O l|+ac de leseac||aeatc d+ lduc+1c

(lll,: ccate\tcs e d|scu|scs

lu|ce M+|| d+ ||+ \css
lesuac
O cc|et|c ceat|+| deste te\tc e +a+||s+| cs d|scu|scs e c ccate\tc c||t|cc de
|cdu1c dcs te\tcs c||c|+|s |e|e|eates +c l|+ac de leseac||aeatc d+
lduc+1c (lll,, |+a+dc ea !'' e|c ce|ac |ede|+|, ut|||:+adc
|e||+aeat+s tec||ccaetcdc|c|c+s d+ -cc|d+ea dc t|c|c de lc||t|c+s de
te|ea +|| e seus cc|+cc|+dc|es e d+ +a1||se de d|scu|sc cca c+se ea
lcuc+u|t. uscc desc|ee| +s c||cuast1ac|+s c||t|c+s ue |a||ueac|+a +
|cdu1c dcs dccuaeatcs e +a+||s+| cs e|e|tcs |ccc+dcs e|+s |e|c|a+s a+
lduc+1c 1s|c+, ccac + |cdu1c dcs d|scu|scs de |escas+c|||:+1c e
acc|||:+1c scc|+| e d+s |1t|c+s e|eac|+||st+s e e||c|a+t|+s ue |s+a
ae||c|+| |esu|t+dcs ac eas|ac, ea te|acs de |e|c+1c e e+s1c escc|+| e
ae||c|+| deseaea|cs dcs +|uacs a+s ++||+ces dc Mlt.
l+|+|+sc|+e: |e|c|a+s educ+c|ca+|s: ccate\tcs c||t|ccs: d|scu|scs.
1|e lduc+t|ca lee|caeat l|+a: ccate\ts +ad d|sccu|ses
-cst|+ct
1|e a+|a cc|ect|e c| t||s +e| |s tc +a+|,:e t|e d|sccu|ses +ad t|e c||t|c+|
ccate\t c| |cduct|ca c| c|||c|+| te\ts |e|+ted tc t|e lduc+t|ca lee|caeat
l|+a (lll,, |+uac|ed c, t|e |ede|+| ce|aaeat |a !'', us|a cct|
t|ec|et|c+|aet|cdc|c|c+| tcc|s ||ca te|ea +||`s lc||c, t,c|e -|c+c|,
+ad d|sccu|se +a+|,s|s c+sed |a lcuc+u|t. l see| tc desc||ce t|e c||t|c+|
c||cuast+aces t|+t +ct |a t|e |cduct|ca c| t|e dccuaeats, +ad +a+|,:e t|e
e||ects c+used c, |e|c|as |a +s|c lduc+t|ca, +s t|e |cduct|ca c| d|sccu|ses
t+de|acs de lduc+1c | l+l/lltl/llle| | le|ct+s ,}: +} , |+ae||c/+c||| !'11
t+de|acs de lduc+1c | l+l/lltl/llle|
++
c| +cccuat+c|||t, +ad scc|+| acc|||:+t|ca, +ad c| a+a+e||+||st +ad
e||c|a+t|e |+ct|ces t|+t +|a +t |a|c|a te+c||a |esu|ts, |a te|as c|
sc|cc| |+||u|e +ad e+s|ca, +s we|| +s |a|c|a studeats' e||c|a+aces |a t|e
+ssessaeats |cacted c, Mlt.
le,wc|ds: educ+t|ca+| |e|c|as: c||t|c+| ccate\ts: d|sccu|ses.

lat|cdu1c
lste te\tc e +|te d+ 1ese de lcutc|+dc ue ea|c |cdu:|adc
scc|e: Os ac|aeatcs de |eccate\tu+||:+1c e cs e|e|tcs d+ c||t|c+
tca|ca|ssc 1cdcs e|+ lduc+1c a+ est1c dc l|+ac de -ces
-|t|cu|+d+s (l-l, ea aua|c||cs dc l'. l|scutc +s c||cuast1ac|+s
c||t|c+s a+s u+|s +s |e|c|a+s educ+c|ca+|s ease ccast|tu|adc ea
acssc +|s, ccate\tu+||:+adc cs |c|+a+s e |+acs c||+dcs e|c
ce|ac lu|+
1
e +a+||s+adc cs te\tcs c||t|ccs c||c|+|s ue susteat+a +s
+ces |ccst+s, ea|cc+adc c l|+ac de leseac||aeatc d+ lduc+1c
(lll,, c Mc|aeatc 1cdcs e|+ lduc+1c e c l|+ac de Met+s
tca|ca|ssc 1cdcs e|+ lduc+1c, c u+| c||cu +cc|dcs eat|e c
M|a|ste||c d+ lduc+1c (Mlt, e cs |e|e|tcs aua|c|+|s, +|+
e|+cc|+1c e aca|tc|+aeatc dc l|+ac de -ces -|t|cu|+d+s (l-l, e
est+ce|eceu ua+ |ede de |e|+ces de ccce|+1c eat|e cs ce|acs
|ede|+|, est+du+|s e aua|c|+|s +|+ + e|et|+1c de +ces a+s |edes
uc||c+s de eas|ac de acssc +|s.
- uc||c+1c s|stea1t|c+ de |+acs a+c|ca+|s tea s|dc ua+
teadeac|+ e ua+ est|+te|+ c||t|c+ +dct+d+ e|c M|a|ste||c d+ lduc+1c
(Mlt,, desde + u|t|a+ dec+d+ dc secu|c \\, +|+ |e|t|a+| c d|scu|sc
c||c|+| + |+c| d+s |e|c|a+s ac c+ac d+ lduc+1c. tcac +cat+a
|||ca+, t+acs e t+|c|+ (!''],, + c|esceate |c|||e|+1c de te\tcs
c||c|+|s e|a|te + ccast|u1c de ua+ |eeaca|+ d|scu|s|+' ac
ac|aeatc |cc+| d+s |e|c|a+s educ+c|ca+|s. Mu|tcs dccuaeatcs

1
O ce|ac dc l|es|deate d+ leuc||c+ lu|s la1c|c lu|+ d+ ||+ ac |+s|| se deu ea
dc|s a+ad+tcs: !''} + !'' e !'' + !'1'.
| le|ct+s ,}: +} , |+ae||c/+c||| !'11
+]
c||c|+|s, ccac c lll, s1c |+c||aeate +cess+dcs a+ |ate|aet, c ue se|e
ccac ua+ tecac|c|+ ce|a+aeat+| de uc||c|:+1c d+s |e|c|a+s,
|s+adc es+||+| ac cct|d|+ac ess+s |a|c|a+ces e tc|a+| este d|scu|sc
|e|t|ac +|+ c cca|uatc d+ scc|ed+de c|+s||e||+.
O d|scu|sc d+ educ+1c ccac |+tc| est|+te|cc de deseac||aeatc
scc|+| e eccaca|cc e +tu+|aeate |eccate\tu+||:+dc, c|s + ea|+se
ceat|+| d+s |e|c|a+s educ+c|ca+|s ccateac|1ae+s a1c e + e\+as1c d+
escc|+||:+1c, a+s + eu|d+de, eatead|d+ ccac + c|e|t+ e||c|eate e
e||c+: dc eas|ac, de acdc + +|+at|| ccad|ces de +u|s|1c de
|+c|||d+des e |a|c|a+ces ue e|a|t+a ccaet|| ac ae|c+dc
|c||ss|ca+|.
M+s +s |e|c|a+s a+s c||t|c+s educ+c|ca+|s c|+s||e||+s a1c s1c
+ea+s + e\|ess1c de +cc|dcs a+c|ca+|s e |ate|a+c|ca+|s. -s |e|c|a+s
ea seadc aecc|+d+s aua ccate\tc de |c|uadcs eac+tes c||t|ccs,
cade d|e|s+s |c|+s scc|+|s, ccac s|ad|c+tcs, +sscc|+ces dcceates e
d|sceates, |ate|ectu+|s e cut|cs ac|aeatcs scc|+|s, |ut+a +|+
ccau|st+| d||e|tcs scc|+|s a+|s |eacs e deacc|1t|ccs.
\c te\tc ue +u| +|eseatc, ccate\tu+||:c +s |e|c|a+s
educ+c|ca+|s |cac|d+s ea acssc +|s, ccateac|+ae+aeate, c
c+ac de |a||ueac|+s |ate|a+c|ca+|s e a+c|ca+|s e cs eac+tes c||t|ccs
|cdu:|dcs cca +s c||t|c+s c||c|+|s. -a+||sc cs d|scu|scs |eseates acs
te\tcs c||t|ccs u+atc +c cca|uatc de eauac|+dcs ue s1c ccast|tu|dcs
e cs e|e|tcs |ccc+dcs e|+s |e|c|a+s a+ lduc+1c 1s|c+ cca +
c||+1c dc lad|ce de leseac||aeatc d+ lduc+1c 1s|c+ (lll, e c
l|+ac tca|ca|ssc 1cdcs e|+ lduc+1c. l|a+||:c c te\tc
+|eseat+adc +|ua+s ccas|de|+ces +ce|c+ d+s c||t|c+s cca seus
d|scu|scs de |escas+c|||:+1c e su+s |1t|c+s e|eac|+||st+s e
e||c|a+t|+s.
1. - +|ea+ c||t|c+ dc lll
O |+s||, +t|+es de seus |e|eseat+ates c||t|ccs, tea +|t|c|+dc
dcs |c|uas |ate|a+c|ca+|s ue |s+a |cace| |e|c|a+s a+s c||t|c+s
t+de|acs de lduc+1c | l+l/lltl/llle|
+
educ+c|ca+|s |cc+|s. ucess|cs ce|acs c|+s||e||cs ea +ssua|adc
ce|tcs cca|ca|sscs cca cs c|+a|sacs |ate|a+c|ca+|s, |cdu:|adc
d|e|s+s |e|s, |+acs e |c|+a+s a+ cusc+ de sc|uces +|+ cs
|cc|ea+s educ+c|ca+|s, esec|+|aeate +ue|es ue cc|cc+a acssc +|s
eat|e cs +|ses de a+|c| |ad|ces de |e|c+1c e e+s1c escc|+|. O
l|+ac de leseac||aeatc d+ lduc+1c (lll, e c l|+ac de Met+s
tca|ca|ssc 1cdcs e|+ lduc+1c s1c +|ua+s d+s c||t|c+s |ast|tu|d+s
e|cs ce|acs c|+s||e||cs cca c cc|et|c de |cace| +s |e|c|a+s
educ+c|ca+|s ccas|de|+d+s aecess1||+s +|+ |ase||| acssc +|s ac |c|etc
de deseac||aeatc |cc+|.
lu|+ate c seuadc a+ad+tc dc ce|ac lu|+, |c|+a |ast|tu|d+s
|e|c|a+s educ+c|ca+|s ea tcdc c s|stea+ educ+c|ca+| c|+s||e||c. \1||cs
dec|etcs
!
|c|+a ed|t+dcs, esec|+|aeate ac +ac de !'', |ccc+adc
|c|uad+s +|te|+ces a+ c|+a|:+1c e est1c educ+c|ca+| de acssc +|s.
tca c |atu|tc de +||a|+| + educ+1c +c l|c|etc de -ce|e|+1c
lccaca|c+ (l-t,
}
, c ce|ac lu|+ +t|+es dc M|a|st|c d+ lduc+1c
le|a+adc h+dd+d |+acu c l|+ac de leseac||aeatc d+ lduc+1c
(lll,.
euadc t|||+|de||| (!''),, ac acaeatc de +|eseat+1c dc lll
+|+ + scc|ed+de, c |+ac +|eceu eac+a|a|+|se +|+ + c|+a+d+
|ede|+||:+1c d+ lduc+1c 1s|c+', cu se|+, ua+ c||t|c+ de |ate|ea1c
|ast|uaeat+| dc ce|ac |ede|+| a+s ccad|ces de c|e|t+ d+
escc|+||:+1c dcs a|e|s de eas|ac c1s|cc a+s |edes uc||c+s aua|c|+|s
e est+du+|s dc +|s, c| ae|c de ccaea|cs est+ce|ec|dcs d||et+aeate

