Gnuplot

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14 2005 .

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2 Gnuplot

Gnuplot

6 Gnuplot

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1 Gnuplot?
Gnuplot ,
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help PLOT, Gnuplot .
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F(x) ( ), .

(
).
: cd "mydir"
pwd
, Linux ,

: pwd
reset , .
: reset
help , .
Gnuplot. , .
( Gnuplot)
, .
splot
: help splot
cd

, Gnuplot
xrange
, . set xrange[{min}:{max}]. {min} {max} , .
* (
).
:
set xrange[0:10] 0, 10
set xrange[*:1.2] , 1, 2
set xrange[-0.98:*] 0, 98, Gnuplot
reset
yrange
, xrange, .
key
, , . - ,
set nokey, .
set key {text}.
: set key This is the graph of Bessel function
3

terminal
, Gnuplot .
, .
(, ),
set terminal {terminal-type}.
{terminal-type} help set terminal.
:
set terminal postscript Gnuplot PostScript.
set terminal X11 X11 Linux,
Gnuplot .
set terminal windows , ,
Windows
set terminal latex LATEX.
LATEX, ,
, .
output
. set output {filename}
, terminal, Gnuplot ( ). ,

gnuplot>set terminal postscript
gnuplot>plot sin(x)
PostScript (
). .
: set output "myfile.ps" ( )
myfile.ps.
. : ,
, set output
, .

Gnuplot

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Gnuplot. ,
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f (x) = a sin x,
a , 12 .
Gnuplot,
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gnuplot>
gnuplot>
gnuplot>
1
gnuplot>
0

a = 1
b = 2
print a
print a/b

, Gnuplot 1 2 . ,
1 .
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Gnuplot , , . , 4 , 4. .

(
) Gnuplot plot.

plot {<ranges>} {<function>}
{axes <axes>} {<title-spec>} {with <style>}
{, {definitions,} <function> ...}

<ranges>
{<ranges>} ,
.

[{<dummy-var>=}{{<min>}:{<max>}}]
, {<dummy-var>}, 2. ,
, , x. {<min>} {<max>}
. , , * (
Gnuplot ).

[{{<min>}:{<max>}}]
{{<min>} {<max>}} , .
,
, :
x, y. trange, xrange
yrange.

sin x (
set, Gnuplot )
gnuplot>plot sin(x)
1 ,
2

a b p, , a = pb + q, 0 6 q < 1

 , [, ]
gnuplot>plot [t=-pi:pi] sin(t)
, t

gnuplot>plot [-pi:pi] [-0.5:0.5] sin(x)

gnuplot>plot [0:*] [*:0.5] sin(x)

<function>
Gnuplot, .
.
Gnuplot ,
C, Pascal Basic. ,
Gnuplot 3 .

2.35 1.6
gnuplot>plot 1/sqrt(2)/sqrt(pi)*exp(-(x-2.35)**2/1.6**2)
(,
, ). ,
gnuplot>p(x)=sin(x)*exp(-x**2)
gnuplot> plot p(x), p(x+1)

{<title-spec>}
, .
title "<title>"|notitle
, .
, ( ). .
\t4 , .
, notitle
( title ).

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,
)
gnuplot>plot besj0(x) title 0th Bessel function,
3

A
,

 {with}
Gnuplot (,
, ).

with <style> { {linestyle | ls <line_style>}
| {{linetype | lt <line_type>}
{linewidth | lw <line_width>}
{pointtype | pt <point_type>}
{pointsize | ps <point_size>}} }
, <style>, , .
: lines, points, linespoints, impulses, dots, steps, fsteps, histeps,
errorbars, xerrorbars, yerrorbars, xyerrorbars, boxes, boxerrorbars, boxxyerrorbars, financebars,
candlesticks vectors. .

