LGS Vol2 Eurasian Geo

4= EURASIA geosector Observatoire Linguistique
Linguasphere Observatory page 331

4=EURASIANgeosector
This gesector covers 35 sets of languages (= 219 outer languages, comprising 680 inner languages) spoken by
communities across Eurasia, from western Europe to eastern Asia. These sets comprise all indigenous languages of
Eurasia (Europe plus continental Asia, including the islands of India and Japan) which are excluded from the
phylosectors 1=Afro-Asian, 5=Indo-European and 7=Sino-Tibetan.
Zone 40= covers one outer-language, spoken from the Bay of Biscay in Western Europe, astride the western
Pyrenees mountains, and zones 41= and 42= cover languages spoken in central and eastern Europe, including the
Caucasus.
40=EUSKARIC phylozone 41=URALIC phylozone 42=CAUCASUS geozone
Zones 43= to 45= cover northern and central Asia, from Siberia to Turkey and Japan, with some overlap into Europe.
Zone 44= corresponds to the area of the "Altaic" hypthesis, and zones 44= and 45= to the "wider Altaic" hypothesis.
43=SIBERIA geozone 44=TRANSASIA geozone 45=EAST-ASIA geozone
Zones 46= to 49= cover Southern (including South-east) continental Asia. Zone 46= covers all Southern Asian
languages which are not included under the Tai+ Kadi affinity (zone 47=), the Miao+Yao, Hmong+ Mien set (zone
48=) and the Dravidian grouping (zone 49=), or under any phylosector.
46=SOUTH-ASIA geozone 47=DAIC phylozone 48=MIENIC phylozone
49=DRAVIDIC phylozone
Before consulting the following tables, please see Guide to the Register in Volume One
Additional or improved data on languages and communities covered by this sector will be welcomed
by e-mail at: REGISTER@LINGUASPHERE.ORG, or by letter-post at: LINGUASPHERE PRESS, HEBRON SA34 0XT, WALES (UK).
COLUMN 1 & 2
layers of reference
codes and reference-names
COLUMN 3
other nomenclature and notes
COLUMNS 4 & 5
nation-states scale of
(+ provinces) and speakers
40= EUSKARIC
phylozone
covers "Basque" or "Euskarian" isolated set; comprising 1
set of 1 outer language spoken by communities in maritime
western Europe, situated across the western end of the
Pyrenees mountain-range:
40-A EUSKARA
Spain; France; with migration to
Argentina; Chile; Costa Rica;
Mexico; Uruguay; USA
5
40-A EUSKARA set BASQUE
40-AA EUSKARA chain
40-AAA EUSKARA net
40-AAA-a Euskara eskuara, euskera, heuskara, eshuara, skera, in [51] Espaol: vasco,
vasca; in [51] Franais (and [52] English): "basque", also in [51]
Franais: euskarien -bilingual in [51] Espaol and/or [51] Franais
Euskadi, Pas Vasco+ Pays Basque country
Spain (K Pays Vasco; Navarra);
France (Aquitaine-S., Pays
Basque)
5
40-AAA-aa euskara-F. euskara-batua, "standard peninsula basque" #euskara-batua =unified
basque since c.1550: Latin script; Guipuzcoan model;
Spain (Pays Vasco: Guipzcoa;
Bizkaia, Vizcaya; Araba, Alava);
Spain (Navarra-N.); also France:
Pays Basque (Aquitaine-S.)
4
40-AAA-ab bizkaiera "biscayan", in [51] Espaol: vizcaino, in [51] Franais: biscayen (Vizcaya; Guipzcoa; also Alava) 4
40-AAA-aba marquina Marquina (Vizcaya)
40-AAA-abb guernica Guernica (Vizcaya)
40-AAA-abc mungua Mungua (Vizcaya)
40-AAA-abd nervin Nervin upper & middle basin (Vizcaya)
40-AAA-abe ibarra+ murua Ibarra; Murua (Alava-N.)
40-AAA-abf vergara Deva upper & middle basin, Vergara (Guipzcoa-W.)
page 332 The Linguasphere Register

1999 / 2000 edition
40-AAA-ac gipuzkera "guipuzcoan", in [51] Espaol: guipuzcoano (Guipzcoa; Navarra-N.) 5
40-AAA-aca deva Deva lower valley: Deva (Guipzcoa)
40-AAA-acb donostia Donostia, San-Sebastin (Guipzcoa)
40-AAA-acc tolosa Tolosa (Guipzcoa)
40-AAA-acd alsasua Alsasua (Navarra)
40-AAA-ad nafarrera-NW. in [51] Espaol: alto-navarro septentrional (Guipzcoa-NE.; Navarra-N.) 4
40-AAA-ada irn+ oyarzun Irn+ Oyarzu (Guipzcoa)
40-AAA-adb bidasoa Bidasoa upper+ middle basin (Navarra)
40-AAA-adc araquil Araquil valley (Navarra)
40-AAA-ae nafarrera-S. in [51] Espaol: alto-navarro meridional (Vizcaya-W.; Alava-N.; Navarra-C.;
N.)
2
40-AAA-aea ibaizbal Ibaizbal, Bilbao extinct early 20th century (Vizcaya-W.)
40-AAA-aeb ozaeta Ozaeta extinct early 20th century (Alava-N.)
40-AAA-aec pamplona Pamplona extinct early 20th century (Navarra)
40-AAA-aed arga Arga valley (Navarra) 2
40-AAA-af euskara-E. "standard continental basque", in [51] Franais: bas-navarrois+
labourdin normalis
France: Pays Basque (Pyrnes-
Atlantiques)
40-AAA-ag nafarrera-CN. nafarrera-beherea-W., in [51] Franais: bas-navarrais occidental, in [51]
Espaol: bajo-navarro occidental Benapura-W., Basse-Navarre-W.
country
(Pyrnes-Atlantiques-SW.);
(Navarra adjacent)
4
40-AAA-aga nive-N. Nive lower valley (Pyrnes-Atlantiques-SW.);
40-AAA-agb nive-S. Nive upper left-bank (Pyrnes-Atlantiques-SW.);
40-AAA-agc bagorry Bagorry valley (Pyrnes-Atlantiques-SW.);
40-AAA-agd roncesvalles+ arve Roncesvalles+ Arve (Navarra-NE.)
40-AAA-ah nafarrera-NE. nafarrera-beherea-E., in [51] Franais: bas-navarrais oriental, in [51]
Espaol: bajo-navarro oriental Benapura-E., Basse-Navarre-E.
country
(Pyrnes-Atlantiques-SW.);
(Navarra adjacent)
4
40-AAA-aha mouguerre Mouguerre, Adour left-bank (Pyrnes-Atlantiques-SW.)
40-AAA-ahb saint-palais Saint-Palais (Pyrnes-Atlantiques-SW.)
40-AAA-ahc donibane Donibane-Garazi, Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port (Pyrnes-Atlantiques-SW.)
40-AAA-ahd esterenubi Esterenubi upper valleys (Pyrnes-Atlantiques-SW.)
40-AAA-ahe ochagava Ochagava (Navarra-NE.) .
40-AAA-ai lapurtera in [51] Franais: labourdin, in [51] Espaol: labortano Lapurdi,
Labourd country
(Pyrnes-Atlantiques-SW.) 4
40-AAA-aia hendaye Hendaye (Pyrnes-Atlantiques-SW.)
40-AAA-aib saint-jean-de-luz Saint-Jean-de-Luz (Pyrnes-Atlantiques-SW.)
40-AAA-aic bidart Bidart (Pyrnes-Atlantiques-SW.)
40-AAA-aid sare Sare (Pyrnes-Atlantiques-SW.)
40-AAA-aj zuberoera in [51] Franais: souletin, in [51] Espaol: suletino Zuberoa, Ciberoa,
Soule country
(Pyrnes-Atlantiques-SW.) 4
40-AAA-aja litzare Litzare, Maulon+ Licharre (Pyrnes-Atlantiques-SW.)
40-AAA-ajb licq Licq (Pyrnes-Atlantiques-SW.)
40-AAA-ajc larrau Larrau+ Sainte-Engrce upper valleys (Pyrnes-Atlantiques-SW.)
40-AAA-ak euskara-amerika migration> {Latin America}
40-AAA-aka euskara-mexico migration> Mexico
40-AAA-akb euskara-costa-rica migration> Costa Rica
40-AAA-akc euskara-chili Temuco migration> Chile
40-AAA-akd euskara-argentina migration> Argentine
40-AAA-ake euskara-uruguay migration> Uruguay
40-AAA-al euskara-idaho -bilingual in [52] English migration> USA (Idaho)

41= URALIC
phylozone
covers the "Uralic" grouping, including the narrower "Finno-
Ugric" grouping (41-A & 41-B); comprising 3 sets of
languages (= 16 outer languages) spoken by communities in
geographically separated areas of central, northern and
eastern Europe:
41-A SUOMI+ KOMI 41-B MAGYAR+ KHANTY
41-C NENETS+ SELKUP
Austria; Croatia; Estonia; Finland;
Hungary; Lithuania; Moldova;
Norway; Romania; Russian
Federation; Slovakia; Slovenia;
Sweden; Ukraine; Yugoslavia; with
migrations to Canada; USA
7
41-A SUOMI+ KOMI set FINNIC, part of "finno-ugric" grouping #kieli, kel, keel, kyl, kyal
=language
41-AA SUOMI+ SAAME
chain
41-AAA SUOMI+ EESTI net BALTO-FINNIC, in [52] Deutsch: ostseefinnisch
41-AAA-a Suomi Finnish, suomen kieli, in [51] Franais: finnois since c.1550: Latin
script
Finland; also Sweden; Estonia;
Norway; Russia ; migration >
USA; Canada
6
41-AAA-aa suomi-L. vanha suomi #vanha suomi =old finnish from 16
th
century Finland
41-AAA-ab suomi-G. "generalised finnish" KFinland 6
41-AAA-aba suomi-F. nyky suomi #nyky suomi =new finnish from 19
th
century: Turku+
Savo model
Finland
41-AAA-abb suomi-V. "finnish vehicular" Finland
41-AAA-abc suomi-svensk "swedish finnish" -bilingual in [52] Svenska Finland
41-AAA-ac suomi-SW. Finland-SW.; Finland-C.
41-AAA-aca lounais Rauma coast (Turku-Pori-N.)
41-AAA-acb turku Turku environs (Turku-Pori-SW.)
41-AAA-acc usimaa-W. (Uusimaa-W.)
41-AAA-acd somero+ somerniemi Somero (Hme-SW.)
41-AAA-ace tampere (Hme-W.)
41-AAA-acf hmlis-S. (Hme-S.)
41-AAA-acg hmlis-C. (Hme-C).
41-AAA-ad suomi-N. Finland-W.; Sweden-NE. adjacent
41-AAA-ada etel-pohjalainen "ostrobothnian"-S. Pohjanmaa-S. country (Oulu-SW.)
41-AAA-adb keski-pohjalaiset "ostrobothnian"-C. Pohjanmaa-C. country (Oulu-W.)
41-AAA-adc pohjois-pohjalaiset "ostrobothnian"-N. Pohjanmaa-N. country (Oulu-NW).
41-AAA-add perpohjolan-E. Kemijrvi (Lapi-S.)
41-AAA-ade perpohjolan-C. Kemi (Lapi-SW.)
41-AAA-adf perpohjolan-W. Gllivare (Orrbotten-NE.)
41-AAA-ae suomi-CE. Finland-CE.
41-AAA-aea savo-N. savolax-N. (Oulu-NE.)
41-AAA-aeb savo-S. savolax-S. (Kuopio)
41-AAA-aec keski-suomi suomi-C. (Keski-Suomi)
41-AAA-aed kainuu (Kainuu)
41-AAA-aee suomi-saame saame "bilingual finnish" -bilingual in [41] Saame Finland-N.
41-AAA-af suomi-vrmland in [52] Deutsch: waldfinnen community #waldfinnen =forest finns migration> Sweden-C. (Vrmland)
41-AAA-ag suomi-SE. kaakois Finland-CE.; Russia adjacent
41-AAA-aga kaakois-N. "karelian finnish" (Pohjois-Karjala)
41-AAA-agb kaakois-S Russia (St.Petersburg-N.)
41-AAA-b Karely+ Ldi Karelian, "carelian", in [51] Suomi: karjalan, in [53] Russkiy: karelskiy
-bilingual in [53] Russkiy since c.1550: Cyrillic script
Russian Fed.: Karelia; Finland 4
41-AAA-ba karyalan-N. karyalan-keel-C., "karelian"-N., "white-sea karelian" #keel =language Russian Fed.: Karelia-N.; C.;
Finland (Oulu-E.); southward
migration since 17th cent.> Russia
(Novgorod; Tver)
41-AAA-baa karyala-N. Kem', Kemijoki valley northwards Karelia-N.
41-AAA-bab novgorod Novgorod environs migration> Russia (Novgorod)
41-AAA-bac tverin-karyala Tver, Kalinin northwards migration> Russia (Tver)
41-AAA-bb karyalan-S. karyalan-keel-S., "karelian"-S., #keel =language Russian Fed.: Karelia-C.
41-AAA-bba tunkua Tunkua Karelia-C.
41-AAA-bbb rukajrvi Rukajrvi, Ruokojarvi Karelia-C.
41-AAA-bbc paatene Paatene, Padany Karelia-C.
41-AAA-bbd mntyselk Mntyselk Karelia-C.
41-AAA-bbe repola Repola Karelia-C.
41-AAA-bbf porajrvi+ suojrvi Porajrvi Suojrvi Karelia-C.

1999 / 2000 edition
41-AAA-bc olonec livvikovian, "olonetsian", olonets, aunus, in [52] Deutsch: olonetzisch,
livvisch Ladoga lake>NE.
Russian Fed.: Karelia-SW.;
migration> Finland
4
41-AAA-bca salmi Salmi Hautavaara Karelia-SW.
41-AAA-bcb vitele Vitele Tulemajrvi Karelia-SW.
41-AAA-bcc vieljrvi Vieljrvi Smjrvi Karelia-SW.
41-AAA-bcd kotkatjrvi Kotkatjrvi Karelia-SW.
41-AAA-bce olonec-A. olonets "proper" Olonec, Aunus Karelia-SW.
41-AAA-bcf kontu Kontu Karelia-SW.
41-AAA-bd ldi-N. lyudikovian, lyydilis, ld, ludic, lyudic, in [52] Deutsch: ldisch
Onega lake>W.
Russian Fed.: Karelia-SE. 3
41-AAA-bda suoju Petroskoi, Petrozavodsk> N., Suoju valley Tiudia Karelia-SE.
41-AAA-bdb prs Prs Pyhjrvi Karelia-SE.
41-AAA-bdc syvri Svir', Syvri-C. valley>N., Joensuu Jrventakainen Karelia-SE.
41-AAA-be ldi-S. vepsian, ldi-kel, veps, vepsan, bepsan, veps, 'chugari', 'chuhari',
'chukhari', 'chudy', in [52] Deutsch: vepsisch Onega lake>SW.
Russian Fed.: Karelia-S.; Russia
(St.Petersburg-NE.)
3
41-AAA-bea prionezh vepsa-N. Lake Onega lake>SW. Karelia-S.; (St.Petersburg-NE.)
41-AAA-beb ojat' vepsa-C. Ojat' valley (St.Petersburg-NE.)
41-AAA-bec prokusevo vepsa-S. Prokusevo marshes (St.Petersburg-NE.)
41-AAA-bf izhor ingrian, izhoran-keeli, karjalan-keeli Russia (St.Petersburg-SW.) 2
41-AAA-bfa khava hevaan, in [53] Russkiy: xevaskiy Hevaan-joki lower valley (St.Petersburg-SW.)
41-AAA-bfb soykhin soikkolan, in [53] Russkiy: soykinskiy Soikkala Kaprio (St.Petersburg-SW.)
41-AAA-bfc luzh "lower" luzh, ala-laukaan Laukaan-joki lower valley: Kosemkina (St.Petersburg-SW.)
41-AAA-bfd oredezh "upper" luzh, yl-laukaan Laukaan-joki upper valley: Novinka (St.Petersburg-SW.)
41-AAA-c Vaddyan-keel Votish, vadjan-keel, vadya, vad, vadda, vod, "votian", part of "balto-
finnic"-SW. on verge of extinction submerged by [53] Russkiy
Russia (St.Petersburg-W.), Latvia
1
41-AAA-ca vaddya-W. Russia (St.Petersburg-W.),
formerly also Latvia
1
41-AAA-caa vaddya-NW. vod-NW. Luga bay Matiya Kattila, Kotly Koslova (St.Petersburg-W.) 1
41-AAA-cab vaddya-SW. Luga valley: Kukkosi, Kurovicy extinct (St.Petersburg-W.) 0
41-AAA-cac vaddya-S. krevin, in [52] Deutsch: krevinisch Latvia 0
41-AAA-cb vaddya-E. Icepino village recently extinct (St.Petersburg) 0
41-AAA-d Eesti Estonian, eesti-keel, part of "balto-finnic"-SW. influenced by [52]
Deutsch-N. and [53] Russkiy Latin script
Estonia; Latvia; Russia 6
41-AAA-da eesti-N. "estonian"-N. Estonia 6
41-AAA-daa eesti-tallinn "literary estonian"-N. Tallinn (Reval) model Estonia
41-AAA-dab eesti-F. "modern standard estonian", "literary estonian" Central Estonian
model, serving as bridge to Eesti-S. (South Estonian)
KEstonia
41-AAA-dac tallinn-U. tallinn "urban estonian" Tallinn, Reval Narva Estonia (Harju; Laane-Viru; Ida-
Viru)
41-AAA-dad eesti-E. Peipus-NW. lake: Mustvee Estonia (Jgeva)
41-AAA-dae eesti-C. "estonian"-C., part of "estonian" -N. Tapa Rapla Paide
Jgeva Vil'yandi
Estonia (Harju; Rapla; Jarva;
Jgeva; Vijandi)
41-AAA-daf eesti-W. Prnu Haapsalu west coast & hinterland Estonia (Prnu; Laane)
41-AAA-dag saare+ hiiu "insular estonian", part of "estonian"-N. Saare-maa Hiiu-maa
Muhu islands
Estonia (Saare; Hiiu)
41-AAA-dah 'anglo-estonian' -bilingual in [52] English migration> USA, Canada
41-AAA-db eesti-S. "estonian"-S. Estonia-SE. 5
41-AAA-dba eesti-tartu "literary estonian"-S. Tartu (Dorpat) model Estonia-SE.
41-AAA-dbb tartu dorpat, tatu Tartu, Dorpat Estonia (Tartu)
41-AAA-dbc muly mulgi Mustla Estonia (Viljandi, Valga)
41-AAA-dbd setu Peipus-S. lake Estonia (Plva)
41-AAA-dbe vyrus vru Vru Estonia (Vru)
41-AAA-e Raanda Livonian, raanda-keel, liiv, liib, in [54] Latviashu: libiesu-valoda, part
of "balto-finnic"-SW. -bilingual in [54] Latviashu (Latvian) nearing
extinction submerged by [54] Latviashu originally (13
th
cent.) the
coastal language of the Riga Gulf, extending northeastwards to Peipus
lake (the former regions of Kurland & Livland), but now restricted to end
of Domesns peninsula, around Kolka
Latvia 2
41-AAA-ea kur-zeme kurlyad, raandalist, liiv-W. former Curonia, Kurland (Domesns
peninsula north coast): Luzhnas Lielirbe, Ira Kolka, Kuolka
Mustanumm, Mellesille
Latvia 2
41-AAA-eb vid-zeme vid, liiv-E., "livonian"-E. extinct in 19
th
cent. former Livonia, Livland Latvia
41-AAB SAAME net same, saami, sabme, "saamic", 'lapp', 'lappish' semi-nomadic, now
increasingly settled Latin script; Cyrillic script
41-AAB-a Saame-NW. davvin Sweden; Norway; Finland 4
41-AAB-aa ruija saame-N. -bilingual in [52] Norsk+ Svenska and/or [41] Suomi Norway; Finland; Sweden; Finland 4
41-AAB-aaa ruija-A. Norway
41-AAB-aab torne Norway
41-AAB-aac sea-saame "maritime" saame, 'sea lappish' Norway

41-AAB-ab lule - bilingual in [52] Norsk+ Svenska semi-nomadic Norway; Sweden 3
41-AAB-aba tysfjord+ hamaroy Tysfjord+ Hamaroy+ Folden environs Norway
41-AAB-abb lule-A. Lule river: Gellivare+ Jokkmokk environs Sweden
41-AAB-ac pite - bilingual in [52] Nordic Norway-N.; Sweden 3
41-AAB-aca pite-W. Saltenfjord Ranenfjord Norway-N.
41-AAB-acb pite-E. Pite river: Arjeplog+ Arvidsjaur environs Sweden-N.
41-AAB-b Saame-E. -bilingual in [41] Suomi and/or [53] Russkiy Arctic semi-nomadic Finland; Russian Fed.: Russia 3
41-AAB-ba skolt kolta, lopar, 'kola-lapp' Finland-N.; Russia 3
41-AAB-baa inari-N. Inari-N. lake Finland
41-AAB-bab notozer Kola-N. peninsula Finland
41-AAB-bac yokan Kola-N. peninsula Finland
41-AAB-bb anar inari, utsoki Inari lake Norway frontier: Utsoki & environs Finland 2
41-AAB-bc ter Arctic semi-nomadic Russia 2
41-AAB-bd kildin Russia 3
41-AAB-c Saame-S. Sweden; Norway 3
41-AAB-ca ume -bilingual in [52] Svenska Sweden 3
41-AAB-caa ume-NW. Ume upper river Sweden
41-AAB-cab ume-SE. Ume lower river: Lycksele Mala Sorsele & environs Sweden
41-AAB-cb almoch saame-S. "proper" -bilingual in [52] Norsk+ Svenska Norway; Sweden
41-AAB-cba almoch-W. Hatfjelldalen+ Wefsen Rros Norway (Sr-Trndelag)
41-AAB-cbb almoch-E. Hrjedalen country Sweden
41-AAC MARI net part of "volgo-finnic"
41-AAC-a Mari Cheremiss, mari-yilme -bilingual in [53] Russkiy Cyrillic script Russian Fed.: Mari Rep.; Chuvask
Rep.; Russia; also Bashkir Rep.
5
41-AAC-aa kurku-mari cheremiss-W., "upland" mari, "high" mari, mari "hills", in [53] Russkiy:
gorno-mariy Volga right-bank: Mari hills
Mari Rep.; Russia 5
41-AAC-aaa mari-W. "literary" cheremiss-W., "literary high" mari Mari Rep.; Russia
41-AAC-aab kozymodemyan Volga river: Koz'modem'yansk Mari Rep.
41-AAC-aac yaran Mari Rep.
41-AAC-aad p-mari Ufa migration> Bashkir Rep.
41-AAC-ab olik-mari cheremiss-E., "low" mari, "grassland" mari, "plains" mari, including
"woodland" mari Volga left-bank
Mari Rep.; Russia 5
41-AAC-aba mari-E. "literary" cheremiss-E., "literary low" mari Mari Rep.
41-AAC-abb sernur-morkin Sernur Mari Rep.
41-AAC-abc yoshkar-olint Yoshkar-Ola Mari Rep.
41-AAC-abd volga-mariy Volzhsk Chuvash Rep.
41-AAD ERZYAN+
MOKSHEN net
MORDVIN, part of "volgo-finnic"
41-AAD-a Erzyan+ Mokshen -bilingual in [53] Russkiy Cyrillic script Russian Fed.: Mordovia 5
41-AAD-aa erzyan erzyan-kel, erzya, erza KMordovia 5
41-AAD-aaa erzyan-F. "literary" erzyan Mordovia
41-AAD-aab kozlov Mordovia
41-AAD-aac alatyr Alatyr river Mordovia
41-AAD-aad shugurovo Sura river Mordovia
41-AAD-aae tashto-murza Staryje-Turdaki & environs Mordovia
41-AAD-aaf drakino Mordovia
41-AAD-ab mokshen mokshen-kyal, moksha, mokshan, mordov, mordoff Moksha river Mordovia-SW. 5
41-AAE KOMI+ UDMURT net PERMIC
41-AAE-a Komi+ Udmurt komi+ udmurt -bilingual in [53] Russkiy Cyrillic script Russian Fed. 6
41-AAE-aa komi-zyryan Ural mountains>W. KKomi Rep. 5
41-AAE-aaa komi-zyryan-F. "literary" komi-zyryan Komi Rep.
41-AAE-aab zyryan zyrian, zirian, komi-zyryan "proper" Komi Rep.
41-AAE-aac yazva jazva, jazyv, komi-jazva Komi Rep.
41-AAE-aad izhma izma Komi Rep.
41-AAE-ab komi-permyat perm, permyak, permiac Russia (Komi-Permyak okrug) 5
41-AAE-aba komi-permyat-F. "literary" komi-permyat (Komi-Permyak)
41-AAE-abb zyudin (Komi-Permyak)
41-AAE-abc kochin-kam permyat-N. (Komi-Permyak)
41-AAE-abd nyven-inyva permyat-S. (Komi-Permyak)
41-AAE-abe oni (Komi-Permyak)
41-AAE-ac udmurt udmurt-kyl, votyak, votiak, otyak, votem Ural mountains>W. KUdmurtia 5
41-AAE-aca udmurt-F. "literary" udmurt Udmurtia
41-AAE-acb vesermyan besserman, udmurt-N. Udmurtia
41-AAE-acc udmurt-S. Udmurtia

1999 / 2000 edition
41-B MAGYAR+ KHANTY
set
UGRIC, "ugrian", part of "finno-ugric", in French: ougrien
41-BA MAGYAR chain
41-BAA MAGYAR net "ugric"-W.
41-BAA-a Magyar Hungarian, in [51] Franais: hongrois, in [52] Deutsch: ungarisch
Latin script
Hungary; Romania 7
41-BAA-aa magyar-L. "old literary hungarian" from 13
th
century Hungary
41-BAA-ab magyar-G. "generalised hungarian" KHungary; Romania; Ukraine;
Slovakia; Austria; Slovenia;
Croatia; Yugoslavia
7
41-BAA-aba magyar-kznyelv "standard hungarian" developed since nyelvjts =renewal of the
language in early 19
th
cent. #kz + nyelv =standard language
Hungary; Romania
41-BAA-abb budapest-U. budapest "popular urban" Budapest Hungary (Budapest)
41-BAA-abc nyugati-magyar part of magyar-W. "traditional" influenced by [52] Deutsch & [53]
Sloven!ina (Slovak) including in Burgenland: Fels!!r Oberwart
Schachendorf Oberpullendorf
Hungary-W. (Gy!r-Sopron-W.;
Vas-W.; Zala); Slovakia adjacent;
Austria (Burgenland)
41-BAA-abd rbakzi part of magyar-W. "traditional" transition between nyugati-magyar &
dunntli Rbakz country, Rba valley
Hungary-NW. (Gy!r-Sopron-SE.,
Vas-E.)
41-BAA-abe !rsgi part of magyar-W. "traditional" "rsg country Hungary-W. (Vas-SW.)
41-BAA-abf gcseji part of magyar-W. "traditional" Gcseji country Hungary-SW. (Zala)
41-BAA-abg dunntli part of magyar-W. "traditional", part of magyar "transdanubian
traditional" influenced by [52] Deutsch & [53] Sloven!ina (Slovak)
including in Slovakia: Czallkz, Velk Zitn Ostrov, Groe
Schttinsel island; Vh+ Nitra lower rivers
Hungary-CW. (Dunntli,
Transdanubia: Fejr; Tolna;
Veszprm; Komrom; Gy!r-
Sopron-E.); Slovakia-W.
41-BAA-abh somogyi part of magyar "transdanubian traditional" Hungary (Somogy-N.)
41-BAA-abi magyar-CS. magyar-C. "traditional" incorporating submerged Dli-magyar
Duna, Danube central plain
Hungary-C. (Pest; Kiskun-N.)
41-BAA-abj dli-magyar part of magyar-S. "traditional" influenced by [53] Hrvatski & Srpski Hungary-S. (Somogy-S.; Baranya;
Bacs-Kiskun-S.); Yugoslavia
(Vojvodina; Srbija adjacent)
41-BAA-abk srkzi part of magyar-S. "traditional" Srkz country Hungary-S. (Tolna-SE.)
41-BAA-abl szlavniai part of magyar-S. "traditional" -bilingual in [53] Hrvatski Croatia (Slavonia-NE.)
41-BAA-abm szegedi part of magyar-S. "traditional" Szeged Hungary-S. (Csongrd-S.)
41-BAA-abn tiszai magyar-CE. "traditional" Tisza+ K!rs plainBanat-N. country Hungary-SE. (Trans-Tisza:
Szolnok; Bks; Csongrd
adjacent); Romania-W.
(Maramure#-W.; Cri#ana-W.;
Timi#)
41-BAA-abo anglo-magyar -bilingual in [52] English migration> USA; Canada
41-BAA-ac palc palocz, magyar-N., "hungarian"-N. spoken by former [44] Turkic-
speaking Kurmanen community -(in Slovakia) bilingual in [53]
Sloven!ina (Slovak)
Hungary-N. (Borsod-Abaj-
Zempln; Heves; Ngrd; Pest
adjacent; Szolnok adjacent);
Slovakia CS.
5
41-BAA-aca jsz Jszsg country Hungary-N., (Szolnok-NW.; Heves-
S.)
41-BAA-acb brsny Brsny country Hungary-N. (Pest-N.)
41-BAA-acc matra+ bkk Matra+ Bkk mountains Hungary-N.
41-BAA-acd magyar-slovak including Slovensk-Rudohorie mountains: Dudince; Lucenec;
Rimavsk-Sobota; Roznava; Kassa+ Kosice
Slovakia-CS.
41-BAA-ad magyar-szakkeleti magyar-NE. "traditional" Hungary; Slovakia; Ukraine 5
41-BAA-ada bihari Hungary-NE. (Hajd-Bihar;
Debrecen)
41-BAA-adb szabolcs-szatmar Hungary-NE. (Szabolcs-Szatmr;
Borsod-Abaj-Zempln adjacent)
41-BAA-adc szamoshti Szamoshti: between Tisza Szamosa + Some#ul rivers -(in
Romania) bilingual in [51] Romneasca
Hungary-NE. (Szabolcs-Szatmr-
NE.); Romania-NW. (Maramure#-
W.; Satu-Mare)
41-BAA-add krptaljai "carpathian" magyar -bilingual in [53] Ukrainska Transcarpathia
country: Beregovo
Ukraine-W.
41-BAA-ae mez!sgi part of magyar-E.; "central transylvanian" magyar -bilingual in [51]
Romneasca
Romania 5
41-BAA-aea kalotaszegi Cluj Kalotaszeg country: Kirlyhg, Pasul Craiului pass
(=Knigssteig, King's Pass)
Romania
41-BAA-aeb maros Maros+ Mure# central basin, including Mez!sg+ Cmpia lande Romania (Mure#-Autonoma-
Maghiara-W.)
41-BAA-af szkely "transylvanian"-E.; in [52] Deutsch: szekler -bilingual in [51]
Romneasca Szkelyfld country
Romania (Mure#-Autonoma-
Maghiara-E.; Bra#ov-NE.)
5
41-BAA-ag csng magyar-E., in [52] Deutsch: tschango -bilingual in [51] Romneasca
Siret-ul valley
Romania; Moldova 3