!
Os dec|etcs |es|deac|+|s ue de|+a c||ea +c lll |c|+a: .')}/' (d|sce scc|e +
c|+a|:+1c dc l|c|+a+ |+s|| -||+cet|:+dc,: .')+/' (d|sce scc|e +
|a|eaeat+1c dc l|+ac de Met+s tca|ca|ssc 1cdcs e|+ lduc+1c,: .')]/'
(est+ce|ece d||et||:es +|+ + ccast|tu|1c dcs last|tutcs lede|+|s de lduc+1c, t|eac|+
e 1ecac|c|+ - lll1, e .')/' (|ast|tu| c l|c|+a+ de -c|c + l|+acs de
leest|utu|+1c e l\+as1c d+s la|e|s|d+des lede|+|s lll\l,.
}
euadc t|||+|de||| (!''), . !]1,: - |de|+ c1s|c+ dc l-t e|+ de se tc|a+| ua
|c|+a+ c++: de |e+|+| + |a||+est|utu|+ dc +|s +|+ ua c|esc|aeatc ue dee||+
|| + +|t|| de ua+ |e|c|a+ t||cut1||+ e c||t|c+, u\+d+ c| ua |c|te +c|c
ce|a+aeat+| ea |c|etcs scc|+|s. O l|+ac de leseac||aeatc d+ lduc+1c (lll,
|c| ccas|de|+dc, eat1c, c l-t d+ lduc+1c'.
| le|ct+s ,}: +} , |+ae||c/+c||| !'11
+
eat|e cs aua|c||cs e est+dcs e c Mlt, ue c|e|ecessea |c|+a+s e
+ces teca|c+s e ||a+ace||+s de ae||c||+ d+ lduc+1c. l+|+ e|eac+| cs
|c|+a+s e +ces ue c Mlt +t|cc|a+||+ acs est+dcs e aua|c||cs
c|+s||e||cs cca c lll, c M|a|st|c d+ lduc+1c le|a+adc h+dd+d
tcacu ccac |e|e|eac|+ cs ||ae||cs |esu|t+dcs d+ l|c+ |+s|| cct|dcs
e|cs +|uacs de }} escc|+s ue, +es+| de s|tu+d+s ea 1|e+s
scc|ceccaca|c+s +de|s+s, t|e|+a ua deseaea|c |+c|1e| seuadc
c lad|ce de l|e|tc lscc|+ (lll,
+
.
O lll ccast|tu|se aua cca|uatc cca|e\c de |c|+a+s e +ces
ce|a+aeat+|s ue |ast|tu| d|e|s+s |e|c|a+s, +c|+aeadc tcdcs cs
a|e|s e acd+||d+des dc s|stea+ educ+c|ca+| c|+s||e||c: + lduc+1c
1s|c+, + lduc+1c ue||c|, + lduc+1c de }ceas e -du|tcs (l}-,, +
lduc+1c l|c||ss|ca+|, + lduc+1c lsec|+|, + lduc+1c lad|ea+ e
Qu||cacc|+. 1+|s |e|c|a+s c||+a aud+a+s a+s c||t|c+s de
||a+ac|+aeatc d+ lduc+1c, cca + +|te|+1c de ce|t+s |e|+s de
d|st||cu|1c dc luadc \+c|ca+| de leseac||aeatc d+ lduc+1c
1s|c+ (ll\ll, e dc +|1||clduc+1c: ac+s est|+te|+s de |a|essc e
e\+as1c d+ lduc+1c ue||c|, cca + c||+1c dc l|c|+a+ de -c|c +
l|+acs de leest|utu|+1c e l\+as1c d+s la|e|s|d+des lede|+|s
(lll\l, e c l|c|+a+ la|e|s|d+de +|+ 1cdcs (llOl\l,: |ast|tuea c
l|sc +|+||+| \+c|ca+| +|+ cs/+s |c|essc|es/+s e ue +tu+a a+
lduc+1c 1s|c+ ea tcdc +|s e c||t|c+s de |c|a+1c dcceate, ccac +
la|e|s|d+de -ce|t+ dc |+s|| (l-, e c l|c|+a+ last|tuc|ca+| de
c|s+s de la|c|+1c 1 lcceac|+ (llll,.
O lll t+acea +|te|+ +s |e|+s de |e+||:+1c dcs e\+aes a+c|ca+|s
e c||+ c lad|ce de leseac||aeatc d+ lduc+1c 1s|c+ (lll,, c u+| e
c+|cu|+dc cca c c|u:+aeatc d+s act+s cct|d+s e|cs/+s +|uacs/+s d+s
escc|+s uc||c+s aest+s |c+s e cs d+dcs |e|e|eates 1s t+\+s de

