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{\f2 Century Gothic;}

{\f3 Book Antiqua;}
{\f4 Book Antiqua;}
{\f5 Book Antiqua;}
{\f6 Book Antiqua;}
{\f7 Book Antiqua;}
{\f8 Book Antiqua Italic;}
{\f9 Times New Roman;}
{\f10 Book Antiqua Italic;}
{\f11 Book Antiqua Italic;}
{\f12 Book Antiqua Italic;}
{\f13 Book Antiqua;}
{\f14 Book Antiqua Italic;}
{\f15 Book Antiqua Italic;}
{\f16 Times New Roman;}
{\f17 Book Antiqua;}
{\f18 Times New Roman;}
{\f19 Times New Roman;}
{\f20 Book Antiqua;}
{\f21 Times New Roman;}
{\f22 Book Antiqua;}
{\f23 Book Antiqua Italic;}
{\f24 Book Antiqua Italic;}
{\f25 Century Gothic;}
{\f26 Book Antiqua;}
{\f27 Book Antiqua;}
{\f28 Book Antiqua Italic;}
{\f29 Times New Roman;}
{\f30 Times New Roman;}
{\f31 Book Antiqua;}
{\f32 Book Antiqua;}
{\f33 Book Antiqua;}
{\f34 Times New Roman;}
{\f35 Times New Roman;}
{\f36 Book Antiqua;}
{\f37 Times New Roman;}
{\f38 Book Antiqua;}
{\f39 Book Antiqua Italic;}
{\f40 Times New Roman;}
{\f41 Book Antiqua;}
{\f42 Times New Roman;}
{\f43 Book Antiqua;}
{\f44 Book Antiqua;}
{\f45 Book Antiqua Italic;}
{\f46 Times New Roman;}
{\f47 Book Antiqua;}
{\f48 Book Antiqua;}
{\f49 Book Antiqua Italic;}
{\f50 Book Antiqua;}
{\f51 Book Antiqua;}
{\f52 Book Antiqua Italic;}
{\f53 Book Antiqua;}
{\f54 Times New Roman;}
{\f55 Book Antiqua;}
{\f56 Book Antiqua;}
{\f57 Book Antiqua Italic;}
{\f58 Times New Roman;}
{\f59 Book Antiqua;}
{\f60 Book Antiqua Italic;}

{\f61 Book Antiqua Italic;}

{\f62 Times New Roman;}
{\f63 Book Antiqua;}
{\f64 Book Antiqua;}
{\f65 Book Antiqua Italic;}
{\f66 Book Antiqua Italic;}
{\f67 Times New Roman;}
{\f68 Book Antiqua;}
{\f69 Book Antiqua Italic;}
{\f70 Times New Roman;}
{\f71 Book Antiqua;}
{\f72 Book Antiqua;}
{\f73 Book Antiqua;}
{\f74 Book Antiqua;}
{\f75 Times New Roman;}
{\f76 Times New Roman;}
{\f77 Book Antiqua;}
{\f78 Book Antiqua Italic;}
{\f79 Times New Roman;}
{\f80 Times New Roman Italic;}
{\f81 Book Antiqua;}
{\f82 Book Antiqua;}
{\f83 Book Antiqua Italic;}
{\f84 Times New Roman;}
{\f85 Book Antiqua;}
{\f86 Book Antiqua Italic;}
{\f87 Book Antiqua;}
{\f88 Book Antiqua;}
{\f89 Times New Roman;}
{\f90 Times New Roman;}
{\f91 Book Antiqua Italic;}
{\f92 Book Antiqua Italic;}
{\f93 Times New Roman;}
{\f94 Times New Roman;}
{\f95 Book Antiqua;}
{\f96 Book Antiqua;}
{\f97 Book Antiqua Italic;}
{\f98 Times New Roman Italic;}
{\f99 Book Antiqua;}
{\f100 Book Antiqua Italic;}
{\f101 Times New Roman;}
{\f102 Book Antiqua;}
{\f103 Book Antiqua;}
{\f104 Book Antiqua;}
{\f105 Times New Roman;}
{\f106 Book Antiqua Italic;}
{\f107 Times New Roman;}
{\f108 Book Antiqua;}
{\f109 Book Antiqua Italic;}
{\f110 Book Antiqua;}
{\f111 Book Antiqua;}
{\f112 Times New Roman;}
{\f113 Book Antiqua;}
{\f114 Book Antiqua;}
{\f115 Times New Roman;}
{\f116 Book Antiqua Italic;}
{\f117 Book Antiqua Italic;}
{\f118 Book Antiqua Italic;}
{\f119 Book Antiqua Italic;}
{\f120 Book Antiqua;}

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Book Antiqua;}
Times New Roman;}
Times New Roman;}
Book Antiqua Italic;}
Book Antiqua;}
Book Antiqua;}
Times New Roman;}
Book Antiqua Italic;}
Book Antiqua;}
Book Antiqua;}
Times New Roman;}
Book Antiqua Italic;}
Book Antiqua;}
Book Antiqua;}
Book Antiqua Italic;}
Book Antiqua;}
Times New Roman;}
Times New Roman;}
Book Antiqua;}
Book Antiqua;}
Book Antiqua Italic;}
Book Antiqua Italic;}
Book Antiqua;}
Book Antiqua;}
Times New Roman;}
Times New Roman;}
Book Antiqua Italic;}
Book Antiqua;}
Book Antiqua;}
Book Antiqua Italic;}
Book Antiqua;}
Book Antiqua;}
Times New Roman;}
Book Antiqua;}
Book Antiqua;}
Times New Roman;}
Book Antiqua Italic;}
Book Antiqua Italic;}
Book Antiqua;}
Book Antiqua;}
Times New Roman;}
Book Antiqua;}
Book Antiqua;}
Book Antiqua Italic;}
Times New Roman;}
Book Antiqua;}
Book Antiqua;}
Times New Roman;}
MT Extra;}
Book Antiqua Italic;}
Times New Roman;}
Book Antiqua Italic;}
Book Antiqua Italic;}
Courier New;}
Times New Roman;}
Book Antiqua;}
Book Antiqua;}
Times New Roman;}
Book Antiqua Italic;}
Book Antiqua Italic;}

{\f181
{\f182
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Courier New;}
Times New Roman;}
Times New Roman;}
Book Antiqua;}
Times New Roman;}
Times New Roman;}
Times New Roman;}
Book Antiqua;}
Book Antiqua;}
Book Antiqua Italic;}
Book Antiqua Italic;}
Times New Roman;}
Times New Roman;}
Arial Unicode MS;}
Times New Roman;}
Times New Roman;}
Times New Roman;}
Book Antiqua;}
Book Antiqua;}
Book Antiqua Italic;}
Times New Roman;}
Book Antiqua;}
Book Antiqua;}
Book Antiqua Italic;}
Book Antiqua;}
Book Antiqua;}
Book Antiqua Italic;}
Book Antiqua Italic;}
Times New Roman;}
Times New Roman;}
Times New Roman;}
Times New Roman;}
Book Antiqua;}
Book Antiqua;}
Book Antiqua Italic;}
Book Antiqua Italic;}
Times New Roman;}
Times New Roman;}
Book Antiqua;}
Book Antiqua;}
Book Antiqua Italic;}
Times New Roman;}
Times New Roman;}
Book Antiqua;}
Book Antiqua;}
Book Antiqua Italic;}
Book Antiqua Italic;}
Times New Roman;}
Book Antiqua;}
Book Antiqua;}
Book Antiqua;}
Book Antiqua Italic;}
Times New Roman;}
Times New Roman;}
Times New Roman;}
Book Antiqua Italic;}
Times New Roman;}
Times New Roman;}
Times New Roman;}
Book Antiqua;}

{\f241 Book Antiqua;}

{\f242 Book Antiqua;}
{\f243 Book Antiqua Italic;}
{\f244 Book Antiqua Italic;}
{\f245 Book Antiqua;}
{\f246 Book Antiqua;}
{\f247 Book Antiqua;}
{\f248 Book Antiqua Italic;}
{\f249 Book Antiqua Italic;}
{\f250 Times New Roman;}
{\f251 Times New Roman;}
{\f252 Book Antiqua Italic;}
{\f253 Book Antiqua;}
{\f254 Book Antiqua;}
{\f255 Times New Roman;}
{\f256 Book Antiqua Italic;}
{\f257 Book Antiqua Italic;}
{\f258 Book Antiqua;}
{\f259 Book Antiqua;}
{\f260 Book Antiqua Italic;}
{\f261 Book Antiqua Italic;}
{\f262 Times New Roman;}
{\f263 Book Antiqua;}
{\f264 Book Antiqua;}
{\f265 Book Antiqua Italic;}
{\f266 Book Antiqua Italic;}
{\f267 Times New Roman;}
{\f268 Book Antiqua;}
{\f269 Book Antiqua;}
{\f270 Book Antiqua Italic;}
{\f271 Book Antiqua Italic;}
{\f1000000 Times New Roman;}
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tw0\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs40 Physics \par\pard\ql \li6369\sb0\sl
-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6369\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6369\sb0\sl-3
68\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6369\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6369\sb0\sl-368
\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6369\sb236\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs32 ANSWERS \par\pard\ql \li3590\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\
pard\ql\li3590\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3590\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pa
rd\ql\li3590\sb172\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\c
f4\f5\fs26 C\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs18 HAPTER\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs26 9 \pa
r\pard\ql \li3590\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3590\sb90\sl-218\slmult0\tx4
310 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex135 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 9.1 \tab \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 v \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 54 cm. The image is real, inverted and magnified. The size of the \par\pard\ql \
li4310\sb23\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 image is 5.0 cm. As \ul0
\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 u\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs1
9 \u8594?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 f\ul0\nosupers
ub\cf6\f7\fs19 , \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 v\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u8594? \u8734?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 ; for \ul0\nos
upersub\cf7\f8\fs19 u\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 < \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19
f, \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 image is virtual. \par\pard\li3590\sb66\sl-218\sl
mult0\fi0\tx4310 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 9.2\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
12 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 v\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 6.7 cm. Magnifica
tion = 5/9, i.e., the size of the image is 2.5 cm. As\par\pard\li3590\sb11\sl-21
8\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 u\ul0\n
osupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u8594? \u8734?\ul0\nosupersu
b\cf6\f7\fs19 ; \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 v\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 \ul0\n
osupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u8594? \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 f\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f
7\fs19 (but never beyond) while \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 m\ul0\nosupersub\cf
6\f7\fs19 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u8594? \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 0.\pa
r\pard\li3590\sb61\sl-218\slmult0\fi0\tx4310 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 9.3\ta
b \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 1.33; 1.7 cm\par\pard\li3590\sb141\sl-218\slmult0
\fi0\tx5834 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 9.4\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 =
1.32; \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 n\ul0\sub\cf9\f10\fs19 gw\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\
f7\fs19 = 1.144; which gives sin \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 r\ul0\nosupersub
\cf6\f7\fs19 = 0.6181 i.e.,\par\pard\li3590\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 n\ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs12 g
a \ul0\super\cf6\f7\fs28 = 1.51; \ul0\super\cf10\f11\fs28 n\ul0\nosupersub\cf11
\f12\fs14 wa\par\pard\li3590\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
11 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 r\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 ~ 38.\par\pard\li359
0\sb55\sl-218\slmult0\fi0\tx4310\tx6465\tx6672\tx6813\tx7514\tx7677\tx8133 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex111 9.5\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7
\f8\fs19 r\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 0.8 tan \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 i\u
l0\sub\cf9\f10\fs19 c\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 and \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\f
s19 sin\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf14\f15\fs19 i\ul0\no
supersub\cf13\f14\fs12 c\tab \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\
f16\fs19 =\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs19 1/1.33
\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex80 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs19 \u8773?\tab \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs19 0.75\tab \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 , where \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 r\u
l0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 is the radius (in m)\par\pard\li3590\sb52\sl-218\slmu
lt0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 of the largest circle from which light co
mes out and \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 i\ul0\sub\cf9\f10\fs19 c\ul0\nosupersub\
cf6\f7\fs19 is the critical\par\pard\li3590\sb11\sl-218\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex111 angle for water-air interface, Area = 2.6 m\ul0\super\cf16

\f17\fs18 2\par\pard\li3590\sb61\sl-218\slmult0\fi0\tx4310 \up0 \expndtw0\charsc

alex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 9.6\tab \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\no
supersub\cf7\f8\fs19 n \ul0\nosupersub\cf17\f18\fs21 \u8773?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6
\f7\fs19 1.53 and \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 D\ul0\sub\cf9\f10\fs19 m\ul0\nos
upersub\cf6\f7\fs19 for prism in water \ul0\nosupersub\cf17\f18\fs21 \u8773?\u
l0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 10\par\pard\li3590\sb59\sl-218\slmult0\fi0\tx4310 \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 9.7\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\c
f7\f8\fs19 R\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 22 cm\par\pard\li3590\sb62\sl-218\slm
ult0\fi0\tx4310 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 9.8\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex11
2 Here the object is virtual and the image is real. \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19
u \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = +12 cm (object on\par\pard\ql \li4310\sb0\sl-208
\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 right; virtual) \par\pard\ql \li4310\ri110
9\sb46\sl-240\slmult0\tx4730 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 (a)\ul0\nosupersub\cf7
\f8\fs19
f \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = +20 cm. Image is real and at 7.5 cm
from the lens on its right \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 side. \par\par
d\ql \li4310\ri1109\sb57\sl-220\slmult0\tx4730 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 (b)\
ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19
f \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = -16 cm. Image is r
eal and at 48 cm from the lens on its right \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
12 side. \par\pard\ql \li3590\sb62\sl-218\slmult0\tx4310 \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex135 9.9 \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 v\ul0\no
supersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 8.4 cm, image is erect and virtual. It is dimi
nished to a size \par\pard\ql \li4310\sb3\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex107 1.8 cm. As \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 u\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 \u
l0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u8594? \u8734?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 , \ul0\nosu
persub\cf7\f8\fs19 v\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u8
594?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 f\ul0\nosupersub\cf
6\f7\fs19 (but never beyond \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 f\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7
\fs19 while \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 m\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 \ul0\nosu
persub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u8594?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 0). \par\pard\qj \li4310\
ri1109\sb53\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Note that when the objec
t is placed at the focus of the concave lens \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 (21 cm
), the image is located at 10.5 cm (not at infinity as one might \up0 \expndtw0\
charscalex107 wrongly think). \par\pard\li3590\sb68\sl-218\slmult0\fi0\tx4310 \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 9.10\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 A diverging l
ens of focal length 60 cm\par\pard\li3590\sb62\sl-218\slmult0\fi0\tx4310 \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex111 9.11\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 (a)\ul0\nosupersub\c
f7\f8\fs19
v\ul0\sub\cf9\f10\fs19 e\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = -25 cm and
\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 f\ul0\sub\cf9\f10\fs19
e\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 6.25 cm give \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 u\ul0\
sub\cf9\f10\fs19 e\ul0\sub\cf16\f17\fs19 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = -5 cm; \
ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 v\ul0\sub\cf16\f17\fs19 O \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19
= (15 - 5) cm =\par\pard\ql \li4730\sb0\sl-212\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x109 10 cm, \par\pard\ql \li4730\sb24\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex10
9 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 f\ul0\sub\cf16\f17\fs19 O\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs
19 = \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 u\ul0\sub\cf16\f17\fs19 O\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f
7\fs19 = - 2.5 cm; Magnifying power = 20 \par\pard\ql \li4310\sb63\sl-218\slmul
t0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 (b)\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19
u\ul0\sub\cf16
\f17\fs19 O \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = - 2.59 cm. \par\pard\ql \li4310\sb63\s
l-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 Magnifying power = 13.5. \par\pard\
li1466\sb61\sl-218\slmult0\fi2124\tx4310 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 9.12\tab \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Angular magnification of the eye-piece for image at
25 cm\par\pard\li1466\sb112\sl-207\slmult0\fi3038\tx6069 \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs17 25\tab \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\no
supersub\cf21\f22\fs19 25\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw4447\cols
r40\colno2\colw2164\colsr40\colno3\colw5239\colsr160\ql \li4322\sb0\sl-153\slmul
t0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf18\f19\fs17 =\par\pard\column
\ql \li318\sb0\sl-153\slmult0\tx1053\tx1881 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 + \up
0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs17 1 \up0 \expndtw-2\chars
calex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf18\f19\fs17 = \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosu
persub\cf19\f20\fs17 11 ;\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf20