41-BB KHANTY+ MANSY
chain
UGRIC-EAST, ob-"ugric" -bilingual in [53] Russkiy
41-BBA KHANTY net
41-BBA-a Khanty khanty-ostyak, ostyak "proper", ostiak, ostyats, khanti, khante, xanti,
xanty, hanty-ho, handa, hanti Ob valley & basin Obskaya gulf:
Khanty-Mansi division (autonomous okrug) Yamalo-Nenets division
(autonomous okrug) Tomsk province separated riverine enclaves;
idioms to be reviewed distinct from [41] Selkup (Samoyed Ostyak)
and [43] Ket+ Yugh (Yenisei-Ostyak)
Russian Fed.: Russia (Siberia) 4
41-BBA-aa khanty-N. Russia (Siberia-W.) 3
41-BBA-aaa khanty-NW. Yamalo-Nenets division (Siberia-W.)
41-BBA-aab khanty-CN. Khanty-Mansy-N. division (Siberia-W.)
41-BBA-ab khanty-E. Russia (Siberia-W.) 3
41-BBA-aba khanty-CE. Khanty-Mansy-E. division (Siberia-W.)
41-BBA-abb khanty-SE. Tomsk province (Siberia-W.)
41-BBA-ac khanty-SW. Khanty-Mansy-SW. division (Siberia-W.) 3
41-BBA-ad vach vasyugan Russia (Siberia-W.)
41-BBB MANSY net
41-BBB-a Mansy mansi, mansiy, vogoul, vogul, voguly, gogoulich, gogulich Ural
mountains>E.
41-BBB-aa sosyvin "upper" lozyvin, mansy-N. Severnaja-Sosyva river Russia (Siberia-W.) 2
41-BBB-ab lozyvin mansy-W. Russia (Siberia-W.) 3
41-BBB-aba vagily lozyvin-C. (Siberia-W.)
41-BBB-abb pelym "lower" lozyvin (Siberia-W.)
41-BBB-ac kondin konda, mansy-E. Konda river Russia (Siberia-W.) 2
41-BBB-ad tavdin mansy-S. Tavda upper river Russia (Siberia-W.) 2
41-C NENETS+ SELKUP
set
SAMOYED
41-CA NENETS+ SELKUP
chain
-bilingual in [53] Russkiy Cyrillic script
41-CAA NENETS+ ENETS
net
SAMOYED-NORTH
41-CAA-a Nenets+ Enets Arctic coast & tundra plains Russian Fed.: Russia (Siberia) 4
41-CAA-aa nenets "tundra" nenets, nanets, nenec, nentse, yourak, yurak semi-nomadic Russia (Siberia-NW.) 4
41-CAA-aaa nenets-F. "literary" nenets (Siberia-NW.)
41-CAA-aab nenets-kanin Kanin peninsula (Siberia-NW.)
41-CAA-aac nenets-kola Kola peninsula (Siberia-NW.)
41-CAA-aad malozeml'skaya-tundra Petchora river>W.: Malozeml'skaya tundra (Siberia-NW.)
41-CAA-aae bol'sezemel'skaya-tundra Petchora river>E.: Bol'sezemel'skaya-N. tundra (Siberia-NW.)
41-CAA-aaf kolgujev Kolgujev island (Siberia-NW.)
41-CAA-aag novaya-zemlya Novaya Zemlya island (Siberia-NW.)
41-CAA-aah yamal Yamal peninsula (Siberia-NW.)
41-CAA-aai nadym Nadym river-mouth (Siberia-NW.)
41-CAA-aaj taz-N. "lower" taz Tazovskaya bay Taz+ Pur lower rivers (Siberia-NW.)
41-CAA-aak gydanskaya Gydanskaya bay (Siberia-NW.)
41-CAA-aal nenets-yenisei Yenisei delta (Siberia-NW.)
41-CAA-ab pan-hasawa "forest" nenets, pur Pur upper river (Siberia-NW.)
41-CAA-ac enets enety, enet, enec, yenets, yenisei-samoyed (Siberia-NW.) 2
41-CAA-aca enets-yenisei Yenisei bay (Siberia-NW.)
41-CAA-acb madu somatu Dudinka environs (Siberia-NW.)
41-CAA-ad nganasan tavgui, tavgi, targi, tagvi Taymyr peninsula semi-nomadic (Siberia-NW.) 2
41-CAA-ada avam (Siberia-NW.)
41-CAA-adb khatang vadeyev (Siberia-NW.)
41-CAB SELKUP+ KAMAS
net
41-CAB-a Selkup+ Kamas Tomsk oblast Russia (Siberia) 3
41-CAB-aa selkup shl-kup, shelkup, samoyed ostyak distinct from [41] Khanty (Ostyak
"proper") and [43] Ket+ Yugh (Yenisei-Ostyak)
(Siberia-CW.) 3
41-CAB-aaa taz-S. "middle" taz Taz middle valley: Tazov-baishyan Krasnosel'kup (Siberia-CW.)
41-CAB-aab turushan Turushan lower valley (Siberia-CW.)
41-CAB-aac tym Tym valley (Siberia-CW.)
41-CAB-aad ob Ob upper valley: Narym (Siberia-CW.)
41-CAB-aae ket Ket valley (Siberia-CW.)
41-CAB-ab kamas Sayan mountains: Kamassian (Siberia-CS.) 0
41-CAB-aba kuma-kamas (Siberia-CW.)
41-CAB-abb koibal (Siberia-CW.)

1999 / 2000 edition
42= CAUCASUS
geozone
covers the Caucasus reference area, including the
"Caucasian"-N. grouping (sets 42-A & 42-B); comprising 3
sets of languages (= 20 outer languages) spoken by
communities in and around the Caucasus mountains of
eastern Europe:
42-A ADYGHE+ ABKHAZ 42-B NOXCHIIN+ AVAR
42-C KARTHULI+ SVANURI
Azerbaijan; Georgia; Iran;
Kazakhstan; Turkey; Russian
Federation (Adygei Rep.;
Chechnya; Kabardia-Balkaria;
Karachay-Cherkes; Ossetia;
Russia)
6
42-A ADYGHE+ ABKHAZ
set
CAUCASIAN-NORTHWEST, part of "caucasian"-N. grouping, adygo-
abkhaz, in [53] Russkiy: abkhazo-adygski
42-AA ADYGHE+ ABKHAZ
chain
42-AAA ADYGHE+
QABARDEY net
42-AAA-a Adyghe+ Qabardey Circassian, "wider" cherkes, "kabardian" Russian Fed.: Adygei Rep.; Russia
(Caucasus); Karachay-Cherkes;
Kabardia-Balkaria
5
42-AAA-aa adyghe adyghe-bze, adygei, adygey, kiakh, kjax, cherkes-W., "circassian"-W.,
"lower circassian", in [53] Russkiy: adygski fragmented riverine
communities
Adygei Rep.; Russia (Caucasus) 5
42-AAA-aaa adyghe-F. "literary" adyghe Cyrillic script; Temirgoi model Adygei Rep.
42-AAA-aab natukhaj natuxai Adygei Rep.
42-AAA-aac shapsug+ khakuchi including shapsug, sapsug khakuchi, khakuci, xakuchi Adygei Rep.
42-AAA-aad temirgoi+ bezhedukh- including bezhedukh, bezhedux, bzhedukh, bjedukh temirgoi,
temirgoj, termigoy Laba middle river
Adygei Rep.
42-AAA-aae abadzekh abadzex Adygei Rep.
42-AAA-aaf "neo"-ubykh "neo"-ubyx having submerged [42] Ubykh Adygei Rep.
42-AAA-ab cherkes cherkess, part of kabardino-cherkes, cherkes "proper", "circassian"-C.,
transitional between Adyghe & Qaberdey fragmented riverine
community
Karachay-Cherkes; Turkey; Syria;
Jordan
4
42-AAA-aba beslenej Beslenei & environs Karachay-Cherkes-N.
42-AAA-abb kuban Adyge town & environs: Kuban upper river Karachay-Cherkes-N.
42-AAA-abc kuma Kuma upper river Karachay-Cherkes-C.
42-AAA-abd urup Urup middle river Russia (Caucasus)
42-AAA-abe cherkes-trkiye "circassian diaspora" including also speakers of Adyghe and
Qabardey) -bilingual in [44] Trke
migration> Turkey; Syria; Jordan;
subsequently also Germany
5
42-AAA-ac qaberdey kabardi; cherkes-E.; "kabardian"; "circassian"-E.; "upper circassian",
part of kabardino-cherkes
Kabardia-Balkaria; Ossetia-N.;
Russia (Caucasus adjacent)
5
42-AAA-aca qaberdey-F. "literary kabardian" Cyrillic script; Qabardey-C. model Kabardia-Balkaria
42-AAA-acb malka Malka & environs Kabardia-Balkaria
42-AAA-acc baksan Baksan & environs Kabardia-Balkaria
42-AAA-acd qaberdey-C. "greater kabardian" Kabardia-Balkaria
42-AAA-ace qaberdey-E. "lesser kabardian" Kabardia-Balkaria
42-AAA-acf mozdok Mozdok environs Ossetia-N.; Russia (Caucasus
adjacent)
42-AAB ABKHAZ+ ABAZIN
net
42-AAB-a Abkhaz+ Abazin abkhazo-abazin Abkhazia; Russia (Caucasus) 5
42-AAB-aa abkhaz abxaz, abxazo -bilingual in [42] Karthulki (Georgian) & [53] Russkiy Abkhazia 5
42-AAB-aaa abkhaz-F. "literary" abkhaz Cyrillic script; Abzhui model Abkhazia
42-AAB-aab bzyb Bzyb river Abkhazia
42-AAB-aac abzhui abzuy Abkhazia
42-AAB-aad samurzakan Abkhazia
42-AAB-aae abkhaz-trkiye migration> Turkey
42-AAB-ab abazin abaza, abazintsy, abazinskiy riverine fragmented communities Karachay-Cherkes 4
42-AAB-aba abazin-F. "literary" abazin Cyrillic script; Tapanta model Karachay-Cherkes
42-AAB-abb ashkhar ashxar, ashkaraua, ashuwa Karachay-Cherkes
42-AAB-abc tapanta Tapanta Karachay-Cherkes
42-AAB-abd bezshagh Karachay-Cherkes
42-AAB-abe abazin-'migr' migration> Turkey
42-AAC UBYKH net
42-AAC-a Ubykh Russia; Turkey 0
42-AAC-aa ubykh ubyx, oubykh, pekhi Russian (Caucasus-W.);
migration> Turkey
0
42-AAC-aaa ubykh-caucasus Caucasus-W. mountains extinct early 20
th
century (Caucasus-W.) 0
42-AAC-aab ubykh-istanbul Istanbul environs -bilingual in [44] Trke reported extinct in 1980's migration> Turkey 0

42-B NOXCHIIN+ AVAR
set
CAUCASIAN-NORTHEAST, part of "caucasian"-N. grouping
42-BA NOXCHIIN+ BATSBI
chain
NAKH
42-BAA NOXCHIIN+
GHALGHAAY net
vajnakh, veznakh, vejnax #vaj-nakh =our people
42-BAA-a Noxchiin+
Ghalghaay
Chechen+ Ingush, cecen+ ingus, vaj-mott; vaj-nakh community #vaj
mott =our language; vaj nakh =our people
Russian Fed. (Chechnya;
Ingushetia); Georgia; with
deportation and refugee migration
to Russia; Kazakhstan;
Uzbekistan; Turkey; Jordan
6
42-BAA-aa ghalghaay ghalghay, ghalghaaj, in [53] Russkiy: ingush, ingus Cyrillic script
Terek-S. valley (Balashovo) Assa middle & upper valley
Caucasus-N. mountains (above Bisir)
Ingushetia 5
42-BAA-ab mielxiin melki, melkhin, including galanchog, galancog, galanchozh
transitional between Ghalghaay & Noxchiin Caucasus-N. foothills &
mountains: Galanchzh Argun upper valley
Chechnya
42-BAA-ac noxchiin noxchiin-muott, in [53] Russkiy: chechen, cecen, cecenskiy; nakhchuo,
noxchuo community Terek valley Caucasus-N. (Tebulos Mta)
mountains
Chechnya; also Kazakhstan;
Georgia; Russia; Turkey
5
42-BAA-aca ghalghaay-F. "literary" chechen Cyrillic script; Chechen-C. model Chechnya
42-BAA-acb ghalghaay-C. 'greater' chechen Grozniy Chechnya
42-BAA-acc akkin aux, aukov, akka, including ploskost transitional to Ghalghaay Chechnya
42-BAA-acd chitumkala shatoi Chechnya
42-BAA-ace cheberloj ceberloj, cheberlot, cheberloev Chervlnnaya* Chechnya
42-BAA-acf khasav-yurt Khasavyurt Russia (Dagestan)
42-BAA-acg chechen-trkiye migration> Turkey
42-BAA-ad kistiina kist, kistin Caucasus-N. mountains Alazani upper valley Georgia
42-BAB BATSBI net
42-BAB-a Batsbi Tushetia province Georgia 3
42-BAB-aa bats-bi bac, batsaw, bats, batsbiitsy, "pseudo" tush, tsova-tush, in [53] Russkiy:
bacbiyskiy
Georgia 3
42-BB AVAR+ LAK chain DAGESTAN
42-BBA AVAR+ DIDOI net
42-BBA-a Avar avaro, daghestani Caucasus-E. mountains Russian Fed.: Russsia (Dagestan);
Azerbaijan
5
42-BBA-aa avar-N. Dagestan-S. highland Russian (Dagestan) 5
42-BBA-aaa avar-F. "literary" avar Cyrillic script; Khunzakh model (Dagestan-S.)
42-BBA-aab salatav avar-NW. (Dagestan-S.)
42-BBA-aac khunzakh xunzax, chunzach, avar-CN., "vehicular" avar Khunzakh & environs (Dagestan-S.)
42-BBA-aad avar-NE. (Dagestan-S.)
42-BBA-ab avar-C. "transitional" avar transition between Avar-N. & Avar-S. Russia (Dagestan) 5
42-BBA-aba keleb (Dagestan-S.)
42-BBA-abb bachadin bacadin (Dagestan-S.)
42-BBA-abc untib (Dagestan-S.)
42-BBA-abd shulanin shulani Shulani (Dagestan-S.)
42-BBA-abe kachib kaxib Kachib & environs (Dagestan-S.)
42-BBA-ac avar-S. Azerbaijan 5
42-BBA-aca hid Azerbaijan-N.
42-BBA-acb andalal+ gkhdatl andalal+ gxadatl Azerbaijan-N.
42-BBA-acc karakh karax Azerbaijan-N.
42-BBA-acd antsukh ancux Azerbaijan-N.
42-BBA-ace batlukh batlux Azerbaijan-N.
42-BBA-acf car char Zakataly & environs Azerbaijan-N.
42-BBA-b Qwannab+ Akhvakh "Wider"-Andi Caucasus mountains a continuum of idioms
associated with communities in different mountain-valleys and villages
submerged in many cases by [42] Avar
Russian Fed.: Russia (Dagestan) 4
42-BBA-ba qwannab+ gagatl Russia (Dagestan) 3
42-BBA-baa qwannab q'uannu, andi "proper", andii, andiy (Dagestan-S.)
42-BBA-bab munin (Dagestan-S.)
42-BBA-bac rikvani Rikvani (Dagestan-S.)
42-BBA-bad kvankhidatl kvanxidatl (Dagestan-S.)
42-BBA-bae gagatl gogatl Gogatly (Dagestan-S.)
42-BBA-baf zilo Zilo (Dagestan-S.)
42-BBA-bb botlikh+ zibirikhalin Russia (Dagestan) 3
42-BBA-bba botlikh botlix Botlikh (Dagestan-S.)
42-BBA-bbb zibirikhalin (Dagestan-S.)
42-BBA-bc ghodoberi godoberi; godoberin Nizhniye Godoberi (Dagestan-S.) 3

1999 / 2000 edition
42-BBA-bd karatin+ anchikh Russia (Dagestan) 3
42-BBA-bda karatin karata, kirdi, karatai, karain Karata (Dagestan-S.)
42-BBA-bdb tokita tokitin (Dagestan-S.)
42-BBA-bdc anchikh ancix, anchix Anchik (Dagestan-S.)
42-BBA-be tindal tindin, tindi Russia (Dagestan) 3
42-BBA-bf bagvalal bagulal, bagvalin, barbalin Russia (Dagestan) 3
42-BBA-bfa kvanadin kvanada Kvanada (Dagestan-S.)
42-BBA-bfb tlisi Tlisi (Dagestan-S.)
42-BBA-bg gadyri part of chamalin, camalal, chamalal Gadari Russia (Dagestan) 3
42-BBA-bga gachitl (Dagestan-S.)
42-BBA-bgb kvankhi Kvankhi (Dagestan-S.)
42-BBA-bh gakvari part of chamalin, camalal, chamalal Aguali Nizhniye Gakvari) Russia (Dagestan; also Chechnya
frontier)
3
42-BBA-bha agvali aguali Aguali (Dagestan-S.)
42-BBA-bhb richaganik (Dagestan-S.)
42-BBA-bhc tsumada (Dagestan-S.)
42-BBA-bhd urukh (Dagestan-S.)
42-BBA-bi gigatl part of chamalin, camalal, chamalal Russia (Dagestan) 3
42-BBA-bj akhvakh+ tsegob axvax Russia (Dagestan) 3
42-BBA-bja kakhib kaxib Kakhib (Dagestan-S.)
42-BBA-bjb akhvakh-N. (Dagestan-S.)
42-BBA-bjc akhvakh-S. (Dagestan-S.)
42-BBA-bjd tlyanub Tlyanub (Dagestan-S.)
42-BBA-bje tsegob Tsegob (Dagestan-S.)
42-BBA-c Didoi+ Bezhtin "Wider"-Dido Caucasus mountains: Andiskoye Koysu+ Avarskoye
Koysu upper valleys
Rusian Fed.: Russia (Dagestan) 3
42-BBA-ca didoi+ sagadin Andiskoye Koysu upper valley and headwaters Russia (Dagestan) 3
42-BBA-caa didoi dido "proper" (Dagestan)
42-BBA-cab tsez cez, tsezy (Dagestan)
42-BBA-cac tsuntin (Dagestan)
42-BBA-cad sagadin (Dagestan)
42-BBA-cb khvarshin+
inkhokvari
Andiskoye Koysu upper valley and headwaters Russia (Dagestan) 3
42-BBA-cba khvarshin xvarshi, khvarshi Verkhniye Khvarshini (Dagestan)
42-BBA-cbb inkhokvari inxokvari (Dagestan)
42-BBA-cc ginukh ginux, ginukhtsy, hinux, hinukh Bogosskij range: pass between
Andiskoye Koysu Avarskoye Koysu valleys (Ginukh)
Russia (Dagestan) 2
42-BBA-cd bezhtin+ tlyadaly part of bezhtin+ hunzib Avarskoye Koysu upper valley and
headwaters
Russia (Dagestan) 3
42-BBA-cda bezhtin bezhitin, bezhita, bezheta, bexita, bechitin Bezhta (Dagestan)
42-BBA-cdb kapuchin kapucha, kapuca, kapucin, qapuchi (Dagestan) 3
42-BBA-cdc tlyadaly Tlyadaly (Dagestan)
42-BBA-cdd khocharkhotin xocarxotin (Dagestan)
42-BBA-ce hunzib+ khunzal part of bezhtin+ hunzib Avarskoye Koysu valley* Russia (Dagestan) 3
42-BBA-cea hunzib gunzib, enzeb (Dagestan)
42-BBA-ceb khunzal xunzal, khunzaly (Dagestan)
42-BBB LAK+ DARGWA net
42-BBB-a Lak Russian Fed.: Russia (Dagestan) 5
42-BBB-aa lak Caucasus-E. mountains+ Dagestan-N. enclaves Russia (Dagestan) 5
42-BBB-aaa lak-F. "literary" lak Cyrillic script: Kumukh model (Dagestan-S.)
42-BBB-aab kumukh kumkh, kumux, kumuch, kazikumukh Kumukh & environs (Dagestan-S.)
42-BBB-aac vitskhin vicxin (Dagestan-S.)
42-BBB-aad vikhlin vixlin Vikhli (Dagestan-S.)
42-BBB-aae ashtikulin (Dagestan-S.)
42-BBB-aaf balkhar+ calakan balxar+ tsalakan Balkhar (Dagestan-S.)
42-BBB-b Dargwa Russian Fed.: Russia (Dagestan) 5
42-BBB-ba dargwa dargin, dargintsy Darginian Caucasus-E. mountains+ Dagestan-N.
enclaves
Russia (Dagestan) 5
42-BBB-baa dargwa-F. "literary" dargwa Cyrillic modified script: Akhusha model (Dagestan)
42-BBB-bab khiurkilin in [53] Russkiy: xiurkilinskiy (Dagestan)
42-BBB-bac chudakhar cudaxar, tsudakhar Tsudakhar (Dagestan)
42-BBB-bad akhusha+ urakha including urakha, uraxa, urkarax akhusha, axusha, axush, agusha,
aqusha Urakhi Akhusha
(Dagestan)

42-BBB-bae kajtak xajdak, kaitak, kaytak (Dagestan)
42-BBB-baf kubachi kubaci, kubacin, kubachin, kubachintsy, qubachi Kubachi (Dagestan)
42-BBB-bag ughbug kubachi 2 (Dagestan)
42-BBB-bah dejbuk Deybuk (Dagestan)
42-BBB-bai kharbuk xarbuk Kharbuk (Dagestan)
42-BBB-baj muirin (Dagestan)
42-BBB-bak sirkhin sirxin (Dagestan)
42-BC KIURI+ KHINALUGH
chain
"WIDER"-LEZGIN, "wider" lezghin, "wider" lezghian
42-BCA KIURI+ TSAKHUR
net
42-BCA-a Kiuri+ Agul "wider" lezgin-N., "wider" lezghin-N., "wider" lezghian-N. Russian Fed.: Russia (Dagestan);
also Azerbaijan
5
42-BCA-aa kiuri+ akhty lezgin, lezghin, lezghian Kurach+ Samur valleys & environs Russia (Dagestan); Azerbaijan
frontier
5
42-BCA-aaa lezgin-F. "literary" lezgin, "literary" kiuri+ akhty Cyrillic script: Kiuri model (Dagestan-S.)
42-BCA-aab kiuri kjuri, kiurinsty, lezgin "proper", lezghin "proper", lezghian "proper",
lezghi, lezgi
(Dagestan-S.)
42-BCA-aac akhty axty, axti Akhty (Dagestan-S.)
42-BCA-aad kuba Kuba (Dagestan-S.)
42-BCA-aae gjunej (Dagestan-S.)
42-BCA-aaf garkin (Dagestan-S.)
42-BCA-aag anykh anyx Anykh Azerbaijan frontier
42-BCA-aah staly (Dagestan-S.)
42-BCA-ab agul+ keren Caucasus-E. mountains Russia (Dagestan) 4
42-BCA-aba agul aghul, aghulshuy, aguly (Dagestan-S.)
42-BCA-abb koshan (Dagestan-S.)
42-BCA-abc keren (Dagestan-S.)
42-BCA-abd gekxun (Dagestan-S.)
42-BCA-ac rutul+ borch Caucasus-E. mountains Russia (Dagestan) 4
42-BCA-aca rutul rutal, rutuly, rutultsy, mykhanidy, mukhad, chal Rutul (Dagestan-S.)
42-BCA-acb shina (Dagestan-S.)
42-BCA-acc borch borc Borch (Dagestan-S.)
42-BCA-acd ireko+ muxrek (Dagestan-S.)
42-BCA-ad tabarasan tabasaran, tabasarantsy Caucasus-E. lower mountains Russia (Dagestan) 4
42-BCA-ada tabarasan-F. Cyrillic script; Ghumghum model (Dagestan-S.)
42-BCA-adb khanag tabasaran-N. (Dagestan-S.)
42-BCA-adc ghumghum tabasaran-S. (Dagestan-S.)
42-BCA-b Archin Russian Fed.: Russia (Dagestan) 2
42-BCA-ba archin arcin; archi; archintsy Russia (Dagestan-S.) 2
42-BCA-c Tsakhur+ Budukh "wider" lezgin-N., "wider" lezghin-N., "wider" lezghian-N. Caucasus-E.
mountains+ Azerbaijan plain
Russian Fed.: Russia (Dagestan);
Azerbaijan; Georgia
5
42-BCA-ca tsakhur+ mishlesh Tsakhur Russia (Dagestan); Azerbaijan
frontier
4
42-BCA-caa tsakur tsakur "proper", caxur, chakhur, tsaxur, tsakhury (Dagestan-S.)
42-BCA-cab kirmico-lek (Dagestan-S.)
42-BCA-cac mikik (Dagestan-S.)
42-BCA-cad mishlesh misles Mishlish (Dagestan-S.)
42-BCA-cb budukh+ kryz Azerbaijan 3
42-BCA-cba alyk alych Alych Azerbaijan-NE.
42-BCA-cbb budukh budug, budugi, budukhi Budug Azerbaijan-NE.
42-BCA-cbc yergyudzh yergyuch Yergyudzh Azerbaijan-NE.
42-BCA-cbd kryz kryts, kryc, kryzy, katsy, qriz Azerbaijan-NE.
42-BCA-cbe dzhek dzek, dzheki Dzhek Azerbaijan-NE.
42-BCA-cbf khaput xaput Azerbaijan-NE.
42-BCA-cc udin udi, uti, udiny Azerbaijan; also Georgia 3
42-BCA-cca vartashen Vartashen-Kyshlak Azerbaijan-NE.
42-BCA-ccb nidzh nizh Nidzh Azerbaijan
42-BCB KHINALUGH net
42-BCB-a Khinalugh Azerbaijan 3
42-BCB-aa khinalugh xinalug, khinalughi, khinalug Caucasus-E. mountains Azerbaijan-NE. 3

1999 / 2000 edition
42-C KHARTHULI+
SVANURI set
CAUCASIAN-SOUTH, "kartvelian"
42-CA KHARTHULI+
MEGRELI chain
42-CAA MEGRELI+
CHANURI net
ZAN
42-CAA-a Megreli Georgia 5
42-CAA-aa megreli megreli-nina, "mingrelian", in [53] Russkiy: megrel'skiy Georgia 5
42-CAA-aaa samurzaka-zugdidi Zugdidi Georgia
42-CAA-aab senaki Senaki Georgia
42-CAA-b Chanuri Laz, chanuri-nena, chan, can Turkey 4
42-CAA-ba arkhava+ atina laz-W. Turkey 4
42-CAA-baa arkhava+ vital vice+arxava Vitse Arkhavi Turkey-NE.
42-CAA-bab atina Atina Turkey-NE.
42-CAA-bb khopa+ chkhala laz-E. Turkey 4
42-CAA-bba khopa hopa, xopa Hopa Turkey-NE.
42-CAA-bbb chkhala chxala, cxala Turkey-NE.
42-CAB KHARTHULI+
IMERULI net
GEORGIAN, 'gruzin', in [53] Russkiy: gruzinskiy
42-CAB-a Imeruli+ Rachuli Georgian-W., 'gruzin'-W. Georgia; Turkey 6
42-CAB-aa imeruli Georgia-W.
42-CAB-aaa imeretian Georgia-W.
42-CAB-aab imerkhev imerxev Georgia-W.
42-CAB-ab rachuli racha, raca Georgia-W.
42-CAB-ac lechkhum lecxum, lechxum Georgia-W.
42-CAB-ad guruli gurian Georgia-W.
42-CAB-ae adzhar adzar, gurian 2 Georgia-W.
42-CAB-b Kharthuli+ Kakhuri Georgian-E., 'gruzin'-E. Georgia; also Russian Fed.:
Russia (Caucasus); Iran
6
42-CAB-ba kharthuli+ kakhuri "wider" kharthuli-ena, "wider" khartuli-ena, kharthuri, "georgian proper",
"kartlian", in [53] Russkiy: gruzinskiy
KGeorgia 6
42-CAB-baa kharthuli-L. "old literary georgian" from 6
th
century: Khutzuri, Georgian church
script; Mkhedruli-kheli (=soldier's hand), Georgian civil script
Georgia
42-CAB-bab kharthuli-F. "modern literary georgian" Georgia
42-CAB-bac kharthuli "georgian"-C., "kartlian", kharthuli-ena "proper", khartuli-ena "proper",
kharthuri, k'art'uli, kartuli, karthuli
Georgia
42-CAB-bad kakhuri kaxuri, kaxetian, kakhetian Georgia
42-CAB-bae ingilo Georgia
42-CAB-baf tush Tushetia province Georgia
42-CAB-bag khevsur xevsur Georgia
42-CAB-bah mokhev moxev Georgia
42-CAB-bai pshav Georgia
42-CAB-baj mtiul Georgia
42-CAB-bak ferejdan "iranian georgian" Iran-N. 4
42-CAB-bal 'judeo-georgian' "hebraicised georgian" influenced by [12] Ivrit Georgia 4
42-CB SVANURI+
LASHKHURI chain
svan
42-CBA SVANURI+
LASHKHURI net
42-CBA-a Svanuri Georgia 4
42-CBA-aa svanuri svanuri-ena, bal, "balian" Georgia 4
42-CBA-aaa bal-NE. "upper" bal, "cisbalian" Georgia
42-CBA-aab bal-SW. "lower" bal, "transbalian" Georgia
42-CBA-b Lashkhuri+
Lentekhuri
Georgia 4
42-CBA-ba lashkhuri lashkh, lashx Georgia 4
42-CBA-bb lentekhuri lentekh, lentex Lentekhi Georgia 4