+
euadc c |||c ! /r: /r:s/|, uc||c+dc e|+ l\ltll, Mlt e l\ll, c lll e la
|ad|c+dc| dc |a+ctc ue + escc|+ tea a+ |d+ e ac +|ead|:+dc d+ c||+a+'. \esse
te\tc, c ce|ac |ede|+|, cca c +c|c d+ +eac|+ |ate|a+c|ca+| l\ltll, |eteade
acst|+| ccac +s escc|+s cdea sue|+| su+s ccad|ces est|utu|+|s des|+c|1e|s cca
c t|+c+||c |e|c|cc de seus |c|essc|es e estc|es, ccteadc |esu|t+dcs e\|tcscs a+s
++||+ces (thll-llllll, !''), . !]},.
t+de|acs de lduc+1c | l+l/lltl/llle|
+
a+t||cu|+, |e|c+1c e e+s1c de c+d+ |ede uc||c+ de eas|ac e d+s
escc|+s. O lll +ss+ + se| c |ad|c+dc| c1s|cc de aed|1c d+ u+||d+de
d+ lduc+1c 1s|c+ ue e us+dc ccac e|eaeatc |ust|||c+dc| d+s
|e|c|a+s ea cu|sc. l cca c+se ac d|scu|sc d+ aecess|d+de de e|e+| +
u+||d+de d+ educ+1c, ae||c|+adc cs |esu|t+dcs dc lll, ue s1c
|ccstcs accs |+acs +|+ + est1c d+ lduc+1c 1s|c+, ccac c
tca|ca|ssc 1cdcs e|+ lduc+1c e c l|+ac de -ces -|t|cu|+d+s
(l-l,, cs u+|s |e||ad|c+a + acc|||:+1c e |escas+c|||:+1c de
d||e|eates setc|es scc|+|s +|+ su+ e|et|+1c.
-c dec|et+| c lll, c ce|ac lu|+ |caeu cca +s |ccst+s
de|ead|d+s ||stc||c+aeate c| seu +|t|dc (l+|t|dc dcs 1|+c+||+dc|es
l1, e cca +s |1t|c+s ||stc||c+s de ccast|u1c deacc|1t|c+ de |c|etcs
e |+acs +|+ + lduc+1c, |adc a+ ccat|+a1c de cut|cs ac|aeatcs
||stc||ccs ccac cs |ccesscs c||t|ccs de de||a|1c d+ le| de l||et||:es
e +ses d+ lduc+1c \+c|ca+| (le| a. ).})+/), e dc l|+ac \+c|ca+| de
lduc+1c (le| a.1'.1!/'1, acs u+|s |cue |ateas+ +|t|c|+1c scc|+|.
O lll a1c a+sceu de ua ac|aeatc +a|c e deacc|1t|cc de
d|scuss1c d+s c||t|c+s educ+c|ca+|s ue e|a|t|sse + +|t|c|+1c
e|et|+ dcs seaeatcs scc|+|s e educ+c|ca+|s, de eat|d+des s|ad|c+|s e
|e|eseat+ces dcs educ+dc|es e dea+|s |c||ss|ca+|s d+ lduc+1c. 1+|
s|tu+1c e|cu |as+t|s|+1c e |c|uad+s c||t|c+s +c ce|ac lu|+ e +c
lll. l+|+ \e||e (!''),:
\1c se cde c+|+cte||:+| ua t+| |c|etc ccac de est|au|c
1 c|+a|:+1c dcs educ+dc|es, cu de +|c||:+1c 1
c|+a|:+1c dcs s|stea+s de eas|ac e est+ce|ec|aeatcs de
est|+te|+s de cc|+cc|+1c. -c ccat|1||c, aesse acaeatc,
|1 ua |e|c|+aeatc dc t|+d|c|ca+| ceat|+||sac c|+s||e||c.
(\llll, !''), .1'+,.
+|+a| (!'',, c| su+ e:, +cat+ +ac|u|d+des eat|e +s |ccst+s
et|st+s de|ead|d+s ea |e|+1c +c l\l e +s +ces desse ce|ac,
+|||a+adc ue |c| c l1 uea +ssua|u + ||de|+a+ a+ +|eseat+1c dc
|c|etc de ccs|1c dc l\l a+ t1a+|+ de leut+dcs, |eeadcse ue,
du|+ate c ce|ac lu|+, cs etcs |acstcs e|c +ate||c| l|es|deate
| le|ct+s ,}: +} , |+ae||c/+c||| !'11
+)
le|a+adc hea||ue t+|dcsc (lht, |cssea de||uc+dcs e ue su+
|a|+at+1c se||+ ++||+d+ e||cd|c+aeate, seadc ue + ||ae||+
++||+1c dee||+ ccc||e| ac u+|tc +ac de |eac|+, cu se|+, ea !''+, +
||a de se|ea cc||||d+s de||c|eac|+s e d|stc|ces. \c eat+atc, a+d+ |c|
|e|tc ea |e|+1c +c l\l e, +|ad+ du|+ate su+ |eac|+, +auac|cuse c
lll |c|au|+dc 1 a+|ea e |adeeadeateaeate dc l\l.
t||t|c+s +c lll e|+ su+ des+|t|cu|+1c ea |e|+1c +c l\l t+acea
s1c |e|t+s c| cut|cs |ate|ectu+|s e eat|d+des c||t|c+s |e|eseat+t|+s de
|c||ss|ca+|s e esu|s+dc|es d+ 1|e+ d+ lduc+1c ue, ||stc||c+aeate,
tea |cac|dc e +|t|c|+dc de |c|uas ue dec+tea +s c||t|c+s
educ+c|ca+|s c|+s||e||+s, ccac + tca|e|eac|+ \+c|ca+| de 1|+c+||+dc|es
d+ lduc+1c (t\1l,. la dcs uest|ca+aeatcs a+|s ||eueates aess+s
+a1||ses d|: |ese|tc 1 |+|t+ de |ate||ccu1c cca +s ua|e|s|d+des,
|ate|ectu+|s, esu|s+dc|es e |c||ss|ca+|s d+ lduc+1c, s|ad|c+tcs e
eat|d+des |e|eseat+t|+s dcs ac|aeatcs dcceates e d|sceates, +|+
d|scuss1c e e|+cc|+1c dc lll.
l|e|scs +|t|cs, e|+cc|+dcs c| |c||ss|ca+|s e esu|s+dc|es d+
1|e+ d+ lduc+1c a+ ecc+ dc |+a+aeatc dc lll e d|sca|e|s ac s|te
d+ t\1l, |e+at+a |ac|t+ates uest|ca+aeatcs +ce|c+ dess+ c||t|c+.
lat|e e|es, est1 c te\tc esc||tc c| l+a|e| t+|+ (!'',, ccc|dea+dc| d+
t+a+a|+ le|c l||e|tc 1 lduc+1c, lll: +useac|+s e ||a|t+ces', cade
c +utc| esc|+|ece ue c ce|ae d+ c||t|c+ |e|t+ e|+ eat|d+de +c lll d|:
|ese|tc 1 +useac|+ de ua dccuaeatc c+se ue |ad|ue + ||a|+
ccadutc|+ dc |+ac e + |+|t+ de +|t|c|+1c d+ scc|ed+de c||| a+
e|+cc|+1c dc aesac. l+|+ e|e, e |+e + |+|t+ de cc||escadeac|+ eat|e
lll e c l\l e + ||c||:+1c, +t|+es dc lll, de ua+ c||t|c+ de
++||+1c deseac||d+ ccac ua+ esec|e de ccat|au|d+de d+
e\e||eac|+ dc tce|ac lht, ea ue + +tu+1c d+ la|1c a+
cc|+cc|+1c 1 lduc+1c 1s|c+ est+||+ |est||t+ + +ssessc||+ teca|c+ e
||a+ace||+ + lst+dcs e Mua|c||cs, +ut+d+ c| ua+ |c|c+ de |eu|+1c
(t-l-, !'',.
O +utc| +de|te ue ess+s +ces dc Mlt |ad|c+d+s ac lll est1c
des+|t|cu|+d+s dc l\l, |e|c|+adc + |+|s+ d|cctca|+ eat|e +cessc e
t+de|acs de lduc+1c | l+l/lltl/llle|
]'
u+||d+de. l||e|eateaeate dc l\l, c lll t|+: |a||c|tc c d|scu|sc d+
est1c ccac ||ac|+| e|eaeatc |adutc| d+ u+||d+de a+ lduc+1c,
desccas|de|+adc c t||e ||a+ac|+aeatc +deu+dc, est1c deacc|1t|c+ e
+|c||:+1c dcs |c||ss|ca+|s ccac catc |uad+aeat+| +|+ +a||+| c
+cessc e ae||c|+| + u+||d+de a+ lduc+1c. lacc|+ ||u|ea ac u+d|c
d+s +ces dc lll, c l|sc \+c|ca+| dcs l|c||ss|ca+|s dc M+|ste||c e c
ll\ll, esses deea se| +||ac|+dcs e|+ +1c d+ scc|ed+de c|||,
+|+ ue css+a se ccast|tu|| acs ||ac|+|s |adutc|es d+ lduc+1c de
u+||d+de ac +|s (t-l-, !'',.
Qu+atc +c l|+ac de Met+s tca|ca|ssc 1cdcs e|+ lduc+1c, c
+utc| ccas|de|+c, ea +|te, cs|t|c, ua+ e: ue aua|c||cs sea
ccad|1c teca|c+ de +|t|c|+| dcs |c|+a+s dc Mlt, cu dcs ce|acs
est+du+|s, te|1c +cessc + |ecu|scs dc Mlt. tcatudc, seuadc e|e, +
ut|||:+1c de ua |ad|ce |acca|etc ccac c lll, ue +a+||s+ tcdc c
s|stea+ educ+c|ca+| + +|t|| dc deseaea|c dcs +|uacs e dc ||u\c
escc|+|, cde |ac| d|||cu|d+des ac cua||aeatc d+s aet+s +|+ cs
aua|c||cs. - +useac|+ de d+dcs scc|e + |a||+est|utu|+ d+s escc|+s e +s
ccad|ces de t|+c+||c dcs |c|essc|es ac lll d|||cu|t+|1 + c|eac|+ dcs
|cc|ea+s |e+|s + se|ea sue|+dcs. -|ea d|ssc, escc|+s |cc+||:+d+s ea
|e|ces a+|s u|ae|1e|s teadea + te| a+|s d|||cu|d+de de cua||| +s
aet+s. tcac |esu|t+dc, t+| ccac |1 ccc||e ea +|uas est+dcs e
aua|c||cs, cs |c|essc|es se|1c est|au|+dcs + eaccat|+| |c|a+s de
eas|a+| seus +|uacs + |escade|ea cea' +cs s|stea+s a+c|ca+|s de
++||+1c. t+|+ (!'', ||a+||:+ seu te\tc d|:eadc ue, +|+ se ccast|tu||
ccac ua e|et|c |+ac de lduc+1c, c lll dee||+ cc|et|+|
c|+|+aeate c cua||aeatc d+s aet+s dc l\l e |escade| +cs des+||cs
|ccstcs c| e|e, esec|+|aeate a+ +|t|cu|+1c eat|e +cessc e
u+||d+de a+ lduc+1c.
-|ea d+s |a||ueac|+s e\te|a+s, c lll e cs dec|etcs ue ||e de|+a
c||ea t+acea |esu|t+|+a de +||+a+s c||t|c+s e |edes scc|+|s |c|a+d+s
ea acssc +|s ccac c ac|aeatc 1cdcs e|+ lduc+1c (1ll,. t||+dc
ea seteac|c de !'', c 1ll su||u de ua+ |a|c|+t|+ ea|es+||+| |e+d+
+d|+ate e|c t|uc te|d+u (ea|es+ au|t|a+c|ca+| dc c+ac d+
s|de|u||+,, cca + +|t|c|+1c de cut|+s ea|es+s ccac, u:+ac +e|
| le|ct+s ,}: +} , |+ae||c/+c||| !'11
]1
e ce|u|cse, Odec|ec|t, l+sc|c+|, last|tutc t+a+|c tc||e+, luad+1c
lcce|tc M+||a|c e dcs c+accs le+|, luad+1c lt+u cc|+|, luad+1c
|+descc, +at+ade|, cea ccac dc last|tutc -,|tca eaa+, dc last|tutc
lt|cs e essc+s ||s|c+s, |ac|u|adc sec|et1||cs de lduc+1c de +|uas
est+dcs, d||etc|es de c|1cs dc Mlt, +|ea de |c|essc|es ua|e|s|t1||cs
(thll-llllll, !''),.
le +cc|dc cca c est+tutc scc|+| dc 1ll, ess+ c|+a|:+1c a1c tea
||as eccaca|ccs cu |uc|+t|cs, e |c| c||+d+ cca c cc|et|c de |caeat+|
c c+|t+| scc|+| d+ a+1c e ccat||cu|| +|+ +sseu|+| c d||e|tc 1 lduc+1c
1s|c+ de u+||d+de +|+ tcdcs', aet+ est+ |acu|+d+ +c +ac de !'!!,
u+adc se ccaeac|+|1 c c|ceatea1||c d+ |adeeadeac|+ dc |+s||.
lat|e seus cc|et|cs est|+te|ccs, est1c c|acc aet+s ue +c|+aea
esec|+|aeate + lduc+1c 1s|c+ uc||c+: (1, tcd+ c||+a+ e |cea de +
+ 1 +acs a+ escc|+: (!, tcd+ c||+a+ |ea+aeate +||+cet|:+d+ +te cs
+acs: (}, tcdc +|uac cca +|ead|:+dc +deu+dc 1 su+ se||e: (+, tcdc
|cea cca eas|ac aed|c ccac|u|dc +te cs 1) +acs e (], |aest|aeatc
ea educ+1c +a||+dc e cea e||dc. -s aet+s +ceatu+a, t+acea, ue
cs |ccesscs de est1c uc||c+ deea se| t|+as+|eates e ue, +|+
t+atc, |1 ue se d|u|+| c aca|tc|+aeatc d+ lduc+1c ac |+s||,
+c|+aeadc est+dcs e aua|c||cs, de |c|a+ + tc|a+| +cess|e|s 1 c|a|1c
uc||c+ cs |e|e|eac|+|s educ+c|ca+|s. - ea|+se ac aca|tc|+aeatc,
t|+as+|eac|+, e |ad|ces de |e|e|eac|+ s1c ccauas +c lll e 1ll. -
1|a+ dc 1ll a+ |ate|aet e\||c|t+ |ssc c| ae|c de c|+a+d+s ccac
de c||c a+ educ+1c' (|tt//:www.tcdcse|+educ+1c.c|.c|,.
t|||+|de||| (!''), t+acea dest+c+ + |e|+1c eat|e c lll e c 1ll,
desc|eeadc e +a+||s+adc +sectcs |ac|t+ates |e|e|eates 1 su+
ccacs|1c c||t|c+, d|scu|scs e |1t|c+s. Qu+atc +c d|scu|sc dc 1ll +
ce|c+ de seus cc|et|cs e |cced|aeatcs, c +utc| +|eseat+ +|uas
t|ec|cs e\t|+|dcs dc s|te dess+ c|+a|:+1c, t+|s ccac:
la e: de |ate||| d||et+aeate a+ escc|+, c 1cdcs e|+
lduc+1c |eteade +a||+| e u+||||c+| + dea+ad+ c|
educ+1c de u+||d+de. \+ |1t|c+, |ssc s|a|||c+ acc|||:+|,
c||eat+| e est|au|+| e|a+aeateaeate +|s, educ+dc|es,
t+de|acs de lduc+1c | l+l/lltl/llle|
]!
||de|es ccaua|t1||cs, ccase||cs tute|+|es, |cactc|es
uc||ccs e ea|es1||cs, eat|e cut|cs, +|+ ue s:/|:o
a. . ao: .4a.:: 4. a:|/4:4. e /:ss.o :
:.o/:a|:r . .|r:r ao: /.r/: :4.a:4: a:s .s.|:s
de su+s ccaua|d+des (|||cs aeus, (thll-lllll, !''),
.!]),.
-|eseat+adcse ccac ua+ |a|c|+t|+ d+ scc|ed+de c||| e
ccac|+a+adc + +|t|c|+1c de tcdcs cs setc|es scc|+|s, c 1ll ccast|tu|
se, de |+tc, ccac ua+ |ede c||t|c+ ue cca|e+ +eates scc|+|s,
|ate|ectu+|s, ea|es+s, |ast|tu|ces uc||c+s e ||+d+s e |ucs de
|ate|esses |ete|ceaecs, +|t|cu|+dcs ea tc|ac de ua d|scu|sc ccaua.
l|scu|sc esse ue ccas|de|+ +|+at|dc c +cessc 1 lduc+1c 1s|c+ e|+
e\+as1c dc |a|essc de c||+a+s e |ceas a+ escc|+, |est+adc ++||+| e
+|c+a+| + u+||d+de a+ educ+1c', + u+| se|1 |ad|c+d+ e|c
ac|aeatc +|+ ue d|e|scs seaeatcs scc|+|s css+a s+ce| c ue e
ua+ educ+1c de u+||d+de e ccc|+| su+ c|e|t+'.
t+ce s+||eat+| +|ad+ ue +s ||de|+a+s ea|es+||+|s e c||t|c+s ue
ccacea c 1ll, a+ su+ a+|c||+, a1c |cea dc c+ac d+ lduc+1c
aea cssuea |c|a+1c +c+dea|c+ cu |cdu1c |ate|ectu+|
|ecca|ec|d+ aess+ 1|e+. 1c, ea su+ a+|c||+, |c||ss|ca+|s ||+dcs 1
eccaca|+, +da|a|st|+1c, ccaua|c+1c, +c auadc dcs aecc|cs cu
essc+s ue ccu+|+a dete|a|a+dcs c+|cs c||t|ccs acs ce|acs
|ede|+| cu est+du+|s. eadc +ss|a, c 1ll e t+acea c lll e seus
dec|etcs, eacc|+ e|+cc|+dcs e|c Mlt, a1c +|eseat+a, ea seus
te\tcs, aea|ua+ c+se tec||c+. -ea+s |+:ea usc de ce|tcs te|acs
ccac: u+||d+de, +|t|c|+1c, deacc|+t|:+1c, c|d+d+a|+,
+|ead|:+ea, |ac|us1c, sea u+|ue| de||a|1c desses ccace|tcs.
t|||+|de||| (!''), uest|ca+ t+acea c s|a|||c+dc dc +c|c + se|
d+dc e|cs ea|es1||cs ue |ate|+a c 1ll 1 lduc+1c, |+:eadc
|e|e|eac|+ + +|uas d|scu|scs |c|e||dcs e|c l|es|deate dc tca|te
l\ecut|c dc 1cdcs e|+ lduc+1c, c ea|es1||c }c|e te|d+u
}c|+aaete|. euadc |+|+ dc ea|es1||c, (..., + ua|c+ |c|a+ de
ccaet||acs |cc+|aeate e +|+at|adc ua+ educ+1c de u+||d+de
+|+ tcdcs'. l|: +|ad+ ue + +|ud+ dcs ea|es1||cs +|+ c sucessc
| le|ct+s ,}: +} , |+ae||c/+c||| !'11
]}
dess+ a|ss1c' se d+||+ +t|+es d+ su+ ccaeteac|+ e|eac|+|', cu se|+,
(..., ua+ d+s ||ac|+|s ccat||cu|ces ue +s ea|es+s cdea d+| 1
educ+1c e |cace| + ae||c||+ d+ est1c d+s |ast|tu|ces de eas|ac',
c|s (..., ce|acs e c|+a|:+ces scc|+|s tea cuc+ ccaeteac|+ +|+
c t|+c+||c de est1c' (ldea, !''), .!},.
O ac|aeatc 1cdcs le|+ lduc+1c, +c|+dc c||t|c+ e
||a+ace||+aeate e|c M|a|ste||c d+ lduc+1c, e|c tcase||c \+c|ca+|
dcs ec|et1||cs de lduc+1c (tO\ll,, e|+ la|1c dcs l|||eates
Mua|c|+|s (l\llMl, e c| ea|es+s a+c|ca+|s e |ate|a+c|ca+|s,
de|eade + u+||d+de ea|es+||+|, + u+| se |uad+aeat+ ea ||ac||cs de
e||c|eac|+, e||c1c|+ e |cdut||d+de d+ lduc+1c ue dee se| aeasu|+d+
+t|+es de e\+aes e |c+s +d|ca|:+d+s.
lateadc ue cs d|scu|scs dcs +eates dc 1ll ue c||cu|+a ac seu
s|te e cut|cs ae|cs |a|c|a+t|cs c| e|es d|u|+dcs, ac ue se |e|e|e 1
lduc+1c, cssuea seat|dcs +ac|ucs e ccat|+d|tc||cs, cdeadc
s|a|||c+| |1t|c+s de ce|ac ue |s+a ||+|, ccat|c|+|, +|ust+| +s
c||t|c+s educ+c|ca+|s e +s |1t|c+s |ast|tuc|ca+|s e ed+c|c+s +cs
ac|des d+ est1c ea|es+||+|, dc ae|c+dc e d+ e||c|a+t||d+de
aec||ce|+|
]
.
-ss|a ccac t|||+|de||| (!''),, s|atcae |accacd+d+ e|+s
ccas|de|+ces |e|t+s e|c l|es|deate dc 1ll: c ue |+: t+| ea|es1||c
+|||a+| ue d||etc|es, |c|essc|es, |ate|ectu+|s, +da|a|st|+dc|es d+
educ+1c a1c tea ccaeteac|+ +|+ e||| escc|+s, ua|e|s|d+des, |edes
de eas|ac: tca ce|te:+, a1c se t|+t+ de te| cu a1c te| ccaeteac|+
e|eac|+|', a+s de ccaceces e |1t|c+s ue d||e|ea dess+ |c|c+ e de
|sces c||t|c+s e |ate|esses ue |+ade +|te dcs |c||ss|ca+|s ue

