, 1

,
.
: , , , , .

, .
, , , .

- (.1.148):
I-I

-
- .
. , , , ,

.

1 zavhorodniy@ukr.net, dmytro_l@yahoo.com
.
- ,
. .
.
., ., 2006
90

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- , , (hilosophia perennis).


1829
. (1805 1881)1.

1917 , (, 1873

).
(., . (1843 1906), . (? 1880), .
(1835 1891), .-, . (1872
1939)2,
(. (1838 1923), ., .- (1853 1920)3, (. (1849 1917)4
(. (1885 1927), . (1899
1941), . (1884 1962), . (1908 1974)5 , 1875 - (. (?)6.
1 .
XVIII XX // . ., . . . . . .
. . : , 1961. .27;
. . XIX . .: , 2001. .85 86.
2 . . . .28 30, 43 62;
1917 . .: ,
1997. .78 82.
3 .78 82.
4 . .46.
5 Lewicki T. Orientalistyka Lwowska Przed Pol Wiekiem // Przegld
Orientalistyczny. Warszawa, 1985. Nr.14. S.3 7; Reychman J. Stefan Stasiak
(18841962) // Przegld Orientalistyczny. Warszawa, 1963. Nr. 1 (45). S.15
22; Schayer S. O Filozofowaniu Hindusow. Artykuy wybrane. Wybra i wstpem
opatrzy Marek Mejor. Warszawa: Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1988.
S.XIII XIV, XXI; . //
. ., 1993. 2. .124 132; . .
: , 1998 (1987). . . C.62 63.
6 .77.
IISSN 0235-7941. " ", 2006, 6

91

( 1990- ) .
1950- 1.
1994

- . ., .
1994 1995
(). 1995

.. .,
(. , ) ,
..
. (., .2 .3)
.
, - ,
.
:

( ) ,
- , . ,
. ,
(),
.
.
, , ,
.
1 . . . . .129.
2 . . // :
. . . . .: , 2003. . . .163 171.
3 . . . . . .
., 2004. 16 .
92

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-, ,
, , (., tarka,
dar^ana, @nv$k&ik$, san@tana dharma).
-, ,
(, mok&a). -
(sa>v=ti-satyam), (param@rtha-satyam). . , .
-, , , , 2500 .
, .
(guru),
(^i&ya).
(para>para+sa>prad@ya).

-
( vi^e&a, , )
- , . .
, , .

. (1765 1837), 1824
.
,
. .1,

1 Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies. Ed. by Karl H. Potter. Delhi: Motilal

Banarsidass Publishers, 1995. Vol. I. Bibliography, Section 1, 2.
IISSN 0235-7941. " ", 2006, 6

93

. 1 - , .2.
- (Vai^e&ika s#tra)
(Ka%@da),
VI . . . III . . . -
, ,
,
. -
, ,
.3, .4, .5 .6,
,
,
.
, ( .7) ,
. , ,
. ,
, , , , .
1 . . ( ). .: , 2003.
2 Vai^e&ika S#tra of Ka%@da. Translated by Debasish Chakrabarty. New Delhi: D.K.
Printworld, 2003 ( -
sanskrit roman).
3 . . . . .: , 1993
(1956). . . 731 .
4 . .
. . , ., . ... .: -
LTD, 1995. .II. .
5 Dasgupta S. A History of Indian Philosophy. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers,
1992 (1922). Vol. I.
6 Warder A. K. A Course in Indian Philosophy. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1998.
7 .: . .
. . . .25.
94

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. (1806 1884) -

1 .
(1813 1889) ,
", , 2. -,
.
48 ,
-. ,
. 3.