43= SIBERIA
geozone
covers the "East-Siberian" or so-called "Paleo-Siberian"
reference area, composed of sets not covered by any
phylozone; comprising 4 sets of languages (= 11 outer
languages) spoken by communities in northern Asia,
scattered across eastern Siberia from the Arctic Ocean to
the Sea of Okhotsk:
43-A KET+ YUGH 43-B NIVKH
43-C CHUKOT+ ITELMEN 43-D ODUL+ CHUVANTSY
Russian Federation
4
43-A KET+ YUGH* set YENISEI-OSTYAK distinct from [41] Khanty (Ostyak "proper") and
[41] Selkup (Samoyed Ostyak)
43-AA KET+ YUGH chain
43-AAA KET+ YUGH net
43-AAA-a Ket Yenisei upper valley both banks: between Kureyka Tunguska
tributaries (formerly westwards as far as Tas valley & southwards as
far as Ket' tributary of Obi river) -bilingual in [53] Russkiy Cyrillic
script
43-AAA-aa ket ostik, yenisei-ostyak, yenisey-ostiak #ket =person Russia (Siberia) 2
43-AAA-b Yugh formerly Yenisei valley: Yeniseisk Dupches confluence; reduced to
Vorogovo settlement
Russian Fed.: Russia (Siberia) 1*
43-AAA-ba yugh virtually extinct (only 2 or 3 "semi-speakers" reported at beginning of
1990's)
Russia (Siberia) 1*
43-AAA-c Kot+ Mana Yenisei upper valley: Kan Mana tributaries Russian Fed.: Russia (Siberia)
43-AAA-ca kot kotu Yenisei upper valley: Kan tributary extinct (last 500 speakers
in 18
th
cent.)
Russia (Siberia)
43-AAA-cb kishtim mana Yenisei upper valley: Mana tributary extinct (last 5 speakers
in mid 19
th
cent.) #kishtim =tributary
Russia (Siberia)
43-AAA-d Asan Yenisei upper valley: Taseyeva tributary Russian Fed.: Russia (Siberia)
43-AAA-da asan assan extinct in 18
th
cent. Russia (Siberia)
43-AAA-e Arin Yenisei upper valley: Krasnoyarsk>W. Russian Fed.: Russia (Siberia)
43-AAA-ea arin extinct (last 200 speakers in 18
th
cent.) Russia (Siberia)
43-B NIVKH set GILYAK
43-BA NIVKH chain
43-BAA NIVKH net
43-BAA-a Nivkh nivx, nivkhi, gilyak, guiliak Sakhalin-N. island & facing mainland
-bilingual in [53] Russkiy Cyrillic script
43-BAA-aa nivkh-NE. amur-nivkh-NW. Khabarovsk territory: Amur lower riverTatar strait
(Amur mouth)
Russia (Siberia)
43-BAA-ab nivkh-SW. sakhalin-nivkh Sakhalin island: Tatar strait>S. Russia (Siberia)
43-C CHUKOT+ ITELMEN
set
"chukotko-kamchatkan", "luoravetlan"
43-CA CHUKOT+ KORYAK
chain
43-CAA CHUKOT net
43-CAA-a Chukot Chukotka & adjacent Yakutia-NE. divisions: lower Kolyzma valley
Bering strait Anadyr' basin Cape Navarin coast semi-nomadic
and nomadic reindeer-herding community -bilingual in [53] Russkiy
43-CAA-aa chukot chuckchee, chukchi, chukcha, chuchee, luoravetlany, luorawetlan
Chukotka peninsula, Chukot division #name derived from chauchu
=reindeer-owners
Russia (Siberia) 4
43-CAA-aaa chukot-F. "literary" chukot Cyrillic script Russia (Siberia)
43-CAA-aab uellan in [53] Russkiy: uellanskiy (Siberia)
43-CAA-aac pevek in [53] Russkiy: pevekskiy Pevek (Siberia)
43-CAA-aad enmylin enmelen, in [53] Russkiy: enmylinskiy Enmelen (Siberia)
43-CAA-aae nunligran in [53] Russkiy: nunligranskiy Nunligran (Siberia)
43-CAA-aaf xatyr in [53] Russkiy: xatyrskiy (Siberia)
43-CAA-aag chaun Chaun valley (Siberia)
43-CAA-aah enurmin Enurmino (Siberia)
43-CAA-aai yanrakinot yanrakynnot Yanrakynnot (Siberia)
43-CAB KEREK net NAVARIN
43-CAB-a Kerek -bilingual in [53] Russkiy Cyrillic script Russian Fed.: Russia (Siberia) 2
43-CAB-aa kerek Chokotka divison: Navarin cape Russia (Siberia) 2
43-CAB-aaa mayna-pilgin in [53] Russkiy: mayna-pilginskiy, majna-pil'ginskij Russia (Siberia)
43-CAB-aab xatyr-2 in [53] Russkiy: xatyrskiy 2 distinct from xatyr dialect of [43] Chukot Russia (Siberia)

1999 / 2000 edition
43-CAC KORYAK+ ALUTOR
net
43-CAC-a Koryak+ Alutor -bilingual in [53] Russkiy Cyrillic script Russian Fed.: Russia (Siberia) 3
43-CAC-aa koryak nymylan, koriak Koryak okrug, Kamchatka-N. peninsula & hinterland Russia (Siberia) 3
43-CAC-aaa koryak-F. "literary" koryak Russia (Siberia)
43-CAC-aab chavchuven cavcuven, in [53] Russkiy: cavcuvanskiy Russia (Siberia)
43-CAC-aac apokin apukin, in [53] Russkiy: apokinskiy Russia (Siberia)
43-CAC-aad kamen in [53] Russkiy: kamenskiy Russia (Siberia)
43-CAC-aae palan paren, in [53] Russkiy: parenskiy Russia (Siberia)
43-CAC-aaf itkan itkanskiy Russia (Siberia)
43-CAC-ab alutor Kamchatka-N. peninsula: Koryak okrug Russia (Siberia) 3
43-CAC-aba alutor-A. aljutor, alyutor, aliutor, olyutor, in [53] Russkiy: alyutorskiy, aljutorskij Russia (Siberia)
43-CAC-abb karagin in [53] Russkiy: karaginskiy Russia (Siberia)
43-CB ITELMEN chain KAMCHADAL
43-CBA ITELMEN net -bilingual in [53] Russkiy Cyrillic script
43-CBA-a Itelmen Kamchatka-S. peninsula Russian Fed.: Russia (Siberia) 2
43-CBA-aa itelmen itelymem, kamchadal, "kamchatkan" Russia (Siberia) 2
43-CBA-aaa sedanka in [53] Russkiy: sedankskiy Sedanka Kochevaya Sedanka
Osedlaya Staraya Sedanka
Russia (Siberia)
43-CBA-aab xayryuz kharyuz, in [53] Russkiy: xajrjuzovskij, kharyuzovskiy Russia (Siberia)
43-CBA-aac napan in [53] Russkiy: napanskiy Napana Russia (Siberia)
43-CBA-aad sopocnov in [53] Russkiy: sopocnovskiy Sopocnoye Usty Sopocnoye Russia (Siberia)
43-D ODUL+
CHUVANTSY set
YUKAGHIR
43-DA ODUL+
CHUVANTSY chain
43-DAA ODUL+
CHUVANTSY net
43-DAA-a Odul+ Chuvantsy in [43] Chukot: atal, etel formerly Lena basin Stanovoy Khrebet
mountains progressively submerged from early 19
th
cent. by [53]
Russkiy, [44] Yakut and [43] Chukot surviving in late 20
th
cent. in two
widely separated enclaves, both near extinction #odul, plur. odul-pe
=strong person (corresponding forms atel, etel were applied by
speakers of [43] Chukot to cover the Chuvantsy also)
Russia (Siberia) 2
43-DAA-aa odul-N. tundra, tundre, yukaghir-N., yukagir-N., jukagir-N. Yakutia
autonomous republic: Indigirka Alazeia lower valleys
Russia (Siberia) 1
43-DAA-ab chuvantsy chuvantzy formerly Chukot division: Kolyma right-bank tributaries
Anadyr headwaters Koryak division: Penzhina headwaters
extinct by early 20
th
cent.
Russia (Siberia) 0
43-DAA-ac odul-S. kolyma; kolym, yukaghir-S., yukagir-S., jukagir-S. Magadan
division: between Yasachnaya Korkodon rivers (Kolyma tributaries)
Russia (Siberia) 1

44= TRANSASIA
geozone
covers the "Turkic+ Manchurian" or "Altaic" reference area
and hypothesis, part of the "wider Altaic" hypothesis (with
languages of geozone 45=); comprising 3 sets of languages
(= 16 outer languages) spoken by communities in Eurasia,
from the European Balkans to Manchuria:
44-A TRKE+ CHUVASH 44-B BURYAT+ DONGXIANG
44-C EVEN+ MANCHU
including 1 arterial language: [44-A]: Trke (Turkish) with
Azeri & Turkmen
Azerbaijan; Afghanistan; Bulgaria;
China; Cyprus; Georgia; Germany;
Greece; Iran; Kazakhstan;
Kirghizstan; Lithuania; Macedonia;
Moldova; Mongolia; Romania;
Russian Federation; Syria;
Tajikistan; Turkey; Turkmenistan;
Ukraine; Uzbekistan; Yugoslavia
7
44-A TRKE+
CHUVASH set
"WIDER"-TURKIC
44-AA TRKE+
CHUVASH chain
44-AAA CHUVASH net BULGAR-TURKIC
44-AAA-a Chuvash Cyrillic script Russian Fed.: Chuvashia 6
44-AAA-aa chuvash in [51] Franais: tchouvache, 'bulgar' KChuvashia 6
44-AAA-aaa chuvash-F. "literary" chuvash Chuvashia
44-AAA-aab anatri Chuvashia
44-AAA-aac viryal Chuvashia
44-AAB TRKE+ SAKHA
net
ASIAN-TURKIC
44-AAB-a Trke+ Sakha "Wider"-Turkish, in [51] Franais: oghouz+ turc Perso-Arabic script;
since 1928: Latin script; also Hellenic and Armenian scripts
Turkey; Cyprus; Turkmenistan;
Kazakhstan; Uzbekistan; Iran;
Azerbaijan; Bulgaria; Macedonia;
Serbia; Romania; Moldova;
Ukraine (Crimea); Russia;
Germany; formerly Greece;
migration> Germany; Iran
7
44-AAB-aa trk-e turkish, trki, trkye-li, "turkish proper", former osmanli, ottoman
"turkish", including "rumelian turkish", "european turkish"; trk, trkler
community language of former Ottoman empire #the terms osmanli,
ottoman were officially abandoned from 1928 list of dialects to be
refined and expanded, and probably subdivided into several inner-
languages Perso-Arabic script; since 1928: Latin script
KTurkey; Greece; Bulgaria;
Macedonia (ex-Yugoslavia); Serbia
7
44-AAB-aaa osmanli-L. "archaic literary ottoman", "old ottoman turkish" from c.1300 Turkey
44-AAB-aab trke-F. "modern literary turkish", "standard cultivated turkish" Turkey
44-AAB-aac trke-G. "current generalised turkish" Turkey
44-AAB-aad istanbul part of "anatolian"-C., " istanbul popular urban turkish" Istanbul Turkey (Istanbul)
44-AAB-aae ankara part of "anatolian"-C. "ankara popular urban turkish" Ankara Turkey (Ankara)
44-AAB-aaf eski#ehir part of "anatolian"-C. Eski#ehir Turkey (Eski#ehir)
44-AAB-aag kastamonu part of "anatolian"-C. Urfa Turkey (Kastamonu)
44-AAB-aah karamanli part of "anatolian"-C. Karaman Turkey (Karaman)
44-AAB-aai akhisar part of "anatolian"-SW. Akhisar Turkey (Manisa)
44-AAB-aaj izmir part of "anatolian"-SW. Izmir Turkey (Izmir)
44-AAB-aak mugla part of "anatolian"-SW. Mugla Turkey (Mugla)
44-AAB-aal antalya Turkey (Antalya)
44-AAB-aam adana Turkey (Adana)
44-AAB-aan gaziantep part of "anatolian"-E. Gaziantep Turkey (Gaziantep)
44-AAB-aao urfa part of "anatolian"-E. Urfa Turkey (Urfa)
44-AAB-aap erzurum part of "anatolian"-E., including dadas community Erzurum
transition to [44] Azeri-S.
Turkey (Erzurum)
44-AAB-aaq hamah+ hims hama+ homs, 'azeri'-syria Hamah Hims Syria (Hamah; Hims)
44-AAB-aar kibris "cypriot turkish" Famagusta Kyrenia Cyprus 5
44-AAB-aas efe Aegean islands Greece (North Aegean; South
Aegean)
44-AAB-aat edirne "thracian turkish", part of "rumelian turkish" Edirne Turkey (Edirne); also Greece
(Thrace)
44-AAB-aau razgrad part of "rumelian turkish" Balkan mountains: Razgrad Bulgaria
44-AAB-aav dinler part of "rumelian turkish" Bulgaria
44-AAB-aaw skopje part of "rumelian turkish""macedonian turkish" Macedonia (ex-Yugoslavia)
44-AAB-aax trke-NW. "danubian turkish", part of "rumelian turkish", including "right-bank
turkish" "left-bank turkish"
Bulgaria, Romania
44-AAB-ab gagauzi gagaouzi, gagauz "orthodox christian turkish" Cyrillic script Moldova-S.; Bulgaria 5
44-AAB-aba gagauzi-F. "literary" gagauzi Moldova-S.; Bulgaria
44-AAB-abb oghuz Jalpug river eastwards Moldova-S.; Ukraine-S. adjacent
44-AAB-abc gagauzi-S. Varna coast Bulgaria

1999 / 2000 edition
44-AAB-ac 'crimean'-tatar Ukraine (Crimea); Uzbekistan 5
44-AAB-aca 'crimea'-tatar-F. "literary" crimea-tatar Cyrillic script Ukraine (Crimea); Uzbekistan
44-AAB-acb chongar crimea-nogai formerly Chongar island (formerly Crimea-N.); deported>
Uzbekistan
44-AAB-acc 'crimea'-tatar-NE. "steppe crimean tatar", ol-halki community #=steppe people (formerly Crimea); deported>
Uzbekistan
44-AAB-acd 'crimea'-tatar-C. shr-hm-taw-halki community #=town and mountain people (formerly Crimea); deported>
Uzbekistan
44-AAB-ace 'romania'-tatar (formerly Crimea); migration>
Romania
44-AAB-ad 'judeo-crimean'-tatar "judeo-crimean turkish", part of "hebraicised turkic" (formerly Crimea); deported &
migration> Uzbekistan;
Kazakhstan; Georgia
3
44-AAB-ae turkmen trkmen, turcoman, turkoman, trukhmen, turkmani Turkmenistan; Iran; Afghanistan;
also Uzbekistan
6
44-AAB-aea turkmen-F. "literary" turkmen Perso-Arabic script (esp. in Afghanisitan); Cyrillic
script:Yomud model
Turkmenistan; Iran; Afghanistan
44-AAB-aeb yomud yomut Turkmenistan
44-AAB-aec nokhurli Turkmenistan
44-AAB-aed anauli Turkmenistan
44-AAB-aee khasarli Turkmenistan
44-AAB-aef nerezim Turkmenistan
44-AAB-aeg teke tekke, chagatai, jagatai Turkmenistan
44-AAB-aeh goklen Turkmenistan
44-AAB-aei salyr Turkmenistan
44-AAB-aej saryq Turkmenistan
44-AAB-aek esari Turkmenistan
44-AAB-ael cavdur Turkmenistan
44-AAB-af azeri-N. azerbaijani-N., azerbaydzhani-N., azeru-trki-N., turkler-N., azeri-
turkmen-N., azeri-"turkish"-N., including borcala nukha qyzylbash
ganja kutkasen
KAzerbaijan; Armenia; Russia
(Dagestan); also migration>
Georgia; Kazakhstan; Uzbekistan;
Turkmenistan; Kirghizstan
6
44-AAB-afa azeri-L. "literary" azeri-N. Cyrillic script (Russia); Latin script (Azerbaijan) Azerbaijan; Russia
44-AAB-afb derbent derbend Derbent Russia (Dagestan)
44-AAB-afc zakataly+ muganly zaqatala Kura middle valley: Zakataly+ Muganly Azerbaijan
44-AAB-afd qbl Qbl Caucasus southern foothills Azerbaijan
44-AAB-afe ayrum airym Ayrum Armenia
44-AAB-aff azeri-yerevan Yerevan & environs Armenia
44-AAB-afg qazax qazakh, kazach Qazax Azerbaijan
44-AAB-afh quba kuba Quba Caucasus northern foothills Azerbaijan
44-AAB-afi baku baku "urban" Baku Azerbaijan
44-AAB-afj kirovkend* kirovabad Kura valley: Kirovkend Azerbaijan
44-AAB-afk saliany salyani Kura lower valley: Salyan, Saljany Azerbaijan
44-AAB-afl lnkran lenkoran, lenkaran Lnkran lower valley: Lnkran Azerbaijan
44-AAB-afm shamakhi shamakha, semakha, shemakha Azerbaijan*
44-AAB-afn #u#a shusha $u#a & environs Azerbaijan (Nagorno-Karabakh)
44-AAB-afo naxivan nakhchivan Naxivan Azerbaijan (Naxivan enclave);
Iran (Azarbaijan-e-Bakhtari)
frontier
44-AAB-afp ordubad Ordubad Azerbaijan (Naxivan enclave);
Iran (Azarbaijan-e-Khavari) frontier
44-AAB-ag azeri-S. azerbaijani-N., azerbaydzhani-N., azeru-trki-N., turkler-N., azeri-
turkmen-N., azeri-"turkish"-N. Perso-Arabic script (Iran) dialects to
be reviewed
Iran; Iraq; Turkey; Syria; also
Afghanistan
7
44-AAB-aga aynallu inallu, inanlu Iran 3
44-AAB-agb tabriz Tabriz Iran (Azarbaijan-e-Khavari)
44-AAB-agc afshari afshar, afsar Iran (Khorasan); Afghanistan 5
44-AAB-agd shahsavani shahseven Shahsavan Iran 5
44-AAB-age moqaddam Iran 3*
44-AAB-agf baharlu kamesh Kamesh Iran 3
44-AAB-agg qaragozlu Iran 3
44-AAB-agh nafar Iran 3
44-AAB-agi pishagchi Iran 3*
44-AAB-agj bayat Bayat Iran
44-AAB-agk qajar Qajar Iran 3
44-AAB-agl kirkuk Kirkuk>SE. Iraq
44-AAB-agm kars Kars transition towards [44]Trke Turkey (Kars)

44-AAB-ag karapapakh+
terekeme
formerly closest to Azeri-N., now assimilated towards [44]Tke-E.
transhumant pastoralists; migrated from Azerbaijan & Daghestan from
1828
Turkey (Kars; Mus) 5*
44-AAB-aga karapapakh Turkey (Kars; Mus)
44-AAB-agb terekeme #terekeme < [12] 'Arabiyya= plural Turkman Turkey (Kars; Mus)
44-AAB-ah teimurtash teymurtash, teimuri, timuri, taimouri -bilingual in [58] Farsi Caspian
coast
Iran (Mazandaran) 3
44-AAB-ai salchuq salchug; -bilingual in [58] Farsi Iran-N. 4
44-AAB-aj khalaj -bilingual in [58] Farsi Iran (Central) 4
44-AAB-ak qashqai qashqa'i, qashqay, kashkai Iran (Fars) 5
44-AAB-b Tatar+ Bashqurt "turkic"-NW. Russian Fed. (Karachi-Cherkess;
Kabardia-Balkaria; Ossetia;
Tatarstan; Russia: Dagestan;
Bashkortostan; Siberia-W.);
Ukraine
7*
44-AAB-ba karachay+ balkar "common literary" karachay+ balkar, tawlu #tawlu =mountain speech
Cyrillic script
Karachi-Cherkess; Kabardia-
Balkaria
5
44-AAB-bb karachay karachai, karachayla, karachaitsy Karachi-Cherkess 5
44-AAB-bc balkar malkar Kabardia-Balkaria 4
44-AAB-bd kumyk-til kumuk, kumuklar, kumyki -bilingual in [53] Russkiy Russia (Dagestan); also Ossetia 5
44-AAB-bda kumyk-F. "literary" kumyk Cyrillic script (Dagestan-S.)
44-AAB-bdb karachay-kumyk "vehicular" kumyk (Dagestan-S.)
44-AAB-bdc khasav-yurt (Dagestan-S.)
44-AAB-bdd buinak (Dagestan-S.)
44-AAB-bde khaidak (Dagestan-S.)
44-AAB-bdf kumyk-W. Turkey (Tokat)
44-AAB-be tatar tartar Volga river>E. fragmented community Russia (Siberia-W.: Tyumen) 6
44-AAB-bea tatar-F. "literary" tatar Cyrillic script: Kazan-Tatar model (Siberia-W.)
44-AAB-beb kazan-tatar Kazan (Siberia-W.)
44-AAB-bec misher (Siberia-W.)
44-AAB-bed tura Tyuma river (Siberia-W.)
44-AAB-bee tom (Siberia-W.)
44-AAB-bef tyumen Tyumen town & environs (Siberia-W.)
44-AAB-beg ishim Ishim (Siberia-W.)
44-AAB-beh yalutorov Yalutorovsk (Siberia-W.)
44-AAB-bei irtysh Irtysh valley (Siberia-W.)
44-AAB-bej tobol Tobol valley (Siberia-W.)
44-AAB-bek tara Tara valley (Siberia-W.)
44-AAB-bel astrakhan-tatar including kundrov karagash (Siberia-W.)
44-AAB-bem kasimov-tatar (Siberia-W.)
44-AAB-ben teptyar (Siberia-W.)
44-AAB-beo ural-tatar (Siberia-W.)
44-AAB-bf baraba baraba-tatar Siberia-W. plains (Siberia-W.: Kurgan)
44-AAB-bg bashqurt Bashkir, basquort, bachkir Volga river east of Ural mountains
fragmented community
Russia (Bashkortostan; Siberia-W.) 6
44-AAB-bga bashqurt-F. "literary" bashqurt Cyrillic script: Kuvakan model Bashkortostan
44-AAB-bgb kuvakan "mountain" bashqurt Bashkortostan
44-AAB-bgc yurmaty "steppe" bashqurt Yurmaty Bashkortostan
44-AAB-bgd burzhan bashqurt-W. Bashkortostan
44-AAB-bh karaim carate, karaite, "judeo"-karaim, part of "hebraicised turkic" influenced
by [12] Ivrit
Lithuania; Poland; Ukraine;
Georgia; Kazakhstan; Uzbekistan
2
44-AAB-bha karaim-F. "literary" karaim Hebrew script; Cyrillic script Lithuania; Poland; Ukraine
44-AAB-bhb trakay karaim-NW., "lithuanian" karaim Trakai Lithuania
44-AAB-bhc galits karaim-C. Galicia country: Lviv Tarnw Ukraine; Poland
44-AAB-bhd judeo-crimean "crimean" karaim, "judeo-crimean" tatar Galicia country Ukraine (Crimea)
44-AAB-bhe judeo-tatar-georgia part of "migr judeo-crimean" tatar migration> Georgia
44-AAB-bhf judeo-tatar-kazakhstan part of "migr judeo-crimean" tatar migration> Kazakhstan
44-AAB-bhg judeo-tatar-uzbekistan part of "migr judeo-crimean" tatar migration> Uzbekistan
44-AAB-c Kazakh"a+
Kirghizca
"turkic"-C., kazakh+ kirghiz, kipchak Russian Fed.: Karakalpakia;
Russia; Kazakhstan; Tajikistan;
Uzbekistan; Kirgizstan; China;
Mongolia
7
44-AAB-ca noghay-#a noghai, nugay, nogai, noghaylar, nogalar, nogaitsy semi-nomadic Russia (Caucasus: Cherkes) 4
44-AAB-caa noghay-F. "compromise literary" noghai Cyrillic script (Cherkes)
44-AAB-cab noghay-V. "vehicular" noghai (Cherkes)
44-AAB-cac ak-noghay "white" noghai (Cherkes)
44-AAB-cad kara-noghay "black" noghai (Cherkes)
44-AAB-cae noghay-C. "central" noghai (Cherkes)

1999 / 2000 edition
44-AAB-cb karakalpak Aral sea southwards Karakalpakia 5
44-AAB-cba karakalpak-F. "literary" karakalpak Cyrillic script Karakalpakia
44-AAB-cbb karakalpak-A. karakalpak "proper", karaklobuk Karakalpakia
44-AAB-cbc tchorny karakalpak-NE. Karakalpakia
44-AAB-cbd klobouki karakalpak-SE. Karakalpakia
44-AAB-cc kazakh-#a kazakh, kazak, kazak-tili, kaisak, kosach, qazaq,'kazakh-kirghiz' KKazakhstan; also Uzbekistan;
Russia; China; Mongolia
6
44-AAB-cca kazakh#a-L. "old literary" kazakh Cyrillic script; Latin script; Perso-Arabic script Kazakhstan
44-AAB-ccb kazakh#a-F. "modern literary" kazakh Kazakhstan
44-AAB-ccc kazakh#a-NE. Kazakhstan; China (Xinjiang-N.;
Gansu-NW.; Qinghai-NW.);
Mongolia-W.; Russia (Siberia-SW.)
44-AAB-ccd kazakh#a-W. Kazakhstan
44-AAB-cce kazakh#a-S. Kazakhstan
44-AAB-cd kirghiz-ca kirghiz, kirghiz-tili, kirgiz; kara, kara-kirghiz, "black" kirghiz community
Cyrillic script; Perso-Arabic script
K Kirghizstan; China 6
44-AAB-cda kirghizca-F. "literary" kirghiz Kirghizstan; China
44-AAB-cdb kirghizca-N. Kirghizstan; China (Xinjiang-W.)
44-AAB-cdc kirghizca-S. Kirghizstan; China (Xinjiang-W.)
44-AAB-d zbeka+ Uyghur "turkic"-E., "wider" uzbeki Uzbekistan; Kazakhstan;
Tajikistan; Russian Fed. (Gorno-
Altai Rep.; Tuva; Khakassia;
Russia: Siberia); China (Xinjiang;
Gansu.); Mongolia; Afghanistan;
Turkmenistan
7
44-AAB-da zbek-a uzbeki, euzbeg, uzbeg, uzbegs, zbek, uzbak, sart, 'north' uzbek,
"persianised turkic"-E.
K Uzbekistan; also Turkmenistan-
W.; Tajikistan-N.; Kazakhstan-S.
7
44-AAB-daa zbeka-L. "archaic literary" uzbeki Jagatai model; Perso-Arabic script Uzbekistan
44-AAB-dab zbeka-F. "modern literary" uzbeki Tashkent model; Latin script; Cyrillic script Uzbekistan
44-AAB-dac karluko-chigile-uighur Uzbekistan
44-AAB-dad kypchak Uzbekistan
44-AAB-dae oghuz-2 khorasani "Trke" Uzbekistan
44-AAB-daf qurama Uzbekistan
44-AAB-dag lokhay Uzbekistan
44-AAB-dah romany-uzbeki Uzbekistan
44-AAB-db zbek-S. uzbeki-S., usbeki-S. Afghanistan-N.; refugees> Turkey;
Pakistan
6
44-AAB-dc uyghur-W. uygur-W., uighur-W., uighuir-W., uiguir-W., uigur-W. Kazakhstan; Uzbekistan 5
44-AAB-dca taranchi kulja, 'kazakhstan' uyghur Kazakhstan-SE.
44-AAB-dcb kashgar-yarkand 'uzbekistan' uyghur Uzbekistan-E.
44-AAB-dd uyghur-E. uygur-E., uighur-E., uighuir-E., uiguir-E., uigur-E., kashgar, weiwuer,
"chinese" uyghur Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region
China (Xinjiang ) 6
44-AAB-dda uyghur-L. "archaic literary" uyghur Uyghur script (Xinjiang)
44-AAB-ddb uyghur-F. "modern literary" uyghur urumqi Perso-Arabic script: Ili (ili) model (Xinjiang)
44-AAB-ddc hami ham, kumul Yiwu Hami Dananhu (Xinjiang)
44-AAB-ddd turpan turfan Shanshan Turpan Dabancheng (Xinjiang)
44-AAB-dde rmqi urumchi rmqi and scattered> W., N. & E. (Xinjiang)
44-AAB-ddf bortala Bortala
44-AAB-ddg ili yining Yining enclave Zhaosu+ Tekes+ Nilka+ Xinyuan enclaves (Xinjiang)
44-AAB-ddh aqsu aksu Aksu (Xinjiang)
44-AAB-ddi kuqa kucha Kuqa (Xinjiang)
44-AAB-ddj yengisar yengi-hissar East Yengisar (Xinjiang)
44-AAB-ddk korla Korla (Xinjiang)
44-AAB-ddl lop-nur lopnor Lop-Nur basin (Xinjiang)
44-AAB-ddm qarqan charchan, qiemo Qarqan He basin: Qiemo+ Tatrang enclave
Ruoqiang enclave Tura+ Aqqan enclaves
(Xinjiang)
44-AAB-ddn dolan Taklimakan desert fringes (Xinjiang)
44-AAB-ddo hotan+ yutian khotan+ kerya Hotan Yutian (Xinjiang)
44-AAB-ddp qarashahr karaxahar Karakax Ha valley (Xinjiang)
44-AAB-ddq kashi+ shache kashgar+ yarkand, including Kashi Shache (Xinjiang)
44-AAB-ddr akto-turkmen "chinese" kirghiz Kilizu Kirgiz autonomous prefecture: Akqi
Wuqla Kongur Shan highlands
(Xinjiang) 3
44-AAB-de salar sala fragmented community China (Qinghai; Gansu; Xinjiang) 4
44-AAB-df yugur-W. uyghur-W., part of sarig, sari-yogur, sarygh-uyghur, yuku, yugu, ya-lu,
"yellow" uyghur
China (Gansu-NW.) 3

44-AAB-dg altay-kizhi altay, altai, oirot, oyrot biingual in [53] Russkiy Gorno-Altai Rep. 4
44-AAB-dga altay-F. "literary" altay Cyrillic script Gorno-Altai Rep.
44-AAB-dgb altay-kizhi-A. maina-kizhi, altay "proper" Gorno-Altai Rep.
44-AAB-dgc talangit talangit-tolos, chuy Gorno-Altai Rep.
44-AAB-dgd teleut telengut
44-AAB-dh chulym chulim, chulym-shor, melets-tatar, chulym "turkish" -biingual in [53]
Russkiy
Russia (Siberia)
44-AAB-dha chulym-W. "lower" chulym Culym lower river (Siberia-SW.)
44-AAB-dhb chulym-E. "middle" chulym Culym middle river (Siberia-SW.)
44-AAB-dhc kacik kazik, kuarik (Siberia-SW.)
44-AAB-di ku-kizhi shor, shorty, chol-kanug, aba, sala, chulym-shor 2, tom-kuznets tatar
Tom' river + Kuznets Hills
Khakassia; also Gorno-Altai Rep. 4
44-AAB-dia shor-F. "literary" shor Cyrillic script: Mras model Khakassia-NW.
44-AAB-dib mrassa mras, mras tatar Khakassia-NW.
44-AAB-dic kondoma kondoma tatar Khakassia-NW.
44-AAB-dj khakas khakhas, khakhass, abakan tatar, yenisei tatar Khakassia; also Russia (Siberia-
SW.)
4
44-AAB-dja khakas-F. "literary" khakas Cyrillic script: Sagai model Khakassia
44-AAB-djb sagai Khakassia
44-AAB-djc beltir Khakassia
44-AAB-djd kacha Khakassia
44-AAB-dje kyzyl Khakassia
44-AAB-djf shor-2 Khakassia
44-AAB-djg kamassian Khakassia
44-AAB-dk tuvin tuva, tuvan, tuvia, tuba, soyot, soyon, soyod, yish-kizhi, uriankhai,
uryankhai, tuva karagas, tanna-tuva, diba, kk-mungak, uriankhai-
monchak, "tuvinian" Cyrillic script
Tuva; Russia (Siberia-CS.);
Mongolia
5
44-AAB-dka tuvin-F. "literary" tuvin Tuva
44-AAB-dkb tuvin-C. Tuva
44-AAB-dkc tuvin-W. Tuva
44-AAB-dkd todzhin tuvin-NE. Tuva
44-AAB-dke tuvin-SE. Tuva
44-AAB-dkf kokchulutan "mongolian" tuvin Mongolia-N. 4
44-AAB-dl karagas karagass, tofa, tofalar, kamas, sayan samoyed Russia (Siberia) 2
44-AAB-dm turkmen-tibet (Siberia-CS.)
44-AAB-e Sakha+ Dolgan "turkic"-NE. Russian Fed. (Yakutia; Russia:
Siberia)
5
44-AAB-ea sakha in [53] Russkiy: yakut #sakha =people of the edge riverine
fragmented; traditionally nomadic hunters & fisherfolk Arctic ocean to
Okhotsk island
Yakutia; Russia (Siberia-NW. to
SE.)
5
44-AAB-eaa sakha-F. "literary" yakut Cyrillic script: Yakutsk model Yakutia
44-AAB-eab kotuj Kotuj left-bank: Jessej Yakutia
44-AAB-eac anabar Anabar river Yakutia
44-AAB-ead olen'ok Olen'ok river: Olen'ok bay Olen'ok Town Yakutia
44-AAB-eae lena-N. Lena lower river below Vil'uj confluence Yakutia
44-AAB-eaf vil'uj Vil'uj river & tributaries Yakutia
44-AAB-eag nizhn'aja Nizhn'aja Tunguska middle river westward: enclave south of Nakanna Yakutia
44-AAB-eah lena-NE. yakutsk Aidan river Lena middle river basin: Yakutsk & environs Yakutia
44-AAB-eai lena-SW. Vitim river Lena upper river basin Yakutia
44-AAB-eaj uda+ amgun' southward enclaves to Uda river-mouth Amgun' upper river Yakutia
44-AAB-eak jana Jana bay Jana river-basin Yakutia
44-AAB-eal chroma Chroma river Yakutia
44-AAB-eam yakut-indigirka indigirka yakut Indigirka river Ujandina basin Yakutia
44-AAB-ean alazeja Alazeja river Yakutia
44-AAB-eao kolyma-N. Kolyma middle river Yakutia
44-AAB-eap kolyma-S. Kolyma upper river Yakutia
44-AAB-eaq okhotsk Okhotsk>W.: coastal enclave Russia (Siberia)
44-AAB-eb dolgan Cyrillic script Yakutia; Russia (Siberia)
44-AAB-eba chatanga Chatanga estuary Yakutia
44-AAB-ebb cheta Cheta river Yakutia
44-B BURYAT+
DONGXIANG set
"WIDER"-MONGOLIAN to be reviewed and amplified
44-BA BURYAT+
DONGXIANG chain
44-BAA BURYAT+
DONGXIANG net
44-BAA-a Mogholi Afghanistan 2
44-BAA-aa mogholi moghol, mogul, mogol, mongul Herat environs Afghanistan-W. 2