]
- |c|c+ d+ |eu|+1c ea|es+||+| d+ lduc+1c e +a+||s+d+ c| lcuc+u|t (!''c,, ue
ccas|de|+ c aec||ce|+||sac +tu+| ccac e\e|c|c|c |cc+| dc cde| c||t|cc ue tea c|
c+se cs ||ac||cs de ua+ eccaca|+ de ae|c+dc. euadc c +utc|, a1c se t|+t+ de
||ce|+| ua es+c +:|c +|+ c ae|c+dc, a+s de |e|+c|ca+|, de |e|e|||, de |c|et+|,
aua+ +|te e|+| de ce|a+|, cs ||ac||cs |c|a+|s de ua+ eccaca|+ de ae|c+dc. Ou
se|+, (..., + eccaca|+ de ae|c+dc cde e|et|+aeate ea|c|a+| c lst+dc e |e|c|a+| +
scc|ed+de' (|dea, !''c, .1',.
t+de|acs de lduc+1c | l+l/lltl/llle|
]+
+tu+a a+ 1|e+ d+ lduc+1c cca+|t|||+a +c se cc|ea +c cde|
ea|c|a+dc| d+ scc|ed+de e d+ lduc+1c e|+ ea|es+ e c ae|c+dc.
l+ssc, +c|+, + +a+||s+| cs d|scu|scs |eseates ac dccuaeatc l|+ac
de leseac||aeatc d+ lduc+1c (lll,: |+:ces, ||ac||cs e
|c|+a+s', c u+| |c| |+a+dc e|c M|a|st|c d+ lduc+1c, a+ -ce|tu|+
d+ }' |eua|1c d+ -sscc|+1c \+c|ca+| de lcst|+du+1c e lesu|s+ ea
lduc+1c (-\lll,, ea M|a+s te|+|s, ac d|+ sete de cutuc|c de !''.
uscc +a+||s+| cs ||ac||cs e eauac|+dcs |eseates ac te\tc lll, +ss|a
ccac +|uas dcs e|e|tcs |ccc+dcs e|+s +ces ue esse |+ac |ast|tu|
a+ lduc+1c 1s|c+.
!. lll: + c||t|c+ ccac te\tc
\c dccuaeatc (lll, !'', . ,, +auac|+se ue + ||ac|+| |+:1c
de su+ e|+cc|+1c e c ea||eat+aeatc d+ des|u+|d+de de cc|tua|d+des
educ+c|ca+|s. l+|+ |ssc, de|eadese c ea|+ce eat|e educ+1c e
deseac||aeatc' acs seu|ates te|acs:
- |e|+1c |ec||cc+ eat|e educ+1c e deseac||aeatc sc
se ||\+ u+adc +s +ces dc lst+dc s1c +||a|+d+s e cs ae\cs
eat|e e|+s s1c |c|t+|ec|dcs, cteac|+||:+adc seus e|e|tcs
autucs. lesse ac|aeatc de cusc+ de s|atca|+ d+s
c||t|c+s uc||c+s eat|e s| deeade + cteac|+||d+de dcs
|+acs setc||+|s, |ac|us|e c educ+c|ca+|, ue +ss+a
aesses te|acs, 1 ccad|1c de e\|eac|+ dc deseac|
|aeatc eccaca|cc e scc|+|, +|+at|adcse ue c tcdc se|+
a+|c| ue + sca+ d+s +|tes (lll, !'', .,.
\c lll e +|eseat+dc ua cca|uatc de |c|+a+s ue, seuadc
seu te\tc, |s+a d+| seueac|+ 1s aet+s dc l|+ac \+c|ca+| de lduc+1c
(l\l,, est+ce|eceadcse +s |c|a+s de e\ecu1c d+s +ces ue |ac|d|||+a
scc|e + u+||d+de d+ lduc+1c, c ue deeade de ua+ |s1c s|stea|c+
c++: de sue|+| +s ccs|ces |e|d+d+s de c||t|c+s educ+c|ca+|s
|a|+at+d+s ea ce|acs +ate||c|es (lll, !'',.
| le|ct+s ,}: +} , |+ae||c/+c||| !'11
]]
- |s1c s|stea|c+ |e|eseat+||+ + sue|+1c d+ ||+aeat+1c eat|e
cs d||e|eates a|e|s, et++s e acd+||d+des dc s|stea+ educ+c|ca+|, c
ue se||+ e|deac|+dc, seuadc c te\tc, e|+s d|s+||d+des de |aest|
aeatc ea c+d+ a|e| e e|+ des+|t|cu|+1c d+s c||t|c+s educ+c|ca+|s
dest|a+d+s + +teade| |sc|+d+aeate ua+ cu cut|+ et++ d+ escc|+||d+de.
- |s1c s|stea|c+, +auac|+d+ ac dccuaeatc, d+||+ ccat+ de s+a+|
estes |cc|ea+s, 1 aed|d+ ue +s c||t|c+s educ+c|ca+|s c||+d+s
cde||+a +||+| cs d||e|eates a|e|s e acd+||d+des, |caceadc +ces
ue |ee|cut|||+a de |c|a+ |ec||cc+ ea tcdc c s|stea+ educ+c|ca+|.
-|ea d+ |s1c s|stea|c+, c lll |uad+aeat+se acs ||ac||cs: |e|ae de
cc|+cc|+1c, t|+as+|eac|+, ccat|c|e scc|+|, |escas+c|||:+1c,
acc|||:+1c e te|||tc||+||d+de.
O lll |+a+ a1c dc c|+a+dc |e|ae de cc|+cc|+1c |e|stc ac
te\tc d+ tcast|tu|1c \+c|ca+| e d+ le| de l||et||:es e +ses d+
lduc+1c \+c|ca+| (a. ).})+/),, de||a|adc c s|a|||c+dc de t+| |e|ae
ccac c cca+|t|||+aeatc de (..., ccaeteac|+s c||t|c+s, teca|c+s e
||a+ace||+s +|+ + e\ecu1c de |c|+a+s de a+autea1c e
deseac||aeatc d+ educ+1c' (lll, !'', . 1',.
le|ae de cc|+cc|+1c s|a|||c+||+, ac d|scu|sc dc lll, +a||+| c
cca|caet|aeatc d+ la|1c, dcs lst+dcs e Mua|c||cs cca + c|e|t+ e
a+autea1c d+ lduc+1c e, +c aesac teac, esteade| esse
cca|ca|ssc +cs dea+|s setc|es scc|+|s, se|+a e|es uc||ccs cu
||+dcs. lc| |ssc, + tese tcdcs s1c |escas1e|s e|+ educ+1c' tc|a+
se |ae|+t|+. - t|+as+|eac|+ e eatead|d+ ccac css|c|||d+de de
ccat|c|e scc|+| d+s c||t|c+s educ+c|ca+|s, c+ceadc +c cca|uatc d+
scc|ed+de +cca+a|+|, ||sc+||:+|, acc|||:+|se e|+ ae||c||+ d+
lduc+1c.
euadc c lll, cs ||ac||cs |e|ae de cc|+cc|+1c, t|+as+|eac|+,
ccat|c|e scc|+|, |escas+c|||:+1c, acc|||:+1c e te|||tc||+||d+de est1c
|ate|||+dcs. lsse cca|uatc de eauac|+dcs ccace c d|scu|sc + |+c| d+
|c|a+1c de |edes scc|+|s, cu|+s +ces d+||+a ccat+ de |cace| +
u+||d+de d+ lduc+1c. - |c|a+1c de |edes |cc+|s e +|te d+ est|+te|+
t+de|acs de lduc+1c | l+l/lltl/llle|
]
de ccast|u1c dc seat|aeatc de e|teac|aeatc acs +tc|es scc|+|s, +|+
ue se ea+|ea a+s +ces e|+ lduc+1c.
!.1 -ces dc lll a+ lduc+1c 1s|c+
O lll e ccacstc c| d|e|s+s +ces e |c|+a+s d||ec|ca+dcs 1
lduc+1c 1s|c+, |ast|tu|adc aud+a+s a+s c||t|c+s de ||a+ac|+aeatc e
++||+1c d+ lduc+1c e a+ |c|a+1c e |eauae|+1c dcceate. - uest1c
d+ ++||+1c d+ lduc+1c 1s|c+ e t|+t+d+ ac dccuaeatc de |c|a+
+ac|u+, c|s |acc|c|+, +c aesac teac, ccace|tcs |cea|eates d+s
1ec||+s 1|+d|c|ca+|s e t||t|c+s d+ lduc+1c