- . .4, .5 .6.
. -
,
.
, -
,
. -, ., , ,
. - ,
- 1 .: .
. ., 1860. .
. .270 276.
2 .: . . . ., 1859. . ,
, . . .208 212; . . .:
.. , 1861. . , , , , , .
. .811 827; . . .,
1866. . 3. , , , , , . : .39 41;
C.113 115.
3 .: Vai^e&ika S#tra of Ka%@da. Op. cit.
4 . . . :
, 1963 ( - .169 199).
5 . . . . .
6 Vai^e&ikas#tras (Summary by Masaaki Hattori) // Encyclopedia of Indian
hilosophies. Indian Metaphysics and Epistemology. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1995. Vol. II. The Tradition of Ny@ya-Vai^e&ika up to Ga%ge^a. Ed. by Karl H.
Potter. P.212 220.
IISSN 0235-7941. " ", 2006, 6

95

,
(V .),
(),
(), 1.
, , . ,
,
.
, (, , , )
. , ,
-,
, -. ,
.
(, )
(, -,
). ,
,

.2. 3.
,
,
- .-4,
1 . . : .
.: , 1986. .36.
2 Dasgupta S. A. Op. cit. P.1.
3 .: . . ,
// . : . -, 2021
2004 . / . . . . . . .: , 2004. .28 34; . // .
. : . . . . . .
. .: , 1996. .88 89.
4 Monier-Williams M. A Sanskrit-English Dictionary. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass
Publishers, 1995 (1899).
96

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- .1, , .

. ..
,
,
.
.
, 2.
, 373 ,
.

-.
-
,
. ,
- .

-
.
-
(, )
, ,
. , ,

.
1 . . - . . . . 2- . .: , 1987.
2 .: . . : - . .: , 2000; .
. . .
. .
. .: /., 1993.; The Principal Upani&ads.
Edited with Introduction, Text, Translation and Notes by S. Radhakrishnan. L.:
George Allen & Unwin, 1953.
IISSN 0235-7941. " ", 2006, 6

97

.
, ,
,
.
,
.
(), -
. , ,
() ()
(. 27, 28, 29 30). ,
(),
,
( ),
( ).
(), ()
. ,
(), (),
(), (), () () () (. 8).

, , , , ,
( 18 23,
).
, (
) ,
.

(), ,
. ,
, ,
()
, ()
(., , 27). ,
98

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15,
(),
() , , .
,
() . -
-.
, ,
,
.
-, , , . , , () ( ), ,

()
(
).
-
()
. , ,
(. 3),
, (),
( ),
1.
,
-
.
1 .: . . : /
., . . . . . . . . . . .
.: , 2002. .242 243; Potter Karl H. Introduction to the
Philosophy of Ny@ya-Vai^e&ika // Encyclopedia of Indian hilosophies. Indian Metaphysics and Epistemology. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1995. Vol. II.
The Tradition of Ny@ya-Vai^e&ika up to Ga%ge^a.. P.21 22, 27, 29.
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99

-
(vai^e&ika s#tra) (ka%@da) .1.148.
prathama adhy@ya
First Chapter


prathama @hnika
First [hnika


ath@to dharma> vy@khy@sy@ma* ||1||
Now we will explain dharma.
, () .
*.
* ( I dh= , , ) , (., ,
, , , , , , , , , , , ,
).
(-), .
, . .
: Here the nearest equivalent is righteous1.
. virtue2.
, -
: YgS I.1. atha yog@nu^@sanam:
[ ], 3, VS 1.1.1 []
4.
yatobhyudayani*^reyasasiddhi* sa dharma* ||2||
1 Vai^e&ika S#tra of Ka%@da. Op. cit. .39.
2 Dasgupta S. A. Op. cit. P.285.
3 The Original Yoga as expounded in ^ivasa>hit@, ghera%}asa>hit@ and p@t@~jala
yogas#tra. Original Text in Sanskrit Translated and Annotated with an Introduction by
Shyam Ghosh. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal publishers, 1999. .169.
4 . : . . . . . . .
: - , 2005. .95.
100

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That is dharma (which leads to the) attainment of abhyudaya

and ni*^reyasa.
, ( ) .
, ()*
()**, .
* (abhy-udaya) ,
- . . -
: 1.
.
. .
: Be elevated, go up from one particular present state to another,
a higher state well-being2.
. prosperity3.
** , (.
), ;
4. , , , , .
.
(mok&a) ,
, .
. .
: Final emancipation. Also cf. mok&a5.
. salvation6.
tadvacan@d@mn@yasya pr@m@%yam ||3||
That (teaching/tradition/collection) which explains this
(dharma) is authoritative (pram@%a).
()
.
() []
() []*.
1
2
3
4
5
6

Monier-Williams M. Op. cit. .78.

