne:arorpa] onenn a:epniancinn onir no coa(anni ipynnoro
innonponano(crna, a raie (nna:n~nin, onrn:ncrn~ecinn a:epniancinn in-
bbb
nocrni. Hyic inno ycnenno iercn n A:epnie, n ]eepn~ecio: oc-An-
xeoce, nponano(nme: inne:arorpa]n~ecine ~y(eca nocinna A. 5pyi-
con. 1a: npaa(nyer rpny:] rexnnia, airepcioe n penccepcioe :acrepcr-
no
b
. H ior(a Kyemon nn(e y(ymee conercioe innonponano(crno iai ro-
po( na aoparopnn, na areie, ropo( c noea(a:n n napoxo(a:n, npe(naana~en-
ni:n (n cre:oi,
b
ro ciopee ncero on cnepn .ry :e~ry c :acmrao: lo-
nny(a. Pnropnia conercioro inno ia copnenrnponana na A:epniy, (ae
ecn ee inne:arorpa] nocnpnnn:acn iai crnxnnno nianannoe i nann rex-
noornanponanni: pnr:o: a:epniancion nann nnenne, ycrapenaimee ne-
pe( nno: oee nepe(onon, oee nay~non cncre:i: Hec:orpn na orarcrno
re:, na nicoinn yponeni rexnnin, a:epniancine ]ni:i npn( n coornercr-
nyir ocoennocrn: nocnpnnrnn conpe:ennoro nepe(onoro apnren. L(nncr-
nenno, ~ro cymecrnenno n a:epniancinx iaprnnax, .ro niainae:oe n:n na-
neomymenne n n(ee:oropnocri
7
. Xopomo, no ecnopn(o~no xapairepn-
aona a:epniancinn noiaanon (nna:na: Bepron crynenii nime ncn-
xoorn~ecion (pa:i, no nce e ec]yn(a:enrno
8
. Ho(onan ipnrnia nce e
noanona acconnnponari a:epnianna: c ne cionanni: (oiannrancrn~e-
cin:n rpa(nnnn:n
9
nporpecco:, c noa:onocrii ynn(eri (encrnnreinocri
c nonon croponi
10
.
Ornomenne i a:epniancio:y inno cia(inaoci iai i :onrano: noo-
nreinie ero croponi ocy(anci n:ecre c orpnnareini:n, n nx orei-
rnnnin anana (oen i npnnecrn i coa(anni inno]op:, orne~anmnx re-
iymn: n y(ymn: omecrnenni: norpenocrn:.
Boa:onocrn nnrerpannn a:epniancinx (ocrnennn n ore~ecrnennoe in-
no in no(pono n .:onnonaino npoanananponani A. Boanecencin:, ioro-
pin c~nra, ~ro roiio panno(encrnyiman |...] (nyx rnop~ecinx nnnn :o-
er oorarnri inno: .ipany nyni a:epniannaonannie` :i n .ipany ny-
ni onamennie` a:epnianni
11
. Ho( onamennocrii Boanecencinn nonn-
:a npn(anne (nna:n~no:y, nocrpoenno:y na npinx opaaax n naoperarei-
nix ciernix nonoporax inne:arorpa]y ecrecrnennocrn, xy(oecrnennon
~yriocrn, ncnxoorn~ecion conocrn, nce~eone~ecioro ycrpe:ennn, ncipen-
nocrn nnyrpennnx (nnennn, (yxonnon co(epareinocrn, n(eoorn~ecion na-
npnennocrn
12
ia~ecrn, ioropie on cnnaina c (ocrnennn:n pyccion
iyirypi.
Nnenne Boanecencioro o ro:, ~ro n nponecce a:epniannaannn ore~ecr-
nennoe inno (ono coxpannri cnnai c pyccion iyirypon, no(no(nr nac i
rannon npoe:e (annon crarin: nacioiio npoa:epniancian pnropnia co-
nercinx inno(enreen coornercrnonaa iyirypnon peainocrn
Cpannnnan cpe(nii npo(onreinocri ia(pa n a:epniancio:, ne:enio:,
]pannyacio: n conercio: inno, 5appn Cor or:e~a nanoimee coornercr-
nne :onranon ciopocrn ce:n ianonn~ecinx conercinx ]ni:on 1924
1929 rr. (nna:nie a:epniancinx innoenr
18
. ]annie Cora yiaainair na
peainie peayirari nay~ennn conercin:n inno(enren:n a:epniancinx npn-
:epon. O(naio, nec:orpn na ro, ~ro n n ionne ne:oro nepno(a pn( a:epnian-
cinx ]ni:on xapairepnaonacn ana~nreinon :onranon ciopocrii
14
, a:e-
pniancioe inno io no-nacronme:y icrpi: nmi n 191b1919 rr.
1b
,
##%
~ro n cepe(nne 1920-x rr. (eao aan:crnonannoe y a:epniannen yciopenne
innore:na n ana~nreinon :epe apxan~ni:. Omecrnennie n nnreeiry-
ainie a:nnnn aacrannn conercinx inne:arorpa]ncron pannnricn na y~-
mne opaani a:epniancion mioi n nepnyi o~epe(i, na noy~nnmyi e-
ren(apnin craryc Herepnn:ocri. Ho n me(enp lpn]]nra crpa(a ia(ponon
nepenocrii, naxo(nci na rpannne apxanin n apeocrn, i ioropon inne:aro-
rpa] no(ome noce oion~annn Hepnon :nponon nonni.
B ione~no: nrore paannrne conercioro ne:oro inno io oyconeno
yne~enne: a:epniancin:n :onrani:n naxo(ia:n n, o(nonpe:enno, airnn-
non nepepaorion opnenrnponannoro na Lnpony iyirypnoro nace(nn Poc-
cnncion n:nepnn (n:nepcian iyirypa pacc:arpnnaercn a(eci c ro~in ape-
nnn orpaennn ei :ony:enrainix rocy(apcrnennix a:nnnn, noncia ionco-
n(npyimnx .crern~ecinx ]op:, a raie ee cnoconocrn nocnpnnn:ari (oc-
rnennn (pyrnx noromae:ix n conpe(einix iyiryp). Bnpo~e:, opn-
enrannn na Lnpony craa n cepe(nne 1920-x rr. n nanenmn: ]airopo: paa-
nnrnn inno n A:epnie: npnroi enponencinx raanron cnococrnona oee
rmareinon or(eie innoia(pa n (ainenme:y aa:e(enni re:na, ye na:e-
rnnme:ycn noce nonni n cnnan c pocro: craryca inne:arorpa]a
1b
. H:nop-
rnponannoe enponenna:n nnn:anne i (eiopy n io:noannnn ia(pa aacranno
a:epniannen eme (aime oronrn or icrporo :onraa, nonynpnoro n nepno(
nepnn~noro ocnoennn noa:onocren inne:arorpa]a.
1nop~ecioe ornomenne conercinx inno(enreen i a:epniancin: :onra-
ni: oripirnn: npe(i(ymero (ecnrnernn cpannn:o c pa(niaini: nepe-
:onrao: ]ni:a Koeco, npe(npnnnri: A. lanco: n 1922 ro(y noce
noea(in n CLA
17
. O(naio, n orn~ne or apxan~non naopaanreinocrn ]ni-
:a lanca, n conercio: inno nepnocrenennoe ana~enne crao y(enricn noni-
menni ca:ocronreinon pon innoia(pa.
3ro n nonon :epe nponnnoci ye n nepnon ii~enon paore conercioro
inno, io:e(nn Kyemona Heoi~annie npnii~ennn :ncrepa Becra n crpa-
ne oimennion. 1e:arn~ecine (opaa ionon ]e((n n noronn no aacne-
ennon Nocine) n ]op:ainie ((nna:n~nocri n carocri nonecrnonannn,
ncnoiaonanne ipynnix nanon) cciin na onir a:epniancion innomioi
ne :oryr orne~i or roro, ~ro npairn~ecin ia(in ia(p (nii~an narypnie
cre:in) ninonen iai ca:ocronreinan ]ororpa]n~ecian paora. O a:epn-
iancio: nnnnnn na nocrpoenne ia(pon :ono ronopnri n cnnan c npnnnnnn-
aini: orxo(o: nx anropon (penccepa . Kyemona, oneparopa A. ennnio-
ro n xy(onnia B. Hy(oninna) or nonepxnocrnon nnonncnocrn enponencinx
n poccnncinx ]ni:on, no(paanmnx nicoio:y nciyccrny, i ionnenrpnpo-
nanno:y peana:y. Ho, iai or:e~a ca: Kyemon nepe( nixo(o: na .ipani
Nncrepa Becra, npornnonocrannn paory cnoero ioeirnna :onrano:y
nnnerpery, n ioropo: pycciyi ncnxoorni |...] niraircn coe(nnnri c a:e-
pniancion (nna:nion, n y~mnx :ecrax iaprnna nponano(nr nne~arenne
enponencion ne noro:y, ~ro ia(pi enponenanponani, a noro:y, ~ro onn o~nme-
ni or naera inne:arorpa]n~ecin nenpne:e:oro nacrn~ecioro copa
18
.
Ha c:eny .nnroncrny (ono io npnnrn xori n niopo~noe, no cncre:arn-
~ecioe ncnoiaonanne (ocrnennn enponencion naopaanreinon rpa(nnnn.
bb8
Kyemon ipnrniona npe(oennyi Boanecencin: ionnennni pyccio-
a:epniancioro :onraa, r(e pyccian rpa(nnnn (ona ia ocynnari
npn no:omn (nnno:erponix cnen ii~enie (n ocoennocrn necymne
ncnxoorn~eciyi narpyaiy) ~acrn ]ni:a, ocrannn aa icrpi: a:epnian-
cin: :onrao: ncno:orareinyi poi oprannaaropa apnreinix anrpai-
ron (n raaa n nepnyi o~epe(i apenmnix n (naorn~ecinx :o:en-
ron
19
. B ro e ca:oe npe:n, Kyemon na:e~a nanpanenne noncia rap:onn-
~ecinx n o(nonpe:enno .icnpeccnnnix pemennn, ioropoe nciope io npeo-
paaonano C. 3naenmrenno: n ionnennni ionrponpye:ix ion]niron. Ha-
crannan na neoxo(n:ocrn rmareinon o~ncrin ia(pa, na npn(annn e:y :o-
ny:enrainon ~eriocrn, na nonimennn ero apnreinix n c:iconix ia~ecrn,
Kyemon pacc:arpnna :onranyi crpyirypy inno]ni:a ne npocro iai
cnenenne iycion, a iai ioncrpyinni, nipacranmyi na n~eei, ioropie n
cny cnonx rmareino oropannix .crern~ecinx io:nonenron oa(an no-
rennnao: pacipirnn oee :acmranix ]eno:enon
20
.
Banan naopaanreinan xapairepncrnia Becra cncre:arn~ecioe npn-
nenne inno:arepnaa i apnrei n ero aa(epia n ia(pe c re:, ~roi
narn( :or onennri ]op:ainyi aaion~ennocri ero no(a~n. Hpne: .ror nc-
noiaonan n paanepnyro: nn(e ye n na~ae ]ni:a, n .nnao(e nepnoro croi-
nonennn Becra c pyccion;conercion (encrnnreinocrii. 'epe(onanne ipyn-
nix n cpe(ne-ipynnix nanon ~eone~ecinx nn n (eraen anro:onn orpn-
naer :onranin nnnerper nicoion nnyrpnia(ponon n omen crpyiryp-
non oprannaonannocrii. Bana a(eci n onrn~ecian ~eriocri opaaon, no-
panman onir paori ennnioro n xy(oecrnennon ]ororpa]nn n inno(oiy-
:enrancrnie. 3pnreinin aanc n ainenrnponia ne roiio (eraen, no n
io:noannnn rannie ia~ecrna Becra, n a(eci Kyemon ce(yer y~mn:
opaana: enponencioro naopaanreinoro nciyccrna no ne :yaenno, a rnop-
~ecin n c noni: y~ero: (nna:n~ecinx cnoncrn inne:arorpa]a, nnrynrnn-
no ni(eennix :acrepa:n a:epniancion mioi.
Hanoee noce(onareino a:epniancinn io:nonenr ]ni:a nponnncn
n nonciax ioeirnno: Kyemona .iono:n~nix cnocoon coa(annn ia~ecr-
nennoro inno. Becr nne~arnimnn opaaen :aoi(ernoro inne:aro-
rpa]a, nonomanmnn croi neoxo(n:yi (n pannen cra(nn conercion rocy-
(apcrnennocrn :o(ei pannonainoro pacnpe(eennn pecypcon. O~nmennocri
ia(pa (ocrnraa n ]ni:e npe(ea: :arepnainoe inne:arorpa]n~ecioe npo-
crpancrno nepno(n~ecin aa:enn acrpairnin ]on, n nepnyi o~epe(i no(~ep-
innanmnn no(ono noprpernon nnonncn .icnpeccnnnyi peie]nocri
~eone~ecioro nna.
Cnepnnci co crpe:nnmencn i .icnpeccnnnon npocrore opaaa enponen-
cion rpa(nnnen, n Becre Kyemon yme n cropony or cynnmero e:y
npn:epo: a:epniancioro inno. Hpe(napnn noce(nii, (e:oncrpnponanmyi
conercine (ocrnennn ~acri ]ni:a r(e ia(pi npncyrcrnnn a:epniancio-
ro rocrn na napa(e na Kpacnon noma(n npe(crannn coon ynpomennin
napnanr ero cnnrern~ecion :onranon ionnennnn opaao: cnpnranmnxcn
n mnne ionon ]e((n iornr, Kyemon npomacn c lpn]]nro: n ero nepe-
rpyenni: cenrn:enraini:n (eran:n crne:. Ha c:eny rpn]]nroncion
##'
oprannaannn pnr:a nocpe(crno: icrpon c:eni paan~nix nanon (ona
ia npnnrn oee rmareinan no(roronia innoopaaon, oyconennan ne
roiio npnnnnno: nx nnrerpannn n :onranyi crpyirypy ]ni:a, no n nx
ca:ocronreinon nennocrii.
B nonon :epe Kyemon paann (ocrnennn Becra n ]ni:e Ho aaiony,
r(e ecrecrnennin no(xo( i :arepnay eme oee .]]eirnnno co~eracn c ero
pannonainon opaorion. Ka(pi .ron iaprnni xapairepnayer apncroipa-
rna:` e(nnon~non (o:nnanri
21
; n nen eme ~er~e nn(na cnnai Kyemona c
rpa(nnnn:n enponencioro nciyccrna. Ho aaiony nano:nnaer o onire pao-
ri Kyemona c L. 5ay.po: n niainaer acconnannn co cian(nnancion mioon:
naopaanreinin pn( .roro ]ni:a naoi iaprnna: B. Lecrpe:a (ne roiio
nipaanreino ncnoiaonanme:y npnpo(nin an(ma]r ]ni:y lopnin 3n-
nnn(, no n oee ia:epni: iaprnna: Kro cy(nr n Hoap na opry), a
raie ]ni:a: 5. Kpncrencena n N. Crnepa
22
. Ho aaiony peayirar
crpe:ennn n y:ennn aa:ennri nanennyi nenpepinnocri nnrerpao: rnop-
~ecin nipannix .e:enron
28
; npenparnri ia(p n .innnaenr nnonncnoro
nponane(ennn ea (oconnon n:nrannn nnonncnocrn, no c rmareini: nine-
penne: ero inne:arorpa]n~ecinx n, rai ciaaari, ciyinrypnix cnoncrn.
Opnenrnponannan na ncnyi ioncrpyinni ia(pa (nna:nia Ho aaiony
(cn:no .ron opnenrannn ianrpa]n~ecin ~erinn cny.r (epena n na~a-
e n n ionne ]ni:a) (aer apnrei noa:onocri pacc:orperi cnn:ae:in
:arepna. Heon(annoe noanniaer oee :omno nanyrpn ia(pon, ~e: na nx
coe(nnennn.
Ainenrnponia ia~ecrn :naancneni y~mn:n opaana:n (openoinnon-
noro poccnncioro inno, cnnaannan c enponencin:n npnnnnna:n rap:onn~non
oprannaannn npocrpancrna, nacrn~nocrn io:noannnn n neinocrn ia(pa, i-
a ycnena Kyemoni: npn no:omn .icnepn:enron c .iono:ni: airepcin:
(nnenne:, (pa:arnaannn oreiron n pac~era norennnainon ana~n:ocrn ia(pa
n aanncn:ocrn or ero :ecra n crpyirype iaprnni. B rnop~ecrne Kyemona
iyirypnan rpa(nnnn noaoa(aa na( pnropnion n cioppeirnponaa c(ean-
nie y a:epniannen aan:crnonannn c ncropn~ecin: pyccio-enponencin: (aa-
na(nn~ecin:) ionreicro:.
Kyemon ne e(nncrnennin conercinn inne:arorpa]ncr, ~ie rnop~ecr-
no n ione~no: nrore orpnnao onir a:epniancion mioi. 1ai, nepeiniai-
mancn c ne:enin: .icnpeccnonna:o: crnncrnia 'eprona ioeca n no-
enponencin rmareinan or(eia ero opaaon npornnope~nn c(eanno:y
43KCa:n necioiin:n ro(a:n panee aannenni: B'LPA iyirypa Ln-
poni. CLlO]HA iyirypa A:epnin
24
. B(oxnonennin enponencion n-
nonncnocrii naopn( 'eprona ioeca :ao nano:nna a:epniannaanni n
eme :enime ipo noxoponnix nponeccnn
2b
.
Hana~ainan noannnn 43KCon ia naia noannnn enponencioro anan-
rap(a: opaa A:epnin i (n nnx opy(ne: opii c ypyaanocrii (y
Kyemona on onnernopn opiy c ne.]]eirnnnocrii ore~ecrnennoro in-
no). Ho ye 'eprono ioeco cnn(ereicrnonao o nx nepexo(e na oee
ioncepnarnnnie noannnn
2b
. B .ro: ]ni:e no(pinnan aarannocri con:e-
bb0
maaci c naiciannocrii, npe(niyman noncin apnreinix .innnaenron n-
reparypnocrn n Lnnen, n~yncrnonanne n yconnocrn n:npeccnonna:a n
Hono: Bannone n omyi ren(ennni i nnonncnon inne:arorpa]n~no-
crn n paorax A. Nocinnna n (pyrnx npe(crannreen nipocmen na ]yn(a-
:enre n:nepcion cronni ennnrpa(cion mioi. Ycranonia 43KCon n nx
oipyennn na ionnenrpnponannyi naopaanreinocri nipaena 5. Kaaan-
cin:: Nonra cynr roiio noce(nen nponepie ia(pon |...]. Hpnnnnnn-
aino, .crern~ecin, ranni: y(er, ione~no, io:noannnn ia(pon n nx neocr-
non, (pa:aryprn~ecion ionnennnn
27
.
Bpn( n nyno :noro ronopnri a(eci o ro:, nacioiio ryoio cnnaano c
naopaanreinon iyirypon Lnponi n enponencion Poccnn rnop~ecrno 3n-
aenmrenna. Ye n .ieirn~non Cra~ie nnn:anne i io:noannnn ia(pa nr-
pao nanenmyi poi. Paano]airypnin n paano:acmranin nacrn~ecinn
:arepna conpornnncn ra: npnnnnny ia(ponon neocrnocrn cninee, ~e:
:arepna ]ni:on Kyemona, n n:enno naopaanreinin io:nonenr coe(n-
nn ionrpacrnie ]airypi n ionnenryainoe neoe.
B 5ponenocne Hore:inne` 3naenmrenn nnornyi no(ome i ron :o-
ny:enrainon neocrnocrn, ioropyi Kyemon crpe:ncn nane~i na oee
oi(ennoro n rap:onn~noro :arepnaa. Honci cpe(crn (n coa(annn naci-
mennoro :era]opa:n .noca npnne 3naenmrenna or .icnepn:enrainon .i-
eirn~nocrn i oprann~nocrn n na]ocy
28
, i cncre:e iaccn~ecinx io:noan-
nnn, i a:nnpnon n(ee :ony:enraino-(eioparnnnoro nciyccrna iai nncrpy-
:enra nponaran(i
29
. 3ro noanono Hore:inny c eriocrii crari ~acrii
omeenponencion iyirypnon rpa(nnnn.
A:nnpnocri Hore:inna c:ennaci n Oirnpe conercin: apoiio
80
,
pacmnpnn noe aan:crnonannn na n:nepcioro iyirypnoro peecrpa, .:e:on
ioropix :oer cynri aionn~nin .icnepn:enr no pacnpe(eenni :ony-
:enrainix n:nepcinx :acc n o(non na nno(nix :onranix ]paa Konna
Canir-Herepypra B. Hy(oninna. B ionreicre (annon crarin nnrepecni ne
croiio onpe(eennie rep:nno: apoiio (nna:n~ecine ia~ecrna Oirn-
pn, cioiio ero crarn~nie .e:enri, nponnnnmnecn n rex :onranix ]par-
:enrax, ioropie (oni in crari naopaanreini:n .innnaenra:n :im-
ennn. Nony:enrainocri ia(pon no(~epinnaa iyirypnyi oocnonannocri
opaaon (cpe(n npo~ero, nx ni(eenne: o~nmenni: or (eraen ]ono:) n
no(nn:aa nx (o yponnn e:inx naiionix e(nnnn.
Coa(ananmnncn 3naenmrenno: naii ne :or ne oxnarinari noe orpnnan-
mencn ero noioenne: iyirypi, ioropan cnaaa apnreen io::ynniarnn-
ni:n opnenrnpa:n, coornocn ]eno:en penoinnn c ncropn~ecin: pn(o: (py-
rnx iyirypnix ]eno:enon, eme ne(anno onpe(ennmnx ioeirnnnoe coana-
nne Poccnn n nainx conpe(eino:y iyirypno:y npocrpancrny, aa (na cro-
ernn (o .roro na:ennnme:y poccnncioe omecrno. Ho(ono nanecrno:y o-
paay Oirnpn, pacnanmnncn :ony:enr crapon naopaanreinon iyirypi
n paorax ee nncnponeprareen conpacn nnoni
81
.
Pemanmancn ocnononoonnia:n conercioro inne:arorpa]a aa(a~a npn-
nennn i nponepenni: ncropnen naopaanreini: :o(en: no(no(nr nac
#$
i eme o(no:y acneiry ionreicryanaannn conercioro ne:oro inno i ero
cnnan c rpa(nnnonno poccnncin: npnnnnno: oronenrpna:a.
3(eci orn~no cnona nepnyricn i Kyemony: Ho aaiony :oer cynri
ornpannon ro~ion n ocy(ennn npoe:i inne:arorpa]n~ecioro oronen-
rpna:a iai ~acrnin cy~an croi nanoro (n poccnncion nnrenrennnn n
n nepnyi o~epe(i cnnaannoro c ]op:nponanmn: ee nreparypni: ananne:
norpyennn n (pyryi iyirypy
82
. On nnnercn ~acrii inne:arorpa]n~ecio-
ro .cce o A:epnie, na~aroro n 1918 ro(y Hpoeiro: nnenepa Hpanra n
crarin:n o a:epniancinx nyrnx ononennn ore~ecrnennoro inno n aa-
ion~ennoro i cepe(nne 1980-x rr. Benin: yremnree: n ipnrn~ecin:
no(ne(enne: nroron yne~ennn A:epnion n Hpairnie innopenccypi.
3ro .cce na ncex .ranax cnoero coa(annn xapairepnaonaoci ne roiio npn-
craini: nay~enne: ]airypi, no n eanne: npo~yncrnonari a:epnian-
ciyi iyirypy: ~yan iyirypa (ona ia crari cnoen. 3ron nen cyn-
n n noiaaareinan a:epnianmnna Hpanra, n noanrnnnan nponnn Becra,
n (ani ynaennn in:i: n Poccnn ]. on(ony n O`lenpn.
B Hpanre Kyemon ncnoiaona icrpin :onra ne roiio iai ioncr-
pyirnnnin, no n iai cn:non~ecinn npne:, ynnainan ynn(ennin y a:epnian-
nen :ero( c :naancnenon, nonon (eraen conpe:ennon rexnoornanponan-
non, a:epniannanponannon nann. ]ean .ro, penccep no :noro: ocrana-
cn eme croponnn: nai(aree:, crpe:nnmn:cn i norpyenni n oripinae-
:yi (n cen n, norennnaino, (n ncero poccnncioro inne:arorpa]a no-
nyi iyirypnyi peainocri. Ocrainie a:epniancine ]ni:i Kyemona
.:nnpn~ecin nponepnn n cncre:arnanponan ananne o .ron peainocrn.
]aime Kyemona n ]op:ainyi cymnocri a:epnianna:a nponni ero
y~enni Hy(oninn. Hpe(oennan n: ionnennnn ioncrpyirnnnoro :onraa
:oer iri nonnra iai cnryarnnnan :ero(oornn, ocynnaiman na:ene-
nnn crpyirypi ]ni:a n aanncn:ocrn or nonecrnonareinoro co(epannn n
ronainocrn roro nn nnoro .nnao(a (rai, :onranin nacrn~ecinn cnn-
rea
88
:or nepe(anari n Narepn ncnxoorn~ecine cocronnnn ~eoneia, n
Konne Canir-Herepypra npnoperari orrenoi nnreeiryainocrn, a n
Horo:ie 'nnrncxana oirpinari .iaorn~eciyi ]airypy). Onocpe(yn
ncropni nn(nnn(yaini:n ~eone~ecin:n cy(ia:n, Hy(oninn npo(oa
nnni lpn]]nra, no onnri e c nonpanion na npo(oanmee peneccancnyi
naopaanreinyi rpa(nnni enponencioe inno 1920-x rr. Crni Hy(oninna
conocrann: c re: ynnnepcaini: crne:, na~ao ioropo:y io nooeno
npnxo(o: na a:epniancine cry(nn enponencinx inno(enreen n ioropin i
ionny ne:oro nepno(a i ocnoen enponencin:n inne:arorpa]nn:n
84
.
Bnnanne Kyemona n coa(annyi a:epniancin:n nncaren:n cpe(y
oprann~noe n Ho aaiony n oee crnnaonannoe, no croi e ncipennee n
Benio: yremnree no(no(nr nac i npoe:e cnnan conercioro inno
1920-x rr. c nreparypon iai nanenmen poccnncion :ero(oornen noanannn
(encrnnreinocrn.
Hpn:ep .ron cnnan crpe:enne npn(ari innornrpy craryc nononen-
noro innoopaaa. Hanpn:ep, y 3. Ly rnrpi ionreicryananpyir aan:cr-
bb2
nonannin :arepna n coornercrnnn c n(eoorn~ecin:n ycranonia:n n, ra-
in: opaao:, :ennir ia~ecrno innoopaaa, nonopa~nnair ia(p
8b
. B Kn-
noraae Beprona na(nncn y~acrnyir n coa(annn naopaanreinoro pn(a
aro(apn .icnpeccnnno:y ncnoiaonanni mpn]ron n nx pnr:n~ecion op-
rannaannn no~rn na pannix npanax c inne:arorpa]n~ecin:n opaaa:n;
nnor(a naiarno ynen~ennie cona aanonnir ia(p, crpe:nci ninrn aa ero
pa:in n ocnonnoe inne:arorpa]n~ecioe npocrpancrno (oparnin nponecc
nponcxo(nr n 'eoneie c innoannaparo:, n ioropo: na(nncn naneiair-
cn na cnn:ae:on cpe(i, na acoirnoro naiia inno). C :ero(o: Beprona
cpannn:a pnr:n~ecian oprannaannn na(nncen n Konne Canir-Herepyp-
ra: aa(annie n ca:o: na~ae ]ni:a no.rn~ecine nonropi nepainix
opaaon n na:enennn :acmraa :arepnanayimnx nx na(nncen nonimair
ana~n:ocri opa:ne:ix n:n ia(pon. O npnnennn cona i innoia(py
:ono ronopnri n n cnnan c ncnoiaonanne: n rnrpax .e:enron ann:a-
nnn (nanpn:ep, c nonnenne: n na~ae Cra~in :ennimero cnoi ion]n-
rypanni naiarnoro HO).
Hpn(anne rnrpy ca:ocronreinon n (ae (o:nnnpyimen pon niyne c
aa(epion apnreicioro nnn:annn nonimenne: io:noannnonnix n onrn~e-
cinx ia~ecrn ia(pa noanoner ronopnri o ren(ennnn ii~enix conercinx
ne:ix ]ni:on i .icnpeccnnnon crarn~nocrn, i nocnponane(enni pnr:on
crapon naopaanreinon n innnon iyirypi. Hepe:emanmancn n poccnn-
cine nenrpi n noromanman nx iyirypy oipanna ia nocranena nepe(
neoxo(n:ocrii ocnannari ne roiio (nna:n~nie opaai n ]op:i rexnoo-
rnanponannoro y(ymero, no n yxo(nmee n:nepcioe nace(ne. Pe]eicnnnocri
n :ony:enrainocri (openoinnonnon poccnncion iyirypi a c nei ee
ocnona, iaccn~ecian iyirypa Lnponi ncrynan no naan:o(encrnne c (n-
na:nion a:epnianna:a, (anan n:nyic ]op:nponanni inno.crernin, nixo-
(nnmen aa pa:in n(eoorn~ecinx aa(a~ penoinnn n cranonnnmencn, n ii-
~enon (n ]op:nponannn innonaiia :o:enr, .crern~ecin: opnenrnpo: (n
inne:arorpa]nn :npa.
Hanoee nono oronenrpn~nocri pannen conercion innoiyirypi ni-
paanaci n onnn reopern~ecinx reicron. 3icnepn:enri c nnrerpannen ne-
~arnoro;nnci:ennoro cona n naopaanreinin pn( inno n reopern~ecion
(nciyccnn o ero npnpo(e n :ero(oornn nimn na yponeni, r(e inno cna-
oci c nreparypon, noy~an n:nyic ne roiio or npairn~ecinx .icnepn:en-
ron, no n or rpa(nnnonno no(ornopnoro (n poccnncion iyirypi ]airopa
nreparypnocrn. Ha~arin Kyemoni: nponecc reopern~ecioro oocnonannn
rnop~ecrna (ocrnr cnoen nicmen ro~in n rpan(noano: inne:arorpa]n~ecin-
nreparypno: npoeire 3naenmrenna.
Lnpona nocnpnnna peayirari npairn~ecion n reopern~ecion (enrei-
nocrn conercinx inne:arorpa]ncron iai ncropn~ecin n (yxonno naine.
Bnnnnn conercioro inno nn(ni, nanpn:ep, n rainx ii~enix paorax enpo-
nencioro inno, iai ioni Aanni Hen l. B. Hacra n Crpacrn Aanni
(`Api K. 1. ]penepa. Con:emenne n :eo(pa:e 3penypra-Hacra rnpn(a
naopaanreinocrn n :onranocrn c conercion re:arnion io cpo(nn a:e-
pniannanponannon (nna:nie ncnoiaonanmero a:epniancinn :arepna Nnc-
#$!
repa Becra. A ]ni: ]penepa coornocn (ocrnennn cian(nnancion mioi
(n nepnyi o~epe(i croi nnn:areino nocnpnnnryi Kyemoni: paory no
o~ncrie ia(pa) c conercion ionnennnen rnnaa.
