kjpg;gply; ( Evaluation )

Kd;Diu:
tFg;giwfspy; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nray;ghl;bw;F vj;jifa Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
mspf;fg;gLfpd;wNjh> mNj mstpyhd my;yJ mjw;Fk; mjpfkhd
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mr;nray;fs mstpLk; Kiwfs; ngWfpd;wd.
khth;fspd; mwp! tsh;r;rp> fy;tpj;jpwd;> gs;sp fyj;jpl;lk;
"d;Wk; fw;gpj;jypd; gad; Nghd;wtw;iw mstpLjy; #t;nth$
%rphpah;fspd; &d;wpaikahj 'ikahFk;.
fw;gpj;jy; N(hf;f);fs;;;;;;; fw;wy; nray;Kiwfs; kw;Wk; kjpg;g*Lf;
f$tpfs; vd;w "d;W J+;fs; k*J fy;tp vd;w nray;Kiw tbtkhf
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gJ fy;tpahsh;fspd; f$j;J %Fk;.
fw;gpj;jy; Nehf;fk;
fw;wy; nray;Kiwfs; kjpg;gPl;Lf;
fUtpfs;
&it "d;Wk; #d;Wf;nfhd;W n($);fpa njhlh;,ilaJ. -Nj.k; #d;wpy;
-w;gLk; khw;wk; -ida &/;L nray;Kiwfs0k; ghjpf;fty;yJ.
mstPL:
fw;gpj;jy; - fw;wy; nray;Kiwfspyp$(;J v1k; gad;fs ms(;jwpjNy
fy;tpapy; mstply; vdg;gLfpwJ.
tpsf;fk;
mstpay; vd;gJ khth;fspd; fw;wy; jpwd;fs; kl;Lk; my;yJ fw;wy;
tpisthf khth;fs; ngw;Wf;nfhs;2k; gy;NtW jpwd;fs;& g;,fs; kw;Wk;
fw;wy; tpis!fs; Nghd;w 3ah;(;j N(hf;f);fs mstpLjiyf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
kjpg;gply;
mstply; vd;gijf; fhl;b4k; tphpthdJ kjpg;gply;. &J #$tdplk;
-w;gLfpd;w khw;wj;jpd; msit0k;& j/j;ij0k; ff;fpy; vLj;Jf;nfhs;fpwJ.
tiuaiw:
fy;tpapy; kjpg;gply; vd;gJ #$ gs;spapd; vy;yhr; nray;fspNyh #$ rpy
khth;fsplNkh my;yJ #$ khtdplNkh fw;wy; fw;gpj;jypdhy;
-w;gLfpd;w tpis!fspd; %w;wiy msf;fg; gad;gLtjhFk;.
nray;Kiwfs;
tpsf;fk;:
kjpg;gply; vd;gJ khtdpd; K1 %sikiar; Nrhjpg;gJ %Fk;. mjdhy;
kjpg;gply; 5;wp!> mil!> fth;r;rp> 3ly; r"f kd v1r;rp Nghd;w gy
Jiwfspy; (lj;jg;glyhk;. &t;nty;yhj;Jiwfsp4k; kjpg;gply; vd;gJ
fy;tpj;Jiwapdh;> %rphpah;> khth;> ngw;Nwhh; %fpNahhpd; 6l;L
(pf7;r;rpahFk;.
mstply;> kjpg;gplf;! "ilNa#s;s Nt$ghL:
mstPL kjpg;gPL
8. mst*L mbg;gilr; NrhjidahFk;.
9. FWfpa ngh$s; j$fpwJ
:. v; msitf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
;. g;,fs; tphpthf;fg;gLtjpy;iy.
<. mst*l;bid vspjpy; Kb!
nra;ayhk;.
8.kjpg;g*l;bw;Fk;mbg;gil mst*L
%Fk;.
9.tphpthd ngh$s; j$fpwJ.
:.v; ms! rpwg;ghdJ vd;gjw;F tpil
j$fpwJ.
;.g;,fs; tphpthf;fg;gLfpwJ.
<.kjpg;g*L nray; fhy jhkjkhFk;.
mil%r;Nrhjidfspd; Nehf;f&;fs; ('(je)ti*es +f #)hie*ement
%est)
8. khth;fspd; mwp!>,hp(;J nfhs;2k; jpwd;> gad;gLj;Jk; jpwd;>
nray;jpwd;fs; %fpatw;iw ms(;jwpa
9. khth;fsj; j/k; gphpf;f
:. %rphpah; gad;gLj;jpa fw;gpj;jy; Kiw> v(;j ms! ntw;wpia
ngw;Ws;sJ vd;gi f;lwpa
;. khth;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijg;gw;wpa ngw;Nwhh;f2f;F mwptpf;f
<. gs;spg;gjpNtLfspy; gjp(;J itf;f
=. khth;fs 3ah;tFg;,f;F j/k; 3ah;j;Jtjw;fhf!k;
>. ,jpa ghlg;gpfs mspf;Fk; Kd;dh; khth;fs ?f;fg;gLj;j!k;
@. fw;gpj;jy; N(hf;f);fspy; %rphpah; ntw;wpail(;Js;sh/h vd;gjid
Nrhjpj;jwpa!k;
mil%r; Nrhjidfspd; ti,s;
(%ypes +f #)ie*ement %ests)
ghlj;jpidg; ngh$j;J mil!r; Nrhjidfs &/;L tiAshf gphpf;fyhk;.
%rphpa/hy; mikf;fg;gLk; mil!r; Nrhjidfs;
j/g;gLj;jg;gl;l mil!r; Nrhjidfs;
%rphpa/hy; mikf;fg;gLk; mil!r;Nrhjidfs Nk4k; "d;W tiAshf
f*7;t$khW gphpf;fyhk;
tha;nkh+pr; Nrhjidfs;
mwptpaypy; mstpay; Kiwfs;
v1j;Jr; Nrhjidfs;
nra;Kiwr; Nrhjidfs;
&tw;wpy; v1j;Jr;Nrhjidfs Nk4k; "d;W tiAshf f*7;t$khW gphpf;fyhk;.
mitahtd
';Li/j;Njh;!
FWtpilj;Njh;!
,wtaj;Njh;!
Nrhjidf; -$fs;
gi+a Kiw (.;Liu mikg;/) /0Kiw
8. mftakhdJ 8. ,wtakhdJ
9. gjpy; jd;.hpikahdJ 9. ,jpy; (piyahdJ
BFi#(d C(sp7ns(D
k*l;bf;nfhh;git k*l;lwpgit
BRecallD BrecogniseD
rpWtpilf;; fhypapl);fs
Nfs;tpfs (p/g;,jy;
rhp &ij;Jr;Nrh; gy;tpilapy;
Njh;!
(multiple Choice)
1rphpauhy; mikf;fg;gLk; mil%r;Nrhjidfs;
(Teacher made Achievement Test)
tFg;giwapy; md;whlg; ghltsh;r;rp mwptpid kjpg;gpLtjw;Fk;
njhlh;(;J mwp! tsh;r;rpiar; Nrhjpg;gjw;Fk; khth;fsJ ftdj;ijf; ft/!k;
tha;nkh7pg; gapw;rpgad;gLfpwJ. tFg;giwapy; ghpNrhjid nra;J fhl;Lk;
NghJ khth;fs gpd;gw;Wfpwhh;fsh& ,hp(;Jnfh;lhh;fshE vd;gij
tha;nkh7pahA; N';fyhk;. &J fw;gpj;jypy; 3w;W N(hf;Fk; gapw;rpia
-w;gLj;j!k; 3j!fpwJ. tha;nkh7pj;Njh;!fs; v1j;Jj;Njh;it tpl rpf;fdkhdit.
5g. fy;tp 3yh> fy;tp rk;k(;jkhd jpi/g;gl);fs; %fpatw;wpw;Fg;
NghFk;NghJk; khth;fs; ngw;w mwpitr; Nrhjpf;f tha;nkh7pg;
gapw;rpiag; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
*'j;0j;Njh;% (Written Test)
khh;tfs;v1j;J "ykhf gjpy; v1Jfpd;w Nrhjidfs; v1j;Jr; Nrhjidfs;
vdg;gLk;. tpilfspd; mstpw;Fk; ngh$j;jj;jpw;Fk; -w;g %rphpah; v1jpa
mstpw;Fk; j/j;jpw;Fk; mit rhd;WfshFk;.
v1j;J Nrhjidfs mjd; mikg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; "d;W
tiAshfg;gphpf;fyhk;.
8. ';Li/j;Njh;!
9. FWtpilj;Njh;!
:. ,wtaj;Njh;!