Vai^e&ika S#tra of Ka%@da. Op. cit. .39.
Dasgupta S. A. Op. cit. P.285.
Monier-Williams M. Op. cit. .538.
Vai^e&ika S#tra of Ka%@da. Op. cit. .39.
Dasgupta S. A. Op. cit. P.285.
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101

* ( ) ( I m@ + pra
)1. , / /
.
, (VII .),
.2. ,
, .
() ,
(, , , , , )3. ,
(, )
(, ). .
: Valid sources of knowledge4.
, , , ,
.
, . .
. . ,
.5.
,
,
.
@-mn@ya ( , ,
), , 6,
.
, , , .
, , ,
- . , -
, .
. ,
, , ,
1 See: Monier-Williams M. Op. cit. .685, 804.
2 .: . .. .: ,
1995. .251 252. ( : . . . - . . .)
3 . . // . ., . .
. .:
, 2005. .20.
4 Vai^e&ika S#tra of Ka%@da. Op. cit. .39
5 See: Dasgupta S. A. Op. cit. P.285.
6 Monier-Williams M. Op. cit. .147.
102

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, (
) .

Enumeration of Pad@rthas


dharmavi^e&apras#t@d
dravyagu%akarmas@m@nyavi^e&asamav@y@n@> pad@rth@n@>
s@dharmya vaidharmy@bhy@> tattvaj~@n@n ni*^reyasam ||4||
The true knowledge of shared and differing properties of
ontological categories, based in/generated by the particular
attributes of those pad@rthas dravya, gu%a, karma, s@m@nya,
vi^e&a and samav@ya productive of ni*^reyasa.
()
,

: , , ,
, , .
() []
()*
()* [] ()** []:
***, ****, *****, ******,
******* ********.
*
. ,
(. 1 2),

() (.
() (
) ( ). () . .
** (pad@rtha pada (, ) + artha (, , ))1 .
. : Ontological
categories2.

(, , , , , , , ,
1 See: Monier-Williams M. Op. cit. .583; . . . . .366.
2 Vai^e&ika S#tra of Ka%@da. Op. cit. .39.
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103

, )1. ,
2, 3.
, .
,
( .). , , .
.
*** (dravya II dru ,
; , , ,
, ; , ,
, , -
, , 4)
() , , ,
5.
. ,
, (,
, , , , , , ).

. gerundivum ( ), , (that, which
must be run or flown)6. ,
, ()
() (to make it run or flow). ,
, , ousia
, , ,
1 .: . // . . .:
, 1978. . 2. .55 79.
2 . . . . . 2-, . .:
, 1976. .352.
3 . // . .:
, 2002. .272.
4 Monier-Williams M. Op. cit. .500 502.
5 .: . . . .; . . :
. .; . . .; .. : (IV . . .
II . . .). .: , 2004.; Dasgupta S. A. Op. cit.; Warder A.K.
A. Op. cit.
6 See: Grimes J. A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in
English. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996. .118 119.
104

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1. .:
,
,
2. , ().
**** (gu%a , ,
3) , ,
() . .
***** (karman, VIII k=i , , (, , ) , , 4.
- .
- ,

. ( ), ,
( , , )
) ,
( ) .
.
, , , , 5.
( ),
.
****** (s@m@nya , , , ; , , 6; ,
.7) ,
.
.
1 A GreekEnglish Lexicon compiled by H. G. Liddell and R. Scott. Oxford: at the
Clarendon press, 1994 (1940). P.1274.
2 . . . . .114.
3 Monier-Williams M. Op. cit. .357.
4 Ibid. P.258.
5 . ., . . // . .,
. ., . . .
. .: , 1994. .352.
6 Monier-Williams M. Op. cit. .1206.
7 . . ( ). . . .474.
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105

******* (vi^e&a , , / -; , ,
, 1; , , .2) ,
.
.
., , , ,
,
, 3.
******** (samav@ya (sam + av@ya, I , + )
, , , -, -, ; ,
( ) ;
, ,
, 4;
.5) , . ().
. :
substance, attribute, action, general,
particular, inherence6. . : substance, quality, action, class concept, particularity and inherence7, a . : substance, quality, motion, genus, species and inherence8.