Bne~arennan conercin:n peayirara:n a:epniancian innoiyirypa n
ome: nx ne npnnna (n or(einix cy~anx nanpn:ep, n ye anyionix
iaprnnax Ha aana(no: ]ponre ea nepe:en . Nancroyna n Xe nam
nacymnin K. Bn(opa nan~ne conercinx .e:enron io oyconeno
noniria:n connainon ipnrnin)
8b
. Ona icrpo ycnona n:noprnponannie
na Lnponi n nipaanmne ycranonin ypyaanon nann naniin coa(annn
:noroana~nreinon :naancneni n niancnponannoro airepcioro ncnxoorna-
:a, no poccnncio-conercian nepcnn enponencion .crernin, neponrno, noiaaa-
aci A:epnie cnmio: (aeion nn cnmio: pa(niainon.
1
L. A.enoe. Ha ynne cn. Hocn]a... ;; . Kyemon. Crarin. Narepnai. N.,
1979. C. 14b. ]annoe niciaainanne ornocnrcn i ca:o:y na~ay 1920-x rr.
2
,. epmoe. Knnoin. Hepenopor. Coner rponx ;; ]. Bepron. Crarin, (nennnin,
aa:ici. N., 19bb. C. b2.
8
L. A.enoe. Crarin. Narepnai. C. 129.
4
O paan~nix .ranax n acneirax nocnpnnrnn A:epnin conercin: omecrno: c:.:
A. M. all. lmagining America: lnluence and lmages in 1wenlielh-Cenlury Pussia.
Lanham |elc], 2008.
b
X. pxcon. 1nop~ecrno inno. ., 192b. C. 81.
b
L. A.enoe. Ka:epnan inne:arorpa]nn ;; Knno-]or. 1922. ! 2. C. 8. (Unr.
no: L. A.enoe. Crarin. Narepnai. C. 120).
7
X. pxcon. Yiaa. co~. C. 8182.
8
,. epmoe. Ni. Bapnanr :ann]ecra ;; ]. Bepron. Crarin, (nennnin, aa:ici.
C. 4b. Honnrne ec]yn(a:enrnocri, o(naio, npn( n npn:enn:o i no :noro: (en-
crnnreino ecnopn(o~non Herepnn:ocrn. Hanpn:ep, P. Ciap or:e~a, ~ro n .nn-
ao(e aano(cion cra~in nocpe(crno: c:eni cepnn cpe(nnx n ipynnix nanon lpn]-
]nr onpe(ener ion]niryimne, npornnocronmne (pyr (pyry cni. Heon(anno
nepexo(n na (ainnn nan, r(e .rn cni (acryimne n noncia) nnepnie noiaaani n
o(no: ia(pe, on (ocrnraer norpncaimero .:onnonainoro .]]eira, ioropin noc-
npnnn:aercn iai connainin nporecr. C:.: R. Sklat. Griilh`s Pussian lans ;; Cinema
Nalion: 1he Besl Wriling on lilm rom 1he Nalion, 19182000 ; C. Bromley (ed.).
New Yorl, 2000. P. b8. Heco:nenno, ~ro lpn]]nr nonn:a npnpo(y ion]nira n y:e
noiaaari ero na .ipane, no (ea on .ro ea pa(niainoro pac~enennn :arepnainoro
noroia. lpn]]nroncinn :onra nyniryannn, a ne acrparnponanne; n aanncn:ocrn
or .:onnonainix n (n(airn~ecinx norpenocren ero :ero( ioeercn :e(y ry:a-
nncrn~ecin: (:ornnnponanni: (encrnne: n .:onnonaini:n cocronnnn:n nepco-
naen) n .neprern~ecin: (non]onn~ni:, c:emaimn: .:nnpn~eciyi noce(ona-
reinocri) :onrao: (o paan~nnx (nyx .rnx nn(on :onraa c:.: H. Hoe. Cnn-
rern~ecioe nay~enne nciyccrna n anyionoe inno. ., 1987. C. 8b2).
9
. a.an. Hciyccrno inno. N., 194b. C. 1b.
10
1a: e. C. 1b.
bb4
11
A. o.necencxu. Hciyccrno .ipana. Pyiono(crno (n inno-cry(nn n inno-
penccepon. Knen, 1924. C. 72.
12
1a: e. C. 72.
18
. Sall. lilm Slyle and 1echnology: Hislory and Analysis. London, 1988. C. 211218.
14
Hanpn:ep, cpe(nnn npo(onreinocri ia(pa n 1one K. Bn(opa (1928) pan-
nnaci b ceiyn(a:, coornercrnyn cpe(nen ero npo(onreinocrn n Hono: Banno-
ne l. Koannnena n . 1payepra.
1b
Ynorpeenne a:epniancin: inno ioporinx :onranix iycion io oycon-
eno ren(ennnen i nanonenno:y cierni:n nonopora:n n rpiia:n (encrnni, pac-
npocrpanenne: (~acro nepaaop~nni: n neonpan(anni:) nonaropcion :ero(nin lpn]-
]nra, a raie noniria:n npnipiri (nna:nion nepenocri ncnonennn. C:.:
W. A. E.etson. American Silenl lilm. New Yorl, 1998. C. b8. Coipirne nepenocrn
no( (nna:nion xapairepno n (n conercinx ]ni:on 1920-x rr. Hpn:epo: nnnercn
4ar nannn B. L:n(rro]a (1929), r(e oocnonannan re:arnion nonecrnonareinan
n :onranan icrpora ((encrnne .ron arnrannonno-ananripnon iaprnni paanopa~n-
naercn n A:epnie) npnipinaer crpyirypnyi n ]op:ainyi neaanepmennocri.
1b
C: o .ro:: W. A. E.etson. Op. cil. P. 811.
17
C:. o .ro:: R. Atmes. lrench Cinema. New Yorl, 198b. C. 4849.
18
L. A.enoe. Ham ir n a:epnianna: (no nono(y crarin 1onopiona) ;; Knno-
raaera. 1924, 28 anpen. C. 1 (Unr. no: L. A.enoe. Crarin. Narepnai. C. 127).
19
A. o.necencxu. Yiaa. co~. C. 104.
20
Hcnoiaye:an rep:nnoornn nanra na onynionannon n 1929 ro(y crarin 3n-
aenmrenna 3a ia(po: (B in.: C. J.ennmen. Nonra. N., 2000. C. 492b02).
21
O raio: apncroiparna:e iai o (ee npomoro nnca n ionne (eia(i 3naen-
mrenn (c:.: C. J.ennmen. 'erneproe na:epenne n inno ;; C. 3naenmrenn. Non-
ra. C. b04).
22
3a:e~anne Kyemona o ro:, ~ro ]ni:i cian(nnancion io:nannn Hop(nci
nncioiio ne in noxon na ]ni:i enponencioro rnna, a oime npnnanci
i ]ni:a: a:epniancin: (L. A.enoe. Hpairnia innopenccypi. N., 198b. C. 11),
or(eno nx or ncen(orearpainon n ncen(onnonncnon enponencion npo(yinnn, no(-
paanne ioropon, c ro~in apennn inne:arorpa]n~ecion :oo(en, orpnnareino
ciaainaoci na paannrnn poccnncioro inno.
28
Onpe(eenne na innrn Hy(oninna Knnopenccep n inno:arepna (192b).
C:.: . H0oexun. Copanne co~nnennn n rpex ro:ax. 1. 1. N., 1974. C. 109.
24
A5! Hapa( .icnenrpnia ;; l. Koannnen. Copanne co~nnennn n nnrn ro:ax.
1. 8. ., 1988. C. 7278.
2b
1a: e. C. 78.
2b
Ho(~epinnan, ~ro lpn]]nr noiaaa nce: cny pnr:a na .ipane, paa:ax npo-
crpancrna, :epy inne:arorpa]n~ecion nipaanreinocrn, Koannnen naaina cnon:
in:i: ]ni:o: .roro penccepa Co:annie noern iaprnny, cnnaannyi c
Lnponon ne roiio re:arn~ecin, no n ar:oc]epnon, rmareino npopaorannon crnnc-
rnion :naancneni (c:.: !. Ao.unee. lyoinn .ipan ;; l. Koannnen. Copanne
co~nnennn n nnrn ro:ax. 1. 1. ., 1982. C. 78). A C. Bacnien, anananpyn n 192b ro(y
(pyron enponenanponannin a:epniancinn ]ni:, Hapnaniy, or:e~a: B :onra-
e 'annn npn(epnnaercn crporon orn~ecion noce(onareinocrn n nonnrnocrn.
On conepmenno orpacinaer yne~enne (nna:n~ecin: :onrao:`. Lro :onra (o-
en oer~ari apnrei nocnpnnrne conix nooennn n ncnxoorn~ecinx nian-
#$#
con ('annn n Hapnania ;; 5parin Bacnieni. Copanne co~nnennn n rpex
ro:ax. 1. 1. N., 1981. C. 18b. N: C. Bacnien npe(noarae:in anrop (annoro
reicra).
27
. Aa.ancxu. Hpnpo(a inno ;; Ho.rnia inno ; Ho( pe(. 5. 3nxenay:a. N.;
. 1927. C. 124.
28
1ai n ionne 1980-x rr. onpe(en ocoennocrn ]ni:a ca: penccep (c:.: C. J-
.ennmen. Oprann~nocri n na]oc n io:noannnn ]ni:a 5ponenocen Hore:inn`
;; C. 3naenmrenn. Hapannie crarin ; Ho( pe(. P. Kpenena. N., 19bb. C. 248).
29
O .ron n (pyrnx ocoennocrnx ]pannyacioro a:nnpa c:.: H. Honout. Neo-
Classicism. Niddlesex, Lngland, 1977. C. 171184. 3:e:a a:nnpnocrn n Hore:in-
ne cnena c nayni: peaenro:, r(e :ony:enrainocri io:noannnn n nnonncno-
(eioparnnnan opaoria ia(pa cia(inaircn n rap:onn~noe nanpnenne, ro~no orne-
~aimee nen: n(eoorn~ecioro .noca. B na~ae 1980-x rr. n cnoe: :eicniancio:
]ni:e 3naenmrenn ncnoiaona (n paannrnn npnnnnna :ony:enrainon naopaan-
reinon rap:onnn (oprann~noro na]oca) raine nonenmne a:epniancine rexnn~ec-
ine (ocrnennn, iai nicoioia~ecrnennan nanxpo:arn~ecian nenia. On ~acro no(~n-
nn .ror npnnnnn naca(enni .iaorn~ecion ]oiiopnon ]airypon, ncnoiayn :o-
ny:enrainyi, apxan~nyi opaanocri (n aprniynnnn cyreirnnnocrn n, rain: opa-
ao:, nonropnn ocnnmennin ncropnen enponencion iyirypi nepexo( or iaccnnncrc-
ioro ananaa i po:anrn~ecio:y cnnreay.
80
Onpe(eenne B. Lioncioro (c:.: . Lx.oecxu. O aaionax crpoennn ]ni:on
3naenmrenna ;; B. Lioncinn. 3a b0 er. Paori o inno. N., 198b. C. 11b).
81
Cnnai ca:oro 3naenmrenna c iyirypnon rpa(nnnen conocrann:a c paapaoran-
ni: n: nreparypni: opaao: lpn]]nra iai nace(nnia ]niienca (c:.: C. J.en-
nmen. ]niienc, lpn]]nr n :i ;; ]. Y. lpn]]nr ; Cocr. H. Aramena n L. Axym-
ion. N., 1944. C. 8988).
82
Hnrenrennnn iai omecrnennin nncrnryr ]op:npyercn npe(e ncero re:n
neeu0uutuu ce.uu, xomopte co.0amc xnueauu u pna.auu... (u. c. Hea-
noe. Hnrenrennnn iai npono(nni n nooc]epy ;; Pyccian nnrenrennnn. Hcropnn
n cy(ia ; Cocr. 1. 5. Knnaencian. N., 1999. C. b8). Hocioiiy nennocri innnoro
anannn n ana~nreinon crenenn onpe(ena omecrnennyi nennocri poccnncion nn-
renrennnn, any~anmne na ycr ee npe(crannreen onnnennn a:epniancioro inne:a-
rorpa]a n nnrynrnnnocrn :ono orncnnri ne roiio :apicncrcin: nocnpnnrne:
iannrana:a iai crnxnnnon npairnin, no n poccnncion rpa(nnnen coornecennn npai-
rnin c innni:n n(en:n n :nennn:n. 1pa(nnnn .ra n(oxnonna nce inne:arorpa-
]n~ecine (eari 1920-x rr.
88
. H0oexun Hpe(nconne <i ne:enio:y na(anni innrn Knnopenccep n
inno:arepna> ;; B. Hy(oninn. Copanne co~nnennn n rpex ro:ax. 1. 1. C. 182.
84
C:.: W. A. E.etson. Op. cil. P. 817888.
8b
Xopomn na(nncn, aanono (aimne nnoe coananne ia(pa. Ha(nncn, nonopa~nnai-
mne ia(p (. Lx.oecxu. Noraia. O innope:ece. Knnia ne (n inne:arorpa]n-
cron. N.; . 1927. C. 88).
8b
Hoonreinyi oneniy (ocrnennn: conercinx inne:arorpa]ncron (anan
C. 5. ]e Nni, nepeexanmnn n lonny( 3. in~ n (pyrne. O conercio: nnnnnn na
a:epniancioe inno n o npn~nnax ero orpann~ennocrn c:.: V. Feltic. Soviel Pevolulionary
lilms in America. New Yorl Universily Disserlalion. 1978.
bbb
lY]PYH XAH]LNAHH
ANLPHKAHCKHH 5AL1 HA COBL1CKON 3KPAHL
'AHHH KAK C'AC1HBOL ]H1A
lana na ncropnn: Ho oion~annn nenion nonni cnepmnoci ne-
neponrnoe coirne: n ropecrnennin Hapnac ~nnno aace(anmnx iac-
cn~ecinx ce:n Nya icrpo, iaion-ro nay:nreino no(npirnnaimen
noxo(ion, norpncan iy(pnnon meneipon c npn:ocrnnmn:cn na nen
ioreio: n no:axnnan nena:ennon rpocro~ion, ne npe:nnyn aa(eri
ei no nocy o(ny na no~rennix Nya, nopnacn (nnnonornn ~eonei n,
npo(ean cairo, xonnycn na npe(ce(areicioe :ecro. 3are:, cocrpo-
nn y:opnreinyi rpn:acy n no(epran ~epni:n ycnia:n na( nepxnen
ryon, c rpy(o:, rai iai, o~enn(no, ne npnnii ronopnri n croi ecrn-
me: omecrne, niipniny crpannyi ]paay, noneprmyi n nay:enne
onrareen Hapnaca: inre n ni Lapo
1ai neaa:erno (n onrareen PC4CP conepmnoci npenpamenne
aaxy(aoro nociona n :orymecrnennoe nciyccrno, n rennainin
'apia 'annn aann noci:oe :ecro n Conere Nya.
Cepren : Boci:oe nciyccrno (1922)
1
BOCKPLCLHHL LAPO B KHHO
Kai nanecrno, ~eni ocnonannon n 1921 ro(y n 3icenrpononce (inm.
Herporpa()
2
43KC (4apnia .icnenrpn~ecioro airepa) a(anrnponan ipo-
:e ncero npo~ero n arpnyri iyironon ]nrypi a:epniancioro inno 'apn
'annna. 4ni:i c 'annni: n na~ae 1920-x rr. no~rn ne noiaainan n
pyccinx innorearpax, n o ero iyire yananan ranni: opaao: na pacciaaon,
npnxo(nnmnx na 4pannnn, r(e cippeancri in n nocropre or 5po(nrn
(1ramp) no.ro:y 'annna n Poccnn naainan Lapo
8
. Kai nnmer Oicana
5yraiona, lpnropnn Koannnen n eonn( 1payepr in n ionne 1921 ro(a
nepni:n, iro ornnn 'annna cnon: iy:npo:, ne nn(n aapanee ero ]ni-
:on
4
. Hn]op:annn o iyire Lapo n 3ana(non Lnpone (oma (o nnx, n
~acrnocrn, ~epea nnci:a cecrpi Koannnena ionn 3penypr, ioropan nncaa
pary na 5epnna n Hapna
b
. Ye n 1922 ro(y 43KCi yneione~nn :n]n-
~eciyi ]nrypy 'annna n niece Aennria`: 'annna ynnaer (ereirnn, noa-
:ymennin re:, ~ro ero, (pyryi :n]n~eciyi ]nrypy, ne nocnpnnn:air ncepi-
ea n ~ro 'annn (encrnyer coracno npanna: ceoeeo anpa. |...] O(naio
:n] ynri nenoa:ono, no.ro:y n aaii~enne Arara onn:aer ne rpyn, a
Krienn~
3naenmrenn
#$%
inno.ipan. |...] 'annn y:npaer na rearpainon cnene, a npoy(aercn i na-
nn n ]ni:e rai inno npaa(nyer cnoi noe(y na( rearpo:
b
. Kpnn Unni-
nn no(~epinnaer n .ro: ionreicre, ~ro nmi i ionny nieci ]nrypa 'ann-
na opea arpnyri ~annncion re:arnin
7
. 1ai, n ionne apnren nn(en
]par:enri na nacronmero ~annncioro ]ni:a, na ~ero Unninn nino(nr (n
1920-x rr. cnon reanc :e(nainoro nocipemennn: 1earp y:per, ~roi noc-
ipecnyri n inno
8
. Kor(a 'annn n 1922 ro(y y:npaer na rearpainon cnene
43KCon, ~roi nocipecnyri na .ipane, ro .ra :era]opa yiaainaer, c o(non
croponi, na coornercrnyimnn ionnenr n orn~ecin ce(yimyi e:y aa:eny
nerepyprcion rearpainon rpynnon :e(nainix cpe(crn (rearp inno); c
(pyron croponi, na nponcxo(enne 'annna na no(ennn, na ero (ae n
]ni:ax omyrn:yi naocri i yinapno:y nicrynenni nepe( c:eimen-
cn nynion.
B 1924 ro(y 43KCi, noce necioiinx io::ep~ecinx ney(a~ rearpainix
nocranonoi, nepemn n inno
9
. 1o, ~ro npn .ro: onn no-npene:y ne ninycia-
ir na non narn(a a:epnianciyi innoanea(y 'annna, nepeceiaercn c nx ion-
nennnen .icnenrpna:a, o ~e: 5yraiona nnmer ce(yimee: Ocnonaren ro-
ionan .icnenrpna: iai nonoe nanpanenne n pa:iax ananrap(a, ioropin nc-
ia cnoe :ecro :e(y ]yrypna:o:, cippeana:o: n (a(ana:o:. |...] B nx npe(-
cranennn inno io or:e~eno nrpon c roroni:n .e:enra:n, ioropan nii~a-
er n cen, ncnoiayer n nepepaarinaer nce: nnpionie rpiin, :acin, peinnanr,
iocri:i, cieri. Unrari na ~yoro, a:epniancioro nn ne:enioro, inno cne-
nnaino c:emnnaircn napo(ni na .rn opaani nenoa:ono or(enri or
no(paannn n:. |...] <3ro ia> nrpa io:nnannn n peio:nnannn
10
. O(naio
.icnenrpn~ecian airepcian nrpa orn~aercn or ananrap(a n:enno cnoen opnen-
rannen na napo(ni n nrpy c yiaaanni:n n nnrare opaana:n.
Kai .ic-nenrpnin
11
43KCi nipan naananne ]apnia, ~roi yia-
aari na ro, ~ro rpiin n :acin, nime(mne na ianonnanponannon innonpo(yi-
nnn, nponano(nrcn y nnx cepnnno. 3ro io, coracno 5yraionon, (e:oiparn-
~ecioe :acconoe paane~enne c ]yrypncrn~ecion (nna:nion, nmennoe ncn-
ion ornin. 43KCi :oryr no npany c~nraricn nepni:n :acrepa:n no nepe-
paorie nciyccrna (recycling)
12
. B .ro: e c:ice i nepepaoran n
Lapo, i ro:y npe:enn yrnep(nnmnn cen n CLA n 3ana(non Lnpone n ia~e-
crne iyironon inno]nrypi. Hepnie cnn(ereicrna o .ro: :i ncrpe~ae:
ye n rearpainon nocranonie roroencion Aennrii 3eirpn]nia-
nnn loron
18
(na:ei na ennncinn oaynr o io::ynna:e) n ioropon na
yponne nocrpoennn (encrnnn, :acoi n penpna nic:ennaircn n (eaircn rpn-
nnaini:n |...] nicoioe nciyccrno (loroi), yinapnin anp ((emenin (e-
reirnn) n ananrap( (i iy:npa: ioroporo ]pannyacine cippeancri npn~nc-
nn n 'annna)
14
. 3ro e ornocnrcn n i iyiry noipyr anea(i .ipana
Lapo iai ]nrypi, naroronennon na ]apnie inno
1b
.
1e: ne :enee, napn(y co craryco: iyira Lapo (n 43KCon oimoe
ana~enne n:eer n ero reorpa]n~ecioe n iyirypnoe nponcxo(enne ncxo-
(nmnn na CLA ycnex na .ipane, ~ro naxo(nr cnoe nipaenne n a:epniann-
aannn :ann]ecra airepcion :acrepcion: a:epniannaannn oana~aer (n
43KCon crpyirypnponanne pyccion peainocrn ~epea ~y(in en cnoco
bb8
(encrnnn n aa:eny crepeornnnix anaion cocrnennon rpnnnainon iyiry-
pi (aeenan a:na, ca:onap, nirancinn pecropan) anaia:n ~yon rpnnnai-
non iyirypi, ioropan (ona npnnecrn i yconenno:y (nono:y) nn(enni.
Bce (ono iri n:noprnponano, nocioiiy n Poccnn ner ropo(cion :acco-
non iyirypi. Hpnoperenne ee nponcxo(nr ~epea accn:nnnni nnocrpan-
nix ]op:; napo(nn nicrynaer npn .ro: n ia~ecrne oer~ennoro no(paa-
nnn
1b
. 3ro :oer noiaaaricn iypieani:, no 43KCi n 192b ro(y npe(on-
n airepy 'apiay 'annny rannyi poi n cnoen .ipannaannn roroencion
Lnnen. Hx aanpoc, ioropin ce(yer pacnennnari o(nonpe:enno n iai cepi-
eanoe na:epenne, n iai peia:nin rpii, ocracn, o(naio, ea ornera
17
. B ]ni-
:e Koannnena n 1payepra, (n ioroporo Kpnn 1innnon nannca cnenapnn
no :ornna: necioiinx pacciaaon loron, pon :oo(oro n craporo ~nnonnn-
ia Aiainn Aiainenn~a 5am:a~inna ncnonn n:ecro 'annna An(pen Kocr-
pn~inn. Coracno 5yraionon, ncnonnrei roronncn no(paari 'annny.
O(naio ~annncioe na~ao io coe(nneno c Kanrapn Bepnepa Kpayca
18
.
3ro c:emenne cnn(ereicrnyer o crenenn ca:ocronreinocrn 43KCon n
a(anrannn innoxapairepncrni paan~noro nponcxo(ennn
19
.
B ome: n neo: a(anrannn Lapo 43KCa:n orn~aercn neaa:erni:n
nepexo(a:n cenoro no(paannn n napo(ni, cepieanocrn n myriy, c:exa
n nic:ennanne
20
. B ionne ionnon npn nce: nocxnmennn yinapni: an-
po: onn ne coa(air :acconyi iyirypy
21
n, nec:orpn na nce ycnnn, ne (ocrn-
rair n inno yponnn ~annncion nanecrnocrn. Hoce neioropix noce(yimnx
innopaor (5parnmia, 1927; C.B.]., 1927; Honin Bannon, 1929), n 1929
ro(y rpynna 43KC pacna(aercn
22
. Ca: 'annn, nanpornn, yrnep(aercn n n
(ainenme: n ia~ecrne a:epniancioro xy(onnia main-slream na yina-
pe inno.ipana. Hpn .ro: on ocraercn, iai no(~epinnaer 5pan(:anep, n
neny cnoero nponcxo(ennn na no(ennn, nnpia, ioyna(i (oinne:arorpa]n-
~ecioro nepno(a
28
. 1o, ~ro a(eci pe~i n(er o napo(no: nciyccrne, or:e~a
cnycrn :noro er noce pacna(a rpynni 43KC o(nn na ee coa(areen lpnropnn
Koannnen. B cnoen crarie Hapo(noe nciyccrno 'apn 'annna (1942) on
nn(nr n 'apn, ipo:e ncero npo~ero, (pa~nnoro cio:opoxa npomix neion,
nipanmero cnon: opyne: rpocro~iy: B nen i rnranrcion paapymai-
men cni (nna:nrnin aapn( c:exa. lo(a:n nanpnennon paori nipaari-
nacn .ror nanpanennin npornn aa (nna:nr. Ha :aeniinx io:naroi nep-
nix nannionon repon nixo(n na oimyi (opory :npa
24
. Oparn:cn, o(na-
io, cna~aa i nece<o:y> ioyn<y>
2b
'apn n ero pannnx innorporeciax,
r(e ror noce nepexo(a na no(ennn na .ipan
2b
nicrynaer nepe( nenanecrnon n
nenn(n:on e:y nynion n ia~ecrne c~acrnnoro (nrnrn. Nnp eme i r(e-
ro (aeio aa crena:n nanniona
27
, rai ~ro c~acrnnoe (nrn co cnoen rpo-
cro~ion :oro nnone eaaaorno (e:oncrpnponari cnon aer na .ipane.
C'AC1HBOL ]H1A: ]BHALHHL KHHO, ]BHALHHL LAPO
O ro:, ~ro 'apn 'annn ye n na~ae 1920-x rr. c~nracn n 3ana(non
Lnpone iyironon ]nrypon, pyccine ananrap(ncri yananan ne roiio na
#$'
nnce: cnonx coore~ecrnennnion na-aa rpannni, no n na coornercrnyimnx
nyniannn. K nn: ne n noce(nii o~epe(i ornocnrcn nanncannan Hien
3penypro: na 3ana(e innra o nacrynnnme: neie ciopocren A nce-rain ona
neprnrcn, nime(man n 1922 ro(y n :ocioncio-epnncio: na(areicrne
lenion. K inne:arorpa]nn orciao iai naananne, rai n nano:nnaimnn
:onranyi rexnniy inno ioanin crni innrn o nciyccrne n rexnnie
28
.
B rane C~acrnnoe (nrn
29
3penypr pacc:arpnnaer ror(a eme ornocn-
reino :oo(oe inno, ioropoe on ooana~aer iai noce(nnn n ce:ie nn
:a(enen cpe(i Na]ycanon
80
. Xorn no 3penypry ]ni: n nponcxo(nr na
A:epnin, ne anaimen rpa(nnnn, n coa(an (n :acconoro norpeennn
81
, o(na-
io ero npen:ymecrno cocronr n ro:, ~ro on ca: rexnnia. OH CAN NALH-
HA. |...] Knno |...] ca:o ]yrypncrn~no
82
. Ho .ron npn~nne inno, n orn~ne
or nreparypi n rearpa, ocnoo(eno or neoxo(n:ocrn npncnocannaricn
i conpe:enni: n y(ymn: pa:o~ni: yconnn:: OHO COBPLNLH-
HOC1L
88
. ]pyrn: npen:ymecrno: inno 3penypr c~nraer :e(ynapo(nyi
nanpanennocri: 4ni:i cioianr no cnery c eriocrii oripirix nnce:.
Aaii ero ecron ne anaer nannonainix paa(eennn
84
. B .ro: ionreicre
cranonnrcn ncno, no~e:y innorepon Lapo n ca: 'annn niainair no nce:y
:npy apnreicinn c:ex
8b
.
]n 3penypra :oo(an inne:arorpa]nn no(~nnnercn cnon: cocrnen-
ni: aaiona:. 3ro npnanan, no ero :nenni, n nepnyi o~epe(i a:epniancine
coa(aren ]ni:on
8b
: 'ame n ~ame onn <a:epniancine ]ni:i !. A.>
repnir xapairep nieci, crponrcn ne no napacranni ncnxoorn~ecioro (encr-
nnn, a no HOCL]OBA1LLHOC1H nnemnnx (nnennn
87
. H:enno n .ron
cnnan anrop npnanaer aa rnop~ecrno: 'annna craryc ca:ocronreinoro inno-
nciyccrna. ]nrn, yno:nnyroe n aarannn (annon rani, nponnner n cnonx
]ni:ax npnanain oc:icennoro orpo~ecrna
88
. H:n Lapo po(aer |...]
5AALHHOL BLCLHL. Lapo nam, r. e. nonin, enin, 4Y1YPHC1
89
. 1a-
in: opaao:, 'annn nnnercn opaanoni: npn:epo: nonoro inne:arorpa]n-
~ecioro :e(ny:a, npeinanmero n na~ae 1920-x rr. eme n c~acrnno:
(ercio: noapacre. Nnponon ycnex innoanea(i cnnaan c re:, ~ro on ne ap-
rncr nacrpoennn
40
nn n(oxnonennin io:ni
41
, a KOHC1PYK1OP
42
c ro~no
pacc~nranni:n cxe:arnanponanni:n (nnennn:n. 1ai e iai n :e(na inno,
nepcona 'annna npe(cranner conpe:ennocri re: oee ~ro Lapo no-
cronnno naxo(nrcn n conpe:ennix :ecrax, rainx, iai rpancnopr nn :ecra
paane~ennn
48
.
B roionannn 3penypro: pannero rnop~ecrna 'annna ncipinaercn ero
ornomenne i inno pannnx 1920-x rr. Hpen:ymecrno: nncarei c~nraer coor-
nercrnyimee ]yrypncrn~ecion conpe:ennocrn (nnenne n ciopocri nono-
ro :e(nainoro cpe(crna. C o(non croponi, 3penypr n:eer n nn(y rexnn~e-
ciyi cropony, iai, nanpn:ep, nepe:oria innoponia, c (pyron croponi (n-
na:niy na .ipane. Ci(a e ornocnrcn rpancnopraeinocri ]ni:on iai n
]nan~ecio:, rai n n :e(naino: c:ice, (aiman noa:onocri pacnpocrpane-
nnn no nce:y :npy nocpe(crno: :e(ynapo(noro, nce: nonnrnoro naii<a>
ecron
44
. Hpn .ro: ana:enareino, ~ro 3penypr npnanaer aa ]ni:o: iai
nipaanreini: cpe(crno: nmi naii ecron n rea n iareropn~ecin ornep-
b70
raer nponanecennoe cono: Knne:a ne ninocnr con, on neci n ecrax
4b
.
Lro nnrepec i inno nocnnmen no.ro:y io npe:enn nanncannn innrn no
ncnio: cy~ae ecmy:non c:ene (nnennn na .ipane, ioropi:n na(e n
conepmencrne nmi innoioncrpyirop 'annn aro(apn orpaoranni: cxe-
:a: (nnennn cnonx ]nryp. Hpn .ro: 3penypr o~eni ipnrn~ecin ornocnrcn
i ncnxoorn~ecin :ornnnponanni: .e:enra: inno(encrna, ioropie, no ero
:nenni, epyr cnoe na~ao n aaiyncn<o:> XAN<L> rearpa
4b
. Ho .ron
npn~nne on nicrynaer aa neaanncn:ocri inoro :e(na, nipaennyi n (nne-
nnn, ciopocrn n (nna:nie orn~nreinix ~eprax nonoro croernn. H:enno
.rn acneiri onnernopner naii rea ~annncioro 5po(nrn ero :exann~e-
cian, cnoncrnennan :apnonerie no(nnnocri, rnnn~nan (n pannero rpiiono-
ro (slapslicl) inno
47
.