Gnuplot

5 plot,
( ).

plot <file_name> {index <index list>}
{every <every list>}
{thru <thru expression>}
{using <using list>}
{smooth <option>}
{index <index list>}
(
). .

plot file index <m>{{:<n>}:<p>}

(, index 1),
; (index 1:3) ,
1, 2, 3. ,
. , , index 0:10:2
0, 2, 4, 6, 8 10.
,
{every <every list>}
.

plot file every {<point_incr>}
{:{<block_incr>}
{:{<start_point>}
{:{<start_block>}
{:{<end_point>}
{:<end_block>}}}}}
5

 . <start_point>,
<end_point>. <point_incr>.
.6
{thru <thru expression>}
Gnuplot. ,
plot file thru f(x)

plot file using 1:(f($2))
{using <using list>}
, using .

plot file using {<entry> {:<entry> {:<entry> ...}}} {format}

, scanf
7 . , Gnuplot : , (
). .
. ,
( y ,
x ),
gnuplot> plot "datafile.dat" using 1:2
. ,
0, .
. , . datafile.1.dat .

gnuplot> plot datafile.1.dat u 1:(sin(pi*$2))
Gnuplot :
( , , ) z = sin .
(x, z).
, : x , 1, y
sin y
smooth
Gnuplot .
smooth. , (,
). Gnuplot:
gnuplot> help smooth
6 , . , index every
7 Gnuplot : help plot datafyle

Gnuplot , , . -.
plot:
, . , .
:
gnuplot> plot - with linespoints
> 1 2
> 2 1
> 3 4
> e
e (
).
, Gnuplot ,
. , replot, , .
Gnuplot .

Gnuplot

Gnuplot , .
, Gnuplot
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Gnuplot.
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. ,
, . .
if . ,
:
if (<condition>) <command-line>;
if (<condition>) <command-line1>; else <command-line2>
<condition> <commanf-line>.
<command-line1>,
<command-line2>. , Gnuplot ,
if (1>0) print +;
else print -
. , Gnuplot . ,
if.
1>0 , Gnuplot +
, else.
if , . ,
,
C.
if .
:
9

if (<condition1>) <command-line1>;
else if (<condition2>) <command-line2>;
else if ...
else <command-linen>;
<condition1>. ,
<command-line1> .
<condition2> , <command-line2> .
, ( ,
<command-linen>).
Gnuplot . , , . , .
pause. :
pause <time> {"<string>"}
pause mouse {"string"}
<string>
<time>. time .
, -1,
pause -1 Please press any key
. 0
. ,
pause 0 A-A-A
print
print A-A-A
time , .
, mouse,
, Control-C. , , ,
Gnuplot ( - ).
load .
load <filename>
, . , (,
).
Gnuplot , reread. reread .
,
f (x) =

1
1 + ax2

a. : plotter,

10

#
n = n+1
plot 1/(1+n*1.2*x*x)
pause -1 Press any key to continue
if (n < 10) reread
8 .
. cycle:
#
n = 1
set xrange[-3:3]
set yrange[0:1]
load plotter
,
gnuplot cycle
, .
load:
gnuplot> load cycle
, , plotter
cycle.
Gnuplot , load call:
call <input-file> <option1> <option2> ... <optionn10>
, 10 .
Gnuplot <input-file>,
$n, n 0 10. ,
.
4.0 Gnuplot , , bind.
Gnuplot. ,
bind a print 1
, a ( ,
!) .

: ,

11

3.5

lines
. linewidth linetype
.

gnuplot> plot "datafile.dat"with lines

>linetype 1 lw 1

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points
.
pointtype ( pt),
pointsize ( ps)

gnuplot> plot "datafile.dat"with points

>pt 3 ps 4

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linespoints lines
points: , . : linewidth, linetype, pointtype
pointsize

gnuplot> plot "datafile.dat" with linespoints \ >pt 2

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3.5

impulses
x

plot "datafile.dat" with impulses

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dots ,
. ( ,
!).

gnuplot> plot "datafile.dat" with dots

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steps , ,
gnuplot> plot "datafile.dat" with steps

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fsteps . .
, .