.;Liu tifj; Njh;%fs; (Essay Type Tests)
rpy tpdhf;f2f;F tpilahA; ';Li/ Nghd;W v1Jk; Njh;!jhd; (*;l
(hl;fshfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L t$k; Njh;! KiwahFk;. &t;tifj; Njh;!fs; khth;fs;
nra;jpfsj; njspthf!k;> tphpthf!k; jh;f;f h*jpap4k; tpsf;fp v1Jk;
jpw.ilat/hf &$f;fpd;wdjhE vd;W mwpa 3j!fpwJ. &jdhy; ngh$j;jkhd
f$j;Jfs; midj;ij0k; #d;W jp/l;l!k; Fwpg;gpl;l gp/r;rpidf2f;Fr; rhpahd
tpilfs; mspf;f!k; njhlh;,ila f$j;Jfs Nfhh;itg;gLj;jp tpsf;f!k; KbfpwJ.
epiwfs;(Advantage)
Njh;tpid mikg;gJ vspjhd nrayhFk;
khth;fspd; nkh7pj;jpwd;> tpsf;Fjy; jpwd; kw;Wk; #$);fkf;Fk;
jpwd; Nghd;wtw;iw Nrhjpf;Fk; tifapy; mik0k;
kw;wth;fspd; tpilj;jhs;fsg;ghh;j;J #1JtJ Nghd;w jtWfs Fiwf;f
3j!k;.
&k;Kiwapy; khth;fspd; v;j;ij0k; rp(;jidfs0k; Ca f$j;Jfs0k;
tphpthd mwpthw;wiy0k; Cj(;jp/khf ntspapl tha;g;g,fs; 3s;sd.
&J khth;fsplk; j/khd 3ah;(;j gy5+y;fs gbf;Fk; t7f;fj;ij -w;gLj;j!k;
3j!fpd;wJ.
&J khth;fs; vij0k; ,hp(;J nfhs;shky; F$l;Lj;jdkhfv1Jtijj;
jtph;f;fpwJ.
khth;fspd; rp(;jpf;Fk; my;yJ fh/k; fhFk; jpwid Nrhjpf;f
';Liwtifj;Njh;!fs; nghpJk; gadspf;fpd;wd.
khh;fs; jfty;fs #$Kfg;gLj;jp C$f;fkhf!k; jiyg;,fs tpsf;fp 6Wk;
jpwikia mwpa KbfpwJ.
!iwfs;(Disadvantage)
';Li/j;Njh;!fs; kddk; nra;0k; Kiwf;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;Fk;.
khth;fs; gp/r;rpidapd; j*h;tpid v1jhky; ghl rk;k(;jkpy;yhj
gy;NtW f$j;Jfs Njitapd;wp v1Jk; mghak; -w;glyhk;.
fhy tp/ak; -w;gLk; mghak; 3;L.
&k;Kiwg;gb khth;fspd; tpiliar; rhpahf kjpg;g*L nra;tJ kjpg;g*L
(k;gfj;jd;ik tha;(;jdthf &$g;gjpy;iy.
%rphpahpd; nrh(;j tp$g;, ntWg;,> kjpg;ng; &Ljypy; FWf;fpl
tha;g;, 3s;sJ.
';Li/ tifj;Njh;tpidg; gy Njh;thsh;fs; kjpg;g*L nra;0k;NghJ mjpf
ms! NtWghLfs; fhg;gLfpwJ.
mNjhL &d;wp #N/ %rphpah; Fwpg;gpl;l tpilj;jhis gy;NtW
fhy);fspy; kjpg;g*L nra;0k;NghJ kjpg;ng;fspy; tpj;jpahr);fs;
-w;gLfpd;wd.
vdNt Fiwthd (k;gfj;jd;ik -w;,ilikNahL jd;taj;jd;ikf;Fk; tha;g;,
3s;sJ. v1j;jhw;wy; ngw;w khth;fs; mjpf kjpg;ng;fs; ngw
tha;g;, 3s;sJ.
!$tpilr; Nrhjidfs;
FWtpilr; Nrhjidfs; ';Li/r;Nrhjidf2f;F N(h;vjp/hd g;,fs; nfh;ljhFk;.
&t;tifr;Nrhjidfs; nfhLf;fg;gl;l tpdhtpw;F Njitahd gjpy;fs kl;Lk;
Fwpg;gpl;L v1Jk; tifapy; mik0k;. &it khth;fspd; mbg;gil mwp!
kw;Wk; ,hp(;Jnfhs;2k; jpwd; %fpatw;iwr; Nrhjpg;gjhf mikfpd;wJ.
epiwfs;
khth;fsplk; J+;liy0k; kw;Wk; ?f;fj;ij0k; -w;gLj;Jk; tifapy;
&j;Njh;!fs; mik0k;.
khth;fs; jh);fs; fw;Wf;nfh;l ghlj;jfty;fs C$f;fp Fwpg;gpl;l
rpwpa mstpy; gjp4i/f;Fk; jpwidg; ngWfpd;whh;fs;.
&t;tifj;Njh;!fs; vspjhf kjpg;ng;fs; ngw 3j!k;.
kjpg;ng;fs; t7);Ftjpy; (k;gfj;jd;ik mjpfk;.
Njitaw;w f$j;Jfs v1Jtij0k; fhy tp/ak; -w;gLtij0k; Fiwf;Fk;.
khth;fsplk; fhg;gLk; fw;wy; FiwghLfsf; f;lwpa 3j!k;.
!$tpdh gjpy;2s mikf;!k; Kiw:
(Principles for Constructing short answer items)
vspa njspthd kw;Wk; rhpahd thh;j;ijfspy; gjpy;fs mspj;jy;
vjph;kiw gjpy;fs jtph;j;jy;
Njitaw;w &ig;, thhj;ijfs jtph;j;jy;
gjpy;f2f;F mtrpakw;w rpf;fyhd thh;j;ijfs jtph;j;jy;
N(/j;jpid rhpahd Kiwapy; gad;gLj;Jjy;
Fwpg;gpl;l njspthd kw;Wk; K1ikahd tifapy; gjpy;fs 6wy;
/wtar; Nrhjidfs; (O!ective Type Test)
,wtar;Nrhjidfspy; mspf;fg;gLk; tpilfs; midj;Jk; ,wtaj;jd;ik
nfh;lit. &t;tif Nrhjidfspy; mspf;fg;gLk; tpilfs; j*h;f;fkhditahf &$g;gjhy;
kjpg;ng; t7);Ftjpy; K/;ghl;bw;F tha;g;, &y;y. &t;tif Nrhjidfs
mikg;gjd; mbg;gilapy; gy;NtW gphp!fshfg; gphpf;fyhk;.
I. (pid!6h; Nrhjidfs;BRecall Tests)
a) vspa (pid!6h; Nrhjidfs; (Simple Recall Tests)
b) ntw;wplj;ij ,Gh;;j;jp nra;0k; Nrhjidfs;(Completion tests)
""3 kPl;lwp#k; Nrhjidfs;(#ecognition Tests)
a) nghWf;Fr; Nrhjidfs; BMultiple Choice TestsD
b) ngh$j;Jjy; Nrhjidfs; BMatching TestsD
c) gjpy*l;L Nrhjidfs; BAlternative ResponseD
"""3 kPl;lwp#k; Nrhjidfs; (#ecognition Tests)
a) nghWf;Fr; Nrhjidfs;
b) ngh$j;Jjy; Nrhjidfs; kw;Wk;
c) gjpy*l;L Nrhjidfs;
/jpaKiwj;Njh;tpd; rpwg;gpay;/f4k; !wpf;Nfhs;f4k;
&g;,jpa Kiwj;Njh;!fs; gw;gy N(hf;f);fs Kd;dpl;L
jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. tpilaspj;jypy; kdg;ghlk; nra;tjw;F mjpf
tha;g;gpd;wp %7;(;J mwpj4f;F rpwg;ghd &lk; mspf;fg;gLfpwJ. FWfpa
fhyj;jpy; mjpf ghl vy;iyfs; Nrhjpf;fg; gLtjhy; F$l;Lg;ghl mwptpw;F
tha;g;gpy;iy. khth;fs; tpilfsr; C$f;fkhf!k; jpl;ltl;lkhf!k; v1jNt;Lk;.
gy;tpil tpdh tif:
&jd; f*7;t$k; tpdhf;f2f;F rhpahdJk; jtwhdJkhd tpilfs fy(;JnfhLj;J
mtw;wpy; rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;(;njLf;Fk; jpwid Nrhjpj;jwpayhk;. &t;thW
gy tpilfsj; jahhpj;jy; rw;W fbdkhap$g;gp.k; mtw;wpd; "yk;
fw;wypd; %7j;ij k*l;lwpa tpilfspd; jp$j;jj;ijf; nfh;L mwpayhk;. &jpy;
Fwpg;gpl;l tpdhtpw;F "d;W my;yJ H(;J tpilfshA; nfhLf;fg;gl;b$f;Fk;.
&t;tif tpdhf;fspy; Kjy; ghfkhfpa mbg;ghfk; K1ikg;ngwhj thf;fpakhfNt
tpdh thf;fpa khfNth my;yJ Ihp$ thf;fpa);fsf;nfh;Nl Njitf;F
-w;wthW &$f;Fk;.
epiwfs;: (Advantages)
rhpahd tifapy; mikf;fg;gLk; nghWf;Fr; Nrhjidfs; (k;gfj;jd;ik
tha;(;jit. kjpg;ng;fs; ngWtJ vspJ.
khth;fspd; rp(;jidia J+;Lk; tpjkhf!k;& fw;w mwpit rhpahd
Kiwapy; gad;gLj;Jk; tpjkhf!k; mik0k;.