, u+adc +|||a+: - ++||+1c

dc +|uac |ad||du+|aeate ccas|de|+dc tea ccac cc|et|c + e||||c+1c
d+ +u|s|1c de ccaeteac|+s e |+c|||d+des ue |e+|+a ua+ suc|e
t||d+de, a+ |e|+1c d|+|c|c+ cca cut|+, +|+ se +|c||+| c||t|c+aeate
de cca|ec|aeatcs c+d+ e: a+|s cca|e\cs' (lll, !'', .1),.
M+s, ac decc||e| dc te\tc, |edca|a+ + |s1c d+ ++||+1c ccac
aed|1c dc deseaea|c dcs +|uacs e d+s |ast|tu|ces escc|+|es, c|s
|e|e|ese +c |stea+ de -+||+1c d+ lduc+1c 1s|c+ (-l, ccac ua
ae|c de d+| ccad|ces + |e|e|tcs/+s e d||etc|es/+s d+s escc|+s +|+
(..., s+ce| se seus es|c|cs +|+ ae||c|+| +s ccad|ces de
+|ead|:+ea ac seu est+ce|ec|aeatc de eas|ac |cdu:|+a cu a1c cs
|esu|t+dcs ese|+dcs' (lll, !'', . !',.
Os e\+aes a+c|ca+|s, ccac + l|c+ |+s||, cs d+dcs dc lll e dc
l|c|+a+ lllt-tl\O

s1c |ad|c+dcs ac dccuaeatc ccac +

|+d|c|+||+ d+ u+||d+de d+ lduc+1c 1s|c+', + u+| est+||+ |ee|+adc
se||cs |cc|ea+s, teadc ea |st+ cs +|tcs |ad|ces de e+s1c e
|eeteac|+.

euadc ||+ (!'',, +s 1ec||+s 1|+d|c|ca+|s, esec|+|aeate + +|t|| dcs estudcs de

1,|e|, +t||cu|+a +c cu|||cu|c + |ua1c de c|+a|:+1c teca|c+ de cc|et|cs e
aetcdc|c|+s e 1 ++||+1c c c+|1te| de e||||c+1c dcs cca|ec|aeatcs +du|||dcs
e|cs +|uacs. }1 +s 1ec||+s t||t|c+s uest|ca+|+a +s 1ec||+s 1|+d|c|ca+|s u+atc 1
ccace1c de ua+ educ+1c c+se+d+ a+ t|+as|e|eac|+ de |a|c|a+ces dc |c|essc|
+|+ c +|uac e, cca l+u|c l|e||e, |cuse|+a ua+ |e|+1c d|+|c|c+ dcs s+ce|es ue
|c|essc|es e +|uacs |cdu:ea cct|d|+ae+aeate.