Enumeration of the Dravyas, Gu%as, Karmas

1 Monier-Williams M. Op. cit. .990.
2 . . ( ). . . .465.
3 . . : .
. . .44 45.
4 Monier-Williams M. Op. cit. .1157 1158.
5 . . ( ). . . .474.
6 Vai^e&ika S#tra of Ka%@da. Op. cit. .40.
7 Dasgupta S. A. Op. cit. .285.
8 Vai^e&ikas#tras (Summary by Masaaki Hattori). Op. cit. P.212.
106

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,
p=thivy@pastejo v@yur@k@^a> k@lo dig@tm@ mana iti dravy@%i ||5||
P=thv$, @pa, teja, v@yu, @k@^a, k@la, dik, @tm@, and mana are the
dravyas.
, , , , , , ,
, .
[ ()] [] ()*,
()**, ()***, ()****,
()*****, ()******,
()*******, ()********,

()*********.
* (p=thv$ , 1)
.
** (@pa 2) .
***/ (teja ;
(., ), , , ,
; , , , ,
, 3) - , - .
.
**** (v@yu II v@ ) , ( );
, 4)
.
***** (@k@^a ,
, , , ,
(), ; (, )
() ,
5) .
(pa~ca-bh#ta),
(mah@-bh#ta), . , 1
2
3
4
5

Monier-Williams M. Op. cit. .647.

Ibid. 142.
Ibid. 454.
Ibid. 942.
Ibid. .126 127.
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107

1. - ,
: , () ().
bh#ta.
I bh#, , , ,
;
, , .
,
(., , , ) ,
, , . .
****** (k@la, III kal , ) ,
, 2) .
******* (dik ,
, 3)
, , .
********/ (@tm@ ( I an )
, ,
, , , 4)
- ,
, - .
.
********* (manas ( IV man , , , ) ; , ,
, , , , ,
5) ,
. , .
. : earth,
water, energy, fire, air, ether, sky,
1 .: . :
. . . . . . .
. 2- . .: , 2003. .338 360.
2 Monier-Williams M. Op. cit. .278 279.
3 Ibid. P.480.
4 Ibid. P.135.
5 Ibid. P.783 784.
108

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temporal co-ordinates, time, spatial co-ordinates, direction, self, mind1. C.

: earth, water, fire, air, ether, time, space, soul and mind2, a
. : , , (), , , , ,
, 3.
r#parasagandhaspar^@* sa>khy@> parim@%@ni p=thaktva>
sa>yogavibh@gau parattv@paratve buddhaya* sukhadu*khe
icch@dve&au prayatn@^ca gu%@* ||6||
Form or colour, taste, odour, touch, number, measure, distinctiveness, conjunction, disjunction, paratva, aparatva, intellect, sukha, du*kha, desire, aversion, effort, etc., are the gu%as.
, , , , , ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
.
[ ()] [] ()*,
()**, (), (),
()***, (),
(), ()
(), () (),
()****, ()*****,
()******, () ()
().
* (r#pa ,
, , , 4)
, a (n@ma)5. .
** (rasa ,
c, , ,
, , , ;
( 6
), , (
1 Vai^e&ika S#tra of Ka%@da. Op. cit. .40.
2 Dasgupta S. A. Op. cit. .285.
3 . . ( ). . . .430.
4 Monier-Williams M. Op. cit. .885 886.
5 .: . . . .385.
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109

8 10 ) (5
)1) , . .
*** (sa>khy@ , , , , , ,
, , -2)
, , .
.
**** (buddhi , , , ,
, 3)
, -.
.4. ,
.
***** (sukha (su ,
; , ) , , , ,
, , , ,
5) ,
, . - ,
, .
, , .
****** (du*kha , , ,
, , ,
, , , , -,
, 6) ,
,
, .
, , .
. : paratva otherness, aparatva non-otherness sukha happiness, pleasure, du*kha
unhappiness, sadness, pain7. C. : colour, taste, odour, touch, number, measure, separation, contact,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Monier-Williams M. Op. cit. .869 870.