!iwfs; (Disadvantages)
nghWf;Fr; Nrhjidfs jahh; nra;tJ fbdk;.
mjpfkhd gf;f);fs; Njitg;gLtjhy; nryit 6l;Lk; nrayhFk;.
tpilfs; mspg;gjw;fhf khth;fs; nrytpLk; N(/j;jpid Kb! nra;tJ
fbdk;.
nka; 5 ngha; tifr; NrhjidJ
khth;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l thf;fpaj;ijg; ghh;j;J mjpy; fhg;gLk; f$j;J rhp
my;yJ jtW vd;W Fwpf;f Nt;Lk;. &t;thf;fpa);fspy; rpytw;wpd; f$j;jhdJ
3ld;ghlhf!k; rpytw;wpd; f$j;J vjph;kiwahf!k; &$f;Fk; tifapy;
mikf;fg;gLk;. &k;Kiwapy; %k;> &y;iy> rhp jtW> nka;-ngha; vd;W
tpilaspg;gjhf &$f;Fk;.
epug;/ Nrhjid tif:
#$ thh;j;ijiaNah my;yJ #$ nrhw;nwhli/Nah tpilahA; nfh;l N(/b
tpdhthf!k; #$ jftiyf; nfh;l thf;fpak; my;yJ tpjpapd; Kf;fpakhd thh;j;ij
my;yJ nrhw;nwhlh; tpLgl;Lg; ,Gh;j;jpahf mikj;J tplg;gl;l &lj;ij (p/g;gr;
nra;tjhFk;. rhpahd tpilfs khth;fs; mikf;f tpdhf;f2k; fhyp &l);f2k; kpA;
ftdj;Jld; mikf;fg;glNt;Lk;.
epiwfs;:
(pid!6h; Nrhjidfs; khth;fspd; (pidthw;wiy tsh;f;f!k; Nrhjpf;f!k;
3j!fpd;wd.
Nahrpj;J v1Jtjw;fhd tha;g;, mwNt (*f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
!iwfs;:
jtwhd tpilf2f;F K1tJkhf kjpg;ng; &7f;f N(/yhk;.
ngh$j;Jjy; Nrhjid tifB%at3hingD
&t;tifg; ngh$j;Jjy; tpdhtpd; "yk; khth;fspd; jftywptpd;
jpl;ltl;lj;jd;ikiar; Nrhjpj;jwpayhk;. Id;Wf;nfhd;W njhlh;,s;s nra;jpfs
&/;L thpirfspy; mikj;J mtw;Ws; ngh$j;jkhdtw;iw Nrh;f;FkhW nra;jy;
&k;Kiwr; NrhjidahFk;. &jpy; khth;fspd; k*l;Lh; jpwdhdJ
ntspg;gLfpwJ. &j;jifa tpdhf;fs jahhpf;ifapy; gpd;t$k; f$j;Jf;fs kdjpy;
nfhs;s Nt;Lk;.
8. #t;nth$ tpdhtpd; f*1k; ngh$j;jg;gl Nt;ba 3$g;gbfs &$gj;jpfspy;
nfhLf;f Nt;Lk;.
9. mt;tp$ gj;jpfspd; -jhtJ #d;wpd; f*7; t$k; 3$g;gbAs; kw;wjpd;
f*7; t$tij tpl #d;wp/;L 6Ljyhf &$j;jy; (y;y -w;ghlhFk;.
:. ngh$j;Jjy; &ifs; N($f;F N(h; t$khW mik(;jp$f;fyhfhJ.
;. #$ tpdhtpd; f*7;t$k; ngh$j;jy; 3$g;gbf;fs; #$ Fwpg;gpl;l
jiyg;gpd; f*7; mik0khW &$f;f Nt;Lk;.
<. &t;tif tpilaspj;jypy; F$l;L ?fj;jpw;F mjpf &lkpy;yyhik fh/khf jtwhd
tpilf;fhs kjpg;ng;fs Fiwf;F; -w;ghl;bw;F mtrpakpy;iy.
/wtar; Nrhjidfspd; epiwfs;(Advantages)
mjpfkhd tpdhf;fsj; jahh; nra;tjd; "yk; kpFjpahd ghlg;gFjpfs;
gw;wpa khthpd; mwpit Nrhjpf;f> &t;tifr; Nrhjidfs; 3j!fpd;wd.
kjpg;g*L nra;tJ vspjhdjhf!k; Ntfkhd nrayhf!k; khWfpwJ.
kpF(;j (k;gfj;jd;ik tha;(;jJ.
khth;fspd; fw;wy; FiwghLfs f;lwpa 3j!fpd;wJ.
fhy tp/ak; -w;gLtij jtph;f;fyhk;.
khth;fspd; Fwpg;gpl;l rpy jpwd;fs kl;Lk; Nrhjpf;FkhW
tpdhf;fs mikf;fyhk;.
/wtar; Nrhjidfspd; !iwghLfs;(Disadvantages)
khth;fspd;nkh7pj;jpwid tsh;f;f &t;tif Nrhjidfs; 3j!tJ &y;iy.
&t;tif Nrhjidfs jahhpj;J mspg;gJ kpF(;j nrytpid -w;gLj;Jk;.
khth;fs; K1ikahd ghl mwpitg; ngw &t;tif Nrhjidfs; 3jthJ.
jpwik Nrhjid (Aility Test)
3ah;(piyg;gs;spastpy; fpjk; fw;gjw;F Nt;ba jpwik
khtdplk; &$f;fpd;wjh vd;gijf; f;lwptNj &r;Nrhjidapd; Kf;fpa
N(hf;fkhFk;. &ijg;gpd;t$khW ghFghL gLj;jyhk;.
mD t7pfhl;Ljy; khtdpd; jpwikia mwp(;J NkNy mtd; vd; gbf;fyhk;
vd;W t7pfhl;Ljy;
B%D kpfj;jpwik0s;s khth;fs0k; kpf k(;jkhd khth;fs0k;
f;Lnfhs;syhk;.
Fwpg;gpl;l Ih; %w;wy; ntw;wpf;F kpf Kf;fpak; vd;wh4k; m(;j Ih;
%w;wy; kl;LNk NghJkhdJ vd;W 6w KbahJ. 5;wp!> 3i7g;,>
kdg;ghd;ik t*l;L K7;(piy Nghd;wtw;iw0k; ftdpf;f Nt;Lk;.
j/g;gLj;jg;gl;l Nrhjidfs; vd;git rpwg;ghd Kiwapy; mik(;j
Nkyh;ikia0k; kjpg;ng; t7);Fk; Kiwapid0k; Fwpf;Fk;. &t;tif
Nrhjidfspy; tpdhf;fs;> Nkyh;ik Kiwfs;> kjpg;g*l;L Kiwfs; kw;Wk;
j/g;gLj;jg;gl;l Kiwapy; mik(;jp$f;Fk; #$ Nrhjid j/g;gLj;jg;gl;l
Nrhjidahf mikf;fg;gLtjw;F njspthd Kiwapy; 5;ha;!k; rpwg;,
kw;Wk; njspthd N(hf;f);fs0k;> njsp!ld; Njh;(;njLf;fg;gl;l
3$g;gbfs0k; nfh;b$f;f Nt;Lk;.
!iwawpr;Nrhjidfs; (Diagnostic Tests)
khth;fsplk; fhg;gLk; fw;wy; FiwghLfsf; f;lwptjw;fhf
mikf;fg;gLk; Nrhjidfs; Fiwawpr; Nrhjidfs; vdg;gLk;. %rphpa/hy;
3$thf;fg;gLk; mil!r; Nrhjidfs; khth;fsplk; fw;wy; FiwghLfs; 3s;sjh
vd;gjid kl;LNk mwpa 3j!k;. %dhy; Fiwawpr; Nrhjidfs; FiwghL
fhg;gLk; rhpahd ghlj;jpidNah my;yJ jpwidNah f;lwpa 3j!k;.
khth;fspd; FiwghLfsf; f;lwp(;jgpd;dh; mjw;Nfw;wthW fw;wy;
K7;(piyfs; my;yJ fw;wy; m.gt);fs; jpl;lkplg;gLfpd;wd.
!iwawpr; Nrhjid2s mikf;!k; g(epiyfs;J
1. jp;l;lkpLjy; (Planning)
2. 3$g;gbfs v1Jjy; (riting items)
!. Nrhjidia mikj;jy; (Assembling the test)
". Fwpf;Nfhs;fs mikj;jy; (Provi#ing $irections)
%. kjpg;g*L t7pfhl;b kw;Wk; kjpg;g*L nra;0k; Kiwfs 3$thf;fy;
(Preparation o& Scoring 'e( an# mar'ing scheme)
). Nrhjidia k*s;ghh;it nra;jy; (Revie*ing the test)
!iwawpr; Nrhjidfspd; gad;fs; ($%E%)
khth;fsplk; fhg;gLk; jpwd; FiwghLfsf; f;lwpa 3j!fpd;w.