1999 / 2000 edition
44-BAA-b Buryat+ Oyrat Central-Mongolian Russian Fed.; China; Mongolia . 6
44-BAA-ba monghol-L. "ancient" mongol, "archaic literary" mongol former imperial language in
central Asia Mongol script
{Central Asia}
44-BAA-bb buryat buriat, bouriate, buryat-mongol, buryat "mongolian", "mongolian"-N.
Baikal lake>E. & W.
Russia (Siberia: Buryat Rep.);
Mongolia
5
44-BAA-bba buryat-F. "literary" buryat, "siberian mongol standard" Cyrillic script: Khori
model +influenced by [53] Russkiy
(Siberia)
44-BAA-bbb khori agat, "russianised" buryat-W. Irkutsk & environs +influenced by [53]
Russkiy
(Siberia)
44-BAA-bbc tsongol (Siberia)
44-BAA-bbd sartul (Siberia)
44-BAA-bbe ekhirit (Siberia)
44-BAA-bbf ungin (Siberia)
44-BAA-bbg uda nizhne-udinsk Irkutsk province: Uda valley (Nizhne-Udinsk) (Siberia)
44-BAA-bbh barguzin Buryatia division: Baikal lake>E.: Barguzin valley (Siberia)
44-BAA-bbi bohaan bokhan Ust-Ordyn-Buryat division: Bokhan (Siberia)
44-BAA-bbj tunka Buryatia division: Tunkinskiy district: Tunka (Siberia)
44-BAA-bbk oka Sayan mountains: Oka upper river (Siberia)
44-BAA-bbl alat (Siberia)
44-BAA-bbm bulagat Bulagta* Mongolia; (Siberia frontier)
44-BAA-bbn buryat-S. Mongolia; also China (Neimenggu
Zizhiqu)
4
44-BAA-bbo bargu "new" bargu China (Neimenggu Zizhiqu)
44-BAA-bbp bargu 2 "old" bargu China (Neimenggu Zizhiqu) 4
44-BAA-bc halh khalkha, halh-mongol, khalkha-mongol, "mongolian", "mongolian"
mongol
Mongolia; China (Neimenggu
Zizhiqu; Xinjiang)
6
44-BAA-bca khalkha-F. "modern literary" mongol; "mongolian" mongol "standard" Mongol
script: Khalkha model
Mongolia
44-BAA-bcb khalkha-G. halh Mongolia
44-BAA-bcc bayit bayad, bait Mongolia; China (Xinjiang)
44-BAA-bcd dorbet-E. durbet-E., dorwot-E., derbet-E., drbt-E., drbd-E. Mongolia
44-BAA-bce dzakhachin Mongolia
44-BAA-bcf mingat Mongolia; China (Xinjiang)
44-BAA-bcg oold oolet, olot, ld, elyut, eleuth Mongolia; China (Xinjiang)
44-BAA-bch dariganga Mongolia
44-BAA-bci kharchin-tumut harchin Mongolia
44-BAA-bcj khorchin Mongolia
44-BAA-bck uzemchin ujumuchin Mongolia
44-BAA-bcl zahchin dzakhachin Dzahachi rt Mongolia
44-BAA-bcm barga Mongolia
44-BAA-bcn torguut-E. torgut-E., torguud-E., torghut-E., torghoud-E. Mongolia
44-BAA-bco ordos Ordos desert China (Neimenggu Zizhiqu)
44-BAA-bd kalmyk kalmytz, kalmuk, kalmuck, kalmack, qalmaq, kalmyk-mongol., volga
oyrat, "european" oyrat, part of kalmyk-oyrat spoken by descendants
of migrants from China/Xinjiang (including Torguut & Dorbet), who
moved west in 1628 to settle between the Volga and the Don rivers
Cyrillic script -bilingual in [53] Russkiy
Russian Fed.: Kalmykia 5
44-BAA-bda kalmyk-F. "literary" kalmyk Kalmykia
44-BAA-bdb torguut-W. torgut-W., torguud-W., torghut-W., torghoud-W. Kalmykia
44-BAA-bdc buzawa euzawa Kalmykia
44-BAA-bdd dorbet-W. durbet-W., dorwot-W., derbet-W., drbt-W., drbd-W. Kalmykia
44-BAA-be oyrat oirat, oirate, urat, oyrat-mongol, xinjiang-mongol, "asian" oyrat, part of
kalmyk-oyrat Bayan Gool Botala prefectures
China (Xinjiang; Neimenggu
Zizhiqu); Kirghizstan; Mongolia
5
44-BAA-bea oyrat-F. "modern literary" mongol; "chinese" mongol "standard" Oyrat script:
Oyrat model
China (Xinjiang)
44-BAA-beb chahar chakhar, qahar Chahar region China (Neimenggu Zizhiqu;
Xinjiang)
44-BAA-bec dorbet-C. China (Xinjiang)
44-BAA-bed torguut-C. torgut-C., torguud-C., torghut-C., torghoud-C. China (Xinjiang)
44-BAA-bee khoshot hoshut Hosht Mongolia; China (Xinjiang)
44-BAA-bef sart-qalmaq sart-kalmyk Kirghizstan
44-BAA-c Daur China 4
44-BAA-ca daur daour, dagur, daguor, dawar, dawo'er, dahur, tahur, tahuerh Nen-
jiang middle valley
China (Neimenggu Zizhiqu;
Xinjiang-W.; Heilongjiang border)
4
44-BAA-caa bataxan (Neimenggu Zizhiqu)
44-BAA-cab hailar Hailar (Neimenggu Zizhiqu)
44-BAA-cac qiqihar tsitsikhar Qiqihar>N. (Heilongjiang; Neimenggu
Zizhiqu)

44-BAA-d Huzhu+ Minhe Monguor, "wider" tu China (Qinghai; Gansu) 4
44-BAA-da hu-zhu including tu-zhu (Qinghai-E.; Gansu) 4
44-BAA-daa datong Huzhu-Tuzhu autonomous county (highlands): Datong Huzhu-
Tuzhu
(Qinghai-E.)
44-BAA-dab tianzhu Zhuangiang He upper valley: Tianzhu, Tienyu Xinhuacun (Gansu)
44-BAA-db minhe (Qinghai-E.) 4
44-BAA-dba minhe-A. Minhe Gushan>S. Sumba Xia left bank (Qinghai-E.)
44-BAA-dbb minhe-yongjing Tao Hwe lower valley: Yongjing (Gansu)
44-BAA-dbc linxia Linxia (Gansu)
44-BAA-dbd aragwa* fulannara khalchiguor mingho naringuor sanchuan
wuyangpu Aragwa and the above dialects remain to be confirmed
and located, and to be allocated as necessary either to Minhe or to
Huzhu
(Qinghai-E. or Gansu)
44-BAA-e Dongxiang+ Bonan China (Gansu) 5
44-BAA-ea dongxiang tunghsiang, tung, santa Tao He lower valley: Dongxiangzu
autonomous county
(Gansu-SW.) 5
44-BAA-eaa yongjing yungcheng Yongjing (Gansu-SW.)
44-BAA-eab kang-le kang-lo Kangle (Gansu-SW.)
44-BAA-eac ningting* (Gansu-SW.)
44-BAA-ead shiringol* (Gansu-SW.)
44-BAA-eae yunnan* (Gansu-SW.)
44-BAA-eb bonan bao'an, pao-an, paongan, baonan (Qinghai-E.; Gansu-SW.) 4
44-BAA-eba dahejia dakheczjha Bao'anzu-Dongxiangzu autonomous county: Salanzu (Gansu-SW.)
44-BAA-ebb tongren tungyen Bao'an (Qinghai-E.)
44-BAA-ec shira-yugur sera-ygur, uyghur-E., part of sarig, sari-yogur, sarygh-uyghur, yuku,
yugu, ya-lu, "yellow" uyghur Huangcheng
(Gansu-NW.) 3
44-C EVEN+ MANCHU set manchu+ tungus
44-CA EVEN+ MANCHU
chain
44-CAA EVEN+ MANCHU net
44-CAA-a Even Russian Fed.: Russia (Siberia) 3
44-CAA-aa even lamut Russia (Siberia) 3
44-CAA-aaa even-F. "literary" even Cyrillic script: Ola model (Siberia)
44-CAA-aab even-indigirka indigirka even Kamchatka peninsula (Siberia)
44-CAA-aac kolyma+ omolon Kolyma+ Omolon upper valleys Kolyma hills Okhotsk coast (Siberia)
44-CAA-aad arman Magadan division: Arman' (Siberia)
44-CAA-aae ola Magadan division: Ola coast (Siberia)
44-CAA-aaf tompon Yakutia divison: Tompo (Siberia)
44-CAA-aag verkhne-kolymsk (Siberia)
44-CAA-aah sarkyryr Yakutia divison: Sakkyryr valley (Siberia)
44-CAA-aai lamunkhin (Siberia)
44-CAA-b Evenki+ Solon "wider" evenki Russian Fed.: Russia (Siberia),
China; Mongolia
4
44-CAA-ba evenki evenk, ewenki, avanki, avankil, khamnigan, chapogir, tungus "proper",
"siberian" evenki Evenki division (okrug) Sakhalin island
Russia (Siberia) 4
44-CAA-baa evenki-F. "literary" evenki Cyrillic script; Podkamennaya-Tunguska model (Siberia)
44-CAA-bab ilimpeya Evenki division: Ilimpeya valley (Siberia)
44-CAA-bac tutoncana Evenki division: Nizhnyaya Tunguska valley (Siberia)
44-CAA-bad podkamennaya-
tunguska
Evenki division: Podkamennaya Tunguska lower valley (Siberia)
44-CAA-bae cemdalsk chemdal'sk Evenki division: Chemdal'sk (Siberia)
44-CAA-baf vanavara Evenki division: Vanavara (Siberia)
44-CAA-bag baykit Evenki division: Baykit (Siberia)
44-CAA-bah poligus Evenki division: Poligus (Siberia)
44-CAA-bai uchami ucama Evenki division: Uchami river (Siberia)
44-CAA-baj 'cis-baikalia' Irkutsk province: Baikal lake>W. (Siberia)
44-CAA-bak yerbogachen yerbogocen Irkutsk province: Yerbogachen (Siberia)
44-CAA-bal nakanna nakanno Irkutsk province: Nakanno (Siberia)
44-CAA-bam tokma-verkholensk tokmo, "upper"-lena Irkutsk province: Lena upper valley (Tokma
Verkholensk)
(Siberia)
44-CAA-ban nepa Nizhnyaya Tunguska valley: Nepa (Siberia)
44-CAA-bao nizne-nepsk "lower" nepa Nizhnyaya Tunguska valley: Nepa downstream (Siberia)
44-CAA-bap tungir Chitinsk province: Tungir valley (Siberia)
44-CAA-baq kalar Chitinsk province Buryatia division: Kalar valley (Siberia)
44-CAA-bar tokko Yakutia division: Tokko valley (Siberia)
44-CAA-bas aldan+ timpton alton, including eltulak-timpton tommot jeltulak Yakutia division:
Aldan Timpton valleys
(Siberia)

1999 / 2000 edition
44-CAA-bau uchur ucur Yakutia division: Uchur valley (Siberia)
44-CAA-bav ayano-maj ayan-maya Maya valley (Siberia)
44-CAA-baw kur-urmi Khabarovsk territory: Urmi valley (Siberia)
44-CAA-bax tuguro-cumikan tuguro-chumikan Khabarovsk territory: Chumikan Tugur valleys (Siberia)
44-CAA-bay zeysko-burelin zeya-bureya Amur Khabarovsk divisions: Zeya Bureya valleys (Siberia)
44-CAA-baz evenki-sakhalin Sakhalin island (Siberia)
44-CAA-bam sym simsk Yenisei Sym Ob valleys (Siberia)
44-CAA-bb manegir humari Humar river Russia (Siberia)
44-CAA-bc solon part of ewenki, "chinese" evenki Solon dialects to be identified China (Neimenggu Zizhiqu) 4
44-CAA-bd oroqen orochon, olunchu, elunchun, oronchon, ulunchun, part of ewenki,
"chinese" evenki Great Xingan ridge part of ewenki, "chinese" evenki
China (Heilongjiang) 3
44-CAA-be selenge-aimag Selenge Aimag Mongolia-N.
44-CAA-c Manchu+ Negidal China; Russian Fed.: Russia
(Siberia)
3
44-CAA-ca negidal negidaly Amur lower valley Russia (Siberia) 2
44-CAA-caa nizovsk (Siberia)
44-CAA-cab verkhovsk (Siberia)
44-CAA-cb manchu mandjou, man +submerged by [79] Han-yu-N. (Mandarin) remaining
speakers may be all over 80 years old (in 1990's)
China (Heilongjiang) 3
44-CAA-cba manchu-L. "archaic literary" manchu Manchu script China
44-CAA-cbb manchu-F. "modern literary" manchu China
44-CAA-cbc manchu-N. Aihun-N. county China (Heilongjiang-N.)
44-CAA-cbd manchu-W. Fuyu county China (Heilongjiang-W.)
44-CAA-cbe xibe sibo, xibo, "colloquial" manchu China (Heilongjiang)
44-CAA-cc ju-chen juchen, sushen, nuzhen, nuchen, jurchen extinct China (Heilongjiang*) 0
44-CAA-d Udihe+ Oroch +submerged by [53] Russkiy nearing extinction Russian Fed. 2
44-CAA-da udihe udekhe, udegeis most surviving speakers over 60 years old Lazo
Nanai Pozharsk Terneisk regions
Russia (Siberia) 2
44-CAA-daa khungari Khabarovsk territory: Khungaru (Siberia)
44-CAA-dab khor Khabarovsk territory: Khor (Siberia)
44-CAA-dac anjuski (Siberia)
44-CAA-dad samargin (Siberia)
44-CAA-dae bikin Khabarovsk territory: Bikin (Siberia)
44-CAA-daf iman (Siberia)
44-CAA-dag sikhota-alin (Siberia)
44-CAA-db oroch orochi Khabarovsk territory: Amur valley (Komsomolsk-na-Amur
environs); Vanino coast: Datta Uska-Orochskaya settlements
perhaps also Sakhalin-S. island distinct from [44] Orok
Russia (Siberia) 2
44-CAA-dba kjakela* kjakar, kekar #or may be name in [44] Orok applied to [44] Udihe (Siberia)
44-CAA-dbb namunka (Siberia)
44-CAA-dbc orichen (Siberia)
44-CAA-dbd tez (Siberia)
44-CAA-e Gold+ Orok "Wider"-Nanai, sushen 2, juchen 2 -bilingual in [53] Russkiy Russian Fed.: Russia (Siberia);
China
3
44-CAA-ea gold goldi, golde, nanai "proper", nanaj "proper" Amur Ussuri valleys Russia (Siberia); adjacent China 3
44-CAA-eaa gold-F. "literary" gold Cyrillic script: Torgon model (Siberia);
44-CAA-eab sunggari (Siberia);
44-CAA-eac torgon Khabarovsk territory: Torgon (Siberia);
44-CAA-ead kuro-urmi (Siberia);
44-CAA-eae ussuri Ussuri valley (Siberia);
44-CAA-eb akani (Siberia);
44-CAA-ec birar birer (Siberia);
44-CAA-ed kile kila (Siberia);
44-CAA-ee ulcha+ hezhen* hol-chih+ hezhen Russia (Siberia); China
(Heilongjiang)
3
44-CAA-eea ulch ulchi, ulych, olcha, olca, hoche, ulcha, olchis, hol-chih Russia (Siberia) 3
44-CAA-eeb hezhen heche, hezhe China (Heilongjiang) 1
44-CAA-ef orok oroc, ulta, ujlta Sakhalin Hokkaido islands children no longer learn
the language distinct from [44] Oroch
Russia (Siberia); Japan (Hokkaido) 2
44-CAA-efa orok-N. poronaisk, poronajsk Sakhalin island: Poronajsk Gastello
Vakhrushev
Russia (Siberia: Sakhalin)
44-CAA-efb orok-C. nogliki+ val Sakhalin island: Nogliki Val Russia (Siberia: Sakhalin)
44-CAA-efc orok-S. Hokkaido island Japan (Hokkaido)
44-CAA-eg samagir Russia (Siberia) 2*

45= EAST-ASIA
geozone
covers the "East-Asia" reference area, composed of sets not
covered in any phylozone, part of the "wider Altaic"
hypothesis (with languages of geozone 44=); comprising 3
sets of languages (= 11 outer languages) spoken by
communities around the Sea of Japan, mainly on the Korean
peninsula and the Japanese archipelago:
45-A HANKUKMAL+ CHEJUMAL 45-B EZO+ KURILE
45-C NIHONGO+ OKINAWAGO
including 2 arterial languages: [45-A] Hankukmal (Korean);
[45-C] Nihongo (Japanese)
North Korea; South Korea and
Japan, with migrations to Brazil;
China; China/Taiwan; Russia;
Uzbekistan; Kazakhstan; USA; etc.
8
45-A HANKUKMAL+
CHEJUMAL set
"WIDER"-KOREAN, chos!nmal+ chejumal
#suffixes -mal, -! =language
45-AA HANKUKMAL+
CHEJUMAL chain
45-AAA HANKUKMAL+
CHEJUMAL net
45-AAA-a Hankukmal Korean, hankwuk-mal, chos!n-!, chos!n-mal, kory!-mal #Hankuk,
Hankwuk =post-1948 (South Korean) name for Korea; Chos!n =
former (dynastic, and continuing North Korean) name for Korea;
Kory! = former (alternative dynastic, and continuing Central Asian)
name for Korea +lexicon heavily influenced by [79] Han-yu
(Chinese) dialects distinguished largely by province; more precise
linguistic areas to be defined and amplified
North Korea; South Korea; China;
migration to China (Manchuria);
Russia; Uzbekistan; Kazakhstan;
Japan
7
45-AAA-aa chos!nmal-L. "traditional literary korean" written from c.650 in Chinese, Han-mun
script; from c.+1450 also in Korean, !n-mun (="common script"), Han-
g"l, Chos#n-g"l script, fully established in 20
th
cent.; including "mixed
script", retaining Chinese characters for Chinese-derived elements
Korea
45-AAA-ab p'yojun-! "modern standard korean"-S., kuk-!-S., including s!ul-mal, seoul
"cultivated korean" #p'yojun-! =standard language; kuk-! =national
language South Korea model, beginning to replace North Korea
model (see following) as standard for speakers and learners of Korean
in China (end 20
th
century); including 3 spelling reforms in South Korea
since 1948
South Korea; China
45-AAA-ac chos"n-
munhwa-!
"modern standard korean"-N., kuk-!-N., including p'y!ngyang-mal,
pyongyang "cultivated korean" #chos"n-munhwa-! =Korea culture
language North Korea model, with 2 spelling reforms since 1948
(including abandonment of "mixed script" Chinese characters in North
Korea only)
North Korea; China
45-AAA-ad hankukmal-CW. "korean"-CW., chos"nmal-CW. North Korea; South Korea
45-AAA-ada hwanghae-puk-do hwanghae "inland" Yes!ng-gang valley North Korea (Hwanghae-Pukdo)
45-AAA-adb hwanghae-nam-do hwanghae "coastal" Haeju Changy!n North Korea (Hwanghae-Namdo)
45-AAA-adc kanghwa kanghwa "insular" Kanghwa island South Korea (Ky!nggi-do)
45-AAA-add ky!nggi-do Inch'!n South Korea (Ky!nggi-do)
45-AAA-ade s!ul-U. seoul "popular urban" Seoul, S!ul South Korea (S!ul)
45-AAA-adf ch'ungch'!ng-puk-do Ch'ungju Ch'!ngju South Korea (Ch'ungch'!ng
Pukdo)
45-AAA-adg ch'ungch'!ng-nam-do S!san Kongju South Korea (Ch'ungch'!ng
Namdo)
45-AAA-ae hankukmal-CE. "traditional korean"-CE. North Korea; South Korea
45-AAA-aea yonghung Yongh"ng North Korea (Hamgy!ng Namdo-
S.)
45-AAA-aeb kangw!n-do Taeback mountain-range North Korea (Kangw!n Do); South
Korea (Kangw!n Do)
45-AAA-af hankukmal-SW. "traditional korean"-SW. South Korea
45-AAA-afa cholla-puk-do Ch!nju South Korea (Cholla Pukdo)
45-AAA-afb cholla-nam-do Kwangju Mokp'o information needed on dialects of offshore
islands
South Korea (Cholla Namdo)
45-AAA-ag hankukmal-NW. "traditional korean"-NW., chos"nmal-CW. North Korea
45-AAA-aga p'y!ngyang-U. pyongyang "popular urban" P'y!ngyang North Korea (P'y!ngyang)
45-AAA-agb p'y!ng'an-nam-do Sunch'!n North Korea (P'y!ng'an Namdo)
45-AAA-agc p'y!ng'an-puk-do Nangnim mountains S!nch'!n coast North Korea (P'y!ng'an Pukdo)
45-AAA-agd liaoning-S. Cao-he valley migration> China (Manchuria:
Liaoning)
45-AAA-ah hankukmal-CN.* "traditional korean"-CN., chos"nmal-CN. North Korea
45-AAA-aha chagang-do Kanggye North Korea (Chagang Do)
45-AAA-ahb yanggang-do Hamgy!ng mountains Changbai mountains: Hyesan North Korea (Yanggang Do);
migration> China (Manchuria: Jilin)

1999 / 2000 edition
45-AAA-ai hankukmal-NE. "traditional korean"-NE., chos"nmal-CN., part of "peripheral korean"-E.,
"tonal korean"
North Korea; migration> China
(Manchuria: Heilongjiang)
5
45-AAA-aia hamgyong-nam-do Hamgyong mountains Hamh"ng Tanch'!n North Korea (Hamgyong Namdo)
45-AAA-aib hamgyong-puk-do Hamgyong mountains Ch'!ngjin North Korea (Hamgyong Pukdo)
45-AAA-aic jilin especially Yanbian autonomous region: Yanji migration> China (Manchuria: Jilin)
45-AAA-aj hankukmal-SE. "traditional korean"-SE., part of "peripheral korean"-E., "tonal korean" South Korea 6
45-AAA-aja ky!ngsang-puk-do Taeback-S. Sobaek mountain-ranges South Korea (Ky!ngsang Pukdo)
45-AAA-ajb ky!ngsang-nam-do Masan information needed on dialects of offshore islands South Korea (Ky!ngsang Namdo)
45-AAA-ajc pusan-U.* pusan "popular urban" Pusan relationship with other dialects to be
confirmed
South Korea (Pusan)
45-AAA-ak hankukmal-'migr' notional classification see also Hankukmal-NW., -CN., -NE. and SE.
for migration of speakers to China (Manchuria) from 17
th
cent.,
accelerating during 19
th
-20
th
centuries
migration> Japan; Russia;
Uzbekistan; Kazakhstan; USA
6
45-AAA-aka hankukmal-'japan+
russia'
especially Sakhalin island Japan; Russia (Sakhalin) 5
45-AAA-akb hankukmal-'central-asia' kory!-! #see note under hankukmal above Amu Darya delta
Kuygan Taldy-Kurgan Kzyl Orda
Uzbekistan; Kazakhstan 5
45-AAA-akc hankukmal-'america' including Honolulu USA (Hawaii) 5
45-AAA-b Chejumal perhaps to be treated as a separate net South Korea (Cheju Do) 3
45-AAA-ba chejumal chejudo-pangon Cheju island including dialects, to be added South Korea (Cheju Do) 3
45-B EZO+ KURILE set AYNU, ainu #aynu=person, human being
45-BA EZO+ KURILE chain
45-BAA Ezo+ Kurile net in [45] Nihon-go: ainu-go
45-BAA-a Raichishka+ Taraika aynu-sakhalin, sachaline, sachalin, saghlin Sakhalin island; some of
last speakers moved to Hokkaido after 1945 presumed extinct from
late 1970's
Russia (Siberia: Sakhalin) 0*
45-BAA-aa raichishka+ ochiho 0*
45-BAA-aaa nairo Zubatka east coast Russia (Sakhalin)
45-BAA-aab raichishka raychishka Staritsa west coast Russia (Sakhalin)
45-BAA-aac shiraura Vzmor'ye east coast Russia (Sakhalin)
45-BAA-aad maoka Khmolsk west coast Russia (Sakhalin)
45-BAA-aae tarantomari Pravda west coast Russia (Sakhalin)
45-BAA-aaf ochiho Okhotskoye southeast coast Russia (Sakhalin)
45-BAA-ab taraika* east coast Russia (Sakhalin) 0
45-BAA-b Ezo yezo Hokkaido island close to extinction, but with limited cultural
revival
Japan 1
45-BAA-ba soya ezo-N., yezo-N. Soya peninsula +transition to Raichishka+ Ochiho Japan (Hokkaido) 0
45-BAA-bb nayoro+ ashikawa ezo-NW. Japan (Hokkaido)
45-BAA-bba nayoro Nayoro (Hokkaido)
45-BAA-bbb asahikawa Asahikawa (Hokkaido)
45-BAA-bbc ishikari Ishikari middle valley (Hokkaido)
45-BAA-bc bihoro+ samani ezo-E. Japan (Hokkaido)
45-BAA-bca bihoro Bihoro (Hokkaido)
45-BAA-bcb kushiro Kushiro (Hokkaido)
45-BAA-bcc obihiro Obihiro (Hokkaido)
45-BAA-bcd samani Samani south coast (Hokkaido)
45-BAA-bd shizunai+ horobetsu ezo-S. Japan (Hokkaido)
45-BAA-bda saru Hidaka highlands* (Hokkaido)
45-BAA-bdb niikapu Niikapu (Hokkaido)
45-BAA-bdc shizunai Shizunai coast (Hokkaido)
45-BAA-bdd nukkibetsu Nukkibetsu (Hokkaido)
45-BAA-bde biratori Biratori (Hokkaido)
45-BAA-bdf horobetsu Horobetsu (Hokkaido)
45-BAA-be oshamambe+
yakumo
ezo-SW. Japan (Hokkaido)
45-BAA-bea oshamambe Oshamambe (Hokkaido)
45-BAA-beb yakumo Yakumo (Hokkaido)
45-BAA-c Kurile Kurile islands: resettled on Shikotan island in 1884 Russia (Siberia: Kurile); formerly
Japan
0
45-BAA-ca kurile aynu-kurile Russia (Siberia: Kurile); formerly
Japan
0
45-BAA-d Yukar Japan (Hokkaido) 1*
45-BAA-da yukar "classical recitative" aynu, in [45] Nihon-go: ykara (Hokkaido)

45-C NIHONGO+
OKINAWAGO set
"WIDER"-JAPANESE, "wider"-nihongo suffix go =language
45-CA NIHONGO+
OKINAWAGO chain
45-CAA NIHONGO net
45-CAA-a Nihongo Japanese #nihon-go =Japan language developed on central island
of Honshu, from where Nihon-go has spread as the national language
of the entire Japanese archipelago +lexicon heavily influenced by [79]
Han-yu (Chinese) Japanese script (=Kanji "Chinese" ideograms+
Hiragana syllabary+ Katakana loanword syllabary)
Japan (Honshu), with extension
throughout Japan archipelago;
migration> USA; Brazil
45-CAA-aa hy#zyun-go "modern standard japanese" #hy#zyun-go =standard language KJapan 8
45-CAA-aaa koku-go "modern literary japanese", gendai-go based on Tokyo model and
having replaced earlier Kinki model of West Honsh$ (see Kansai below)
Japan
45-CAA-aab yamanote-kotoba "refined tokyo speech" #yamanote-kotoba=uptown speech Tokyo
Tokyo model for Modern Literary and Standard Japanese
(Honshu: Tokyo)
45-CAA-ab ky#t$-go k#-go, "generalised colloquial japanese", including development of
lexically innovative "japanese youth counterstream" #ky#t$-go=
common language; k#-go =colloquial language
Japan
45-CAA-aba t#ky#+ yokohama-G. tokyo+ yokohama "generalised colloquial" (Honshu)
45-CAA-abb honsh$-N. honsh$-N. "generalised colloquial" (Honshu)
45-CAA-abc honsh$-E. honsh$-E. "generalised colloquial" (Honshu)
45-CAA-abd honsh$-W. honsh$-W. "generalised colloquial" (Honshu)
45-CAA-abe shikoku-G. shikoku "generalised colloquial" (Shikoku)
45-CAA-abf hokkaid#-G. hokkaid# "generalised colloquial" (Hokkaido)
45-CAA-abg izu-G. izu "generalised colloquial", hachij#jima (Hachijojima)
45-CAA-abh ky$sh$-G. ky$sh$ "generalised colloquial" (Kyushu)
45-CAA-abi ry$kyu-G. ry$kyu "generalised colloquial" +influenced by [45] Ryukuyan (Ryukyu islands)
45-CAA-abj nihongo-korea "korean migr japanese" +influenced by [40] Korean migration> Korea
45-CAA-abk nihongo-taiwan "taiwan migr japanese" +influenced by [79] Chinese migration> Taiwan
45-CAA-abl nihongo-america "united states migr japanese" +influenced by [52] English migration> United States
45-CAA-abm nihongo-brazil "brazilian migr japanese" +influenced by [51] Portuguese migration> Brazil
45-CAA-ac shitamachi-kotoba (=downtown speech), "tokyo cockney", "traditional urban japanese" (Honshu: Tokyo)
45-CAA-ad kant# honsh$-C. "traditional japanese", azuma, bando Honsh$-C. island (Honshu: Hokkaido-NE.)
45-CAA-ada kant#-A. kant# "proper" (Gumma; Nagano-N.; Saitama;
Yamanashi-E.; Kanagawa;
Tookyoo-to; Shizuoka-E.; Izu
islands)
45-CAA-adb kant#-W. kant# "transitional" (Toyama; Gifu; Mie-N.; Aichi;
Shizuoka)
45-CAA-adc kant#-N. "outer" kant# (Chiba; Niigata-S.; Hokkaidoo-NE.
island)
45-CAA-ae t#hoku honsh$-N. "traditional japanese", part of 'zuzuben' Honsh$-N. island
Hokkaid#-SW. island
(Honshu: Hokkaido-SW.) 7
45-CAA-aea hoku# (Aomori; Akita; Iwate-N.;
Yamagata-NW.)
45-CAA-aeb hokuetsu (Niigata-N.)
45-CAA-aec nan# (Iwate-S.; Yamagata; Miyagi;
Fukushima; Tochigi; Ibaragi)
45-CAA-aed hokkaid#-SW. Hokkaid#-SW. island (Hokkaido-SW.)
45-CAA-af kansai honsh$-W. "traditional japanese" Honsh$-W. island Japan (Honshu) 7
45-CAA-afa bun-go "pre-modern literary japanese" Kinki model, replaced by modern
Tokyo model (see Koku-go above)
45-CAA-afb kinki-A. kinki "proper", "inner" kinki (Kyoto, Osaka)
45-CAA-afc maizuru+ ako "outer" kinki-W. (Kyoto-NW., Hyogo-W.)
45-CAA-afd awaji+ shikoku "outer" kinki-SW. Awaji-shima Shikoku-C. islands (Shikoku)
45-CAA-afe wakayama+ nara "outer" kinki-S. (Wakayama; Nara-N.)
45-CAA-aff hokuriku (Shiga; Fukui; Ishikawa; Toyama)
45-CAA-afg sado
45-CAA-afh totsugawa+ kumano Totsugawa Kumano (Nara; Mie-ken)
45-CAA-afi wadayama+ okayama Wadayama Okayama (Hyogo; Okayama)
45-CAA-afj kagawa Seto-naikai archipelago (Kagawa)
45-CAA-afk manabe-shima Seto-naikai archipelago: Manabe-shima Sanagi-jima Takami-
shima islands
45-CAA-afl awa-shima Seto-naikai archipelago: Awa-shima Hon-jima Te-shima islands (Okayama; Kagawa)
45-CAA-afm ibuki-jima Seto-naikai archipelago: Ibuki-jima island (Kagawa)
45-CAA-afn yashiro-jima Seto-naikai archipelago: Yashiro-jima island (Yamaguchi)