l|c|+a+ c||+dc e|c ce|ac |ede|+| +|+ ccat|c|+| c ||u\c de |a|c|a+ces d+s
a+t||cu|+s, t+\+s de |eeteac|+ e e+s1c d+s escc|+s d+s |edes uc||c+s c|+s||e||+s.
| le|ct+s ,}: +} , |+ae||c/+c||| !'11
]
O lll ++|ece ac lll ccac c |ad|c+dc| ue |deat|||c+ +s |edes e
+s escc|+s uc||c+s a+|s ||1e|s' e ue |ecece||+a a+|c|es |ecu|scs
||a+ace||cs e teca|ccs d+ la|1c. O |e+sse dcs |ecu|scs |ede|+|s +ss+ +
se| ccad|c|ca+dc +c lll ue c+d+ escc|+ e |ede uc||c+ de eas|ac
(aua|c|+|s e est+du+|s, +t|aea, cu se|+, + d|st||cu|1c de e|c+s
deeade|1 dcs |esu|t+dcs cct|dcs a+s ++||+ces a+c|ca+|s e d+s t+\+s
de a+t||cu|+, |eeteac|+ e e+s1c escc|+|.
t+ce |ess+|t+| ue cs e\+aes a+c|ca+|s +||c+dcs ea tcdc te|||tc||c
a+c|ca+| s1c +d|ca|:+dcs, c ue tc|a+ c ||ac||c te|||tc||+||d+de
+auac|+dc ac lll c+st+ate aecu|csc, c|s testes +d|ca|:+dcs a1c
|e+a ea ccat+ +s ecu||+||d+des e +s cu|tu|+s |cc+|s e |e|ca+|s. -|ea
d|ssc, + +dc1c dc lll, +c ccat|1||c dc ue +auac|+, cde tc|a+|
+|ad+ a+|c| + d|s+||d+de de ccad|ces d+ c|e|t+ de escc|+||:+1c, ua+
e: ue s1c +c|||+d+s +s |e|+ces de d|sut+, ccaet|1c, |||1ac|+,
||ust|+1c eat|e +s escc|+s e cs su|e|tcs |a||c+dcs aess+ c||t|c+.
- c||+1c dc lll e|c last|tutc de lesu|s+s lduc+c|ca+|s -a|s|c
1e|\e||+ (l\ll, e |ust|||c+d+ e|+ (..., aecess|d+de de se est+ce|ece|
+d|1c e c||te||cs +|+ aca|tc|+| c s|stea+ de eas|ac ac |+s||', ua+
e: ue, (..., e\e||eac|+s ceasuced|d+s de ae||c||+ ac deseaea|c
de |edes e escc|+s ccae+a + se| |e|st|+d+s, +cat+adc + |ac|t1ac|+
dc usc de |ad|c+dc|es +|+ aca|tc|+aeatc e|a+aeate e aed|1c dc
|c|essc dcs |c|+a+s ea |e|+1c 1s aet+s e |esu|t+dcs ||\+dcs'
(lll\-\ll, !'', .'],.
l+|+ c+|cu|+| c lll +t||cu|dc 1s |edes uc||c+s est+du+|s e
aua|c|+|s e su+s escc|+s |ad||du+|aeate, s1c cca+|+dcs: +,
|ad|c+dc|es de ||u\c (|cac1c, |eeteac|+ e e+s1c, e c, |ad|c+dc|es
de deseaea|c (act+s ea e\+aes +d|ca|:+dcs -l, l|c+ |+s|| e
l\lM cct|d+s c| estud+ates +c ||a+| de dete|a|a+d+ et++ dc s|stea+
de eas|ac +se||e/]+ac e se||e/) +ac dc las|ac luad+aeat+| e }
+ac dc las|ac Med|c,.
lt|||:+adcse de |c|au|+s a+tea1t|c+s e c1|cu|cs c+st+ate
cca|e\cs, e est+ce|ec|d+ ua+ aed|+ ue se|e de |e|e|eac|+ +|+
ccas|de|+| c sucessc cu c ||+c+ssc dc eas|ac ue c+d+ escc|+ cu |ede
t+de|acs de lduc+1c | l+l/lltl/llle|
]
cctea, cca+|+adc cs |esu|t+dcs cct|dcs cca + aed|+ est|u|+d+ +|+
c+d+ |ast1ac|+ ++||+d+, e |ad|c+| c ++ac ac lll ese|+dc +|+ c +ac
seu|ate. lss+ |c|a+ de |+c|ca+||:+1c e ce|+c|ca+||:+1c auae||c+ de
|+tc|es au|t||+cet+dcs, ccac + |e|c+1c e + e+s1c escc|+|, +c+c+ c|
eau+d|+| d||e|eates |e+||d+des escc|+|es e, cca |ssc, teade + |cdu:||
seat|dcs +ac|+|eates e ccat|+d|tc||cs, ccac: c e|e+1c dc lll
e\|e + +|c+1c de tcdcs cs +|uacs'.
-c ||\+| + ++||+1c d+ u+||d+de dc eas|ac +c lll, ue se c+se|+
a+ +a1||se de deseaea|cs e|cs |esu|t+dcs ea te|acs de act+s ea
testes +d|ca|:+dcs e ea t+\+s de e+s1c e |eeteac|+, ce|tcs |+tc|es
cca|ectu|+|s, ccac +s ccad|ces scc|ceccaca|c+s e cu|tu|+|s d+s |edes,
d+s escc|+s e dcs +|uacs e +s ccad|ces de t|+c+||c dcs |c|essc|es e
dea+|s |c||ss|ca+|s dc eas|ac, s1c ae||eac|+dcs. tcac +cat+
M+|a+|des (!'1',, + +u|+1c dc lll a1c ccas|de|+ +s d||e|ea+s
|e|ca+|s e |cc+|s e cs e|e|tcs escc|+, |c|essc|, eat|e cut|cs.
l|eccu+|se +ea+s ea |ee|te| c+|\cs |ad|ces de |e|c+1c e
e+s1c sea |e+| ea ccat+ e|eaeatcs esec|||ccs de c+d+ ccate\tc
cde|1 |ccc+| e|e|tcs +|ad+ a+|s e|e|scs dc ue estes a+s |c|a+s
de +cessc 1 cu|tu|+ escc|+|, cu se|+, ccac + ccad|1c dete|a|a+ate d+
u+||d+de d+ lduc+1c 1s|c+ +ss+ + se| + |ad|c+1c dc lll, cs
d|st|atcs |ccesscs de +|ead|:+ea, cs d||e|eates |ate|esses dcs
su|e|tcs eac||dcs a+ escc|+||:+1c, + +utcaca|+ dcs |c|essc|es e d+s
escc|+s a+ ccast|u1c de su+s |1t|c+s ed+c|c+s e cut|cs e|eaeatcs
ue ccast|tuea c+d+ |e+||d+de scc|+| e escc|+| e|dea |ac|t1ac|+ a+
e|et|+1c dest+ |c|a+ de ++||+1c dc eas|ac e a+ de||a|1c de c||t|c+s
ue |sea + ae||c||+ d+ lduc+1c.
- +dc1c de c||t|c+s |est||t+s 1 aeasu|+1c e c|+ss|||c+1c dcs
|esu|t+dcs cct|dcs ac eas|ac c| ae|c dc lll ccaceat|+ cs es|c|cs
|ast|tuc|ca+|s e scc|+|s e|+ u+||d+de d+ lduc+1c ea |ccesscs
e|eac|+|s de ccat|c|e e |eu|+1c ue ea|+t|:+a + e||c|eac|+ e e||c1c|+
d+ est1c escc|+| e educ+c|ca+|, ua+ e: ue (..., cs auae|cs de||aea
t|+|etc||+s +|+ s|a+||:+| |c|esscs cu |deat|||c+| |cc+|s cteac|+|s de
|ate|ea1c c| ae|c de c||t|c+s de est+dc' (lOlll\l1, !''1, 11],.
| le|ct+s ,}: +} , |+ae||c/+c||| !'11
])
euadc 1|+e|s|a| e e||c (!''),, acs |e|aes de ce|a+aea
t+||d+de ccateac|1ae+, c usc de est+t|st|c+s tc|acuse ua+ tecac|c|+
de ce|ac +|+ e|eac|+| 1|e+s de ||scc. \uae|cs, aed|d+s, |ad|ces e
t+\+s +du||ea |ac|t1ac|+ |uad+aeat+| a+ de||a|1c de +ces
ce|a+aeat+|s ac 1ac|tc c||t|cc, eccaca|cc e educ+c|ca+|, + catc
de e|+|ease ac|a+s e est|+te|+s (|c|+a+s e c+a+a|+s, +|+
+da|a|st|+| e ct|a|:+| ccadut+s cc|et|+s e |ad||du+|s.
- est+t|st|c+ ccac c|eac|+ dc lst+dc' (lcuc+u|t, !''c, . 1}+, e
us+d+ ccac ua+ tecac|c|+ de ce|ac ue |cdu: |e|st|cs scc|e +
cu|+1c, u+at|||c+adc seus +sectcs a+|s c+|+cte||st|ccs e
|c|au|+adc s+ce|es ue sucs|d|+a dec|sces +da|a|st|+t|+s e c||t|c+s.
O usc de tecac|c|+s de ce|a+a+, ccac +s est+t|st|c+s
cca+|+t|+s, ccast|tu|se c+d+ e: a+|s ua+ |e||+aeat+ ue tc|a+
ccaeasu|1e|s cs d|e|scs +||+a|cs scc|+|s e acdcs de |d+, ua +sectc
|ac|t+ate d+s eat|d+des |ate|a+c|ca+|s ccateac|1ae+s ue
|cdu:ea |e|+tc||cs scc|e c |c|essc' educ+c|ca+| eat|e a+ces. \+
|cdu1c de |e|+tc||cs |ate|a+c|ca+|s e a+c|ca+|s scc|e c deseaea|c
d+s c||t|c+s educ+c|ca+|s, cs auae|cs +|| ccat|dcs a1c +ea+s
desc|eea ce|tcs +sectcs scc|+|s e educ+c|ca+|s, a+s +ss+a +
ccast|tu|| ce|t+s |e+||d+des ccac t+|. - ccast|tu|1c de ua |cc+| ccac
seadc de ||scc (ac c+sc dc lll, ua+ escc|+ cu ua+ |ede cca c+|\+
u+||d+de de eas|ac,, deeade, +ss|a, dc usc ue se |+: dc s+ce|
est+t|st|cc (lc|ew|t:, !''1,.
- d|u|+1c dcs d+dcs dc -l e dcs |ad|ces +|c+a+dcs a+s
++||+ces e|+s escc|+s e |edes de eas|ac e |ad|c+d+ ac lll ccac ua+
|c|a+ de +uaeat+| + |escas+c|||:+1c e + acc|||:+1c d+ ccaua|d+de
de +|s, |c|essc|es, d|||eates e d+ c|+sse c||t|c+ cca + educ+1c, c
ue tc|a+||+ + escc|+ aeacs est+t+| e a+|s uc||c+' (lll, !'', . !',.
O lll |+: usc dc d|scu|sc d+ acc|||:+1c e d+ |escas+c|||:+1c
scc|+| +|+ c est+ce|ec|aeatc de ua cca|ca|ssc de tcdcs e|+
ae||c||+ d+ u+||d+de d+ educ+1c'. lsse cca|ca|ssc e
ccasucst+ac|+dc a+ e|+cc|+1c dc l|+ac de Met+s tca|ca|ssc 1cdcs
e|+ lduc+1c, c u+| se |uad+aeat+ ea |ate e c|tc d||et||:es
t+de|acs de lduc+1c | l+l/lltl/llle|
'
educ+c|ca+|s ue ac|te|+a + e|+cc|+1c dc l|+ac de -ces -|t|cu|+d+s
(l-l, de c+d+ |cc+||d+de ue +de|e +c |c|+a+ dc Mlt. O l-l,
seuadc c dccuaeatc, dee se| ccast|u|dc cca + +|t|c|+1c dcs
estc|es e educ+dc|es |cc+|s aed|+ate + ut|||:+1c de |ast|uaeatcs
teca|ccs de ++||+1c d+ s|tu+1c educ+c|ca+| de c+d+ escc|+ cu |ede de
eas|ac.
euadc c lll (!'', . !],: -+||+1c, ||a+ac|+aeatc e est1c se
+|t|cu|+a de a+ae||+ |ac+dc|+ e c||+a ua+ c+de|+ de |escas+c|
||:+1c e|+ u+||d+de dc eas|ac ue +c|+ae t+atc cs estc|es, dc
d||etc| cu d+ d||etc|+ d+ escc|+ +c M|a|st|c d+ lduc+1c, u+atc +
c|+sse c||t|c+, dc |e|e|tc cu d+ |e|e|t+ +c l|es|deate d+ leuc||c+'.
eadc +ss|a, +s +ces + se|ea e|et|+d+s a+ lduc+1c 1s|c+ ea
c+d+ |cc+||d+de, est+dcs, aua|c||cs e escc|+s, est1c de||a|d+s acs
|+acs e |ast|uaeatcs c||+dcs e|c Mlt, c+ceadc +cs +tc|es |cc+|s
++||+|ea + s|tu+1c educ+c|ca+| de su+ escc|+ cu |ede de eas|ac, +
+|t|| dcs |ad|c+dc|es de u+||d+de |ast|tu|dcs e aed|dcs cca c
|eeac||aeatc dcs |ast|uaeatcs teca|ccs +d|ca|:+dcs, e |cace
|ea +s +ces cu|+s ++||+ces a1c |c|ea ccas|de|+d+s s+t|s|+tc||+s. Os
su|e|tcs |cc+|s s1c eat1c |escas+c|||:+dcs c| |a|eaeat+| +s +ces
ue |esu|t+||+a a+ e|e+1c d+ u+||d+de d+ educ+1c'.
O d|scu|sc d+ |escas+c|||:+1c e acc|||:+1c scc|+| cc|et|+
c+tu|+| ce|acs e ccaua|d+des |cc+|s, c|s +s |c|a+s de d|st||cu|1c
dcs |ecu|scs |ede|+|s est1c ccad|c|ca+d+s +c eac||aeatc de c+d+ ua
a+ ccast|u1c d+ c||t|c+ ue se susteat+ e |e|t|a+ a+ |c|c+ d+
e|e+1c d+ u+||d+de d+ educ+1c', aed|d+ +t|+es dc lll, + u+|
deeade|1 dcs deseaea|cs e dc ae||tc ue cs su|e|tcs e +s
|ast|tu|ces deacast|+|ea.
1cdcs cs dccuaeatcs e |cced|aeatcs est+ce|ec|dcs ac |ccessc
de ccast|u1c d+ c||t|c+ te|a|a+a, eat1c, c| de||a|| + |c|a+1c de
ua+ cca|e\+ |ede de |e|+ces eat|e d||e|eates +eates scc|+|s e
c||t|ccs ue, +es+| d+s su+s d|e|eac|+s e ecu||+||d+des, deea
+tu+| cc|et|+aeate ea |c| dc d|scu|sc d+ u+||d+de d+ lduc+1c
1s|c+. l dess+ cca|e\+ |ede de |e|+ces e d+s +ces cca e|+s
| le|ct+s ,}: +} , |+ae||c/+c||| !'11
1
|cdu:|d+s ue c c+ac d+s c||t|c+s educ+c|ca+|s se ccast|tu|, c|s, +s
c||t|c+s s1c |cdutcs de cca|ca|sscs acs 1||cs est1|cs, a+
a|c|cc||t|c+ d+ |c|au|+1c d+ |e|s|+1c e a+ +|t|cu|+1c dcs |ucs de
|ate|esses (-ll, !''+,.
l|1t|c+s |eu|+tc||+s ue |+:ea usc de d+dcs est+t|st|ccs, de
estudcs ue cca+|+a deseaea|cs e ue c||+a +d|ces ea|es+||+|s
de aed|1c d+ u+||d+de a+ educ+1c, ccac ess+s ue ea seadc
+dct+d+s e|c Mlt, |s+a susteat+| + |e|t|a|d+de de seus d|scu|scs e
dea+|c+| +s c||cuast1ac|+s e +s |e|+s +|+ + |cdu1c d+ c||t|c+. O
l|+ac de Met+s tca|ca|ssc 1cdcs e|+ lduc+1c |escas+c|||:+ cs
su|e|tcs |cc+|s e|cs |esu|t+dcs + se|ea +|c+a+dcs e de||ae +s d||et||:es
e cs |cced|aeatcs + se|ea e|et|+dcs ea tcdcs cs ccate\tcs.
O l|+ac tca|ca|ssc 1cdcs e|+ lduc+1c |ad|c+ u+|s s1c +s
d||et||:es + se|ea seu|d+s e ue |e||+aeat+s deea se| us+d+s +|+
d+| ccat+ d+ |cdu1c d+ c||t|c+, +s |e|+s e +s tecac|c|+s + se|ea
ea|e+d+s ac |cc c||t|cc. la+ d+s |e|+s dc |cc e + dete|a|a+1c
ue c+d+ aua|c||c, dec|s de +de||| +c tca|ca|ssc, |cdu:+ c l-l,
|ad|c+adc +s +ces + se|ea e|et|+d+s ea 1ac|tc |cc+|. O l-l +ss+ +
se| + ||ac|+| tecac|c|+ |ast|tuc|ca+| +|+ e|et|+1c d+s Met+s dc
tca|ca|ssc.
Os d|scu|scs c||c|+|s +c+c+a, +ss|a, c| |cdu:|| ce|t+s e|d+des',
t+|s ccac: + u+||d+de d+ lduc+1c 1s|c+ deeade d+ e|e+1c dcs
|esu|t+dcs dc lll: + u+||d+de e cca|ca|ssc de tcdcs': c
ea|ec de tecac|c|+s ccac c l-l css|c|||t+ + e|e+1c d+
u+||d+de'. 1+|s |cduces de e|d+des tea, e|+s |c||+s, e|e|tcs de
s+ce|cde| e, de +|ua+ a+ae||+, t+acea dete|a|a+a c ue c
d|scu|sc dee e|etu+| +|+ cde| |+|+| de t+|s cc|etcs. lss+s |e|+ces
c+|+cte||:+a c |c||c d|scu|sc eau+atc |1t|c+ (lOlt-ll1, 1)),
!''+,.
\+s d||et||:es dc lec|etc a
c
.')+/', c cca|uatc de eauac|+dcs,
t+|s ccac: +cca+a|+| e ++||+|, cca + +|t|c|+1c d+ ccaua|d+de e
dc tcase||c de lduc+1c, +s c||t|c+s uc||c+s a+ 1|e+ de educ+1c':
:e|+| e|+ t|+as+|eac|+ d+ est1c uc||c+ a+ 1|e+ d+ educ+1c,
t+de|acs de lduc+1c | l+l/lltl/llle|
!
+|+at|adc c |uac|ca+aeatc e|et|c, +utcacac e +|t|cu|+dc dcs
ccase||cs de ccat|c|e scc|+|': |cace| + est1c +|t|c|+t|+ a+ |ede
de eas|ac': c|+a|:+| ua tca|te lcc+| dc tca|ca|ssc eac+||e+dc
d+ acc|||:+1c d+ scc|ed+de e dc +cca+a|+aeatc d+s aet+s de
ec|u1c dc lll', ccast|tuea |c|a+ces d|scu|s|+s c|t+d+s + |eu|+|
c d|scu|sc e |cdu:|| cs |e|aes de e|d+de ue c |e|t|a+a.
lsse cca|uatc de eauac|+dcs: +|t|c|+1c d+ ccaua|d+de,
t|+as+|eac|+ d+ est1c uc||c+ a+ 1|e+ d+ educ+1c, ccat|c|e scc|+|,
acc|||:+1c d+ scc|ed+de, s1c cc|etcs ue c|+a|:+a e c|dea+a c
d|scu|sc c||c|+| aua s|stea+ de ccat|c|e c++: de est+ce|ece| ua+
|eu|+||d+de d|scu|s|+ e |ast|tu|| ccac |e|ae de e|d+de c |c||c
d|scu|sc tca|ca|ssc 1cdcs e|+ lduc+1c'.
Os d|scu|scs c||c|+|s |eteadea, +ss|a, sedu:|| e |escas+c|||:+| cs
su|e|tcs, de||a|| su+s |deat|d+des e |1t|c+s c||t|c+s, cc||escadeadc 1s
|e|+s dc tca|ca|ssc e |cdu:|adc cs e|e|tcs ese|+dcs. l |ec|sc
ue cs su|e|tcs s|at+ase sedu:|dcs e |a||c+dcs a+ |cdu1c dess+
c||t|c+, +|+ ue css+a c|+a|:+| su+s |1t|c+s e|+ |+ deacc|1t|c+'
ue ccacece c+d+ ua e tcdcs ccac |escas1e|s d||etcs e|c +|c+ace
dcs |esu|t+dcs est|u|+dcs. Os |e|aes de e|d+de |cdu:|dcs e|c
d|scu|sc c||c|+| s1c +ss|a ccast|tu|dcs: + u+||d+de d+ educ+1c sc cde
se| +|c+a+d+ e|c cca|ca|ssc de tcdcs: u+||d+de d+ educ+1c ue
seue + |+ ea|es+||+|: cca|ca|ssc ue c||+ ua+ t|+a+ de |e|+ces
de ccat|c|e scc|e +s +ces de c+d+ ua dcs su|e|tcs |deat|||c+dcs ccac
|escas1e|s.
-s +ces dcs su|e|tcs cca|caet|dcs cca + |cdu1c dess+
c||t|c+, ae||c| d|:eadc, dess+ |//|///.: (lcuc+u|t, !''c,, deea
se|, eat1c, |eu|+d+s c| ae|c de tecac|c|+s de +utcccat|c|e,
+utcdete|a|a+1c, +utc|||1ac|+, ccac c l-l. O ccat|c|e scc|e +s
|1t|c+s de c+d+ ua e dcs cut|cs e ue +|+at||1 c e\|tc d+ c||t|c+.
| le|ct+s ,}: +} , |+ae||c/+c||| !'11
}