Jdpahs; Ntw;Wikfsf; f;lwpa kw;Wk; jdpahs; fw;gpj;jiy mikf;f
t7p nra;fpd;wJ.
fw;gpj;jy; f$tpfs; kw;Wk; fw;wy; Kiwfs rpw(;j Kiwapy;
khw;wpaikf;fg;gad;gLfpwJ.
j/ks!r; Nrhjidfs; kw;Wk; Fwpas!r; Nrhjidfs;
Nrhjid Kb!f2f;f tpsf;fk; j$k; mbg;gilapy; Nrhjidfs &/;L ng$k;
gphp!fsg; gphpf;fyhk;.
8. j/ks!r; Nrhjid
9. Fwpas!r; Nrhjid
tpsf;fg;glk;
juks%r;Nrhjidfs; (&orm #efeered Test)
#$ khtd; ngw;w Njh;r;rp my;yJ kjpg;ng;pw;F tpsf;fk; j$k;NghJ
mt.ila Njh;r;rpia my;yJ kjpg;ng;fs gpw khth;fNwhL #g;gplyhk;.
,pw khth;fNshL &td; ngw;w kjpg;ng;i taJ> ghypdk;> trpf;Fk;
gFjp %fpatw;iw mbg;gilahA;nfh;L gpw khth;fNshL #g;g*L nra;J
3hpa tpsf;fk; j/ Kb0k;.
j/sks!r; NChjid Fwpas!r; Nrhjid
Nrhjid
tiuaiw:
mwpag;gl;l #$ F1tpy; #$thpd; Njh;r;rp(piy vd;d vd;gjw;F
tpsf;fk; mspg;gjw;fhd Njh;r;rp msitg; ngWtjw;fhf (lj;jg;gLk; Nrhjid
j/ks!r;NrhjidahFk;.
ed;ikfs;:
8. ntt;NtW tFg;, khth;f2f;F &r;Nrhjidfs; (lj;jyhk;.
9. &r;Nrhjidfs; khth;fspilNa Njitaw;w Nghl;b kdg;ghd;ikfs
-w;gLj;jyhk;.
:. &t;tif Nrhjidfsg; gad;gLj;jp kl;Lk; khth;fs tifg;gLj;Jjy; rhpad;W
!iwghL
8. Kiwahfj; jahhpf;fg;glhj Nrhjidfspd; j/k; Fiwth0s;sJ.
9. &r;Nrhjidfs; khth;fspilNa Njitaw;w Nghl;b kdg;ghd;ikfs
-w;gLj;jyhk;.
:. &t;tif Nrhjidfsg; gad;gLj;jp kl;Lk; khth;fs tifg;gLj;Jjy; rhpad;W.
!iwas%r; Nrhjidfs; (Oriterian #efferenced)
#$ khtdpd; fw;wy; miltpid gpw khth;fNshL #g;gpl;L mtdpd;
(piyiaj; j*h;khdpf;fyhk;. #$ khtdpd; fw;wy; miltpid gpw khth;fNshL
#g;g*L nra;ahky; -w;fdNt j*h;khdpf;fg;gl;l (lj;ij g;,f2ld; v(;j ms!
#j;Jg;NghfpwJ vd;gij mwpa Fiwas! Nrhjidfs; gad;gLfpd;wd. 3jh/khf
#$ khtd; ngw;w nkhj;j kjpg;ng;fsg; gythhpahfg; gphpj;J v(;jg;
,yj;jpy; (y;y mil! ngw;Ws;shd; > vjpy; vjph; ghh;j;j ms! ngwtpy;iy
vd j*h;khdpf;f Nt;Lk;. mwp!g; ,yj;jpy; #$tdhy; mil! rpwg;ghf!k;
3h;!g; ,yj;jpy; r/hrhp (piyahf!k; &af;fg;,yj;jpy; r/hrhp (piyf;Ff;
f*7hf!k; &$f;fyhk;. mwp!g;,yj;jp4k; &j/ ,y);fsp4k; ntt;NtW
N(hf;fk; &$f;Fkhdhy; mtd; (piy vd;d vd;gij0k; (hk; j*h;khdpf;f &a4k;.
tiuaiw:
#$ fw;wy; mil!r; Nrhjidapy; #$ khtd; ngw;w kjpg;ng;fs
Ntnwh$ khtdpd; kjp;g;ng;NhL njhlh;,gLj;Jtjw;Fg;gjpyhf #$
,yg;gFjp mwpNthL Fwpas! Nrhjidfs; njhlh;,gLj;Jfpd;wd. +&y;gh;l;
ed;ikfs; :
8. khth;fs; NghJkhd ms! fw;fj;jtwpa ghlg;gFjpfs milahsk; fh
KbfpwJ
9. &r;Nrhjidfs; "yk; (piwthd mwpitg;ngw;Nwhh; (piwthd mwp!
ngwhNjhh; vd;W khth;fs tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
:. ,y;NtW fw;gpj;jy; N(hf;f);fs khth;fs; v(;j ms! (piw!
nra;Js;sdh; vd (hk; mwpa &r;Nrhjidfs; 3j!fpd;wd.
;. It;nth$ khtdpd; jdpg;gl;l fw;wy; Njitfs ftdpj;jy; nfh;L fw;wy;
nray;ghLfs mt.f;F mikj;Jj/yhk;.
<. fw;gpj;j4f;F Kd;.k; gpd;.k; Nrhjidfs (lj;jp khtdpd;
Kd;Ndw;wj;ij mwpayhk;.
=. fyj;jpl;lk;> fw;gpj;jy;> khtd; Kd;Ndw;wk; Nghd;wtw;iw
mwpa &r;Nrhjidfs; gad;gLfpd;wd.
Kd;dwpr;Nrhjid ("nventory test)
khth;fspd; Kd;dwpit0k; FiwghLfs0k; vspjpy; f;Lnfhs; &r;Nrhjid
gad;gLfpwJ. rhjh/khf &tw;iw mwpa %rphpa$f;Fr; rpy khj);fs;
gpbf;fyhk;. %jyhy; -jhtJ #$ ghlg;gFjpapy; khth;fspd;
jpwdhw;wiy0k; Kiwfsg; gad;gLj;Jk; tpjj;ij0k; mwp0khW %rphpah;
#$ Nrhjid ,id(;J t7);fNt;Lk;. &r;Nrhjidapd; Kb!fs %jh/khA; nfh;L
Fiw (*f;Fk; Nghjidfs Nkw;nfhs;s Nt;Lk;.
gapw;rp Nrhjid
gy ghlr;nray; Kiwfspy; kht$f;F kpF(;j Njh;r;rp mtrpak;. &t;tpj
Kiwfs tFg;gpy; fw;gpj;j gpd;dh; &tw;wpy; (y;y g7f;fKk; Njh;r;rp0k;
3;lhFk;gb gapw;rpr; Nrhjid nfhLf;f Nt;Lk;. Nrhjidiaf; Fwpg;gpl;l
N(/j;jpw;Fs; nra;0k;gb gbf;f Nt;Lk;. Ntfkhfr; nra;aNt;Lk;
vd;gijf;fhl;b4k; Fwpg;gpl;l N(/j;jpw;Fs; vt;ts! vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ
vd;gNj Kf;fpak;.
mil%r; Nrhjid :
#$ ghlg;gFjpia fw;wgpd; mjpy; v(;j mstpw;F khth;fs; Njh;r;rp
ngw;wp$f;fpd;wdh; vd;W Nrhjpj;jwptjw;F mil!r;Nrhjid vd;W ngah;.
tiuaiw:
#$ Fwpg;gpl;l fhy gapw;rp my;yJ Kb!w;w gpd;dh; jdpnah$th;
ngw;Wf;nfh;l jpwd;fs; my;yJ mil!fs mstpLjNy mil!r;Nrhjid
vdg;gLk;. (nlsdp)
mil! vd;gjid tp$k;gj;jf;f tifapy; -w;gLfpd;w (lj;ij khw;wk; vd;W
ti/aWf;fyhk;. mil!j;jpwd; vd;gJ gy;NtW t7pfsp4k; kw;Wk; gy;NtW
(piyfsp4k; ff;fplg;gLfpwJ.
%a;tA; f$tpfs ifah2k; jpwdpy; tsh;r;rp
ghlj;jpd; gy;NtW gFjpfs; gw;wpa mwp!g; ng$f;fk;
,hp(;Jnfhs;2k; jpwdpy; tsh;r;rp
gs;spapy; fhg;gLk; kjpg;g*l;L Kiwfspy; mil!r; Nrhjidfs; Kf;fpakhd
&lj;jpidg;ngw;Ws;sd.
mil%r; Nrhjid elj;jg;gLtjw;fhd fhu6&;fs;:
khth;fs 3ah;tFg;gpw;F j/k; 3ah;j;Jtjw;fhf!k;
khth;fspd; mbg;gil mwpit %rphpah;fs; Nrhjpj;jwptjw;fhf!k;
,jpa ghlg;gpfs mspf;Fk; Kd;dh; khth;fs ?f;fg;gLj;j!k;
fw;gpj;jy; N(hf;f);fshy; %rphpah; ntw;wpail(;Js;sh/h vd;gjid
Nrhjpj;jwpa!k; gad;gLfpwJ.
mil!r;Nrhjidfs; (hl;lr; Nrhjidfspyp$(;J BAptitu#eD NtWgl;lJ.