\f21\fs19 | \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 \ul0\nosupersub\cf23\f24\fs19 u\ul0\nos

upersub\cf22\f23\fs12 e \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex76 \ul0\nosupersub\cf20\f21\fs
19 | =\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf21\f22\fs19 cm\par\par
d\ql \li20\sb0\sl-153\slmult0\tx1605 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex142 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf19\f20\fs17 25\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 \ul0\nosupersub\cf21\f22\fs1
9 11\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-171\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100
\ul0\nosupersub\cf20\f21\fs19 = \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2
1\f22\fs19 227cm \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 ; \ul0
\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 v\ul0\sub\cf16\f17\fs19 O\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 =
7.2 cm \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1466\sb0\sl-198\slmult0\fi0\tx4310 \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs22 534\tab \dn3 \expndtw0\charsc
alex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 Separation = 9.47 cm; Magnifying power = 88
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft1310\shptop2244\shpright5270\shpbottom2289\shpfhdr0\shp
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}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft4564\shptop8127\shpright4452\shpbottom8127\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz338\shplid17{\sp{\sn shapeType}{
\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lin
eWidth}{\sv 7521}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft4476\shptop14489\shpright4744\shpbottom14489\shpfhdr0\s
hpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz823\shplid18{\sp{\sn shapeType
}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn l
ineWidth}{\sv 9786}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft6064\shptop14504\shpright6312\shpbottom14504\shpfhdr0\s
hpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz867\shplid19{\sp{\sn shapeType
}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn l
ineWidth}{\sv 6999}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft1216\shptop14440\shpright2292\shpbottom14994\shpfhdr0\s
hpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz932\shplid20
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 1076}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 554}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,554);(1076,554);(1076,0);(0,0)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}
}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 167772
15}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12060\paperh16040
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft2687\shptop5582\shpright6768\shpbottom6035\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz10001\shplid10001
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 202}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\s
p{\sn fRecolorFillAsPicture}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fUseShapeAnchor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fL
ine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fBe
hindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\shptxt\pard\plain \qj\sl137 \li0\ri0 \expndtw0\charscalex
110\ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs12 c\ul0\nosupersub\cf16\f17\fs12 \ul0\nosupersub\
cf6\f7\fs19 = 1.44/1.68 which gives \ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs28 i\ul0\super\cf8\f9\
fs28 \u8242?{\par}}}}\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg2}{\bkmkend Pg2}\par\pard\ql
\li8169\sb0\sl-345\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li8169\sb0\sl-345\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\
li8169\sb0\sl-345\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li8169\sb0\sl-345\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li
8169\sb135\sl-345\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex99 \ul0\nosupersub\cf24\f25\f
s30 Answers \par\pard\li1279\sb0\sl-218\slmult0\par\pard\li1279\sb78\sl-218\slmu
lt0\fi0\tx1999 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 9.13\tab
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 24; 150 cm\par\pard\li1279\sb59\sl-218\slmult0\fi0
\tx1999 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 9.14\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 (a)
Angular magnification = 1500\par\pard\li1279\sb59\sl-218\slmult0\fi720\tx4641
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 (b) Diameter of the image\tab \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex112 = 13.7 cm.\par\pard\li1279\sb59\sl-218\slmult0\fi0\tx1999 \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex112 9.15\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Apply mirror equation an
d the condition:\par\pard\ql \li1999\sb59\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex111 (a)\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19
f \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 < 0 (conca
ve mirror);\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 u\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 < 0 (objec
t on left) \par\pard\ql \li1999\sb43\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114
(b)\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19
f \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 > 0; \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf7\f8\fs19 u\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 < 0 \par\pard\ql \li1999\sb63\sl
-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 (c)\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19
f\ul
0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 > 0 (convex mirror) and \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 u\
ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 < 0 \par\pard\ql \li1999\ri3341\sb11\sl-280\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 (d)\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19
f\ul0\nosupersub\
cf6\f7\fs19 < 0 (concave mirror); \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 f\ul0\nosupersub\

cf6\f7\fs19 < \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 u\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 < 0 \li

ne \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 to deduce the desired result. \par\pard\ql \li12
79\sb52\sl-218\slmult0\tx1999 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 9.16 \tab \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex112 The pin appears raised by 5.0 cm. It can be seen with an expli
cit ray \par\pard\qj \li1999\ri3429\sb1\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
115 diagram that the answer is independent of the location of the slab \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex111 (for small angles of incidence). \par\pard\li1279\sb74\sl-21
8\slmult0\fi0\tx1999\tx2419\tx5424\tx5603 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 9.17\tab
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 (a )\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 sin \ul0\nosu
persub\cf7\f8\fs19 i\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u8242?\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\char
scalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs12 c\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\n
osupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 59. Total internal reflection\par\pard\li2419\sb11\sl-218
\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 takes place
when \ul0\nosupersub\c
f7\f8\fs19 i\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 > \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 5 9\ul
0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 or when \ul0\nosupersub\
cf7\f8\fs19 r\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 < \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 r\ul0
\sub\cf16\f17\fs19 max\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 3 1 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9
\fs19 . \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 Now ,\par\pard\li2419\sb90\sl-195\slmult0\
fi23\tx3106\tx3822\tx3918\tx6607\tx6952 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf25\f26\fs17 (sin\t \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf27\f28\
fs17 i\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf25\f26\fs17 /sin\t \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf27\f28\fs17 r\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\ch
arscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf25\f26\fs17 )\tab \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs17 =\ul0\nosupersub\cf25\f26\fs17 1 68\ul0\nosupersub\c
f6\f7\fs19 , which gives \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 i\ul0\sub\cf16\f17\fs19
max\tab \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 ~\tab \dn3 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex110 60 . Thus , all\par\pard\li2419\sb0\sl-117\slmult0\fi396\
tx3544 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf26\f27\fs13 max\tab \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex110 max\par\pard\ql \li2419\sb21\sl-171\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 incident rays of angles in the range
0 < \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 i\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 < 60 will suffer t
otal \par\pard\qj \li2419\ri3429\sb24\sl-226\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex10
9 internal reflections in the pipe. (If the length of the pipe is \li
ne \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 finite, which it is in practice, there will be a
lower limit on \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 i \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107
\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 determined by the ratio of the diameter to
the length of the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 pipe.)\par\pard\sect\sec
td\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw10025\colsr160\colno2\colw1735\colsr160\ql \li1999\s
b64\sl-218\slmult0\tx2414\tx5571 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 (b)\tab \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex109 If there is no outer coating, \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs1
9 i\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u8242? \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosu
persub\cf9\f10\fs12 c\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs
19 = sin\ul0\super\cf16\f17\fs18 -1\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 (1/1.68) = 36.
5\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 . \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 Now,\par\pard\ql \li24
19\sb11\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19
i \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 90 will have \ul0\n
osupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 r\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 36.5 and \ul0\nosupersub
\cf7\f8\fs19 i\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u8242?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19
= 53.5 which is greater than\par\pard\ql \li2419\sb11\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndt
w-8\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 i\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u824
2? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs12 c\ul0\nosupersub\cf
6\f7\fs19 . Thus, \ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs28 all\ul0\super\cf6\f7\fs28 incident
rays (in the range 53.5 <\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs28 i \ul0\super\cf6\f7\fs28
< 90) will\par\pard\ql \li2419\sb49\sl-171\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114
suffer total internal reflections.\par\pard\ql \li1279\sb67\sl-218\slmult0\tx
1994\tx2414 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 9.18\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 (
a)\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Rays converging to a point \u8216?behind\u82
17? a plane or convex mirror are\par\pard\ql \li2419\sb11\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex115 reflected to a point in front of the mirror on a screen. I
n other\par\pard\ql \li2419\sb11\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 wor

ds, a plane or convex mirror can produce a real image if the\par\pard\ql \li2419
\sb11\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 object is virtual. Convince yo
urself by drawing an appropriate\par\pard\ql \li2419\sb11\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex111 ray diagram.\par\pard\ql \li1999\sb59\sl-218\slmult0\tx241
4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 (b)\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 When the ref
lected or refracted rays are divergent\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 , \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf6\f7\fs19 the image is\par\pard\ql \li2419\sb11\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex113 virtual. The divergent rays can be converged on to a screen by
\par\pard\ql \li2419\sb11\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 means of a
n appropriate converging lens. The convex lens of the\par\pard\ql \li2419\sb11\s
l-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 eye does just that. The virtual image
here serves as an object for\par\pard\ql \li2419\sb11\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex117 the lens to produce a real image\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 .
\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 Note\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 , \ul0\nosupersub\c
f6\f7\fs19 the screen here is not\par\pard\ql \li2419\sb11\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex117 located at the position of the virtual image. The
re is no\par\pard\ql \li2419\sb11\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113
contradiction.\par\pard\ql \li1999\sb59\sl-218\slmult0\tx2413 \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex104 (c)\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Taller\par\pard\ql \li1999\sb59\
sl-218\slmult0\tx2414 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 (d)\tab \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex109 The apparent depth for oblique viewing decreases from its value\par\par
d\ql \li2419\sb11\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 for near -normal v
iewing. Convince yourself of this fact by drawing\par\pard\ql \li2419\sb11\sl-21
8\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 ray diagrams for different positions of t
he observer.\par\pard\ql \li1999\sb59\sl-218\slmult0\tx2414 \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex101 (e)\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Refractive index of a diamond is a
bout 2.42, much larger than\par\pard\ql \li2419\sb11\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex112 that of ordinary glass (about 1.5). The critical angle of diam
ond\par\pard\ql \li2419\sb11\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 is abou
t 24\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 , \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 much less than tha
t of glass\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 . \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 A skilled di
amond-\par\pard\ql \li2419\sb11\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 cutt
er exploits the larger range of angles of incidence (in the\par\pard\q
l \li2419\sb11\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 diamond), 24 to 90, to
ensure that light entering the diamond\par\pard\ql \li2419\sb11\sl-218\slmult0 \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 is totally reflected from many faces before g
etting out-thus\par\pard\ql \li2419\sb11\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex111 producing a sparkling effect.\par\pard\ql \li1279\sb59\sl-218\slmult0\tx19
94 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 9.19\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 For fixed
distance \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 s\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 between obje
ct and screen\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 , \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 the lens
equation\par\pard\ql \li1999\sb11\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 do
es not give a real solution for \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 u\ul0\nosupersub\cf6
\f7\fs19 or \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 v\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 if \ul0\n
osupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 f\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 is greater than \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf7\f8\fs19 s\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 /4.\par\pard\ql \li1999\sb59\sl-218
\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Therefore, \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 f
\ul0\sub\cf16\f17\fs19 max\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 0.75 m.\par\pard\ql \li
1279\sb59\sl-218\slmult0\tx1994 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 9.20\tab \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex111 21.4 cm\par\pard\column \ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\
pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \pa
r\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \
par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0
\par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmul
t0 \par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\slm
ult0 \par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\s
lmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253
\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-2
53\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl
-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\

sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10185\sb

0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10185\
sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1018
5\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20
\sb50\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs22 53
5
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft16\shptop0\shpright12059\shpbottom1372\shpfhdr0\shpbxpa
ge\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz5\shplid0
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 12043}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 1372}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,1372);(12043,1372);(12043,0);(0,0)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}
}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 159856
12}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
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}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft16\shptop1292\shpright12059\shpbottom1366\shpfhdr0\shpb
xpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz8\shplid1
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 12043}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 74}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,74);(12043,74);(12043,0);(0,0)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}
}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 129512
97}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft1\shptop1112\shpright10334\shpbottom1186\shpfhdr0\shpbx
page\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz11\shplid2
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 10333}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 74}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,74);(10333,74);(10333,0);(0,0)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}
}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 145339
90}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft6790\shptop7\shpright10750\shpbottom2242\shpfhdr0\shpbx
page\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz14\shplid3
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 3960}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 2235}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,2235);(3960,2235);(3960,0);(0,0)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}
}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 134217
72}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}
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}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12060\paperh16040\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart P
g3}{\bkmkend Pg3}\par\pard\ql \li2560\sb0\sl-460\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2560\sb0
\sl-460\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2560\sb0\sl-460\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2560\sb80\
sl-460\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs40 Physics \
par\pard\ql \li3583\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3583\sb2\sl-218\slmult0\tx
4303\tx4723 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 9.21 \tab \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 (a) \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 (i) Let a par
allel beam be the incident from the left on the convex \par\pard\ql \li5023\sb23

\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 lens first. \par\pard\qj \li5023\ri

1128\sb61\sl-220\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8
\fs19 f\ul0\sub\cf16\f17\fs19 1\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 30 cm and \ul0\nos
upersub\cf7\f8\fs19 u\ul0\sub\cf16\f17\fs19 1\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \ul0\n
osupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = - \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs19 \u8734?\ul0\nosupersub\c
f6\f7\fs19 ,\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 give \ul0\
nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 v\ul0\sub\cf16\f17\fs19 1 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 =
+ 30 cm. This image becomes \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 a virtual object for t
he second lens. \par\pard\qj \li5023\ri1136\sb52\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx5278 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex125 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 f\ul0\sub\cf16\f17\fs19 2 \t
ab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = -20 cm, \ul0\nosu
persub\cf7\f8\fs19 u\ul0\sub\cf16\f17\fs19 2\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = + (30 - 8) cm = + 22 cm which gives, \line\up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 v\ul0\sub\cf16\f17\fs19 2\
ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = - 220 cm. The parallel incident beam appears to di
verge \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 from a point 216 cm from the centre of
the two-lens system\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 . \par\pard\ql \li4723\ri1128\sb3
2\sl-228\slmult0\tx5023\tx5023\tx5023\tx5023\tx5023 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107
\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 (ii) Let the parallel beam be incident from the lef
t on the concave \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 lens first:\ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf7\f8\fs19 f\ul0\sub\cf16\f17\fs19 1\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = - 20 c
m, \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 u\ul0\sub\cf16\f17\fs19 1\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\f
s19 = - \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u8734?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 , give \
ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 v\ul0\sub\cf16\f17\fs19 1\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19
= - 20 cm. This image \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 becomes a real ob
ject for the second lens: \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 f\ul0\sub\cf16\f17\fs19 2
\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = + 30 cm\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 , \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf7\f8\fs19 u\ul0\sub\cf16\f17\fs19 2\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = \line
\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 - (20 + 8) cm = - 28 cm which gives, \ul0\nos
upersub\cf7\f8\fs19 v\ul0\sub\cf16\f17\fs19 2 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = - 42
0 cm. The parallel \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 incident beam appears
to diverge from a point 416 cm on the \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 l
eft of the centre of the two-lens system. \par\pard\qj \li4303\ri1128\sb53\sl-22
8\slmult0\fi359 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Clearly, the answer depends on whic
h side of the lens system \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 the parallel beam is inci
dent. \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 Further we do not have a simple lens \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex125 equation true for all u (and v) in terms of a definite cons
tant of the \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 system (the constant being determined
by f\ul0\sub\cf9\f10\fs19 1\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 and f\ul0\sub\cf9\f10\f
s19 2\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 , and the separation \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
18 between the lenses). T\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 he notion of effective foca
l length, therefore, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 does not seem to be meaningful
for this system. \par\pard\ql \li4303\sb61\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex112 (b)\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19
u\ul0\sub\cf16\f17\fs19 1\ul0\nosupers
ub\cf6\f7\fs19 = - 40 cm, \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 f\ul0\sub\cf16\f17\fs19 1
\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 30 cm, gives \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 v\ul0\su
b\cf16\f17\fs19 1\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 120 cm. \par\pard\qj \li4723\ri11
30\sb61\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Magnitude of magnification d
ue to the first (convex) lens is 3. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf7\f8\fs19 u\ul0\sub\cf16\f17\fs19 2\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = + (120
- 8) cm = +112 cm (object virtual); \par\pard\li4723\sb162\sl-195\slmult0\fi2914
\tx7994\tx8124 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf25\f26\fs17 112\ta
b \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs17 \tab \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf25\f26\fs17 20\par\pard\li4723\sb0\sl-171\slmul
t0\fi0\tx7341\tx8390 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 f\
ul0\sub\cf16\f17\fs19 2\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = - 20 cm which gives \ul0\n
osupersub\cf27\f28\fs17 v\ul0\sub\cf30\f31\fs15 2\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
14 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs17 = \u8722?\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0
\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 cm\par\pard\ql \li7891\sb0\sl-144\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf25\f26\fs17 92 \par\pard\qj \li4723\ri1130\sb0\

sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 Magnitud

e of magnification due to the second (concave) \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
05 lens = 20/92. \par\pard\qj \li4723\ri3377\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex106 Net magnitude of magnification = 0.652 \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x107 Size of the image = 0.98 cm \par\pard\li3583\sb66\sl-218\slmult0\fi0\tx4303
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 9.22\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 If the refra
cted ray in the prism is incident on the second face at the\par\pard\li3583\sb11
\sl-218\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 critical angle \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf7\f8\fs19 i\ul0\sub\cf16\f17\fs19 c\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 , the angle o
f refraction \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 r\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 at the fi
rst face is (60-\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 i\ul0\sub\cf16\f17\fs19 c\ul0\nosuper
sub\cf6\f7\fs19 ).\par\pard\li3583\sb59\sl-218\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex113 Now, \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 i\ul0\sub\cf16\f17\fs19 c \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf6\f7\fs19 = sin\ul0\super\cf16\f17\fs18 -1\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 (1
/1.524) ~ 41\par\pard\li3583\sb59\sl-218\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
13 Therefore, \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 r\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 19\par\
pard\li3583\sb59\sl-218\slmult0\fi720\tx5019\tx5985 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113
sin \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 i\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 =\tab \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex113 0.4962; \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 i\tab \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 ~ 30\par\pard\li3583\sb59\sl-218\slmult0\fi0
\tx4303 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 9.23\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Two
identical prisms made of the same glass placed with their\par\pard\qj \
li4303\ri1128\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 bases on opposit
e sides (of the incident white light) and faces \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x105 touching (or parallel) will neither deviate nor disperse, but will mearly \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 produce a parallel displacement of the beam. \par\pa
rd\ql \li4303\ri1128\sb79\sl-228\slmult0\tx4723\tx4723\tx4723\tx4723\tx4723 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex112 (a ) To deviate without dispersion, choose, say,
the first prism \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 to be of crown glass
, and take for the second prism a flint \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex115 glass prism of suitably chosen refracting angle (smaller than \line \tab
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 that of crown glass prism because the flint
glass prism \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 disperses more) so that d
ispersion due to the first is nullified \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111
by the second. \par\pard\ql \li4303\ri1128\sb94\sl-226\slmult0\tx4723\tx4723\t
x4723\tx4723\tx4723\tx4723 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 (b) To disperse witho
ut deviation, increase the angle of flint \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex118 glass prism (i.e., try flint glass prisms of greater and greater \line \t
ab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 angle) so that deviations due to the two
prisms are equal \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 and opposite. (The f
lint glass prism angle will still be smaller \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x120 than that of crown glass because flint glass has higher \line \tab
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 refractive index than that of crown glass).
Because of the \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 adjustments involved
for so many colours, these are not \par\pard\li1466\sb0\sl-198\slmult0\fi
0\tx4723 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs22 536\tab \dn3 \
expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 meant to be precise arrangeme
nts for the purpose required.
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft6098\shptop10649\shpright5985\shpbottom10649\shpfhdr0\s
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}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12060\paperh16040\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart P
g4}{\bkmkend Pg4}\par\pard\ql \li8169\sb0\sl-345\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li8169\sb0
\sl-345\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li8169\sb0\sl-345\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li8169\sb0\s
l-345\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li8169\sb135\sl-345\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
99 \ul0\nosupersub\cf24\f25\fs30 Answers \par\pard\ql \li1279\sb0\sl-218\slmult0
\par\pard\ql\li1279\sb82\sl-218\slmult0\tx1999 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 9.24 \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 To see objects a
t infinity\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 , \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 the eye us
es its least converging power \par\pard\qj \li1999\ri3429\sb16\sl-226\slmult
0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 = (40+20) dioptres = 60 dioptres. This gives
a rough idea of the distance \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 between the retina and
cornea-eye lens: (5/3) cm. To focus an object \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 at t
he near point (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 u\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = -2
5 cm)\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 , \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 on the retina (\
ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 v \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 5/3 cm), the focal
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 length should be \par\pard\ql \li2827\sb0\sl-126\sl
mult0 \par\pard\ql\li2827\sb51\sl-126\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0
\nosupersub\cf33\f34\fs11 \u8722? \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\
cf31\f32\fs11 1\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw2104\colsr20\colno2
\colw262\colsr40\colno3\colw9504\colsr160\qj \li2035\ri0\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex80 \ul0\nosupersub\cf34\f35\fs19 \u9121? \line \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex80 \u9123?\par\pard\column \ql \li75\sb0\sl-171\slmult0 \up0 \expnd
tw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf32\f33\fs19 1\par\pard\ql \li20\sb7\sl-218\
slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 25\par\pard\column \ql \li183\sb0\sl-171\sl
mult0\tx808 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 3 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex80 \ul0\nos
upersub\cf34\f35\fs19 \u9124? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 \ul0\nosupersub\
cf32\f33\fs19 25\par\pard\ql \li20\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\tx325\tx632\tx1081 \up0 \e
xpndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf34\f35\fs19 +\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex80 \u9126? \tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 =\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf32\f33\fs19 cm\par\pard\ql \li181\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\tx79
8 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 5\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 16 \par\pard\
sect\sectd\sbknone \qj \li1999\ri3429\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 corresponding to a converging power of 64 di
optres\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 . \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 The power of the
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 eye lens then is (64 - 40) dioptres = 24
dioptres. The range of \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 accommodation of the eye
-lens is roughly 20 to 24 dioptres. \par\pard\ql \li1279\sb16\sl-218\slmult0\tx1
999 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex135 9.25 \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 No, a pe
rson may have normal ability of accommodation of the eye-\par\pard\qj \li1999\ri
3429\sb14\sl-228\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 lens and yet may be myopic
or hypermetropic. Myopia arises when \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 the eye-ball
from front to back gets too elongated; hypermetropia \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex11
6 arises when it gets too shortened. In practice, in addition, the eye \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex113 lens may also lose some of its ability of accommodation\ul0\
nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 . \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 When the \up0 \expndtw0\cha

rscalex109 eyeball has the normal length but the eye lens loses partia
lly its \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 ability of accommodation (as happens with
increasing age for any \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 normal eye), the \u8216?de
fect\u8217? is called presbyopia and is corrected in the \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex112 same manner as hypermetropia. \par\pard\ql \li1279\sb61\sl-218\slmult0\tx1
999 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 9.26 \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 The far
point of the person is 100 cm\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 , \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f
7\fs19 while his near point may have \par\pard\qj \li1999\ri3427\sb0\sl-230\slmu
lt0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 been normal (about 25 cm). Objects at infinity
produce virtual image \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 at 100 cm (using specta
cles). To view closer objects i.e.\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 , \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf6\f7\fs19 those which \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 are (or whose image
s using the spectacles are) between 100 cm and \par\pard\qj \li1999\ri3428\sb3\s
l-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 25 cm, the person uses the ability of
accommodation of his eye-lens. \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 This ability
usually gets partially lost in old age (presbyopia). The \line \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex115 near point of the person recedes to 50 cm. To view objects at 25 cm
\par\pard\ql \li1999\sb20\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 clearly,
the person needs converging lens of power + 2 dioptres. \par\pard\ql \li1279\sb
63\sl-218\slmult0\tx1999 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 9.27 \tab \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex113 The defect (called astigmatism) arises because the curvature of th
e \par\pard\qj \li1999\ri3429\sb0\sl-233\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 co
rnea plus eye-lens refracting system is not the same in different \line \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex120 planes. [The eye-lens is usually spherical i.e.\ul0\n
osupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 , \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 has the same \line \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex110 curvature on different planes but the cornea is no
t spherical
in \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 case of an astigmatic eye.
]\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 In the present case\ul
0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 , \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 the curvature in the \lin
e \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 vertical plane is enough, so sharp images of vert
ical lines can be \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 formed on the retina. B
ut the curvature is insufficient in the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112
horizontal plane, so horizontal lines appear blurred. The defect can \line \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex108 be corrected by using a cylindrical lens with its axis
along the vertical. \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Clearly\ul0\nosupersub\cf
8\f9\fs19 , \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 parallel rays in the vertical plane
will suffer no extra \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 refraction, but tho
se in the horizontal plane can get the required \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
09 extra convergence due to refraction by the curved surface of the \l
ine \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 cylindrical lens if the curvature of the cylind
rical surface is chosen \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 appropriately. \par\p
ard\li1279\sb0\sl-218\slmult0\par\pard\li1279\sb39\sl-218\slmult0\fi0\tx1999\tx4
279\tx4589\tx4920\tx5080 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 9.28\tab \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex109 (a) Closest distance =\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosu
persub\cf35\f36\fs19 41\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex102 cm\tab \dn2 \expndtw-5\
charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf36\f37\fs19 \u8776?\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscale
x115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf35\f36\fs19 42\t \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex115 cm\par\pard
\ql \li4433\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 6 \par\pard\ql \li2
419\sb75\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19
Farthest distance = 5 cm \par\pard\qj \li1999\ri3430\sb61\sl-220\slmult0\tx24
19 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 (b) Maximum angular magnification = [25/(2
5/6)] = 6\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 . \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 Minimum \li
ne\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 angular magnification = (25/5) = 5 \par\
pard\li1279\sb173\sl-218\slmult0\fi1178\tx2787\tx3192 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
17 \ul0\nosupersub\cf37\f38\fs19 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 1\tab \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex117 1\par\pard\li1279\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\fi0\tx1999\tx2628\tx
2978 \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 9.29\tab \dn3 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex117 (a)\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf39\f4
0\fs19 +\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 =\par\pard\li2419\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\f
i40\tx2791\tx3129 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf38\f39\fs19 v\t

ab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf37\f38\fs19 9\tab \up0 \expndt

w0\charscalex109 10\par\pard\li2419\sb14\sl-218\slmult0\fi0\tx3079 \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 i.e.,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
09 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 v\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = - 90 cm,\par\pard
\li2419\sb10\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx10185 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Magnitude o
f magnification = 90/9 = 10.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf2\f3\fs22 537
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft2572\shptop3982\shpright2702\shpbottom3982\shpfhdr0\shp
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft4426\shptop12712\shpright4557\shpbottom12712\shpfhdr0\s
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft2459\shptop14164\shpright2578\shpbottom14164\shpfhdr0\s
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft2782\shptop14164\shpright2913\shpbottom14164\shpfhdr0\s
hpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz500\shplid17{\sp{\sn shapeType
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft3143\shptop14164\shpright3363\shpbottom14164\shpfhdr0\s
hpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz500\shplid18{\sp{\sn shapeType
}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn l
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}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12060\paperh16040\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart P
g5}{\bkmkend Pg5}\par\pard\ql \li2560\sb0\sl-460\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2560\sb0
\sl-460\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2560\sb0\sl-460\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2560\sb80\
sl-460\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs40 Physics \
par\pard\qj \li4723\ri1128\sb222\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 Each square in the virtual image has an area 10 10 1
mm\ul0\super\cf16\f17\fs18 2 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7
\fs19 = 100 mm\ul0\super\cf16\f17\fs18 2 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 1 cm\ul0\
super\cf16\f17\fs18 2 \par\pard\ql \li4303\sb59\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 (b) Magnifying power = 25/9 = 2.8 \par
\pard\ql \li4303\ri1128\sb34\sl-228\slmult0\tx4723\tx4723\tx4723\tx4723\tx4723\t
x4723\tx4723 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 (c) No, magnification of an image by
a lens and angular magnification \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 (or mag
nifying power) of an optical instrument are two separate \line \tab \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex118 things. The latter is the ratio of the angular size of the obje
ct \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 (which is equal to the angular size o
f the image even if the image \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 is magnifi
ed) to the angular size of the object if placed at the near \line \tab \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex107 point (25 cm). Thus, magnification magnitude is |(\ul0
\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 v\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 /\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs1
9 u\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 )| and \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105
magnifying power is ( 25/ |\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 u\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\f
s19 |). Only when the image is located at \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex10
6 the near point |\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 v\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 | = 2
5 cm, are the two quantities equal.\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\col
w4143\colsr160\colno2\colw7617\colsr160\ql \li3583\sb68\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex137 9.30\par\pard\ql \li3583\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li
3583\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3583\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li
3583\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3583\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li
3583\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3583\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li
3583\sb173\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 9.31\par\pard\ql \li3583\
sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3583\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3583\
sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3583\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3583\
sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3583\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3583\
sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3583\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3583\
sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3583\sb177\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex137 9.32\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb68\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\char

scalex113 (a) Maximum magnifying power is obtained when the image is at\par\pa
rd\ql \li440\sb11\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 the near point (25
cm)\par\pard\ql \li440\sb59\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\no
supersub\cf7\f8\fs19 u\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = - 7.14 cm.\par\pard\ql \l
i20\sb59\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 (b) Magnitude of magnific
ation = (25/ |\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 u\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 |) = 3.
5.\par\pard\ql \li20\sb59\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 (c) Magn
ifying power \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 = 3.5\par\pard\ql \li440\sb59\sl-218\s
lmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Yes, the magnifying power (when the image is
produced at 25 cm)\par\pard\ql \li440\sb11\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex112 is equal to the magnitude of magnification.\par\pard\ql \li20\sb139\sl-2
18\slmult0\tx1765\tx2659 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 Magnification \up0 \expndt
w-3\charscalex100 =\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf40\f41\f
s19 ( \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 625 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 /1 )\tab \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 2.5\par\pard\ql \li39\sb
111\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 v \u
l0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = +2.5\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 u\par\pard\ql \li632
\sb124\sl-218\slmult0\tx1129\tx1551 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf40\f41\fs19 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charsc
alex100 1\par\pard\ql \li334\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\tx961\tx1328 \up0 \expndtw-5\cha
rscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf41\f42\fs19 +\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \u8
722? \tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 =\par\pard\ql \li495\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\
tx1486 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex141 \ul0\nosupersub\cf40\f41\fs19 25 \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex124 .\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs19 u u\tab \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf40\f41\fs19 10\par\pard\ql \li20\sb73\sl-218\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 i.e.,\ul0\nosupersub\c
f7\f8\fs19 u \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = - 6 cm\par\pard\ql \li20\sb58\sl-218\
slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 |\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 v\ul0\nosupers
ub\cf6\f7\fs19 | = 15 cm\par\pard\qj \li20\ri1080\sb51\sl-227\slmult0 \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex112 The virtual image is closer than the normal near point (25
cm) and \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 cannot be seen by the eye distinctly.\par\p
ard\ql \li20\sb57\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 (a) Even though
the absolute image size is bigger than the object\par\pard\ql \li440\sb11\sl-218
\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 size\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 , \ul0\nos
upersub\cf6\f7\fs19 the angular size of the image is equal to the angular size o
f\par\pard\ql \li440\sb11\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 the object
. The magnifier helps in the following way: without it\par\pard\ql \li440\sb11\s
l-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 object would be placed no closer than
25 cm; with it the object\par\pard\ql \li440\sb11\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex112 can be placed much closer. The closer object has larger angular
\par\pard\ql \li440\sb11\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 size than t
he same object at 25 cm. It is in this sense that angular\par\pard\ql \li440\sb1
1\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 magnification is achieved.\par\par
d\ql \li20\sb59\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 (b) Yes, it decrea
ses a little because the angle subtended at the eye\par\pard\ql \li440\sb11\sl-2
18\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 is then slightly less than the angle sub
tended at the lens. The\par\pard\ql \li440\sb11\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex112 effect is negligible if the image is at a very large distance away.\
par\pard\ql \li440\sb11\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 [\ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf7\f8\fs19 Note:\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 When the eye is separate
d from the lens\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 , \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 the
angles\par\pard\ql \li440\sb11\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 subt
ended at the eye by the first object and its image are not\par\pard\ql \li440\sb
11\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 equal.]\par\pard\ql \li20\sb59\sl
-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 (c) First, grinding lens of very sma
ll focal length is not easy. More\par\pard\ql \li440\sb11\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex106 important, if you decrease focal length, aberrations (both
spherical\par\pard\ql \li440\sb11\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 a
nd chromatic ) become more pronounced. So, in practice, you\par\pard\ql \li440\s
b11\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 cannot get a magnifying power

of more than 3 or so with a simple\par\pard\ql \li440\sb11\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \

expndtw0\charscalex107 convex lens. However, using an aberration corrected lens
system,\par\pard\ql \li440\sb11\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 one
can increase this limit by a factor of 10 or so.\par\pard\ql \li20\sb60\sl-218\s
lmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 (d) Angular magnification of eye-piece is
[( 25/\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 f\ul0\sub\cf16\f17\fs19 e\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f
7\fs19 ) + 1] (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 f\ul0\sub\cf16\f17\fs19 e \ul0\nosu
persub\cf6\f7\fs19 in cm ) which\par\pard\ql \li440\sb11\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex113 increases if \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 f\ul0\sub\cf16\f17
\fs19 e \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 is smaller. Further, magnification of the ob
jective\par\pard\ql \li1781\sb128\sl-230\slmult0\tx1994\tx3008 \up0 \expndtw-2\c
harscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf44\f45\fs20 v\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf42\f43\fs13 O\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf43\f44\fs20 1\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols4\colno1\colw4563\colsr160\coln
o2\colw1461\colsr20\colno3\colw131\colsr20\colno4\colw5585\colsr160\ql \li1466\s
b94\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs22 538\
par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb5\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\n
osupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 is given by\par\pard\ql \li1222\sb0\sl-180\slmult0 \up0 \e
xpndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf43\f44\fs20 | \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf44\f45\fs20 u\par\pard\column \ql \li6194\sb0\sl-114\slmul
t0 \par\pard\ql \li6194\sb0\sl-114\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb0\sl-114\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf42\f43\fs13 O\par\pard\column \
ql \li176\sb0\sl-180\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf45\
f46\fs20 =\par\pard\ql \li20\sb0\sl-180\slmult0\tx366\tx834\tx1362 \up0 \expndtw
-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf43\f44\fs20 |\tab \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex1
00 (| \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf44\f45\fs20 u\tab \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf43\f44\fs20 |/ \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex1
00 \ul0\nosupersub\cf44\f45\fs20 f\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf43\f44\fs20 ) \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf45\f46\fs20
\u8722? \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf43\f44\fs20 1\par\pard\
ql \li690\sb0\sl-114\slmult0\tx1230 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf42\f43\fs13 O\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 O
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{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
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{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,190);(190,190);(190,0);(0,0)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft175\shptop0\shpright175\shpbottom171\shpfhdr0\shpbxpage
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{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineWidth}{
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft0\shptop166\shpright170\shpbottom166\shpfhdr0\shpbxpage
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft180\shptop15862\shpright180\shpbottom16040\shpfhdr0\shp
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft1310\shptop14656\shpright2030\shpbottom15002\shpfhdr0\s
hpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz65\shplid13
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
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{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft5927\shptop7136\shpright5949\shpbottom7121\shpfhdr0\shp
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft5949\shptop7128\shpright5978\shpbottom7198\shpfhdr0\shp
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft5985\shptop6972\shpright6823\shpbottom7198\shpfhdr0\shp
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft4763\shptop7904\shpright5191\shpbottom7904\shpfhdr0\shp
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft5392\shptop7904\shpright5544\shpbottom7904\shpfhdr0\shp
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft5774\shptop7904\shpright6009\shpbottom7904\shpfhdr0\shp
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft5964\shptop14650\shpright6420\shpbottom14650\shpfhdr0\s
hpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz587\shplid20{\sp{\sn shapeType
}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn l
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft6676\shptop14650\shpright8027\shpbottom14650\shpfhdr0\s
hpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz587\shplid21{\sp{\sn shapeType
}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn l
ineWidth}{\sv 7838}}
}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12060\paperh16040\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart P
g6}{\bkmkend Pg6}\par\pard\ql \li8169\sb0\sl-345\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li8169\sb0
\sl-345\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li8169\sb0\sl-345\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li8169\sb0\s
l-345\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li8169\sb135\sl-345\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
99 \ul0\nosupersub\cf24\f25\fs30 Answers\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno
1\colw4755\colsr20\colno2\colw7145\colsr160\ql \li2419\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\p
ard\ql \li2419\sb138\sl-218\slmult0\tx4601 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nos
upersub\cf6\f7\fs19 which is large when \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf47\f48\fs25 | \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf48\f4
9\fs18 u \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf46\f47\fs11 O\par\pard\
column \ql \li2419\sb0\sl-287\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb20\sl-287\slmult0 \up
0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf47\f48\fs25 | \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 is slightly greater than \ul0\nosupersub\cf7
\f8\fs19 f\ul0\sub\cf16\f17\fs19 O\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 . The micro-\par\p
ard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw7067\colsr20\colno2\colw4833\colsr160\ql
\li2419\sb83\sl-218\slmult0\tx6911 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 scope is used f
or viewing very close object. So \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\c
f50\f51\fs25 | \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf51\f52\fs18
u \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf49\f50\fs11 O\par\pard\ql \li2
419\sb51\sl-206\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19
so is \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 f\ul0\sub\cf16\f17\fs19 O\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\
f7\fs19 .\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb33\sl-287\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscal
ex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf50\f51\fs25 | \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf6\f7\fs19 is small, and \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \ql \li1999\ri3427\sb2
7\sl-228\slmult0\tx2419\tx2419\tx2419\tx2419\tx2419\tx2419\tx2419\tx2419\tx2419\
tx2419\tx2419\tx2419 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 (e) The image of the objecti
ve in the eye-piece is known as \u8216?eye-ring\u8217?. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex109 All the rays from the object refracted by objective go through th
e \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 eye-ring. Therefore, it is an ideal po
sition for our eyes for viewing. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 If we p

lace our eyes too close to the eye-piece\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 , \ul0\nosup

ersub\cf6\f7\fs19 we shall not collect \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 m
uch of the light and also reduce our field of view. If we position \line \tab \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 our eyes on the eye-ring and the area of the pupil of
our eye is \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 greater or equal to the area
of the eye-ring, our eyes will collect \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116
all the light refracted by the objective. The precise location of \line \tab \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 the eye-ring naturally depends on the separation betwe
en the \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 objective and the eye-piece. When
you view through a microscope \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 by placin
g your eyes on one end,the ideal distance between the \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\
charscalex117 eyes and eye -piece is usually built -in the design of th
e \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 instrument. \par\pard\li1279\sb64\sl-2
18\slmult0\fi0\tx1999 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 9.33\tab \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex112 Assume microscope in normal use i.e., image at 25 cm\ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf8\f9\fs19 . \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 Angular\par\pard\li1279\sb11\sl-2
18\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 magnification of the eye-piece\par
\pard\ql \li2272\sb132\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf40\f41\fs19 25 \par\pard\li1999\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\fi0\tx2565\tx2846\tx3007
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 =\tab \up0 \expndtw-7\
charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf41\f42\fs19 +\t \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \u
l0\nosupersub\cf40\f41\fs19 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\
cf41\f42\fs19 =\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf40\f41\fs19 6
\par\pard\ql \li2330\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 5 \par\par
d\ql \li1999\sb11\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
6\f7\fs19 Magnification of the objective \par\pard\ql \li2268\sb163\sl-218\slmul
t0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf52\f53\fs19 30\par\pard\sect\s
ectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw2552\colsr20\colno2\colw323\colsr40\colno3\colw899
5\colsr160\ql \li1999\sb0\sl-171\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosu
persub\cf6\f7\fs19 =\par\pard\ql \li2327\sb0\sl-171\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\char
scalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf52\f53\fs19 6\par\pard\ql \li2155\sb101\sl-218\slmul
t0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf55\f56\fs19 1\par\pard\ql \li
2452\sb0\sl-171\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf57\f58\f
s19 \u8722?\par\pard\ql \li2037\sb0\sl-144\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100
\ul0\nosupersub\cf55\f56\fs19 5 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
56\f57\fs19 u \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf54\f55\fs11 O\par\
pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-171\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosu
persub\cf53\f54\fs19 = \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf52\f53\fs
19 5\par\pard\ql \li2603\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li119\sb54\sl-218\slmu
lt0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf55\f56\fs19 1\par\pard\ql \l
i51\sb51\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf56\f57\fs
19 u \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf54\f55\fs11 O\par\pard\colu
mn \ql \li2925\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2925\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\p
ard\ql \li330\sb7\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\c
f55\f56\fs19 1\par\pard\ql \li20\sb0\sl-171\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex10
0 \ul0\nosupersub\cf57\f58\fs19 =\par\pard\ql \li176\sb0\sl-171\slmult0 \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex122 \ul0\nosupersub\cf55\f56\fs19 1.25 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbk
none \ql \li1999\sb101\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf6\f7\fs19 which gives \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 u\ul0\sub\cf16\f17\fs19
O\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = -1.5 cm; \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 v\ul0\sub
\cf16\f17\fs19 0\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 7.5 cm\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19
.\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 \ul0\nosupersub\cf58\f59\fs20 | \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex123 \ul0\nosupersub\cf59\f60\fs20 u\ul0\sub\cf60\f61\fs18 e \up0 \expndtw
-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf58\f59\fs20 | \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \u
l0\nosupersub\cf61\f62\fs20 =\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7
\fs19 (25/6) cm = 4.17 cm. The \par\pard\ql \li1999\sb43\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex108 separation between the objective and the eye-piece should b
e (7.5 + \par\pard\qj \li1999\ri3430\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex108 4.17) cm = 11.67 cm. Further the object should be placed 1.5 cm from \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex109 the objective to obtain the desired magnification. \par

\pard\li1279\sb55\sl-218\slmult0\fi0\tx1999 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 9.34\ta

b \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 (a)\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19
m\ul0\nosupersu
b\cf6\f7\fs19 = (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 f\ul0\sub\cf16\f17\fs19 O\ul0\nos
upersub\cf6\f7\fs19 /\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 f\ul0\sub\cf16\f17\fs19 e\ul0\n
osupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 ) = 28\par\pard\li1279\sb0\sl-218\slmult0\par\pard\li1279
\sb50\sl-218\slmult0\fi1627\tx3151\tx3554\tx3770 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf65\f66\fs19 f\tab \dn3 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf66\f67\fs19 \u9121?\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf65\f6
6\fs19 f\t \dn2 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf62\f63\fs11 O\tab \dn
3 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf66\f67\fs19 \u9124?\par\pard\sect\s
ectd\sbknone\cols4\colno1\colw3111\colsr40\colno2\colw334\colsr40\colno3\colw245
\colsr20\colno4\colw8150\colsr160\ql \li1999\sb0\sl-153\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 (b)\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19
m\ul0
\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = \ul0\super\cf62\f63\fs17\ul0\super\cf62\f63\fs16 O\
par\pard\ql \li2918\sb0\sl-155\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf65\f66\fs19 f \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf64\f65\fs11
e\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb1\sl-195\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex57 \ul0
\nosupersub\cf66\f67\fs19 \u9123? \ul0\nosupersub\cf63\f64\fs19 1 \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf66\f67\fs19 +\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb90\s
l-171\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf63\f64\fs19 25\par\
pard\column \ql \li20\sb1\sl-195\slmult0\tx211 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex80 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf66\f67\fs19 \u9126? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 33.6 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1279\sb28\sl-218\slmult0\f
i0\tx1999 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 9.35\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 (a)
\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19
f\ul0\sub\cf16\f17\fs19 O \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\
fs19 + \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 f\ul0\sub\cf16\f17\fs19 e\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\
f7\fs19 = 145 cm\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1279\sb76\sl-218\slmult0\fi720
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 (b) Angle subtended by the tower = (100/3000) = (
1/30) rad\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 .\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1279\sb78\
sl-218\slmult0\fi1140 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 A
ngle subtended by the image produced by the objective\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknon
e \li1279\sb199\sl-218\slmult0\fi1140\tx2743\tx3004\tx3275 \dn3 \expndtw0\charsc
alex111 =\tab \up3 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf56\f57\fs19 h\tab \
dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf57\f58\fs19 =\tab \up3 \expndtw0\c
harscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf56\f57\fs19 h\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\c
olno1\colw3000\colsr160\colno2\colw8760\colsr160\ql \li2736\sb13\sl-218\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 f \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
54\f55\fs11 O\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb13\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex122 \ul0\nosupersub\cf55\f56\fs19 140 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \ql \li2
419\sb133\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs1
9 Equating the two, \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 h\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19
= 4.7 cm. \par\pard\qj \li2011\ri3429\sb81\sl-220\slmult0\tx2419 \up0 \expndtw0\
charscalex105 (c) Magnification (magnitude) of the eye-piece = 6. Heigh
t of the \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 final image (magnitude) = 28 c
m. \par\pard\ql \li1279\sb82\sl-218\slmult0\tx1999 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex135
9.36 \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 The image formed by the larger (concave)
mirror acts as virtual object \par\pard\qj \li1999\ri3426\sb0\sl-233\slmult0 \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 for the smaller (convex) mirror. Parallel rays coming
from the object \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 at infinity will focus at a
distance of 110 mm from the larger mirror. \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Th
e distance of virtual object for the smaller mirror = (110 - 20) = \line \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 90 mm. The focal length of smaller mirror is 70 mm. Us
ing the mirror \par\pard\li1999\sb1\sl-251\slmult0\fi0\tx10185 \dn2 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex111 formula, image is formed at 315 mm from the smaller mirror.\tab \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs22 539
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft16\shptop0\shpright12059\shpbottom1372\shpfhdr0\shpbxpa
ge\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz5\shplid0
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
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{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,1372);(12043,1372);(12043,0);(0,0)}}

{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}
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{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 159856
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft16\shptop1292\shpright12059\shpbottom1366\shpfhdr0\shpb
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{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
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{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 129512
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft1\shptop1112\shpright10334\shpbottom1186\shpfhdr0\shpbx
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{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
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{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 145339
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft6790\shptop7\shpright10750\shpbottom2242\shpfhdr0\shpbx
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{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
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{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 134217
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft6780\shptop2222\shpright10740\shpbottom2266\shpfhdr0\sh
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{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
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{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 500026
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft11894\shptop164\shpright12059\shpbottom164\shpfhdr0\shp
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v 20}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineW
idth}{\sv 15201}}
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft11904\shptop15860\shpright11904\shpbottom16040\shpfhdr0
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ineWidth}{\sv 15201}}
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft11894\shptop15872\shpright12059\shpbottom15872\shpfhdr0
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ineWidth}{\sv 15201}}
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft11906\shptop0\shpright11906\shpbottom166\shpfhdr0\shpbx
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20}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineWid
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}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft10030\shptop14656\shpright10750\shpbottom15002\shpfhdr0
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{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
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{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,346);(720,346);(720,0);(0,0)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}
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{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 159856
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft0\shptop0\shpright0\shpbottom164\shpfhdr0\shpbxpage\shp
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft4\shptop15862\shpright4\shpbottom16039\shpfhdr0\shpbxpa
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft2258\shptop7164\shpright2517\shpbottom7164\shpfhdr0\shp
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft2258\shptop8093\shpright2510\shpbottom8093\shpfhdr0\shp
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft2035\shptop8734\shpright2400\shpbottom8734\shpfhdr0\shp
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft2608\shptop8734\shpright2860\shpbottom8734\shpfhdr0\shp
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft3096\shptop8734\shpright3501\shpbottom8734\shpfhdr0\shp
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft2863\shptop10892\shpright3110\shpbottom10892\shpfhdr0\s
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft3508\shptop10892\shpright3758\shpbottom10892\shpfhdr0\s
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft2692\shptop12416\shpright2940\shpbottom12416\shpfhdr0\s
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}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft3175\shptop12416\shpright3523\shpbottom12416\shpfhdr0\s
hpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz689\shplid20{\sp{\sn shapeType
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ineWidth}{\sv 7110}}
}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12060\paperh16040\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart P
g7}{\bkmkend Pg7}\par\pard\ql \li2560\sb0\sl-460\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2560\sb0
\sl-460\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2560\sb0\sl-460\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2560\sb80\
sl-460\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs40 Physics \
par\pard\ql \li3604\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3604\sb2\sl-218\slmult0\tx
4324 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 9.37 \tab \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex112 The reflected rays get deflected by twice the angle of rota
tion of the \par\pard\ql \li4324\sb23\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex11
3 mirror. Therefore, \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 d\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 /1
.5 = tan 7. Hence \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 d\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 18.
4 cm. \par\pard\li3604\sb102\sl-218\slmult0\fi0\tx4324 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
124 9.38\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 n\ul0\nosu
persub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 1.33\par\pard\ql \li3604\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\l
i3604\sb178\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\f
s26 C\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs18 HAPTER\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs26 10\par\pard\
sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw4164\colsr160\colno2\colw7596\colsr160\ql \l
i3604\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3604\sb54\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex137 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 10.1\par\pard\ql \li3604\sb0\sl-218\s
lmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3604\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3604\sb0\sl-218\s
lmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3604\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3604\sb0\sl-218\s
lmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3604\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3604\sb166\sl-218
\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 10.2\par\pard\ql \li3604\sb0\sl-218\slmult
0 \par\pard\ql \li3604\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3604\sb0\sl-218\slmult
0 \par\pard\ql \li3604\sb183\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 10.3\pa
r\pard\column \ql \li4324\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb54\sl-218\slmu
lt0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 (a) Reflected light: (wavelength, frequency,
speed same as incident\par\pard\ql \li440\sb15\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex106 light)\par\pard\ql \li440\sb136\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u955?\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 \ul0\nosu
persub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 589 nm, \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u957?\ul0\nosupersub
\cf6\f7\fs19 = 5.09 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 10\
ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 14\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 H
z, \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 c\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 3.00 \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf8\f9\fs19 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super
\cf67\f68\fs16 8\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 m s\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\sup
er\cf67\f68\fs16 -1\par\pard\ql \li20\sb134\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 (b) Refracted light: (frequency same a
s the incident frequency)\par\pard\ql \li440\sb15\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u957? \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19