Ibid. P.1128.
Ibid. P.733 734.
.: . . . . .88.
Monier-Williams M. Op. cit. .1220 1221.
Ibid. P.483.
Vai^e&ika S#tra of Ka%@da. Op. cit. .41.

110

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disjoining, quality of belonging to high genus or to species1. ,

. 10 . 17
. . . 17 ,
-, .: , , , ,
, (), (), , , , , (, ), , ,
, , 2 .: (), (),
(), (), (), (),
(), (), (), (), (),
(), (), (),
(), () ()3.
utk&epa%amavak&epa%am@ku~cana> pras@ra%a> gamanamiti
karma%i ||7||
Movemnt upwards (rise), movement downwards (fall),
contraction, expansion and movement (from one place to
other) are the karmas.
, , ,
.
[ ()] [ ] []
(),
(), (),
(), [ ]
().
sad@nitya> dravyavat k@rya> k@ra%a> s@m@nyavi^e&avaditi
dravyagu%akarma%@mavi^e&a* ||8||
Sat, anitya, substantive, effect, cause, s@m@nya, vi^e&a, are peculiar to dravya, gu%a and karma.
, , ,
,
() , .
()*, ()**,
(), (), (),

1 Dasgupta S. A. Op. cit. .285.
2 . . : .
. . .44.
3 . . . . .178.
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111

() []
, .
* (sat I as , , )
, , , , ,
1)
. , ,

. , , . ,
,
, (asat)2.
c , , . , ,
, .3 .4.

(satya), , -,
. , ,
, ,
, ,
, (=ta). (.,
(): -- (---). ,
-. ,
, .
( I as,
, , ),
( I bh#, ,
, , ). , , .
, .
1 Monier-Williams M. Op. cit. .1134 1135.
2 Mayeda S. What Lies at the Basis of Indian Philosophy // India and Beyond. Aspects
of Literature, Meaning, Ritual and Thought. Essays in Honour of Frits Staal. Ed. by
Dick van der Meij. L. & N. Y: Kegan Paul International in association with Leiden
and Amsterdam: International Institute for Asian Studies, 1997. P.358.
3 . . . .: , 1983.
.36.
4 . . . . . 88 89; . . . . .394
395.
112

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** (@nitya , , 1) ,
- , () . , (),
.
, .
. : sat
existent, anitya non-eternal, s@m@nya generality, vi^e&a particularity2. .
, , : existent, non-eternal, substantive, effect, cause, and possess generality and particularity3.

Properties of dravya, gu%a and karma

,
dravyagu%ayo* saj@t$y@rambhakatva> s@dharmyam ||9||
Dravya and gu%a generate substances of their own class
(which is) a common property (shared by them).

, .
,
.
dravy@%i dravy@ntaram@rabhante gu%@^ca gu%@ntaram ||10||
Dravya generates dravya and gu%a too (generates) other
gu%as.
,
.
[ ()] () () , [ ()] ()
.
karma karmas@dhya> na vidyate ||11||
Karma cannot be formed by karma.
1 Monier-Williams M. Op. cit. .29.
2 Vai^e&ika S#tra of Ka%@da. Op. cit. .41.
3 Dasgupta S. A. Op. cit. .286.
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113

(
).
[], [
()] [ ], (
).
na dravya> k@rya k@ra%a> ca badhati ||12||
And neither is dravya destroyed by its effect or its cause.
,
.
(),
().
ubhayath@ gu%@* ||13||
(But) gu%as (are destroyed) by both (effect and cause).
()
.
[ ()] []
[ ].*
* ,
, ()
( ),
,
. , 12, 13 14
, ().
k@ryavirodhi karma ||14||
Effect (karmas) is opposed by karma.
.
[] () .
kriy@gu%avat samav@yik@ra%amiti dravyalak&a%am ||15||
(Having) actions, gu%as, and (being) coinherent cause are
the characteristics of dravya.
,
.
(-),
(-).
dravy@^rayyagu%av@n sa>yogavibh@ge&vak@ra%amanapek&a iti
gu%alak&anam ||16||
114