-ndd;why; mil!r;Nrhjid vd;git Fwpg;gpl;l fhy fw;gpj;j4f;F gpd;dh;
Ih; ghlj;jpNyh my;yJ Ih; F1thd ghlg;gFjpfshNyh khth; ngw;Ws;s
jFjp kw;Wk; j/j;jpid mstpLtjhFk;. %dhy; (hl;lr; Nrhjid B0ptit/d(
!(stD vd;git khth;fs; jd;dfj;Nj nfh;Ls;s jpwd;fs %a;! nra;0k;
NrhjidfshFk;.
ey;y Nrhjidapd; "yf;f6k;(Characterstic of good test )
khth;fsplkp$(;J gjpiy t/ti7f;fk; jpwd; mjhtJ khth;fspd;
mwpthw;wy; rp(;jidahww;y; nrayhw;wy; (hl;lk; gw;W 5;wp!
Kjypatw;iw ntspf;nfhh;tJ Nrhjidapd; nghJg; g;ghFk;. khth; j);fs;
mwpthw;wiyg; gad;gLj;jpr; nra;Kiwfs; "yk; j);fs; jpwikia
nka;g;gpj;Jf;fhl;l &J #$ tha;g;ghFk;.
Nrhjidia (d;F mikg;gjw;fhd mbg;gilj; jj;Jt);fs; J rpw(;j #$ Nrhjid
-w;,ilajhFk; B,ali#D (k;gfkhf!k; B,eliableD ,wtag;gl;ljhf!k;B-b.ectiveD
&$j;jy; Nt;Lk;.
(7) 8w;/ilik ('alidity)
v(;j N(hf;fj;jpw;fhf #$ mil!j; Njh;! (lj;jg;gLfpwNjh m(;j N(hf;fj;ij
kl;Lk; mj;Njh;! ms(;jhy; mJ -w;,ilik 3ilaJ vdyhk;. %rphpah;
3;ikfs; nfhs;iAs; mwptpay; rp(;jid ,hp(;J nfhs;2k; jd;ik
gad;gLj;Jjy; %fpatw;iwg; gw;wp ms(;jwpa tp$k;,thN/ahdhy;
mjw;Nfw;wgb tpdhf;fs; N';L mtw;wpw;fhd rhpahd gjpy;f2f;F
kl;LNk kjpg;ng; mspg;ghN/ahdhy; mg;NghJ mj;Njh;! Fiw(;J
-w;,ilik 3ilajhA; f$jg;gLk;
(9) ek;gfj;jd;ik (#eliaility)
khtd; gy;NtW tifj; Njh;!shy; gy;NtW Njh;thsh;fshy; gy;NtW
N(/);fspy; Nrhjpf;fg;gl;lh4k; mtd; #N/ kjpg;ng; my;yJ -wf;Fiwa
#N/ kjpg;ng; ngWthN/ahdhy; mjhtJ kjpg;ng;f2f;fpila &$f;fpd;w
NtWghL kpf!k; Fiwthf &$f;Fkhdhy; mj;Njh;!fs; (k;gfj;jd;ik 3ilajhA;
f$jg;gLk;. L#$ Njh;! vjid ms(;jh4k; njhlh;(;J #N/ tpj Kbitj;
j$khdhy; mj;Njh;! (k;gfj; jd;ik nfh;lJ vdyhk;.
(:) /wtaj;jd;ik (O!ectivity)
Njh;tpy; v1jg;gl;l tpilj;jhs;f2f;fhd kjpg;ng;fs; mtw;iwj;
jp$j;Jgt$f;Nfw;g khWglf;6lhJ #$ khtdpd; tpilj;jhs; #d;Wf;F
Nkw;gl;l %rphpah;fshy; kjpg;gplg;gl;lh4k; fpilf;fpd;w kjpg;ng;
-wf;Fiwa #d;whfNt &$f;Fkhdhy; mj;Njh;! ,wtaj;jd;ik nfh;lJ.vd;W
6wyhk;. %rphpahpd; tp$g;, ntWg;,f;F &lk; nfhLf;fhky; &$f;Fk;
Njh;! ,wtaj;jd;ik0s;sJ. %rphpahpd; kd (piyf;Fk; kdg;ghd;ikf;Fk;
%rhghr);f2f;Fk; &lkspf;fhj Njh;! ,wtaj;jd;ik0s;sjhFk;.
(;) eilKiwj; jd;ik (Practicaility)
&J Njh;it (lj;Jk; Kiw kjpg;ng; &Ljy; ngh$l; nry! %fpatw;iw
mbg;gilahA; nfh;l #$ Njh;tpd; (ilKiwg;gLj;Jk; jd;ikiaf; Fwpf;Fk;
mjpf N(/k; ngh$s; rf;jp nrytpy;yhky; Njh;! (lj;Jjiy &J Fwpf;Fk;.
f*7; f;ltw;iw &J mbg;gilahA; nfh;Ls;sJ.
(i) (lj;Jtjw;F vspjhdJ
(ii) kjpg;gpLtjw;F vspjhdJ
(iii) tpsf;fpLtjw;F vspjhdJ
(iv) gk; N(/k; rf;jp Fiwthf nrytplf; 6baJ.
Njh;! mjpf N(/k; vLj;Jf; nfhs;tjhf!k; kpf!k; fbdkhd
vspikahd tpdhf;fs; nfh;ljhf!k; midj;J khth;f2f;Fk;
-w;wjhf!k; &$f;f Nt;Lk;.
(<) kjpg;ng6; "Le;jd;ik (%coraility)
kjpg;ng; &Ljy; rypg;, fsg;, -w;gLj;Jjhf &$j;jy; 6lhJ tpdhf;f2f;fhd
tpilfs; njspthf v1jg;gl;l kjpg;g*l;Lf; Nfhy; &$f;Fkhdhy; kjpg;ng;
t7);Ftjy; vspikahd tp$g;gf; 6ba nrayhf &$g;gNjhL mftaj; jd;ik0k;
B2/bj(3tivityD&y;yhkyp$f;Fk; kjpg;ng; &Ljy; vspjhf
rpf;fyw;wjhf &$f;Fk; NghJ %rphpahpd; N(/j;ij &J Nrkpf;fpwJ.
(=) njspthd jd;ik (Clarity)
khth;f2f;F nfhLf;fg;gLk; Fwpg;,f;fs; C$f;fkhf!k; njspthditahf!k;
&$g;gpd; khth; v(;j F7g;gKkpd;wp njspthf gjpy;fs v1j Kb0k;.
tpdhf;f2f;fhd nrhw;fs;/ vspa/ %pj;j/khd/ njspthd/ F7g;gkpy;yhj
,hp(;J nfhs;sf; 6bajhf &$f;f Nt;Lk;.
(>) ?U&;fpi6e;j jd;ik (Comprehensiveness)
tpdhj;jhs; K1 ghlj;jpl;lj;ij0k; 3s;slf;fpajhf &$f;f Nt;Lk;. #t;nth$
gFjpapyp$(;Jk; tpdhf;fs; &$f;f Nt;Lk;. kpA; Fiw(;j tha;g;,f;fs;
kl;LNk nfhLf;fg;gl Nt;Lk;.
rpwe;j mil%r; Nrhjid mikj;jy;BConstructions of a good achievement test)
mwpKfk;
Nrhjidfs kpF(;j ftdj;Jld; ,idjy; Nt;Lk;. kjpg;gply; Kiwapd; gb #$
Njh;it mikg;gjw;Fk; rpy Fwpg;gpl;l gbfs; ml);fpa #$ Fwpg;gpl;l
Kiwiag; gpd;gw;w Nt;Lk;.
Nrhjidiaj; jpl;lkpLjy; :5
tpdhj;jhs; mikg;gjpy; KjyhtJ kl;Lky;yhky; Kf;fpakhd (piy0khFk; &J
tpdhj;jhspd; Kf;fpakhd ghpkh);fs ti/aWf;fpwJ.
8. #t;nth$ ghlg;gFjpap4k;. Nrhjidapd; Fwpf;Nfhisj; jpl;ltl;lkhfj;
j*h;khdk; nra;a Nt;Lk;.
9. kpf Kf;fpakhd gFjpf2k; ,Jf; f$j;Jf;f2k; Nrhjidapy; &lk; ngw
Nt;Lk;.
:. khth;fspd; %/ha;(;J gbf;Fk; g7f;fk; ti/aiwfs "yj;jpyp$(;J
t$tpf;fk; %w;wy; t7pKiwfsp4k; nray;Kiwfsp4k; Njh;r;rp
Kjypad!k; Nrhjidapy; Kf;fpa &lk; ngw Nt;Lk;.
;. #t;nth$ gFjp0k; Kb(;j!ld; mjw;fhd Fwpf;Nfhs; K1ik0k; milag;
ngw;wdth vd;W &r;Nrhjidfs; ntspg;gLj;j Nt;Lk;.