1o, ~ro :i npn .ro: n:ee: (eo c ~ncro inne:arorpa]n~ecion xapairepn-
crnion, no(~epinnaercn raie n Napmao: Naii.no:, ior(a n cnoen inn-
re Underslanding Nedia (19b4) on pacc:arpnnaer pannee inno n ionreicre
cnenn]n~ecinx :e(naino-ncropn~ecinx yconnn. Coracno Naii.ny, nan-
ro:n:a 'annna nnnercn nanro:n:on poora, :exann~ecion iyii, rne-
in na]oc ioropon aaii~aercn n ro:, ~ro ona npnnaercn i nanennon
cnryannn ~eoneia. 5aro(apn opamenni i ]op:a: iaccn~ecioro aera
on (one opaa .eranrnocrn n ox:orinx (o ]eeno(onon po:anrnin. 4op:a
]ni:a nonocrii coornercrnonaa .ro:y io:nnnponanno:y ne(yme:y o-
paay, nocioiiy ca:o inno nnnercn peain:, :exann~ecin: :epnaimn: ae-
ro:, aacrannimn: cnepiari ]anracrn~ecinn :np po:anrn~ecinx niann
48
.
3ro yiaaanne Naii.na na :exann~eciyi no(nnnocri coornocnrcn c noxna-
on 3penypra ro~nocrn (nnennn 'annna iai nipaenni neia ciopocren,
a(einarno nocnponano(nmnxcn na .ipane. 3ro pacnpocrpannercn n na rne-
in na]oc ~annncioro nepconaa, ioropin iai raionon raie onnernopner
(yx npe:enn, nanennyi cnryanni ~eoneia na~aa (na(naroro croernn.
Bocxnmenne 3penypra ~annncin: aero: na .ipane npn:e~areino
eme n noro:y, ~ro ~epea (ecnri er on ~peani~anno cienrn~ecin ornecercn i
coa(annon n lonny(e ]apnie cnon. 3ro cranonnrcn o~enn(ni: n ero
o(non:ennon, onynionannon n 1981 ro(y n 5epnne xponnie, n ioropon on
ipnrniyer iannrancrn~ecin opnenrnponannyi innonn(ycrpni iai :e(ny:
n iai cncre:y: 3ro npannr :npo: nomenan iopoia. 3ro nenioe naope-
renne n .ro ciyia, aiman a(nan ciyia. 3ro inno
49
. O ro:, ~ro 3penypr,
nec:orpn nn na ~ro, ocraercn nepni: cnoen onenie 'annna, cnn(ereicrnyer
nynionanmancn c 19b0 no 19bb rr. anronorpa]nn i(n, ro(i, nani, n
ioropon on coomaer o cnoe: panne: napncio: npe:enn rai: O(na(i c
]nero Pnnepon n ynn(e n :aeniio: innorearpe neanaio:oro :ne airepa.
On n nocy(y n :aaa ipacion .eranrnix (a:. B:ecre c (pyrn:n :i roro-
ran; no ior(a :i nimn na aaa, n ciaaa ]nero, ~ro :ne crpamno: .ror
:aeniinn c:emnon ~eonei n ioreie noiaainaer nci neenocri nann.
]nero ornern: ]a, .ro rparni...` Ni ciaaan Hniacco, ~roi on onaarei-
no noc:orpe ]ni: Lapo rai ror(a naainan nnio:y ne nanecrnoro
'apn 'annna
b0
. B (pyro: :ecre on (ae aamnmaer a:epniancioro innore-
pon or conercinx :eman, ioropie iareropn~ecin ocy(air nce aana(noe
b1
,
#%
n nnmer: A roron, o(naio, nnaio noionnricn |...] 'annny
b2
. Hec:orpn na
npe(nanroe ornomenne i io::ep~ecio:y inno n 4apnie cnon, 3penypr
npnanaercn n cnoen anronorpa]nn: A |...] yneiacn inno. |...] <A> nocxn-
macn 'annno:
b8
. C a:epniancin: innorepoe: 3penypr noanaio:ncn no
npe:n cnoero npeinannn n Hapne n 5epnne n pannnx 1920-x rr., ior(a n
inno mn ioporine ]ni:i-rporecin c 'annno: n ia~ecrne ncnonnren
(]ni:i io:nannn Keyslone), a nnoce(crnnn anropa cnenapnn, penccepa
(]ni:i npo(icepa Lssanay) n npo(icepa (]ni:i io:nannn Lone-Slar-
Nulual). B .ro npe:n 3penypr n ana~nreinon crenenn aare:nner a:epn-
iancioe nponcxo(enne innoairepa n npo(icepa (ioropie npn:epno n ro e
npe:n ocnona rpynna 43KC) re:, ~ro opamaer ocooe nnn:anne n ocnonno:
na coornercrnyimne npe:enn n cnoncrnennie n:enno inno (nnennn Lapo
na .ipane. 'annn 3penypra xy(onni .ipana, ioropin nonocrii npn-
cnocannaercn i (nna:nie inno n n cocronnnn acoirno aarymenari xa-
pairep nieci. B .ro: c:ice :i n a(eci n:ee: (eo co c:eprii rearpa n ero
nocipecenne: n inno
b4
, ~in (nna:n~ecine ia~ecrna no(~epinnaircn aero:
na .ipane Lapo, npo ioroporo roe :ono ciaaari: On neprnrcn!
Xapairepnyi napaei i noannnn 3penypra no ornomenni i 'annny
n inno :i naxo(n: n onenie (pyroro inren inno roro npe:enn
bb
. B cnoe:
paaronope c lycrano: Anoyxo: 4pann Ka]ia naainaer 'annna rexnnio::
On, nec:orpn na eoe nno n re:nie ipyrn no( raaa:n, ne cenrn:enrai-
nin Hiepo, no n ne ipnrni
bb
. Hpan(a, Ka]ia ipnrniyer inno, ronopn o ro:, ~ro
apnren: ne xnaraer ]anraann, ~e: 'annn n noiayercn n cnonx ]ni:ax-
rporeciax: Kai aynon rexnni nponano(nr ncrannie ~eicrn, rai on npona-
no(nr nporeai ]anraann. 1aioni ero ]ni:i, raiono n inno noome
b7
. 5y-
(y~n, coracno cocrnenno:y cnn(ereicrny, o(nonpe:enno nreparopo: n ~e-
oneio: raaa, Ka]ia nocnpnnn:aer aer na .ipane iai cnmio: icr-
pin. Hocronnnan c:ena ia(pon ocranner aa ~eoneio: nmi noa:onocri
nonepxnocrnoro nocnpnnrnn, narn(a nonepx. He narn( ona(enaer ia(po:,
a ia(p narn(o:. On nepenonner coananne. Knno nnnercn ynn]op:on (n
panee onaennoro raaa
b8
. B 4apnie cnon 3penypra :i naxo(n: no-
xoyi, ipnrn~eciyi no ornomenni i :e(na inno noannni, ioropyi nipaa-
er nreparypnin ~eonei raaa Ka]ia npe(crannrei iai nnayaino-
rpa]n~ecioro, rai n nepaino-naiionoro nonecrnonareinoro :e(na
b9
. 3pen-
ypr nnmer: 5icrpo neprnrcn enra: 1b naopaennn n ceiyn(y. |...] Ocra-
nonnci, :arn~ecian enra! Y nac onr raaa. B roone ry. Ni ne :oe:
oime!.. Ho enra neprnrcn. Knno ne roiio neyon(, ne roiio rpiin
Hapa:aynra`, y inno cnon (yma; ce(onareino, ono no(nepeno (ymenni:
aaoenannn:. 3ro cn:nro:i oiinonennoro eay:in: c:emanci ia(pi n
cona
b0
. H a(eci anrop nicrynaer iai nreparop conce: no-(pyro:y, ~e:
n A nce-rain ona neprnrcn ioropin ex-negali.o npe(no~nraer :e(en-
noe, ne o]op:ennoe n ia(p cono (n ]op:nponannn y ~nraren nnyrpenne-
ro ]ni:a. B orn~ne or cona nomenan iopoia inno nponano(nr cni
<n>a (oapon, na yioi nn, :oer iri, na no~noro annnnn
b1
. 1ai ne~ep-
nne innonocernren crpe:nrcn i eeco:y .ipany |...], no nciope ncex noro-
maer orpo:nan re:nora
b2
. 3ra ipnrnia o(yp:annnaimero inno aarparnnaer
b72
ronny(ciyi ]apniy cnon c ee ]anracrn~ecin:n .ipanni:n niann:n
no a:epniancio:y opaany n n ropaa(o :enimen crenenn ioporine slapslicl-
]ni:i 'annna. Kai paaneiareinie ]ni:i onn, c o(non croponi, po(cr-
nenni no(enni, no, y(y~n o(nonpe:enno ]ni:a:n-rporecia:n, onn nnnir-
cn ca:ocronreini: anpo:, n ioropo: .ror :aeniinn c:emnon ~eonei
n ioreie cnon:n ro~ni:n (nnennn:n npe(cranner c:emnon aer na
.ipane. Lcn 'annn, coracno 3penypry, non(er n ncropni napn(y c 3(n-
cono: iai nepnin paornni inno
b8
, ro npn~nna aaii~aercn n ro:, ~ro
c~acrnnoe (nrn, no(ono 5po(nre (nnepnie n ]ni:e ]ercine anroronin
n Bennce (1914)), ea con, no o~eni no(nnno nporncinnaercn i innoia:epe,
ornepnynmnci or rocno(crnonanmnx (o ne(annero npe:enn rearpa n nrepa-
rypi iai conecnix nciyccrn
b4
.
]L1CKHL B3lA]L: ANLPHKAHCKHH HH4AH1HH3N
'APH 'AHHHA
Arpnyri (erciocrn npnnncinaer innopon: 5po(nrn 'apn raie
Cepren 3naenmrenn. B cnoen na~aron n 1987 n aaion~ennon n 194b ro(y
crarie Charlie 1he Kid on no(~epinnaer (ercinn narn(
bb
innorepon, orn-
~aimnncn nenocpe(crnennocri<i> nocnpnnrnn iix nnennn
bb
. Ho, no-
cioiiy :i n:ee: (eo nce-rain co napoci: ~eoneio:, nonnnercn neo-
xo(n:ocri nn]anrnin<oro> npne:<a>
b7
. Coracno 3naenmrenny, .ro xa-
pairepno (n a:epniancioro i:opa, (aimero noa:onocri yxo(<a>` or
(encrnnreinocrn
b8
. C no:omii .roro nn]anrnna:a
b9
a:epnianny 'ann-
ny y(aercn ocnoo(nricn or :amnnna:a nnreeiryainoro
70
: Hpioi n
nn]anrninocri cynr n ca:o:y 'annny cpe(crno: ncnxoorn~ecioro ni-
xo(a aa npe(ei paa:epennoro, pac~ep~ennoro n pacc~nrannoro :npa oipy-
aimen ero (encrnnreinocrn
71
. Boanninonenne .roro npne:a 3naenmrenn
orncnner napoci:n, r. e. necnoo(ni:n n ne (aimn:n ynepennocrn n
y(yme: yconnn:n nann n A:epnie, r(e, no cpannenni c Conercin: Coi-
ao:, i(n: ocranaoci o(no: ncnxoorn~ecin, ]nirnnno yerari oparno n
eaaaornyi npeecri ca:onorpyennn n (ercrno. |...] H nor no~e:y rennn
'annna (oen i aapo(nricn n pacnnecrn na 0peou ionne ae:noro mapa,
a ne n crpane, r(e c(eano nce (n roro, ~roi aooron pan (ercrna :or i
crari (encrnnreinocrii
72
.
3rn nonrn~ecine yioi cyar 3naenmrenny n ionne ionnon no(roron-
ion i ro:y, ~roi nponri cner na ~annnciyi innoranny. C Honix npe-
:en (Nodern 1imes, 198b) na~nnaercn (n 3naenmrenna nepe:ena ~annn-
cioro crnn, nocioiiy n:enno n .ro: ]ni:e (ercine narn(i crainnaircn
c cepieanon re:on
78
. 3ry o:iy crnn 3naenmrenn nn(nr, paay:eercn, n noo-
nreino: cnere. Lcn n pannnx ]ni:ax-rporeciax, n ioropix crainnair-
cn (opo n ao, oimne n :aeniine, e(nie n orarie
74
, (ercine narn(i
ne npornnope~ar neceon ar:oc]epe ]ni:on, ro n Honix npe:enax onn
n(yr npaapea c cocrnennon re:on
7b
neon(anno no(ornopni: opaao:.
Ho.ro:y ~annncian ranna aaii~aercn n ro:, ~roi nn(eri nnennn ca:ie
#%!
crpamnie, ca:ie aine, ca:ie rparn~ecine raaa:n c:emnnoro peenia
7b
.
Hpn .ro: pemaimn: nnnercn orcyrcrnne iaion-no onenin
77
n iaioro-
no :opaino-.rn~ecioro |...] oc:icennn
78
. Ho :nenni 3naenmrenna, .ra
nenocpe(crnennocri 'annna co npe:ene: nipacraer n ionnennni
79
, (ocrnr-
myi cnoero anoren n Honix npe:enax: C:emnno-(ercinn narn( nopo-
(aer cepnn crpamnix ia(pon Honix npe:en
80
, n ioropix rpoani: naprne-
po: 5po(nrn nnepnie nicrynaer (encrnnreinocri
81
. Kor(a n noce(yimnx
]ni:ax ~annncian ]nrypa nce oee n oee napoceer, 3naenmrenn no(-
~epinnaer, ~ro on n:ecre c re: coxpann n nono: ore:e neoya(annocrn
neci io:neic nn]anrninix ~epr
82
. 1o e ca:oe 'annn ocymecrnner,
nonoman Xnnien n ]nirarope (1he Greal Diclalor, 1940): Hn]anrni-
nin :anini no rane rocy(apcrna
88
. B .ro: ]ni:e nn]anrninon nnnercn
roiio ]op:a naoennn
84
, no ne cocrnenno ornomenne i ]amna:y. 1ai,
3naenmrenn nn(nr n opamennn n ]nnae ]niraropa
8b
, nnepnie c(eanno:
na nonnrno: naiie, cn:no nepepacrannn 'annna-peenia n 'annna-rpny-
na
8b
, ioropin, o(naio, no-npene:y npe(cranen c ro~in apennn peenia.
3naenmrenn, rai e iai n 3penypr, aare:nner a:epniancioe nponcxo-
(enne 'annna, r. e. ero (ercine narn(i, ~roi npe(crannri ero nn]anrn-
na: iai ionnennni innoonnnennn. B .ro: c:ice na(o nonn:ari n nacca,
ioropi: 3naenmrenn aaian~nnaer cnon paccy(ennn: ap.t. Cnencep a-
n.un u. !o..ue0a, ornine n:enye:in Chatlie lhe Gtoun-up <napocin.
!. A.>
87
.
Lcn (n Koannnena innorepon 'annna co npe:ene: nino(nr pa(nyc
cnoero (encrnnn na :aeniinx io:naroi nepnix nannionon |...] na oi-
myi (opory :npa
88
, ro .ro raie cnnaano c ero nepexo(ni: noapacro:.
1ai, Koannnen cpannnnaer oee noa(nero napo(noro xy(onnia 'annna c
ropiin: myro: na Kopon npa Leicnnpa: Bo nropo: nepno(e cnoen
paori 'apn 'annn na~a nepexo(nri na ioporiyi nory c ncropnen
89
.
'annn iai ropiinn myr
90
epe(nr cnoen rpocro~ion pani ~eone~ecr-
na rai e, iai n innono.:e Hnana lon 'annnna(a (Die Chaplinade,
1920) n ionne nropon cneni on eaaaorno nponaaer cnoen rpocro~ion cep(-
ne nanna~nnon (a:i
91
. 1aioe (:era]opn~ecioe) aoynorpeenne rpocro~ion,
ioropan oi~no nnnercn arpnyro: neceoro 5po(nrn, ocymecrnnercn n
ionne ionnon no~rn no 3naenmrenny :ero(o: nn]anrninoro npne:a.
***
Arpnyri (erciocrn, xorn n no-paano:y, nona(air npn nocnpnnrnn a:e-
pniancion innonioni na conercio: .ipane na nepnin nan. B 1920-e rr.
43KCi nepenn:air n nn(e nrpi nime(mnn na A:epnin inno:n], n n nep-
nyi o~epe(i (ercine nrponie innoarpnyri Lapo. Hpnnanreino
n ro e npe:n 3penypr ni(nnraer :acrepa (nnennn 'annna n ia~ecrne
innonioni n c~acrnnoro (nrn nonoro croernn ciopocren, ioroporo nona-
~ay (ae ne n:eiman rpa(nnnn A:epnia nocnpnnn:aer iai noa:onocri
:e(naino neaannrnannoro, r. e. ne naxo(nmerocn nn no( ~in: nnnnne:
nonoro na~aa nocpe(crno: inne:arorpa]n~ecioro :acconoro paane~ennn.
b74
Hoa(nee 3naenmrenn pacnennnaer npo(ennin a:epniancinn nn]anrnna:
no ornomenni i innornop~ecrny 'annna iai pa]nnnponannoe crnenoe cpe(-
crno, pacipinaimeecn n croinonennn cepieanix, onepnpyimnx .e:enra:n
(encrnnreinocrn re: c (ercin:n narn(a:n, naxo(n n .ro: ionnennni, co-
crannimyi innoonnnenne. 1e: ca:i: na conercio: .ipane 'annn nonn-
nercn ior(a c oee nn :enee cepieanon, ior(a c napo(nnnon nn nponn-
~ecion ipnrnion A:epnin n nepnyi o~epe(i iai c~acrnnoe (nrn. B ra-
io: ia~ecrne cnon: nrponi: (43KC), no(nnni: (3penypr) n nn]anrni-
ni: (3naenmrenn) aero: na ]one a:epniancinx iync on n niainaer
iai c :e(nainon, rai n c nonrn~ecin-n(eoorn~ecion ro~in apennn ea-
rpann~nin n ocnoo(aimnn, cna~aa necein, a aare: ropiinn c:ex.
1
C. J.ennmen, C. Kmxeeuu. Boci:oe nciyccrno. O .icnpeccnonna:e, A:epnie
n, ione~no, o 'annne ;; C. Krienn~. Copanne co~nnennn n rpex ro:ax. 1o: 1. N.,
1990. C. 27b.
2
C:.: . Foliuoda. lLKS labril des exzenlrischen Schauspielers. \om
Lxzenlrismus zur Poelil in der rhen Sow[ellullur. Nnchen, 1994, S. 7071.
8
C:.: O. ulgakoua. lLKS. Die labril des exzenlrischen Schauspielers. Berlin,
199b. S. 8b.
4
1a: e. C. 8b. C:.: eonn( 1payepr o 'apn 'annne n Hnane Noayxnne ;;
Knnone(~ecine aanncin. 2008. ! b8. C. 21722b.
b
3ro no(rnep(air pyccine nyniannn o 'annne n noce(yime: ro(y. C:.:
O. ulgakoua. Op. cil. S. 8b.
b
1a: e. C. 8788.
7
K. }uetn. Pannne ].ici n iyirypnan re:arnia 20-x ro(on ;; Knnone(~ec-
ine aanncin. 1990. ! 7. C. 24.
8
1a: e. Hapn(y c .rn: Unninn oripinaer n aaii~nreinon cnene iomyn-
crnennoe oro(ecrnenne 'annna n Xpncra (1a: e).
9
C:.: O. ulgakoua. lilm als Slil ;; lilm, Auge, lausl, Sprache: lilmdeballen der
20er Jahre in Sow[elruland ; O. Bulgalowa. (Hg.). Berlin, 1992. S. b1.
10
O. ulgakoua. lLKS. S. 7.
11
1a: e. S. 9.
12
1a: e.
18
C:.: 1a: e. S. 182184.
14
1a: e. S. 8b.
1b
1a: e.
1b
1a: e.
17
C:.: 1a: e. S. 18b, 140.
18
1a: e. S. 141.
19
1a: e. S. 1b1.
20
1o e ca:oe noa(nee ornocnrcn n i innornop~ecrny 'annna. 1ai, ero 5po(nra n
]ni:e Unpi (1he Circus, 1928), yeran or nonnnn, oiaainaercn n aepiaino:
anpnnre, r(e ero npece(yir n (aee. 3ry cneny :ono pacc:arpnnari iai innona-
po(ni na rnnn~nie (n pannero inno cneni noronn :e(y nonnencin:n n ynia-
#%#
:n, ioropan na-aa nepaaepnxn aepiainoro orpaennn noiaaana ad absutdum. Kai
nnmer Bairep 5enin:nn n crarie Orn(inanci na 'annna (1929): Honci(y
napnanri ero ca:ix oimnx :ornnon noanniair no nce: cnoe: nenioennn. Horo-
nn nepenecena n aanyrannin anpnnr, neon(annoe nonnenne (ono nopaanri
nomennia (W. enjamin. Pclblicl au Chaplin ;; W. Ben[amin. Gesammelle
Schrilen lll ; H. 1iedemann-Barlels (Hg.). lranlurl a.N., 1972. S. 1b7).
21
O. ulgakoua. lilm als Slil. S. b1.
22
C:.: 1a: e.
28
T. tandlmeiet. lilmlomiler. Die Lrrellung des Groleslen. lranlurl a.N., 1988.
S. b8.
24
!. Ao.unee. Hapo(noe nciyccrno 'apn 'annna ;; l. Koannnen. Copanne
co~nnennn n nnrn ro:ax. 1. 8. ., 1988. C. 91.
2b
1a: e.
2b
C:.: D. Robinson. Chaplin: sein Leben, seine Kunsl ; berselzung aus dem Lngl.:
Brigille Nenlz und Nallhias Nller. Zrich, 1998. S. 991b7.
27
!. Ao.unee. Yiaa. co~. C. 91.
28
3ro:y ioncrpyirnnncrcio:y ycnni npornnocronr ror ]air, ~ro innra nane~a-
rana c coxpanenne: crapon pyccion op]orpa]nn. Ho nono(y .roro no ncrynnreino:
npn:e~annn na(areicrno yiaainaer na orcyrcrnne coracnn anropa n o(nonpe:enno
n(er na (ncrannni no ornomenni i ero narn(a:. C:.: H. Jpen6pe. A nce-rain ona
neprnrcn. N.; 5epnn, 1922. C. 7.
29
1a: e. C. 118128.
80
1a: e. C. 118.
81
C:. ra: e.
82
1a: e.
88
1a: e.
84
1a: e. C. 119120.
8b
C:. ra: e. C. 120. B npe(oennon crarie 'annn naopaen i ro:y e n
nicrpannnx 4epnana ee, a raie n cnene na ]ni:a o:ap( (1he Pawnshop,
191b). C:. ra: e. C. 119, 121, 12b, 128.
Hepnoe na(anne 3penypra n ncnnioro Bemi Ob[el Gegensland raie
co(epnr nicrpanni ee c 'annni: n npn:e~anne: i nepnon rparn~ecion in-
nopon 5po(nrn n Ho(pocrie (1he Kid, 1921), a raie cciin na nyniannn o
'apn 'annne (C:.: Bemi Ob[el Gegensland. 1922. ! 1;2. C. 28). ]n ce(y-
imero na(annn ypnaa raie ia aanannponana no(onan crarin, ioropan, o(naio,
ne ia nane~arana.
8b
C:.: H. Jpen6pe. Yiaa. co~. C. 124.
87
1a: e.
88
1a: e.
89
1a: e. C. 127.
40
1a: e.
41
1a: e.
42
1a: e.
48
C:. ra: e. C. 124.
44
C:. ra: e. C. 119120.
4b
1a: e. C. 128.
4b
1a: e. C:. raie ]ororpa]ni cneni na cneirain Nocioncioro Ka:epnoro
b7b
rearpa (1a: e. C. 127).
47
Ha .ro e yiaainaer n 5pan(:anep n cnoen :onorpa]nn Ko:ni inno: Han-
npocrenman cryneni ~annncioro io:na:a ocnoninaercn na iaccn~ecion ioyna(e no
aaiona: :exannin; ecrnnni, (ocin, :era, ne(pa, nanoanie nni, nmnin n xo(yn nnn-
ircn cran(aprni:n peinnanra:n, a na(ennn, cnoriiannn, npnme:ennn, y(api, nnnin,
(pain nx ]nan~ecin:n .innnaenra:n (T. tandlmeiet. Op. cil. S. 4748).
48
M. McLuhan. Underslanding Nedia: lhe exlensions o man. New Yorl, 19b4.
P. 2b82b4.
49
H. Jpen6pe. 4apnia cnon. Xponnia namero npe:enn. 5epnn, 1981. C. 248.
b0
C:.: H. Jpen6pe. i(n, ro(i, nani ;; H. 3penypr. Copanne co~nnennn n
(ennrn ro:ax. 1o: 8. N., 19bb. C. 189. He yno:nnaercn, ior(a ro~no cocroncn .ror
nnanr n inno, o(naio, n (pyro: :ecre 3penypr ronopnr o ro:, ~ro n 1921 ro(y no
4pannnn on nn(e necioiio ]ni:on 'annna (c:. ra: e. C. 887). B noce(yimen
rane :e:yapncr coomaer o ro:, ~ro on nn(e n 192b ro(y ]ni:i 'annna 3ooran
nxopa(ia (1he Goldrush, 192b) n Hnnrpn: (1he Pilgrim, 1922.) (c:. ra: e.
C. 479).
b1
C:.: 1a: e. C. 189.
b2
1a: e. C. 41b.
b8
1a: e. C. b09.
b4
C:.: K. }uetn. Yiaa. co~. C. 24; O. Bulgalowa. lLKS. S. 8788.
bb
C:.: H. Zischlet. Kala gehl ins Kino. Hamburg, 1998.
bb
G. !anouch. Gesprche mil Kala. Auzeichnungen und Lrinnerungen. lranlurl
a.N., 19b8. S. 214.
b7
1a: e.
b8
1a: e. S. 21b.
b9
B o(no: na cnonx nreparypnix nponane(ennn (na~arin n 1912 ro(y ]par:enr
po:ana Hponanmnn ea necrn) Ka]ia onncinaer cneni, ioropie ~nraircn iai na:e-
in na inno. 1ai, ero (pyr n na(arei Naic 5po( nnmer n noceconnn i nonnnnme:ycn
n 1927 ro(y po:any no( naananne: A:epnia: B .ron innre ecri cneni |...], ioro-
pie nopaanreino nano:nnair ]ni:i 'annna, raine npeipacnie ~annncine ]ni:i,
ioropie, npan(a, eme ne in nanncani (M. tod. Nachworl zur erslen Ausgabe ;;
l. Kala. Amerila. lranlurl a.N., 1974. 3(eci S. 28b). ]encrnnreino, Kap Poc:an
crainnaercn c A:epnion, ioropan nano:nnaer nncnennponannyi 'annni: nani
oimoro ropo(a nani ea(o:nix n nmymnx paory e(nnion. Ho:n:o ion]pon-
rannn c nonnnen n nenpe(ciaaye:i:n ynia:n, .ro iacaercn raie o(nnoion opi-
i Kapa c oee cnini:n na~ainnia:n n conpe:ennon rexnnion n :exannanponan-
no: :npe rpy(a nanpn:ep, n rocrnnnne Oicn(enrai, n ioropon Kap i n]-
repo: (c:.: v. Aaxa. Hponanmnn ea necrn ;; 4. Ka]ia. Co~nnennn n rpex ro:ax.
1o: 1. N., 1994. C. 289b20. 3(eci: C. 88440b). C:. raie ero y(nnnreinie
nai(ennn iannrancrn~ecinx :exanna:on, r(e ~eonei n annapar cnnaani (pyr c
(pyro: ca:i: recni: opaao: (c:.: Hponcmecrnne c Ponncono:. Yiaa. co~. C.
40b440). O(naio na(o or:ernri, ~ro Ka]ia nnior(a ne i n A:epnie n ne :or
anari nonnnnmnxcn noce ero c:eprn n 1924 ro(y ~annncinx ]ni:on Unpi, Ornn
oimoro ropo(a (Cily Lighls, 1981) nn Honie npe:ena (Nodern 1imes, 198b).
b0
H. Jpen6pe. 4apnia cnon. C. 288.
b1
1a: e. C. 147.
b2
1a: e. C. 28b287.
#%%
b8
H. Jpen6pe. A nce-rain ona neprnrcn. C. 128.
b4
Hpn:e~areino, ~ro n .ron npe:iepe 5po(nrn :i n:ee: (eo c inno(eiopann-
en, r(e opia 'apn c ia:epon, npe(naana~ennon (n cre:oi anroronoi, a ne naaonn-
noro 5po(nrn, nce npe:n ocraercn n noe namero apennn. 3e:enri cre:in n inno
nopo(air nponn~ecinn inne:arorpa]n~ecinn :o:enr ca:ope]eicnn, c no:omii
ioroporo 'annn nnepnie nonnnercn n nenrpe nnn:annn n ia~ecrne 5po(nrn.
bb
C. J.ennmen. Charlie lhe Kid ;; C. 3naenmrenn. Hapannie nponane(ennn
n mecrn ro:ax. 1o: b. N., 19b8. C. 49b.
bb
1a: e.
b7
1a: e.
b8
1a: e.
b9
C:.: 1a: e. C. 497.
70
1a: e.
71
1a: e. C. b08.
72
1a: e. C. b04b0b.
78
C:.: 1a: e. C. b0b.
74
C:.: 1a: e.
7b
C:.: 1a: e.
7b
1a: e. C. b07.
77
1a: e.
78
1a: e.
79
C:.: 1a: e.
80
1a: e.
81
C:.: 1a: e. C. b08.
82
1a: e. C. b17.
88
1a: e. C. b18.
84
1a: e. C. b19.
8b
B Honix npe:enax ~annncinn 5po(nra noer na npn(y:anno: naiie no(-
ipenennyi ecra:n necni. B ]nirarope nrpaimnn (ne pon 'annn nponanocnr
cna~aa pe~i n pon Xnnien, ioropan no anyia: o~eni noxoa na (niraropcinn ipni
ne:enioro ]ipepa, no ocraercn npn .ro: nenonnrnon. 1ain: cnocoo: c no:omii
ecron n :n:nin 'annn n(er nancrpe~y ye npnme(men .pe anyionoro inno (c:.:
. al.s. Chaplins Geheimnis (1949) ;; B. Balzs. Der lilm. Werden und Wesen
einer neuen Kunsl. Wien, 1980. S. 219222).
8b
1a: e.
87
1a: e. S. b21.
88
!. Ao.unee. Yiaa. co~. C. 91.
89
1a: e.
90
1a: e.
91
C:.: Y. Goll. Die Chaplinade ;; Y. Goll. Dichlungen. Lyril, Prosa, Drama.
Darmsladl; Berlin; Neuwied, 19b0. S. b8b8.
b78
HA1ALA ]PY5LK-NAHLP
3BYKH NY3LKH
(AH1H-)NL]HYN B COBL1CKHX
NY3LKALHLX KONL]HAX
!ilm musical i naoperen n ionne 1920-x na~ae 80-x rr. n A:epnie.