1999 / 2000 edition
45-CAA-afo hiji Shikoku-W. island: Hiji valley (Ehime-W.)
45-CAA-afp k#chi-SW. Shikoku-SW. island (Koochi-SW.)
45-CAA-afq ch$goku Ch$goku mountains (Tottori Hiroshima Shimane-
SW. Yamaguchi)
45-CAA-afr matsue (Shimane-NE.)
45-CAA-afs san-in part of 'zuzuben' Oki-gunto
45-CAA-ag ky$sh$ seigoku, ky$shu "traditional japanese" Ky$sh$ island (Kyushu) 7
45-CAA-aga ky$sh$-N. Ky$sh$-N. island Tsu-shima+ Iki-shima islands (Fukuoka-N.; Ooita-NW.)
45-CAA-agb ky$sh$-NW. Got#-rett# archipelagoHirado-jima islands (Nagasaki-NW.)
45-CAA-agc ky$sh$-C. Ky$sh$-C. island (Fukuoka-S.; Kumamoto-E.;
Miyazaki)
45-CAA-agd ky$sh$-W. Ky$sh$-W. island Amakusa-shoto island (Nagasaki; Saga; Kumamoto-W.)
45-CAA-ah satsuma ky$sh$-SW. "traditional japanese" Satsuma peninsula Koshikijima-
retto Yaku-shima Tokara-retto Tanega-shima islands
(Kagoshima-SW.) 6
45-CAB HACHIJ%JIMA+
KOJIMA net
izu, "seven-islands traditional" "Seven" islands
45-CAB-a Hachij#jima Hachij#-jima island
Japan (Hachijojima)
3
45-CAB-aa hachij#-jima (Hachijojima)
45-CAB-b Ko-jima "ko-jima traditional" Ko-jima island Japan (Kojima) 3
45-CAB-ba ko-jima (Kojima)
45-CAC OKINAWAGO+
MIYAKO net
NANTO, "wider ryukyuan", "wider" luchu
45-CAC-a Okinawago+ Amami "ryukyuan traditional" Japan (Kagoshima+ Okinawa:
Ryukyu islands)
6
45-CAC-aa kikai-shima Kikai-shima island (Kagoshima) 4
45-CAC-ab amami-N. amami-o-shima-N. Amami-o-shima island (Kagoshima) 5
45-CAC-aba naze amami-N. "vehicular" Naze (Kagoshima)
45-CAC-abb sani Sani (Kagoshima)
45-CAC-ac amami-S. amami-o-shima-S. Amami-o-shima island (Kagoshima) 5
45-CAC-aca setouchi Setouchi (Kagoshima)
45-CAC-acb kakeroma-shima Kakeroma-shima island (Kagoshima)
45-CAC-acc uke-shima Uke-shima island (Kagoshima)
45-CAC-acd yoro-shima Yoro-shima island (Kagoshima)
45-CAC-ad tokuno-shima Tokuno-shima island (Kagoshima) 4
45-CAC-ada kametsu Kametsu (Kagoshima)
45-CAC-adb amagi Amagi (Kagoshima)
45-CAC-ae okino-erabu-shima Okino-erabu-shima island (Kagoshima)
45-CAC-aea okino-erabu-NE. Tamina (Kagoshima)
45-CAC-aeb okino-erabu-SW. Kogome (Kagoshima)
45-CAC-af yoron-jima Yoron-jima island (Okinawa) 4
45-CAC-ag iheya-shima "okinawa islands traditional"-NW. Northwest Okinawa islands (Okinawa) 4
45-CAC-aga iheya-shima-A. Iheya-shima island (Okinawa)
45-CAC-agb izena-shima Izena-shima island (Okinawa)
45-CAC-agc ie-shima Ie-shima island (Okinawa)
45-CAC-ah kunigami "mainland okinawan traditional"-N. Okinawa-N. mainland (Okinawa) 6
45-CAC-aha kunigami-W. (Okinawa)
45-CAC-ahb kunigami-E. (Okinawa)
45-CAC-ahc ogimi Ogimi-son (Okinawa)
45-CAC-ahd kushi Kushi (Okinawa)
45-CAC-ahe haneji (Okinawa)
45-CAC-ahf nakijin Nakijin (Okinawa)
45-CAC-ahg kouri Kouri offshore island (Okinawa)
45-CAC-ahh sesoko Sesoko offshore island (Okinawa)
45-CAC-ahi nago okinawa-N. "vehicular" Nago (Okinawa)
45-CAC-ahj kin Kin (Okinawa)
45-CAC-ahk onna-N. Onna>N. (Okinawa)
45-CAC-ai luchu "ryukyuan"-C., "mainland okinawa-S. traditional" Okinawa-S.mainland (Okinawa) 6
45-CAC-aia shuri shuri-naha, okinawa-go "proper", "okinawan", "ryukyuan inter-island
vehicular" Okinawa-S.>used as vehicular among Ryukyan islands
(Okinawa)
45-CAC-aib kaikutuba okinawa "local vehicular" Okinawa-S.>used as vehicular throughout
mainland
(Okinawa)
45-CAC-aic onna-S. Onna>N. (Okinawa)
45-CAC-aid yomitan Yomitan (Okinawa)
45-CAC-aie goeku Goeku (Okinawa)

45-CAC-aif misato-N. Misato (Okinawa)
45-CAC-aig misato-S. Misato>S. (Okinawa)
45-CAC-aih gushikawa Gushikawa (Okinawa)
45-CAC-aii haebaru (Okinawa)
45-CAC-aij yonagusuku yongusuku Yonagusuku (Okinawa)
45-CAC-aik katsuren (Okinawa)
45-CAC-ail nakagusuku Nakagusuku (Okinawa)
45-CAC-aim ginowan Ginowan (Okinawa)
45-CAC-ain urasoe Urasoe (Okinawa)
45-CAC-aio nishihara (Okinawa)
45-CAC-aip mawashi (Okinawa)
45-CAC-aiq oroku Oroku (Okinawa)
45-CAC-air tomigusuku Tomigusuku (Okinawa)
45-CAC-ais kanegusuku Kanegusuku (Okinawa)
45-CAC-ait kochinda Kochinda (Okinawa)
45-CAC-aiu ozato Ozato (Okinawa)
45-CAC-aiv sashiki Sashiki (Okinawa)
45-CAC-aiw chinen Chinen (Okinawa)
45-CAC-aix tamagusuku Tamagusuku (Okinawa)
45-CAC-aiy gushikami Gushikami (Okinawa)
45-CAC-aj itoman+ mabuni "south-point okinawa traditional" Okinawa-S. mainland (extreme
southern tip)
(Okinawa) 5
45-CAC-aja itoman Itoman (Okinawa)
45-CAC-ajb takamine Takamine (Okinawa)
45-CAC-ajc makabe Makabe (Okinawa)
45-CAC-ajd kiyan kyan Kiyan (Okinawa)
45-CAC-aje mabuni Mabuni (Okinawa)
45-CAC-ak kerama+ kumejima "eastern okinawa islands traditional" Western Okinawa islands (Okinawa) 5
45-CAC-aka kerama Kerama islands: Tokashiki-shima Zamami-shima (Okinawa)
45-CAC-akb tonaki Tonaki-shima island (Okinawa)
45-CAC-akc aguni Aguni-shima island (Okinawa)
45-CAC-akd kume-jima including tori-shima Kume-shima Tori-shima islands (Okinawa)
45-CAC-al ikei+ kudaka "eastern okinawa islands traditional" Eastern Okinawa islands (Okinawa) 5
45-CAC-ala ikei Ikei-jima island (Okinawa)
45-CAC-alb miyagi Miyagusuku-jima island (Okinawa)
45-CAC-alc henza Henza-jima island (Okinawa)
45-CAC-ald tsuken Tsuken-jima island (Okinawa)
45-CAC-ale kudaka Kudaka-jima island (Okinawa)
45-CAC-b Miyako+ Yonaguni sakishima "traditional" Sakishima-shoto archipelago Japan (Okinawa: Sakishima
islands)
4
45-CAC-ba miyako+ tarama sakishima-shoto-E. (Okinawa) 4
45-CAC-baa miyako-jima hirara Miyako-jima: Hirara (Okinawa)
45-CAC-bab ogami-jima (Okinawa)
45-CAC-bac ikema-jima (Okinawa)
45-CAC-bad kurema-jima kurima-jima Kurema-jima (Okinawa)
45-CAC-bae irabu-jima Irabu-jima (Okinawa)
45-CAC-baf tarama+ minna including tarama-jima minna-jima Tarama-jima Minna-jima (Okinawa)
45-CAC-bb yaeyama sakishima-shoto-W. Yaeyama island (Okinawa) 4
45-CAC-bba ishigaki-jima including ishigaki kabira shiraho Ishigaki-jima island: Ishigaki
Kabira Shiraho
(Okinawa)
45-CAC-bbb taketomi Taketomi island (Okinawa)
45-CAC-bbc kohama (Okinawa)
45-CAC-bbd hatoma (Okinawa)
45-CAC-bbe sonai Iriomote island: Sonai (Okinawa)
45-CAC-bbf aragusuku* (Okinawa)
45-CAC-bbg kuro-shima Kuro-shima island (Okinawa)
45-CAC-bbh hateruma-shima Hateruma-shima island (Okinawa)
45-CAC-bc yonaguni yonaguni-jima Yonaguni-jima island (Okinawa) 3

1999 / 2000 edition
46= SOUTH-ASIA
geozone
covers the "South-Asia" reference area of languages not
covered in any phylozone, including the Mon-Khmer grouping
(46-D to 46-G; and also the broader "Austro-Asiatic"
hypothesis = 46-C to 46-G, and perhaps also 46-B);
comprising 11 sets of languages (= 85 outer languages)
spoken by communities situated in South and Southeast Asia,
from the western Himalayas to the Nicobar and Andaman
islands and the South China Sea:
46-A BURUSHASKI+ WERSHIKWAR 46-B NIHALI*
46-C SANTALI+ SORA 46-D KHASI+ KHAMANG
46-E VIT+ MUONG 46-F KHMAE+ KATU
46-G MON+ SEMAI 46-H TAIHLONG+ MILO
46-I AKACARI+ AKAJERU* 46-J APUCIKWAR+ AKABEA*
46-K JARAWA+ ONGE*
including 1 arterial language: [46-E] Vit (Vietnamese)
Bangladesh; Bhutan; Burma;
Cambodia; China; India; Laos;
Malaysia; Nepal; Pakistan;
Thailand; Vietnam
7
46-A BURUSHASKI+
WERSHIKWAR set
"wider" burushaski isolated set
46-AA BURUSHASKI+
WERSHIKWAR chain
46-AAA BURUSHASKI+
WERSHIKWAR net
Perso-Arabic script
46-AAA-a Burushaski burushaski "proper", burushaki, burucaki, burushki, burucaski; burusho
community; exonyms: khajuna, kunjut, kunjuti, karakoram Karakoram
mountains (Gilgit district): Hunza valley
Pakistan 4
46-AAA-aa nagar yeshkun, nagir Nagir (Kashmir)
46-AAA-ab hunza Hunza (Kashmir)
46-AAA-b Wershikwar Hindu Kush mountains (Gilgit district): Gilgit upper valley Pakistan 3
46-AAA-ba yasin biltum, jasin Yasin -bilingual in [59] Khowar (Kashmir) 3
46-B NIHALI* set
46-BA NIHALI chain
46-BAA NIHALI net
46-BAA-a Nihali East Nimar Amravati Akola districts: Jalgaon Chikalda,
Chikaldara Toranmal +possible mixed language, with important
lexical component related to neighbouring [46] Korku; regarded by its
speakers as a communal "secret" language community survived a
massacre in early 19
th
cent.
India (Maharashtra; Madhya
Pradesh)
3
46-BAA-aa nihali-A. kalto, nihali "proper" (Maharashtra; Madhya Pradesh)
46-BAA-ab nahali* existence as separate idiom to be verified (Maharashtra; Madhya Pradesh)
46-C SANTALI+ SORA set "WIDER"-MUNDA, "mundic"
46-CA SANTALI+ KORKU
chain
"wider"-munda-N.
46-CAA KORKU+ MAWASI
net
46-CAA-a Korku+ Mawasi* "wider" korku Satpura-E., Mahadeo hills range & environs:
Hoshangabad Betul East Nimar Akola Buldana districts
#idioms, names & locations to be confirmed
India (Maharashtra; Madhya
Pradesh)
5
46-CAA-aa bouriya part of korku, korki, kurku, including laki-bouriya, lahi Hoshangabad
district: Lahi
India (Madhya Pradesh-S.) 5
46-CAA-ab bondoy+ bopchi part of korku, korki, kurku (Madhya Pradesh; Maharashtra) 5
46-CAA-aba bondoy bondeya (Madhya Pradesh-S, and/or
Maharashtra)
46-CAA-abb ruma (Madhya Pradesh-S, and/or
Maharashtra)
46-CAA-abc bopchi (Madhya Pradesh-S, and/or
Maharashtra)
46-CAA-ac mawasi muwasi, muasi, kuri (Madhya Pradesh-S, and/or
Maharashtra)

46-CAB SANTALI+
MUNDARI net
KHERWARI, "wider"-munda-NE.
46-CAB-a Santali+ Mundari kherwari, khanwar, kharar, kharoali, kharwari India (Bihar; West Bengal; Assam;
Orissa); Nepal; Bhutan;
Bangladesh
6
46-CAB-aa santali satar, santhali, sandal, santal, sentali, samtali, santhiali, sangtal,
sonthal, hor, har between Ganges Baitarani valleys
India (Bihar; West Bengal; Assam;
Orissa); Nepal; Bhutan;
Bangladesh
6
46-CAB-aaa kamari-santali India (Bihar)
46-CAB-aab lohari-santali part of lohara community blacksmith's community India (Bihar)
46-CAB-aac mahali mahle, mahli, mahili basket-makers' community India (Bihar)
46-CAB-aad paharia-santali India (Bihar)
46-CAB-ab karmali khole, kohle India (Bihar) 4
46-CAB-ac turi India (Madhya Pradesh; Orissa) 3
46-CAB-aca raigarh Raigarh district (Madhya Pradesh-E.)
46-CAB-acb sambalpur Sambalpur district (Orissa)
46-CAB-acc oriya Oriya district (Orissa)
46-CAB-ad mundari mandari, munari, munda "proper", mondari, horo, colh Ranchi district India (Bihar) 5
46-CAB-ada hasada hasada' (Bihar)
46-CAB-adb latar (Bihar)
46-CAB-adc naguri (Bihar)
46-CAB-add kera kera' (Bihar)
46-CAB-ae ho Singbhum+ Mayurbhanj districts Nagari script (in Bihar); Oriya
script (in Orissa)
India (Bihar; Orissa) 5
46-CAB-aea chaibasa+ thakurmunda ho-C. Chaibasa (Bihar) Thakurmunda (Orissa) (Bihar; Orissa)
46-CAB-aeb lanka-kol bihar-ho (Bihar)
46-CAB-aec lohari-mundari part of lohara community blacksmith's community (Bihar)
46-CAB-af bhumij Mayurbhanj district & environs India (Orissa) 4
46-CAB-afa kisan-bhumij (Orissa)
46-CAB-afb kurmi (Orissa)
46-CAB-afc parse-bhumij (Orissa)
46-CAB-afd rahiya (Orissa)
46-CAB-ag korwa Chota Nagpur plateau: Ranchi district +submerged by [59]
Sadani
India (Bihar) 4
46-CAB-aga ernga (Bihar)
46-CAB-agb singli (Bihar)
46-CAB-agc majhi-korwa manjhi +transition to Asuri+ Birjia (Bihar)
46-CAB-ah asuri+ birjia Ranchi Raigarh Sundargarh districts India (Bihar; Madhya Pradesh;
Orissa)
3
46-CAB-aha asuri ashree, asura, assur (Bihar)
46-CAB-ahb birjia brijia, bijori, binjhia, birijia, burja (Bihar)
46-CAB-ahc koranti (Bihar)
46-CAB-ai koda+ khaira India (Bihar; Madhya Pradesh;
Orissa; West Bengal)
4
46-CAB-aia koda kaora, korali, korati, kore, kora (Bihar)
46-CAB-aib khaira (Bihar)
46-CAB-aic mirdha-kora mudi-kora Sambalpur district (Orissa)
46-CAB-aid bankara Bankura (West Bengal)
46-CAB-aie birbhum (Bihar)
46-CAB-aif dhangon (Madhya Pradesh)
46-CAB-aj birhor bihor, birhar, birhore India (Bihar) 3
46-CAB-aja hazaribagh Hazaribagh district (Bihar)
46-CAB-ajb singbhum Singbhum district (Bihar)
46-CAB-ajc ranchi Ranchi district (Bihar)
46-CAB-ak koraku Surguya district India (Madhya Pradesh)
46-CB SORA+ KHARIA
chain
"wider"-munda-S.
46-CBA KHARIA+ JUANG
net
"wider"-munda-C.
46-CBA-a Kharia India (Bihar; Madhya Pradesh;
Orissa)
5
46-CBA-aa kharia haria, kharvi, khatria, kheria, khadia, khariya, agariya, agharia, agoria
Ranchi+ Raigarh+ Sundargarh districts
(Bihar; Madhya Pradesh; Orissa) 5
46-CBA-aaa dhelki-kharia (Bihar)
46-CBA-aab dudh-kharia (Bihar)
46-CBA-aac mirdha-kharia (Bihar)
46-CBA-b Juang India (Orissa) 4
46-CBA-ba juang puttooas, patua, patra-saara Keonjhar district (Orissa) 4

1999 / 2000 edition
46-CBB SORA+ GUTOB net "WIDER"-KORAPUT
46-CBB-a Sora+ Parengi India (Orissa; Andhra Pradesh) 5
46-CBB-aa sora "mundic" savara, saora, saonras, shabari, sabar, saura,
savarasawaria, swara, sabara distinct from [49] Savara ("Dravidian"
Savara)
India (Orissa; also Andhra
Pradesh)
5
46-CBB-aaa ganjam Ganjam district (Orissa)
46-CBB-aab koraput koraput "proper" Koraput district (Orissa)
46-CBB-aac phulbani Phulabani district (Orissa)
46-CBB-ab juray India (Orissa)
46-CBB-ac parengi pareng, parenga, parenji, poroja, gorum, "pseudo" gadaba India (Orissa; Andhra Pradesh) 4
46-CBB-b Gutob+ Remo India (Orissa, Andhra Pradesh) 4
46-CBB-ba gutob bodo-gadaba, "mundic" gadaba, "mundic" gadba distinct from
neighbouring [49] Gadaba
India (Orissa, Andhra Pradesh) 4
46-CBB-baa gudwa (Orissa)
46-CBB-bab sodia (Orissa)
46-CBB-bb remo bondo, bhonda, bondo-poraja, nanqa-poroja, bonda Bondo hills:
Koraput district
(Orissa) 3
46-CBB-c Gta' Koraput district India (Orissa) 3
46-CBB-ca gta' gata', gata, gataq, getaq, didei, didayi, dire Koraput district India (Orissa)
46-CBB-caa gta'-W. "plains" gta' (Orissa)
46-CBB-cab gta'-E. "hills" gta' Eastern Ghat hills (Orissa)
46-D KHASI+ KHAMANG
set
MON-KHMER-WEST
46-DA KHASI+ AMWI chain mon-khmer-NW.
46-DAA KHASI+ AMWI net
46-DAA-a Khasi+ Amwi "khasian" India (Meghalaya); Bangladesh 5
46-DAA-aa khasi khasi-war Khasi hills (Meghalaya) 5
46-DAA-aaa khasi-F. "literary" khasi (Meghalaya)
46-DAA-aab khasi-A. khasi "proper", kahasi, khasiyas, kassi, khasa, khashi, khuchia (Meghalaya)
46-DAA-aac bhoi-khasi (Meghalaya)
46-DAA-aad lyng-ngam (Meghalaya); Bangladesh
46-DAA-aae war (Meghalaya)
46-DAA-aaf cherrapunji Cherrapunji (Meghalaya)
46-DAA-ab pnar India (Meghalaya) 4
46-DAA-aba synteng pnar "proper" (Meghalaya)
46-DAA-abb jaintia (Meghalaya)
46-DAA-abc nongtung (Meghalaya)
46-DAA-ac amwi India (Meghalaya)
46-DB WA+ PALE chain PALAUNGIC-WEST
46-DBA WA+ LAWA net "waic"
46-DBA-a Wa+ Parauk va, vo, wakut Burma (Shan); China (Yunnan) 5
46-DBA-aa wa k'awa, kawa, wa-pwi, "burmese" wa Salween middle river Burma (Shan); China (Yunnan) 5
46-DBA-aaa wa-lon Burma (Shan)
46-DBA-aab wu Burma (Shan)
46-DBA-aac kentung-wa Kentung city Burma (Shan)
46-DBA-ab son Salween middle river Burma (Shan)
46-DBA-ac en Salween middle river Burma (Shan)
46-DBA-ad parauk phalok, praok, baraog Burma (Shan); China (Yunnan) 5
46-DBA-ada parauk-F. "literary" parauk, "literary" wa China model Burma (Shan); China (Yunnan)
46-DBA-adb parauk-salween Salween upper river Burma (Shan)
46-DBA-adc parauk-yunnan yunnan-wa, va China (Yunnan)
46-DBA-b Lawa lava, luwa, l'wa, lavua, lavia China (Yunnan); Burma; Thailand
4
46-DBA-ba lawa-F. "literary" lawa Thailand model Thailand
46-DBA-bb lawa-'yunnan' part of lawa-W. China (Yunnan) 4
46-DBA-bc la* Salween middle river Burma (Shan)
46-DBA-bd la-oor "mountain-dwelling" lawa, part of lawa-W. Thailand-W. 4
46-DBA-be wiang-papao-lua lawa-E. Thailand-NE. 3
46-DBA-bf phalo Thailand-N. 2
46-DBA-bg phang Thailand-N. 2

46-DBA-c Blang* bulang, bulan, pula, plang, including awa, a'erwa Totham & Tolek
alphabetic scripts Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture
Simao+ Lincang regions: Menghai Shuangjiang counties
China (Yunnan); & adjacent Burma
(Shan); Thailand
4
46-DBA-ca samtau samtuan, santao, blang "proper" China (Yunnan-SW.) 4
46-DBA-cb phang-2 pham China (Yunnan-SW.)
46-DBA-cc kem+ degne China (Yunnan-SW.)
46-DBA-cd k'ala kawa China (Yunnan)
46-DBA-ce kontoi China (Yunnan)
46-DBA-cf puman p'uman China (Yunnan)
46-DBB KONKEU+ TAI-LOI
net
"angkuic"
46-DBB-a Konkeu+ Hu Angku affected by cross-frontier refugee movements during 2
nd
half
20
th
cent.
Burma; Laos; China 4
46-DBB-aa kiorr Burma
46-DBB-ab kon-keu "chinese" angku (Yunnan-SW.); perhaps also
Burma and/or Laos
46-DBB-ac a-mok hsen-hsum, mok, "thailand" angku Thailand 1
46-DBB-ad pou-ma puman-angku, p'uman-angku, puman, u 2 (Yunnan-SW.) 3
46-DBB-ae hu Mengla Jinghong (Yunnan-SW.) 3
46-DBB-af man-met manmit, manmi Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture (Yunnan-SW.) 2
46-DBB-b Tailoi+ Monglwe wakut Namkham (on Laos and China frontiers) Burma; & adjacent Laos; China
adjacent
3
46-DBB-ba tai-loi 'burma' tai-loi, loi Burma 3
46-DBB-bb doi 'laos' tai-loi Laos; perhaps also China
46-DBB-bc monglwe Burma
46-DBC LAMET+ KHAMET
net
46-DBC-a Lamet+ Khamet including rmeet Laos; Thailand 4
46-DBC-aa con Vieng-Pou-Kha>SW. Laos-NW. 3
46-DBC-ab lamet lemet, 'laos' lamet Laos 4
46-DBC-aba 'upper'-lamet Laos
46-DBC-abb 'lower'-lamet Laos
46-DBC-ac khamet khamed, kha-lamet, thailand lamet Thailand 3
46-DC PALE+ DANAU chain "palaungic"-E.
46-DCA PALE+ DANAU net
46-DCA-a Pale+ Shwe Palaung, benglong, bonglung, bonglong, penglung, punglung, part of
"wider" di'ang, de'ang
Burma (Shan); China (Yunnan);
Thailand
5
46-DCA-aa pale palay, pale-palaung, ngwe-palaung, "silver" palaung Burma (Shan); China (Yunnan);
Thailand
46-DCA-aaa kalaw Kalaw & environs (Shan-S.) 5
46-DCA-aab pale-N. Yunnan enclave (Yunnan-SW.)
46-DCA-aac pale-S. Thailand enclave Thailand
46-DCA-ab shwe shwe-palaung, ta'ang-palaung, "golden" palaung, palaung "vehicular" Burma (Shan); China (Yunnan) 5
46-DCA-aba shwe-W. (Shan-N.)
46-DCA-abb shwe-E. (Yunnan-SW.)
46-DCA-ac da'ang darang, di'ang "proper", de'ang "proper" (Yunnan-SW.) 4
46-DCA-ad rumai rumai-palaung, humai Burma (Shan); China (Yunnan) 5
46-DCA-ada rumai-W. (Shan-N.)
46-DCA-adb rumai-E. Yunnan enclave (Yunnan-SW.)
46-DCA-ae manton (Yunnan-SW. frontier)
46-DCA-af nam-hsan (Yunnan-SW. frontier)
46-DCA-b Rianglang+ Yinchia riang, "black" riang, "black" yang, part of "wider" di'ang, de'ang Burma (Shan); China (Yunnan) 4
46-DCA-ba riang-lang yang-sek, yang-wan-kun, yin, yanglam, "black" karen 2 Burma (Shan); China (Yunnan) 4
46-DCA-baa riang-lang-W. Burma-SE.
46-DCA-bab riang-lang-E. Yunnan enclave (Yunnan-SW.)
46-DCA-bb yinchia yinnet, ranei, "striped" karen (Shan-S.) 3
46-DCA-c Danau Burma 4
46-DCA-ca danau danaw Burma 4
46-DD KHAKHMU+ KHABIT
chain
KHMUIC
46-DDA KHABIT+ KHAO net
46-DDA-a Khabit+ Khao Vietnam; Laos; China 4
46-DDA-aa kha-bit bit Laos-N.; & adjacent China 3
46-DDA-aaa nam-tha Nam-tha & environs Laos-N.
46-DDA-aab boun-neua Boun-neua & environs Laos-N.
46-DDA-aac kha-bit-N. Yunnan enclave China (Yunnan-SW.)
46-DDA-ab khao Pa Ma>N.: near Ma river (Vietnam-NW.) 4