<. Nfs;tpfspd; j/);fsj; j*h;khdpj;J thpirg;gLj;j Nt;Lk;.
K(%iu (Conclusion)
ghlg;gFjpapy; kht.ila mwp!r; rhjidiaj; njspthfj; njhp(;J nfhs;s
Nt;ba f$tpahfr; Nrhjidfs; f$jg;gLtjhy; &tw;iwj; jpl;lkpLtjpy; kpF(;j
ftdk; Njitg;gl Nt;Lk;
Nehf;f&;fs; (O!ectives)
ghlj;ijf; fw;gpj;J Kbj;j!ld; fw;gpj;jy; N(hf;f);fs; milag;gl;ldth
&y;iyah vd;gij %rphpah; Nrhjpj;J mwpa Nt;LtJ &d;wpaikahjjhFk;
%rphpah; Nrhjpf;f &$f;fpd;w N(hf;f);f2f;fhd kjpg;ng;fs mWjpapl
Nt;Lk;. &J N(hf;f);f2f;fhd kjpg;ng;fspd; gphp! vdg;gLfpd;wJ.
&jpy; mwp! ngWjy;/ ,hp(;J nfhs;2jy; %fpa &/;Lf;F nfhLf;fg;gLk;
kjg;ng;fs; =M0 kpfhk4k; gad;gLj;Jjy; jpwd; :M0 Fiwahk4k; &$f;f
Nt;Lk;.
N(hf;f);f2f;F (piwapLjy; (eight age to ob.ectives)
t.v; N(hf;f);fs; kjpg;ng; 0 rjtpjk;
8
9.
:.
;.
mwp! ngWjy;
,hp(;J nfhs;2jy;
gad;gLj;Jjy;
jpwd;fs;
nkhj;jk;
88
;
@
9
;;
8=
:9
=
9< 8MM
ghlg;nghUs; (Content)
v(;jg;ghlk; my;yJ jiyg;gpy; Nrhjid (lj;jg;gLfpd;wNjh mg;ghlj;jpd;
f$j;Jf;fs; ghlg;ngh$s; vdg;gLk;. v(;nj(;jg;ghlg;gFjpfspy; tpdhf;fs;
N';fg;gLfpwJ. vd;gij0k; mtw;wpw;fhd kjpg;ng;fs0k; Kb!nra;a
Nt;Lk;.
N';fg;gLk; tpdhf;f2F;F mspf;fg;gLk; kjpg;ng;fs; m(;j
ghlg;gFjpfspy; &lk;ngw Nt;Lk;.
ghlg;g!jpf4f;! (Weightage to content) epiwapLjy;
t.v; ghlj;jiyg;, kjpg;ng; tp1f;fhL
8.
9.
:.
;.
<.
fpg;nghwp mikg;,
fpg;nghwp nray;ghL
fpg;nghwp gad;ghLfs;
tp;NlhN; -1P
tp;NlhN; 1* nray;ghL
nkhj;jk;
;
88
9
:
<
8=
;;
@
89
9M
9<
8MM
#t;nth$ tpjkhd jpwikia0k; Nrhjpg;gjw;F mjw;Nfw;w gytpjkhd
Nfs;tpf2k; -mjhtJ gi7a ,jpa Kiwf; Nfs;tpf2k; &lk;ngw Nt;Lk;
N';fg;gl Nt;ba nkhj;j tpdhf;fspd; v;pf;ifag; gw;wp Kb! nra;a
Nt;Lk;.
N';fg;gl Nt;ba nkhj;j tpdhf;fspd; v;pf;ifag;gw;wp Kb! nra;a
Nt;Lk; N';fg;gl Nt;ba tpdhf;fspd; v;pf;if
8D Nrhjidf; fhy ms!
9D tpdhf;fspd; tiAs;
:D khth;fspd; taJ (piy
;D ghlg;ngh$spd; tphp!
%fpatw;iwg; nghWj;jik0k;
tpdhf;fspd; nkhj;j v;pf;if gwwp Kb! vLj;j!ld; N';fg;gl Nt;ba
tpdhf;fspd; tif gw;wp Kb! nra;a Nt;Lk;.
#$ ghlNtisj; Njh;tpw;F : my;yJ ; tiOs0k; &/;L kp N(/j;
Njh;tpw;F ; my;yJ < tifj; Njh;!fs0k; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
Fwpg;gpl;l N(/j;jpw;Fs; vy;yh khth;fsh4k; vy;yh tpdhf;f2f;Fk;
tpilaspf;f &a4kh vd;gij %/ha;(;jwpa Nt;Lk;.
tpdhf;fspd; *6;6pf;i,;!k; ti,;!k; epiwapLjy; (Weightage to
&umer And Type Of (uestions)
t3*6; tpdhtif tpdhf;fsp
d;
*6;6pf;if
kjpg;ng6; Neuk;
8.
9.
:.
';Li/ tpdh
rpWtpil tpdh
gy;tpil tpdh
nkhj;jk;
8
;
8M
>
@
8M
8@
89
8M
8< 9< ;M
ghl Ntisr; Nrhjidf;F vg;NghJk; gy;tpil tpdhf;fsg; gad;gLj;JtJ
rpwg;,ilajhFk;
f(d epiy (Difficulty )evel)
fl (piy Kjy; (piy khth;fs NtWg;gLj;jpg; gphpg;gJ Nrhjidapd; kpf
Kf;fpa N(hf;f);fspy; #d;whFk;. &(;j N(hf;fj;ij PNlw;wf; 6ba Nrhjidj; jhis
#$ (y;y Nrhjidj; jhs; vdyhk;.
#$ Fwpg;gpl;l Nfs;tpf;F khth;fspy; >M 0 gjpy; v1j Kb0khdhy; mij
vspJ vd;W 6wyhk;. khth;fspy; >M0 Kjy; ;M0 ti/ mjw;Fg; gjpy; v1j
Kb0khdhy; mij &ilg;gl;l fbd (piy vd;Wk; :M0 Fiwthd khth; mjw;F
gjpy; v1jKb0khdhy; mijf; fbd (piy vd;Wk; 6wyhk;.
t.v; fbd (piy kjpg;ng; rjt*jk;
8.
9.
:.
vspJ
&il(piy
fbdk;
:M
;M
:M
Njh;e;njLg;/j; jpl;lk; (%cheme of Option)
';Li/ tpdhf;f2f;F kl;b4k; Njh;(;njLg;, Kiwia m.kjpf;fyhk;.
,wtaKiw C$f;ftpil gy; tpilj; Njh;! Nrhjid Nghd;w
tpdhf;f2f;F tp$g;gj; Njh;!j; jpl;lk; Njitapy;iy rpw(;j Nrhjid
Kiwapy; Njh;(;njLf;Fk; jpl;lj;jpw;F &lNkapy;iy.
tpdhj;jhspd; t(tikg;/ (*lue Print)
Nfs;tpj; jhspd; mikg;ig tpt/khfj; jpl;lg;gLj;jpf; fhl;LtJ tbtikg;ghFk;
f*7;f;l Jij; jiyg;,fsp4s;s nra;jpfsidj;Jk; &jpy; K1 tbtk; ngWfpd;wd.
mjdhy; tpdhj;jhs; tbtikg;, Kg;ghpkh);fs 3s;sl);fpaJ mit.
8. Nrhjpf;fg;gl Nt;ba N(hf;f);fs;
9. ghlg;ngh$swp!
:. tpdhf;fspd; tiAs;
f6pg;/ tpilf; !wpg;/ (%coring +ey)
1. kjpg;gplw;Fhpa f$j;Jf2k;(,alue point 2 enpecte# outline ans*er)
2. kjpg;ng; g);f*Lk; (Mar'ing Scheme)
tpdhj;jhisj; jahh; nra;0k; ngh1Nj 3l.f;Fld; tpilf;Fwpg;ig0k;
kjpg;gplw;Fhpa Kf;fpaf; f$j;Jfs0k; mtw;wpw;fhd kjpg;ng; g);f*l;il0k;
jahh; nra;tjdhy; Nfs;tpfspy; jtWfs; &$g;gijj; jtph;f;fyhk;.
tpdhf;2sg; gh!ghL nra;jy; :5
tpdhf;fs mtw;wpy; gjp(;Js;s Fwpf;Nfhs;fspd; mbg;giliaf; nfh;L
ghFgLj;j Nt;Lk; &ij tbtikg;NghL #g;gpl;L N(hf;fyhk;.
Nehf;,; -$fs; :5
BmD tpdh v(;jf; Fwpf;Nfhisr; Nrhjpf;fpd;wJ.
B%D tpdhtpd; rpwg;, N(hf;fk;
B&D tpdh v(;jg; ghlj; jiyg;igr; Nrh;(;jJ.
BPD tpdh ghlj;jpd; v(;j 3l;gphptpy; mik(;jp$f;fpd;wJ.