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3.5

histeps. .
.
(x0 , y0 ), (x1 , y1 ) (x2 , y2 )
. Gnuplot ,





x0 + x 1
x1 + x 2

, y1
, y1 .
2
2

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( y = y0
y = y2 ). ,
.

gnuplot> plot "datafile.dat" with histeps

errorbars yerrorbars.
,
. :
, .
(x, y )
(x, y + ), (x, ylow )
(x, yhigh ). Gnuplot : ,
, .

gnuplot> plot [0.5:3.5] "datafile.dat" \

>notitle with errorbars

xerrorbars
. , . ,
errorbars

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3.5

xyerrorbars , , .
,
errorbars.

gnuplot> plot [0.5:3.5] "datafile.dat" \

>using 1:2:(0.1):(0.2) notitle\
>with xyerrorbars

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boxes .
, x, .
Gnuplot .
, . , , set boxwidth.
,
,
.

gnuplot> plot [0.5:3.5] [*:3.05] \

>"datafile.dat"\
>using 1:2:(0.95) notitle with boxes

15

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boxerrorbars .
boxes yerrorbars.
: , .
.

gnuplot> plot [0.5:3.5] [0.3:*] \

>"datafile.dat" \
>u 1:2:($2-0.1):($2+0.2):(0.8) \
>notitle with boxerrorbars
,
.

boxxyerrorbars boxes
xyerrorbars. ,
.

gnuplot> plot "datafile.dat" \

> u 1:2:($2-0.1):($2+0.1):($1-0.1):($1+0.2) \
> with boxerrorbars

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financebars
(, ). :
x ( ),
, , .
,
.
, , ,
. bar ( set bar).

gnuplot>set bar 5
gnuplot>plot [0.5:3.5] "datafile.dat" \
>notitle with financebars

. , , .

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candlesticks . : x ( ), , , . ,
x
.
. bar.

gnuplot> set bar 5

gnuplot> plot [0.5:3.5] "datafile.dat" \
>notitle with candlesticks
bar.

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vectors (, ).
(x, y) (x + x, y + y) (
).
, .
gnuplot>plot "datafile.dat" with vectors

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Gnuplot
abs(x)
acos(x)
acosh(x)
arg(z)
asin(x)
asinh(x)
atan(x)
atan2(x,y)
atanh(x)
besj0(x)
besj1(x)
besy0(x)
besy1(x)
ceil(x)
column(x)
cos(x)
cosh(x)
erf(x)

. , .
arccos x

. ( set angles)
arcsin x

arctg x
x y

0
1
0
1
, x. , x.

cos x

Rx t2
e dt
Erf x =

erfc(x)
exp(x)
floor(x)
gamma(x)
ibeta
igamma
imag
int
inverf
invnorm
lgamma
log
log10
norm
rand
real
sgn
sin
sinh
sqrt
tan
tanh
tm_hour
tm_mday

x ,
1 Erf x

x
(x)

, Erf x

, [1, 1]

19

tm_min
tm_mon
tm_sec
tm_wday
tm_yday
tm_year
valid

**
*
/

5**3
5*3
5/3

a%b

+
==
!=
<
<=
>
>=
&
^
|
&&
||

a+b
a-b
a==b
a!=b
a<b
a<=b
a>b
a>=b
a&b
a^b
a|b
a&&b
a||b

( )

( )

*
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*
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Gnuplot ( )

?:

a?b:c

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20

 .
.

, f (x),
(
sin(x) 1 6 x 6 2
f (x) = 1
(1)
2 < x 6 3
x
:
gnuplot> f(x) = 1<=x && x<=2 ? sin(x) : 2<= x && 3 ? 1/x : 1/0
gnuplot> plot f(x)
. x < 1 x > 3
, .
. .
gnuplot> f1(x) = 1<=x && x<=2 ? sin(x) : 1/0
gnuplot> f2(x) = 2<x && x<=3 ? 1/x : 1/0
gnuplot> plot f1(x) lt 1, f2(x) lt 1
.

21