K .ro:y npe:enn n ronny(cion cncre:e cry(nn co cran(aprnanponanni:n
oopy(onanne: n yra]opnen in paapaorani raine anpi inno, iai weslern,
hottot, gangslet mo.ie n musical. 3ra anponan cncre:a nonnna na neci
inno-:np
1
, (ae na inno Conercioro Coiaa, r(e ronopnri o anpax` n co-
crnenno: c:ice io i narnion
2
. Ha~ao :iania cnnaano co anyio:
n ]ni:e, ioropin nonnncn n CLA n 1927 ro(y: nepnie inno-:ianii
o~eni noxon na rearpainie :ianii 5po(nen; .rn all singing ilms co-
cronn na pn(a no:epon c ranna:n n nenne:, ~ame ncero npocro ce(yimnx
o(nn aa (pyrn:. B :ianie cneraircn rpa(nnnn ropo(cioro ]oiiopa, nnp-
ia, .crpa(i, oneperri, peni, :iani-xoa o(nn: cono:, nce ro, ~ro c~nra-
oci paane~enne: (n :acc.
H:enno raion rnn .crpa(nix nn nnpionix no:epon, ioropin nome n
:iani, nocyn Ceprei 3naenmrenny ro~ion or~era (n ero :onraa
arrpainnonon. H iai paa n :enepxoi(oncio-.naenmrennoncio: rearpe Hpo-
eriyira n na~ae 1920-x rr. y~nnci n paoran (noe :oo(ix i(en, n:e-
cre npnexanmne n Nociny na nponnnnnn. 1b er cnycrn onn cran nn(nenmn-
:n coa(aren:n conercion :yaiiainon io:e(nn: Hnan Hipien (po(. 1901) n
lpnropnn Aeican(pon (po(. 1908). Aeican(pon n cnonx :e:yapax onncina-
er ]aay nx yne~ennn .icnenrpnion, aipoarnion n ncno:nnaer: Orrain-
nanci or no:exannin Nenepxoi(a, or rearpainon .icnenrpnin, Cepren
Nnxanonn~ me no nyrn cnnnnn rearpa c nnpio: n :iani-xoo:. Cnena y
nac ia npenpamena n cnoeopaanyi nnpionyi apeny, npn~e: (encrnne cnei-
rain ~acro ninocnoci nenocpe(crnenno n apnreinin aa. Nnoro~ncen-
nie aipoarn~ecine, rn:nacrn~ecine n :yaiiainie no:epa, nn, iai nx na-
aina 3naenmrenn, arrpainnoni, n ione~no: c~ere (oni in (onecrn (o
apnren arnrannonnoe ana~enne cneirain
8
.
Kor(a ronopnrcn o Kpacno: lonny(e, n:eircn n nn(y n conercine :yai-
iainie io:e(nn .rnx (nyx penccepon na nepnin narn(, (encrnnreino
o~eni noxone na a:epniancine. Xorn n noce(nee npe:n nonnncn pn( nc-
ce(onannn, nocnnmennix :yaiiaini: io:e(nn: npe:en crannna:a
4
, nni-
ro eme ne oparn nnn:anne na cymecrnennie paan~nn :e(y conercin: n
a:epniancin: :iania:n.
Hepnin nonpoc: oriy(a na ca:o: (ee n(er conercian rpa(nnnn :yai-
iainon io:e(nn C nepni: nonpoco: cnnaan cpaay nropon: ne co(epnr n
#%'
anp :iania n cee rai :noro a:epniancion ce:anrnin (Americana noma
n ry oacri, ioropyi :ono, ronopn cona:n 5axrnna, naanari na:nrii
anpa), ~ro nce :ianii anro:arn~ecin (oni no(~nnnricn a:epnian-
cin: npoopaaa: n ncropnn .roro anpa l(e a(eci nnnnne (nannonainon)
anponon cncre:i n r(e na~nnaercn nenoa:onocri .icnopra .roro anpa
(ocoenno n raiyi crpany, iai CCCP, n(eoornn ioropon naxo(nrcn n ocrpo:
conepnn~ecrne c a:epniancion) H rpernn nonpoc: cioiio n :npe :oer n
:oro iri sounds o music(als)
b
anyion :yaiin n ~e: orn~aercn
conercinn anyi :yaiin or a:epniancioro Nne iaercn, ~ro orner na no-
ce(nnn nonpoc y(er npn:o cnnaan c re:on Ne(na n conercian nacri.
'roi ornernri na .rn nonpoci, nyno cna~aa onpe(enri ocnonnie
re:i n ocoyi ay(nonnayainyi crpyirypy anpa. Kpncrnn 1o:ncon n ].-
nn( 5op(y. n cnoen innre lilm Arl
b
onncinair (na ocnonnix nn(a :i-
ania:
1. backslage musical (aaiyncnin :iani), r(e (encrnne paaneprinaercn
na ]one penernnnn n npocymnnannn
7
: nepni:n npn:epa:n nnnircn ]ni-
:i Broadway Nelody n 1he Hollywood Pevue o 1929, 42nd Slreel (1988),
]ni:i .icnenrpn~ecioro xopeorpa]a n penccepa 5acn 5epin, a raie
cepnn NGN Lel`s pul on a show!
2. sltaighl musical (npn:on :iani), r(e ranen n nenne ne :ornnnpyir-
cn ionreicro: cneni, aaiyncin. 'ame ncero nenni nenpo]eccnonai, iai
n ]ni:e Bcrpern:cn n Cenr-ynce (Neel me in Sl. Louis, 1944) pencce-
pa Bnncenre Nnnen
8
. ]encrnne a(eci ne onaareino nponcxo(nr n ropo(e.
3ra iaccn]niannn ocnonana na paannne :e(y (ny:n rnna:n nne(ennn
nennn. O~enn(no, n na~ae cymecrnonannn :iania nyno io :ornnnpo-
nari n:enno nneaannoe nenne. Or:en nnrnpyer O. 4eprycona (198b): Ho-
~rn n ca:o: na~ae ]ni:a conepmenno oi~nin paaronop nepexo(nr n ne-
nne n nonin rooc c no:omii ]paai npo(e: Hoea( ne nyen non(y n
nemio:, nycri n npo:oiny no( .rn: (o(e:` (n io:nare neon(anno nonnn-
ercn opiecrp, cocronmnn na 20 :yaiianron)
9
.
B backslage musical :yaiia erio, nocrenenno noanniaer na nnayainoro
pn(a n neaa:erno repner cnoi (nerern~eciyi ocnony, noce ~ero ona iai i
(onocnrcn na nneia(ponoro npocrpancrna nn, no Pniy Or:eny, (nerern~ec-
ion (opoin (anyi, ncxo(nmnn or naopaennix na .ipane npe(:eron n
i(en, diegelic lracl): (nerern~ecian (opoia, nocnrei peancrn~ecioro
anyia (nanpn:ep, anyin (oponoro (nnennn n cnene, nponcxo(nmen na ropo(-
cion ynne), n :yaiiainan (opoia, nocnrei nncrpy:enrainoro aiio:na-
ne:enra
10
. 1ai, n ]ni:e Bcrpern:cn n Cenr-ynce :i n(pyr cimn: ne
roiio rooc ]y(n lapan(, no n orpo:nin, nenn(n:in opiecrp.
Nono cpaay aa:ernri, ~ro nacronmnx backslage musicals n conercio:
inno 1980-x rr. :ao, rai iai conercian :yaiiainan io:e(nn, n orn~ne or
ronny(cion, npe(no~nraer ne ropo(ciyi cpe(y, a nepn]epni: iypopr c
nne:, nponnnnnainin ropo(, an(ma]ri pyccinx pei, ioxoa c np:apion
11
.
Ypanncrn~ecine n(oxnonennn n arrpainnoni, a raie no~nie yinapi n
napoxo(i, ocnemennie a:no~ia:n, ne nnnircn rnnn~ni: npocrpancrno:
conercion :yaiiainon io:e(nn. B ocoennocrn Hipien crapaercn orropo-
b80
(nri conerciyi :yaiiainyi io:e(ni or iannrancrn~ecion no~non nann,
ioropan ~acro naopaaercn n a:epniancinx :ianiax. Kor(a (encrnne nce-
rain nponcxo(nr n Nocine, coi(aercn ce(yimee npanno: ropo( ne
rannoe :ecro (encrnnn
12
, n noiaainaercn roiio nepn]epnnnan apxnreirypa
Nocini (pe~non noiaa n Xn:iax n Bore-Bore (1988); Bcecoianan cei-
cioxoanncrnennan nicrania
18
n Cnnnapie n nacryxe (1941); rianian ]a-
pnia n iaio:-ro noceie ne(aeio or Nocini n ]ni:e Cnerin nyri
(1940) n r. (.). Lcn Nocina naopaena n ]ni:e, ro :yaiiainan io:e(nn
no~rn ncer(a cnnainaer cronny c nepn]epnen ropo(a nn crpani (cp. ]e-
nymia c xapairepo: (1989) n Cep(na ~eripex (1941)
14
), (onoicrnyercn
nnrepiepa:n (noiaa Kpe:n n ]ni:e Cnerin nyri) nn npncyrcrnyer
ranni: opaao: n conax necnn (Cnnnapia n nacryx).
Kone~no, ecri ncii~ennn: nanpn:ep Unpi Aeican(pona (198b) nn ne
nime(mnn na conercine .ipani :yaiiainin ]ni: A. Ne(ne(inna Honan
Nocina (1988), r(e noiaainaercn Nocina npomoro, nacronmero n y(yme-
ro
1b
. Hnrepecno, ~ro io:e(nn Honan Nocina cnon:n c:ei:n, nponn~ecin-
:n naopaennn:n nnpryainon apxnreirypi ropo(a na:noro ne conpe-
:enni: a:epniancin: :yaiiaini: io:e(nn:, ioropie crpe:nrcn i no-
nnane, ypanna:y
1b
~ame, ~e: .raonnie conercine :yaiiainie io:e(nn
ocoenno ioxoanie io:e(nn Hipiena, a raie napo(nie io:e(nn
17
c :y-
aiiaini:n no:epa:n (]enymia c xapairepo: K(nna).
Ho paan~ne :e(y a:epniancin: n conercin: :ianio: ne croiio n
:ecre (encrnnn, cioiio n ay(nonnayainon crpyirype. B ia(o: :ianie
apiep :e(y (nerern~ecin: n nne-ia(poni: anyio: nocronnno paapymaer-
cn. 3ro :oer nponcxo(nri c nicoion (oen yconnocrn (n .ro: cy~ae apn-
rei ne (ono iaaaricn crpanni:, ~ro rpyie napnn na operoncioro eca
n(pyr y:eir (eari conenmne anrpama
18
) nn, naoopor, :ornnnponaricn
peancrn~ecin, iai y(ro ncn :yaiia n nce (nnenne po(aircn na oi(en-
non (encrnnreinocrn, naopaennon na .ipane.
Hepexo( or (nerern~ecioro i ~ncro :yaiiaino:y anyiy ocoenno nnre-
pecen n sltaighl musical, r(e ner nocronnno noanniaimnx :yaiiainix no-
:epon. Bo :nornx a:epniancinx :ianiax 1980-x rr. aa(a~a nepexo(a i ne-
nni nn ranny pemaercn ca:i:n neon(anni:n npne:a:n: pnr:n~ecine any-
in (noea(aL , :amnni, nenne nrnn n r. (.) .ro n:nyici i neci:a nnpryoani:
no:epa: ~e~erin, ioropan oiaainaercn conno coa(annon (n raioro po(a :ocrion
:e(y oi(enni: anyio: (conpe:ennon) nemn, r. e. :amnni, n pnr:n~ecin:
ranne: repon. Ca:i: oimn: :acrepo: raioro no(xnarinannn pnr:a oipy-
anmen ero (encrnnreinocrn nnncn 4pe( Acrep, ioropin n no:epe Slap
1hal Bass (5en no ionrpaacy ]ni: Horannye: (Shall We Dance,
1987), pe. N. Can(pn~) na pnr:a (nnrareen iopan nicrpannaer cnoi co-
nepmennenmyi :amnny ~e~erin (:yaiiy nannca ]op( lepmnnn). Or-
:en nnmer: Nyaiia nonnnercn na (nerern~ecion (opoie, (nerern~ecine
anyin rpanc]op:npyircn n :yaiiy. 3ro ~epe(onanne cymecrnennin npn-
anai, xapairepnin (n a:epniancioro ]ni:a-:iania
19
.
Ho(onoe aapaenne repon pnr:o: oipyaimero :npa n conercinx
:yaiiainix io:e(nnx 1980-x rr. o~eni rpy(no nanrn. Boai:e: anaorn~nyi
#&
cnryanni n ]ni:e Cnerin nyri: 1ann nxo(nr n aa ]apnin n norpya-
ercn n orymnreinin pnr:n~ecinn rpoxor :amnn. Onirnin apnrei :iani-
a on(aer, ~ro na .ron cneni :oer noy~nricn ranen
20
. Hn~ero no(onoro:
ior(a 1ann na~nnaer no(:erari, ona ne no(crpannaercn no( pnr: :amnn. 1o
e ca:oe nponcxo(nr, ior(a ona nnepnie ncraer aa rianinn cranoi n npoyer
ynpannri o(nonpe:enno 1b crania:n (ra: :yaiia n pnr: :amnn ~epe(yir-
cn, no ne conna(air
21
; n oimnncrne cy~aen (nerern~ecinn anyi ne cimen,
ior(a ncrynaer opiecrp). Ye n nepno: conercio: :yaiiaino: ]ni:e
lap:oni (1984, pe. Hropi Can~enio) anyin nn(n:oro :npa n :yaiia ]op-
:npyircn n (na napaeinix pn(a. Bce (nerern~ecine anyin (ronor ionir
nn (epenencian ~e~eria no( io:co:oiciyi noiiy) no(~epinyro acnnxpon-
ni, nciyccrnenni, onn ycnnnair .]]eir yconnocrn anyia. ]pyron npn:ep
roro e ro(a Beceie penra Aeican(pona. Bcno:nn: ionrpanynirn-
~ecioe con:emenne cn:]onn~ecion aaia(ponon :yaiin n :i~anne iopon n
ia(pe, r. e. :nororoocnny, no nniai ne pnr:n~ecioe co~eranne co anyia:n
oipyaimero :npa.
Kai e :ornnnpyircn n conercion :yaiiainon io:e(nn nneaannoe ne-
nne n ranen, ecn nx ncro~nni nn (nerern~ecine pnr:n~ecine anyin, nn
ocranonia aaiyncin
B ]ni:e lap:oni Hropn Can~enio no~rn nocronnno cimni :yaiia n
nenne. lap:oni, no.ann conercinx (epeneni
22
ne roiio n nenrpe cie-
ra .roro ]ni:a, no n ee yconno-]oiiopnin anyionon ]on: pn]:onannie
pennin iai i noanniair na necen n ~acrymei. X. Xepconcinn n cnoen
penenann opamaer nnn:anne n:enno na .ro ocronreicrno: Pncionannan
noniria aacrannri i(en ne ronopnri, a no~rn nce npe:n neri, npnro: cpe(n
peainix, a ne yconnix epea, na n croon, c(eana airepa:n ea ]aimn.
Penccep cy:e ia(in paa nanrn :yaiiainie n pnr:n~ecine onpan(annn
(n noanninonennn na .ipane necnn
28
. Penccep N. ]ycon nicoio onenn
n:enno ncii~nreinyi pnr:n~nocri, ecrnmee co~eranne anyia n cnera,
npn~nocrn n :onraa
24
. H (encrnnreino: pnr: crnxon n (nna crpoi
no.:i A. Aapona n:ecre c :yaiion C. Horonioro aa(air pnr: :onraa.
Pnr:n~ecin-:yaiiainan cropona nrpaer ne(ymyi poi n .ro: ]ni:e, n
ioropo: rpynna (enymei copennyercn c encin: xopo:, a opia :e(y iy-
aia:n n io:co:oina:n nponcxo(nr n nn(e cocrnaannn n (cn:yiranno:)
nennn: necean rap:oni 1n:omin noe(aer aayninnin
2b
iyaninn po-
:anc o epeaie. lap:oni co cnon: anrono:ni: anyioni: pn(o: n nopon
(onoino orpinncri: :onrao: neci:a opnrnnainin pyccinn :yaiiai-
nin ]ni:
2b
nn, ro~nee, npn~ecian inno-no.:a (iai nce( aa Xepconcin:
ooana~nn anp ]ni:a conpe:ennie ipnrnin), n ioropon :yaiia n crnxn
(o:nnnpyir na( naopaenne:.
B pannnx io:e(nnx Aeican(pona :i naxo(n: (pyroe nnenne: o~eni ~a-
cro nneaannoe na~ao :yaiin ooana~eno (nerern~ecin: anyio:: ro rpa::o-
]ono:
27
, ro nncrpy:enra:n nn npocro nenne: iai ca:i: ecrecrnenni: (n-
erern~ecin: anyio:. Henne aaiono:epno (n repoen, ioropix nocronnno co-
npono(aer necnn n coa(aer n: cnon sound scapes
28
xorn n nna~e, ~e: n
b82
a:epniancio: :ianie. Henne ~acro nne(pnercn n (encrnne ]ni:a (nacryx
c ]enron, ipyin ca:o(enreinocrn) n noanniaer iai crnxnnnoe, napo(noe,
ocoenno y Hipiena, ioropin (n cnonx yipanncinx ioxoannion aan:crno-
na npe(cranenne o noime: n nnmyme: napo(e ciopee ncero y Can~enio.
Kai noiaaaa Canna X.ncren na :arepnae io:e(nn Aeican(pona, (nn-
enne ]ni:a n (anno: cy~ae ce(yer aa necnen, a ne naoopor
29
. 1o, ~ro o
a:epniancio: :ianie nnmer Or:en (B nann n na (nerern~ecion (opo-
ie oimnncrna ]ni:on i(n ne(yr cen rai, ~ro anyin, ioropie onn npona-
no(nr, cranonnrcn ]yninnen nx (enreinocrn. Ca:ie ana~nreinie :o:enri
:iania onponeprair .ro ornomenne, aaneian i(en (nnraricn n pnr:e aa-
panee aanncannon :yaiin
80
), ornocnrcn n i conercio:y :ianiy. Bcno:nn:
roiio nnornix n Beceix penrax, coanannix na a (y(ion nacryxa-
(npnepa Kocrn. Aeican(pon n :e:yapax na~aa 1980-x onncinaer npnnnnn
cnoen :yaiiainon io:e(nn, iai ona coa(anaaci n:ecre c ]ynaencin: (n c
no:omii rannoro corpy(nnia penccepa, oneparopa Ba(n:npa Hnicena
81
,
o ioropo: on ne yno:nnaer): Cna~aa n:ecre c Hcaaio: Ocnnonn~e: :i
(oro nay~an noa:onocrn paan~nix :yaiiainix nncrpy:enron, ioropie
any~ar n iaprnne, noro: i nanncan :yaiiainin nan. 1oiio noce .roro
nonnnaci naprnrypa, a no naprnrype ia c(eana ro~nan pacia(ponia, n ye
noro: no aanncannon aapanee :yaiie neaci cre:ia
82
.
1yr :yaiia na nepno: :ecre, ona onpe(ener ne roiio pacia(poniy, no
n nce (nnenne. Nono (ae ciaaari, ~ro Aeican(pon i :yaiiainon io:e-
(nn npn:enner npnnnnn :yirnnniannn Yora ]ncnen, ioropin penccep
onncinaer ce(yimn: opaao:: 5oimon nnrepec (n nac npe(crann (nc-
neencinn :ero( cre:in. 3na:ennrin :yirnnniarop na~nna c ]onorpa::i.
1mareino no(roronennan ]onorpa::a cranonnaci iai i iapiaco: ]ni:a.
B cry(nn ]ncnen :ne oripioci, ~ro anyionon inno]ni: rpeyer or pencce-
pa nicoion :yaiiainon iyirypi, anannn io:noanropcioro nciyccrna
88
.
Oneparopi Hnicen n Herpon ye n crarie 198b ro(a aannnn, ~ro n
Unpie nnepnie n conercio: inno nonocrii i npn:enen :ero( npe(-
napnreinoro pnconannn ia(pon. Bor oee no(ponoe onncanne aanncn no(
]onorpa::y: Bce :yaiiainie no:epa in cnnri na:n no( npe(napnrei-
nyi aanncannyi ]onorpa::y, rai iai roiio npn .ro: yconnn :ono (o-
nricn ro~noro conna(ennn n :onrae n nacronmen ~ncrori anyia. Hoce
aanncn ]onorpa::i :yaiiainoro no:epa nponano(nrcn :onranan pacia(-
ponia (annon cneni. Ho(c~nrinan ion~ecrno :yaiiainix rairon n coor-
nercrnenno onpe(enercn, iaine ia(pi y(yr cnn:aricn n :onrnponaricn na
(anno: ion~ecrne :yaiiainix ia(pon. 3are: n areie ycranannnaercn
anyionpoeinnn c cnnxponni: :oropo:, n no( ]onorpa::y airep nponano(nr
penernnni cnoero no:epa. Hpn .ro: aprniynnnn (ona n ro~nocrn conna-
(ari co cona:n, aanncanni:n na ]onorpa::e
84
.
Hpnnnnn lo move in lime lo prerecorded music :i naxo(n: n ionne
Unpia ye n (pyro:, n(eoorn~ecio:, c:ice n naopaennn :apmnpy-
imnx :acc. Cpe(n nnx ryr na:ei na nonce(nennyi nacri :e(na na( nace-
enne: aoymia 1ann Nopoaona na Cneroro nyrn, ioropan n na~ae
]ni:a npocinaercn or roro, ~ro na~nnaer nrpari yn~noe pa(no.
#&!
Kai noiaaaa Nann 1yponcian n nponninonennon crarie o Bore-Bore,
n(en necnn nniai ne npnna(enr i opnrnnaino:y coi cnenapnn .roro
]ni:a, a nonnnaci ye n o~nmennon, noce(nen ero nepcnn, n ioropon ne-
:noro ocraoci or ocrpoy:nn nana~ainix coanropon (B. Hnicena n H. 3p(-
:ana). Kor(a 5. 5anninn, (npeirop Noc]ni:a, norpeona o~ncrnri ci-
er or arrpainnonon, Aeican(pon npe(on nii~nri n iaprnny cinry
na nonynpnix napo(nix necen n no(~epiny poi ca:ix napo(nix nncr-
py:enron: B opiecrpe Crpein (oni any~ari ca:o(enreinie napo(nie
nncrpy:enri: (y(in, rpemorin, rycn, yni, a n opiecrpe Piinna crpyn-
nie nncrpy:enri: aaanin, (o:pi, :an(onni, rnrapi
8b
.
1ain: opaao: noanni ca:in in:in ]ni: Cranna
8b
nemi, io-
ropan ne panna cnoe:y co(epanni
87
, :noroconnin ]ni:, cnoconin ne
roiio ronopnri .aononi: naiio: o cnoen .noxe, no pe]eirnponari n na(
ca:n: coon. Hoc:orpn: na .ry ca:yi ycnemnyi io:e(ni Aeican(pona,
ioropan nponn~ecin n:nrnpyer n ciere copennonannn cyery backslage
musical
J8
. Bora-Bora .ro cnoeopaanoe nn(ona:enenne anpa, cocron-
mee ranni: opaao: n nepenoce :ecra (encrnnn: :yaiiainoe copennona-
nne nponcxo(nr na ]one pyccinx pe~nix an(ma]ron. 1ai iai n ipyie
Crpein aprncri n nann oi~nie no(onoai, (nopnnin n r. (., neci ropo-
(oi, napoxo(, napncioe cy(no n epera pein 'yconon npenpamaircn n (nny-
meecn aaiyncie cneni Nocioncion on:nna(i. Po:anrn~ecinn ciancrin
an(ma]r n ciaao~nin napycnni ronopnr na:: naxo(nci n crpane necnn, (ae
ca:oe nponnnnnainoe aaxoycrie co cnoen :eion nanii nepepacraer n
n(eainoe, no~rn ciaao~noe :ecro. Coracno Or:eny, raian ~epra rnnn~na
(n a:epniancioro :iania: Paapymnn apiep, paa(enimnn (na rpeia, :i-
ani crnpaer rpannni :e(y peaini: n n(eaini:
89
.

Lcn n a:epnian-
cio: :ianie ranen n nenne cnair repon c reponnen, ioropan cna~aa
conpornnnaci ero cnaroncrny (iai ]nn(ep Po(epc ananca: Acrepa
n ]ni:e Horannye:), ro n conercion :yaiiainon io:e(nn :yaiia ~ac-
ro paare(nnner inmnx. Kor(a 1n:omia niny(en na-aa cnonx naprnnnix
nocron pocnri rap:oni, Napycn e:y ne :oer npocrnri .ro (lap:oni), a
Crpeie n Bore-Bore ne o~eni npannrcn ncnonenne Aeicee: naprnn
ryi na C:eprn Haoi(i Barnepa.
Lcn n a:epniancio: :ianie reo rannopa n nenna rap:onn~ecin co~e-
raercn ne roiio c nncrpy:enro: n iaccn~ecin:n aiceccyapa:n ranna
40
, no
n c ree]ono:, (niro]ono:, nnmymen :amnnion, rpa::o]ono: n (pyrn:n
:e(naini:n cpe(crna:n
41
, ro n conercion :yaiiainon io:e(nn reo ca:o-
(ocraro~no n npeneperaer ne roiio rain:n conpe:enni:n :e(na, iai ree-
]on
42
(nyno roiio ncno:nnri, iai (nopnni opamaercn c ree]ono: n
Bore-Bore), no (ae :yaiiaini:n nncrpy:enra:n: iycrapnan npo:im-
ennocri n Neiono(cie nponano(nr aaanin c rain: noxn: anyio:, ~ro
n:n :ono roiio onrnponari, no ne nrpari na nnx. Bce nncrpy:enri nn
ne paorair, nn n:n noiayircn n (pyrnx nenx.
Bo :nornx ]ni:ax roro npe:enn :yaiiainie nncrpy:enri onennnair-
cn a:nnaenrno (lap:oni) nn npocro orpnnareino: ncno:nn: nopon-
cine necnn no( rnrapy n Hyrenie n nani nn ]ni:i Hipiena, r(e na
b84
rnrape ~ame ncero nrpaer orpnnareinin nepcona. ]eo ne roiio n ro:,
~ro y neioropix nncrpy:enron
48
noaopnoe npomoe (no( rnrapy nen ni-
rancine, iaanine po:anci n r. (.), onn no(oapnreini n nepnyi o~epe(i
na-aa cnoen (ocrynnocrn. ion nenrpainin :yaiiainin nncrpy:enr :o-
er crari onacni: cpe(crno: n pyiax npara: nnyi :yaiiy n crnxnnno
noanniaimne no( nee reicri rpy(no ionrponponari. Nyaiiainie nncrpy-
:enri, ioropie naxo(nrcn n n~no: noiaonannn .ro nocronnnan onac-
nocri, rai iai onn :oryr coa(ari nnrn:nyi :yaiiainyi c]epy xori n
neoimon, no oiainin npornnonec i o]nnnaini: sound scapes :acc-:e-
(na. Ha:e~aercn copennonanne cnoen (r. e. na ca:o: (ee no(nnno napo(-
non, ca:o(einon) :yaiin
44
n rai naainae:on napo(non necnn n nenrpai-
non rpancnnnn no pa(no nn n innoaaax
4b
. O(nn na ipnrnion lap:onn
y(nnnercn, ~ro n conercio: ioxoae, r(e (n n(eaino: cy~ae) (ona iri
npone(ena pa(no]niannn n inno]niannn, :oo(ei crpa(aer or roro, ~ro npo-
na rap:onncr
4b
.
Ho nepne:cn i ]ni:y Bora-Bora. Hoiaaareino, ~ro (ae crapin n
no~rennin :e(ny: nornoro nnci:a na y:are no~rn (o ca:oro ionna ]ni-
:a opamen npornn reponnn, rai iai aannci :eo(nn o Bore (ncri yera-
ir no peie n necnn rain: opaao: naxo(nr :acconoe pacnpocrpanenne)
npnno(nr i norepe ee nn(nnn(yainoro anropcrna. B ionne ]ni:a Crpeia
niny(ena (oiaaari na cnene on:nna(i cnon: nenne:, ~ro ona nnnercn
aaionni: anropo: napo(non necnn o Bore n (e:oncrpnpyer anropn-
rer ~eone~ecioro (anropcioro) rooca. looc .ro :eronn:n~ecinn anai
n~nocrn, ioropin neaa:enn: n c no:omii ioroporo :ono onoanari n
non:ari ~eoneia. Ho.ro:y (eno~ia noce necnn Crpein :oer aan-
nnri: C:orpn, anropa non:an. 3ra pennia no(paay:enaer ynncinn
men]
47
coanropon Aeican(pona (n peaino: :npe non:annix, r. e. pen-
peccnponannix n ro: ~nce Hnicena, apecronannoro ocenii 1987 ro(a)
48
.
Pennia (eno~in, ronopnman o ro:, ~ro i(en :ono non:ari onoanananne:
nx rooca, na:eiaer na ocoin craryc ay(nrnnnon c]epi n iyirype n anr-
ponoornn cranncioro npe:enn. looc c ero neaa:enn:i: re:po: c
o(non croponi, nipaenne ncipennocrn, anai neno((einocrn, c (pyron
.ro :ecro, r(e cneraercn o]nnnainoe c po(ni:, nain:, nnrn:ni:, r(e
acrpairnoe cono operaer cnoi ]nan~eciyi, xori n nenn(n:yi ooo~iy,
onnornopennyi reni: (ixanne:. Ho(nnnocri anropcrna necnn y(ocro-
nepnercn ee nni: ncnonenne: anropo: nepe( :ocioncion ay(nropnen.
Hpn~e: cnryannn nyn~non cneni rapanrnpyer ninnenne npan(i (5ina-
on, :ernnmnn n anropa necnn, necni ncnonnri ne :oer, ne xnaraer roo-
ca). Hopn(oi n xaoce :yaiiainon io:e(nn nano(nr conpano nennni, ioro-
pan naionen (ocrnra cnoen nen, r.e. :ocioncion cneni. Le ynepennin n
cnoen anropnrernocrn rooc aacranner nac aairi npe(i(ymne ia(pi (e-
nymin, or~annno onnmen nnxpi paanennnix no Nocine-peie nornix ncr-
ion. 3a:ern:, ~ro anropnrer y nee nonnncn noce onapo(onannn necnn n
no(~epinnaercn ee :aciapa(o: :ycion iannrancion ]op:on, ioro-
pyi ona pocaer roiio noce ncnonennn necnn o Bore, a nce :eiono(ni
c nennnen n nenrpe crponrcn n ~nnnyi nneniy.