= 5.09\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 10\ul0\super\cf67

\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 14\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 Hz\par\pard\ql \
li440\sb16\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs
19 v = \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 c/n\ul0\nosupers
ub\cf6\f7\fs19 ) = 2.26 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 8\ul0
\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 m s\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 -1\
ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 , \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u955? \ul0\nosupersub\
cf6\f7\fs19 = (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 v/\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u957?
)\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 444 nm\par\pard\ql \li20\sb73\sl-218\slmult0 \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 (a) Spherical\par\pard\ql \li20\sb16\sl-218\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 (b) Plane\par\pard\ql \li20\sb16\sl-218\slmult0 \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 (c) Plane (a small area on the surface of a large
sphere is nearly\par\pard\ql \li440\sb14\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex114 planar).\par\pard\ql \li20\sb140\sl-218\slmult0\tx445 \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex105 (a)\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 2.0 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\u
l0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 8 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 m s\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17
\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 -1\par\pard\ql \li20\sb23\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 (b) No. The refractive index, a
nd hence the speed of light in a\par\pard\ql \li440\sb23\sl-218\slmult0 \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 medium , depends on wavelength . [When no part
icular\par\pard\ql \li440\sb23\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 wavel
ength or colour of light is specified, we may take the given\par\pard\ql \li440\
sb23\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 refractive index to refer to ye
llow colour.] Now we know violet\par\pard\ql \li440\sb23\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex108 colour deviates more than red in a glass prism, i.
e. \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 n\ul0\sub\cf68\f69\fs16 v\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\
fs19 >
n\ul0\sub\cf68\f69\fs16 r\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 .\par\pard\ql \
li440\sb23\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Therefore, the violet com
ponent of white light travels slower than\par\pard\ql \li440\sb23\sl-218\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 the red component.\par\pard\ql \li3604\sb0\sl-138\
slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1057\sb95\sl-138\slmult0\tx2171 \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf71\f72\fs12 \u8211? 2\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 3\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw4264\colsr60\colno2\colw7596\cols
r160\ql \li3604\sb55\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf6\f7\fs19 10.4\par\pard\ql \li3604\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3604\sb
184\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 10.5\par\pard\ql \li3604\sb136\s
l-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 10.6\par\pard\ql \li3604\sb136\sl-218
\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 10.7\par\pard\ql \li3604\sb133\sl-218\slmu
lt0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 10.8\par\pard\ql \li3604\sb136\sl-218\slmult0 \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 10.9\par\pard\qj \li3604\ri0\sb0\sl-422\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex137 10.10 \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 10.11\par\pard
\column \ql \li395\sb0\sl-180\slmult0\tx1237 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex136 \ul0\n
osupersub\cf70\f71\fs20 12 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf69\f7
0\fs20 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf70\f71\fs20 10\tab \up0 \e
xpndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf69\f70\fs20 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex13
5 \ul0\nosupersub\cf70\f71\fs20 028 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf69\f70\fs20 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf70\f71\fs20 10\pa
r\pard\ql \li40\sb0\sl-180\slmult0\tx2431 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosu
persub\cf69\f70\fs20 \u955? =\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\c
f6\f7\fs19 m = 600 nm\par\pard\ql \li1100\sb0\sl-180\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf70\f71\fs20 4 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nos
upersub\cf69\f70\fs20 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex136 \ul0\nosupersub\cf70\f71\fs20
14\par\pard\ql \li20\sb136\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nos
upersub\cf6\f7\fs19 K/4\par\pard\ql \li20\sb136\sl-218\slmult0\tx1465 \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex110 (a) 1.17 mm\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 (b) 1.56 mm\par\
pard\ql \li20\sb136\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 0.15\par\pard\ql
\li20\sb134\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 tan\ul0\super\cf67\f68\f
s17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 -1\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 (1.5) ~ 56.3\ul0\super
\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 o\par\pard\ql \li20\sb135\sl-218\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 5000 , 6 10\ul0\super\cf

67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 14 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 Hz; 45\par\par

d\ql \li20\sb136\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 40 m\par\pard\ql \l
i2344\sb52\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11
\fs19 v\par\pard\ql \li20\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\tx2507 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111
\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 Use the formula \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u955?\
u8242?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 - \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u955?\ul0\nosu
persub\cf6\f7\fs19 =\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf41\f42
\fs19 \u955?\par\pard\ql \li2346\sb0\sl-171\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex10
0 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs19 c\par\pard\ql \li1816\sb87\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \
expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf40\f41\fs19 3 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscal
ex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf41\f42\fs19 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf40\f41\fs19 10 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\super\cf72\f73\fs18 8\ul0\no
supersub\cf41\f42\fs19 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf40\f41\fs
19 15\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw4264\colsr60\colno2\colw7596\
colsr160\ql \li3604\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3604\sb217\sl-218\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 10.12\par\pard\ql \li1
466\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1466\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1
466\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1466\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1
466\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1466\sb11\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs22 540\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-17
1\slmult0\tx2899 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 i.e.,
\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 v \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = \ul0\nosupersub\cf10
\f11\fs19 c \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf40\f41\fs19 ( \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf41\f42\fs19 \u955?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\
f11\fs19 '\ul0\nosupersub\cf41\f42\fs19 \u8722? \u955?) \up0 \expndtw-3\charscal
ex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 =\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 = 6.86 10\u
l0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 5\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 m s
\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 -1\par\pard\ql \li800\sb0\sl-17
1\slmult0\tx2073 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf41\f42\fs19 \u9
55? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf40\f41\fs19 6563\par\par
d\qj \li20\ri1061\sb81\sl-232\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf6\f7\fs19 In corpuscular (particle) picture of refraction, particles
of light \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 incident from a rarer to a denser
medium experience a force of \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 attraction normal
to the surface. This results in an increase in the \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106
normal component of the velocity but the component along the surface \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex115 is unchanged. This means\par\pard\ql \li1904\sb78\sl-218\slmu
lt0\tx2279\tx2658 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs19 v\
tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf40\f41\fs19 sin\tab \up0 \exp
ndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf44\f45\fs20 i\par\pard\ql \li20\sb0\sl-17
1\slmult0\tx2089\tx2814 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19
c \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 sin\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 i \ul0\nosupersub
\cf6\f7\fs19 = \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 v \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 sin \ul
0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 r \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19
or\tab \up0 \expndtw5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf41\f42\fs19 =\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex10
0 = \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs19 n \up0 \expndtw0\
charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf40\f41\fs19 .\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 Since
\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 n > \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 1\ul0\nosupersub\cf7
\f8\fs19 , v \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 > c.\par\pard\ql \li1907\sb0\sl-171\sl
mult0\tx2267\tx2644 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs19
c\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf40\f41\fs19 sin\tab \up0 \e
xpndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs19 r
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft12054\shptop1112\shpright12059\shpbottom1186\shpfhdr0\s
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{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft12060\shptop0\shpright12060\shpbottom164\shpfhdr0\shpbx
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft4\shptop0\shpright12053\shpbottom1372\shpfhdr0\shpbxpag
e\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz23\shplid2
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
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{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 159856
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}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft1714\shptop1112\shpright12054\shpbottom1186\shpfhdr0\sh
pbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz26\shplid3
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
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{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,74);(10340,74);(10340,0);(0,0)}}
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{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 145339
90}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft4\shptop1292\shpright12053\shpbottom1366\shpfhdr0\shpbx
page\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz29\shplid4
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
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{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,74);(12049,74);(12049,0);(0,0)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}
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{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 129512
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft1310\shptop0\shpright5270\shpbottom2262\shpfhdr0\shpbxp
age\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz32\shplid5
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
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{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}
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{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 134217
72}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft1310\shptop2244\shpright5270\shpbottom2289\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz35\shplid6

{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{

\sn geoRight}{\sv 3960}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 45}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,45);(3960,45);(3960,0);(0,0)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}
}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 500026
8}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft2024\shptop1774\shpright2214\shpbottom1964\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz48\shplid7
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 190}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 190}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,190);(190,190);(190,0);(0,0)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}
}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 631612
8}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft2124\shptop1864\shpright2314\shpbottom2054\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz51\shplid8
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 190}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 190}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,190);(190,190);(190,0);(0,0)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}
}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 129512
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}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft175\shptop0\shpright175\shpbottom171\shpfhdr0\shpbxpage
\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz61\shplid9{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 20}}
{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineWidth}{
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft0\shptop166\shpright170\shpbottom166\shpfhdr0\shpbxpage
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}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineWidth}
{\sv 15201}}
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft180\shptop15862\shpright180\shpbottom16040\shpfhdr0\shp
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft0\shptop15872\shpright170\shpbottom15872\shpfhdr0\shpbx
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft1310\shptop14656\shpright2030\shpbottom15002\shpfhdr0\s
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{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
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{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,346);(720,346);(720,0);(0,0)}}
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}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 159856
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft4708\shptop9375\shpright6635\shpbottom9375\shpfhdr0\shp
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft5356\shptop11127\shpright5244\shpbottom11127\shpfhdr0\s
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft6638\shptop12173\shpright6765\shpbottom12173\shpfhdr0\s
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft5083\shptop12819\shpright5220\shpbottom12819\shpfhdr0\s
hpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz639\shplid17{\sp{\sn shapeType
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft6110\shptop12802\shpright7089\shpbottom12802\shpfhdr0\s
hpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz706\shplid18{\sp{\sn shapeType
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ineWidth}{\sv 10863}}
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft6199\shptop14698\shpright6328\shpbottom14698\shpfhdr0\s
hpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz834\shplid19{\sp{\sn shapeType
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ineWidth}{\sv 10783}}
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft6556\shptop14698\shpright7053\shpbottom14698\shpfhdr0\s
hpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz834\shplid20{\sp{\sn shapeType
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ineWidth}{\sv 10783}}
}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12060\paperh16040\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart P
g8}{\bkmkend Pg8}\par\pard\ql \li8169\sb0\sl-345\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li8169\sb0
\sl-345\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li8169\sb0\sl-345\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li8169\sb0\s
l-345\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li8169\sb135\sl-345\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
99 \ul0\nosupersub\cf24\f25\fs30 Answers \par\pard\qj \li1999\sb0\sl-240\slmult0
\par\pard\qj\li1999\ri3432\sb42\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 The prediction is \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 opposite\
ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 to the experimental results (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8
\fs19 v\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 < \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 c\ul0\nosuper
sub\cf6\f7\fs19 ). The \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 wave picture of light is co
nsistent with the experiment.\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw10025
\colsr160\colno2\colw1735\colsr160\ql \li1279\sb142\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex137 10.13 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 With the point object at the
centre, draw a circle touching the mirror.\par\pard\ql \li1999\sb19\sl-218\slmul
t0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 This is a plane section of the spherical wavefro
nt from the object\par\pard\ql \li1999\sb16\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex109 that has just reached the mirror. Next draw the locations of
this\par\pard\ql \li1999\sb18\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 same w
avefront after a time \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 t\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19
in the presence of the mirror, and in\par\pard\ql \li1999\sb16\sl-218\slmult0 \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 the absence of the mirror. You will get two arcs symm

etrically located\par\pard\ql \li1999\sb18\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charsca

lex109 on either side of the mirror. Using simple geometry, the centre of the\pa
r\pard\ql \li1999\sb16\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 reflected wav
efront (the image of the object) is seen to be at the same\par\pard\ql \li1999\s
b18\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 distance from the mirror as the
object.\par\pard\ql \li1279\sb136\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 10
.14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 (a) The speed of light in vacuum is a univers
al constant independent\par\pard\ql \li2419\sb13\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex111 of all the factors listed and anything else. In particular, note th
e\par\pard\ql \li2419\sb16\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 surprisin
g fact that it is independent of the relative motion\par\pard\ql \li241
9\sb16\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 between the source and the ob
server. This fact is a basic axiom\par\pard\ql \li2419\sb13\sl-218\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex111 of Einstein\u8217?s special theory of relativity.\par\pa
rd\ql \li1999\sb16\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 (b) Dependence
of the speed of light in a medium:\par\pard\ql \li2419\sb16\sl-218\slmult0\tx283
4 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 (i)\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 does not de
pend on the nature of the source (wave speed is\par\pard\ql \li2839\sb13\sl-218\
slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 determined by the properties of the medium
of propagation.\par\pard\ql \li2839\sb16\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x113 This is also true for other waves, e.g., sound waves, water\par\pard\ql \li
2839\sb16\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 waves, etc.).\par\pard\ql
\li2419\sb13\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 (ii) independent of
the direction of propagation for \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 isotropic\par
\pard\ql \li2839\sb16\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf6\f7\fs19 media.\par\pard\ql \li2419\sb16\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex110 (iii) independent of the motion of the source relative to th
e\par\pard\ql \li2839\sb13\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 medium bu
t depends on the motion of the observer relative\par\pard\ql \li2839\sb16\sl-218
\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 to the medium.\par\pard\ql \li2419\sb16\sl
-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 (iv) depends on wavelength.\par\pard\
ql \li2419\sb13\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 (v) independent o
f intensity. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 [For high intensity beams,\par\par
d\ql \li2839\sb16\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 however, the situa
tion is more complicated and need not\par\pard\ql \li2839\sb16\sl-218\slmult0 \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 concern us here.]\par\pard\ql \li1279\sb13\sl-218\slm
ult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 10.15 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Sound waves
require a medium for propagation. Thus even though\par\pard\ql \li1999\sb16\sl218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 the situations (i) and (ii) may corresp
ond to the same relative motion\par\pard\ql \li1999\sb16\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex115 (between the source and the observer), they are not
identical\par\pard\ql \li1999\sb13\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117
physically since the motion of the observer \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 relati
ve to the medium\par\pard\ql \li1999\sb16\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 is different in the two situations. Ther
efore, we cannot expect\par\pard\ql \li1999\sb16\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex112 Doppler formulas for sound to be identical for (i) and (ii). F
or light\par\pard\ql \li1999\sb8\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 wav
es in vacuum, there is clearly nothing to distinguish between\par\pard\ql \li199
9\sb6\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 (i) and (ii). Here only the re
lative motion between the source and the\par\pard\ql \li1999\sb7\sl-218\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 observer counts and the relativistic Doppler formul
a is the same for\par\pard\ql \li1999\sb8\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex114 (i) and (ii). For light propagation in a medium, once again like for\par\
pard\ql \li1999\sb6\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 sound waves, t
he two situations are \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 not\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\
fs19 identical and we should\par\pard\ql \li1999\sb7\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex112 expect the Doppler formulas for this case to be different f
or the two\par\pard\ql \li1999\sb8\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 s
ituations (i) and (ii).\par\pard\ql \li1279\sb14\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0

\charscalex137 10.16 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 3.4 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17

\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 - 4\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 m.\par\pard\ql \li1279
\sb13\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 10.17 \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x116 (a) The size reduces by half according to the relation: size ~ \ul0\nosu
persub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u955?\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 /d.\par\pard\ql \li2419\sb1
1\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 Intens
ity increases four fold.\par\pard\ql \li1999\sb9\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex110 (b) The intensity of interference fringes in a double-slit arrang
ement\par\pard\ql \li2419\sb11\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 is mo
dulated by the diffraction pattern of each slit.\par\pard\ql \li1999\sb8\sl-218\
slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 (c) Waves diffracted from the edge of the
circular obstacle interfere\par\pard\ql \li2419\sb9\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex115 constructively at the centre of the shadow producing a bright\p
ar\pard\ql \li2419\sb8\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 spot.\par\par
d\ql \li1999\sb9\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 (d) For diffracti
on or bending of waves by obstacles/apertures by a\par\pard\ql \li2419\sb9\sl-21
8\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 large angle, the size of the latter
should be comparable to\par\pard\ql \li2419\sb11\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex108 wavelength. If the size of the obstacle/aperture is much too l
arge\par\pard\ql \li2419\sb8\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 compare
d to wavelength, diffraction is by a small angle. Here\par\pard\column \ql \li10
185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li
10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \
li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\
ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\par
d\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\p
ard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par
\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \p
ar\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0
\par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult
0 \par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmu
lt0 \par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\sl
mult0 \par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\
slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-25
3\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\s
l-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0
\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10185\s
b0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10185
\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li101
85\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1
0185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \l
i10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb214\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs22 541
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}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12060\paperh16040\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart P
g9}{\bkmkend Pg9}\par\pard\ql \li2560\sb0\sl-460\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2560\sb0
\sl-460\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2560\sb0\sl-460\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2560\sb80\
sl-460\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs40 Physics \
par\pard\qj \li4720\sb0\sl-226\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li4720\ri1128\sb8\sl-226\slm
ult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 the size is of
the order of a few metres. The wavelength of light is \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
111 about 5 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 -7 \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf6\f7\fs19 m, while sound waves of, say, 1 kHz frequency \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex112 have wavelength of about 0.3 m. Thus, sound waves can bend \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex113 around the partition while light waves cannot. \par\pard\q
l \li4300\ri1128\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\tx4720\tx4720 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 (
e) Justification based on what is explained in (d). Typical sizes of \line\ta
b \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 apertures involved in ordinary optical instr
uments are much \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 larger than the wavele
ngth of light. \par\pard\ql \li3580\sb71\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x123 10.18 12.5 cm. \par\pard\ql \li3580\sb83\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex123 10.19 0.2 nm. \par\pard\ql \li3580\sb123\sl-218\slmult0\tx4300 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex137 10.20 \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 (a) Interferen
ce of the direct signal received by the antenna with \par\pard\ql \li4720\sb3\sl
-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 the (weak) signal reflected by the pa
ssing aircraft. \par\pard\ql \li4300\ri1128\sb0\sl-228\slmult0\tx4720\tx4720\tx4
720\tx4720\tx4720 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 (b) Superposition principle fol
lows from the linear character of the \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 (di
fferential) equation governing wave motion. If \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 y\ul0
\sub\cf68\f69\fs16 1\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 and
\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 y\ul0\sub\cf68\f69\fs16 2\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs1
9 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 are \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 solut
ions of the wave equation, so is any linear combination of \line \tab \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 y\ul0\sub\cf68\f69\fs16 1\ul0\nos
upersub\cf6\f7\fs19 and \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 y\ul0\sub\cf68\f69\fs16 2\u
l0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 . When the amplitudes are large (e.g., high intensity
laser \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 beams) and non-linear effects are