B3D tpdhtpd; mikg;,
B?D vjph;ghh;f;Fk; fbd (piy
BvD tpdh!f;F tpilaspf;f %Fk; N(/k;
B-D tpdh!f;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gl;l kjpg;ng;
tpdhg; g!g;gha;% ("tem Analysis)
&J &Wjpj; Njh;!f;F Njitahd tpdhf;fsj; Njh;(;njLf;Fk;. gp/r;ridNahL
njhlh;,ilaJ &jd; tpisthf rpy g;,fsg; ngw;wp$f;Fk;.
tpdhtpd; f(dj; jd;ik kw;$k; gphpj;jwp#k; 1w;wy; :5
Kjy; (piyj; Njh;tpd; tpilj; jhs;f2f;F kjpg;ng; mspj;j gpd; mjpfkhd
kjpg;ng; ngw;w jhs; Nkyhf!k; Fiw(;j kjpg;ng; ngw;w tpilj;jhs;
f*7hf!k; &$f;FkhW #d;wd; f*7; #d;whf mLf;f Nt;Lk;. NkNy0s;s 9>"
mjpf kjpg;ng; ngw;wth;f2k; mbap4s;s 9>" kpA; Fiw(;j kjpg;ng;
ngw;wth;f2khth; #t;nth$ %w;wiy f*7;f;l Kj;jp/j;ijg; gad;gLj;jpf; f;L
gpbf;f Nt;Lk;.
gphpj;jwp0k; %w;wy3 P
4
2P
5

fbdj; jd;ik 3 (P
4
2P
5
) 62
&jpy; P
4 3
mjpf kjpg;ng; ngw;w F1tp4s;s khth;fspy; Fwpg;gpl;l
tpdhtpw;F rhpahf gjpyspj;j khth;fspd; tpfpjk;
#$ tpdhtpd; ff;fp;g;gl;l gphpj;jwp0k; kjpg;, fbdj; jd;ik kjpg;,
%fpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; ngh$j;jkhd tpdhf;fs; &Wjp j/g;gLj;jg;gl;l
Njh;!f;fhf Njh;(;njLf;fg;gl;L fbdj; jd;ik mjpfhpj;J nry;4k; tifapy;
mikf;fg;gLk;.
gphpj;jwp#k; 1w;wypd; kjpg;/ f(dj; jd;ikapd; kjpg;/
M.; f;F Nky; kpfr; rpw(;j tpdh M.;f;Fk; M.=f;Fk;
&ilapy;
r/hrhp fbdk;
M.;f;Fk;
M.: f;Fk;
&ilapy;
Cpw(;jJ M.9f;Fk; M.; f;fk;
&ilapy;
Fbdkhd tpdh
M.:f;Fk;
M.9f;Fk;
&ilapy;
r/hrhp tpdh M.=f;Fk; M.@f;Fk;
&ilapy;
vspa tpdh
M.9f;Fk;
M.8f;Fk;
&ilapy;
r*h;g;gLj;j Nt;ba tpdh M.@f;Fk; 8.Mf;Fk;
&ilapy;
kpf vspa tpdh
M.8f;Fk;
f*7;
iftplg;gl Nt;ba tpdh M.9f;Fk; Fiwthf kpA; fbd tpdh
rf 1rphpah; kjpg;gPL : 5fUtpfs;
rf %rphpah; kjpg;g*l;bw;F f*7;f;fhFk; f$tpfs gad;gLj;jyhk; &it
tFg;giwfsg; ghh;itapLk; NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
,- rhp ghh;g;/g; gl;(ay;fs; (Chec. )ist)
%rphpah; njhlh;ghd gy 6w;Wfs; my;yJ g;,fs; #$ #1);Fkiw0ld;
nfhLf;fg;gl;b$f;Fk; kjpg;g*L nra;gth; &it %rphpahplk; fhg;gLfpwjh
&y;iyah vd;W kl;Lk; rhpghh;f;fg;gLfpwhh;. (lj;ij mbg;gilapy;
gpd;.+l;lk; t7);fg;gLtjpy;iy.
/- ju ms%Nfhy;fs; (#ating %cales)
%rphpah; (lj;ijfs; &jpy; tpthpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mjw;F vjpN/ ms!Nfhy;
: my;yJ < my;yJ > (piyfspy; j/g;gLfpd;wd. ms!Nfhiy vt;thW gad;gLj;j
Nt;Lk;. vd;W mjidg; gad;gLj;Jgt$f;F tpt/);fs; j/g;gLfpd;wd. rf
%rphpah;fspd; gjpy;fs; mbg;gilapy; %rphpah; kjpg;g*L
nra;ag;gLfpwhh;.
:3 *'jg;gl;l g!g;gha;% (The Written Analysis)
&lk; Kiwapy; 3w;WN(hf;Fk; %rphpah; vij 3w;WN(hf;f Nt;Lk;.
vd;w tpt/j;ij mwptNjhL jp/l;ba jfty;f2f;F Fwpg;gpl;l (lj;ijg;gw;wp
f$j;Jf; 6wyhk;. -Nj.k; #$ g;gpid kl;Lk; vLj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;. my;yJ
fw;gpj;jy; gw;wp jd;.ila mgpg;/haj;ij kl;Lk; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
#$ (y;y rf %rphpah; kjpg;g*l;by; rhpghh;g;, gl;bay;> j/ ms!Nfhy;
kw;Wk; v1jg;gl;l gFg;gha;! %fpait &lk; ngWjy; Nt;Lk;.
1rphpah; gw;wp kh6th; kjpg;gPL Kiwfs;: (0ethods)
%rphpahpd; fw;gpj;jy; jpwd; gw;wp0k; mthpd; #l;Lnkhj;jr;
nray;ghLfs; gw;wp0k; khth;fs; kjpg;g*L nra;a tha;g;,fs; mspf;fyhk;.
f*7;f;fhFk; ghpkh);fs; gw;wp khth;fs; kjpg;g*L nra;ayhk;.
8. ghlg;,yik
9. fw;gpj;jy;
:. 3ah;njh7py; mh;g;gk;
;. kdpj 3w!fs;
<. Fhjpra);fs;
=. khth; (ydpy; mf;fw
>. Cj(;jp/ Nghf;F
1rphpah;fs; gw;wp kh6th; kjpg;gPL )j;jpfs;
%rphpah;fs; gw;wpa khth; kjpg;g*l;by; f*7;f;fhFk; 0j;jpfs ifahsyhk;.
,- )w;$Nehf;!jy;(Oservation)
khth;fs; %rphpah;fspd; tFg;giwf; fw;gpj;jiy 3w;W
N(hf;fpawpayhk;.
3w;WN(hf;Fjypy; khth;fs; flgpbf;fNt;ba tpjpKiwfs
khth;f2f;F vLj;Jf;6Wjy; Nt;Lk;. gp/j;Nafkhfj; jahhpf;fg;gl;l
kjpg;g*l;Lg; gbt);fs; mth;fsplk; mspf;fg;gLjy; Nt;Lk;.
/- rhpghh;g;/ gl;(ay;(Chec. list)
%rphpahplk; kjpg;g*L nra;ag;gl Nt;ba tpt/);fs #$ gl;bayhfj;
jahhpf;fyhk;. &g;gl;baiy khth;fsplk; nfhLj;J mit %rphpahplk;
fhg;gLfpwjh my;yJ fhg;gltpy;iyah vd;gij khth;fs; rhpghh;j;jy;
Nt;Lk;.
1- ju ms%Nfhy; (#ating %cale)
%rphpah; jpwd;fsj; njhFj;J 6w;Wfshfj; jahhpj;J &j;jpwd;fs;
v(;j ms! %rphpah;fsplk; fhg;gLfpd;wd vd;gij khth;fs;
Fwpg;gpl;L fhl;l Nt;Lk;. #t;nth$ 6w;Wf;Fk; vjpN/ : my;yJ <
my;yJ > (piyfsf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
2- tpdh epuy; Kiw((uestionare methods)
%rphpah; fw;gpj;jy; jpwd;fs;> nray;Kiwfs; kw;Wk;
Fhjpra);fs ikakhf itj;J tpdhf;fs; jahhpj;J &t;tpdhf;f2f;fhd tpilfs
khth;fsplkp$(;J ngwyhk;. tpdhf;fs; jpw(;j tifahfNth my;yJ "ba
tifahfNth &$f;fyhk;.
3- Neh;fh6y;("nterview)
%rphpahpd; jpwd;fs; mwpa khth;fs N(h; fhyhk;. N(h;fhypy;
N';fg;gLk; tpdhf;f2f;F khth; mspf;Fk; gjpy;fspd; jd;ikapyp$(;J
%rphpah; jpwid kjpg;g*L nra;ayhk;.
ikaepiyg; Nghf;if mstpLjy;
(0easures of central tendency)
ika (piyg;Nghf;if mstpLjy; "yk; ngwg;gl;l jfty;fspd; ngh$s;
fh!k;> mjid gFj;jh/ha!k;Kbfpd;wJ. nghJthf ika(piyg; Nghf;if
mstpLjy; vd;gJ "d;W Kf;fpa mst*Lfs ff;fpLtjd; "yk; mwpa
Kbfpd;wJ.mit J
,- 6l;Lr; r/hrhp BArithhmetic mean)
/- &il(piy (Me#ian)
1- KfL (Mo#e)
ikaepiy Nghf;! msit *d;gjd; tpsf;fk;:
vg;,s;spiar; Cw;wp kjpg;,fs; F1kpA; fhg;gLfpwNjh
mg;,s;spNa ika(piyg;Nghf;F msit vdg;gLk;. &t;tsitNa #$ F1 my;yJ
g/typd; jd;ikia #l;L nkhj;jkhf gp/jpgypf;Fk; gp/jp(pjpNa
ika(piyg;Nghf;F msit %Fk;. &/;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l F1f;fspd;
miltpid #g;gpl;L N(hf;f!k; ika(piyg; Nghf;F ms!fs; gad;gLfpd;wd.