#&#
Ocnononoaraimnn :ornn yipa(ennon necnn nnnercn opaorion nno-
ne noonreinoro npne:a a:epniancioro :iania, ioropin naainaercn
passed-along song (no(xna~ennan necnn). Ho(xna~ennan necnn o Bore n
ciere ]ni:a Aeican(pona nnnercn oreiro:, na ioropin nperen(yir n
Crpeia, n 5inaon; copennonanne aa anropcrno n ]ni:e nonropner ro, ~ro
cy~aoci n peainon nann c iaprnna:n Aeican(pona narnrne penc-
cepo: ]a:nnn na rnrpon, rpyie :annnynnnn c a]nmen. Ho :nenni neio-
ropix ncce(onareen (n nepnyi o~epe(i 5epnmrenna, no or~acrn n 1ypon-
cion) Aeican(pon, no(ono 5inaony n ]ni:e, roiio npe(ocrann cnoi
n:ennyi y:ary, no anropcrno ]ni:a npnna(enr n ocnonno: (pyrn:
nna:. B .ro: c:ice Bora-Bora nnnercn n cnoeopaani: no cnoen
ca:onponnn cy~ae: ]ni:a o coa(annn ]ni:a n ne: y(ro i ocranci
nec:inae:ie ce(i nac:emin rex i(en, ioropie nc~ean na rnrpon.
B Bore-Bore xop roocon erio aa:enner reerpa::y (onnri na npe(-
non y:are!): :onni nepe(air xopo: c aacrpnnmero napo:a. 4ni: na:
(oiaainaer: ca:an na(enan io::ynniannn .ro nenne. A nacronmee, ca-
:oe nnymnreinoe nenne .ro ior(a noer encinn rooc (ncno:nn:, ~ro
cono necnn n pyccio: naiie encioro po(a).
B a:epniancio: :ianie 198040-x rr. anea(on nepe(io nnnercn
:y~nna (4pe( Acrep, ]nn Ken)
49
,
,
n conercion e :yaiiainon io:e-
(nn rannyi poi nrpaer onaareino enmnna (ioni Opona, Napnna
a(innna, Baenrnna Cepona).
1o, ~ro n naio: io::ynncrn~ecio: y(yme: :yaiiainon io:e(nn, ce-
(yn ennncio:y oaynry o iyxapie, rocy(apcrno: ynpanner enmnna, :ono
noiaaari na :arepnae ]ni:a ]enymia c xapairepo:, n ioropo: conerc-
ine enmnni cna~aa recno cnnaani c :e(naini:n coopyennn:n crpani
(noea(, ]apnia nacrnnoi), a noro: ca:n cranonnrcn (nocr-):e(naini: cpe(-
crno: nceomen nnpiynnnn
b0
.
Kai n ye ronopna, Bora-Bora crponrcn na nnnepcnn a:epniancioro
opaana; cnrnainoe ana~enne no.ro:y n:eir na~ainie rnrpi, r(e nce aire-
pi (ipo:e ipoipara 5inaona) opameni cnnnon i apnrei. Onn iai i
c:orpnr n y(ymee, a 5inaon n npomoe. B .icnoannnn ]ni:a aane(yiman
ipyio: ]oiiopnon ca:o(enreinocrn ]ynn-Crpeia neyer c~erono(a n
iaccn~ecioro ryncra Aeicen
b1
. Kaprnna nx ornrnn :ora i iri c~acr-
nni: ionno: ronny(cioro :iania. Ho ner: conercian :yaiiainan io-
:e(nn, c:orpnman n ne roiio nocr-.porn~ecioe, no n nocr-iannrancrn~ec-
ioe y(ymee, c .roro roiio na~nnaercn
b2
.
]enymia conercion :yaiiainon io:e(nn npn~er :e(na, nnor(a (ae ~n-
cro nnayaino cnon: reo: aaipinaer n no(anner nx :exann~ecine anyin
cnon: npnpo(ni: rooco:. Ona nnpaer :e(na n cen, n onn n raio: nn(e
cranonnrcn npnpo(ni:n, opacrair ioen, nyxo:, y nnx nonnnercn nenin
rooc. Onn ye ne crpamnie, nx :ono naanari po(ni:n.
He y o(non (enymin c xapairepo: na ]ni:a K(nna n ne roiio n
ioxoanix io:e(nnx Can~enio n Hipiena :i naxo(n: cninie ionnorannn
npnpo(no-oprann~ecioro :npa. B Bore-Bore Crpeia niner no ipacann-
ne napo(non peie Bore n (npnnpyer :yaiianra:n, ioropie nrpair na
b8b
ca:o(einix
b8
nncrpy:enrax, ranni: opaao: (epennnnix. Kor(a n Nocine
reponnn niner na napoxo(e n nn(nr na oina noea(, ro aaipinaer aananecin, a
ior(a cimnr no pa(no cnoi no(xna~ennyi necni, ncnonne:yi opiecr-
po:, ro aaipinaer npne:nni nyxonon no(ymion n n anrn:e(naino: nopine
nipinaer iaei na creni. Ce(yer ciaaari necioiio con o .ron nenpnna-
nn io nce:y rexnn~ecio:y, cnnaannon c nocr-ananrap(ncrcion opnenrannen
na oprann~ecioe, ecrecrnennoe. Hpnpo(a cronr nepe( apnree: n nn(e en-
cion ]nrypi, na(eimen rexnnion, c:nr~aimen ee ecnoma(nocri, ipyrocri,
nn(n]]epenrnocri (ncno:nn: ncnonenne ionnon necnn n Honon Nocine
Ne(ne(inna, r(e reponnn neno onn:aer nenen iaeen)
b4
. 1aioe nonoe
encioe na~ao npe(araercn iai eiapcrno (ar. remedium) or npe(non rex-
nnin n nonix :acc-:e(na. 3ro, ione~no, ne (encrnennan, a, ciopee, oiyirypen-
nan npnpo(a, no .roro ne nn(no, iai ne n nn(na ryoian :e(nainocri enc-
ioro rea n conercio: ]ni:e nropon noonnni 1980-x rr.
Aencioe reo nnnercn :e(naropo: n aa:ecrnree: :e(na conpe:ennoro
rexnn~ecioro :npa. 1ai n po(aercn ne-:e(ny: n re-medium n ia~ecrne :e-
(nainoro nocpe(nnia, :e(naropa. Ha :ecre aana(noro, nporern~ecin-(ono-
nennoro rexnnanponannoro rea nonnnercn nonoe :e(nainoe reo c ia~e-
crna:n nen:onepnon penpo(yinnn. Kpo:e roro, ono cynr ~eone~ecin:
nnrep]enco:: ecn npniocnyricn i ne:y, npoany~nr necnn. Conercioe no-
imee reo, iai :i ye ynn(en ranni: opaao: encioro noa; ono
neo:y(penno n nmeno sex-appeal`a. 3ro oraran nenecra
bb
conercioro
y(ymero ca:in :omnin (anrn-):e(ny:.
B conercio: inno ecri n npocro oraran enmnna, ioropyi eaer e(-
nin, no ipacnnin n y:nin io:co:oen 4oinn n aanpemenno: ]ni:e Apa-
:a Poo:a Crpornn inoma

(198b). Poo:oncian nenecra (Nama) nnpiy-
npyer :e(y io:co:oine: n nanecrni: xnpypro: n crnpaer re: ca:i:
rpannni :e(y iacca:n. Crpornn inoma o(nn na cnoeopaanenmnx
]ni:on conercioro inno 80-x ro(on
bb
ne :yaiiainan io:e(nn, a, cio-
pee, :era-]ni: o :yaiie n anyie n conercio: inno. B nenrpe ]ni:a
:yaiiainoe cnonn(enne 4oinna: oimon aa c pone: (ocranonia noxo-
a na .icnenrpn~ecine :naancneni 5acn 5epin), an(pornnnin nnanncr
nrpaer iaccn~eciyi :yaiiy, rnnn~nyi (n ionna XlX neia. Nama nonnn-
ercn n aae n cnpamnnaer: 'ro Ny ee ocranannnaer: Nama, ri na:
:emaemi. 4oinn (nxo(nr no( ceria cnnionnponannyi cn:]onn~eciyi
:yaiiy, nepexo(nmyi n (aa): 'ro .ro ana~nr, ona :emaer Ona ca:a :yai-
ia! Nama nor ee (nnenne (nrpaer cipnnia). Cymanre! (no(nn:aer
ee pyiy). Bor ee ocania. Cymanre! Bor ee noneyn! Cymanre! (nnanncr
na(aer roonon na iannmn; cimen xop ~eone~ecinx roocon). Poni nc-
~eaaer, ainponannin ~epnin no npenpamaercn n no(y, iyno aaa pacrno-
pnercn n nerennn pacrennn (onnri oprann~ecioe!). Ha (nerern~ecio: yponne
iaccn~ecian :yaiia, nii~an raion conin nncrpy:enr, iai poni, npo-
rnnonocrannercn nono:y encio:y rey, ioropoe (n 4oinna nnnercn
:yaiion, xorn .ro reo ne noer na ca:o: (ee, a roiio nnnercn peaona-
ropo: eannn io:co:oina.
#&%
Bepne:cn i namn: nana~aini: nonpoca:: Oriy(a n(er conercian rpa(n-
nnn :yaiiainon io:e(nn ]encrnnreino n a:epniancinn opaaen nnner-
cn pemaimn: Honpoye: (n]]epennnponari.
Hepnin rnn conercinx :yaiiainix io:e(nn (Can~enio, Hipien) eper
cnoe na~ao n pyccion n yipanncion ]oiiopnon rpa(nnnn. Cnon: (ncen(o)
]oiiopni: crne: .rn ioxoanie :yaiiainie io:e(nn nano:nnair cio-
pee nocenoennie a:epniancine [olk musicals (nanpn:ep, Ce:i nenecr (n
ce:n parien). B .ron cnnan 1yponcian cnpane(nno ronopnr o nacropai-
nocrn nipiencinx io:e(nn.
Bropon rnn iaprnni Aeican(pona, ioropie n peayirare namero ana-
naa npe(crannircn (onoino napa(oicaini:n. Aeican(pon n cnonx :y-
aiiainix io:e(nnx ncer(a naxo(nrcn n (naore nn (ae noe:nie c a:e-
pniancin: :ianio:. Lro ]ni: Bora-Bora nepenopa~nnaer ocnoni
:iania, ~roi nepemeronri a:epniancinn opaaen (n cnere raion ornin
copennonannn n pa:iax anpa iaercn nnone ecrecrnenni:, ~ro Crann
noca Pyaneiry ionni ]ni:a)
b7
.
Ho ecri eme rpernn rnn .ro re :yaiiainie io:e(nn, ioropie :ono
ciopee naanari inno-oneperra:n
b8
. Hcro~nni nx, o~enn(no, enr ne n A:epn-
ie, a ciopee n Lnpone (n ca:on onepero~non rpa(nnnn, n ne:eninx n ancrpnn-
cinx onepero~nix ]ni:ax
b9
nn n ronny(cio: npe(cranennn o ron-
ny(cion onepero~non Bene XlX neia
b0
). K .ron rpynne n nepnyi o~epe(i
npnna(ear ]ni:i ancrpnncioro .:nrpanra lepepra Pannanopra (Nyai-
iainan ncropnn (1940, con:ecrno c A. Hnanoncin:) n Boa(ymnin nanoa-
~ni (1948)), a raie Aeican(pa Hnanoncioro (Anron Hnanonn~ cep(nrcn
(1941); Cnina (1944) no oneperre Kai:ana; Concria aera (1947))
b1
.
K .ro:y rnny :ono ornecrn n napo(nie io:e(nn, n :yaiiainie no(enn-
n K(nna nn inno-oneperry Aeican(pona Becna, ioropan nannponaaci
eme (o nonni, no ia cnnra roiio n 1947 ro(y n Hpare.
B aaii~enne :ono ciaaari, ~ro, no-nepnix, n conercinx :yaiiainix
]ni:ax 1980-x rr. ner o(non ro:orennon ay(nonnayainon crpyirypi, ioro-
pan n:ea i cnoe na~ao n a:epniancio: :ianie ciopee ce(yer nc-
iari n (pyrne ncro~nnin (c o(non croponi, n ca:on rpa(nnnn oraron pyc-
cion :yaiiainon iyirypi, a c (pyron n oneperre n inno-oneperre cry(nn
UlA n r. (.). Onncari paan~nie nn(i anyion :yaiin inno n nanno-
nainix innoiyirypax n nx coornomenne npe(cronr n y(yme:.
Bo-nropix, n conercinx :yaiiainix ]ni:ax :ono nanrn or~ernnie
ce(i copennonannn c 3ana(o:; ryr ecri n :era-noannnn, n ncrpoennan pe]-
eicnn na( ca:n: anpo:. Hpnne(e: noce(nnn npn:ep na Cnnnapin n
nacryxa Hipiena: na~ao necnn Hnana Hnanonn~a n nannione Bcecoianon
ceicioxoanncrnennon nicranin, ior(a cnnnapia lama peaio oopa~nnaercn,
conno yciman :yaiiy (ne-(nerern~eciyi), npe(nocxnmaimyi necni cra-
pn~ia na ee (epennn, ioropin ee nmer. Ha ca:o: (ee ona ne :ora nn~ero
ycimari, rai iai :yaiia n(er ne or npncyrcrnyimero opiecrpa. Ona iai i
cimnr nneia(ponyi :yaiiy!
b88
B conercinx :yaiiainix io:e(nnx no-(pyro:y ncnoiayircn :yaiiai-
nie nncrpy:enri n :e(nainie npncnocoennn, ~e: na 3ana(e. H naopae-
nne, n poi .rnx :e(na n ciere nnan iai :i nn(en, ciopee orpnnarei-
nan: o~eni :ao :yaiiainix nncrpy:enron, ioropie i ne noiaaanci co-
:nnreini:n (rnrapa
b2
, rap:oni, poni), :norne nncrpy:enri n :e(na nn
noxne no ia~ecrny (:eiono(cine aaanin), nn conce: ne paorair (rpa:-
:o]oni, ree]oni). Conercian :yaiiainan io:e(nn y~nr nac: reponnn ne
ny(aercn n no((epie :e(na, rai iai y nee ecri ncrareinie npnpo(nie
(aponannn ranni: opaao:, ee rooc, ioropin nennrcn nime ncex ncno:o-
rareinix npncnocoennn. Ona ca:a cranonnrcn :e(naini: cpe(crno:
conercinx necen n ramarae: nx co(epannn n nnrennnn nacrn. Ona ne
roiio ca:a :yaiia, ona raie n nocpe(nni-:e(ny:.
Hoceaemc uoeu om 19?1?00?), omxpteneu une
eo.ne6cmeo vpe0a Acmepa u 6pamtee !epneun.
1
C:.: R. Allman. lilm und Genre ;; Geschichle des inlernalionalen lilms ;
G. Nowell-Smilh (Hg.). Slullgarl; Weimar. 1998. S. 2b4.
2
M. Tpoecxa. Bora-Bora n ee npe:n ;; Knnone(~ecine aanncin. ! 4b.
2000. C. 181.
8
!. A.excan0poe. 3noxa n inno. N., 1988. C. 29.
4
B o(non nmi innre Conercioe orarcrno. Crarin o iyirype, nreparype n
inno. K b0-erni Xanca linrepa (CH. 2002) ~eripe crarin na .ry re:y. Ocoo
or:ern: ocnonareinyi crarii K. Kapi 'roi rai neri, (na(nari er y~nricn
nyno...`: Cy~an Born-Born` (c. 871890). Kapi ncxo(nr na npe(nooennn,
~ro .ror ]ni:, nocrpoennin no anponi: aaiona: a:epniancioro :iania, n
neo: nocnponano(nr <ero> rnnonyi crpyirypy.
b
3nyin :yaiin (1he Sound o Nusic, pe. Poepr Bana) ca:ope]eicnn-
noe naananne ipanne ycnemnoro a:epniancioro :iania 19bb ro(a, ioropin nepenec
a:epnianciyi singing amily n enponenciyi ocranoniy.
b
D. otduell, A. Thompson. lilm Arl: An lnlroduclion. New Yorl, 2001. P. 10b.
7
lbid. P. 10b.
8
3ror rnn :iania i ocoenno nonynpen noce nonni, nanpn:ep n ]ni:e
Ce:i nenecr (n ce:n parien (Seven Brides or Seven Brolhers, 19b4, pe. Cr.n-
n ]onen) nn ye yno:nnanmnncn :iani 3nyin :yaiin, n ioropo: ce:in npe-
npamaercn n noynpo]eccnonainin ]oiiopnin anca:i.
9
R. Allman. 1he American lilm Nusical. Bloominglon; lndianapolis, 1987. P. b8.
Knnra Or:ena o(na na nnrepecnenmnx o no.rnie n crnncrnie anpa a:epnianc-
ioro :iania.
10
1a: e. C. b2.
11
F. Te.op. K ronorpa]nn yronnn n cranncio: :ianie ;; Conercioe orar-
crno. C. 8bb.
12
4ni:i Beceie penra n Cnerin nyri ion~aircn n Nocine; Unpi
e(nncrnennan :yaiiainan io:e(nn Aeican(pona, (encrnne ioropon nenio: nponc-
xo(nr n cronne. A:epnianciyi nn onepero~nyi (eiopanni c a:no~ia:n n r. (.
#&'
Aeican(pon :ornnnpyer a:epniancin: no:epo: (Unpi) nn ciaao~ni: naonn-
e: (n Cnero: nyrn).
18
O ro:, ~ro nicrania npe(cranner neyi crpany, c:.: E. ,o6penxo. Aaii
npocrpancrna, caroro (o ro~in, nn .crernia connainon iaycrpo]onn ;; Hciyc-
crno inno. 199b. ! 9. C. 108117. O (nonnon penpeaenrannn nicranin nnmer
1enop: ona npe(cranner Nociny nepn]epnn, a Nocine crpany no nce: ee
:noroopaann (F. Te.op. Yiaa. co~. C. 8b8).
14
B .ro: :yaiiaino: ]ni:e K. K(nna reponnn nacrannaer, ~roi ee ornpannn
n io:an(nponiy n noennin arepi, n nner c ce:ien na (a~e ne(aeio or arepn.
1b
Lcri eme o(na :yaiiainan io:e(nn, (encrnne ioropon nponcxo(nr n oimo:
ropo(e (npan(a, n ennnrpa(e): n Nyaiiainon ncropnn (1940, pe. l. Pannanopr,
A. Hnanoncinn) y(ymnn onepnin nenen paoraer raicncro:.
1b
O(naio neponrnocri nonnani ncer(a nenia n :ianie, iai n naop :yaiiai-
nix no:epon na ]apnie (1he Pa[ama Game`) nn no( no(nnron ynnen (1he Wesl
Side Slory) (R. Allman. 1he American lilm Nusical. P. 10b).
17
O .ro: anpe c:. crarii L. Napronra n innre Geschichle des sow[elischen
und russischen lilms (Ch. Lngel (Hg.). Unler Nilarbeil von L. Binder, O. Bulgalowa,
L. Nargolil, N. Segida. Slullgarl; Weimar, 1999. S. 7778).
18
C:. ]ni: Ce:i nenecr (n ce:n parien. P. Kpenen n innre Ceicinn
npa~`. O ]ni:e n ero coa(arenx (N., 19b2. C. 40) ayercn na ne:ornnnponannocri
nneaannoro ranna n conercio: inno: 3a~e: e, nepenn:an ~yne npne:i, aacrannri
(oneninx maxrepon, iyancinx nn .croncinx ioxoannion, n peainocri ioropix apn-
rei nonepn, rpo:io n :nororooco neri, iai noer xop Cnemnniona, nn nnpryoano
nncari, iai nnmer anca:i Nonceena
19
R. Allman. 1he American lilm Nusical. P. b8.
20
Kai .ro, nanpn:ep, cy~aercn n :era-:ianie 1annyiman n re:nore (Dancer
in lhe Darl, 2000, pe. apc ]on 1pnep), r(e anyin :amnn niainair y pao~en
Cei:i, no~rn cenon e(non .:nrpanrin, rainnnanni, y(ro ona y~acrnyer n no-
:epe :iania. Hpe(:er .roro ]ni:a paao~aponanne n a:epniancion :e~re, ioro-
pyi onnernopner :iani.
21
Boa:ono, ~ro n .ro: (ae ecri nenpnnani io nce:y :exann~ecio:y, ioropoe
:ono nanrn n ]ni:ax ioncrpyirnnncrcioro ananrap(a (ncno:nn:, nanpn:ep, ria~nx
Beprona). O anrn:o(epnncrcio: xapairepe Born-Born c:.: A. A.apx. Yiaa.
co~. C. 874.
22
A. apoe. lap:oni ;; A. Aapon. Crnxn, necnn, no.:i. N., 19b4. C. 888.
28
A. Aepconcxu. lap:oni nonan iaprnna Nepano:]ni:a. Unr. no co-
panni nipeaoi na nepno(nin o lap:onn, copannon n PlAH (4. 1992. On. 1.
! b9, ea yiaaannn :ecra nyniannn).
24
Ho aanncn L. en-on lap:oni na ocy(ennn n LH APPK. Unr. no copa-
nni nipeaoi na nepno(nin o lap:onn (c:. npn:e~. 28).
2b
A. apoe. Yiaa. co~. C. 82b.
2b
1aioe cy(enne :ono nanrn y ipnrnia C. Hnona, ioropin c~nraer, ~ro lap-
:oni npe(cranner coon nonin anp io:co:oicion oneperri n inno. C:.: One-
perra n inno` o ]ni:e lap:oni` Aapona. Unr. no copanni nipeaoi na nepn-
o(nin o lap:onn (c:. npn:. 28).
27
B Beceix penrax rpa::o]on cronr na nne n n rocrnnnne, r(e iocnenno
npononnpyer nnyi :yaiiy Kocrn (ror nrpaer na (y(ie), rai iai :exann~ecinn nponr-
b90
pinarei oime ne paoraer. Ye n .ron pannen :yaiiainon io:e(nn Aeican(-
pona ~yncrnyercn orpnnareinoe ornomenne i :e(naini: npncnocoennn:. Hacryx
c napo(ni: nncrpy:enro: n cnon: rooco: aa:emaer nicoiyi, nnocrpannyi iyi-
rypy ((npnepa 4pacinnn).
28
N. Dtubek-Mepet. Nass-message ; Nacca :acc: Conercine (:acc-):e(na n 80-
e ro(i ;; Conercioe orarcrno. C. 124187.
29
5opnc Ly:nninn conerona penccepa: oparnri ocoennoe nnn:anne na
anyi n paory co anyio: (C:.: . Luxu. Knne:arorpa]nn :nnonon. N. 198b.
C. 2bb). O .ro: c:. raie: S. Hnsgen. lilm als Lrbe anderer Nedien. Das Lied in den
lilmlomdien Grigori[ Alelsandrovs ;; Nusen der Nachl ; J. Nuraov, G. Wille
(Hg.). Nnchen. 2004, S. 187209.
80
R. Allman. 1he American lilm Nusical. P. bb.
81
Hnicen, ioropin (n:ecre c 5. Ly:nnin:) :e~ra o coa(annn Conercioro lo-
nny(a, i n 198b n 1987 rr. n A:epnie, r(e nay~a rexnn~ecine n oprannaannonnie
npnnnnni ronny(cinx cry(nn. Kai noiaainaer nyniannn A. 5epnmrenna (lon-
ny( ea x.nnn-.n(a. Cy(ia n rnop~ecrno Ba(n:npa Hnicena ;; Knnone(~ecine
aanncin. ! b0 (2002). C. 2182b9), Hnicen ne roiio nocxnmacn a:epniancion
cncre:on nponano(crna inno, no (ae nnori (o cnoero apecra paora n:ecre c Ly-
:nnin: na( nenime(men innron A:epniancian inne:arorpa]nn. Hnicen i pac-
crpenn n 1987 ro(y.
82
!. A.excan0poe. Yiaa. co~. C. 197198.
88
1a: e. C. 144.
84
. Hu.tcen, . Hempoe. Kai :i cnn:an Unpi ;; Hciyccrno inno. 198b.
! 7. C. 44.
8b
A. epnnmen. Yiaa. co~. C. 281.
8b
!. A.excan0poe. Yiaa. co~. C. 248.
87
O :noroconnocrn .roro ]ni:a c:.: M. Tpoecxa. Yiaa. co~.
88
Hoiaaareino n .ro: ornomennn rpeonanne (npeiropa iaprnni Bora-Bo-
ra ]apencioro na conemannn no cnenapni: Crpeia nn n ioe: cy~ae ne (ona
oprannanponari nennn n nicrynennn n ropo(e |...]. Nne iaercn, ~ro ior(a n(er
5inaon no ropo(y |...], ro piain, ~nnn cern, (oni neri cnoi oi~nyi necni,
ron~api, (ean ropmin, (oni neri cnoi oi~nyi necni n r. (. Ko:e(nnnie cnry-
annn (o mnpoioro apnren (on(yr ropaa(o cninee, ecn ro, ~ro y(er na .ipane, ne
y(er yconni: n rpeyimn: (o(y:inannn, a y(er conepmenno peaini: n npo-
cri: (PlAH. 4. 27b8. On. 1. L(. xp. b8; nnr. no: M. Tpoecxa. Bora-Bora n
ee npe:n). B npnnnnne ]apencinn xo~er ypari (ae noce(nii (oi backslage,
ioropan ocraaci n ]ni:e Aeican(pona, n c(eari ca:o(enreinocri crnxnnnon.
Henne ne penernnnn, a peainocri.
89
R. Allman. 1he American lilm Nusical. P b8. B crarie o Honon Nocine
Ne(ne(inna n Becne Aeican(pona n oparna nnn:anne na neci:a conoe nepe-
nerenne peainoro n nnpryainoro n conercinx ]ni:ax roro npe:enn; nepeainoe,
y(ymee, npnnn:aercn aa ca:oe peainoe (N. Dtubek-Mepet. Primal der Doubles. Zwei
sow[elische lilmlomdien: A. Nedvedlins Nova[a Noslva (1988) und G. Alelsandrovs
\esna (1947) ;; Nysliilalion Aulorschal Original ; S. lranl, P. Lachmann,
S. Sasse, Sch. Schahadal, C. Schramm (Hg.). 1bingen. S. 2892b1).
40
B ~e~erie .ro rpocri n nnnn(p, nnor(a (ae nemaia nn axpo:~aran :ereia,
iai n ]ni:e Kopoencian cna(ia (Poyal Wedding, 19b1, pe. Cr.nn ]onen).
#'
41
Hpnne(y (onoino aaypn(nin npn:ep na ]ni:a 3ooronciareinnni 1987
ro(a (Gold Diggers o 1987, 198b, pe. . 5.ion): ceiperapma nnmer na :amnnie n
o(nonpe:enno noer n:ecre co cnon: naprnepo: iyneri n pnr:e anyion iannm.
42
Hpn:e~areino ro, iai :ao n orn~ne or a:epniancinx ]ni:on roro
npe:enn conercian io:e(nn noiayercn ree]ono: n io:n~ecinx n .porn~ecinx
nenx (onnri naxo(n: ncii~enne n Honon Nocine: enmnna no(nn:aer rpyiy n
cnpamnnaer apimni, iy(a Nocina yeaaer; n (pyron cnene ree]on cranonnrcn
iapnanainon nrpymion). ionnin paaronop no ree]ony naxo(n: n n (pyro:
narnro: ]ni:e roro npe:enn Cep(na ~eripex (1941): A(anony .ror :yaiiai-
nin no(enni noiaaacn cnmio: erio:icenni: (C:.: E. Mapeo.um, . Lut-
poe. Harnroe inno. N., 199b. C. 78).
48
B ro: ~nce n rap:omin, ioropyi no.r ]. 5e(nin, croponnni rycen, naana
nnarnnon (ypon.
44
Hoce nonni ona nonornaci n ]eno:ene ap(on.
4b
X. linrep n cnoen crarie Hoiman po(nna. Conercian :acconan necnn iai
nipaenne apxernna :arepn (Bonpoci nreparypi. 1997. ! 4) orno(nr lap:onn
nanyi poi, rai iai .ror ]ni: pocaer cner na npn~nni po(ennn :acconon
necnn. linrep nano:nnaer n o nonrn~ecio: ionreicre noanninonennn conercion
napo(non necnn: Kai nn napa(oicaino, peannrannn ]oiiopnon rpa(nnnn, io-
ropan (o .roro c~nraaci peainnonni: nnenne:, nponaoma nenocpe(crnenno noce
paaopennn pyccion (epennn (Unr. no cerenon nepcnn. UPL: hllp:;;magazines.russ.ru;
voplil;1997;4;gunler.hlml).
4b
PlAH. 4. 1992. On. 1. ! b9. Cp. neocymecrnennin npoeir rap:onncra
1n:omin n no.:e Aapona (A. apoe. Yiaa. co~. C. 822): Hpo(a: rap:oni, ; iai
crapin rapanrac, ; |...] A (oepyci npone(ari ropo( (ainnn. ; A nay~yci ra: npono-
(nri (ocyr ; Ho( anyin pa(no ; B nae-~nraine!
47
M. Tpoecxa. Yiaa. co~. C. 121.
48
C:. o .ro:: A. epnnmen. Yiaa. co~. C. 227. Hc~eanonenne ]a:nnn anro-
pon ye n:eo :ecro n cy~ae Beceix penr, ior(a no npe:n cre:oi ]ni:a
3p(:an i apecronan n cocan n r. Lnncenci (na rnrpon nime(mero n 1984 ro(y
]ni:a in cnnri ]a:nnn cnenapncron H. 3p(:ana n B. Nacca, Hnicen i
nipeaan pnrnon na a]nm ]ni:a Unpi).
49
Hnrepecno, ione~no, ~ro n ne:nornx neropo(cinx :ianiax 1980-x rr. (nanpn-
:ep, ciaao~nin :iani Bomenni na Oa (1he Wizard o Oz, 1989)), nonnnircn
encine reponnn (]y(n lapan().
b0
N. Dtubek-Mepet. Nanuslri pl, Parleibuch, lrudoden`, lahrlarle. Geldsurrogale
im sow[elischen lilm 198b89 ;; Kullur;Sprache;Oelonomie ; Hg. W. Weillaner.
Wiener Slawislischer Almanach. 2001. Sonderband b4. S. 1bb200.
b1
Aeicen oemaer en, ~ro on ncnonnr nce, o ~e: ona npocnr. Horo: on
ronopnr, ~ro ne y:eer co~nnnri, on roiio ncnonnrei (:yaiin Barnepa), a ]ynn
io:noanrop.
b2
O re:nopaino: cn:nona:e Born-Born (Crpeia crpeia ~acon)
nnmer Kapi (Yiaa. co~. C. 880). O naopaennn y(ymero nocpe(crno: encion
]nrypi n conercio: inno 1980-x rr. c:.: H. ,p6ex-Maep. ]enymia c nico:.