important, the situation is far \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 more com
plicated and need not concern us here. \par\pard\ql \li3580\ri1128\sb125\sl-230\
slmult0\tx4300\tx4300 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 10.21 Divide the single slit
into \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 n\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 smaller slits of
width \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 a\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u8242? \ul0\no
supersub\cf7\f8\fs19 = a/n\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 . The angle \line\tab \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u952?\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\
f8\fs19 = n\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u955?\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 /a = \
ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u955?\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 /a\ul0\nosupersub\c
f8\f9\fs19 \u8242?. \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 Each of the smaller slits sends
zero intensity in the \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 direction \ul0\no
supersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u952?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 . The combination gives z
ero intensity as well. \par\pard\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li35
80\sb54\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs26
C\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs18 HAPTER\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs26 11\par\pard\sect
\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw8288\colsr110\colno2\colw3522\colsr160\ql \li358
0\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3580\sb58\sl-218\slmult0\tx4295\tx4715\tx65
25 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 11.1\tab \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex105 (a)\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 7.24 10\ul0\super\cf67\f6
8\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 18\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 Hz\tab \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex111 (b) 0.041 nm\par\pard\ql \li3580\sb58\sl-218\slmult0\tx4295\tx
4715\tx7358 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 11.2\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 (
a)\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 0.34 eV = 0.54 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul
0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 -19\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 J\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex107 (b) 0.34 V\par\pard\ql \li3580\sb59\sl-218\slmult0\tx4295 \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex137 11.3\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 1.5 eV = 2.4 10\ul0\super\c
f67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 -19\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 J\par\pard\
ql \li3580\sb59\sl-218\slmult0\tx4295\tx4715 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 11.4\t
ab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 (a)\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 3.14 10\ul0
\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 -19\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 J, 1
.05 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 -27\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7
\fs19 kg m/s\par\pard\ql \li4300\sb59\sl-218\slmult0\tx4655 \up0 \expndtw-1\cha
rscalex100 (c)\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 0.63 m/s\par\pard\ql \li3580\sb5
9\sl-218\slmult0\tx4295 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 11.5\tab \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex111 4 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 21\ul0\nosupersu
b\cf6\f7\fs19 photons/m\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 2 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 s\par\pard\ql \li3580\sb59\sl-218\slmult0\tx4295 \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex137 11.6\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 6.59 10\ul0\super\cf6
7\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 -34\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 J s\par\pard\
column \ql \li3580\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \p
ar\pard\ql \li368\sb116\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 (c) 344 km/s
\par\pard\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb117\sl-218\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 (b) 3 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68
\fs16 16\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 photons/s\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2
\colno1\colw7071\colsr40\colno2\colw4809\colsr160\ql \li3580\sb59\sl-218\slmult0
\tx4295\tx4715 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 11.7\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex10
5 (a)\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 3.38 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super
\cf67\f68\fs16 -19\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 J = 2.11 eV\par\pard\ql \li3580\s
b59\sl-218\slmult0\tx4295 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 11.8\tab \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex114 2.0 V\par\pard\ql \li3580\sb59\sl-218\slmult0\tx4295 \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex137 11.9\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 No, because \ul0\nosupersub
\cf8\f9\fs19 \u957? <\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u
957?\ul0\sub\cf67\f68\fs16 o\par\pard\ql \li3580\sb60\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex137 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 11.10 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110
4.73 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 14\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f
7\fs19 Hz\par\pard\ql \li3580\sb58\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137
11.11 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 2.16 eV = 3.46 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0
\super\cf67\f68\fs16 -19\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 J\par\pard\ql \li3580\sb79\s
l-218\slmult0\tx4715 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 11.12 \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x105 (a)\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 4.04 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\su

per\cf67\f68\fs16 -24\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 kg m s\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17

\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 -1\par\pard\ql \li3580\sb80\sl-218\slmult0\tx4715 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex137 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 11.13 \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex105 (a)\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 5.92 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\
super\cf67\f68\fs16 -24\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 kg m s\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs
17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 -1\par\pard\ql \li3580\sb79\sl-218\slmult0\tx4670 \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 11.14 \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex105 (a) \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 6.95 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\u
l0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 -25\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 J = 4.34 \ul0\nosupersub\
cf8\f9\fs19 \u956?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 eV\par\pard\column \ql \li344\sb60
\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 (b) 3.0 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\
ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 20\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 photons/s\par\pard\ql \li
3580\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li
3580\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li
3580\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li24\sb92\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex111 (b) 0.164 nm\par\pard\ql \li20\sb80\sl-218\slmult0\tx2327 \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex117 (b) 6.50 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 6
\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 m s\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16
-1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 (c) 0.112 nm\pa
r\pard\ql \li476\sb79\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 (b) 3.78 10\ul
0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 -28\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 J
= 0.236 neV\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw7937\colsr40\colno2\col
w3943\colsr160\ql \li3580\sb78\sl-218\slmult0\tx4715\tx6396 \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex137 11.15 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 (a)\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115
1.7 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 -35\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f
7\fs19 m\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 (b) 1.1 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul
0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 -32\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 m\par\pard\ql \li3580\sb80
\sl-218\slmult0\tx4715 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 11.16 \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex105 (a)\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 6.63 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\
super\cf67\f68\fs16 -25\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 kg m/s (for both)\par\pard\q
l \li3580\sb79\sl-218\slmult0\tx4715 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 11.17 \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex105 (a)\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 6.686 10\ul0\super\cf6
7\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 -21\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 J = 4.174 10\
ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 -2\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 e
V\par\pard\ql \li3580\sb58\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 11.18 \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u955? =\ul0\nosupersub\cf
7\f8\fs19 h/p = h/\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 h\ul
0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u957?\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 /c\ul0\nosupersub\cf6
\f7\fs19 ) = \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 c/\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u957?\pa
r\pard\ql \li3580\sb60\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf6\f7\fs19 11.19 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 0.028 nm\par\pard\column \ql \
li422\sb78\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 (c) 3.0 10\ul0\super\cf67
\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 -23 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 m\par\pard\ql
\li20\sb80\sl-218\slmult0\tx1648 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 (b) 1.24 keV\tab \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 (c) 1.51 eV\par\pard\ql \li296\sb79\sl-218\slmult0 \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 (b) 0.145 nm\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno
1\colw4240\colsr60\colno2\colw7620\colsr160\ql \li3580\sb58\sl-218\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex137 11.20\par\pard\ql \li1466\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\q
l \li1466\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1466\sb103\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs22 542\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb
59\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 (a)
Use \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 eV = \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 (\ul0\nosupers
ub\cf7\f8\fs19 m v\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 2\ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf6\f7\fs19 /2) i.e., \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 v\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\f
s19 = [(2\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 eV\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 /\ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf7\f8\fs19 m\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 )]\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\sup
er\cf67\f68\fs16 1/2 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 ; \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 v
\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 1.33 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f6
8\fs16 7\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 m s\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\
f68\fs16 -1.\par\pard\ql \li20\sb15\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112

\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 (b) If we use the same formula with \ul0\nosupersu

b\cf7\f8\fs19 V\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\s
uper\cf67\f68\fs16 7 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 V, we get \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\
f8\fs19 v\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 1.88 \par\pard\ql \li440\sb16\sl-218\s
lmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f6
8\fs16 9 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 m s\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf6
7\f68\fs16 -1\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 . This is clearly wrong, since nothing
can move with a\par\pard\ql \li440\sb18\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
110 speed greater than the speed of light (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 c\ul0\nos
upersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 3 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 8\ul
0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 m s\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 -1
\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 ). Actually,\par\pard\ql \li440\sb16\sl-218\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 the above formula for kinetic energy (\ul0\nosupers
ub\cf7\f8\fs19 m v\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 2\ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf6\f7\fs19 /2) is valid only when
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft12054\shptop1112\shpright12059\shpbottom1186\shpfhdr0\s
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{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
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{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,74);(5,74);(5,0);(0,0)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}
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{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 145339
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}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft12060\shptop0\shpright12060\shpbottom164\shpfhdr0\shpbx
page\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz19\shplid1{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv
20}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineWid
th}{\sv 15201}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft4\shptop0\shpright12053\shpbottom1372\shpfhdr0\shpbxpag
e\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz23\shplid2
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
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{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,1372);(12049,1372);(12049,0);(0,0)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}
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{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 159856
12}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
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}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft1714\shptop1112\shpright12054\shpbottom1186\shpfhdr0\sh
pbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz26\shplid3
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 10340}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 74}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,74);(10340,74);(10340,0);(0,0)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}
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{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 145339
90}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
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}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft4\shptop1292\shpright12053\shpbottom1366\shpfhdr0\shpbx
page\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz29\shplid4
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{

\sn geoRight}{\sv 12049}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 74}}

{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,74);(12049,74);(12049,0);(0,0)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}
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{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 129512
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft1310\shptop0\shpright5270\shpbottom2262\shpfhdr0\shpbxp
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{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
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{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,2262);(3960,2262);(3960,0);(0,0)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}
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{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 134217
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft1310\shptop2244\shpright5270\shpbottom2289\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz35\shplid6
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
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{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}
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{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 500026
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft2024\shptop1774\shpright2214\shpbottom1964\shpfhdr0\shp
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{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
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{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,190);(190,190);(190,0);(0,0)}}
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{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 631612
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft2124\shptop1864\shpright2314\shpbottom2054\shpfhdr0\shp
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{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
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{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 129512
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}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft175\shptop0\shpright175\shpbottom171\shpfhdr0\shpbxpage
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{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineWidth}{
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}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft0\shptop166\shpright170\shpbottom166\shpfhdr0\shpbxpage
\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz61\shplid10{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 20}
}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineWidth}
{\sv 15201}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft180\shptop15862\shpright180\shpbottom16040\shpfhdr0\shp
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Width}{\sv 15201}}
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft0\shptop15872\shpright170\shpbottom15872\shpfhdr0\shpbx
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20}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineWi
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft1310\shptop14656\shpright2030\shpbottom15002\shpfhdr0\s
hpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz65\shplid13
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
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{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,346);(720,346);(720,0);(0,0)}}
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{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 159856
12}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12060\paperh16040\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart P
g10}{\bkmkend Pg10}\par\pard\ql \li8169\sb0\sl-345\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li8169\s
b0\sl-345\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li8169\sb0\sl-345\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li8169\sb0
\sl-345\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li8169\sb135\sl-345\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex99 \ul0\nosupersub\cf24\f25\fs30 Answers \par\pard\qj \li2419\sb0\sl-240\slmul
t0 \par\pard\qj\li2419\ri3432\sb42\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 v/c\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f
7\fs19 ) << 1. At very high speeds when (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 v/c
\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 ) is comparable to \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112
(though always less than) 1, we come to the relativistic domain \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex110 where the following formulae are valid: \par\pard\ql \li2419\ri3320
\sb7\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Relativistic momentum \ul0\nosu
persub\cf7\f8\fs19 p\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19
m v \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 Total energy
\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 E\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\
f8\fs19 m c\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 2 \par\pard\ql \li2
419\sb32\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19
Kinetic energy \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 K = m c\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\
super\cf67\f68\fs16 2\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 - \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19
m\ul0\sub\cf67\f68\fs16 0 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 c\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs1
7\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 2\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 ,\par\pard\sect\sectd\sb
knone\cols2\colno1\colw7767\colsr20\colno2\colw4133\colsr160\ql \li2419\sb0\sl-1
38\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7576\sb104\sl-138\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex1
00 \ul0\nosupersub\cf73\f74\fs12 2\par\pard\ql \li7113\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\tx7456
\tx7634 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex80 \ul0\nosupersub\cf57\f58\fs19 \u9115? \tab \
up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf56\f57\fs19 v \tab \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex80 \ul0\nosupersub\cf57\f58\fs19 \u9118?\par\pard\column \ql \li2419\
sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li21\sb51\sl-138\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charsc
alex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf74\f75\fs12 \u8722? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf73\f74\fs12 1/ 2 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li2419\sb0\sl-171\sl
mult0\fi0\tx6465\tx7185 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19
where the relativistic mass \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 m\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7
\fs19 is given by\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf56\f57\fs1

9 m \ul0\nosupersub\cf57\f58\fs19 =\ul0\nosupersub\cf56\f57\fs19 m\tab \dn2 \ex

pndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf55\f56\fs19 1\ul0\nosupersub\cf57\f58\fs1
9 \u8722?\par\pard\li6991\sb0\sl-162\slmult0\fi0\tx7113\tx7466 \up3 \expndtw-5\c
harscalex81 \ul0\nosupersub\cf73\f74\fs12 0\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex81 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf57\f58\fs19 \u9117?\tab \dn3 \expndtw-8\charscalex81 \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf56\f57\fs19 c\t \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex81 \ul0\nosupersub\cf73\f74\fs12
2 \ul0\nosupersub\cf57\f58\fs19 \u9120?\par\pard\qj \li2419\ri3434\sb0\sl-240\s
lmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 m\ul0\sub\cf67\f
68\fs16 0\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 is called the rest mass of the particle. T
hese relations also \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 imply: \par\pard\ql \li2419\sb8
5\sl-172\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 E = \u
l0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 p\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17
\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 2\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 c\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17
\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 2\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 + \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8
\fs19 m\ul0\sub\cf67\f68\fs16 02 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 c\ul0\super\cf67\f
68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 4\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 )\ul0\super\cf67\f6
8\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 1/2 \par\pard\qj \li1999\ri3434\sb41\sl-230\slmul
t0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 Note that in the rel
ativisitc domain when \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 v\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 /
\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 c\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 is comparable to 1, \u
l0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 K \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\c
f6\f7\fs19 or energy \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u8805?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\f
s19 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 m\ul0\sub\cf67\f68\fs16 0\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f
8\fs19 c\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 2\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f
7\fs19 (rest mass energy). The rest mass energy of electron \line \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex115 is about 0.51 MeV. Thus a kinetic energy of 10 MeV, being much
\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 greater than electron\u8217?s rest mass ener
gy, implies relativistic domain. \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Using relati
vistic formulas, \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 v\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 (for
10 MeV kinetic energy) = 0.999 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 c\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\
f7\fs19 . \par\pard\li1279\sb66\sl-218\slmult0\fi0\tx1999\tx2419 \up0 \expndtw0\
charscalex111 11.21\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 (a)\tab \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex111 22.7 cm\par\pard\li1279\sb59\sl-218\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex111 (b) No. As explained above, a 20 MeV electron moves at relativistic\
par\pard\li1279\sb11\sl-218\slmult0\fi1139 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 speed. C
onsequently, the non-relativistic formula \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 R\ul0\nosu
persub\cf6\f7\fs19 = (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 m\ul0\sub\cf67\f68\fs16 0\ul
0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 v\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 /\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs
19 e B \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 )\par\pard\li1279\sb11\sl-218\slmult0\fi1140
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 is not valid. The relativistic formula is\par\pard\
li1279\sb0\sl-138\slmult0\par\pard\li1279\sb64\sl-138\slmult0\fi5584\tx7212 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf80\f81\fs12 2\tab \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex114 2\par\pard\li1279\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\fi1171\tx2750\tx2954\tx3093\tx353
0\tx3683\tx3981\tx4992\tx5275\tx5520\tx5911\tx6458\tx6746\tx6976\tx7329 \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf77\f78\fs19 R\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charsca
lex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf75\f76\fs19 =\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\no
supersub\cf77\f78\fs19 p\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf76\
f77\fs19 /\t \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf77\f78\fs19 eB\tab \
up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf75\f76\fs19 =\tab \up0 \expndtw0\
charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf77\f78\fs19 mv\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100
\ul0\nosupersub\cf76\f77\fs19 /\t \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\
cf77\f78\fs19 eB\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19
or\tab \dn3 \expndtw0\charscale
x114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf82\f83\fs19 R\tab \dn3 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosu
persub\cf79\f80\fs19 =\tab \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf81\f82
\fs19 m\t \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf80\f81\fs12 0\ul0\nosup
ersub\cf82\f83\fs19 v\tab \dn3 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf81\f82
\fs19 /\t \dn5 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf78\f79\fs26 (\t \dn3 \
expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf82\f83\fs19 eB\tab \dn3 \expndtw0\chars
calex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf81\f82\fs19 1 -\tab \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0
\nosupersub\cf82\f83\fs19 v\tab \dn3 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf

81\f82\fs19 /\t \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf82\f83\fs19 c\tab