-l;Lr;ruhrhp (Arithmetic 0ean)
g/typd; r/hrhp kjpg;igf; f;lwpjiy 6l;Lr; r/hrhp vdg;gLfpd;wJ.
nfhLf;fg;gl;b$f;Fk; kjpg;,fspd; 6l;Lj;njhifa mk;kjpg;,fspd;
v;pf;ifapy; tFf;f fpilf;Fk; kjpg;Ng 6l;Lr;r/hrhp (Mean) vdg;gLk;.
6l;Lr; r/hrhp 1 3 7(8i)
9
tiuaiw : 9
-l;Lr;ruhrhp
M my;yJ 1 vd;W Fwpf;fg;gLk; 6l;Lr;r/hrhp vd;gJ #$ kjpg;,fspd;
,tpPh;g;, ikaj;ijg; Nghd;wJ. &J #$ F1tp4s;s tFg;,fspd; kjpg;,isf; 6l
mij 3$g;gbfspd; nkhj;j v;pf;ifahy; tFj;jpl fpilg;gJ 6l;Lr/hrhp %Fk;.
Mean 2A: ;<$ 8C $3 8=A
9 C
"ilepiyas%:
#$ miy! g/tiy &$ rkkhf gphpf;Fk; ,s;spNa &il(piy ms! %Fk;.
mjhtJ &il(piy mstpd; f*7; nkhj;j 3$g;gbfspy; <M" &lk;ngWk;. &JNt
&il(piy vdg;gLk;.
Me#ian 35 : 962 2M

8 C
<
KfL (0ode)
kjpg;ng; g/typy; mjpf Kiw t$fpd;w kjpg;ng;N KfL vdg;gLk;.
3jh/khf 9>:>:>;><><><> =>=>> vd;w kjpg;ng;fspd; g/typdhy;
< vd;w kjpg;ng;N kpf mjpfKiw &lk; ngw;Ws;sjhy; &g;g/typd; KfL <
%Fk;.
rpy kjpg;ng; g/ty;fs; "yk; KfL &y;yhk4k;> rpy g/ty;fs; #d;wf;F
Nkw;gl;l KfLfs nfh;Lk; mikf;fyhk;.
rpjwy; msitfs; (0easures of Dispersion)
tiuaiw :
#$ njhFjpapy; 3s;s msitfs; v(;j mstpw;F Fwpg;gpl;l ikag;Nghf;F
mstpy; &$(;J tpyfp0s;sd vdf;fhl;Ltd rpjwy; msitfs; %Fk;.
mjhtJ #$ g/typd; kjpg;ng;fs; my;yJ khwpfs; #$ ika(piyg;Nghf;F
msitiar; K7;(;J my;yJ mjw;F Nkyhf my;yJ f*7hf v(;j mstpw;Fr;
rpjwp0s;sJ vd mwpar;rpjwy; msitifs; 3j!fpd;wd.
rpjwiy mstpl (hd;F msitfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
1. t*r;C(Range)
2. fhy;khd tpyf;fk; B>uartile $eviation)
!. r/hrhp tpyf;fk; (Average $eviation)
". jpl;ltpyf;fk; my;yJ j/tpyf;fk; BStan#ar# #eviation)
tPr;@ (#ange)
t*r;C vd;gJ kjpg;ng;fspd; kpfg;nghpa kjpg;,f;Fk;> kpfr;rpwpa
kjpg;,f;Fk; 3s;s tpj;jpahrk; %Fk;. R vd Fwpf;fyhk;.
kpfr; rpwpa kjpg;ng; 3 ;9
kpfg; nghpa kjpg;ng; 3 Q>
R3 ?@="2 3<<
fhy;khd tpyf;fk;
fhy;khd tpyf;fk; vd;gJ kjpg;ng; g/typd; ><0 f;Fk; 9< tJ
5+w;Wkhdj;Jf;Fk; &ilNa0s;s NtWghl;bd; ghjpahFk;. Kjy; fhy;khd
tpyf;fk; B >1D vd;gJ 9<0 f*7; 3s;s kjpg;ng; g/tiy0k;> ><0 Nky; 3s;s
kjp;g;ng; g/tiy0k; gphpf;Fk; ,s;sp &/;lhk; fhy;khd tpyf;fk; B>9D
vd;gJ kjpg;ng; g/tiy rhpghjpahf gphpf;Fk; ,s;spahFk;. %fNt >9
vd;gJ &il(piyahf (Me#ianD f$jg;gLk; "d;whk; fhy;khd tpyf;fk; B>:D vd;gJ
><0 f*7; 3s;s kjpg;ng; g/tiy0k;> 9<0 Nky; 3s;s kjpg;ng; g/tiy0k;
gphpf;Fk; ,s;spahFk;.
3 >!=>1
2
>1 3 51:(96"=CM) 1 C
<
>! 3 5!:(!96"=CM) 1 C
<!
ruhrhp tpyf;fk;
r/hrhp tpyf;fk; vd;gJ 6l;Lr;r/hrhpia mbg;gilahfg; nfh;lJ.0. vd;w
fpN/f;f v1j;jhy; Fwpf;fg;gLk;.
tiuaiw:
r/hrhp tpyf;fk; vd;gJ kjpg;ng; g/typd; r/hrhpapyp$(;J #t;nth$
kjpg;ng;Fk; mil(;Js;s tpyf;fj;ij ff;fpl;L nkhj;j kjpg;ng;fspd;
v;pf;ifahy; tFf;f fpilf;Fk;. mjhtJ #$ r/hrhpapyp$(;J jdp
kjpg;,f2f;Fs;s tpyf;f);fspd; 6l;L r/hrhp %Fk;.
j/tpyf;fk;
rpjwy; msitfspy; kpf 5l;gkhdjhf j/tpyf;fk; fhg;gLfpd;wd. vd;w
jdptyf fpN/f;f v1j;jhy; Fwpf;fg;gLk;.
#$ njhFjpapd; r/hrhpapyp$(;J ngwg;gLk; 3Wg;,fspd; tpyf;f
th;f;f);fspd; r/hrhpf;fhd th;f;f"yk; %Fk;.

3 C69 ;<#
2
2 (;<#)
2
(or)
S$
tiuaiw 9
jpl;l tpyf;fk; vd;gJ th;f;f"y th;f;fr; r/hrhptpyf;fk; vdg;gLk;.
?l;Lw% (Correction)
mwpKfk;
ika(piyg;Nghf;F msitfs;> rpjwy; msitfs; %fpad #$ khwpapd;
jd;ikfsg; gw;wp 6Wfpd;wd. &/;L khwpf2f;F &ilNaahd njhlh;gpid
f;lwpa njhlh;,f;nf1 my;yJ #l;Lw! 3j!fpd;wJ.
r 3 978( = 787(
=====================
(978
2
2 (78)
2=
A97(2 = 97(
2
= 7(
2
)B
gpah;rd; gp/hlf;l; nkhnkd;l; njhlh;, vd;W mi7f;fg;gLfpwJ.
?d;wpa Nehpil ?l;Lw% (Perfect Positive Correlation)
&/;L F1f;fspy; #$ khtdpd; &lk; #N/ khjphpahf &$(;jhy; mJ
#d;wpa N(hpil 3ld; njhlh;, B7rD #l;Lw! vdg;gLk;.
juthpir ?l;Lw%f;nf' (#an. Correlation)
&$ khwpfspd; j/ msitfspyp$(;J #l;Lwitf; ff;fpLtNj j/thpir
#l;Lw!f;nf1 KiwahFk;.
khwpfspd; kjpg;ng;fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;b$(;jhy; mtw;iw mg;gbNa
gad;gLj;jKbahJ. mtw;iwj; j/);fshf khw;wpa gpwNf j/thpir #l;Lwitf;
ff;fplKb0k;. &jidBN/hD vd;w v1j;jhy; Fwpg;gh;.
P3 1= ()7$
2
)
9(9
2
=1)
$ 2 3Wg;gpd; j/ NtWghL
9 - kjpg;ng;fspd; NRhbfs;
N(h;j;njhlh;gpd; NghJ njhlh;, nf1tpd; BrD d; kjpg;, G8 %f!k;
vjph; njhlh;gpd;NghJ njhlh;, nf1tpd; BrD d; kjpg;, -8 %f!k; mik0k;.
&t;thwhf njhlh;, mik0k; NghJ khwpf2f;F &ilNaahd njhlh;, (d;F
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