4ernmnaannn n conercinx ]ni:ax ionna 80-x rr. ;; ]nciypci reecnocrn n .po-
rna:a n pyccion nreparype n iyirype ; ]. Ho]]e (pe(.). (B ne~arn).
b8
3ro n ecri re:a earpann~non raanrnnocrn pyccioro napo(a, o ioropon rono-
pnr Pocrnan Kpenen n cnoen Kparion ncropnn conercioro inno (N., 1979. C. 11b).
b92
b4
B npnnnnne, ryr :i n:ee: (eo c nepepaoranni: ananrap(ncrcin: iyiro:
ynpannimen :amnna:n enmnni (Bepron, 3naenmrenn), c o(non croponi, (oiaainai-
mn: pemenne encioro nonpoca n nicoiyi yponeni nn(ycrpnanaannn n Conercio:
Coiae, c (pyron noiayimn:cn .crern~ecin: .]]eiro: con:emennn npornnono-
onocren (:nrioe na(eer rnep(i:, nenoe cnini:, npnpo(noe nciyccrnenni:;
n naoopor: :amnna aa(aer pnr: nann, no(nopnercn nacnne na( neni: n r. (.).
bb
5oraran nenecra naananne nepnon ioxoanon :yaiiainon io:e(nn Hipi-
ena (1988).
bb
E. Mapeo.um, . Lutpoe. Harnroe inno. C. b8.
b7
!. A.excan0poe. Yiaa. co~. C. 248244. Hepemeronri A:epniy n ro e npe:n
xore n Bepron (n cnoen Koieinon (1987), nanpanennon na Herepnn:ocri ]. lpn]-
]nra (lnlolerance, 191b) n oonx ]ni:ax n nenrpe cronr encine ]nrypi.
b8
eonn( 1payepr n cnoen innre Aai O]]enax n (pyrne (N. 1987. C. 228
229) yiaainaer na naan:ocnnai oneperri n inno. On nano:nnaer o ro:, ~ro onepero~-
non :yaiion ~acro noiaonanci (n oany~annn ne:oro inno (aa .ipano:). B :yai-
iainix io:e(nnx anyionoro inno on nn(nr npo(oenne .roro :yaiiainoro anpa:
...nyrn inno n oneperri comnci. Henen (aaa` nonnncn n ionne 1927 ro(a, ro
ecri naianyne, noanon: cee c rpycrii ciaaari, aaiara nencion oneperri`. H no~rn
cpaay n 1928 n 1929 ro(y anyionoe inno npe(rnnno apnrei ranni: opaao:
oneperri. H:enno oneperri, or .roro nniy(a ne (enemicn. Knnrnnn ~ap(ama`, ery-
~an :imi` nn Hepnioa` ne in c :ecra n iapiep .ipannanponani, o(naio nonnn-
nci ]ni:i, ocnonannie na (pyrnx nponane(ennnx. H n nepnyi roony na :iani-
ax. Ha 3ana(e n no(annime: oimnncrne cy~aen .ro in no:epa nonynpnix
oneperr.
b9
Hyno y~ecri, ~ro :norne conercine inno-oneperri nannponanci iai paa n
nepno( cranncio-rnreponcioro naira (198941). Oicana 5yraiona n cnoen crarie
Lmigralion in der Sow[elunion. Lin Wiener in Sow[elrussland: Herberl Pappoporl (n
in. Die ungewhnlichen Abenleuer des Dr. Nabuse im Lande der Bolschewili. Berlin.
199b. C. 22b) cnpane(nno yiaainaer na neo(noana~noe ornomenne n CCCP i anpy
oneperri. Hoiaaareino raie, ~ro i ne:norn: a:epniancin: ]ni:a:, ioropie in
noiaaani n Conercio: Coiae (o nonni, npnna(enr a:epniancian :yaiiainan nc-
ropnn o (npnepe (ioroporo nrpaer . Croioncinn) Cro :y~nn n o(na (enymia
(One Hundred Nen and a Girl, 1987, pe. l. Kocrep). O nonynpnocrn onepero~noro
penepryapa n na~ae 1980-x rr. cp.: M. Sladelmann. lsaal Dunaevsli[ Snger des
\olles. Line Karriere unler Slalin. Kln, 2008.
b0
5yraiona (yiaa. co~. C. 227) nano:nnaer o ro:, ~ro inno-oneperra Pannanopra n
Hnanoncioro ia c(eana no aaiaay Cranna, ioropo:y nonpanncn a:epniancinn ]ni:
o Horanne Lrpayce 5oimon naic (1he Greal Wallz, 1988, pe. A. ]innnie).
b1
Hnanoncinn (o penoinnn i penccepo: Onepnoro rearpa 3n:nna n Noci-
ne, n 1920-e rr. paora raie n :yaiiainix rearpax.
b2
Hanpn:ep, n Hyrenie n nani (1981, pe. Hnioan 3ii), rai iai c rnrapon
o~enn(no acconnnpyercn po:anc (o noe:nie npornn ecroinx po:ancon n niran-
mnni n na~ae 1980-x rr. c:.: Sladelmann. Op. cil. S. b2, 191).
#'!

Oer Aponcon ]noco], nay~nin corpy(nni Hncrnryra ]noco]nn PAH
(Nocina), npnramennin npeno(anarei pn(a poccnncinx BY3on (PllY, Hncrnryr
conpe:ennoro nciyccrna Copoca n (p.). Ha(arei n anrop innr Coomecrna ion-
]nira (2001), 5ore:a: onir coomecrna (2002), Nerainno (2008), A. ]e-
ea. Knno-1: Opaa-(nnenne. Knno-2: Opaa-npe:n (2004) a raie pn(a craren
no conpe:ennon ]noco]nn, inno n :acc-:e(na.
Boi]ranr 5anenxo]] (Wolgang Beilenho) npo]eccop innone(ennn Pyp-
cioro Ynnnepcnrera 5oxy:, pyiono(nrei npoeira nno n inno (lorschungs-
lolleg Ne(na n iyirypnan io::ynniannn, Ynnnepcnrer Kein). Anrop n cocra-
nnrei innr Dziga \erlov. Schrilen zum lilm (1978), Das lilmplalal (199b),
Poelila lino. 1heorie und Praxis der russischen lormalislen (200b) n pn(a cra-
ren o conercio: inno, iyirypnon na:nrn n (p.
Anna 5on (Anna Bohn) canncr n innone(, nay~nin corpy(nni n ioop(nna-
rop ncce(onareicioro npoeira D\D iai :e(na aia(e:n~ecinx na(annn ]ni-
:on Ynnnepcnrera nciyccrn 5epnna. Koop(nnarop npoeira pecranpannn ]ni:a
5ponenocen Hore:inn` n pa:iax 4on(a He:enion Knne:arein n 5epnne. An-
rop innrn lilm und Nachl. Zur Kunsllheorie Serge[ N. Lisensleins 19801948
(2008), a raie pn(a nay~nix reennanonnix nepe(a~.
]e]]pn 5pyic (Jerey Brools) npo]eccop enponencion ncropnn Ynn-
nepcnrera ]onca Xoninnca (5arn:op, CLA). Anrop innr When Pussia Learned
lo Pead: Lileracy and Popular Lileralure, 18b11917 (198b), 1hanl You, Comrade
Slalin! Soviel Public Cullure rom Pevolulion lo Cold War (2000), craren no pyc-
cion n conercion ncropnn, nonrnie n iyirype.
Oicana 5yraiona innone(, ncce(onarei nnayainon iyirypi, npo]ec-
cop lnlernalionale lilmschule n Keine, npnramennin npo]eccop Cr.n]op(cioro
Ynnnepcnrera. Coiyparop nicranin 5epnn-Nocina;Nocina-5epnn. 1900
19b0 (199b9b); anrop innr lLKS, die labril des exzenlrischen Schauspielers
(199b), Serge[ Lisenslein drei Ulopien: Archilellurenlwre zur lilmlheorie
(199b), 4apnia ecron (200b) n pn(a reenepe(a~ (Slalin eine Nosilm-
produllion (1998) n (p.).
3::a Bn((nc (Lmma Widdis) npeno(anarei pyccion nreparypi, inno n
iyirypi n Ke:pn(cio: ynnnepcnrere, cnennancr no conercion iyirype 1920
b94
80-x rr. Anrop innrn \isions o a New Land: Soviel lilm rom lhe Pevolulion lo lhe
Second World War (2008), cocrannrei innrn Nalional ldenlily in Pussian Cullure:
An lnlroduclion (2004) n pn(a craren o apxnreirype, nreparype n inno.
5apapa Byp: (Barbara Wurm) canncr, rep:anncr, acnnpanr Ynnnepcnrera
n:. B. ly:oi(ra (5epnn). Anrop paori o :e(nainon npairnie nnci:a n
ionnennnn nreparypnon .noinnn y K. H. 1innnona, pn(a craren o reopnn
nreparypi n inno. 1eiymnn npoeir (ncceprannn o nononrnie n noe ape-
nnn n (oiy:enraino: n nay~no-nonynpno: inno pannero conercioro nepno(a.
1arinna lopnena (oirop ncropn~ecinx nayi, ncropni :e(na, (npeirop Poc-
cnncioro rocy(apcrnennoro apxnna nreparypi n nciyccrna. Pe(airop n cocrann-
rei copnnion Hcropnn conercion pa(noypnancrnin: (oiy:enri, reicri, noc-
no:nnannn 1917194b (1991) n Hcropnn conercion nonrn~ecion nenaypi:
(oiy:enri n io::enrapnn (1997); anrop innr Pa(no Poccnn: nonrn~ecinn
ionrpoi conercioro pa(nonemannn n 19201980-x rr. (2000) n Honrn~ecian
nenaypa n CCCP (2002).
Ha(e(a lpnropiena nay~nin corpy(nni npoeira Hnrn:nie reicri, nn-
rn:nie npocrpancrna (Ynnnepcnrer Koncrann). Hay~nie nnrepeci: conpe:en-
noe nciyccrno, conercian roranrapnan iyirypa, pa(niainan enponencian :ici
1980-x rr., inne:arorpa] 19201980-x rr., ]noco]nn rpy(a. Anrop pn(a nynia-
nnn n Poccnn n 3ana(non Lnpone.
5opnc lponc ]noco], reoperni nciyccrna; npo]eccop ]noco]nn, nciyc-
crnone(ennn n reopnn :e(na n nicmen mioe (naanna n Kapcpy.. Kyparop
nicranin 1raumabril Kommunismus (2008); anrop innr Gesamllunslwerl
Slalin (Crni Crann) (Nnchen, 1988; N., 1994), Yronnn n o:en (1998),
Die Lrindung Pusslands (199b), Unler \erdachl. Line Phnomenologie der
Nedien (2000) n (p.
Xanc linrep (Hans Gnlher) npo]eccop canncrnin Ynnnepcnrera 5ne-
]ei( (lep:annn). Cocrannrei copnnia 1he Cullure o lhe Slalin Period (1991),
n:ecre c Lnrenne: ]openio pe(airop n cocrannrei copnnia Conpeancrn-
~ecinn ianon (2000); anrop innr Die \erslaallichung der Lileralur (1984), Der
sozialislische Heldenmylhos (1998) n (p.
Liarepnna ]erori ncropni nciyccrna, xy(oecrnennin ipnrni, c 1998 r.
iyirypnin ooapenarei raaeri Ko::epcanrr-Daily. Anrop innr 1eppopncrn-
~ecinn narypana: (1998) n Pyccioe nciyccrno XX neia (2000), cocrannrei
innrn Nocioncinn ionnenryana: (200b). Coiyparop nicranoi Ha:nri rea:
Hnnee eie conercion .noxn (20002004) n Nocina-5epnn. 19b02000
(20082004) n (p.
Aeican(p ]epnnn innone(, ncropni inno, apxnnncr, ioncyiranr no inno-
xponnie; nay~nin corpy(nni ceiropa nay~ennn reiymero innonponecca HHH in-
nonciyccrna. Cocrannrei n ornercrnennin pe(airop cnpano~nnia eronnci
ore~ecrnennoro inno (2004), innrn ]anra Bepron. ]pa:aryprn~ecine oniri
#'#
(2004); anrop pn(a reenepe(a~ n nyniannn no ncropnn conercioro n poccnnc-
ioro inno.
Lnrennn ]openio npo]eccop Horrnnre:cioro ynnnepcnrera. Anrop innr
Nera]opa nacrn (1998), 4op:onia conercioro ~nraren: Connainie n .cre-
rn~ecine npe(nociin penennnn conercion nreparypi (1997), 4op:onia co-
nercioro nncaren: Connainie n .crern~ecine ncroin conercion nreparypnon
iyirypi (1999). Cocrannrei n cope(airop copnnion nay~nix rpy(on Conpe-
ancrn~ecinn ianon (2000), Conercioe orarcrno. Crarin o iyirype, nrepary-
pe n inno (2002) n (p.
Harama ]pyei-Nanep (Nalascha Drubel-Neyer) canncr-nreparypone(,
reoperni inno n :e(na. C 199b ro(a oprannaarop ion]epennnn Slavislische
lilmlage;Slavic lilm 1heory. 1eiymnn npoeir: Ne(na reopnn n reopnn :e(na n
pyccion iyirype 189b19bb n npnnnnni na(annn ay(nonnayainix :arepna-
on. Cocrannrei copnnia Phapsodie und Apparalur. Die lilme des Dziga \erlov
(2000); anrop innrn Gogol`s eloquenlia corporis (1998) n (p.
Hnioan Hanoon innone(, ian(n(ar nciyccrnone(ennn, pyiono(nrei or(e-
a ncropnn ore~ecrnennoro inno HHH innonciyccrna. Hay~nin pe(airop iarao-
ra (openoinnonnoro (oiy:enrainoro inno Benna:nna Bnmnencioro (199b); anrop
innrn 4eno:en inno. Hcropnn n reopnn (2001), nyniannn no ncropnn coner-
cioro n poccnncioro inno, peioncrpyinnn pn(a ]ni:on A. Ne(ne(inna, . Kye-
mona, ]. Beprona n (p.
Cepren Kanrepen acnnpanr innone(~ecioro ]aiyirera Hii-Hopicioro
ynnnepcnrera, anrop pn(a craren o naan:o(encrnnn a:epniancion n conercion
innoiyiryp, npoe:ax ne:oro n pannero anyionoro inne:arorpa]a. 1eiymnn
npoeir: Crnncrn~ecine n nionorpa]n~ecine acneiri nocecranncioro inno
19b0-x ro(on.
Ba(n:np Kon(a ncropni-apxnnncr, (npeirop Poccnncioro rocy(apcrnen-
noro apxnna ]ono(oiy:enron. Anrop innrn 3nyio-.]ono-.ay(no (2008) n pn(a
nyniannn no nonpoca: ncropnn ]ono(oiy:enron n npoe:a: apxnnnoro (ea
(UlA3 CCCP n ycrnan ncropnn (1990), lpa::o]onnie nacrnnin paanonn(-
nocri (oiy:enron ore~ecrnennon ncropnn (199b) n (p.).
Hin Kyiyn nay~nin corpy(nni Ynnnepcnrera 5ne]ei( (lep:annn).
Cocrannrei n cope(airop copnnia nay~nix rpy(on 3ipannie reicri (2004),
anrop pn(a nyniannn no nonpoca: inno, pyccion iyirypi ionna XlX na~aa
XX nn., neo]nnnainon conercion nreparypi. 1eiymnn npoeir: 5norpa]nn nemn:
o o(no: ionnenre pyccion iyirypi nepnon rpern XX neia.
Knn Kypce (Julia Kursell) canncr, :yaiione(, anrop (ncceprannn
Schalllunsl. Line Lileralurgeschichle der Nusil in der rhen russischen Avanl-
garde (2000) n pn(a nyniannn. B nacronmee npe:n nay~nin corpy(nni Hncrn-
ryra Naica Hania (5epnn), reiymnn npoeir 3icnepn:enranaannn nann.
Kon]nrypannn :e(y nayia:n, nciyccrna:n n rexnoornn:n.
b9b
Lnrennn Napronr innone(, ncropni inno, nay~nin corpy(nni HHH inno-
nciyccrna; npnramennin npeno(anarei pn(a poccnncinx BY3on. 'en pe(io-
ernn n anrop craren n .nnnione(nnx Hepnin nei inno (199b), Honenman
ncropnn poccnncioro inno (c 2001). Anrop innrn Conercioe innonciyccrno:
Ocnonnie .rani cranonennn n paannrnn (1988), iaraora Harnroe inno (199b;
con:ecrno c B.L:iponi:) n (p.
Kpnn Nypamon (Juri[ Nuraov) nreparypone(, reoperni :e(na, npo]ec-
cop canncrnin n Ynnnepcnrere Koncrann. Anrop innr Jenseils der Nimesis:
russische Lileralurlheorie im 18. und 19. Jahrhunderl von N. \. Lomonosov zu \.
G. Belinsli[ (1998), lm Zeichen des Dionysos: zur Nylhopoelil in der russischen
Noderne am Beispiel von \[aeslav lvanov (1999); cocrannrei copnnion Co-
nercioe orarcrno (2002) n Die Nusen der Nachl: Nedien in der sow[elischen
Kullur der 20er und 80er Jahre (2008).
Anna Honniona ypnancr, ncropni pa(no n reenn(ennn, crapmnn nay~-
nin corpy(nni locy(apcrnennoro nncrnryra nciyccrnoanannn; npeno(anarei
ncropnn, reopnn n npairnin pa(nonemannn n reenn(ennn n Poccnncio: rocy-
(apcrnenno: ry:annrapno: ynnnepcnrere. Anrop innrn 1eenn(enne n rearp:
nepece~ennn aaiono:epnocren (2004) n pn(a nay~nix craren no nonpoca: :acc-
:e(na.
lanna Opona ncnxoor, anrponoor, nay~nin corpy(nni ]aiyirera ncn-
xoornn Pocroncioro rocy(apcrnennoro ynnnepcnrera. Anrop pn(a nyniannn o
npoe:ax nonrn~ecion n connainon anrponoornn. 1eiymnn npoeir On-
a(eri npocrpancrno:: n(eoorn~ecine ocnonannn conercion nonrnin n oacrn
reorpa]nn.
Lena Herpymancian :yaiione(, ian(n(ar nciyccrnone(ennn, crapmnn na-
y~nin corpy(nni or(ea xy(oecrnennix npoe: CNK lHH nciyccrnoanannn
(Nocina). Anrop innrn Nyaiiainin :np Hocn]a 5po(cioro (2004) n pn(a
:onorpa]nn, craren n pa(nonepe(a~; cocrannrei copnnia Po(enne anyionoro
opaaa: xy(oecrnennie npoe:i anyioaanncn n .ipannix nciyccrnax n na pa-
(no (198b) n (p.
Baepnn Ho(opora (oirop ]noco]cinx nayi, aane(yimnn ceiropo: ana-
nrn~ecion anrponoornn Hncrnryra ]noco]nn PAH; npnramennin npo]ec-
cop pn(a enponencinx n a:epniancinx ynnnepcnreron. Anrop innr Nera]nania
an(ma]ra (1998), Bipaenne n c:ic (199b), 4eno:enoornn rea. Bne(e-
nne n ]noco]ciyi anrponoorni (199b), iypca einnn Nacrepcian nnayai-
non anrponoornn (2001) n (p.
Baepn Hoanep (\alrie Pozner) ncropni inno, nay~nin corpy(nni Alelier
de recherche sur l`inlermdialil el les arls du speclacle (APlAS), Hapn. Anrop
(ncceprannn \illor Chllovsli, scnarisle el lhoricien du cinma (199b), nepeno(-
~ni n cocrannrei innr Lev Koulchov. Lcrils (19171984) (1994), Le sludio
Ne[rabpom ou L`avenlure du cinma priv au pays des bolchevils (199b), \iclor
Chllovsli. La lroisime abrique (1999) n (p.
#'%
Nnxan Piinn ]noco], iyirypoor, nepeno(~ni, ne(ymnn nay~nin co-
rpy(nni ceiropa ananrn~ecion anrponoornn Hncrnryra ]noco]nn PAH; npn-
ramennin npo]eccop pn(a enponencinx ynnnepcnreron n ne~arnix na(annn.
Anrop, na(arei n nepeno(~ni innr 1eppopoornin (1992), ]eppn(a n Nocine
(1998), Hpocrpancrna nionannn (2002), ]eioncrpyinnn n (ecrpyinnn: 5ece(i
c ]noco]a:n (2002) n (p.
Poaann(e Caproprn (Posalinde Sarlorli) nay~nin corpy(nni ia]e(pi
ncropnn n iyirypi Hncrnryra Bocro~non Lnponi (5epnn). Anrop innr
Sow[elische lolograie 192882 (197b), Presseolograie und lnduslrialisierung
in der Sow[elunion. Die Pravda 192b1988 (1981), pn(a nyniannn no npoe-
:a: pyccion ]ororpa]nn, iyirypi npaa(nnia n iyira repoen.
Cnen Cnniep (Sven Spieler) nreparypone( n iyirypoor, reoperni :e(na,
npo]eccop Ynnnepcnrera Kan]opnnn (Canra 5apapa). Anrop n cocrannrei innr
ligures o Nemory and lorgelling in Andrei Bilov`s Prose (199b); Ggl: Lxploring
Absence (2000); Leidenschalen der Brolralie. Kullur- und Nediengeschichle
im Archiv (2004) n (p.; rannin pe(airop .eirponnoro ypnaa nnayainix
nciyccrn arlmargins.com.
Nann 1yponcian (oirop rearpone(ennn, rearpainin ipnrni, innoipnrni,
cnennancr n oacrn :e(na n connoornn iyirypi; npnramennin npo]eccop
pn(a enponencinx n a:epniancinx ynnnepcnreron. Hnnnnarop nicranin 5ep-
nn-Nocina;Nocina-5epnn. 190019b0 (199b199b); anrop innocnenapnn
Oiinonennin ]amna: (con:. c N. Po::o: n K. Xanirnni:), innr Oira
eonap(onna Knnnnep-'exona (19b9), 7 1;2 n ]ni:i An(pen 1apioncioro
(1991), 5nnoii (2008) n (p.
]npi Y]]ei:ann (Dirl Uelmann) nreparypone(, ncropni ]noco]nn.
Accncrenr npn ia]e(pe nreparypi n iyirypi crpan Bocro~non Lnponi 5pe-
:encioro ynnnepcnrera. Anrop innr Die russische Kullurosophie (1999), Der
erniedrigle Chrislus und seine Ausgeslallungen in der russischen Kullur und
Lileralur (200b); cocrannrei copnnion He:enioe ]noco]cioe nreparypo-
ne(enne (2001), Ycioiaaimnn ionreicr. Pyccian ]noco]nn n XX neie
(2002) n (p.
ly(pyn Xan(e:ann (Gudrun Heidemann) nreparypone(, ncce(onarei npo-
e: :e(nainocrn, nay~nin corpy(nni Ynnnepcnrera 5ne]ei(. Cocrannrei n
cope(airop copnnia nay~nix rpy(on 3ipannie reicri (2004); anrop (nccep-
rannn Das schreibende lch in der lremde ll`[a Lrenburgs und \ladimir Nabolovs
Berliner Prosa der 1920er Jahre (200b) n pn(a nyniannn no npoe:a: nre-
parypi pyccion .:nrpannn n nnayainocrn nreparypi.
Anie Xennnr (Anle Hennig) nreparypone(, ncropni nciyccrn. Hay~nin
corpy(nni Cnoo(noro Ynnnepcnrera 5epnn (reiymnn npoeir: Conercian inno-
(pa:aryprnn 80-x ro(on). Anrop paori o nreparypno-reopern~ecion npoe:a-
rnie no.rnin paaneprinannn Bniropa Lioncioro, pn(a craren no nonpoca:
reopnn conercioro nciyccrna 1980-x rr.
b98
Canna X.ncren (Sabine Hnsgen) canncr, ncropni :e(na; nay~nin co-
rpy(nni npoeiron Honrn~ecioe iai npocrpancrno io::ynniannn n ncropnn
(Ynnnepcnrer 5ne]ei() n nno n inno (Ynnnepcnrer Kein). Anrop n cocra-
nnrei innr Kullurpalasl: conpe:ennan pyccian no.ann n nep]op:anc (1984),
Noslau Noslau: nn(eo]par:enri (1987), Prprinlium: innrn :ocioncioro ca-
:na(ara (1998) n (p.
Hropi 'yapon ]noco], nay~nin corpy(nni ceiropa ananrn~ecion anr-
ponoornn Hncrnryra ]noco]nn PAH; ~en Pyccioro ]eno:enoorn~ecioro o-
mecrna, corpy(nni ]noco]cio-nreparypnoro ypnaa oroc. Ha(arei n ran-
nin pe(airop cepnn 4eno:enoornn. lep:enenrnia. 4noco]nn naiia; anrop
pn(a paor no nonpoca: ]eno:enoornn n ]noco]nn iyirypi.
La::a Laxa(ar (Schamma Schahadal) npo]eccop cannncion ]noornn
Ynnnepcnrera 1innren. Anrop innr lnlerlexlualill und Lpochenpoelil in den
Dramen Alelsandr Blols (199b), Das Leben zur Kunsl machen. Lebenslunsl in
Pussland vom 1b. bis ins 20. Jahrhunderl (2004) n pn(a nyniannn no nonpoca:
nreparypnon reopnn, iyirypoornn n pyccion nreparypi cepepnnoro neia.
1eiymnn npoeir: Hnrn:nie reicri, nnrn:nie npocrpancrna. O ioncrpyinnn
nnrn:nocrn n pyccion iyirype.
Aeican(p Lepei pa(noypnancr, ncropni pa(no, (oirop nciyccrnone(e-
nnn, npo]eccop, ne(ymnn nay~nin corpy(nni locy(apcrnennoro nncrnryra nciyc-
crnoanannn, ioppecnon(enr-ooapenarei Nania, pe(airop or(ea pa(no-ypna-
a Conercioe pa(no n reenn(enne, anrop n ne(ymnn pa(no- n reenporpa::.
Anrop innr Pa:na y :nipo]ona (198b), 1a: na nenn(n:ix no(:ocriax (199b),
Ay(noiyirypa XX neia (2004) n (p.
#''
Apnxocon A. H. 473
Aynase T. 383
Anpaamon A. M. 114, 116, 117, 131, 355,
363, 367, 368, 371, 372, 374377
Aranon F. H. 171
Aopno T. (Adorno) 414, 425
Axcenon B. C. 294
Axcenon H. A. 540
Anennxon H. M. 253
Anexcanp I 424
Anexcanp Hencxn 497, 503, 515
Anexcanpon A. B. 385
Anexcanpon I. (Mopmonenxo I. B.) 105,
112, 315, 317, 321324, 352354,
359, 362, 363, 374, 375, 385, 387, 392,
470, 472, 475, 478, 480, 550, 578, 580
585, 587592
Anexcanpon I. u. 500, 501
Anexceen A., xnnopexnccep 374
Anexceen H., ]oroxypnanncr 222
Anexceen R. B., cm. Tapnu R. B.
Annnnyena H. C. 247
Annepc F. B. 95, 96, 102, 131, 448
Annepc Bepa B. 131
Antepa u. (Albera) 342
Antnepr M. B. 161, 178, 179, 186, 191, 316
Antrmccep H. (Althousser) 469, 479
Amepnan I. A. 462
Am]nrearpon A. B. 399
Anpeen A. . 37
Anpeen H. H. 310, 399
Anpnencxn A., xnnone 386
Annenxon R. H. 285, 294, 405
Annencxn H. u. 398
Annnncxn H. A. 276, 277, 280
Anomenxo H. . 362
Any]pnen C., nposanx 225
Anyxrnn A. H. 81
Apenr X. 243
Apxnnoncxn A. C. 233
Apncrorent 541
Apxaron A. A. 408
Apmyc 3. 99
Aponcon O. B. 296, 304
Acrep u. 324, 580, 583, 585
Acrpmx A. (Astruc) 480
Arapon H. C. 190, 200, 202
Aramena H. M. 565
Arrer 3. 176
Ay+pax 3. (Auerbach) 489, 494
A]nnorenon A. H. 90, 91, 119
Axymxon Bamnnt 565
Faaencxn C. H. 317, 319, 325
Faent H. 3. 231, 451, 462
Fannxn F. A. 583
Faouxnn F. A. 407
Faxennu O., cnenapncrxa 399
Fasen A. (Bazin) 491, 495
Fayxon I. u. 253
Fanenxo]] B. (Beilenhoff) 526, 539
Fax-Mopcc C. (Buck-Morss) 295, 539
Fanaxnpen M. A. 132
Fanam F. (Balsz) 363, 365, 367, 368, 376
378, 396, 397, 407, 423, 424, 429, 540,
563, 577
Fannna M. 12, 495
Fantsax O. e 176, 578
Fapanoncxax B. u. 311
Fapannennu 3. u. 399
Fapmc A. 249
Fapner F. B. 319, 378, 381, 500
Fapr P. (Barthes) 145, 173, 178, 186, 438,
448, 538, 540, 541
Fara X. (Bataille) 224, 227, 474, 476
Fay+p E. 559
HMEHHOH YKA3ATERL
*
* Cocrann N. ]. 3iaon.