\dn5 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf78\f79\fs26 )\par\pard\li1279\sb
132\sl-218\slmult0\fi0\tx1999 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f
7\fs19 11.22\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 We have \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs
19 e V\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 m v\ul0\sup
er\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 2\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 /2) and \
ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 R\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = (\ul0\nosupersub\c
f7\f8\fs19 m v\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 /\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 e B\ul0\n
osupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 ) which gives (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 e/m\ul0\nosu
persub\cf6\f7\fs19 ) =\par\pard\li1279\sb11\sl-218\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex114 (2\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 V\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 /\ul0\
nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 R\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 2 \ul0
\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 B \ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 2 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 ); using the given data (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 e/
m\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 ) = 1.73 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\
f68\fs16 11\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 C kg\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\c
f67\f68\fs16 -1\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 .\par\pard\li1279\sb59\sl-218\slmult
0\fi0\tx1999\tx2359\tx3702 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 11.23\tab \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex114 (a)\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 27.6 keV\tab \up0 \expndtw0\
charscalex114 (b) of the order of 30 kV\par\pard\li1279\sb59\sl-218\slmult0\fi0\
tx1999 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 11.24\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Use \
ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u955? \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = (\ul0\nosupersub
\cf7\f8\fs19 hc/E) \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 with \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19
E = \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 5.1 1.602 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\c
f67\f68\fs16 -10\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 J to get \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs1
9 \u955? \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 2.43 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\supe
r\cf67\f68\fs16 -16 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 m .\par\pard\li1279\sb59\sl-218\
slmult0\fi0\tx1999 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 11.25\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex114 (a) For \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u955? \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs1
9 = 500 m, \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 E = \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 (\ul0\nos
upersub\cf7\f8\fs19 h c/ \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u955?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f
7\fs19 ) = 3.98 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 -28\ul0\nosup
ersub\cf6\f7\fs19 J. Number of photons\par\pard\ql \li2419\sb10\sl-218\slmult0 \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 emitted per second \par\pard\ql \li2419\sb62\sl-195\
slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 = 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67
\f68\fs16 4\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 J s\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf6
7\f68\fs16 -1\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 /3.98 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\su
per\cf67\f68\fs16 -28\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 J \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \
u8764?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 3 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f
68\fs16 31 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 s\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\
f68\fs16 -1 \par\pard\qj \li2419\ri3432\sb72\sl-236\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 We see that the energy of a radiophoton is
exceedingly small, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 and the number of photons
emitted per second in a radio beam \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 is enormou
sly large. There is, therefore, negligible error involved \line \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex107 in ignoring the existence of a minimum quantum of energy \
line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 (photon) and treating the total energy o
f a radio wave as \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 continuous. \par\pard\l
i1999\sb68\sl-218\slmult0\fi0\tx3196 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 (b) For \ul0
\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u957? \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 =\tab \up0 \expndtw0\
charscalex110 6 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 14\ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf6\f7\fs19 Hz, \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 E\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19
\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u8764?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 4 10\ul0\super\c
f67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 -19\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 J. Photon fl
ux corresponding to\par\pard\li1999\sb11\sl-218\slmult0\fi419 \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex110 minimum intensity\par\pard\ql \li2419\sb74\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex113 = 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 -10\ul0\
nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 W m\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 -2\u
l0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 /410\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 -1
9\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 J = 2.5 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f

68\fs16 8\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 m\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f

68\fs16 -2 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 s\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\
f68\fs16 -1 \par\pard\ql \li2419\sb68\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex11
0 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 Number of photons entering the pupil per second =
2.5 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 8\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\f
s19 \par\pard\ql \li2419\sb3\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 0.4 10
\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 -4 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19
s\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 -1\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19
= 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 4 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\f
s19 s\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 -1\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\f
s19 .\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs
19 Though this number is not as large as in \par\pard\qj \li2419\ri3435\sb21\sl220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 (a) above, it is large enough for us ne
ver to \u8216?sense\u8217? or \u8216?count\u8217? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111
individual photons by our eye. \par\pard\ql \li5819\sb0\sl-172\slmult0 \par\par
d\ql\li5819\sb28\sl-172\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
83\f84\fs19 \u966?\ul0\sub\cf84\f85\fs17 0 \par\pard\li1279\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\f
i0\tx1999\tx5844\tx6110 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19
11.26\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u966?\ul0\s
ub\cf67\f68\fs16 0\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 h \
ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u957?\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 - e V\ul0\sub\cf67
\f68\fs16 0\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 = \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 6.7 10\ul0
\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 -19 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 J =
4.2 eV;\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u957?\ul0\sub\
cf67\f68\fs16 0 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 =\tab \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf85\f86\fs19 h\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\
cf6\f7\fs19 = 1.0 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 15\ul0\nosu
persub\cf6\f7\fs19 Hz; \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u955? \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f
7\fs19 = 6328\par\pard\li1279\sb153\sl-218\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x111 corresponds to \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u957?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs1
9 = 4.7 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 14\ul0\nosupersub\cf
6\f7\fs19 Hz < \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u957?\ul0\sub\cf67\f68\fs16 0\ul0\n
osupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 . The photo-cell will not respond\par\pard\li1279\sb11\sl218\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 howsoever high be the intensity o
f laser light.\par\pard\li1279\sb59\sl-218\slmult0\fi0\tx1999 \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex111 11.27\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Use \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs1
9 e V\ul0\sub\cf67\f68\fs16 0\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\
f8\fs19 h \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u957?\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 - \ul0\
nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u966?\ul0\sub\cf67\f68\fs16 0 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs1
9 for both sources. From the data on the first source,\par\pard\li1279\sb1\sl199\slmult0\fi720\tx10185 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs
19 \u966?\ul0\sub\cf67\f68\fs16 0\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 1.40 eV. Use thi
s value to obtain for the second source \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 V\ul0\sub\cf
67\f68\fs16 0\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 1.50 V.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs22 543
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft4180\shptop6836\shpright6367\shpbottom7367\shpfhdr0\shp
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ine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fBe
hindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\shptxt\pard\plain \qj\sl140 \li0\ri0 \expndtw0\charscalex
116\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = \ul0\nosupersub\cf86\f87\fs19 5 2 10{\par}}}
}\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg11}{\bkmkend Pg11}\par\pard\ql \li2560\sb0\sl-460
\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2560\sb0\sl-460\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2560\sb0\sl-460\s
lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2560\sb80\sl-460\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex97 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs40 Physics \par\pard\ql \li3600\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard
\ql\li3600\sb22\sl-218\slmult0\tx4320 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex135 \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf6\f7\fs19 11.28 \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Obtain \ul0\nosupersub\cf
7\f8\fs19 V\ul0\sub\cf67\f68\fs16 0\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 versus \ul0\nosu
persub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u957?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 plot. The slope of the plo
t is (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 h\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 /\ul0\nosupersub\
cf7\f8\fs19 e\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 ) and its intercept \par\pard\qj \li431
9\ri1109\sb0\sl-250\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 on the \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u957?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 -axis is \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f
9\fs19 \u957?\ul0\sub\cf67\f68\fs16 0\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 . The first fou
r points lie nearly on a straight line \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 which
intercepts the \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u957?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 -ax
is at \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u957?\ul0\sub\cf67\f68\fs16 0\ul0\nosupersub\
cf7\f8\fs19 = \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 5.0\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 14\ul0
\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19
Hz (threshold frequency). \line \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex111 The fifth point corresponds to \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u957?\u
l0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 < \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u957?\ul0\sub\cf67\f
68\fs16 0\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 ; there is no photoelectric \line \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex112 emission and therefore no stopping voltage is required t
o stop the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 current. Slope of the plot is foun
d to be 4.15 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 -15\ul0\nosupers
ub\cf6\f7\fs19 V s. Using \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 e\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\f
s19 = 1.6 \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\sup
er\cf67\f68\fs16 -19\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 C, \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19
h\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 6.64 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f
68\fs16 -34\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 J s (standard value \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\
f8\fs19 h\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 6.626 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\sup
er\cf67\f68\fs16 -34\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 J s), \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs
19 \u966?\ul0\sub\cf67\f68\fs16 0\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19
= \line \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 h \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \
u957?\ul0\sub\cf67\f68\fs16 0\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 2.11 V. \par\pard\ql
\li3600\sb73\sl-218\slmult0\tx4320 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex135 11.29 \tab \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex108 It is found that the given incident frequency \u
l0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u957? \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 is greater than
\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u957?\ul0\sub\cf67\f68\fs16 0 \par\pard\qj \li4320
\ri1108\sb0\sl-250\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\f

s19 (Na), and \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u957?\ul0\sub\cf67\f68\fs16 0\ul0\nos

upersub\cf6\f7\fs19 (K); but less than \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u957?\ul0\s
ub\cf67\f68\fs16 0\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 (Mo), and \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\
fs19 \u957?\ul0\sub\cf67\f68\fs16 0\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 (Ni). Therefore,
Mo and \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Ni will not give photoelectric emission. If
the laser is brought closer, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 intensity of radiatio
n increases, but this does not affect the result \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 re
garding Mo and Ni. However, photoelectric current from Na and K \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex107 will increase in proportion to intensity. \par\pard\li3599\sb56\sl218\slmult0\fi0\tx4320 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 11.30\tab \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex111 Assume one conduction electron per atom. Effective atomic are
a\par\pard\li3599\sb11\sl-218\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 ~10\ul0
\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 -20\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 m\u
l0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 2\par\pard\li3599\sb59\sl-218\slm
ult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 Number of el
ectrons in 5 layers\par\pard\li3599\sb0\sl-126\slmult0\par\pard\li3599\sb46\sl126\slmult0\fi1647\tx5599 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf89\f90
\fs11 \u8722?\t \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf87\f88\fs11 4\tab
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 2\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw517
1\colsr20\colno2\colw6729\colsr160\ql \li4668\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\tx4910 \up0 \ex
pndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf88\f89\fs19 \tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charsca
lex100 \par\pard\ql \li4980\sb0\sl-99\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf89\f90\fs11 \u8722? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
87\f88\fs11 20\par\pard\ql \li4747\sb0\sl-171\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
18 \ul0\nosupersub\cf86\f87\fs19 10\par\pard\column \ql \li246\sb0\sl-171\slmult
0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 m\par\pard\ql \li201\sb0\sl-117\slmult0\tx569 \up
0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf87\f88\fs11 2\tab \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\c
f67\f68\fs16 17\par\pard\ql \li20\sb0\sl-171\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex10
3 \ul0\nosupersub\cf86\f87\fs19 m \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \ql \li4320\sb11\
sl-181\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 Incident
power \par\pard\ql \li4320\sb69\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 = 1
0\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 -5\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19
W m\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 -2\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs
19 2 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 -4\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f
7\fs19 m\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 2\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f
7\fs19 = 2 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 -9\ul0\nosupersub
\cf6\f7\fs19 W \par\pard\qj \li4320\ri1108\sb53\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex108 In the wave picture, incident power is uniformly absorbed by all th
e \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 electrons continuously. Consequently, energy abso
rbed per second \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 per electron \par\pard\ql \li4320\
sb60\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 = 2 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\
ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 -9\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 /10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs1
7\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 17\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 2 10\ul0\super\cf67\f
68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 -26\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 W \par\pard\qj \
li4320\ri3591\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Time required for
photoelectric emission \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 = 2 1.6 10\ul0\super\c
f67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 -19\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 J/2 10\ul0\s
uper\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 -26 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 W \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 = 1.6 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs
16 7\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 s \par\pard\ql \li4319\sb43\sl-218\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex111 which is about 0.5 year. \par\pard\qj \li4319\ri1109\s
b44\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 Impl
ication: \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 Experimentally, photoelectric emission is o
bserved nearly \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 instantaneously (\ul0\nosuper
sub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u8764?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul
0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 -9\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 s): Thus, the wave pict
ure is in gross \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 disagreement with experime
nt. In the photon-picture, energy of the \par\pard\qj \li4319\ri1109\sb9\sl-230\
slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 radiation is not continuously shared by all

the electrons in the top \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 layers. Rather, e

nergy comes in discontinuous \u8216?quanta\u8217?. and \line \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex107 absorption of energy does not take place gradually. A photon is e
ither \par\pard\ql \li4319\sb20\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 not
absorbed, or absorbed by an electron nearly instantly. \par\pard\ql \li3599\sb63
\sl-218\slmult0\tx4319 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 11.31 \tab \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex110 For \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u955? \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19
= 1 , electron\u8217?s energy = 150 eV; photon\u8217?s energy = 12.4 keV. \par\p
ard\qj \li4319\ri1110\sb4\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Thus, for
the same wavelength, a photon has much greater energy \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
15 than an electron. \par\pard\li3599\sb188\sl-218\slmult0\fi1519\tx5786 \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf90\f91\fs19 h\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex120 h\par\pard\li3599\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 11.32\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw5098
\colsr40\colno2\colw164\colsr40\colno3\colw6588\colsr160\ql \li4319\sb0\sl-171\s
lmult0\tx4768 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 (a)\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109
\ul0\nosupersub\cf34\f35\fs19 \u955? =\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-171\slmu
lt0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf90\f91\fs19 p\par\pard\colum
n \ql \li20\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\tx1060 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf34\f35\fs19 =\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19
Thus, for same \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 K,\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 \u
l0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u955? \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 decreases with \u
l0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 m\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 as\par\pard\ql \li323\
sb0\sl-171\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf32\f33\fs19 2
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf90\f91\fs19 m K \par\pard\sect\s
ectd\sbknone \li1466\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\fi3273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0
\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 (1/\ul0\nosupersub\cf91\f92\fs19 m\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\
f7\fs19 ). Now (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 m\ul0\sub\cf67\f68\fs16 n\ul0\nosu
persub\cf7\f8\fs19 /m\ul0\sub\cf67\f68\fs16 e\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 )\ul0\n
osupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 = \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 1838.6; therefore for the
same energy,\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1466\sb19\sl-275\slmult0\fi3273\tx9
823\tx10524\tx10685 \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex108 (150 eV) as in Ex. 11.31, wavel
ength of neutron = \ul0\nosupersub\cf92\f93\fs24 (\t \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex
100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf93\f94\fs19 1/\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf94\f95\fs19 18386\tab \dn3 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf92
\f93\fs24 )\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 \par\par
d\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1466\sb73\sl-218\slmult0\fi3273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x112 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 -10\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f
7\fs19 m = 2.3310\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 -12\ul0\nosu
persub\cf6\f7\fs19 m. The interatomic spacing is about a\par\pard\sect\se
ctd\sbknone \li1466\sb11\sl-218\slmult0\fi3273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 hund
red times greater. A neutron beam of 150 eV energy is\par\pard\sect\sec
td\sbknone \li1466\sb11\sl-218\slmult0\fi3273 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 there
fore not suitable for diffraction experiments.\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li14
66\sb177\sl-218\slmult0\fi2853\tx7516\tx7775\tx7958\tx8570\tx8723 \dn2 \expndtw0
\charscalex107 (b)\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19
\u955? \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\f
s19 = 1.45 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 -10\ul0\nosupersub
\cf6\f7\fs19 m [Use \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u955? \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7
\fs19 =\ul0\nosupersub\cf95\f96\fs19 (\ul0\nosupersub\cf96\f97\fs19 h\tab \dn2
\expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf95\f96\fs19 /\tab \dn2 \expndtw-5\char
scalex100 3\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf96\f97\fs19 m k T
\tab \dn2 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf95\f96\fs19 )\tab \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 ] which is comparable\par\pard\s
ect\sectd\sbknone \li1466\sb0\sl-216\slmult0\fi0\tx4740 \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs22 544\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf6\f7\fs19 to interatomic spacing in a crystal.
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{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}{\s

p{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\s
p{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12060\paperh16040\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart P
g12}{\bkmkend Pg12}\par\pard\ql \li8169\sb0\sl-345\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li8169\s
b0\sl-345\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li8169\sb0\sl-345\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li8169\sb0
\sl-345\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li8169\sb135\sl-345\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex99 \ul0\nosupersub\cf24\f25\fs30 Answers \par\pard\qj \li2419\sb0\sl-230\slmul
t0 \par\pard\qj\li2419\ri3435\sb60\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 Clearly, from (a) and (b) above, thermal neutrons are
a suitable \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 probe for diffraction experiments
; so a high energy neutron beam \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 should be fir
st thermalised before using it for diffraction. \par\pard\ql \li1279\sb60\sl-218
\slmult0\tx1999 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex135 11.33 \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u955? \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 5.5 10\ul0
\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 -12\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 m \
par\pard\ql \li1999\sb63\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u955? \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 (yellow light) = 5.9 10\ul0\
super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 -7\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 m \par
\pard\qj \li1999\ri3434\sb30\sl-233\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Resolvi
ng Power (RP) is inversely proportional to wavelength. Thus, \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex114 RP of an electron microscope is about 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0
\super\cf67\f68\fs16 5\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 times that of an optical \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex108 microscope. In practice, differences in other (ge
ometrical) factors \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 can change this comparison some
what. \par\pard\li1279\sb168\sl-218\slmult0\fi1298\tx3110\tx3552 \dn2 \expndtw0\
charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf56\f57\fs19 h\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf55\f56\fs19 6.63\tab \dn2 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf57\f58\fs19 \t \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf55\f56\fs19 1
0\t \up5 \expndtw0\charscalex124 \ul0\nosupersub\cf73\f74\fs12 -34\t \dn2 \expnd
tw0\charscalex128 \ul0\nosupersub\cf55\f56\fs19 Js\par\pard\li1279\sb0\sl-171\sl
mult0\fi0 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex128 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 11.34\par\par
d\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw2486\colsr110\colno2\colw164\colsr110\coln
o3\colw9060\colsr160\ql \li2039\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\tx2294 \up0 \expndtw-2\charsc
alex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf56\f57\fs19 p\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\n
osupersub\cf97\f98\fs19 =\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-171\slmult0 \up0 \exp
ndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf57\f58\fs19 \u955?\par\pard\column \ql \l
i20\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\tx817\tx1661 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 =\tab \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex128 \ul0\nosupersub\cf73\f74\fs12 -15\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 6.63 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\
cf67\f68\fs16 -19\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 kg m s\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0
\super\cf67\f68\fs16 -1\par\pard\ql \li567\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\tx1045 \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex122 \ul0\nosupersub\cf55\f56\fs19 10\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
103 m \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \ql \li1999\sb0\sl-171\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 Use the relativistic formula for ener
gy: \par\pard\ql \li1999\sb0\sl-153\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\no
supersub\cf7\f8\fs19 E\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 2\ul0\no
supersub\cf6\f7\fs19
= \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 c\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17
\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 2\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 p\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17
\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 2\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 + \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8
\fs19 m\ul0\sub\cf67\f68\fs16 02\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
7\f8\fs19 c\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 4\ul0\nosupersub\cf
6\f7\fs19 = 9 (6.63)\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 2\ul0\nosu
persub\cf6\f7\fs19 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 -22\ul0\n
osupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 + (0.511 1.6)\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\
fs16 2\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68
\fs16 -26 \par\pard\ql \li2548\sb38\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109
\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u8764? \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 9 (6.63)\ul0\sup
er\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 2\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 10\ul0\su
per\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 -22\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 , \par\

pard\ql \li1999\sb43\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 the second term