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Residing in dravya, not possessing gu%a, and (when independent) not being a cause of contact or disjunction are
the features of gu%a.
, ,

.
() ,
(--),
[] ,
.
ekadravyamagu%a> sa>yogavibh@ge&v@napek&ak@ra%amiti
karmalak&a%am ||17||
(Residing at a time) in one dravya, (being) devoid of gu%a
and (being) the unbiased independent cause of conjunction
and disjunction, are the features of karma.
, ,

.
[]
() ,
()
(-).
dravyagu%akarma%@> dravya> k@ra%a> s@m@nyam ||18||
Dravya is the common cause of dravya, gu%a and karma.
,
.
[] ()
, () ()
.
tath@ gu%a* ||19||
So is gu%a (too the common cause of dravya, gu%a and
karma).
.
[] .
sa>yogavibh@gaveg@n@> karma sam@nam ||20||
Karma is the common cause of conjunction, disjunction
and motion.
,
() .
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115

[ ]
, .
na dravy@n@> karma ||21||
Karma is not (a cause) of dravya.
.
[] [ ]
() .
vyatirek@t ||22||
(Because) it is excluded (from them).
- .
[ ].
dravy@%@> dravya> k@rya> s@m@nyam ||23||
Dravya is the common effect of dravyas.

.
[] ()
.
gu%avaidharmy@nna karma%@> karma ||24||
Because of its dissimilarity from gu%a, karma is not (an effect) of karmas.
-
.
[] [ ]
(, )
.
dvittvaprabh=taya* sa%khy@* p=thaktvasa>yogavibh@g@^ca ||25||
(In gu%as like) numbers (which are) duality onwards, separateness, conjunction and disjunction (are generated by
more than one dravya).
()
.
, , []
[], ()
().
asamav@y@ts@m@nyak@rya> karma na vidyate ||26||
(Due to its) asamav@ya (in more than one dravya) karma is
not the common effect (of several dravyas).
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(, )
.
* , []
.
* . 4.
sa>yog@n@> dravyam ||27||
A dravya is (the effect) of conjunctions.
( ) .
[ ()] []
( () [ ]) .
r#p@%@> r#pam ||28||
A colour/form is (the effect) of colours/forms.
( ) .
[ () ] []
( () [
]).
gurutvaprayatnasa>yog@n@mutk&epanam ||29||
(The gu%a) upward movement (is the effect) of heaviness,
effort and contact.
( ) ,
.
[ () ,
] [] (, )
().
sa>yogavibh@g@^ca karma%@m ||30||
Conjunction and disjunction are also (the effect) of karma.

.
[]
() ( ).
k@ra%as@m@nye dravyakarma%@> karmak@ra%amuktam ||31||
In (the treatment of) cause in general, karma is not considered to be a cause of dravya and karma.
( ),
.
,
[] [ ()]
.
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prathamodhy@ya* prathama @hnikam sam@ptam ||

Thus ends the first @hnika of the first chapter.
.
.
Second @hnika



Nature of Cause and Effect; S@m@nya and Vi^e&a

,
k@ra%@bh@v@t k@ry@bh@va* ||32||
In the absence of cause is the absence of effect.
,
.
() []
() .
na tu k@ry@bh@v@t k@ra%@bh@va* ||33||
But in the absence of effect there is no absence of cause.
,
.
()
() [].
s@m@nya> vi^e&a iti buddhayapek&am ||34||
(Both) s@m@nya and vi^e&a depend upon the intellect.
.

() .

Generality and Specificity in Dravya, Gu%a and Karma

,
bh@vonuv=ttereva hetutv@t s@m@nyameva ||35||
Being/existence being the cause of continuity is s@m@nya.
, .
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( ()) []
, []
().
dravyatva> gu%atva> karmatva> ca s@m@ny@ni vi^e&@^ca ||36||
Dravya, gu%a and karma are both s@m@nya and vi^e&a
, , ()
.
, [ ]
.
anyatr@ntyebhyo vi^e&ebhya* ||37||
Vi^e&a, being (the constituent of) ultimate differences, exists
independent (of any percipient).
(. . ).
() []
.