b00
Fax H. C. 134
Faxrnn M. M. 230, 239, 289, 295
Fent . 70, 84, 550, 591
Festmencxn A. H. 120
Fennc M.-M. 399
Fexnt K. E. 368, 369
Fenan H. 239
Fenxnn A. M. 88
Fent A. 289, 398, 400, 404, 408
Fenxxon A. B. 253
Fenya H. 404
Fentxmnn B. (Benjamin) 7, 8, 13, 3950,
133, 141, 143, 153, 162, 200, 201, 216,
299, 306, 324, 444, 510, 539, 575
Fepepona H. H. 401, 403, 406
Feprep P. (Berger) 484, 492
Feprcon A. (Bergson) 305, 464, 465, 470, 478
Fepnx H. H. 240
Fepxnn F. 579, 586
Fepnc H. (Burns) 481
Fepnmren A. . 585, 589, 591
Fepnmren H. A. 133144
Fepnmren C. H. 38
Ferxonen H. nan 92, 111, 123, 125, 127
Fexep H. P. 60, 74
Fexrepen B. M. 479
Fnse X. 124
Fnmo], pamarypr 111
Fneman M. R. 386, 396, 448, 449, 499
Fnnox . M. 389
Fnox A. A. 398, 408
Fnoxnn C., ]oroxypnanncr 161
Fnmmaym A. F. 425, 427
Fnmxep B. K. 251, 252
Fopnx M., nepenounna 502
Fopnncxax E. A. 363
Foptmen B. T. 185
Fonnnnnyc K. 492
Foranon A. A. (Mannnoncxn) 478
Fonep B. 526
Fopn X.-H. (Baudry) 469, 470, 479
Fopnxp X. (Baudrillard) 160, 448
Foserrn P. 407
Fonrxncxn I. M. 347, 348
Fontmaxon, xnnounnonnnx 500
Fon A. (Bohn) 407, 496, 502, 553
Fopy+nn . (Bordwell) 533, 541, 579, 588
Fopep K. X. (Bohrer) 533, 540
Fopncon F. (Iyponnu F. C.) 84
Foynr x. 3. (Bowlt) 215
Fpamc H. 376
Fpannmaep T. (Brandlmeier) 568, 575, 576
Fpanr F. 12
Fpexnen H. H. 239, 255
Fpexxep A., cxyntnrop 256
Fperon A. 214
Fpexr F. (Fepr; Brecht) 48, 105, 111, 150,
247, 501, 539
Fpemxo-Fpemxoncxn H. H. 399
Fpnx O. M. 147, 161, 349, 390, 395, 439,
449, 484, 485
Fpo M. (Brod) 576
Fpocxn H. H. 209, 228
Fpoxrays u. A. 131
Fponmren, nnxenep 117
Fpyx, axrep nemoro xnno 288
Fpyxc . (Brooks) 228, 240, 241
Fpyxcon . F. 556, 563
Fpmcon B. . 398, 403, 404, 410
Fyep M. 39
Fyrocnancxn C. A. 131, 365, 377
Fyennt C. M. 83, 94
Fysonn u. 373
Fynaron 3. B. 220
Fynraxon M. A. 122, 131, 132, 404
Fynraxona O. 306, 324, 364, 449, 540, 566
568, 574576, 589, 592
Fynrannn M. A. 73
Fynernn M. u. 347, 348
Fynnmonnu T., xnnooneparop 348
Fyctrnn A. X. 256
Fyroncxn . H. 364
Fyxapnn H. H. 79, 96, 127
Fym H., nnaenen epnnncxoro nnpxa 245
Ftxon H. 348
F+xon H. 591
F+xon u. 535
Fmprep H. 211
Barnep P. 125, 295, 321, 362, 464, 544, 583,
591
Bas P. 588
Baxan E., nepenounna 444
Banuypa B. 378
Bapnnx I. H. 285, 286
Bapranon A. C. 186
Bacnnencxn A. M. 316
Bacnnten u. A. 207, 215
Bacnntent I. H. n C. ., ncen. Fpartx
Bacnntent 345, 381, 386, 431, 441, 495,
564, 565
Baronnna H. H. 240
$
Bentmnncxn B., nepenounx 57
Bent]nnn I. 510
Benrpon H. (M. H.) 278, 279
Bepnnxax A. A. 399
Beprnnn 262
Bepn . 122, 123, 126
Bepecaen B. B. 92
Bepnep M., xnnooxymenranncr 308
Bepron . (Kay]man . A.) 47, 51, 58, 147,
161, 315, 345, 354364, 379, 387, 388,
395, 429, 456, 463, 467, 468, 470472,
478480, 522, 526528, 552, 555,
556, 562, 563, 589, 592
Bnnc 3. (Widdis) 450, 461
Bnop K. 538, 563, 564
Bnne P. 401
Bnnep H. 142
Bnnorpaon B. B. 428
Bnnorpaon H., paoun 319
Bnnorpaona E. B. (ycx) 195
Bnnorpacxax K. H. 445
Bnnoxyp I. O. 326
Bnpnnno H. 51
Bnrre I. (Witte) 13, 58, 278, 426, 447, 590
Bnmnencxn A. I. 242, 247, 261
Bnmnencxn Ben. E. 377, 444, 448
Bnacona E., mystxone 132
Bosnecencxn A. C. 556, 558, 564
Bonnon H., nnxenep 366369
Bonnu 3. H. 270, 277
Bonxon B., xyntryponor 325, 326
Bonxoronon . A. 240
Bonxoncxax M. H. 89, 90
Bonxoncxn H. O. 8991, 106, 107
Bononn B. C. (Hnanon) 322
Bontremyr A. A. 203
Bontxenmren B. M. 430, 441, 446, 449
Bopoten, crnxornopen 199
Boponon . 348
Bopomnnon K. E. 80, 83
Bypm F. (Wurm) 412, 427
Btrorcxn H. C. 425
Btconxax O., nxrop 109
Btmnncxn A. . 80, 245
Bxpo B. . 279, 280
Iaop A. 119
Iannnxn . M. 95
Iantnann A. H. 131
Iantnona E. . 216
Iamnntron 3. 498, 503
Ian A. M. 345
Ianc A. 557
Iapo I. 323
Iapnn B. P. 408
Iapnn 3. H. 106
Iapnan . (Iapnen) 579, 591
Iappncon Po, ncen. arcxoro xnnoaxrepa
297
Iacnapon F. M. 411
Iaccnep X. (Gassner) 162, 202
Iacren A. F. 114, 133, 140, 142, 379, 467
Iaysnep I. O. 90, 91, 106
Iamex . 104
Inarrapn u. (Guattari) 468, 472, 480, 530,
541
Ie H. H. 208
Ierent I. B. u. 182, 414, 465, 478, 494
Ienen A. (Gehlen) 468, 479
Ienonann M. I. 386
Iepacnmon A. M. 207
Iepnnr I. 256
Iepon 293
Iepnnx B., nxrop 109
Iepmnnn . 580
Iecc P. 251
Ire H. B. 43, 48
Innentc 3. I. 248
Innnen 3. 202
Inntper u. 139
Inmmnep I. 540
Innenypr H. ]on 247
Innnnyc 3. H. 398, 411
Inrnep A. 54, 56, 244, 247252, 256, 260,
378, 409, 501, 512, 513, 540, 592
Inaxon A. K. 305
Inaxon u. B. 314, 319, 325, 551, 552, 554
Innnxa M. H. 127, 502
Ioront H. B. 42, 86, 221, 393, 419421,
427, 428, 481, 560, 567, 568
Ioap X.-H. 481
Iox u. 525
Iononn A. B. 347
Ionnt H. (Goll) 573, 577
Ionommrox H. H. 182, 187
Ionoconxep . 3. 522
Ionyxona M. P. 553
Iontepr B. (Goldberg) 163
Iopauen M. C. 229, 238
Iopynon H. u. 70
Iopnon H. (Iopnoncxn) 73, 186
Iopnnnxax H. C. 426
b02
Iopnmren E. H. (ypox. Hynn) 401
Ioponnn B. C. (Horowitz) 137
Iopuaxon H. M. 294
Ioptxn M. 12, 101, 103, 156, 158, 161,
164187, 314, 325, 400, 401, 404, 409,
410, 455, 462, 550
Iopxena T. M. 36, 59, 74, 75
Io]man 3. T. A. 254, 468
Io]mancrant I. ]on (von Hofmannstahl)
397, 399, 405
Ipeep 3. 481
Ipenep I. 3. 446
Ipnoeon A. C. 90, 419
Ipnropten B., xnnone 377
Ipnroptena H. 464, 491, 493
Ipnnepr K. (Greenberg) 204, 206, 208, 215
Ipnnepr M., ncen. Mapxon cm. Mapxon-
Ipnnepr
Ipn]]nr . V. (Griffith) 333, 557, 558, 561,
563565, 592
Ipnmannn B., ]oroxypnanncr 162, 179
Iposnona H. A. 277279
Ipoc F. (Groys) 12, 168, 182, 200, 204,
215, 217, 227, 277, 289, 290, 295, 362,
413, 425, 447, 494
Ipomon M. K. 100, 101, 253, 254
Ipomon M. M. 100, 101
Ipomon H. H. 101
Ipoccman B. C. 235
Iyep F. A. 170
Iymnnen H. C. 152, 162
Iymnnencxn H. H. 485
Iyno B. 122, 123
Iypennu A. . 326
Iypennu B. 36
Iypon, xnnopaornnx 347
Iyponnu F. C. cm. Fopncon F.
Iypten A., nxrop 132
Iycxn A. (Guski) 185, 274, 278, 279
Iyccepnt 3. 282
Imnrep X. (Gnther) 5, 12, 28, 38, 253, 277,
278, 325, 362, 426428, 444, 446, 477,
491, 495, 542, 553, 554, 588, 591
arep X. M. (arepp; Daguerre) 242
apexnen F. H. 274
ann C. 205
ant B. H. 412, 424
antcxn ., xnnooxymenranncr 380
annnnn C. A. 100, 254
annnon u. A. 349
apencxn 3., npexrop ]nntma Bonra-
Bonra 590
amxona T., xyntryponor 202
eaon ., ]oroxypnanncr 161, 163, 191,
196
nnn A. (Dblin) 397, 398, 407
eop I. (Debord) 350, 362
erort E. R. 191, 201, 413, 425
enexa A. A. 98, 181, 208, 317
enes X. (Deleuze) 283, 305, 444, 464, 468,
472, 480, 493, 494, 530, 535, 540, 541
ennmx H. (Delluc) 409, 466
entcapr u. (Delsarte) 316, 325
e Man H. cm. Man H. e
e Mnnnt C. F. 565
ennxnn A. H. 285
epxannn K. H. 287, 288
eppna X. (Derrida) 39, 40, 50, 224, 420,
429, 469, 525
epxnn A. C. 367, 377, 387, 394, 395, 463
erepnnr I. (Deterding) 94
emenon B. M. 131
xamyn 251
xoncon O. 351, 353
xyramnnnn H. B. cm. Crannn H. B.
snran E. A. 439, 448
nannn C., nnxenep 371
nxn A. . 386
nxxenc u. 565
nntre B. 282
nnamon C. C. 446
ncne V. 582
nrpnx M. 244, 246
mnrpnen O. 409, 410
onn E. A. 364
openxo E. A. 12, 142, 164, 277, 279, 325,
444, 446, 491, 495, 497, 503, 553, 589
onxenxo A. H. 317, 379381, 407, 447,
476, 481, 542554
onnse C. B. (Cnxo) 383
onepc u. K. 143
onen C. (Donen) 588, 590
oncxo M. C. 275, 276
ocroencxn u. M. 221, 250, 408, 421, 428,
487, 507
ocrynona T. I. 278, 279
parr M. 215
peep K. T. 562, 563
pos I. (Droz) 521
pyex-Maep H. (Drubek-Meyer) 428, 479,
578, 590, 591
$!
ycon M., pexnccep 383, 384, 581
yranon P. B. 74
yrnac M. 234
yon 3. 247
yxep, pamarypr 111
ynaencxn H. O. 385, 582, 592
ypon F., xnnopexnccep 407
mnnnte X. 592
mma A. (ctn) 110
mnon 3. A. (Dupont) 400
mman M. 492
Enpennon H. H. 281295
Enpennon C., xpnrnx 179
Eropon, craxanonen 201
Exon H. H. 83, 251
Exarepnna II 325
Entmcnen H. (Hjelmslev) 431, 445
Entnnn F. H. 325
Epemnn . H. 499
Epemnn R., ]oroxypnanncr 200
E]anon B. H. 207
E]nmon F. (upnnxn F. E.) 252
E]pon H. A. 131
Xapon A. A. 581584, 589, 591
Xanon A. A. 198, 496501, 503, 591
Xanon H., nnreparypnt xpnrnx 279
Xenxyxcxn R. A. 555
Xemuyxnna H. H. 132
Xemuyxnna H. C. 246
Xemuyxnt B., xnnooxymenranncr 390, 395
Xenerr X. (Genette) 448
Xepenon F. H. 162, 202
Xn A. (Gide) 43, 270, 278
Xnxex C. (Zizek) 164, 173, 185, 290, 295, 364
Xnpap P. (Girard) 486, 493, 494
Xnpmyncxn B. M. 425
Xyxon I. K. 57
3aononxn H. A. 379, 549, 554
3axc I. (Sachs) 306, 324
3aneccxn K. A. 255, 261
3anxnn A. F. 552, 553
3amxrnn E. H. 92, 96, 102, 402, 404
3apax B., nnxenep 256
3apynn H. H. 170, 186
3apxn A. I. 378, 381, 385, 407
3acnancxn . H. 166
3acypcxn . H. 74
3axapon B., ]oroxypnanncr 223, 224, 227
3ennncxn H., xnnonnxenep 368
3entma I. A. 191
3entmanon M., xnnone 348
3emnxnyxnn C. 346
3enxnn C. 429
3nntnepr H., xyoxnnx 198
3nmment I. (Simmel) 482, 492
3nnonten I. E. 79
3nct A. . 186
3onrar C. (Sontag) 176, 180, 181, 184, 186, 187
3opxax H. M. 408, 426, 492
3oron A., ncxyccrnone 187
3mmrop H., menenncr 342
Hnan Iposnt 397, 497, 500, 501, 507, 514
Hnanon A. B. 367
Hnanon Bc. B. 280, 381
Hnanon Bxu. Bc. 544, 552, 565
Hnanon Bxu. H. 289, 295, 299, 304, 482,
490, 495, 521
Hnanon C. K. (Hnanon-Annnnyen) 195
Hnanon-Bano H. H. 365, 369
Hnanoncxn A. B. 587, 589, 592
Hrnaronnu F. B. 161, 170, 179, 181
Hsnonon H. A. 143, 363, 365, 376, 377, 459,
463
Hsroen H., ouepxncr 186
Hnt] H. A. 60, 228, 234, 239
Horancon F. B. 207, 208
Ho]]e . 591
Ho]]e Hep. H. 444, 563
Hcaen C. A. 216
Hcaxoncxn M. B. 118, 131
Henu 3. 468
Hepnnr X. (Jhering) 539
Kaaxon H. H. 182, 219221, 223, 226, 227
Kananepnse H. H. 378386
Karanonnu H. M. 80, 83
Kaop Fen Cannm 383
Kaxan B., xyoxnnx 174
Kasaxon I. A. 36
Kasancxn F. B. 429, 470, 560, 565
Kastmnn H., cnenapncr 123
Kanaroson M. K. 379, 475, 492
Kanamnnxon M., ]oroxoppecnonenr
Hpant 193, 198
Kannnnn M. H. 79, 80, 83
Kannam-Iappnc M., cnenapncrxa 399
Kanmtxon B., paoun 161, 178, 179, 181
b04
Kantman H. 587
Kamenen H. F. 79
Kamn A. 12
Kanar O., apanxnponmnx 126
Kanenaxn B. A. 386
Kannncxn B. B. 211
Kanerrn 3. (Canetti) 512, 513, 523, 534,
537, 539541
Kanroponnu B. . 172, 185, 186
Kann 3. 467, 468
Kanrepen C. 555
Kapaymen H. H. 394
Kapnron I. 425
Kapnenrep V. F. (Carpenter) 306, 324
Kapcannn H. H. 482, 490
Kapnon H. 36
Kac, ncen. 348
Kacropcxn C. B. 277
Karaen E. H. cm. Herpon E.
Karaen H. H. 170, 185
Kay]man . A. cm. Bepron .
Kay]man M. A. 470
Kay]mann C. (Kaufmann) 56, 58
Ka]aptxn C., ]oroxypnanncr 191, 203
Ka]xa u. 43, 44, 48, 49, 571, 576
Kan-Hentcon I. M. 347, 348
Kannrpac A. H. 347, 348
Kanman E. A. 210, 215
Kauanon B. H. 89, 109, 408
Kamypon, xypnanncr 348
Kenc . 44
Kennn xnn 585
Kennn K. (Kelly) 325, 326
Kennn B., mn. (Kepley jr.) 331, 346
Kepencxn A. u. 285, 286, 288
Kepxennen H. M. (Heeen) 100, 319, 325,
326
Kepn I. 401, 410
Keprnc . (Curtis) 478
Kecrnep 3. 111
Knnr . (King) 162, 210
Knnnnnr P. 249
Knpon C. M. 80, 82
Knron F. 471
Knrrnep u. (Kittler) 417, 426, 444
Knarec H. (Klages) 324
Knapx K. (Clark) 12, 38, 162, 201, 256, 261,
266, 268, 277, 278, 319, 326, 417, 426,
427, 444, 446, 491, 494, 554, 588, 589
Kneman H. H. 291, 294, 540
Knynnc I. I. 162, 181, 217, 316, 345
Knxsencxax T. F. 565
Konanen Ban. A. 277
Konanena O. B. 126
Koran H. C. 37
Kosnnnen I. M. 320, 358364, 380, 409,
410, 419, 564, 566, 568, 573, 575, 577
Kosnnnena H. M. cm. 3penypr H. M.
Kosnon H., xnnone 548, 553
Kosynnn A. (Kozulin), ncnxonor 142
Konnn H., ]oroxypnanncr 200, 201
Konnonra A. M. 79, 247, 485, 486, 493,
545, 553
Konuax A. B. 285
Kont (Kolb) 109, 111
Kontnnn K. 547
Kontnon M. (upnnxn M. E.) 178, 194,
201, 202, 243
Konxa B. A. 76, 88, 132
Kon u. . 97
Koneunt A. M. 346
Konnop x. 37
Kononnu A. A. 294
Konuanoncxn H. H. 208, 215
Koonen A. I. 89
Konannn H. H. 393, 395
Kopa A. 503
Kopenencxax H. (Korenevskaya) 12, 240
Kopnnenxo H. B. 553
Kocmaron H. B. 347, 348
Koconanon O., renepexnccep 394
Kocrep I. 592
Kocrpnuxnn A. A. 568
Kox P. 502
Komopxe A. (Koschorke) 486, 493
Komyr H. 217
Kpanuenxo Fenna H. 430, 441, 442, 449
Kpanuenxo ueop T. 430, 441, 442, 449
Kpann A., ncen. cm. Innnnyc 3. H.
Kpaxay+p 3. (Kracauer) 105, 106, 111, 380,
409, 510
Kpamcxo H. H. 208
Kpayc B. 568
Kpayc P. (Kraus) 205, 215, 362
Kpayc T. 239
Kpemnen A., ouepxncr 169
Kpeumep 3. 310, 325
Kpxnxanoncxn I. M. 452, 462, 463
Kpnrep E. I., ouepxncr 188, 200
Kpncrencen F. 559
Kpyncxax H. K. 97, 332, 462
Kpyuentx A. E. 212, 355, 362, 363
$#
Kptxanoncxn H. H. 137, 143
Kptxnnxn I. K. 294
Kptnenxo H. B. 79, 245
Kptnon H. A. 257
Kptnon H. H. cm. Kyxptnnxct
Kp+r I. 304
Kp+pn . (Crary) 350, 362
Kpmxon B. H. 70
Kpmuxon H. A. 477
Kynuen E. 279
Kyrent A. P. 285, 288, 332, 347
Kyrent H. P. 196, 202, 203
Kyoxpon F., ]oroxypnanncr 161
Kypxnnen H., xnnone 348
Kysmnn M. A. 409
Kystmnna E. A. 359361, 364
Kynnxn A. H. 158
Kyxptnnxct, xonn. ncen. (M. B. Kynpnxnon,
H. H. Kptnon, Hnx. A. Coxonon) 252
Kyxy H. 12, 396
Kynemon H. B. 322, 326, 369, 399, 400, 403,
408, 440, 448, 466, 467, 473, 474, 478,
479, 481, 555559, 562564
Kynpnxnon M. B. cm. Kyxptnnxct
Kyncan E., nepenounna 239, 461
Kypennax H. M. 277
Kypcenn R. (Kursell) 133
Kymnep F. A. 186
Kymnxnu . (Kujundzic) 415, 425, 429
Haac A. A. 98
Hatnnna M. A. 585
Haxan X. 469
Haxacc X. (Lacasse) 329331, 343, 344,
346, 349
Haxrnonon A. H. 182
Hamerpn X. O. e 470
Hamne (Lampe) 109
Hanr u. 402, 473, 480, 538
Hanrman E., ]oroxypnanncr 161, 190, 191
Hapnonon M. u. 209
Haye K. 12
Hannc A., xena F. Paxa 4149
Hannc ., nx out 41
Heeen Bn. B. 181
Heeen Bc., ouepxncr 186
Heeen H. M. cm. Kepxennen H. M.
Heeen . M. 74
Heeen-Kymau B. H. 100, 126, 385
Heeena H., ncxyccrnone 215
Hennran H. H. 158, 184
Hennran R. F. 109
Hennnxn A. A. 557, 558
Hexe u. 575
Hexnen A. (Iopennx A. 3.) 172, 186, 485
He Kopmste B. 3. (Xannepe) 319
Hemepr 3. I. 362
Hememen C. B. 587, 589
Hemmnnr E., ]nnonor 402, 409, 411
Hemonte K. 90, 91
Henepr I. (Lehnert) 487, 493
Hennn H. (Vntxnon B. H.) 9, 17, 36, 41, 42,
52, 54, 55, 58, 66, 79, 80, 82, 88, 101,
107, 115, 116, 120, 127, 155, 187, 197,
210, 228, 230, 236, 250, 272, 285, 286,
295, 313, 318, 320, 324, 336, 337, 357,
376, 381, 407, 415, 425, 450, 453456,
462, 463, 491, 542, 543, 552, 567, 585
Hen-ax E., ncen. 589
Heo X.-H. 252
Heonapo a Bnnun 507
Heonon E. H. 330
Heonon H. M. 177
Hepmonron M. R. 81, 86, 321
Hecxon H. C. 129, 507
Heccnnr I. 3. 436
Hnenncxn R. H. 425
Hnnepr u. 244, 254
Hnnep M. 408
Hnnenxn B., ]nnonor 427
Hncnnxn H. M. cm. 3nt-Hncnnxn
Hncca 3. (Lissa) 369, 377
Hncr u. 134, 137, 143
Hncron B. C. 462
Hnrnax A., ]oroxypnanncr 202
Hnronnena H. H. 109
Hnxauena T. C. 377, 386
Hoona Hrnarn 278, 305, 507
Honon . 561
Hocxyron M. H. 186
Horman R. M. 173, 186, 420, 427
Hyroncxo B. A. 119
Hysrnn M. B. 167, 185
Hyxau tpt 150, 282
Hymann H. (Luchmann) 6, 7, 13, 51, 52, 58
Hynauapcxn A. B. 25, 37, 79, 97, 103, 115,
208, 215, 261
Hynn E. H. cm. Iopnmren E. H.
Hynn H. H. 396411
Hyunmxnn C. A. 214
Hmnu 3. (Lubitsch) 333, 565
Hmonnu H. A. 279
b0b
Hmmtep, partx (Lumires, Irres) 389, 465,
509, 526, 527, 539
Hmrne B. 540
Marpnrr P. (Magritte) 205
Maep K. (Meyer) 364, 409
Manan-Xancen K. 426
Mancroyn H. (Milestone) 563
Maxapona T. u. 391
Maxonant . P. 94
Max-Hapen H. 368, 369
Maxnm+n M. (Max-Hm+n, McLuhan) 7, 13,
36, 54, 468, 570, 576
Maxcnmon B. H. 293, 295
Maxcnmona E. A. 476
Manamxnn C. H. 485
Manennu K. C. 182, 184, 207, 209, 211
216, 405, 412, 424
Mannapme C. 416
Mantpo A. 106
Mamneen R. B. 223
Man H. e 422
Manentmram O. 3. 89
Map A. (Henmnna A. .) 399
Mapronnr E. . 364, 378, 589, 591, 592
Mapecten A. H. 315, 325
Mapnnerrn u. 363, 410
Mapxon B. . 64, 65, 70, 71, 74
Mapxon-Ipnnepr M., ]oroxypnanncr 151
Mapxc, partx (Apryp / Xapno, xynnyc /
Ipayuo, Heonap / unxo) 494
Mapxc K. 50, 205, 272, 469
Mapp H. . 382, 449, 547
Mapcron V. 105
Mapuenxo H., cryenr-]nnonor 276
Mapmax C. . 278, 372
Map+ 3.-X. (Marey) 139, 143
Macnon H., corpynnx Hymropra 7274
Macnon H. H. 502
Macc B. 3. 591
Macconne H. 352
Marmmnn M. B. 211, 212
Maxxoncxn B. B. 2025, 36, 46, 86, 89,
124, 132, 244, 369, 399, 405, 409, 411,
484, 485, 493
Menexnn A. H. 308, 315, 389, 457461,
463, 580, 586, 590
Mexepnuep H., ]oroxypnanncr 161, 179, 201
Meep T. 414, 415, 425
Meepxont B. 3. 42, 46, 71, 89, 95, 96,
110, 296305, 467, 479, 578
Mentec X. 408
Menaxep H. H. 407
Menxe F. (Menke) 422, 429
Mepxynon B. H. 498, 499, 503
Mepnnn B., +xonomncr 445
Mepno-Honrn M. (Merleau-Ponty) 369
Merepnnnx M. 297
Mern K. 469
Meunnxon H. H. 59
Mnxom B., ]oroxypnanncr 190
Mnxpmxon M., ncropnx CMH 37
Mnxynnn, nensop 496
Mnnnep H. (Miller) 492
Mnntman P., pexnccep 383
Mnnnnn 3. H. 186
Mnnennn B. 579
Mnnnn-Cyxopyx K. 3. 501
Mnrra A. H. 330, 331
Mnxanon F., ]oroxypnanncr 221, 222
Mnxanoncxn F. B. 131
Mnxanxon C. B. 385
Mnxanxonnu B. H. 362, 553
Mnxo+nc C. M. 383
Mnnxennu M., xyoxnnx 198
Mnuypnn I. M. 382
Mnuypnn H. B. 502, 549
Moronn-Hat H. 149, 368
Mosxyxnn H. H. 574
Monceen H. A. 589
Monoron B. M. (Cxpxnn) 80, 232, 236, 246,
252, 259
Monacrtpcxn A. 222, 223, 227
Moprenmrepn Coma 44
Mopmonenxo I. B. cm. Anexcanpon I. B.
Moposon Hannnx 274
Moposon C. T. 200, 202, 203
Moppnc A. (Morris) 37
Mocxnnn A. H. 364, 560
Moconon A. B. 131
Mocc M. (Mauss) 224, 227, 307, 324
Monapr B. A. 502
Mouantcxn . K. 183
Mypamon R. 12, 13, 17, 58, 278, 420, 426,
427, 445, 447, 449, 479, 495, 590
Mypsaen B., xnnoxpnrnx 348
Mycnna M., renecnenapncr 394
Mycoprcxn M. H. 120, 123, 125, 130, 132,
502
Mycconnnn F. 249, 250, 256
Myxnna B. C. 256, 259, 323, 325
$%
H. M. 202
H. u. 203
Haoxon B. B. 172
Haroun 3. B. 304
Hancen u. 251
Hancn X.-H. (Nancy) 538, 541
Hanoneon 56
Hacnmonnu-uyxax H. u. cm. uyxax H. u.
Haxnmon H. C. 497, 500, 501, 503
Hexpacon H. A. 65
Hexpacon H., nonnrnpocnerpaornnx 347
Hentcon I. 503
Hemnponnu-anuenxo B. H. 109
Hnxnn B., rearpone, yuennx C. M.
3senmrena 521
Hnxanopon M., nonnrnpocnerpaornnx 348
Hnxona I 90
Hnxona II 66
Hnxona Kysancxn 492
Hnxonecxy T. 408
Hnxonenxo C. C. 493
Hnxonon H. H. 346
Hnxpnrnn C. F. 214
Hnnon C., xnnoxpnrnx 589
Hnxynnn H. B. 172, 186
Hnxynnna H. H. 266, 273, 277, 278
Hnntcen B. C. 582585, 590, 591
Hnccxn I. I. 184
Hnnme u. 261, 284, 294, 295
Honnxona A. 89
Honocentnen H. X. 473, 474
Hycnnona H. H. 364, 410
Htenc X. H. 242
O`Ienpn (Hoprep B.) 473, 474, 481, 561
Oxynencxax T. K. 317, 320
Onema R. K. 247, 316, 325, 487489,
493495, 586
Onrmen P. (Altman) 13, 342, 349, 579, 580,
582, 583, 588590
Opxonnxnse I. K. (Cepro) 80
Opnona I. 188, 201
Opnona H. H. 320324, 385, 480, 582
585, 587, 591
Oprera-n-Iaccer X. (Oprera) 206, 215
Oprenepr . H. 235
Opy+nn . 251
Ocrponcxax P. H. 278, 279
Ocrponcxn A. H. 70, 96, 104, 129, 500, 501
Ocrponcxn H. A. 20, 3032, 35, 38, 250,
253, 262280
O]]enax X. 386, 592
Oxornn H. I. 503
Hacr I.-B. (Pabst) 333, 378, 562
Hanen I 422
Hannenxo H. A. 315, 318, 325, 497, 503
Hannon H. H. 142, 144, 479, 502
Haxenrperep C. H. 170
Hanannn H. . 83, 188, 253, 254
Hanepnt B. 3. 12, 145, 160, 197, 204, 215,
414, 425, 444447, 554
Hacrepnax F. H. 70, 89, 119, 233, 240
Haxomn 278
Hentr B. . 187
Hennepmren H. B. 225
Hecnc F. A. 131
Herp I 99, 313, 461, 462, 497, 501
Herpnx B. (Petric) 565
Herpon F. A. 582, 590
Herpon B. M. 500, 501
Herpon E. (Karaen E. H.) 234, 239
Herpon H., ncropnx HKB 503
Herpon H., ]oroxypnanncr 190, 191
Herpon H. B. 285
Herpon C. M. 277
Herpona E., ncxyccrnone 215
Herponcxax E. B. 304
Herpymancxax E. 113, 132, 363
Hnaxe X. 324
Hnxacco H. 206
Hnntnxx F. A. 96
Hnmenon R. H. 98, 316
Hnnryc K. (Pinthus) 410
Hnorponcxn A. H. 294, 380, 383, 386
Hnpanesn x. F. 524
Hncxarop 3. 104, 106, 110, 111
Hnrxnn V. 105
Hnacron A. A. 183
Hnaron 471, 481, 482
Hnaronon A. H. 20, 3236, 38, 125, 132,
270, 274, 278280
Hnaronon B., unrarent 132
Hnennnxax H. B. 81
Honocxn H. H. 79
Horopenxax O. F. 393, 395
Hoopora B. A. 291, 292, 295, 504, 540
Hoxapcxn . M., xnxst 501
Hosnep Banepn 329
Hoxponcxn M. H. 496
Honeno F. H. 315
Honnnoa F. (Poliwoda) 574
b08
Hononnnxnn H. A. 131
Hononcxax E. I. 129, 400, 406, 409, 410
Honxnoncxn I. A. 113, 131
Honon A. C. 17, 502
Honon H. u. 430, 433, 434, 443, 445, 448, 449
Honona H. C. 200, 201, 212, 213
Honona T. C. 133, 137, 138, 140143
Hocnenon H. H. 240
Horenx A. A. 414, 425
Horonxn, nnxenep 199
Horonxn C. H. 581
Hpnron . A. 220, 225
Hpnroxnn R., ]oroxypnanncr 203
Hpoxo]ten C. C. 118, 119, 131
Hponn B. . 547
Hponnep C. M. 243
Hporasanon . A. 378, 381, 555
Hceno-Honrnn 476, 481
Hyonxnn B. H. 105, 112, 245, 314, 352
354, 359, 363, 374, 375, 379, 410, 448,
497, 500503, 557, 560565
Hycrentnnx H., apanxnponmnx 129
Hyunnxn C., xnnopexnccep 407
Hymxnn A. C. 71, 86, 97, 110, 122, 123,
257, 318, 321, 414, 418, 426
H]ennnnrep P. 368, 369
Htpten H. A. 317, 392, 473, 477, 493, 499,
501, 578580, 583, 587, 592
Hxraxon I. H. 251
Hxrnnnxn M. E. 123
Hxron B., xnnooneparop 348
Paex K. F. 43, 44, 46, 48, 251
Pauenxo H. H. 463
Pasman R. . 472, 502
Pax F. 41, 43, 4648
Pax 3. H. 304
Paxnrnn B. H. 216
Pannanopr I. M. 587, 589, 592
Pacxnn H. E. 326
Paxmannnon C. B. 125, 126, 367, 369
Pernpep E. H. 88
Perncran I. I. (3nt-Perncran) 385
Petxo K. H. 213, 214
Pe M. (Ray) 492
Pe H. 481
Pesman ., ]oroxypnanncr 195
Penxapr M. (Reinhardt) 539
Pxx M. (Poxx; Rkk) 260
Pemapx 3. M. 245
Pemnson A. M. 404, 411
Penrep-Haru A. 149
Pxemencxn A. I. 449
Pnenrpon H. 232, 252, 259
Pnnepa . 570
Pn x. 90
Pnmcxn-Kopcaxon I. M. 368, 375
Pnmcxn-Kopcaxon H. A. 502
Pn]enmrant H. 243, 246, 378, 540
Pnxrep I. 106, 107, 110, 131
Po+n P. (Robin) 277
Pornncxn A. F. 503
Poronnn B. 3. 261
Poxepc . 583
Pouenxo A. M. 55, 149, 156, 159, 161, 163,
170, 174, 181, 186, 191, 196, 207, 209,
212217, 243, 244, 260, 261, 480
Posanon B. B. 398
Posanona O. B. 209, 212, 215
Posen u. (Rosen) 137, 143
Posenrant Fepnnc 255, 261
Posona H. B. 279
Poxx M. cm. Pxx M.