las+|+adc +|ua+s ccac|usces
\este te\tc, |ccu|e| +a+||s+| cs ac|aeatcs d+s |e|c|a+s
de||+|+d+s ea 1ac|tc a+c|ca+| du|+ate c ce|ac lu|+ e cs te\tcs
|e+|s ue susteat+|+a t+|s c||t|c+s, |cc|ea+t|:+adc c d|scu|sc c||c|+|,
+s |e|+s, |ast|uaeatcs e |cced|aeatcs |ast|tu|dcs e cs css|e|s
e|e|tcs e|+dcs a+ lduc+1c 1s|c+ c|+s||e||+.
\|acs ue +s c||t|c+s c||c|+|s |s+a +|ust+| +s escc|+s e +s
sec|et+||+s de lduc+1c + aec+a|sacs de est1c c||eat+dcs c|
c||te||cs de e||c|eac|+ e |cdut||d+de ea|es+||+|s ue ccaceat|+a su+
ea|+se ea |c|a+s e|eac|+|s de ++||+1c de |esu|t+dcs. - ++||+1c d+
educ+1c |cc+|, c| ae|c de |c+s e e\+aes a+c|ca+|s e su+
c|+ss|||c+1c + +|t|| de |ad|ces u+at|t+t|cs, +ss+a + |eu|+| +s
|1t|c+s dcs su|e|tcs |a||c+dcs, de acdc + |+c||c+| ce|t+s
e||c|a+aces.
euadc +|| (!'1',, +s |+c||c+ces de e||c|a+aces s1c
|c|uad+aeate +|+dc\+|s. l+|+ +s c|+a|:+ces, ess+s |+c||c+ces
s|a|||c+a ua+ est|+te|+ de e|eac|+aeatc de |a+ea ue e||e ua+
|+c|+d+ de c1|cu|c cu|+ e|+c|d+de a1c e |e|e+ate, a+s cu|c |a+ctc
t|+as|c|a+dc| d+s +ces e\e|c|d+s scc|e e deat|c d+s c|+a|:+ces e c
ue e|et|+aeate |ac|t+. - |+c||c+1c de e||c|a+aces e ua
|aest|aeatc ea |+st|c|d+de, +|adc c| ae|c de |cduces de
|a+eas ue se |e|eseat+a e se |e||etea. -ss|a, c usc de tecac|c|+s
ccac c1|cu|cs, |ad|ces e est+t|st|c+s, ue |eteadea tc|a+| +s +tu+ces
d+s |ast|tu|ces e dcs su|e|tcs a+|s t|+as+|eates cdea, a+ e|d+de,
tc|a1|+s a+|s c+c+s, c|s c ue est1 ea |cc s1c |a+eas |+c||c+d+s
+|+ d+| |s|c|||d+de e |e|t|a|d+de +cs |esu|t+dcs ue deea se|
+|c+a+dcs.
lss+ ac+ eccaca|+ d+ educ+1c', ue se |uad+aeat+ a+s |1t|c+s
ea|es+||+|s de e|eac|+||sac e e||c|a+t||d+de (+||, !'1',, |cdu:
e|e|tcs ccac + ccaet|1c c| |ecu|scs, + |||1ac|+, + cu|+c|||:+1c e +
|ateas|||c+1c dc t|+c+||c |c||ss|ca+| uc||cc. -s dea+ad+s d+
e||c|a+t||d+de ccc|+a |esu|t+dcs aeasu|1e|s e c+|cu|1e|s, ccac c
t+de|acs de lduc+1c | l+l/lltl/llle|
+
lll, e |+:ea eae||| |e|+ces scc|+|s e |c||ss|ca+|s de |c|uad+
d|sut+ e ccaet|t||d+de.
M+s cs dccuaeatcs c||c|+|s |ast|tuea + c||t|c+ ccac te\tc, + u+|
cde|1 se| t|+as|c|a+d+ cu, +te aesac, sucst|tu|d+ c| accs
d|scu|scs ac ccate\tc d+ |1t|c+, c|s +s c||t|c+s c||+a c||cuast1ac|+s
a+s u+|s +s cces d|sca|e|s de dec|s1c s1c |est||t+s e acd|||c+d+s
cu s1c +cat+dcs cc|et|cs e |esu|t+dcs +|t|cu|+|es. la+ |escst+
+|ad+ dee se| +|e+d+, ccast|u|d+ ac ccate\tc d+ |1t|c+ |c|et+d+
d|+ate de cut|+s e\ect+t|+s cu e|sect|+s. -ss|a, c ||ac||c
|eccate\tu+||:+dc| se|et|+aeate, +|c||+, |e|cc+, |e|cc+||:+ e
|e|+c|ca+ cut|cs d|scu|scs, +|+ ccast|tu|| su+ |c||+ c|dea e seus
|c||cs c|dea+aeatcs' (ll\1ll\, 1)), . !]),.
1+| eatead|aeatc e c ue tea ac|dc aeu |ate|esse ea esu|s+|
+ |cdu1c d+ c||t|c+ tca|ca|ssc 1cdcs e|+ lduc+1c' +t|+es d+
est1c dc l-l ea aua|c||cs dc l, cusc+adc cca|eeade| ue
d|scu|scs, +ces e |e|+ces de cde| s1c |cdu:|dcs acs ccate\tcs
|cc+|s ccac |escst+s +cs ||ac||cs |e+|s. t|e|c ue aeu estudc
+cat+|1 |ac|t+ates e|eaeatcs +|+ + +a1||se dcs |ccesscs de
|eccate\tu+||:+1c d+ c||t|c+, ua+ e: ue c des|cc+aeatc dc d|scu|sc
c||c|+| dc seu ccate\tc c|||a+| de |cdu1c +|+ cut|cs ccate\tcs
|cdu: acd|||c+ces e |ate||e|+ces cca cut|cs d|scu|scs, |s+adc
ccast|tu|| seat|dcs ue |escad+a 1s c||cuast1ac|+s esec|||c+s de c+d+
ccate\tc.
le|e|eac|+s
-ll, te|ea }. \|+t |s c||c,: 1e\ts, t|+|ectc||es +ad tcc|cc\es. la:
/4a.://a r./ro : .r///.:| :a4 /s/s/ra./ar:| ://r:.|
uc||a|+a/l|||+de|||+, Oea la|e|s|t, l|ess, 1))+, .1+!'.
le||c|a+t||d+de, ||+t|:+1c e c lcslst+dc dc ea
lst+|. /4a.:: c ./.4:4. t+a|a+s, . !], a. ), set./de:. !''+, . 1.1']
1.1!.
| le|ct+s ,}: +} , |+ae||c/+c||| !'11
]
. le||c|a+t||d+des e |+c||c+ces a+ eccaca|+ educ+c|ca+|: |uac +
ua+ scc|ed+de e||c|a+t|+. /4a.:: . /.:|/4:4. .}], a. '!, +c/set. !'1',
. }]].
l-ll. le| a. ).})+, de !} de de:eac|c de 1)). lst+ce|ece +s d||et||:es e
c+ses d+ educ+1c a+c|ca+|. l|1||c O||c|+| d+ la|1c, lcde| l\ecut|c, |+s|||+,
ll, 1)).
. le| a. 1'.1!, de ') de }+ae||c de !''1. lst+ce|ece c l|+ac \+c|ca+|
de lduc+1c. l|1||c O||c|+| d+ la|1c, lcde| l\ecut|c, |+s|||+, ll, !''1.
. lec|etc l|es|deac|+| a. .')+, de !+ de +c||| de !''. l|sce scc|e
+ |a|eaeat+1c dc l|+ac de Met+s tca|ca|ssc 1cdcs e|+ lduc+1c, e|+
la|1c, ea |e|ae de cc|+cc|+1c cca Mua|c||cs, l|st||tc lede|+| e lst+dcs.
l|1||c O||c|+| d+ la|1c, lcde| l\ecut|c, |+s|||+, ll, !+} de +c|. !''.
. M|a|ste||c d+ lduc+1c. l|c|+a+s e -ces d+ lduc+1c 1s|c+ +
se|ea ccas|de|+dcs ac 1ac|tc dc tca|ca|ssc 1cdcs e|+ lduc+1c.
|+s|||+, ll, Mlt, !''.
. M|a|ste||c d+ lduc+1c. O l|+ac de leseac||aeatc d+ lduc+1c.
l+:ces, l||ac||cs e l|c|+a+s. |+s|||+, ll, Mlt, !''.
ll\1ll\, . ! .s/ra/ar:: 4 4/s.ars /.4:/.: c|+sse, ccd|cs e
ccat|c|e. \c:es, let|cc||s, 1)).
t-l-, l. l|+ac de leseac||aeatc d+ lduc+1c: +useac|+s e ||a|t+ces.
/./r:/s 4: .s.|: |+s|||+, a.1, !''. l|sca|e|
ea:|tt:www.cate.c|.c| -cessc ea !+ |+a. !'11.
lll\-\ll, le,a+|dc. |a4/.. 4. |.s.a|/o.a/ 4: /4a.:: /:s/.:
(||//;. |+s|||+: last|tutc \+c|ca+| de lstudcs e lesu|s+s lduc+c|ca+|s -a|s|c
1e|\e||+, !''.
lOlt-ll1, M|c|e|. ! r4.o 4 4/s.ars -u|+ la+uu|+| ac tc||e de
l|+ace, |cauac|+d+ ea ! de de:eac|c de 1)'. 1|+du1c: l+u|+ l|++ de
-|ae|d+ +a+|c. ld|ces lc,c|+, 1c l+u|c, 1)).
t+de|acs de lduc+1c | l+l/lltl/llle|