1999 / 2000 edition
46-DDB KHAKHMU+ KHUEN
net
46-DDB-a Khakhmu+ Khuen Laos; Thailand; Vietnam. 5
46-DDB-aa kha-khmu khm, khamu, khmu', khamuk, kamhmu, kamu, kam, kammu, mou,
khomu, mun-xen, pouteng, tmooy-luu, theng, lao-terng, xa-cau, kha-
cau, cam-mu
Laos-N. & adjacent Vietnam;
Thailand; China; also Burma; USA
5
46-DDB-aaa khroong krong Laos-N.
46-DDB-aab lyy Laos-N.
46-DDB-aac rok Laos-N.
46-DDB-aad u Laos-N.
46-DDB-aae yuan Laos-N.
46-DDB-aaf luang-prabang Mekong upper valley: Louangphrabang Laos-N.
46-DDB-aag sayabury Laos-N.
46-DDB-ab khuen khouen, kween, khween Laos-N.
46-DDB-ac hat tay-hat, nghe-an Vietnam-N.; migration> USA 3
46-DDB-ad phsin phsing Laos-N.
46-DDC KHATIN+ KHAPHAI
net
46-DDC-a Khatin+ Mal Laos; also Thailand; USA 4
46-DDC-aa kha-tin+ mal Laos; migration> USA 4
46-DDC-aaa mal 'laos' mal, madi Laos
46-DDC-aab kha-tin tin, htin, thin, t'in, 'thailand' mal Thailand
46-DDC-b Khaphai+ Pray phai+ phray Thailand (Nan); Laos 4
46-DDC-ba kha-phai kha-phay, pha, phay, including pray 3 Thailand (Nan); Laos
46-DDC-baa nan-phai Thung-chang district (Nan)
46-DDC-bab phai-E. Laos
46-DDC-bb lua' pray 2 Thailand (Nan)
46-DDC-bba lua'-pua East Pua district (Nan)
46-DDC-bbb lua'-E. (Nan)+ Laos frontier
46-DDC-bc pray Thailand (Nan)
46-DDC-bca pray-thung-chang Thung-chang district (Nan)
46-DDC-bcb pray-pua Pua district (Nan)
46-DDD MLABRI+ YUMBRI
net
46-DDD-a Mlabri Phayao Nan Phrae provinces Thailand 2
46-DDD-aa mlabri mrabri, mla, mla-bri, mabri, ma-ku, kha-tong-luang 2, part of phi-tong-
luang, "yellow leaves" semi-nomadic
Thailand; Laos frontier 2
46-DDD-b Yumbri Thailand 0
46-DDD-ba yumbri Thailand 0
46-DDE KHAPUOK+ KHANG
net
xinh-mul
46-DDE-a Khapuok+ Phong Vietnam 4
46-DDE-aa kha-puok kha-puhoc, puoc, xinh-mul "proper", xin-mul along Laos frontier Vietnam-N. 4
46-DDE-aaa puok-lai-chau (Lai-Chau)
46-DDE-aab puok-moc-chau (Moc-Chau)
46-DDE-aac puok-phu-yen (Phu-Yen)
46-DDE-aad puok-yen-chau (Yen-Chau)
46-DDE-ab phong pong 3 Neun river Laos-NE. 3
46-DDE-b Khang Vietnam; also Thailand; Laos; 3
46-DDE-ba khang tay-hay, xa, xa-don, xa-dang, xa-hoc, xa-bung, quang-lam, hang, bren
Tai-NW. Nghe-Tinh province
Vietnam-N.(Nghe-Tinh); also
Thailand-NW.; Laos
3
46-DDE-baa khang-xa xaxa-cau, ksa-kau-tenh, pu-teng, pu-tenh, teng, theng, tayhay Vietnam-N.
46-DDE-bab khang-clau Vietnam-N.
46-DDE-bac khang-ai khang-khao, xa-cau, xa-ai Vietnam-N.
46-DE KHAMANG chain "mangic"
46-DEA KHAMANG net
46-DEA-a Khamang Vietnam; China 3
46-DEA-aa kha-mang xa-mang, mang-u, cha-man, manbu, mang, ba'e Vietnam-N.; China 3
46-DEA-aaa mang-E. Vietnam (Lai-Chau)
46-DEA-aab mang-N. China enclave China
46-DEA-aac mang-W. Thailand enclave Thailand

46-E VIT+ MUONG set MON-KHMER-NORTHEAST
46-EA MUONG+ HUNG
chain
46-EAA MUONG+ BO net
46-EAA-a Muong+ Bo Vietnam; Laos 5
46-EAA-aa muong mu'o'ng mountain valley enclaves (sometimes widely separated)
between Song Da, Black River valley (Hanoi>W.) Quang-Binh
province (Hue>NW.); plus resettlement in South Vietnam after 1954
partition
Vietnam-C. 5
46-EAA-aaa muong-A. muong "proper" Vietnam-C.
46-EAA-aab thang Vietnam-C.
46-EAA-aac wang Vietnam-C.
46-EAA-aad mol Vietnam-C.
46-EAA-aae mual Vietnam-C.
46-EAA-aaf moi Vietnam-C.
46-EAA-aag boi-bi moi-bi Vietnam-C.
46-EAA-aah ao-ta au-ta Vietnam-C.
46-EAA-aai muong-S. "resettled" muong Banmethuot Tuc Trung Vietnam-S. (Long-Kanh)
46-EAA-ab ngun Bai-Dinh>S. Vietnam; Laos 3
46-EAA-aba ngun-E. Vietnam-CE.
46-EAA-abb ngun-W. Laos
46-EAA-ac kha-tong-luang part of phi-tong-luang, "yellow leaves" Laos-C.; Vietnam frontier 2
46-EAA-ad bo inland from Mekong left-bank Laos-C. 3
46-EAA-ada bo-W. Laos-C.
46-EAA-adb bo-E. Laos-C.
46-EAA-ae kha-pong kha-phong, tay-pong, poong, pong Neun. river Laos-NE 3
46-EAB MAY+ AREM net CHUT official community
46-EAB-a May+ Arem Binh-Tri-Thien province Laos frontier Vietnam (Binh-Tri-Thien); Laos 3
46-EAB-aa ruc Laos+:Vietnam frontier 2
46-EAB-ab may Vietnam (Binh-Tri-Thien) 3
46-EAB-aba may-phuc-trach Phuc-Trach>E. (Binh-Tri-Thien)
46-EAB-abb may-E. Laos+ Vietnam frontier
46-EAB-ac sach Binh Tri Thien province: Chiang river Vietnam (Binh-Tri-Thien) 3
46-EAB-ad arem Vietnam (Binh-Tri-Thien) 3
46-EAB-ada arem-E. Phuc-Trach>NE. (Binh-Tri-Thien)
46-EAB-adb arem-W. Laos+:Vietnam frontier
46-EAC PAKATAN+
THAVUNG notional
net
"undetermined" muong-cuoi classified as a notional net, pending
further information
46-EAC-a Pakatan+ Thavung Laos 3
46-EAC-aa thavung Theun river Laos-C. 2
46-EAC-ab phon-sung phon-sing, phon-soung, phon-sun Theun river Laos-C. 2
46-EAC-ac pakatan Theun river Laos-C. 2
46-EAD HUNG+ TUM net CUI
46-EAD-a Hung+ Tum Vietnam; Laos 3
46-EAD-aa hung Nghe-Tinh province Nhang valley Vietnam (Nghe-Tinh); & adjacent
Laos
3
46-EAD-ab poong pong 2 Neun valley Laos-CN.; & adjacent Vietnam 2
46-EAD-ac tum Nhang valley Laos-C. 2
46-EAD-ad uy-l Vietnam and/or Laos
46-EAD-ae khng-khng Vietnam and/or Laos
46-EB VIT chain VIETNAMESE
46-EBA VIT net
46-EBA-a Vit "sinicised" mon-khmer +influenced by [79] Han-yu (Chinese) Vietnam 7
46-EBA-aa vit gin-kinh, ching, "vietnamese", "annamese" Chu-nm, Chinese-
derived "demotic" script since 1945: Quc-ngu, modified Latin script
Vietnam; migration> Cambodia;
Laos; USA
7
46-EBA-aaa vit-L. "traditional literary" vietnamese Vietnam
46-EBA-aab vit-F. "modern literary" vietnamese including Vietnam-N. model and former
Vietnam-S. model
Vietnam
46-EBA-aac vit-G. "generalised" vietnamese Vietnam
46-EBA-aad vit-NE. "tokinese", "lowland vietnamese"-N. Vietnam
46-EBA-aae vit-NW. "upland vietnamese"-N. Vietnam
46-EBA-aaf vit-C. "lowland vietnamese"-C. Hue+ Da-nang & environs Vietnam
46-EBA-aag vit-SE. "upland vietnamese"-S. Vietnam
46-EBA-aah vit-SW. "saigonese", "lowland vietnamese"-S. Vietnam

1999 / 2000 edition
46-EC PALYU chain LAI
46-ECA PALYU net
46-ECA-a Palyu Xilin Longlin counties China (Guangxi; Guizhou frontier) 3
46-ECA-aa palyu bolyu, in [79] Han-yu (Chinese): lai China (Guangxi; Guizhou frontier)
46-F KHMAE+ KATU set MON-KHMER-EAST
46-FA KATU+ MNONG
chain
46-FAA SO+ KUY net "katuic"-W.
46-FAA-a So+ Leung #bru, brou, etc. =minority community Laos; Thailand; also Vietnam 5
46-FAA-aa kah-so so, thro, part of bru, bruu, b'ru, baru, br, brou Mekong middle valley Laos; Thailand 5
46-FAA-aaa so-trong
46-FAA-aab so-slouy Laos; migration> Thailand-NE.
46-FAA-aac so-phong Laos; migration> Thailand-NE.
46-FAA-ab so-tri tri, so-trii, qang-tri 2 Laos; migration> Thailand-NE. 4
46-FAA-aba so-tri-E. Houay Namchang upper left-bank Laos
46-FAA-abb so-tri-W. migration> Thailand-NE.
46-FAA-ac mangkong so-makon, mankong, makong, mankoong, mang-koong Kouang>NE. Laos-CE.; migration> Thailand-NE. 3
46-FAA-ad khua Vietnam; Laos 3
46-FAA-ada khua-E. Giap-tam>SE. Vietnam-CW.
46-FAA-adb khua-W. Laos
46-FAA-ae kaleu* bru van-kieu, part of bru, bruu, b'ru, baru, br, brou #own names to be
confirmed
Vietnam; Laos; Thailand 4
46-FAA-af quang-tri Quang Tri Vietnam (Thien) 4
46-FAA-afa chali chari, shari (Thien)
46-FAA-afb kaleu-A. kalo, calo, galler (Thien)
46-FAA-afc savannakhet Mekong left-bank: Savannakhet Laos (Savannakhet)
46-FAA-afd sakon-nakhon Mekong right-bank Sakon Nakhon Thailand
46-FAA-ag leung leun, leu, muong-leung, luun, ruul Laos (Saravane)
46-FAA-ah sapoin hapool Laos (Saravane)
46-FAA-b Kuy+ Nyeu khamen-boran, kuy-suei, kuy-souei, "old" khmer, "khmerised katuic" Cambodia; Thailand; Laos 5
46-FAA-ba kuy kuay, kouy, kui, cuoi, suei, suai, soai, souei, suoi, kuy-suei Mekong,
middle river
Laos-S. (Saravane; Sedone);
Thailand-CE.; also Cambodia-NE.
5
46-FAA-baa damrey Laos; Thailand
46-FAA-bab anlour Laos; Thailand
46-FAA-bac o Laos; Thailand
46-FAA-bad kraol Laos; Thailand
46-FAA-bae antra Laos; Thailand
46-FAA-baf na-nhyang Laos
46-FAA-bb nyeu yeu Sisaket & environs Thailand 2
46-FAB KATU+ KATAANG
net
"katuic"-E.
46-FAB-a Kataang Laos 4
46-FAB-aa kataang katang Muong Nong & environs Laos-S. 4
46-FAB-b Ta'-oih+ Tong Laos; Vietnam 4
46-FAB-ba ta'-oih "upper" ta'-oih, ta-oy, ta-oi, tau-oi, ta-hoi, kantua Laos (Saravane); Vietnam
(Dong Nai)
4
46-FAB-baa pasoom (Saravane) and/or (Dong Nai)
46-FAB-bab kamuan' (Saravane) and/or (Dong Nai)
46-FAB-bac palee'n Ban Paleng* (Saravane) and/or (Dong Nai)
46-FAB-bad leem (Saravane) and/or (Dong Nai)
46-FAB-bae ha'ang sa'ang (Saravane) and/or (Dong Nai)
46-FAB-bb tong "lower" ta'-oih Saravane* Laos (Saravane)*
46-FAB-bba tong-A. (Saravane)
46-FAB-bbb han-tong' (Saravane)
46-FAB-c Ong+ Yir Laos (Saravane) 4
46-FAB-ca yir ir, in, kha-in (Saravane) 4
46-FAB-cb ong (Saravane)
46-FAB-d Ngeq+ Khlor Laos 4
46-FAB-da alak-N. hrlak-N., alak 2 Laos-S.
46-FAB-db ngeq ngeh, nge', nkriang, 'kha-koh' (=mountain community) Muong-
Phine Bung-Sai
Laos-S. 3
46-FAB-dc khlor klor, lor Laos-S. (Saravane) 3

46-FAB-e Pach+ Phung Vietnam; Laos 4
46-FAB-ea pa-ch po-koh Van Kieu river Vietnam; Laos 4
46-FAB-eaa pa-ch-A. Vietnam (Thien); Laos
46-FAB-eab pa-hi Vietnam (Thien); Laos
46-FAB-eb phung phuang Vietnam 3
46-FAB-f Katu+ Kantu katu+ thap Vietnam; Laos 4
46-FAB-fa kantu "high" katu Pa Leng>E. Laos; Vietnam frontier 4
46-FAB-faa kantu-A. Laos-CE.
46-FAB-fab tangpril-taluy Laos-CE.
46-FAB-fac kantu-pilu' Laos-CE.
46-FAB-fb katu-A. "upper" se-kong katu, ta "river", ta van-kieu Van Kieu Se Kong
Song Boung upper valleys
Vietnam (Quang-Nam+ Da-Nang);
Laos
4
46-FAB-fba khat kado, katu Vietnam and/or Laos
46-FAB-fbb attouat ataouat Vietnam and/or Laos
46-FAB-fbc teu Vietnam and/or Laos
46-FAB-fbd kao cao Vietnam and/or Laos
46-FAB-fc thap Vietnam and/or Laos
46-FAB-g Tariang Kayong>E. (near Vietnam frontier) Laos 3
46-FAB-ga tariang tareng Laos 3
46-FAB-h Kaseng Bolovens plateau Laos 3
46-FAB-ha kaseng koseng, kasseng +transition to [46] Brao+ Oi (Bahnaric-W.) Laos 3
46-FAC BAHNAR+ SEDANG
net
"bahnaric"-N.+ "bahnaric"-C.
46-FAC-a Sedang+ Takua "bahnaric"-N. Vietnam; Laos 5
46-FAC-aa takua Quang-Nam+ Da-Nang province Vietnam (Quang-Nam+ Da-Nang) 4
46-FAC-aaa takua-A. (Quang-Nam+ Da-Nang)
46-FAC-aab qang-tin-katu (Quang-Nam+ Da-Nang)
46-FAC-aac langya (Quang-Nam+ Da-Nang)
46-FAC-ab jeh die, yeh, gie Quang-Nam+ Da-Nang Gia-Lai+ Cong-Tum provinces Vietnam (Quang-Nam+ Da-Nang
Gia-Lai+ Cong-Tum); Laos
adjacent
4
46-FAC-aba jeh-bri-la Vietnam
46-FAC-abb jeh-mang-ram Vietnam
46-FAC-ac halang Vietnam (Gia-Lai+ Cong-Tum);
Laos
4
46-FAC-aca halang-E. Gia-Lai+ Cong-Tum province (Gia-Lai+ Cong-Tum)
46-FAC-acb halang-W. Laos enclave Laos
46-FAC-ad kayong kagiuong, ca-giong, koyong, katang, halang Gia-Lai+ Cong-Tum
province
Vietnam (Gia-Lai+ Cong-Tum) 3
46-FAC-ae cua Gia-Lai+ Cong-Tum province Vietnam (Gia-Lai+ Cong-Tum) 4
46-FAC-aea cua-A. (Gia-Lai+ Cong-Tum)
46-FAC-aeb kor kol (Gia-Lai+ Cong-Tum)
46-FAC-aec dot (Gia-Lai+ Cong-Tum)
46-FAC-aed yot (Gia-Lai+ Cong-Tum)
46-FAC-aee traw (Gia-Lai+ Cong-Tum)
46-FAC-aef dong (Gia-Lai+ Cong-Tum)
46-FAC-aeg bong-miew (Gia-Lai+ Cong-Tum)
46-FAC-af katua Gia-Lai+ Cong-Tum province: Mang-bu environs Vietnam (Gia-Lai+ Cong-Tum) 3
46-FAC-ag doan duan, halang-duan, halang-doan Vietnam (Gia-Lai+ Cong-Tum);
Laos (Attopeu)
3
46-FAC-ah rengao Gia-Lai+ Cong-Tum province Vietnam (Gia-Lai+ Cong-Tum) 4
46-FAC-aha rengao-W. (Gia-Lai+ Cong-Tum)
46-FAC-ahb sedang-rengao (Gia-Lai+ Cong-Tum)
46-FAC-ahc bahnar-rengao (Gia-Lai+ Cong-Tum)
46-FAC-ai sedang Gia-Lai+ Cong-Tum province Vietnam (Gia-lai; Cong-Tum) 4
46-FAC-aia sedang-roteang hadang, hoteang, rotea, hotea
46-FAC-aib sedang-C. (Gia-Lai+ Cong-Tum)
46-FAC-aic greater-sedang "greater" sedang (Gia-Lai+ Cong-Tum)
46-FAC-aid dak-sut-sedang (Gia-Lai+ Cong-Tum)
46-FAC-aie kotua-sedang (Gia-Lai+ Cong-Tum)
46-FAC-aif kon-hring-sedang (Gia-Lai+ Cong-Tum)
46-FAC-aj todrah Gia-Lai+ Cong-Tum province: Kontum>NE. Vietnam (Gia-Lai+ Cong-Tum) 3
46-FAC-aja todrah-modra kodra, podra, sedang-todra
46-FAC-ajb didrah didra
46-FAC-ajc monom bonom, monam, menam

1999 / 2000 edition
46-FAC-ak hre Gia-Lai+ Cong-Tum province Vietnam 4
46-FAC-aka hre-A.
46-FAC-akb rabah tava, davak, davach
46-FAC-akc creq kare
46-FAC-b Bahnar+ Lamam "bahnaric"-C. Laos; Cambodia 4
46-FAC-ba alak-S. hrlak-S. Laos (Saravane)
46-FAC-bb lamam lmam Cambodia-NE.; & adjacent
Vietnam
3
46-FAC-bc kha-tampuan campuon, tampuen, tampuon, proon, proons Cambodia-NE.
46-FAC-bd bahnar Gia-Lai+ Cong-Tum Nghia-Binh Phu-Khanh provinces Vietnam (Gia-Lai+ Cong-Tum;
Nghia-Binh; Phu-Khanh)
4
46-FAC-bda bahnar-A. bana Vietnam
46-FAC-bdb tolo Vietnam
46-FAC-bdc golar Vietnam
46-FAC-bdd akalong Vietnam
46-FAC-bde olong Vietnam
46-FAC-bdf bahnar-bonom Vietnam
46-FAD BRAO+ OI net "bahnaric"-W.
46-FAD-a Laven Bolovens plateau Laos 4
46-FAD-aa laven loven, lave, laveh, love, laween-jru, jaru, boloven Laos-SW. 4
46-FAD-b Nyaheun+ Prouac Laos 3
46-FAD-ba nya-heun nyah-heuny, nia-hoen, nia-hon, nya-hn, nyah, hoen, hun, hin
Bolovens plateau
Laos-SW. 3
46-FAD-bb prouac Laos-SW.
46-FAD-c Brao+ Kravet part of "khmerised bahnaric" +influenced by [46] Khmer Laos; Cambodia 4
46-FAD-ca brao braou, proue Bolovens plateau>S. Laos (Attopeu); Cambodia (Stung-
Treng)
4
46-FAD-cb su sou, suq, souk Bolovens plateau>S. Laos (Attopeu) 3
46-FAD-cc kravet kowet, khvek Cambodia (Stung-Treng)
46-FAD-cd krung Cambodia (Stung-Treng)
46-FAD-d Oi+ The Bolovens plateau>S.: Se-Kong right-bank Laos (Attopeu) 4
46-FAD-da oi oy, huei Laos (Attopeu) 4
46-FAD-daa riyao (Attopeu)
46-FAD-dab tamal-euy (Attopeu)
46-FAD-dac kranyeu (Attopeu)
46-FAD-dad inn-tea (Attopeu)
46-FAD-db the thae Laos (Attopeu) 3
46-FAD-e Sok+ Sapuan Laos (Attopeu) 3
46-FAD-ea sok sork Attopeu environs Laos (Attopeu) 3
46-FAD-eb sapuan sapouan Se-Kong+ Se-Kamane rivers Laos (Attopeu) 3
46-FAD-ec cheng jeng Laos (Attopeu) 3
46-FAE MNONG+ KOHO net "bahnaric"-SW.
46-FAE-a Mnong part of "khmerised bahnaric" +influenced by [46] Khmer Vietnam (Song-Be; Dac-Lac;
Tuyon-Duc; Quang-Duc); Laos;
Cambodia
5
46-FAE-aa pnong bu-dong, mnong-C. Buon-Me-Thuot>S. highlands Vietnam (Song-Be; Dac-Lac); also
Cambodia
4
46-FAE-aaa preh (Song-Be and/or Dac-Lac)
46-FAE-aab bu-dong bu-dang (Song-Be and/or Dac-Lac)
46-FAE-aac bu-nar (Song-Be and/or Dac-Lac)
46-FAE-aad bu-rung (Song-Be and/or Dac-Lac)
46-FAE-aae dih-bri (Song-Be and/or Dac-Lac)
46-FAE-aaf pnong-A. (Song-Be and/or Dac-Lac)
46-FAE-ab biat bhiet +transition to Mnong-E. and Mnong-C. Vietnam; Cambodia
46-FAE-ac mnong-E. Buon-Me-Thuot>SE. highlands Vietnam (Dac-Lac; Tuyon-Duc) 4
46-FAE-aca gar mnong-gar (Dac-Lac and/or Tuyon-Duc)
46-FAE-acb kwanh mnong-kwanh (Dac-Lac and/or Tuyon-Duc)
46-FAE-acc rolom rlam, ralam, mnong-rolom (Dac-Lac and/or Tuyon-Duc)
46-FAE-acd kil chil Bun Chil Deun Bun Chil Liang +transition to [46] Koho,
or to be classified with Koho
(Dac-Lac and/or Tuyon-Duc)
46-FAE-ad mnong-S. Da-Dung valley>N. highlands Vietnam (Quang-Duc) 4
46-FAE-ada bu-nong (Quang-Duc)
46-FAE-adb prang (Quang-Duc)
46-FAE-adc ra-ong (Quang-Duc)
46-FAE-add bu-dip (Quang-Duc)
46-FAE-ade bu-sre sre-N. Bun-Sre-U (Quang-Duc)

46-FAE-b Koho Da-Lat Da-Linh highlands Vietnam (Lam-Dong; Dong-Nai;
Thuan-Hai)
5
46-FAE-ba koho coho, kohor Vietnam 5
46-FAE-baa lat Da-Lat Vietnam
46-FAE-bab tring trinh Vietnam
46-FAE-bac sre-S. Sr-U Vietnam
46-FAE-bad maa' ma, chauma Vietnam
46-FAE-bae kalop Vietnam
46-FAE-baf sop Vietnam
46-FAE-bag layza laya Vietnam
46-FAE-bah rion Vietnam
46-FAE-bai nop xre-nop, including tu-lop Vietnam
46-FAE-baj tala to-la Vietnam
46-FAE-bak kodu co-don Vietnam
46-FAE-bal pru Vietnam
46-FAE-bam bu-lach lac, lach, lat Vietnam
46-FAE-c Stieng+ Chrau part of "khmerised bahnaric" +influenced by [46] Khmer Vietnam; Cambodia 4
46-FAE-ca stieng Chhlong Song-Be upper valleys & highlands Vietnam (Song-Be); Cambodia 4
46-FAE-caa bu-lo lo Bu-Lo (Song-Be); Cambodia
46-FAE-cab bu-deh deh (Song-Be); Cambodia
46-FAE-cb chrau chauro, choro #chrau =mountain-dweller Ap-Ruong-La Xa-Binh-
Gia highlands
Vietnam (Dong-Nai; Tay-Ninh;
Binh-Long)
4
46-FAE-cba jro ro #perhaps a variant of chrau, choro Vietnam
46-FAE-cbb mro Vietnam
46-FAE-cbc dor Vietnam
46-FAE-cbd chrau-prang prang 2 Vietnam
46-FAE-cbe voqtwaq Vietnam
46-FAE-cbf vajieng Vietnam
46-FAE-cbg chalah Vietnam
46-FAE-cbh chalun Vietnam
46-FAE-cbi tamun Vietnam
46-FB KHMAE+ KHMEER
chain
"WIDER"-KHMER, "khmeric"
46-FBA KHMAE+ KHMEER
net
46-FBA-a Khmae Cambodian, khmer "proper" Pallava, proto-Cambodian; Cambodian Cambodia 6
46-FBA-aa khmae-L. "traditional literary cambodian", including "pre-angkor" khmer
"angkor" khmer "middle" khmer
Cambodia
46-FBA-ab khmae-C. khmer-C., "cambodian"-C. KCambodia; Thailand; Vietnam;
migration> France; USA
6
46-FBA-aba khmae-F. "modern literary cambodian" Cambodia
46-FBA-abb khmae-G. "generalised cambodian" Cambodia
46-FBA-abc phnom-penh Phnom Penh+ Ta-keo & environs Cambodia
46-FBA-abd khmae-battambang Cambodia (Battambang)
46-FBA-abe kmae-cardamom Cardamom mountains Cambodia
46-FBA-ac khmeer-N. khmer-N., part of "thailand" khmer Thailand (Buriram; Surin; Sri-
Saket)
6
46-FBA-aca buriram Burirram Thailand (Buriram)
46-FBA-acb surin Surin (Surin)
46-FBA-acc sri-saket (Sri-Saket)
46-FBA-ad khmeer-W. khmer-W., part of "thailand" khmer Thailand 6
46-FBA-ada prachinburi (Prachinburi)
46-FBA-adb chanthaburi Chanthaburi coast (Chanthaburi)
46-FBA-adc trat Trat coast (Trat)
46-FBA-ae kmer-krom khmer-S., "vietnam" khmer Mekong-W. delta Vietnam 5
46-FC PEAR+ SOMRAY
chain
"pearic", "khmerised pearic" +influenced by [46] Khmer
46-FCA SOMRAY+ CHONG
net
"pearic"-W.
46-FCA-a Somray Cambodia 3
46-FCA-aa samr khmer-boran, "old pearic" khmer Seamreap>N. Cambodia 2
46-FCA-ab somray-A. Cambodia 3
46-FCA-aba phum-ta-sanh Phum Ta-sanh & environs Cambodia
46-FCA-abb phum-pra-moi Tanyong river: Phum Pra-moi & environs Cambodia

1999 / 2000 edition
46-FCA-b Chong Cambodia; adjacent Thailand 4
46-FCA-ba chong-A. chawng, shong, xong Cambodia; adjacent Thailand 3
46-FCA-bb saoch sa'och, sauch, saotch Cambodia-SW. 2
46-FCA-c Suoy Cambodia 2
46-FCA-ca suoy-A. Phnom Penh>NW. Cambodia 2
46-FCA-cb angrak Cambodia
46-FCB PEAR net "pearic"-E.
46-FCB-a Pear Kompong-Thom, Kampong-Thum Cambodia 3
46-FCB-aa pear por, pr, kompong-thom Cambodia-SW. 3
46-G MON+ SEMAI set MON-KHMER-SOUTH
46-GA MON+ NYAHKUR
chain
"monic"
46-GAA MON+ NYAHKUR
net
46-GAA-a Mon mun, "wider" talaing, obsolete: peguan Salween lower river Chao-
phraya lower river -bilingual in [77] Bama (in Burma)
Burma-SE.; Thailand-W. 6*
46-GAA-aa mon-L. "archaic literary" mon Burma-SE.; Thailand-W.
46-GAA-ab mon-F. "modern literary" mon Mon script: Talaing model Burma-SE.; Thailand-W.
46-GAA-ac mon-te mon-C. Burma
46-GAA-aca mataban Salween-N. estuary: Martaban Burma
46-GAA-acb moulmein maulmain Salween-S. estuary: Moulmein Burma
46-GAA-acc taungnyo taungyo Taungnyo mountains Burma
46-GAA-ad mon-nya mon-S., ye, "thailand" mon Thailand
46-GAA-ada kachanaburi Kachanaburi & environs Thailand
46-GAA-adb krung-thep-W. Bangkok, Krung-Thep>W. Thailand
46-GAA-adc lopburi Lopburi & environs Thailand
46-GAA-add krung-thep-N. Bangkok, Krung-Thep>N. Thailand
46-GAA-ae talaing mon-E., talaing "proper", taleng, aleng, peguan, takanoon Thailand
46-GAA-af mon-tang mon-N., pegu Burma
46-GAA-b Nyahkur Thailand 3*
46-GAA-ba nyah-kur Thailand-C. 3*
46-GAA-baa phetchabun Phetchabun & environs Thailand-C.
46-GAA-bab nakhon-ratchasima Nakhon-ratchasima & environs Thailand-C.
46-GAA-bac korat Korat & environs Thailand-C.
46-GB SEMAI+ KENSIU
chain
46-GBA KENSIU+ JEHAI net "WIDER" SEMANG
46-GBA-a Kensiu+ Tonga semang-NW. Malaysia (Peninsula); Thailand
(Yala)
3
46-GBA-aa tonga Thailand (Yala); Malaysia
(Peninsula)
2
46-GBA-aaa trang Trang (Yala)
46-GBA-aab phatthalung pattalung Phatthalung (Yala)
46-GBA-aac mos (Yala) and/or (Peninsula)
46-GBA-aad satun Satun west coast (Yala); (Peninsula) frontier
46-GBA-ab kensiu kense, kensieu, kenseu nomadic pygmies (Peninsula) 3
46-GBA-aba kensiu-batu' (Peninsula)
46-GBA-abb kensiu-siong (Peninsula)
46-GBA-abc kensiu-pemsed (Peninsula)
46-GBA-abd sakai (Peninsula)
46-GBA-abe semang-A. (Peninsula)
46-GBA-abf mendi (Peninsula)
46-GBA-abg monik moni, menik (Peninsula)
46-GBA-abh kintaq-bong kenta'-bong, kenta-bogn, part of kintaq, kenta, kintak (Peninsula)
46-GBA-abi kintaq-nakil kentaq-nakil, part of kintaq, kenta, kintak (Peninsula)
46-GBA-abj ngok-pa (Peninsula)
46-GBA-abk orang-bukit (Peninsula)
46-GBA-abl orang-liar (Peninsula)
46-GBA-abm mengo (Peninsula)
46-GBA-abn tiong (Peninsula)
46-GBA-abo mawas (Peninsula)
46-GBA-abp belubn (Peninsula)
46-GBA-abq ijoh ijok (Peninsula)
46-GBA-abr jarum (Peninsula)