Definition of Satt@*


*. being, existence1.
saditi yato dravyagu%akarmasu s@ satt@ ||38||
By which dravya, gu%a and karma appear to be existent, that
is satt@.
,
,
().
(), ,
.

Satt@ in Dravya, Gu%a and Karma

,
Dravyagu%akarmabhyorth@ntara> satt@ ||39||
Satt@ is different from dravya, gu%a and karma.
- ,
.
[ ] , ,
.
1 Vai^e&ika S#tra of Ka%@da. Op. cit. .47.
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119

gu%akarmasu bh@v@nna karma na gu%a* ||40||

It is existent in gu%a and karma so it is neither gu%a nor
karma.
,
, .
()
[] , .
s@m@nyavi^e&@bh@vena ca ||41||
And also (because of the) non-presence of s@m@nya and
vi^e&a (satt@ is different from others).
, ( ) .
( )
.
anekamadravyavattvena dravyatvamuktam ||42||
Dravaytva* is stated by its being in many dravyas.
,
.

.
*. , thingness1.
s@m@nyavi^e&@bh@vena ca ||43||
And also (because of the) non-presence of s@m@nya and
vi^e&@.
,
( ).
(
) .
tath@ gu%e&u bh@v@d gu%atvamuktam ||44||
So is gu%atva* stated by its being in gu%as.
(
, )
.

().
1 Vai^e&ika S#tra of Ka%@da. Op. cit. .47.
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*. , gualityness1.
s@m@nyavi^e&@bh@vena ca ||45||
And also (because of the) non-presence of s@m@nya and
vi^e&@.
,
- ( )
.
( )
.
karmasu bh@v@t karmatvamuktam ||46||
Karmatva* is stated by its being in karmas.

.

().
*. , actionness2.
s@m@nyavi^e&@bh@vena ca ||47||
And also (because of the) non-presence of s@m@nya and vi^e&@.
( , ,
) -
.
( )
.
saditi li%g@vi^e&@d vi^e&ali%g@bh@vaccaiko bh@va* ||48||
Satt@ exists because of the non-particular mark of the being
and the non-existence of the mark of vi^e&a.
,
- .
- [ ] (),
[ ] .
prathamodhy@ya* dvit$y@hnika> sam@ptam ||
End of first chapter second @hnika.
.
.
.
1 Vai^e&ika S#tra of Ka%@da. Op. cit. P.48.
2 Ibid.
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121

1. .
2. , ()
(), .
3. () [] () [].

4. () [] () () []
() []: , , , , .
,
5. [ ()] [] (),
(), (), (), (), (),
(), (), ().
6. [ ()] [] (), (),
(), (), (), (), (), ()
(), () (), (), (), (),
() () ().
7. [ ()] [ ] []
(), (),
(), (), [ ] ().
8. (), (),
(), (), (), () []
, .
,
9. ,
.
10. [ ()] () () , [ ()] () .
11. [], [ ()]
[ ] ( ).
12. (),
().
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13. [ ()] [] [ ].
14. [] () .
15. (-),
(-).
16. () ,
(--), [] ,
.
17. [] ()
, () (-).
18. [] () ,
() () .
19. [] .
20. [ ] ,
.
21. [] [ ]
() .
22. [ ].
23. [] () .
24. [] [ ]
(, ) .
25. , , []
[], () ().
26. , []
.
27. [ ()] [] ( () [ ]) .
28. [ () ] []
( () [ ]).
29. [ () , ]
[] (, )
().
30. [] () ( ).
31. ,
[] [ ()] .
.
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123

,
32. () []
() .
33. () () [].
34.
() .
,
35. ( ()) [] , [] ().
36. , [ ]
.
37. () [] .

38. (), ,
.
,
39. [ ] , ,
.
40. () []
, .
41. ( )
.
42. .
43. ( )
.
44. ().
45. ( )
.
46.
().
47. ( )
.
48. - [ ] (),
[ ]
.

124

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