. ! :ra.|/: 4 s:|.r.
c
ed. l|c de }+ae||c, lc|ease la|e|s|t1||+,
!''+.
. \:s./o.a/ 4: |//|///.:: tu|sc d+dc ac tc||e de l|+ace (1)
1)),. 1c l+u|c, M+|t|as lcates, !''c.
. .ar:a: /.rr//r/ //a|::. tu|sc d+dc ac tc||e de l|+ace
(1)1),. 1c l+u|c, M+|t|as lcates, !''c.
thll-llllll }l\lOl, l+u|c. //|s//: . |/s/r/: 4: .4a.:: |r:s/|./r:: d+
cc|ca|+ +c ce|ac lu|+. ! ed. +|ue||, l: M+ac|e, !'').
M-l\-lll, }e||e|sca. - educ+1c c|+s||e||+ ac c+a|a|c d+ u+||d+de:
Questces e |cc|ea+s d+s c||t|c+s educ+c|ca+|s +tu+|s. 1|+c+||c +|eseat+dc
a+ ess1c lsec|+| dc l|\c lduc+1c 1s|c+, \||| /a.a/r 4. /.sa/s: .o
/4a.:: 4: /./: a| -aed u|, ac d|+ !'/'/!'1'.
lOlll\l1, 1. .: ll\ll-l, . lst+t|st|c+s educ+c|ca+|s ccac ua s|stea+
de |+:1c: |e|+ces eat|e ce|ac d+ educ+1c e |ac|us1c e e\c|us1c scc|+|s.
/4a.:: c ./.4:4., +ac \\ll, a.], +c. !''1, . 11!1+.
-\l-\l, l. O l|+ac de leseac||aeatc d+ lduc+1c: +a1||se dc |c|etc dc
Mlt. /4a.:: c ./.4:4., t+a|a+s, c|. !, a. 1'' lsec|+|, cut. !'', .
1.!}11.!]]. l|sca|e| ea :|tt://www.cedes.ua|c+a.c|
hllOM-, l. O.: t-MlO, l. l.: t-ltl-, l. M. t. lec|||+| te\tcs +|+
cca|eeade| + c||t|c+: sucs|d|cs tec||ccaetcdc|c|ccs +|+ +a1||se de
dccuaeatcs. /.rs/..//: l|c||+acc||s, . !}, a. !, |u|/de:, !''], . +!++.
ll\-, 1ca+: 1+deu. |.ao.a/s 4. /4.a//4:4.: ua+ |at|cdu1c 1s tec||+s
dc cu|||cu|c. ! ld. e|c hc||:cate, -uteat|c+, !''.
1OlO lll- lllt-O. l|sca|e| ea: -cessc ea ! ac. !'1'.
1l-\lll\l, t. .: lllO, . l. l. O auae|1e|, c aeasu|1e|, c +ud|t1e|:
est+t|st|c+ ccac tecac|c|+ +|+ ce|a+|. /4a.:: c /.:|/4:4., lc|tc
-|e|e, .}+, a.!, a+|c/+c. !''), .1}]1]!.
| le|ct+s ,}: +} , |+ae||c/+c||| !'11

\llll, l. O. t. - |e|aea1c d+ est1c dcs s|stea+s de eas|ac: ua+ +a1||se
dc lll. /./s/: /4a.:: .o _a.s/:, \+t+|, .}], a.!1, a+|c/+cstc !''), .
)11).


lu|ce M+|| d+ ||+ \css e |c|essc|+ d+ la|e|s|d+de lede|+| dc l+a+ (l\ll-Ml-,
t+aus +el, e dcutc|+ad+ dc l|c|+a+ de lcst|+du+1c ea lduc+1c d+
l+cu|d+de de lduc+1c d+ la|e|s|d+de lede|+| de le|ct+s, l, |+s||.
la+||: du|ce.cssa+||.cca


lecec|dc ea cutuc|c de !'1'
-ce|tc ea a+|c de !'11