46-GBA-abs jeher sakai-tanjong (Peninsula)
46-GBA-abt kedah quedah (Peninsula)
46-GBA-abu plus (Peninsula)
46-GBA-abv ulu-selama (Peninsula)
46-GBA-abw meni'-kaien (Peninsula)
46-GBA-b Jehai+ Batek semang-SE. Malaysia (Peninsula-N.) 3
46-GBA-ba jehai (Peninsula: Kedah-NE.+ Yala-S.) 3
46-GBA-baa jehai-A. jehai "proper", jahai (Peninsula-N.)
46-GBA-bab pangan (Peninsula-N.)
46-GBA-bac batek-teh (Peninsula-N.)
46-GBA-bb mendriq minriq, menrik, menraq, menriq (Peninsula:Kelantan-SE.) 2
46-GBA-bc batek bateg, batok (Peninsula: Kelantan; Trengganu;
Pahang-N.)
2
46-GBA-bca batek-teq teq (Peninsula-N.)
46-GBA-bcb batek-iga' (Peninsula-N.)
46-GBA-bcc batek-hapen (Peninsula-N.)
46-GBA-bcd tomo (Peninsula-N.)
46-GBA-bce kleb (Peninsula-N.)
46-GBA-bd deq batek-de' (Peninsula-N.) 2
46-GBA-be nong batek-nong (Peninsula-N.) 2
46-GBA-bf mintil mihil Tamun river (Peninsula: Pahang) 1
46-GBB CHEWONG net
46-GBB-a Chewong Malaysia (Peninsula) 2
46-GBB-aa che'wong siwang, cheq-wong Malaysia (Peninsula: Pahang) 2
46-GBB-aaa beri (Peninsula: Pahang)
46-GBB-aab chuba (Peninsula: Pahang)
46-GBB-aac kled che'wong-W. (Peninsula: Pahang)
46-GBC SEMAI+ TEMIAR net "senoic"
46-GBC-a Temiar+ Lanoh Malaysia (Peninsula-NW.) 4
46-GBC-aa lanoh Malaysia (Perak-CN.) 2
46-GBC-aaa lanoh-A. (Perak-CN.)
46-GBC-aab sabubn sabum, sabm (Perak-CN.)
46-GBC-aac jengjeng (Perak-CN.)
46-GBC-aad semnam (Perak-CN.)
46-GBC-ab temiar temer, 'sakai'-N. #sakai in [46] Khmer =slave Malaysia (Perak; Pahang;
Kelantan)
4
46-GBC-aba grik Grik & environs (Peninsula-NW.)
46-GBC-abb kenderong (Peninsula-NW.)
46-GBC-abc kenering (Peninsula-NW.)
46-GBC-abd po-klo 'sakai'-bukit, temongoh, 'sakai' 2 Plus-Korbu (Peninsula-NW.)
46-GBC-abe sungai-piah (Peninsula-NW.)
46-GBC-abf tanjong-rambutan (Peninsula-NW.)
46-GBC-abg tembe' tembi (Peninsula-NW.)
46-GBC-abh ulu-kinta kinta-'sakai' (Peninsula-NW.)
46-GBC-abi lanoh-kobak (Peninsula-NW.)
46-GBC-abj seroq (Peninsula-NW.)
46-GBC-abk pie (Peninsula-NW.)
46-GBC-b Semai 'sakai'-C. #sakai in [46] Khmer =slave Central Peninsula highlands Malaysia (Peninsula) 4
46-GBC-ba semai senoi, sengoi Malaysia (Peninsula: Pahang;
Perak; Selangor; Negri-Sembilan)
4
46-GBC-baa jelai (Peninsula)
46-GBC-bab orang-tanjong ulu-langat (Peninsula)
46-GBC-bac sungkai (Peninsula)
46-GBC-bad perak 2 dialects (Peninsula)
46-GBC-bae cameron Cameron highlands (Peninsula)
46-GBC-baf telom (Peninsula)
46-GBC-bag bidor (Peninsula)
46-GBC-bah betau (Peninsula)
46-GBC-bai lipis (Peninsula)
46-GBC-baj bil (Peninsula)
46-GBC-bak ulu-kampar kampar (Peninsula)

1999 / 2000 edition
46-GC SEMELAI+ BESISI
chain
"aslian"-S.
46-GCA SEMELAI+ BESISI
net
46-GCA-a Semelai+ Temoq Malaysia (Peninsula-N.) 3
46-GCA-aa semaq-beri semaq-bri, semoq-beri Malaysia (Peninsula-N.) 3
46-GCA-aaa pahang (Pahang)
46-GCA-aab trengganu (Trengganu)
46-GCA-aac kelantan (Kelantan)
46-GCA-ab semelai Pahang river Segamat Malaysia (Peninsula-N.) 3
46-GCA-ac semaq-palong Malaysia (Peninsula-N.)
46-GCA-ad chiong-biduanda "non-malay" biduanda Malaysia (Peninsula-N.)
46-GCA-ae temoq Jeram river Malaysia (Peninsula-N.: Pahang-
SE.)
2
46-GCA-b Besisi Malaysia (Peninsula-SW.) 3
46-GCA-ba besisi mah-meri, cellate Malaysia (Peninsula-SW.:
Selangor Malacca)
3
46-GCA-baa kuala-langot-besisi (Peninsula-SW.)
46-GCA-bab malakka-besisi (Peninsula-SW.)
46-GCA-bac negre-sembilan-besisi (Peninsula-SW.)
46-GCA-bad ulu-langat (Peninsula-SW.)
46-GCA-bae orang-bukit-besisi orang-bukit 2 (Peninsula-SW.)
46-GCA-baf selangor-sakai Selangor+ Perak border: Sakai settlement (Peninsula-SW.)
46-GCA-bag betise' betisek (Peninsula-SW.)
46-GCA-bah sisi (Peninsula-SW.)
46-GD JAH-HUT chain
46-GDA JAH-HUT net
46-GDA-a Jah-hut Malaysia (Peninsula) 3
46-GDA-aa jah-hut jah-het Malaysia (Peninsula: Pahang) 3
46-GDA-aaa kerdau (Pahang)
46-GDA-aab krau (Pahang)
46-GDA-aac ketiar-krau tengganu (Pahang)
46-GDA-aad kuala-tembeling (Pahang)
46-GDA-aae pulau-guai (Pahang)
46-GDA-aaf ulu-ceres cheres (Pahang)
46-GDA-aag ulu-tembeling (Pahang)
46-H TAIHLONG+
SHOMPENG set
NICOBAR
46-HA TAIHLONG+
SHOMPENG chain
46-HAA TAIHLONG+ MILO
net
46-HAA-a Taih-long+ Milo nicobar, "nicobarese" Nicobar islands India (Nicobar) 4
46-HAA-aa car pu Car island India (Nicobar) 4
46-HAA-ab tutet Chaura, Chowra island India (Nicobar)
46-HAA-ac taih-long teressa, tarasa India (Nicobar)
46-HAA-aca teressa Teressa, Tarasa island (Nicobar)
46-HAA-acb pauhut bompoka Bompaka island (Nicobar)
46-HAA-ad nancowry+ camorta "nicobarese"-C. India (Nicobar) 3
46-HAA-ada nancowry nancoury Nancowry island (Nicobar)
46-HAA-adb camorta kamorta Camorta island (Nicobar)
46-HAA-adc trinkat trinkut Trinkat island (Nicobar)
46-HAA-add tehnu-katchal kachel, katchall Katchal island (Nicobar)
46-HAA-ae milo+ condul nicobara, "nicobarese"-S. India (Nicobar)
46-HAA-aea milo Pulo-Milo island (Nicobar)
46-HAA-aeb tafwap+ temain Little Nicobar island: Tafwap Temain (Nicobar)
46-HAA-aec condul kondul Condul, Kondul island (Nicobar)
46-HAA-aed sambelong Great Nicobar, Sambelong coastal (Nicobar)
46-HAB SHOMPENG net
46-HAB-a Shompeng India (Nicobar) 2
46-HAB-aa shompeng Nicobar islands (Nicobar)
46-HAB-aaa shom-peng-A. shom-pen, "great nicobar-inland" Great Nicobar, Sambelong inland (Nicobar)
46-HAB-aab sho-bang Little Nicobar island* (Nicobar)

46-I AKACARI+
AKAJERU* set
ANDAMAN-NORTH, part of "andaman-islands", "great andamanese"
46-IA AKACARI+
AKAJERU chain

46-IAA AKACARI+
AKAJERU net

46-IAA-a Akacari North Andaman island India (Andaman) 0
46-IAA-aa aka-cari cari India (Andaman)
46-IAA-b Akakora North Andaman island India (Andaman) 0
46-IAA-ba aka-kora kora India (Andaman)
46-IAA-c Akabo North Andaman island India (Andaman) 0
46-IAA-ca aka-bo bo India (Andaman)
46-IAA-d Akajeru North+ Middle Andaman islands India (Andaman) 0
46-IAA-da aka-jeru jeru India (Andaman)
46-J APUCIKWAR+
AKABEA set
ANDAMAN-CENTRAL, part of "andaman-islands", "great
andamanese"
46-JA APUCIKWAR+
AKABEA chain
46-JAA APUCIKWAR+
AKABEA net
46-JAA-a Akakede Middle Andaman island India (Andaman) 0
46-JAA-aa aka-kede kede India (Andaman)
46-JAA-b Akakol Middle Andaman island India (Andaman) 0
46-JAA-ba aka-kol kol India (Andaman)
46-JAA-c Okojuwoi Middle Andaman island India (Andaman) 0
46-JAA-ca oko-juwoi juwoi, aukau-juwoi India (Andaman)
46-JAA-d Apucikwar Middle Andaman+ South Andaman Baratang islands India (Andaman) 1
46-JAA-da a-pucikwar pucikwar, puchikwar India (Andaman)
46-JAA-e Akarbale Richie's archipelago India (Andaman) 0
46-JAA-ea akar-bale-N. bale-N. Lawrence island India (Andaman)
46-JAA-eb akar-bale-S. bale-S. Havelock island India (Andaman)
46-JAA-f Akabea South Andaman Rutland islands India (Andaman) 0*
46-JAA-fa aka-bea bea, aka-bea-da India (Andaman)
46-K JARAWA+ ONGE*
set
ANDAMAN-SOUTH, part of "great andamanese" Great Andaman
islands
46-KA JARAWA+ ONGE
chain
46-KAA JARAWA+ ONGE
net
46-KAA-a 'Sentinel' North Sentinel island India (Andaman) 1
46-KAA-aa 'sentinel' "sentinelese" India (Andaman) 1
46-KAA-b Jarawa Rutland island India (Andaman) 2
46-KAA-ba jarawa India (Andaman) 2
46-KAA-c Onge Little Andaman island India (Andaman) 1
46-KAA-ca onge India (Andaman) 1

1999 / 2000 edition
47= DAIC phylozone
covers the "Daic", "wider Kadai" or Thai+ Gelao set, part of
the "Austro-Tai" hypothesis (with languages of phylosector
3=Austronesian); comprising 1 set of languages (= 26 outer
languages) spoken by communities in Southeast Asia, from
northeastern India to southwestern China:
47-A THAI+ GELAO
including 1 arterial language: Thai with Isan & Lao
Burma; Cambodia; China; Laos;
India; Thailand; Vietnam
7
47-A THAI+ GELAO set "WIDER"-KADAI #note distinction of nomenclature between tai (as
cover-name) and thai (component language-name within tai)
47-AA THAI+ MULAO chain "WIDER"-TAI
47-AAA THAI+ LAO net TAI, paiyi, dai
47-AAA-a L+ Ahom Tai-NW., part of tai-W., dai, pai-yi, shui-pai-i, tai-che, tai-khe, tay-ok Burma; China; Thailand; Laos;
India (Assam)
6
47-AAA-aa ahom tai-ahom India (Assam) 1
47-AAA-aaa ahom-L. "traditional literary" ahom Ahom script (Assam)
47-AAA-aab tai-ahom "modern spoken" ahom nearly extinct (Assam)
47-AAA-ab aiton aitonia India (Assam)
47-AAA-ac phake Dihing valley India (Assam)
47-AAA-ad khamti khamti-shan, hkamti, khampti, khandi, tai-kamti India-NE.; Burma-NW.; China 3
47-AAA-ada khampti India (Assam)
47-AAA-adb khampti-shan Lohit, Luhit lower left-bank India (Arunachal Pradesh)
47-AAA-adc khamti-SE. Burma-NW.
47-AAA-add khamti-NE.* khamti-sinkaling China-SW.
47-AAA-ae shan sha, sam, tai-shan, tai-yai, tai-luang, tai-long Burma (Shan) 6
47-AAA-aea ngio ngiow, ngiaw, burma-shan, dehong-dai Burma (Shan)
47-AAA-aeb kokant-shan Burma (Shan)
47-AAA-aec khyn khn, hkun, hkn, khuen, tai-khun, te-hung, khun-shan, gon-shan Burma (Shan)
47-AAA-af tai-neua tai-na, tai-le, dai-kong China (Yunnan); Burma-N.; Laos- 5
47-AAA-afa shan-t'ou dehong-dai, shan-yunnan, "china" shan Dehong-Dai (Yunnan)
47-AAA-afb tai-neua-W. Burma
47-AAA-afc tai-neua-E. Laos-N.
47-AAA-ag tai-l l, pai-i, shui-pai-i China (Yunnan); Laos; Burma
(Kangtung); also Thailand-N.;
Vietnam
6
47-AAA-aga l-F. "literary" l L script (Yunnan); (Kangtung)
47-AAA-agb l-A. lue, lu, loi, tai-lue, tai-lu (Yunnan); (Kangtung)
47-AAA-agc sipsong-panna-dai sishuang-banna, xishuang-banna-dai; "chinese" le (Yunnan)
47-AAA-agd doi laos le Laos-N.
47-AAA-ah tai-ya+ tai-chung Xinping Yi-Dai autonomous county: Mosha district China (Yunnan) 4
47-AAA-aha tai-ya dai-ya, ya (Yunnan)
47-AAA-ahb tai-chung tai-cung, cung (Yunnan)
47-AAA-b Thai+ Lanna "wider" thai, phaasaa-thaj, part of tai-W. #note distinction between tai
(cover-name) and thai (component within tai)
Thailand; adjacent Laos 7
47-AAA-ba lanna muang, myang, mueng, khon-muang, khon-myang, khon-mung, kam-
myang, lana-tai, la-nya, lamna, tai-nya, phap, phayap, payap, 'yuan',
'youanne', 'youon', 'yuang', thai-N, "siamese"-N., "laotian"-W.
Thailand-N.; adjacent Laos 6
47-AAA-baa yuan-L. "archaic buddhist literary" yuan Yuan script Thailand
47-AAA-bab lanna-F.. "modern literary" lanna Thai script Thailand
47-AAA-bac chiang-rai Chiang-rai Thailand
47-AAA-bad mae-hong Mae-hong-son Thailand
47-AAA-bae hot Hot Thailand
47-AAA-baf chiang-mai Chiang-mai+ Lamphun Thailand
47-AAA-bag lampang Lampang Thailand
47-AAA-bah phayao Phayao Thailand
47-AAA-bai nan Thailand
47-AAA-baj lanna-frontier Laos-NW. frontier
47-AAA-bb phuan thai-CN., lao-phuan, phu-un Thailand 5
47-AAA-bba udo-thani Udon Thani Thailand-CN.
47-AAA-bbb loei Loei Thailand-CN.
47-AAA-bbc phetchabun Phetchabun Thailand-CN.
47-AAA-bbd phichit Phichit Thailand-CN.
47-AAA-bbe phuan-SW. Chao Phraya river>W.: Uthai-thani Sing-buri Suphan-buri Thailand-CN.
47-AAA-bbf phuan-SE. Chao Phraya river>E.: Lop-buri Sara-buri; Nakhon-nayok
Prachin-buri
Thailand-CN.

47-AAA-bc thai-C. "siamese"-C., "sinicised"+ "mon-khmerised"+ "indicised" thai Thai
script
KThailand 7
47-AAA-bca thai-L. "archaic literary" thai Thailand
47-AAA-bcb thai-F. "modern literary" thai Thailand
47-AAA-bcc thai-V. "popular vehicular" thai Thailand
47-AAA-bcd krung-thep-U. bangkok "popular" thai, "fukienised urban" thai +influenced by [79]
Min Chinese
Thailand
47-AAA-bd pak-thai dambro, part of thai-S. Thailand (Peninsula) 6
47-AAA-bda chumphon Chumphon (Peninsula)
47-AAA-bdb surat-thani Surat-thani (Peninsula)
47-AAA-bdc phuket Phuket island (Peninsula)
47-AAA-bdd trang Trang (Peninsula)
47-AAA-bde nakhon-sithammarat Nakhon-Sithammarat (Peninsula)
47-AAA-bdf phatthalung Phatthalung (Peninsula)
47-AAA-bdg songkhla Songkhla (Peninsula)
47-AAA-bdh ko-samui (Peninsula)
47-AAA-bdi tak-bai thai-tak-bai (Peninsula)
47-AAA-be thai-'islam' thai-malay, muslim thai, part of thai-S. Thailand (Peninsula) 6
47-AAA-bea chumphon-'islam' Chumphon (Peninsula)
47-AAA-beb ranong-'islam' Ranong (Peninsula)
47-AAA-bec surat-thani-'islam' Surat-thani (Peninsula)
47-AAA-bed phangnga-'islam' Phangnga (Peninsula)
47-AAA-bee phuket-'islam' Phuket island (Peninsula)
47-AAA-bef krabi-'islam' Krabi (Peninsula)
47-AAA-beg trang-'islam' Trang (Peninsula)
47-AAA-beh nakhon-sithammarat-
'islam'
Nakhon-Sithammarat (Peninsula)
47-AAA-bei phatthalung-'islam' Phatthalung (Peninsula)
47-AAA-bej songkhla-'islam' Songkhla (Peninsula)
47-AAA-bek satun-'islam' Satun (Peninsula)
47-AAA-c Lao+ Isan Laotian, part of thai-W. Thailand; Laos; Cambodia 7
47-AAA-ca isan "laotian"-W.+ tai-E. +transitional to [47] Thai Mekong middle
river>S.+ W. Thai
Thailand 7
47-AAA-caa isan-F. "literary" isan Thailand-NE.
47-AAA-cab isan-A. Nakhon-phanom+ Sakon-Nakhon Thailand-NE.
47-AAA-cac kaleung kalerng Thailand-NE.
47-AAA-cad yo Thailand-NE.
47-AAA-cae khorat korat, khorat-tai Nakhon-ratchasima Thailand-NE.
47-AAA-caf roi Roi-et Thailand-NE.
47-AAA-cag ubon-rachathani Ubon-rachathani Thailand-NE.
47-AAA-cb lao tai-lao, tai-e-sarn, thai-E., laos thai, "laotian" Mekong middle
river>N.+E.
KLaos 6
47-AAA-cba lao-L. "traditional literary" lao Laos
47-AAA-cbb lao-F. "modern literary" lao Lao script: Vientiane model Laos
47-AAA-cbc lao-V. "vehicular" lao Laos
47-AAA-cbd luang-prabang Luang-prabang Laos
47-AAA-cbe savan-nakhet Savan-nakhet Laos
47-AAA-cbf lao-pakse Pakse Laos
47-AAA-cbg wiang-jang lao-wiang-jang Laos
47-AAA-cbh rong-kong Laos
47-AAA-cbi lum-lao Laos
47-AAA-cbj lao-kao Laos
47-AAA-d Phu-Tai part of tai-W., "black" tai+ "white" tai+ "red" tai, pu-tai, phuu-tai, phou-
lao
Vietnam; Laos; China (Yunnan) 5
47-AAA-da tai-dam tai-den, lao-song, jinping-dai, "black" tai, in [51] Franais: tai noir Vietnam; China; also Thailand 5
47-AAA-daa tai-dam-A. "Red"+ "Black" rivers; migration> Tung-Nghia (Tuyen-Duc) Tho-
Tanh (Darlac) Pleiku
Vietnam-N.; also migration>
Vietnam-S.
47-AAA-dab jinping-dai "chinese" tai-dam Jinping county (Yunnan)
47-AAA-dac tai-muoi tai-muei, meuay Vietnam
47-AAA-db tai-kao tai-kaw, tai-trang, tai-don, tai-khaw, "white" tai, in [51] Franais: tai
blanc
Vietnam-N.; Laos-NE.; China
(Yunnan)
5
47-AAA-dba tai-kao-E. "Red"+ "Black" rivers; migration> Tung-Nghia (Tuyen-Duc) Vietnam-N.; also migration>
Vietnam-S.
47-AAA-dbb tai-kao-W. Laos-NE.
47-AAA-dbc tai-kao-NE. (Yunnan)

1999 / 2000 edition
47-AAA-dc tai-deng tai-do, tai-dang, tai-daeng, "red" tai, in [51] Franais: tai rouge Vietnam (Thanh-Hoa); Laos 5
47-AAA-dca tai-deng-E. Sam-Nuea>S. (Thanh-Hoa)
47-AAA-dcb tai-deng-W. Laos-CN.
47-AAA-dd tai-hang-tong Vietnam-N. 3
47-AAA-de tai-man-tanh Vietnam-N.
47-AAA-df tai-jo* tay-jo; tay-yo classification to be confirmed #identity of tay-jo
(Vietnam) and tai-yo (Laos) to be confirmed
Vietnam-N.; Laos (Khamouan)
47-AAA-dg tai-khang tay-khang Vietnam-N. 3
47-AAA-e Huang+ Nung tai-C. China (Guangxi; Qinghai; Gansu);
Vietnam; Laos
6
47-AAA-ea huang-S. chwang-S., zhuang-S., chuang-S., tai-chuang-S. China (Guangxi; Qinghai; Gansu);
Vietnam-N.
6
47-AAA-eaa ts'un-lao ts'n-lao Vietnam (Quang-ninh);
47-AAA-eab man-cao-lan cao-lan, san-chay Vietnam (Quang-ninh); China
(Guangxi)
47-AAA-eac tien-pao dian-bao China-SW.
47-AAA-ead yung-chun yung-chu'un, yung-shun, yong-chun China-SW.
47-AAA-eae tai-tho tho, t'o, thu, tay China-SW. (Qinghai; Gansu)
47-AAA-eb nung tai-nong, tai-nung, nong China (Guangxi); Vietnam-N. 5
47-AAA-eba nung-SW. Vietnam-N.
47-AAA-ebb nung-NE. China (Guangxi)
47-AAA-ebc lung-chow China-SW.
47-AAA-ec lei-ping China-SW.
47-AAA-f Zhong-Jia+ Saek Huang-Chia, part of tai-N., huang-N., zhuang-N., chungcha-N., tai-
chuang-N., "pseudo" buyi
China; Laos; Vietnam 6
47-AAA-fa saek tai-sek, sek Laos-C.; Thailand-NE. 4
47-AAA-faa saek-laos near Vietnam frontier Laos-C.
47-AAA-fab saek-thailand Thailand enclave Thailand-NE.
47-AAA-fb giay dioi, yay China-SW.
47-AAA-fc nhang nyang, giang China-SW.; Vietnam-N.
47-AAA-fca nhang-yunnan (Yunnan-S.)
47-AAA-fcb nhang-vietnam Vietnam-NW.
47-AAA-fd gui-zhou qui-chau China-SW.; Vietnam-N.
47-AAA-fda gui-zhou-NE. (Yunnan-S.)
47-AAA-fdb gui-zhou-SW. Vietnam-NW.
47-AAA-fe biay China-SW.
47-AAA-ff ce-heng ts'e-heng, zhe-fou China-SW.
47-AAA-fg zhong-jia huang-chia, chung-chia China-SW. (Guizhou-SW.;
Guangxi-NW.)
6
47-AAA-fga zhong-jia-A. China-SW.
47-AAA-fgb yi-jia i-chia China-SW.
47-AAA-fgc yi-ren China-SW.
47-AAA-fgd i-jen China-SW.
47-AAA-fge kui kuei China-SW.
47-AAA-fh du-shan tu-shan, part of "china" shan China-SW.
47-AAA-fi gui-yang kwei-yang China-SW.
47-AAA-fj ling-yn China-SW.
47-AAA-fk lung-an China-SW.
47-AAA-fl pa-di China-SW.
47-AAA-fm phu-la China-SW.
47-AAA-fn po-se China-SW.
47-AAA-fo tian-zhu tien-chow China-SW.
47-AAA-fp tien-pa t'ien-pa China-SW.
47-AAA-fq tu-di China-SW.
47-AAA-fr tu-lao China-SW.
47-AAA-fs xi-lin hsi-lin China-SW.
47-AAA-g Huang-Chuang part of tai-N., huang-N., zhuang-N., chungcha-N., tai-chuang-N.,
"pseudo" buyi
China 6
47-AAA-ga qian-jang ch'ien-chiang, qien-jiang China-SW.
47-AAA-gb ching-hsi ching 2, hsi China-SW.
47-AAA-gc hung-ho China-SW.
47-AAA-gd kuei-pien China-SW.
47-AAA-ge kuang nan China-SW.
47-AAA-gf lin-chiang China-SW.
47-AAA-gg ma li-po China-SW.
47-AAA-gh qiu-bei chiupei China-SW.
47-AAA-gi te te-ching, de-jing, pao, part of "china" nong China-SW.

47-AAA-gj tso-chiang zuo-jiang, part of "china" tho China-SW.
47-AAA-gk t'u part of "china" tho China-SW.
47-AAA-gl wen wen-ma, part of "china" shan China-SW.
47-AAA-gm yen yen-kuang, yan-guang, part of "china" shan, part of "china" nong China-SW.
47-AAA-gn wu-ming China-SW.
47-AAA-go yu-chiang China-SW.
47-AAA-gp yung-nan yong-nan China-SW.
47-AAA-gq yung-pei China-SW.
47-AAA-h Buyi+ Juyi buyi "proper", part of tai-N. China; also Vietnam 6
47-AAA-ha bu-yi bou-yei, bo-i, bu-i, pu-i, pu-yi, pu-jui, pu-jai, pu-yoi, dioi, tujia, po-ai,
shui-hui
China-SW.; also Vietnam-N. 6
47-AAA-haa buyi-miao Buyi-Miao prefecture (Guizhou-S.)
47-AAA-hab miao-dong Miao-Dong prefecture (Guizhou-S.)
47-AAA-hb ju-yi ju-i, jo-i, gu-i China-SW.
47-AB KAM+ SUI chain
47-ABA KAM+ MULAM net
47-ABA-a Kam Yuping autonomous county Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region China (Guizhou-SE., Hunan-N.;
Guangxi)
6
47-ABA-aa kam dong China-SW. 6
47-ABA-aaa dong tung, tung-chia, tong China-SW.
47-ABA-aab san-jia-nge China-SW.
47-ABA-b Mulam Luocheng Mulam autonomous county; Majiang Kaili China (Guangxi; Guizhou) 4
47-ABA-ba mu-lam mu-lao, mo-lao, mulao-miao China (Guangxi; Guizhou) 4
47-ABB SUI+ MAK net
47-ABB-a Mak+ Cham part of "pseudo" buyi, mak Libo Dushan counties China (Guizhou; Guangxi;
Guangdong)
3
47-ABB-aa cham cham-ching China-SW. 3
47-ABB-ab mak China-SW. 3
47-ABB-ac chi China-SW.
47-ABB-ad hwa mo-hua China-SW.
47-ABB-ae lyo China-SW.
47-ABB-af mo-chia mo-chiahua, mo-jiahua China-SW.
47-ABB-b Sui shui Sandu Libo Nandan counties or districts China (Guizhou; Guangxi) 5
47-ABB-ba sui-chia shui-chia China-SW.
47-ABB-bb san-tung san-chiange China-SW.
47-ABB-bc sui-ai ai-cham, part of "pseudo" buyi China-SW.
47-ABB-bd sui-li China-SW.
47-ABB-be sui-po China-SW.
47-ABB-c Maonan Huanjiang Maonan autonomous county: Xianan China (Guangxi). 4
47-ABB-ca mao-nan (Guangxi) 4
47-ABC THEN+ RAU net
47-ABC-a Then+ Rau part of "pseudo" buyi Huishui district China (Guizhou) 4
47-ABC-aa then t'en, ten China-SW.
47-ABC-ab yang-huang China-SW.
47-ABC-ac rau China-SW.
47-AC LAKKIA chain LAKA
47-ACA LAKKIA net
47-ACA-a Lakkia Jinxiu Yao autonomous county China (Guangxi; Yunnan) 3
47-ACA-aa lakkia lakkja, lakja, lakia, laka, tai-laka, part of "pseudo" yao classification to
be reviewed
China-SW. 3
47-AD ONG-BE chain
47-ADA ONG-BE net
47-ADA-a Ong-Be be Hainan-N. island: Lingao Haikou China (Hainan) 5
47-ADA-aa lingao vo+ limkou Lingao county China (Hainan) 5
47-ADA-aaa lingao-A. limkou, linkow (Hainan)
47-ADA-aab vo* (Hainan)
47-ADA-ab chengmai Chengmai county (Hainan)
47-ADA-ac qiongshan Qiongshan county Haikou suburbs (Hainan) 5

1999 / 2000 edition
47-AE HLAI+ LAQUA chain "WIDER"-LI
47-AEA HLAI+ NGANFON
net
47-AEA-a Hlai* lai, la, loi, le, dli, b'li, k'lai, s'lai, pao-ting, kadai-dai, kadai-day, in [79]
Han-yu (Chinese): li; including xi-fang zhong-sha hei-tu, hlai-S.
Hainan-C. & -S. island (forested mountains)
China (Hainan) 5
47-AEA-aa ha xiao-li China (Hainan)
47-AEA-aaa luo-hua (Hainan)
47-AEA-aab ha-yan (Hainan)
47-AEA-aac bao-xian (Hainan)
47-AEA-ab qi qi-li, gei, hlai-E. (Hainan)
47-AEA-aba tong-shi Tongshi (Hainan)
47-AEA-abb bao-ting bao-ding Baucheng, Bao-ting (Hainan)
47-AEA-abc qian-dui Quiandui (Hainan)
47-AEA-ac ben-di hlai-N. (Hainan)
47-AEA-aca zwn detou-li (Hainan)
47-AEA-acb bai-sha "white sands" Baisha (Hainan)
47-AEA-acc yuan-men Yuanmen (Hainan)
47-AEA-ad moi-fau meifa-li (Hainan)
47-AEA-ae ka-mau local-li (Hainan)
47-AEA-b Nganfon Hainan-W. island: Dong-Fang XiFang Chang-Jiang China (Hainan) 4
47-AEA-ba ngan-fon ngao-fon, cunhua China (Hainan) 4
47-AF LAQUA+ LAHA
chain
47-AFA LAQUA+ LAHA net
47-AFA-a Laqua+ Laha Vietnam; China 3
47-AFA-aa laqua ka-beo Vietnam-N.; adjacent China 3
47-AFA-ab laha Vietnam-N.; adjacent China
47-AG LATI+ LIPUP chain
47-AGA LATI net
47-AGA-a Lati lachi, tai-lati, akhu, p'u-la, pula, fula, foula Claire river China frontier China; Vietnam (Ha-Tuyen) 2
47-AGA-aa li-pute "bag" lachi China (Yunnan)
47-AGA-ab li-putcio 'han' lachi China (Yunnan)
47-AGA-ac li-puke "red" lachi China (Yunnan)
47-AGA-ad li-puliongtco "flowery" lachi China (Yunnan)
47-AGA-ae li-puti "black" lachi China (Yunnan)
47-AGA-af li-pupi "long-haired" lachi Vietnam (Ha-Tuyen) 2
47-AGB LIPUP net perhaps to be treated as a separate chain
47-AGB-a Lipup Vietnam (Ha-Tuyen) 3
47-AGB-aa li-pup "white" lachi (Ha-Tuyen) 3
47-AH GELAO+ ANSHUN
chain
47-AHA GELAO net
47-AHA-a Gelao gelo "proper", kelao, gilao, khi, keleo, chi-lao, keh-lao, lao, i-lao, thu,
including "white" gelo Dao-Zhen Wu-chuan counties Zhuang-
Miao autonomous district Longlin autonomous county
China (Guizhou; Yunnan; Guangxi;
Hunan); also Vietnam-N.
4
47-AHA-aa 'lo duoluo China-SW. 4
47-AHA-ab qau qua, gao China-SW.
47-AHA-ac gu China-SW.
47-AHA-ad hakei hagei China-SW.
47-AHA-ae to China-SW.
47-AHB SANSHONG net
47-AHB-a Sanshong China (Guangxi) 3*
47-AHB-aa sanshong sanshong gelo, guangxi longin China (Guangxi)
47-AHC ANSHUN net
47-AHC-a Anshun Anshun prefecture China (Guizhou) 3*
47-AHC-aa anshun anshun gelo, guizhou anshun China (Guizhou)
47-AI BUYANG+
YERONG* chain
47-AIA BUYANG net
47-AIA-a Buyang Wenshan-Miao autonomous district Guangnan Funing counties China (Yunnan) 3
47-AIA-aa buyang several idioms to be distinguished China (Yunnan) 3
47-AIB YERONG net
47-AIB-a Yerong Guangxi Napo county: Longhe Pohe China (Yunnan) 2
47-AIB-aa yerong daban-yao China (Yunnan) 2