Ponnan P. 404
Pomanon H. C. 485, 486, 493
Pomm M. H. 54, 55, 320, 486, 487, 491, 501
Poom A. M. 319, 371, 483489, 491, 492,
495, 586
Pocnanen H. A. 119
Poccnncxn, nensop 496
Pynnmren A. I. 137
Pynen Anpe 507
Pynen I. H. 186
Pynnnxn K. H. 110
Pysnentr u. . 247, 248, 587
Pyccono H. 354
Pyrrman B. 107, 110, 131
Pyrxap A. (Ruthardt) 135, 143
Pym X. 481
Ptxnnn M. K. 39, 203, 448, 449, 539
Ptxon A. H. 463
Pxnrnna C. B. 256
Caaneen H. H. 134136, 143
Canpacon A. K. 209, 210
Canuenxo H. A. 392, 581584, 587, 591
Casonon A. H. 367
Casonon H. H. 367
Caxynnn H. H. 425
Canranon R. A. 348
Camonon E. B. 322, 323
Camynenxo E. M. 346
$'
Canpnu M. 580
Cannn A. (Benepr A. A.) 408
Capan u. (Saran) 428
Caproprn P. (Sartorti) 145, 162
Caprp X.-H. (Sartre) 513, 523
Cnamenxo C. A. 476
Cnencon I. 480
Cnernona A., nearor 326
Cnemnnxon A. B. 589
Cerna M. 346, 364, 589
Cesann H. 206, 207, 214
Cemamxo H. A. 80, 166, 185
Cemenona C. I. 404, 410
Cepa]nmonnu A. C. 69
Cepnan-Bpaep X.-H. (Servan-Schreiber)
242, 246, 257, 261
Cepnanrec Caanepa M. e 428
Cepreena T., ncropnx xnno 553
Cepona B. B. 258, 585
Ceppa M. (Serres) 488, 493, 494
Cnnepc 3. 428
Cnnepcen B., xnnopexnccep 398
Cnrene C. (Siegele) 523
Cnenen C., xnnopexnccep 407
Cnmnn H. H. 139
Cnmonon K. M. 235, 501
Cnnxncxn A. . (ncen. Apam Tepn) 277
Cnporxnna H. E. 144
Cxnopnon-Crenanon H. H. 454, 462
Cxnap P. (Sklar) 563
Cxopxnn K., ncropnx HKB 503
Cxpxnn A. H. 295, 299
Cxypnxnn A., ]oroxypnanncr 163, 190
Cneron H. B. 170
Cnonnmcxn M. H. 410
Cnorepax H. (Sloterdijk) 537, 541
Cnynxn M. . 393, 394
Cmnpnon H. H. 264, 265, 267, 269, 277, 315,
325, 427, 480, 491494
Cmnpnon H., ]oroxypnanncr 161
Cmoxrynoncxn H. M. 486, 487
Cmonxn A., ]oroxypnanncr 161, 178, 186
Cnexnncxax H., xnnooxymenranncr 380
Couax B. (Sobchak) 185
Coxonona . E. 278, 279
Coxonona M., nearor 326
Coxontnnxon M. H. 251
Conxennntn A. H. 162, 308
Connnena R. H. 407
Cononten Bn. C. 482, 489, 490, 495
Cononten H. B. 394
Conontena, cryenrxa 189
Conory u. 398
Conr F. 556
Copoxnn B. I. 225, 226
Cocnnon E., xyoxnnx 198
Coc]enon H., ]oroxypnanncr 202
Co]ponona H. A. 266, 277
Cnnxep C. (Spieker) 51, 58, 468, 479
Cnnnosa F. 511
Crannn H. B. (xyramnnnn) 12, 13, 5158,
61, 62, 73, 8085, 97, 101103, 110,
115, 129, 132, 145, 149, 154157, 160,
162, 166, 173, 179, 183, 187, 190, 200
209, 215, 217, 227240, 244, 247
264, 271, 279, 289, 318, 325, 349, 362,
367, 477, 482496, 502, 512, 547, 548,
551, 554, 583, 587, 588, 592
Cranncnancxn K. C. 93, 105, 109, 282,
296305, 312, 321, 325, 326, 441
Craxanon A. I. 253256, 277, 280, 315,
318, 472
Crenant 318
Crenanona B. u. 215
Crennxx-Kpanunncxn C. M. 277
Crepn H. 416
Crnrneen B. T. 152
Crnnnep M. 559
Crnpne K. (Stierle) 438, 448
Croxoncxn H. 592
Cronxpon M. H. 414, 425
Cronxpon C. . 315, 317
Cynopon A. B. 501
Cynepxnnxn H. A. 297, 304
Cyrtpnn B. A. 364, 433, 445
Cyxapecxn H. M. 347, 348
Ctcoen H., ncxyccrnone 187
Ctuen M., nonnrnpocnerpaornnx 348
C+nman H. B. 426
Tarep H. I. 352, 371
Tanpon A. . 71, 304
Taparyra E. A. 277
Tapnu R. B. (Anexceen) 501
Tapxoncxn Anp. A. 109, 111, 112
Tapxoncxn Apc. A. 70, 98100, 109
Tapcnc B. . 170, 185
Tacrenen I. 3. 363
Tarnnn B. E. 211, 212
Taycx B. (Tausk) 468, 479
Tnaponcxn A. T. 232, 233
Tenenxr K. (Theweleit) 485, 492, 493
b10
Tenop P. (Taylor) 362, 462, 463, 477, 540,
588, 589
Tentman 3. 247
Temnn B., ]oroxoppecnonenr 198
Temxnn . H. 294
Tnnnc u. (Tnnies) 484, 492
Tennnn E. 112
Tepcxo An., xnnopaornnx 348
Tepn Apam, ncen. cm. Cnnxncxn A. .
Tnmamen H. C. 325
Tnmo]een B. H. 279, 280
Tnmo]een H. H. 434, 445, 446
Tnmomenxo C. A. 496
Toec E. A. 427
Toopon H. 438
Tonnep 3. 106109, 111
Toncro A. H. 402, 404, 409
Toncro H. H. 86, 221, 398, 408, 495
Tomamencxn F. B. 437, 447
Tomncon K. (Thompson) 364, 579, 588
Tonopxon A. K. 319, 326, 564
Topax H., cxyntnrop 256
Tox 3. 368
Tpannn F., npexrop Conxnno 348
Tpayepr H. 3. 320, 358364, 380, 410,
419, 439, 496, 564568, 574, 592
Tpery C. A. 273, 278, 279
Tpenrnntxn X.-H. 252
Tpertxxon C. M. 147, 149, 151, 156, 161,
162, 167, 185, 549
Tpnnac B., xnnopexnccep 378
Tpnep H. ]on 589
Tpnmau C., ncropnx xnno 554, 566
Tpo]nmon K., peaxrop, apecar H.
Ocrponcxoro 275
Tponxn H. . 36, 43, 79, 250252, 258,
307, 308, 325, 357, 364
Tynec C., ]oroxypnanncr 161
Tynnntna M. (Tupitsyn) 13, 150, 161163,
173, 174, 186, 201
Typrenen H. C. 318, 447
Typxnn B. K. 430439, 442, 445449
Typoncxax M. H. 242, 251253, 583591
Ttnxnon R. H. 7, 412429, 439, 449, 478,
568
T+nop F. 156
Vanep F. (Wilder) 480
Var X. (White) 167, 185
Vnrne, partx 369
Vnntmrent (Ullstein), nsarenn 243
Vonn xe], ]ororpa] 218
Vrecon H. O. 126, 129, 392, 582, 589, 590
V]]entmann . (Uffelmann) 262
V]]entmann E. 277
V+nnc I. 290
V+nnc O. 472
uannnmmep A. M. 419, 472
uanx A. 378
uacmep M. (Vasmer) 425, 461
uenn K. A. 410, 411
ueopon H. u. 299, 410, 411
ueopon-anton A. A. 98, 103, 215
ueopona, craxanonxa 255257
ueopona 3. A. 391
ueprycon O. 579
uepennn, ncnxonor 467
unnnmonon B., xnnone 553
unnnnnon H., paoun 151153, 155, 158,
159, 162, 178
unnnnnont, cemtx 151162, 178, 179, 316
unnonon H. H. 181, 209, 211, 215
unnnarpnx B. (Fitzpatrick) 12, 279, 325
unmep u. 414
unmnnrep O. 368, 376
unar A. (Fleig) 494
unopencxn H. A. 209, 295, 469, 479, 482,
490, 491
unyccep B. (Flusser) 7, 426
uorr X. 352
uop I. 84, 169, 472
uopm O. . 410
upanx C. (Frank) 481, 590
upanxo u. 249, 258
upenepr V. 12
upesnncxn F. . 409
upe 3. (Freud) 246, 258, 467469, 479,
491, 493495, 544, 545
upeenepr O. M. 547, 549, 553
upennx C. H. 447
upnnxn F. E. cm. E]nmon F.
upnnxn M. E. cm. Kontnon M.
upnnxn C. O. 161, 179
uponrnsn-mxpy u. (Frontisi-Ducroux) 423,
429
uyxo M. (Foucault) 6, 133, 164, 169, 185,
279, 281, 284, 350
uypmanon . A. 319, 345, 431
umnn-Mmnnep P. (Fulp-Mller) 93, 102
umpe u. 39, 40, 50
$
Xaapon Fopn 382
Xaemann I. (Heidemann) 566
Xaex u. 74
Xanaron A. F. 177, 181
Xannn . H. 191
Xansen-Hne A. (Hansen-Lve) 37, 425
429, 445
Xanmrnn R. M. 253
Xapnron H. F. 409
Xapren R., ncxyccrnone 215
Xaynr X.-I. 12
Xesnnra H. 293
Xe]nn H. E. 378, 381, 385
Xennnr A. (Hennig) 430
Xenrment H. (Hentschel) 492
Xepconcxn X. H. 386, 581, 589
Xnrpyx u. C. 397
Xnennxon B. B. 59, 74, 114, 214, 216, 369,
371, 377, 379, 405
Xonxnncr H. (Holquist) 53, 58
Xoxnon K. H. 473, 474
Xoxnona A. C. 473, 474
Xpymen H. C. 238, 250
X+ncren C. (Hnsgen) 5, 350, 386, 582, 590
Hner C. 162
Hernnn E. H. 280
Hernnn M., panoxypnanncr 75
Herxnn K. 79
Hexanoncxn M. M. 117, 366, 371377
Hnntxn R. I. 399, 409, 411, 419, 427, 444,
447, 478481, 523, 567, 574, 576
uaxoncxn H. H. 68, 115, 122, 123, 125,
131, 137, 321
uanex K. 402, 404, 409, 446
uanxnna M. . 240
uannnn u. C. 380, 409, 467, 480, 564577
uemepnen H. 94
uepemyxnn M., panoxypnanncr
uepxacon H. K. 391
uepnn K. (Czern) 135, 137, 142
uepntmencxn H. I. 408
uexon A. H. 86
uexon M. A. 299
uexona O. A. 246
ueuynnn . H. 174
unaypenn M. 3. 54, 56, 57, 482, 489491
unpxon A. I. 430440, 445449
unpxon F. H. 391
uxanon B. H. 253, 254, 274
uyapon H. 281
uynenen H. H. 310, 381
uyaxon A. H. 425
uyaxona M. O. 414, 425
uyxax H. u. (Hacnmonnu) 185
uyxoncxn K. H. 398, 399, 405, 407, 408,
411, 427
uyxoncxn H. K. 403
Barnnxn M. C. 29, 194, 196, 201, 318
Baxer A. A. 161, 178, 179, 191, 316
Bapno cm. uannnn u. C.
Baxaar B. (Schachadat) 482, 493, 590
Bnapn A. (Schwarz) 444, 447
Bnapn E. H. 406, 410
Benuenxo T. I. 168
Bexcnnp B. 93, 138, 410, 573
Benepr A. A. cm. Cannn A., ncen.
Bnepr A. (Schnberg) 125
Benonaena, cryenrxa 189
Bn]ent E., nepenounna 362
Bepent A. A. 37, 75, 103, 104, 124, 132
Bepenepr A., ]oroxypnanncr 191
Bepman Cnnn, ]ororpa] 218, 220
Becrpm B. 559
Be]nep M., xypnanncr 185
Bnnnep u. 104
Bnon M. (Chion) 360364
Bnpax F. ]on 256
Bnpxena M. B. 279, 280
Bnrc H., ncropnx 239
Bnmxnn A., ]oroxypnanncr 161
Bnmxon B. . 347
Bxnoncxn B. F. 107, 290, 295, 307, 324,
397, 405411, 417, 428, 435439,
446449, 478, 484, 492, 565
Bnerent I.-H. (Schlegel) 479, 553
Bnn]en A. ]on 56
Bmennnr M., oxcep 244
Bmnr A. (Schmidt) 493
Bmnr O. R. 188, 253
Bmnrro] B., cnenapncr, xnnopexnccep 564
Bmnrr K. (Schmitt) 58
Bmnxen-Axxepmann . (Schmiechen-
Ackermann) 242, 243, 261
Bmtpon B., xnnone 591, 592
Bonoxon M. A. 553
Bonno E. A. 117, 366368, 371377
Bonen u. 143
Bopnn A. u. 352, 354, 358, 371
Bocraxonnu . . 119, 129, 358, 360, 364
b12
Boy . F. 321
Bneep A. 512, 513
Bnenrnep O. 406
Bner I. I. 289, 478
Bnnc F., pexnccep 383
Branmen B. 12
Brenro]] I. 502
Brepenepr A., ]oroxypnanncr 202, 203
Brepnepr . H. 98
Brpayc H. 592
Brpnxax A. I. 394
Brporem 3. ]on 481
By 3. H. 455, 463, 561
Byepr u. 136, 321
Bymcxn A. M. 185, 186
Bymxnxn F. 3. 132, 387, 388, 392, 393,
447, 479, 590
B+nnon K. (Shannon) 52, 58
Bexoron H. M. 187
3nxnn 372
3nep ]on Hnenepr, nnanncr-nmnrent
136
3senmren C. M. 7, 47, 104106, 110
112, 287, 290292, 294, 295, 299, 305,
314, 315, 337, 352354, 359, 363, 374,
375, 392, 397, 447, 449, 470, 475478,
481, 497, 500554, 558566, 572
578, 592
3nmren A. 59
3xenaym F. M. 362, 411, 420, 421, 427,
428, 473, 565
3xx H. B. 378384, 583, 592
3nnac H. (Elias) 310, 324
3nnnor . 368, 369
3nt-Ipexo 507
3nt-Hncnnxn (Hncnnxn H. M.) 163, 177,
181, 217, 405, 575
3nt-Perncran I. cm. Perncran I. I.
3nrentc u. 272
3nrnt H. 352
3nnenceprep M. (Enzensberger) 477, 480
3pman H. P. 246, 583, 591
3penypr H. I. 405411, 478, 562, 566
577
3penypr H. M. (ypox. Kosnnnena) 566
3pmnep u. M. 472, 475, 477
3cxnn 521
3]]ent X. 259
Rennu H. H. 285
Rnn, xoppecnonenr Hpant 199
Rnn K. K. 580, 585, 587
Rnna M. B. 125
Rsn, ncen. 348
Rmamen A. F. 100, 254
Rnaxoncxn Banm C. 430, 435, 446
Rnr K. I. 129, 520, 521
Rnrep 3. 470, 477
Rpenen P. H. 565, 589, 591
Rrxennu C. H. 407, 472, 499, 566, 574
Rrnn H. (Jutzi) 247
rnnnr F., panoxypnanncr 75
xocon P. O. 371, 377, 417, 418, 426
xonnen F. H. 183
mnontcxn F. C. 74
mnontcxn M. F. 363, 416, 426428, 478,
540, 543, 552
nr]entr F. 493
nxoncxn F., nnxenep 366368, 373, 377
nonnn I., xnnocnenapncr 409
noyx I. (Janouch) 571, 576
nuencxax M., nearor 326
pocnancxn E. M. 240
pomencxn M. I. 144
Adorno T. cm. Aopno T.
Albera F. cm. Antepa u.
Althousser L. cm. Antrmccep H.
Altman R. cm. Onrmen P.
Ames C. 480
Aris N. 445
Armes R. 564
Arnheim R. 38
Astruc A. cm. Acrpmx A.
Auerbach E. cm. Ay+pax 3.
Aumont J. 541
Balsz B. cm. Fanam F.
Ball A. M. 563
Barber J. 240
Barthes R. cm. Fapr P.
Bartz C. 539
Bataille J. cm. Fara X.
Baudrillard J. cm. Fopnxp X.
Baudry J.-L. cm. Fopn X.-H.
Bazin A. cm. Fasen A.
Becker P. 445, 448
Beilenhoff W. cm. Fanenxo]] B.
$!
Belloi L. 539
Bendavid-Val L. 160163, 203
Benjamin W. cm. Fentxmnn B.
Berger R. cm. Feprep P.
Bergson H. cm. Feprcon A.
Binder E. 364, 589
Blazwick J. 227
Blumensath H. 448
Bluminger C. 541
Bohn A. cm. Fon A.
Bohn R. 444
Bohrer K. cm. Fopep K. X.
Bonnell V. E. 12, 187, 553
Bordwell D. cm. Fopy+nn .
Born W. 161
Bourdieu P. 163
Bowlt J. E. cm. Foynr x. 3.
Brandl-Risi B. 425
Brandlmeier T. cm. Fpannmaep T.
Brandsttter G. 494
Braun Chr. von 541
Brecht B. cm. Fpexr F.
Brod M. cm. Fpo M.
Bromley C. 563
Brookman P. 203
Brooks J. cm. Fpyxc .
Brown M. 143, 187
Buck-Morss S. cm. Fax-Mopcc C.
Buerger P. 215
Burke P. 58
Burns P. E. cm. Fepnc H.
Campe R. 540
Canetti E. cm. Kanerrn 3.
Carpenter W. B. cm. Kapnenrep V. F.
Chadarevian S. de 143
Chase C. 429
Chion M. cm. Bnon M.
Christie I. 362, 363, 462, 463, 540
Clark K. cm. Knapx K.
Clements B. E. 553
Coopersmith J. 462
Crary J. cm. Kp+pn .
Crimp D. 227
Curtis J. M. cm. Keprnc .
Czern K. cm. uepnn K.
Daguerre J. M. cm. arep X. M.
Darnton R. 277
Debord G. cm. eop I.
Deleuze J. cm. enes X.
Delluc L. cm. ennmx H.
Delsarte F. cm. entcapr u.
Derrida J. cm. eppna X.
Deterding H. cm. erepnnr I.
Didi-Huberman G. 429
Doane M. A. 363
Dblin A. cm. nnn A.
Donen S. cm. onen C.
Douglas Ch. 216
Droz G. cm. pos I.
Drubek-Meyer N. cm. pyex-Maep H.
Dunham V. 325
Dupont E. A. cm. mnon 3. A.
Eimermacher K. 261
Elias N. cm. 3nnac H.
Engel Ch. 364, 589
Ennker B. 12
Enzensberger M. cm. 3nnenceprep M.
Ernst W. D. 425
Eschmann J. C. 143
Eskildsen U. 161
Essanay, npomccep 571
Everson W. K. 564, 565
Fast P. 279
Feuer J. 13
Fischer L. 363, 364
Fischer-Lichte E. 494
Fitzpatrick S. cm. unnnarpnx B.
Fleig A. cm. unar A.
Fleisser M. 494
Flusser V. cm. unyccep B.
Foucault M. cm. uyxo M.
Frank S. cm. upanx C.
Freud S. cm. upe 3.
Frontisi-Ducroux F. cm. uponrnsn-mxpy u.
Fulp-Mller R. cm. umnn-Mmnnep P.
Garros V. 12, 240
Gassner H. cm. Iaccnep X.
Gaudreault A. 346
Gehlen A. cm. Ienen A.
Genette G. cm. Xenerr X.
Gerovitch S. 144
Gide A. cm. Xn A.
Gilman S. L. 540
Girard R. cm. Xnpap P.
Goldberg W. cm. Iontepr B.
Goll I. cm. Ionnt H.
Gombrich E. 428
b14
Gorbman C. 362
Greenberg K. cm. Ipnnepr K.
Griffith D. W. cm. Ipn]]nr . V.
Groys B. cm. Ipoc F.
Grnder K. 492
Guattari F. cm. Inarrapn u.
Gnther H. cm. Imnrep X.
Guski A. cm. Iycxn A.
Gwyzdz A. 426
Habermas J. 241
Hagner M. 143
Hambourg M. 163
Hansen-Lve A. cm. Xansen-Hne A.
Hnsgen S. cm. X+ncren C.
Hanslick E. 143
Harrison Ch. 215
Harrison M. 240
Husermann J. 36
Heidemann H. cm. Xaemann I.
Heil J. 426, 429, 495
Helbig J. 444
Hellbeck J. 348
Hennig A. cm Xennnnr A.
Hentschel L. cm. Xenrment H.
Herrmann I. 349
Hjelmslev L. cm. Entmcnen H.
Hilmes M. 38
Hofmannstahl H. von cm. Io]mancrant I. ]on
Holquist M. 239
Holquist P. cm. Xonxnncr H.
Honour H. 565
Horak J. 161
Horowitz V. cm. Ioponnn B. C.
Janouch G. cm. noyx I.
Jay M. 185
Jhering H. cm. Hepnnr X.
Justus U. 446
Jutzi P. cm. Rrnn H.
Kaes A. 539
Kahn D. 37
Kanzog K. 503
Kaufmann S. cm. Kay]mann C.
Kelly C. cm. Kennn K.
Kenez P. 477, 480
Kepley V. jr. cm. Kennn B., mn.
Kessler F. 540
King D. cm. Knnr .
Kittler F. cm. Knrrnep u.
Klages L. cm. Knarec H.
Klucis G. cm. Knynnc I.
Koch G. 540
Kolb cm. Kont
Koschorke A. cm. Komopxe A.
Koselleck R. 241
Kracauer S. cm. Kpaxay+p 3.
Kraus R. cm. Kpayc P.
Krenkel K. 540
Kujundzic D. cm. Kymnxnu .
Kursell J. cm. Kypcenn R.
Lacasse G. cm. Haxacc X.
Lachmann R. 590
Lahusen T. 12, 240
Lakoff G. 240
Lmmert E. 539
Lampe cm. Hamne
Lapidus G. W. 552
Lehnert G. cm. Henepr I.
Lethen H. 539
Lewis P. 37
Lissa S. cm. Hncca 3.
Lubitsch E. cm. Hmnu 3.
Luchmann N. cm. Hymann H.
Lumires, Irres cm. Hmmtep, partx
Magritte R. cm. Marpnrr P.
Marey E.-J. cm. Map+ 3.-X.
Matich O. 215
Mauss M. cm. Mocc M.
McLuhan M. cm. Maxnm+n M.
McReynolds L. 241
Menke B. cm. Menxe F.
Mentz B. 575
Merleau-Ponty M. cm. Mepno-Honrn M.
Meyer H. 428, 429
Meyer K. cm. Maep K.
Milestone L. cm. Mancroyn H.
Miller L. cm. Mnnnep H.
Milutis J. 37
Morris A. cm. Moppnc A.
Mller M. 575
Mundt K. 445, 448
Munz-Koenen I. 539
Murch W. 362
Nachtigaller R. 162
Naiman E. cm. Haman 3.
Nancy J.-L. cm. Hancn X.-H.
Newton N. 37
$#
Noever P. 277
Nowell-Smith G. 588
Ong W. 13, 38, 552
Pabst G.-W. cm. Hacr I.-B.
Paech J. 426, 444
Peters S. 494
Pethybridge R. 461
Petric V. cm. Herpnx B.
Pfeiffer K. 444
Pinthus K. cm. Hnnryc K.
Plaggenborg S. 12, 36
Poliwoda B. cm. Honnnoa F.
Prmm K. 444
Raban J. 37
Raether G. 493
Rassweiler A. D. 462
Ray M. cm. Pe M.
Reid S. E. 187
Reinhardt M. cm. Penxapr M.
Richard A. 349
Ritter J. 492
Rittersporn G. T. 348
Roberts G. 363
Robin R. cm. Po+n P.
Robinson D. 575
Rkk M. cm. Pxx M. (Poxx)
Roosa R. 462
Rosen Ch. cm. Posen u.
Rosen Ph. 479
Ross D. A. 227
Ruthardt A. cm. Pyrxap A.
Sachs H. cm. 3axc I.
Salt B. 564
Samsonow E. von 492
Saran F. cm. Capan u.
Sartorti R. cm. Caproprn P.
Sartre J.-P. cm. Caprp X.-H.
Sasse S. 479, 495, 541, 590
Schachadat Sch. cm. Baxaar B.
Schaeffler W. 539
Schaub M. 495
Scherer W. 142
Schlegel H.-J. cm. Bnerent I.-H.
Schmiechen-Ackermann D. cm. Bmnxen-
Axxepmann .
Schmid W. 37, 445
Schmidgen H. 143
Schmidt A. cm. Bmnr A.
Schmitt C. cm. Bmnrr K.
Schmitz A. H. 539
Schmlders C. 540
Schneider I. 539
Schneider M. 540
Schnberg A. cm. Bnepr A.
Schramm C. 590
Schudson M. 239
Schwarz A. cm. Bnapn A.
Seroff V. 131
Serres M. cm. Ceppa M.
Servan-Schreiber J.-L. cm. Cepnan-Bpaep
X.-H.
Schannon C. cm. B+nnon K.
Shaw M. 215
Shlapentokh V. 239
Siegele S. cm. Cnrene C.
Siegert B. 58
Sierek K. 541
Simmel G. cm. 3nmment I.
Sklar R. cm. Cxnap P.
Slonim M. 294
Sloterdijl P. cm. Cnorepax H.
Sobchak V. cm. Couax B.
Solev V. 377
Sontag S. cm. 3onrar C.
Spangenberg P. M. 539
Spieker S. cm. Cnnxep C.
Stadelmann M. 592
Stam R. 480
Starobiski J. 541
Stebbins G. 325
Steinweg D. 445, 448
Stempel W. D. 37, 445
Stickle D. M. 240
Stierle K. cm. Crnpne K.
Stites R. 12, 37
Streth B. 185
Studer B. 349
Suthor N. 495
Tausk V. cm. Taycx B.
Taylor R. cm. Tenop P.
Theweleit K. cm. Tenenxr K.
Thomas Mitchell W. J. 539
Thompson K. cm. Tomncon K.
Tode T. 480
Tnies F. cm. Tnnnc u.
Trabant J. 541
Tupitsyn M. cm. Tynnntna M.
b1b
Uffelmann cm. V]]entmann
Ullstein cm. Vnntmrent, nsarenn
Unfried B. 349
Vasmer M. cm. uacmep M.
Volpert A. 261
Wagner M. 425
Warren A. 37
Waters E. 553
Weaver W. 58
Wehmeier G. 142
Weiner A. 58
Weitlaner W. 445, 591
Wenner S. 479, 541
Weyergraf B. 539
White H. cm. Var X.
White S. 240
Whitehead G. 37
Widdis E. cm. Bnnc 3.
Wilder B. cm. Vanep F.
Witoszek N. 185
Witte G. cm. Bnrre I.
Wood P. 215
Wurm B. cm. Bypm F.
Zielinski S. 362, 540, 541
Zischler H. 576
Zizek S. cm. Xnxex C.
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Xun Imnvep, Cu6nnu Xanren. ee0enue................................................. b
'AC1L l
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Kpn Mypumnn. 3eirpn]nnnponannoe cono.
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Mnxun Pmunn. 3a iynca:n penoinnn.
Ajacnt Orm6jt a.tmeja entuuna. ............................................ 89
Cnen Cnnuep. Crann iai :e(ny:.
O c6.uuauu u 0ec6.uuauu ue0ua e cma.uncr nox ............... b1
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Bunmnp Knsu. Ay(no(oiy:enri n io::ynniannonnon cpe(e
CCCP 192080-x ro(on ........................................................................... 7b
Annu Hnnnunnu. Cranonenne connainon :acin conercinn ueonei
n pa(norearpe n pa(nonynnncrnie 192080-x rr. .............................. 89
Aeuunp Hepes. Pa(nonemanne 192080-x ro(on
A njo6.eue e.auunoeo e.unu neuero u jccro a0uor.tmj ... 104
Eenu Hevpymunuus. 3xo pa(nonpocnemennn n 192080-e ro(i.
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Hcc.e0oeanu H. A. ejnnmena o ojmentnnou 0aje ............... 188
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nn nnocrpanni n cocrnennon crpane ................................................ 1b4
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e nox ux mexnuuecro eocnjou.eo0uuocmu..................................... 188
Euuvepnnu ernvs. 1panc:e(nainan yronnn nnonncn
connancrnuecioro peana:a ................................................................. 204
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meqqpn Epyu. i(en, ioropie ne unrair raaer,
na(o :opaino ynnari na :ecre ......................................................... 228
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npu Yqqesmunn. O(ny nop:y aa cen, o(ny aa Haniy!
Lumejamja u .umejamjna rjumura noxu cojea.u.ua
rar uncmjuenm coua.tnoeo ronmjo. ........................................... 2b2
5. TEPO B TEATPE H KHHO
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nonrnaannn nciyccrna. Hoemojnoe e.mue 3uuneeo 0eoja
no0 jroeo0cmeou H. H. Eejeunoea 19?0 eo0) ................................ 281
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uouexanura Meejxo.t0a .s. ncuxomexnura Cmanuc.aecroeo ...... 29b
Ouunu Eyruunnu. Knno. Node d`emploi ................................................ 80b
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Buepn Hnanep. Or ]ni:a i ceancy.
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Cu6nnu Xanren. Audio-\ision. O meojuu u njarmure
janneeo coeemcroeo .eroeoeo runo na ejanu 19J0-x eo0oe ............ 8b0
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Enrenn Muprnnv. Hpoe:a :noronaiunn n panne:
conercio: anyiono: inno (1980198b) .............................................. 878
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Aunocenaju Ltea Lna occmanue eee ................................ 89b
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Oco6ennocmu cenajno ja6omt K. Ttnnoea
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Anue Xennnr. Oomenne inno(pa:aryprnn.
Om runo0jauamjeuu 0o 0jauamjeuu ucrccme ........................... 480
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vuejt mjemteeo e runo 19?060-x ee. ............................................ 482
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njo6.eut r.tmjnoeo ronmercma coeemcroeo neuoeo runo .......... bbb
Iypyn Xuemunn. A:epniancinn aer na conercio: .ipane.
an.un rar cuacm.ueoe 0um.......................................................... bbb
Huvumu py6eu-Muep. 3nyin :yaiin.
Anmu-)ue0uu e coeemcrux u.tra.tntx roue0ux ...................... b78
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CH.: Aia(e:nuecinn npoeir, 200b b21 c.
lSBN b-7881-088b-8
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191002, Canir-Herepypr, y. Pynnmrenna, 2b.
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