Transportation Services

Transposition and Travel

Evolution
Transportation and Travel have undergone many
changes. A review of the history of transportation
and travel shows that the evolution took seven
eras:

1. Pre-industrial travel system era
2. Early industrial travel system era
3. Mature-railway system era
4. Express travel system era
5. Automobile-based travel system era
6. Modern-tourism travel system era
7. Post-mobility adjustment era


Pre-Industrial Travel System Era
This was the period before the widespread
industrialization in Europe and North America.
It was before the development of railways in the
two continents.
There were few common carriers.
There were almost no regularly scheduled
transportation services.
There was a little travel.
Travelers made their own arrangements with
several suppliers.
It was the era of stagecoach and wayside inn.
Only few people had money and reason to travel.
Early-Industrial travel System Era
During the era, the road improvement such as
railways, canals, and steamship services were
brought about due to rapid industrialization and
advances in transportation technology.
Common carriers came into existence and began
to offer regularly scheduled transportation services.
Travel increased because more people had money
to travel.
Mature-Railway System Era

This era was characterized by railway which expanded their operations
by running hotels and providing other related services. Travel agencies and
tour companies were formed. More people traveled in this era than the later
ones.
Thomas Cook innovator; began his company activity in the UK in 1840.
Express-Travel System Era
During this era, express services
increased. Trains and other forms of
transportation did not stop at every station
or terminal but only at the major ones.
This increased the speed of travel and
encouraged more travel than before.
Automobile-Based Travel System
Era This influence of the privately-owned
automobile was enhanced in North America and
Europe from 1920 onwards. Motorways, interstate
highways, and other trunk highways were
developed in the latter half of this era which was
from 1920-1974. The automobile was predominant
over other travel modes from 1920 to 1945.
Automobile-Based Travel System Era
Modern Tourism Travel System Era
The period from 1945-1974 is known as he modern tourism travel
system era. Car ownership continued to grow at a fast rate, mainly at the
expense of long-distance rail travel. Mass air travel was another post World
War II occurrence. The introduction of wide-bodied jets in 1970 greatly
increased air travel. The mass tourism philosophy and marketing approaches
were prevalent during 1950s and 1960s.
Post-Mobility Adjustment Era
This era began in 1973-1974 as a result of the oil embargo generated by
OPEC and the resulting of increase in fuel prices. The events of the energy crisis
basically changed the travel patterns throughout the world. The present era is
one in which travelers continue to look to alternative group oriented modes of
transportations.
Selection of Transportation Modes
Reasons why people select one transportation mode for their travels:
1. Cost
2. Traveling time
3. Safety
4. Convenience
5. Comfort
6. Availability
7. Frequency of trips
8. Ground services
9. Terminal facilities and locations
10. Status and prestige
11. Departure and Arrival times




Jagdish Sheth developed a theory identifying transportation variables and the
value of travelers. Factors are: functional, aesthetics/emotional,
social/organizational, situational and curiosity.
Travel by Train
Trains stimulated travel within United States, Canada, and Europe in 19
th
and
early 20
th
centuries.
The first transcontinental route in United States was completed in 1869.
In 1863, long distance rail travel boosted when George M. Pullman built the
Pullman coach, a luxury first-class sleeping and dining facility.
in 1929, US railroads carried 77 percent of the nations passenger traffic.
1950, the growth of private automobile ownership and usage declined to
46%.
Rail Passenger Service Act became a law in Octeber 1970 to save the
railroad industry.
The negative factors of rail travel are:
Slowness in reaching the destination
Inflexible departure times
Lack of quality in food services
Travel by Ship
Travel by sheep preceded travel by train not until the middle of 19
th
century
that travel by ocean liners became prominent.
Oceans liners used to provide an important link to passengers between
continents.
1840, steamship era began when Sir Samuel Cunard pioneered the first
transatlantic-scheduled liner trips.
1960s, travel by ships expired, cruises took over the place of regularly
scheduled passenger ships.
Cruise Ship
A Cruise ship is both a floating hotel and resort
Three Types:
1. Short Cruises one or less week accommodation
2. Intermediate-long Cruises one to four weeks accommodation
3. Long Cruises one to three months accommodation
Ferry/Ferrying
This is a type of cruise travel which only last for one day or less and is
usually used for short duration sightseeing.
Travel by Automobile
Carl Benz, real inventor of automobile. He was from Mannheim, Germany.
Henry Ford produced his Model T car with mass production in 1908.
The advent of the automobile spread the benefits of tourism more widely and
enabled people to travel individually or in private small groups.

Two Aspects of Automobile Travel
1. Recreation Vehicles
2. Car Rentals

Travel by Bus/Motor coach
>Bus travel is the most flexible and economical form of transportation.
Early 1900s busses were first used to carry passengers intercity.
1928, Greyhound Company, the largest privately-owned bus company in the
world was established.
Charter and tour services is the fastest growing segment of the bus or motor
coach industry.



Travel by Air
Travel by airplane had a revolutionary impact on tourism from World War II
onwards.
1927, the air industry developed regularly-scheduled passenger trips
between Boston and New York.
1920s government helped the development of air travel by subsidizing air
companies.
Varney(now United Airlines) was one of the mail carrying airlines which
began in April 1926.
April 19, 1926 Western Airlines began its passenger service when it carried a
woman passenger along with the mail.
1927, American Airways had its first flight when it carried mail from Key West,
Florida to Havana, Cuba.
World War II influenced the development of the airline Industry. It helped to
further improve airplanes by accelerating technological research to improve
their size and speed.
late1950s and early1960s , commercial jet aircrafts were introduced
increasing the speed of travel, creating smoother flights and greater seating
capacity for passengers.
1970, the commercial airline industry improved with the introduction of wide-
bodied aircrafts.
Travel by Air
Bermuda Agreement and the 8 freedoms of the air:
1. First freedom: The right of the airline to overfly one country to get to another.
2. Second freedom: The right of an airplane to land in another country for
technical stopover but does not pick up or drop off traffic.
3. Third freedom: The right of an airline, registered in country X, to drop off
traffic from country X to country Y.
4. Fourth freedom: The right of an airline, registered in country X to
carry back traffic to country X from country Y.
5. Fifth freedom: The right of an airline, registered in country X, to collect
traffic in country Y and fly on to country Z, so long, as the flight either
originates or terminates in country X.
6. Sixth freedom: The right of an airline, registered in country X, to carry traffic
to a gateway(a point in country X) and then abroad. The traffic has neither
its origin nor ultimate destination in country X.
7. Seventh freedom: The right of an airline, registered in country X, to operate
entirely outside of country X in carrying traffic between two other countries.
8. Eight freedom: The right of an airline, registered in country X, to carry traffic
between any points in some foreign country; also known as cabotage.
Travel by Air
Airline Deregulation:
1978, U.S. congress passed Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 which
provided for the gradual phasing-out of the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB)
and removed many of the regulations governing air carrier routes and fares.
Before 1978, the CAB set airline fares according to route distances and the
industry average. By the end of 1982, all official controls and domestic U.S.
air fares were abandoned. Today, no airline has exclusive right to any market
in the United States.
Deregulation is a critical factor affecting airline operations.
Deregulation is spreading throughout the world. In Europe, it is called
liberation.


End