48= MIENIC
phylozone
covers the "Miao+ Yao" or Hsiangsi+ Iumien set; comprising
1 set of languages (= 9 outer languages) spoken by
communities in Southeast Asia, from Burma to southwestern
China:
48-A HSIANGSI+ IUMIEN
Burma; China; Laos; Thailand;
Vietnam
6
48-A HSIANGSI+ IUMIEN
set
MIAO+ YAO
48-AA HSIANGSI+ MEO-DO
chain
HMONG
48-AAA HSIANGSI+ MEO-DO
net
hmong+ miao, including overlapping applications of hmong, hmung,
hmoong, hmu miao, meo to be revised, with locations noted
48-AAA-a Chuanqiandian-
Miao
chuanchientien-meo, hmong-W. #including ethnolinguistic designations
based on traditional colours and designs of cloth
China (Guizhou; Guangxi;
Sichuan; Yunnan); Laos; Vietnam;
Thailand
5
48-AAA-aa hmong-daw chuan, "white" miao, "white" meo China-SW.; Thailand; Laos;
Vietnam
48-AAA-aaa peh pe, pei, peh-miao, chuan, "china white" miao China-SW.
48-AAA-aab petchabun petchabun-miao, meo-kao, "southeast asia white" miao, "white" lum Thailand
48-AAA-aac hmong-qua-mba hmong-gu-mba, "striped" miao Thailand
48-AAA-ab hmong-njua hmong-njwa, hmong-leng, hua Laos; Thailand; Burma; Vietnam &
China-SW.
5
48-AAA-aba hua-hwa "flowery variegated" miao Laos
48-AAA-abb khiao-hua xiao-hwa, atse, "small flowery" miao Laos
48-AAA-abc ta-hua "big flowery" miao Laos
48-AAA-abd tak "green" miao, "blue" miao Laos
48-AAA-ac lung-li China-SW.
48-AAA-ad kwei-chu China-SW.
48-AAA-ae kwang-shun yi, tai miao China-SW.
48-AAA-af su-yung China-SW.
48-AAA-ag hua-chieh China-SW.
48-AAA-b Meo-do Vietnam; China; Thailand 5
48-AAA-ba meo-do "red" miao, "red" meo Vietnam; Thailand; China-SW. 5
48-AAA-baa meo-do-vietnam Vietnam-N. (Tongkin)
48-AAA-bab meo-do-thailand Thailand-N.
48-AAA-bac meo-do-china China-SW.
48-AAA-c Qiandong-He hmong-E. China Yunnan; Guizhou; (Guangxi)
& Vietnam; Thailand
5
48-AAA-ca qiandong-miao chientung-miao China-SW. 5
48-AAA-cb he-miao heh, hei, "black" miao China-SW.
48-AAA-cc tai-kung chingchang China-SW.
48-AAA-cd kai-li China-SW.
48-AAA-ce lu-shan China-SW.
48-AAA-cf tai-chiang kanad China-SW.
48-AAA-cg cheng-feng China-SW.
48-AAA-ch jung-chiang China-SW.
48-AAA-ci keh-deo China-SW.
48-AAA-d Hsiangsi hmong-N. China (Hunan-W.) 5
48-AAA-da xiangxi-miao huayuan-miao, hsianghsi-miao China-SW. 5
48-AAA-db chi-wei China-SW.
48-AAA-dc layi-ping China-SW.
48-AAA-e Dananshan-Hmong China (Guizhou-NW.) 5
48-AAA-ea danan-shan China-SW. 5
48-AAA-f Punu+ Pa-Heng part of "pseudo" yao China (Guangxi-W.; Guizhou;
Hunan; Yunnan); Vietnam
4
48-AAA-fa punu bunu, pu-nao, tung-nu China-SW. 4
48-AAA-faa qiung-nai China-SW.
48-AAA-fab pa-wu China-SW.
48-AAA-fac wu-nai China-SW.
48-AAA-fad yu-no China-SW.
48-AAA-fb pa-heng pa-then China-SW.; Vietnam-N. 4

1999 / 2000 edition
48-AB IUMIEN+ SHE chain
48-ABA IUMIEN+ SHE net
48-ABA-a Iumien+ Kimmun Yao-"Proper", mian+ jin China; Laos; Vietnam; Thailand 6
48-ABA-aa iu-mien man, myen, mian, yiu-mien, you-mian, in Vietnam: dao, dong, trai, xa,
duu idioms to be confirmed
China (Guangxi; Guangdong;
Yunnan; Hunan; Guizhou);
Vietnam; Laos; Thailand;
migration> USA
5
48-ABA-aaa ao-yao China-SW.
48-ABA-aab chasan-yao China-SW.
48-ABA-aac shanzi-yao China-SW.
48-ABA-aad ling-yun ling-chun China-SW.
48-ABA-aae hua-lan hualan-yao China-SW.
48-ABA-aaf hua China-SW.
48-ABA-aag sung China-SW.
48-ABA-aah tien-tiao-tchaine China-SW.
48-ABA-aai hsing-an part of "highland" yao China-SW.
48-ABA-aaj chiangrai part of "highland" yao Thailand 4
48-ABA-aak tai-pan pan-yao, part of "highland" yao Vietnam
48-ABA-aal hai-ninh Vietnam
48-ABA-aam hung Vietnam
48-ABA-aan cao-long Vietnam
48-ABA-aao man-do Vietnam
48-ABA-aap deo-tien Vietnam
48-ABA-aaq quan-chet Vietnam
48-ABA-aar quan-coc coc, khoc Vietnam
48-ABA-aas quan-trang Vietnam
48-ABA-aat son-trang Vietnam
48-ABA-aau iu-mien-laos Laos 4
48-ABA-ab kim-mun "lowland" yao, gem-mun, jim-mun, man-lan-tien, lan-ten, lan-tin China-SW.; Laos; Vietnam 5
48-ABA-aba kim-mun-guangxi (Guangxi)
48-ABA-abb kim-mun-guizhou (Guizhou)
48-ABA-abc kim-mun-laos Laos (Nam-Tha; Huay Sai) 3
48-ABA-abd kim-mun-vietnam Vietnam-N.
48-ABA-ac biao-mien biao-min, biiao-mon, biao-man Ruyuan county China (Guangdong) 4
48-ABA-b Ba-Pai part of "pseudo" yao Lian-Nan Yang-Shan counties China (Guangdong) 4
48-ABA-ba ba-pai yao-min, zao-min, dzao-min China (Guangdong)
48-ABA-c She +submerged by [79] Hakka (She-hua), spoken by former She-
speaking community
China (Fujian; Guangdong) 3*
48-ABA-ca huo-nte ho-nte (Fujian) 2
48-ABA-cb luo-fu Hai-Feng Hui-Dong counties (Guangdong) 2
48-ABA-cc lian-hua Boluo Zengcheng counties (Guangdong) 2

49= DRAVIDIC
phylozone
covers the "Dravidian" grouping; comprising 5 sets (= 24 outer
languages) spoken by communities throughout South Asia,
from Afghanistan to Sri Lanka:
49-A BRA'UIDI 49-B KURUKH+ MALTO
49-C KOLAMI+ PARJI 49-D TELUGU+ KUYI
49-E TAMIL+ TULU
including 2 arterial languages: [49-D] Telugu; [49-E] Tamil
primarily India; also Afghanistan;
Bangladesh; Malaysia; Nepal;
Pakistan; Sri Lanka
8
49-A BRA'UIDI set DRAVIDIAN-NORTHWEST
49-AA BRA'UIDI chain
49-AAA BRA'UIDI net
49-AAA-a Bra'uidi Brahui Quetta Kalat Pakistan (Sind-N.; Baluchistan-E.);
also Afghanistan; migration> Iran
6
49-AAA-aa bra'uidi brahui, brahuidi, birahui, kur-galli Pakistan 6
49-AAA-aaa bra'uidi-F. "literary" brahui Perso-Arabic script: Kalat model Pakistan
49-AAA-aab jharawian "lowland" brahui (Sind-N.)
49-AAA-aac kalat "central" brahui Kalat massif, Brahui range: Kalat (Baluchistan-E.)
49-AAA-aad sarawan "upland" brahui Kalat massif: Sarawan (Baluchistan-E.)
49-B KURUKH+ MALTO
set
DRAVIDIAN-NORTHEAST
49-BA KURUKH+ MALTO
chain
49-BAA KURUKH+ MALTO
net
49-BAA-a Kurukh kurux, kouroukh, kurka, kadukali, dhangar, jhangar, janghard, jangad
uraon, orau, oraon, urang, kurukh-oraon; including kisan, kisan-
kurukh koda idioms to be confirmed # kisan =farmers' language;
koda =diggers' language
India (Bihar, Madhya Pradesh,
Orissa, West Bengal; migration>
Assam); Bangladesh; Nepal
6
49-BAA-aa chota-nagpur-
kurukh
India; Bangladesh 6
49-BAA-aaa hazaribagh Hazaribagh mountains (Bihar)
49-BAA-aab raigarh (Madhya Pradesh)
49-BAA-ab nepal-kurukh Danusa Nepal 4
49-BAA-b Malto Rajmahal highlands since 1890's: Devanagari script India (Bihar) 4
49-BAA-ba malto malti, maltu, male, maler, rajmahalia, malpaharia India (Bihar) 4
49-BAA-baa kumarbhag-malto (Bihar)
49-BAA-bab malpaharia-malto paharias Ramargh hills (Bihar)
49-BAA-bac sawriya-malto sauria-malto (Bihar) 4
49-C KOLAMI+ PARJI set DRAVIDIAN-CENTRAL
49-CA KOLAMI+ PARJI
chain
49-CAA KOLAMI+ NAIKI net
49-CAA-a Kolami kolamboli, kolamai, kulme, kolam, kolmi; kolavar community -bilingual
in [49] Telugu and/or [59] Marathi
India (Andhra Pradesh;
Maharashtra; also Madhya
Pradesh)
4
49-CAA-aa mannyod manne (Andhra Pradesh)
49-CAA-ab wardha Wardha district (Maharashtra)
49-CAA-ac naikri naiki 2, naik-pods, kolami bhil, basim bhili, "hills" kolam, naiki-kolami
Basim, Washim
(Maharashtra)
49-CAA-ad madka-kinwat (Maharashtra)
49-CAA-ae pulgaon Pulgaon (Maharashtra)
49-CAA-af wani (Maharashtra)
49-CAA-ag maregaon (Maharashtra)
49-CAA-b Naiki kolami-SE., naik-chanda, naik-gonds, erk Adilabad Chandrapur
Nanded districts
Maharashtra; also Madhya
Pradesh)
4
49-CAA-ba naiki-A. naiki "proper" (Andhra Pradesh; Maharashtra)
49-CAA-bb metla-kinwat (Maharashtra)
49-CAA-bc utnur (Andhra Pradesh)
49-CAA-bd asifabad-naiki Asifabad (Andhra Pradesh)
49-CAA-be adilabad-naiki Adilabad district: Chinnur Sirpur (Andhra Pradesh; Maharashtra)

1999 / 2000 edition
49-CAB PARJI+ GADABA
net
49-CAB-a Parji India (Madhya Pradesh; also
Orissa)
4
49-CAB-aa parji including parjhi, parajhi; parja, paraja, porja, poraja, paroja community
(from [59] Sanskrit praja=community); also thakara, tagara, tugara
community
India (Madhya Pradesh; also
Orissa)
4
49-CAB-aaa tiriya (Madhya Pradesh and/or Orissa)
49-CAB-aab nethanar parji-C. (Madhya Pradesh; Orissa)
49-CAB-aac dhurwa dhruva, durva, 'gond'-dhurwa, dharba community (Madhya Pradesh)
49-CAB-aad kukanar kokanar Kokanar (Madhya Pradesh)
49-CAB-b Gadaba Koraput district India (Orissa, Andhra Pradesh) 3
49-CAB-ba gadaba "dravidic" gadba distinct from neighbouring [46] Gutob ("Mundic"
Gadaba)
(Orissa, Andhra Pradesh) 3
49-CAB-baa ollari ollri, pottangi Pottangi (Andhra Pradesh)
49-CAB-bab konekor salur; including poya community Salur (Andhra Pradesh)
49-D TELUGU+ KUYI set DRAVIDIAN-EAST, "dravidian"-CS. 1 outer-language within this set
(Telugu) is equated below with a "scheduled language" included in the
8
th
schedule to the Constitution of India, as amended in 1992.
49-DA KUYI+ GONDI chain
49-DAA GONDI+ MARIA net
49-DAA-a Gondi+ Maria* structure of inner-languages and dialects to be reviewed India (Madhya Pradesh; Andhra
Pradesh; Maharashtra; Orissa)
6
49-DAA-aa gondi gondi "proper", gaudi, gondiva, gondwadi, goondile, goudwal, ghond,
godi, gondu, goudi, etapally-gondi Devanagari script
Maharashtra; Madhya Pradesh;
Orissa)
6
49-DAA-aaa adilabad-gondi nirmal Adilabad (Andhra Pradesh)
49-DAA-aab betul Betul (Madhya Pradesh)
49-DAA-aac chhindwara chindwara Chhindwara (Madhya Pradesh)
49-DAA-aad mandla Mandla district (Madhya Pradesh)
49-DAA-aae seoni Seoni (Madhya Pradesh)
49-DAA-aaf utnoor-gondi utnur-gondi Utnur (Andhra Pradesh)
49-DAA-ab koya koi, koi-gondi, koitor, koitur, koitar, koa, kavor, koyato, kaya, koyi
+influenced by [49] Telugu Telugu script
Maharashtra; also Orissa)
5
49-DAA-aba malakanagiri-koya Malkangiri (Orissa; Andhra Pradesh)
49-DAA-abb podia-koya gotte-koya (Andhra Pradesh)
49-DAA-abc chintoor-koya dorli, dorla, dorla-koitur, "central" koya (Andhra Pradesh; Maharashtra)
49-DAA-abd jaganathapuram-koya gommu-koya, godavari-koya Godavari valley (Andhra Pradesh)
49-DAA-abe racha-koya raj-koya (Andhra Pradesh)
49-DAA-abf konda-rajulu koya-konda-rajulu (Andhra Pradesh)
49-DAA-ac maria maria, madia, muria, mudia, mulia, madi, madiya, modh, modi, jhoria,
"hill" maria, maria-gond, etapally-maria
India (Madhya Pradesh;
Maharashtra; Andhra Pradesh)
4
49-DAA-aca bhamani-maria bhamani, bhamani-madia, bhamani-gondi, bhamragarh-maria (Andhra Pradesh and/or Madhya
Pradesh)
49-DAA-acb abuj-maria abujh-madia, abuj-mariya, abujh-maria, abujmar-maria, "hill" maria
Bastar district: Abujmar hills
(Madhya Pradesh) 4
49-DAA-acc gatte-maria India
49-DAA-acd kondagaon-muria India
49-DAA-ace ghotul-muria India
49-DAA-acf dandami-maria "bison-horn" maria; including dhuru, dhur-gond (Madhya Pradesh; Maharashtra)
49-DAA-acg raj-gondi raj-gond (Madhya Pradesh; Maharashtra)
49-DAA-ach pradhan (Andhra Pradesh; Maharashtra)
49-DAB KONDADORA+
MANNADORA net
49-DAB-a Kondadora+
Mannadora
India (Andhra Pradesh, Orissa;
also Tamil Nadu)
4
49-DAB-aa konda-dora konda; porja community Eastern Ghats highlands: Araku India (Andhra Pradesh) 4
49-DAB-aaa konda-dora-A. konda-dora "proper", conta-dora (Andhra Pradesh)
49-DAB-aab mukha-dora (Andhra Pradesh)
49-DAB-aac nuka-dora (Andhra Pradesh)
49-DAB-aad reddi-dora reddi, riddi, conta-reddi (Andhra Pradesh)
49-DAB-ab kubi India (Orissa)
49-DAB-ac manna-dora India (Andhra Pradesh; also Tamil
Nadu, Orissa)
3
49-DAB-aca godavari-E. East Godavari district (Andhra Pradesh)
49-DAB-acb srikakulam Srikakulam district (Andhra Pradesh)
49-DAB-acc visakhapatman Visakhapatnam district (Andhra Pradesh)
49-DAB-acd manna-S. (Tamil Nadu)

49-DAC KUYI+ MANDA net "WIDER"-KHONDI
49-DAC-a Kuyi+ Kuvi khondi, khondo; khond, kond, khandh, kanda community India (Orissa) 5
49-DAC-aa kuyi kuy, kuinga, kodulu Udaigiri>W. India (Orissa) 5
49-DAC-aaa kuttiya-kandh kui-W. (Orissa)
49-DAC-aab gumsai kui-E. Gumsar* (Orissa)
49-DAC-ab kuvi kuwi, kuvinga, kuvi-kondh, jatapu India (Orissa) 5
49-DAC-b Manda+ Pengo India (Orissa) 3
49-DAC-ba manda Kalahandi district India (Orissa) 3
49-DAC-bb pengo pengu Koraput district India (Orissa) 3
49-DB TELUGU+ HOLIYA
chain
49-DBA TELUGU+ HOLIYA
net
49-DBA-a Telugu+ Holiya comprises the Telugu "scheduled language" in India; the listing and
classification of idioms below remains provisional, and requires
substantial verification and expansion (in order to deal with the
intersection of geographic and social variations, often on the level of
individual villages)
India (Andhra Pradesh) 7
49-DBA-aa telugu telegu, tailangi, telangire, telgi, tengu, terangi, tolangan, gentoo India (KAndhra Pradesh) 7
49-DBA-aaa telugu-L. "archaic literary" telugu from c.450: Telugu script (Andhra Pradesh)
49-DBA-aab telugu-M. "pre-modern & modern literary" telugu (Andhra Pradesh)
49-DBA-aac telugu-F. "formal spoken" telugu (Andhra Pradesh)
49-DBA-aad telugu-G. "popular vehicular" telugu, "generalised" telugu (Andhra Pradesh)
49-DBA-aae telangana-C. telugu-C. (Andhra Pradesh)
49-DBA-aaf telangana-W. telugu-W. (Andhra Pradesh)
49-DBA-aag srikaukulam srikakulam, part of telugu-NE. Srikakulam coast (Andhra Pradesh)
49-DBA-aah visakhapatnam part of telugu-NE. Visakhapatnam coast (Andhra Pradesh)
49-DBA-aai andhra "central coastal" telugu, including guntur centered on Godavari
Krishna mouths
(Andhra Pradesh)
49-DBA-aaj rayalasima rayalaseema (Andhra Pradesh)
49-DBA-aak nellore part of telugu-SE. Nellore coast (Andhra Pradesh)
49-DBA-aal beradi (Andhra Pradesh)
49-DBA-aam dasari (Andhra Pradesh)
49-DBA-aan dommara (Andhra Pradesh)
49-DBA-aao golari holiya (Andhra Pradesh)
49-DBA-aap kamathi (Andhra Pradesh)
49-DBA-aaq komtao (Andhra Pradesh)
49-DBA-aar salewari (Andhra Pradesh)
49-DBA-aas vadaga (Andhra Pradesh)
49-DBA-aat vadari (Andhra Pradesh)
49-DBA-aau yanadi yadi, yandis, yenadi (Andhra Pradesh)
49-DBA-aav konda-reddi (Andhra Pradesh)
49-DBA-ab chenchu chenchu-coolam, chenchwar, chenswar, choncharu India (Andhra Pradesh) 4
49-DBA-ac savara "dravidian" savara distinct from [46] Sora ("Mundic" Savara) India (Andhra Pradesh) 4
49-DBA-ad holiya holar, holari, hole, holian, holu, golari, golari-kannada India (Madhya Pradesh) 3
49-E TAMIL+ TULU set DRAVIDIAN-SOUTH 3 outer-languages within this set (Kannada,
Tamil and Malayalam) are equated below with "scheduled languages"
included in the 8
th
schedule to the Constitution of India, as amended in
1992. The listing and classification of idioms below especially for
these three languages remains a provisional summary, and requires
substantial verification and expansion (in order to deal with the
intersection of geographic and social variations, often on the level of
individual villages).
49-EA TULU+ KORRA
chain
49-EAA TULU+ BELLARI net
49-EAA-a Tulu+ Bellari India (Karnataka) 6
49-EAA-aa tulu tal, thalu, tilu, tuluva-bhasa, tullu, thulu South Kanara district &
environs
India (Karnataka) 6
49-EAA-ab bellari India (Karnataka)
49-EAB KORRA+ MUDU net KORAGA
49-EAB-a Korra India (Kerala) 3
49-EAB-aa korra koraga "proper", koragar, koragara, korangi India (Kerala) 3
49-EAB-b Mudu India (Kerala) 3
49-EAB-ba mudu koraga-mudu, muduga India (Kerala) 3

1999 / 2000 edition
49-EB TAMIL+ KANNADA
chain
49-EBA KANNADA+
KURUMBA net
49-EBA-a Kannada canara, banglori, madrassi, "kanarese", "canarese" Kannada script
comprises the Kannada "scheduled language" in India
India (Karnataka; also Andhra
Pradesh, Tamil Nadu)
7
49-EBA-aa kannada-L. "archaic literary" kannada India (Karnataka)
49-EBA-ab kannada-F. "modern literary" kannada, "formal spoken" kannada India (KKarnataka)
49-EBA-ac kannada-brahmin "sanskritised" kannada +influenced by [59] Sanskrit (Karnataka)
49-EBA-ad kannada-G. "popular vehicular" kannada, "generalised" kannada India (Karnataka)
49-EBA-ae kannada-N. India (Karnataka-N.)
49-EBA-aea gulbarga Gulbarga (Karnataka-N.)
49-EBA-aeb bijapur Bijapur (Karnataka-N.)
49-EBA-aec dharwar Dharwar (Karnataka-N.)
49-EBA-af kannada-C. kannada-C.+ kannada-S. India (Karnataka)
49-EBA-afa mysore Mysore (Karnataka)
49-EBA-afb havyaka (Karnataka)
49-EBA-afc mangalore Mangalore (Karnataka)
49-EBA-afd gowda (Karnataka)
49-EBA-afe soliga Biligirirangan hills (Karnataka)
49-EBA-ag badaga badag; badagu; badugu; vadugu Kunda hills India (Tamil Nadu-E.) 5
49-EBA-b Kurumba korambar, kurumar, kurumbar, kuruba, kuruman, kurmban, kurumvari,
kuramwari; including kadu-kuruba Nilgiri Hills +transitional
between [49] Kannada & [49] Tamil
India (Tamil Nadu; Karnataka;
Kerala)
5
49-EBA-ba kurumba-C. Nilgiri hills India (Tamil Nadu; Karnataka) 5
49-EBA-baa naik-kurumba naik-kuruba India
49-EBA-bab urali uraly, urli, oorazhi, urali-kuruman India (Kerala)
49-EBA-bac ponai-kurumba kurumba-E. India
49-EBA-bb alu-kurumba Nilgiri-E. hills India (Tamil Nadu)
49-EBA-bc jennu-kurumba jennu-kuruba, jenu-kurumba, jen-kurumba, ten-kurumba Nilgiri-N. hills India (Tamil Nadu; Karnataka)
49-EBA-bd betta-kurumba betta-kuruba India (Tamil Nadu; Karnataka;
Kerala)
49-EBA-bda betta-kurumba-A. Nilgiri-N. hills India
49-EBA-bdb betta-kuruba Coorg hills India
49-EBA-be mullu-kurumba mullu-kurumban India (Kerala)
49-EBB TODA+ KOTA net
49-EBB-a Toda Nilgiri+ Kunda hills India (Tamil Nadu) 2
49-EBB-aa toda todi, tuda India (Tamil Nadu-E.) 2
49-EBB-b Kota India (Tamil Nadu) 2
49-EBB-ba kota Nigiri+ Kotagiri hills India (Tamil Nadu-E.) 2
49-EBB-baa kota-A. kota "proper", kotta (Tamil Nadu-E.)
49-EBB-bab ko-bashai (Tamil Nadu-E.)
49-EBC KODAGU net COORGI
49-EBC-a Kodagu Mercara hills India (Karnataka) 4
49-EBC-aa kodagu coorgi, coorge, courg, kadagi, khurgi, kotagu, kurja, kurug (Karnataka-SW.) 4
49-EBD IRULA+ YERUKULA
net
49-EBD-a Irula+ Yerukula India (Tamil Nadu; Andhra
Pradesh)
4
49-EBD-aa irula eravallan, irava, irular, iruliga, irular-mozhi, iruligar India (Tamil Nadu; Andhra
Pradesh)
4
49-EBD-aaa chingleput chindleput Chingleput & environs (Tamil Nadu)
49-EBD-aab salem Salem & environs (Tamil Nadu)
49-EBD-aac nilgiri Nilgiri hills (Tamil Nadu)
49-EBD-aad kad-chensu (Andhra Pradesh)
49-EBD-ab yerukula yarukala, yerkula, yerukla, erukala, korava India (Andhra Pradesh;
Maharashtra; also Karnataka;
Tamil Nadu)
4
49-EBD-aba parikala (Andhra Pradesh)
49-EBD-abb sankara sankara-yerukala, sankara-yerukula (Andhra Pradesh)
49-EBD-abc kapparalatippa yerukula-kapparalatippa (Andhra Pradesh)
49-EBD-abd katherollu yerukula-katherollu (Andhra Pradesh)
49-EBD-abe korcha yerukula-korcha (Andhra Pradesh)
49-EBD-abf kunceti yerukula-kunceti (Andhra Pradesh; also Karnataka;
Tamil Nadu)

49-EBE TAMIL+
MALAYALAM net
49-EBE-a Tamil tamalsan, tambul, tamili, tamal, damulian, in [51] Franais: tamoul
from 1
st
century: Tamil script comprises the Tamil "scheduled
language" in India
India (Tamil Nadu); Sri Lanka;
Vietnam
7
49-EBE-aa tamil-L. "early classical" tamil, tamil-cankam India
49-EBE-ab tamil-M. "classical+ post-classical" tamil India
49-EBE-ac tamil-F. "formal modern" tamil India (KTamil Nadu); Sri Lanka;
Vietnam
49-EBE-aca cen-tamil "modern literary" tamil India
49-EBE-acb potuppeeccu-valakku "cultivated vehicular" tamil, "formal spoken" tamil India
49-EBE-acc brahmin-tamil "sanskritised" tamil India
49-EBE-ad tamil-G. "popular vehicular" tamil, "generalised" tamil, kotun-tamil, including
"migr" tamil
India (Tamil Nadu); Sri Lanka;
migration> Malaysia; Singapore;
Mauritius; South Africa
49-EBE-ae tamil-N. India (Tamil Nadu-N.)
49-EBE-aea velur-chittur tamil-NW. India (Tamil Nadu-N.)
49-EBE-aeb madrai tamil-NE. Madras Chinglepet (Tamil Nadu-N.)
49-EBE-aec arcot arcot-S. Arcot (Tamil Nadu-N.)
49-EBE-af tamil-E. India (Tamil Nadu-E.)
49-EBE-afa kaveri-"delta" thiruchchi+ tanjore Kaveri delta: Tiruchirapalli Thanjavur (Tamil Nadu-E.)
49-EBE-afb pudukkottai Pudukkotai (Tamil Nadu-E.)
49-EBE-ag tamil-W. India (Tamil Nadu-W.)
49-EBE-aga selam+ erode SelamErode (Tamil Nadu-W.)
49-EBE-agb coimbatore+ dindigul Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu-W.)
49-EBE-ah tamil-S. India (Tamil Nadu-S.)
49-EBE-aha thirunelveli+ nagercoil ThirunelveliNagercoil (Tamil Nadu-S.)
49-EBE-ahb ramnad+ tuticorin Tuticorin (Tamil Nadu-S.)
49-EBE-ai tamil-'insular' Sri Lanka 6
49-EBE-aia sri-lanka-tamil-N. Jaffna Trincomalee & environs Sri Lanka-N.
49-EBE-aib sri-lanka-tamil-NE. Sri Lanka-NE.
49-EBE-aic sri-lanka-tamil-SE. Batticaloa Colombo & environs Sri Lanka-SE.
49-EBE-b Malayalam+
Malankuravan
India (Kerala; Lakshadweep
Islands); migration> United Arab
Emirates
7
49-EBE-ba malayalam malayaalam, malayalani, malean, maliyad, mallealle, malayali,
malayam, malayarma, alealum, mopla, including malayalam-N.
malayalam-C.malayalam-S. Malayalam script comprises the
Malayalam "scheduled language" in India
India (KKerala) 7
49-EBE-baa malayalam-L. "archaic literary" malayalam (Kerala)
49-EBE-bab malayalam-M. "pre-modern & modern literary" malayalam (Kerala)
49-EBE-bac malayalam-F. "formal spoken" malayalam (Kerala)
49-EBE-bad malayalam-G. "popular vehicular" malayalam, "generalised" malayalam (Kerala)
49-EBE-bae nagari-malayalam (Kerala)
49-EBE-baf cochin cochin "urban" Cochin (Kerala)
49-EBE-bag kayavar (Kerala)
49-EBE-bah malabar malabari Malabar coast (Kerala)
49-EBE-bai palghat palghar Palghat (Kerala)
49-EBE-baj pania (Kerala)
49-EBE-bak peak (Kerala)
49-EBE-bal travancore (Kerala)
49-EBE-bam vempanad-W. (Kerala)
49-EBE-ban yerava yoruba (Kerala)
49-EBE-bao palayan pulaya caste dialect (Kerala)
49-EBE-bap namboodiri caste dialect (Kerala)
49-EBE-baq nayar caste dialect (Kerala)
49-EBE-bar moplah caste dialect (Kerala)
49-EBE-bas nasrani caste dialect (Kerala)
49-EBE-bat laccadive Lakshadweep archipelago: Laccadive islands (Lakshadweep Islands)
49-EBE-bau amindivi Lakshadweep archipelago: Amindivi islands (Lakshadweep Islands)
49-EBE-bav cannamore Lakshadweep archipelago: Cannamore islands (Lakshadweep Islands)

1999 / 2000 edition
49-EBE-bb malapandaram malapantaram, malepantaram, "hill" pantaram Kottayam
Ernakulam Quilon districts
(Kerala) 2
49-EBE-bc malankuravan classification to be confirmed (Kerala) 3
49-EBE-bca male-kuravan (Kerala)
49-EBE-bcb malankuravan-A. (Kerala)
49-EBE-bcc malayadiars (Kerala)
49-EBE-bd malaryan maleyareyan, male-arayan, malayarayan, arayan, karingal,
vazhiyammar Kottayam Ernakulam Trichur districts
(Kerala) 3
49-EBE-be malavedan towetan Kottayam Ernakulam Quilon Trivandrum Tirunelveli
districts
(Kerala; Tamil Nadu) 3
49-EBE-bea malavedan-A. malavetan (Kerala; Tamil Nadu)
49-EBE-beb vettuvan vedans, vedan, vetan (Kerala and/or Tamil Nadu)
49-EBF PANIYA net
49-EBF-a Paniya India (Kerala; Tamil Nadu) 2
49-EBF-aa paniya pania, paniyan, panyah, paliyan, palaya, seramar (Kerala; Tamil Nadu) 2

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