(rest mass energy) being negligible. \par\pard\qj \li1999\ri3432\sb44\sl-240\s
lmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Therefore, \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 E
\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 1.989 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf
67\f68\fs16 -10\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 J = 1.24 BeV. Thus, electron energ
ies \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 from the accelerator must have been of th
e order of a few BeV. \par\pard\ql \li5467\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li546
7\sb29\sl-126\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf103\f104\f
s11 3 \par\pard\li1279\sb22\sl-218\slmult0\fi0\tx1999\tx2505\tx3453\tx4225\tx472
0\tx5592 \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 11.35\tab \dn3
\expndtw0\charscalex110 Use\tab \dn4 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
100\f101\fs21 \u955? =\tab \up7 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf99\f1
00\fs21 h\tab \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 ; \ul0\n
osupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 m\tab \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7
\fs19 = \ul0\nosupersub\cf102\f103\fs19 4\ul0\super\cf104\f105\fs28 \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf102\f103\fs19 10\tab \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex110 kg\par\pard\li3167\sb0\
sl-162\slmult0\fi1406\tx4942 \up5 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf101\
f102\fs6 He\tab \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf102\f103\fs19 6\u
l0\nosupersub\cf104\f105\fs19 \ul0\nosupersub\cf102\f103\fs19 10\par\pard\sect\s
ectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw5244\colsr160\colno2\colw6516\colsr160\ql \li3167\
sb0\sl-189\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf98\f99\fs21 3
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 \ul0\nosupersub\cf99\f100\fs21 m k T\par\pard\colum
n \ql \li20\sb0\sl-99\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf103
\f104\fs11 23 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \ql \li1999\sb0\sl-171\slmult0 \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 This gives \ul0\nosupersub\c
f8\f9\fs19 \u955? \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 0.73 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17
\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 -10\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 m. Mean separation \par
\pard\ql \li2359\sb3\sl-159\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf7\f8\fs19 r = (V/N)\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 1/3\ul0\n
osupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 = (kT/p)\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16
1/3 \par\pard\ql \li1999\sb53\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\n
osupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 For \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 T \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\f
s19 = 300 K, \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 p\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 1.01 10
\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 5\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 P
a, \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 r\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 3.4 10\ul0\super\
cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 -9\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 m. We find
\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 r\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 >> \ul0\nosupersub\cf8
\f9\fs19 \u955? \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 . \par\pard\ql \li1279\sb63\sl-218\s
lmult0\tx1999 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex135 11.36 \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
11 Using the same formula as in Exercise 11.35, \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u95
5? \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 6.2 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f
68\fs16 -9\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 m which \par\pard\ql \li1999\sb23\sl-218\
slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 is much greater than the given inter -elect
ron separation. \par\pard\ql \li1279\sb43\sl-218\slmult0\tx1999 \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex137 11.37 \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 (a) Quarks are thought to
be confined within a proton or neutron \par\pard\qj \li2419\ri3434\sb1\sl-220\s
lmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 by forces which grow stronger if one tries t
o pull them apart. It, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 therefore, seems tha
t though fractional charges may exist in \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex11
1 nature, observable charges are still integral multiples of \ul0\nosupersub\cf7
\f8\fs19 e\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 . \par\pard\ql \li1999\ri3433\sb40\sl-220\
slmult0\tx2419\tx2419\tx2419 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 (b) Both the basic
relations \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 e V\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = \ul0
\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 (1/2 ) m v\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\f
s16 2\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 or \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 e E\ul0\nosu
persub\cf6\f7\fs19 = \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 m a\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs
19 and \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 e B
v\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 =\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 m v\ul0\super\cf67\f6
8\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 2\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 /r\ul0\nosupersub\c
f6\f7\fs19 , for electric and magnetic fields, respectively, show \line \tab \up

0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 that the dynamics of electrons is determined not by \u

l0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 e\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 , and \ul0\nosupersub\cf7
\f8\fs19 m \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 s
eparately but by the combination \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 e/m . \par\pard\ql
\li1999\ri3434\sb46\sl-213\slmult0\tx2419\tx2419\tx2419 \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 (c) At low pressures, ions have a chance to r
each their respective \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 electrodes and cons
titute a current. At ordinary pressures, ions \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex109 have no chance to do so because of collisions with gas molecules \line \ta
b \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 and recombination. \par\pard\ql \li1999\ri3434\s
b45\sl-216\slmult0\tx2419\tx2419\tx2419\tx2419\tx2419 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
12 (d) Work function merely indicates the minimum energy required \line\tab \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 for the electron in the highest level of the conducti
on band to \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 get out of the metal. Not all
electrons in the metal belong to this \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 l
evel. They occupy a continuous band of levels. Consequently, \line \tab \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex111 for the same incident radiation, electrons knocked o
ff from \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 different levels come out with
different energies. \par\pard\ql \li1999\ri3432\sb65\sl-215\slmult0\tx2419\tx241
9\tx2419\tx2419 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 (e) The absolute value of energy
\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 E\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 (but not momentum \ul
0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 p\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 ) of any \line\tab \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex108 particle is arbitrary to within an additive constant. Henc
e, while \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u9
55? \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 is physically significant, absolute value of \
ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u957?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 of a matter wave o
f \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 an electron has no direct physical mea
ning. The phase speed \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u957?\u955? \line \tab \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 is likewise not physically si
gnificant. The group speed given by \par\pard\li2359\sb183\sl-218\slmult0\fi573\
tx3519\tx4397\tx4554\tx4827\tx5104 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\
cf105\f106\fs19 d \ul0\nosupersub\cf106\f107\fs19 \u957?\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\char
scalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf105\f106\fs19 dE\tab \dn3 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf111\f112\fs19 \u9115?\tab \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nos
upersub\cf108\f109\fs19 p\ul0\nosupersub\cf109\f110\fs11 2\tab \dn3 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf111\f112\fs19 \u9118?\tab \dn3 \expndtw0\charscale
x108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf108\f109\fs19 p\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\
colw3360\colsr20\colno2\colw8540\colsr160\ql \li2762\sb53\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \e
xpndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf105\f106\fs19 d \up0 \expndtw-2\charsca
lex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf107\f108\fs19 ( \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1/\ul0\no
supersub\cf106\f107\fs19 \u955?\ul0\nosupersub\cf107\f108\fs19 )\par\pard\colum
n \ql \li20\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\tx546\tx1472 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\n
osupersub\cf106\f107\fs19 =\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6
\f7\fs19 = \ul0\nosupersub\cf108\f109\fs19 d \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex80 \ul0\n
osupersub\cf111\f112\fs19 \u9116? \tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex70 \u9119? =\pa
r\pard\ql \li171\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\tx768\tx1708 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u
l0\nosupersub\cf105\f106\fs19 dp\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf108\f109\fs19 dp \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex80 \ul0\nosupersub\cf111\f112\fs19
\u9117? \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf110\f111\fs19 2 \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf108\f109\fs19 m \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x80 \ul0\nosupersub\cf111\f112\fs19 \u9120? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \u
l0\nosupersub\cf108\f109\fs19 m \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li2359\sb0\sl-198\
slmult0\fi0\tx10185 \dn4 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 is
physically meaningful.\tab \up3 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3
\fs22 545
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}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12060\paperh16040\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart P
g13}{\bkmkend Pg13}\par\pard\ql \li2560\sb0\sl-460\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2560\s
b0\sl-460\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2560\sb0\sl-460\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2560\sb8
0\sl-460\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs40 Physics
\par\pard\ql \li3600\sb213\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nos
upersub\cf4\f5\fs26 C\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs18 HAPTER\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs
26 12 \par\pard\ql \li3600\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3600\sb50\sl-218\s
lmult0\tx4320 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 12.1 \tab
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 (a) No different from \par\pard\ql \li4320\sb63\s

l-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 (b) Thomson\u8217?s model; Rutherfor

d\u8217?s model \par\pard\ql \li4320\sb63\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex110 (c) Rutherford\u8217?s model \par\pard\ql \li4320\sb63\sl-218\slmult0 \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 (d) Thomson\u8217?s model; Rutherford\u8217?s model \
par\pard\ql \li4320\sb63\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 (e) Both t
he models \par\pard\ql \li3600\sb63\sl-218\slmult0\tx4320 \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex137 12.2 \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 The nucleus of a hydrogen ato
m is a proton. The mass of it is \par\pard\ql \li4320\sb23\sl-218\slmult
0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 1.67 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\
f68\fs16 -27\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 kg, whereas the mass of an incide
nt \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u945?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 -particle is
\par\pard\qj \li4320\ri1108\sb16\sl-226\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113
6.64 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 -27\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\
f7\fs19 kg. Because the scattering particle is more massive than \line \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex112 the target nuclei (proton), the \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs1
9 \u945?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 -particle won\u8217?t bounce back in even \l
ine \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 in a head-on collision. It is similar to a foot
ball colliding with a tenis \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 ball at rest. Thu
s, there would be no large-angle scattering. \par\pard\li3599\sb78\sl-218\slmult
0\fi0\tx4320 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 12.3\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117
820 nm.\par\pard\li3599\sb62\sl-218\slmult0\fi0\tx4320 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
117 12.4\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 5.6 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \ul0\no
supersub\cf6\f7\fs19 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 14\ul0\
nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 Hz\par\pard\li3599\sb63\sl-218\slmult0\fi0\tx4319 \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex117 12.5\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 13.6 eV; -27.2 eV\p
ar\pard\li3599\sb64\sl-218\slmult0\fi0\tx4319 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 12.6\
tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 9.7 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f
68\fs16 - 8 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 m; 3.1 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\s
uper\cf67\f68\fs16 15\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 Hz.\par\pard\li3599\sb62\sl-21
8\slmult0\fi0\tx4320 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 12.7\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex117 (a) 2.18 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 6\ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf6\f7\fs19 m/s; 1.09 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 6
\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 m/s; 7.27 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67
\f68\fs16 5\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 m/s\par\pard\li3599\sb63\sl-218\slmult0\
fi720\tx4680 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 (b)\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 1
.52 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 -16\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7
\fs19 s; 1.22 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 -15\ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf6\f7\fs19 s; 4.11 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 -15
\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 s.\par\pard\li3599\sb64\sl-218\slmult0\fi0\tx4319 \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 12.8\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 2.12\ul0\nosup
ersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\supe
r\cf67\f68\fs16 -10\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 m; 4.77 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\f
s19 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs
16 -10\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 m\par\pard\li3599\sb62\sl-218\slmult0\fi0\tx4
320 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 12.9\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Lyman ser
ies: 103 nm and 122 nm; Balmer series: 656 nm.\par\pard\li3599\sb63\sl-218\sl
mult0\fi0\tx4320 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 12.10\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x117 2.6 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 74\par\pard\li3599\s
b64\sl-218\slmult0\fi0\tx4320 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f
7\fs19 12.11\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 (a) About the same.\par\pard\ql
\li4320\sb46\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 (b) Much less. \par\
pard\ql \li4320\ri1109\sb50\sl-233\slmult0\tx4740\tx4740\tx4740 \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex113 (c) It suggests that the scattering is predominantly due to a sin
gle \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 collision, because the chance of
a single collision increases \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 linearl
y with the number of target atoms, and hence linearly \line \tab \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex109 with thickness. \par\pard\ql \li4320\ri1108\sb48\sl-233\
slmult0\tx4740\tx4740\tx4740\tx4740\tx4740\tx4740 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 (
d) In Thomson\u8217?s model, a single collision causes very little \li
ne\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 deflection. The observed average scatter

ing angle can be \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 explained only by co

nsidering multiple scattering. So it is wrong \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex122 to ignore multiple scattering in Thomson \u8217?s model . In \line
\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Rutherford\u8217?s model, most of the sca
ttering comes through a \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 single collis
ion and multiple scattering effects can be ignored \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex114 as a first approximation. \par\pard\ql \li3600\sb60\sl-218\slmult0\tx
4320 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 12.12 \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 The
first orbit Bohr \u8217?s model has a radius \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\
fs19 a\ul0\sub\cf67\f68\fs16 0\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 given by \par\p
ard\li4319\sb0\sl-126\slmult0\par\pard\li4319\sb50\sl-126\slmult0\fi1505 \up0 \e
xpndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf113\f114\fs11 2\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbk
none\cols4\colno1\colw4914\colsr20\colno2\colw110\colsr20\colno3\colw857\colsr60
\colno4\colw5959\colsr160\ql \li4319\sb17\sl-214\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 a\ul0\sub\cf67\f68\fs16 0\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f
7\fs19 = \ul0\nosupersub\cf112\f113\fs19 4\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-17
1\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf114\f115\fs19 \u960?\p
ar\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-171\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u949?
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf113\f114\fs11 0\ul0\nosupersub\c
f112\f113\fs19 ( \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf115\f116\fs19 h
\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf112\f113\fs19 / \up0 \expndtw-2
\charscalex100 2 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf114\f115\fs19 \
u960?\ul0\nosupersub\cf112\f113\fs19 )\par\pard\ql \li448\sb0\sl-99\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf113\f114\fs11 2\par\pard\ql \li90\sb
0\sl-144\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 \ul0\nosupersub\cf115\f116\fs19 m\
ul0\nosupersub\cf116\f117\fs11 e\ul0\nosupersub\cf115\f116\fs19 e\par\pard\colum
n \ql \li20\sb14\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6
\f7\fs19 . If we consider the atom bound by the gravitational \par\pard\sect\sec
td\sbknone \li4320\sb0\sl-218\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 force (\u
l0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 Gm\ul0\sub\cf68\f69\fs16 p\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19
m\ul0\sub\cf68\f69\fs16 e\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 /r\ul0\super\cf68\f69\fs17\
ul0\super\cf68\f69\fs16 2\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 ), we should replace (\ul
0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 e\ul0\super\cf68\f69\fs17\ul0\super\cf68\f69\fs16 2\ul0
\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 /\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 4 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs
19 \u960? \u949?\ul0\sub\cf67\f68\fs16 0\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 ) by \ul0\no
supersub\cf7\f8\fs19 Gm\ul0\sub\cf68\f69\fs16 p\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 m\ul0
\sub\cf68\f69\fs16 e\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 . That is, the\par\pard\sect\se
ctd\sbknone\cols4\colno1\colw8301\colsr20\colno2\colw136\colsr40\colno3\colw822\
colsr20\colno4\colw2601\colsr160\ql \li4320\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4
320\sb96\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 radius of the first Bohr or
bit is given by \ul0\nosupersub\cf117\f118\fs19 a\par\pard\column \ql \li8321\sb
0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li8321\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li21\sb45
\sl-126\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf118\f119\fs11 G\
par\pard\ql \li20\sb8\sl-126\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf119\f120\fs11 0\par\pard\column \ql \li233\sb185\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expnd
tw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf117\f118\fs19 h \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex1
00 \ul0\nosupersub\cf120\f121\fs19 / \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 2 \up0 \expnd
tw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf121\f122\fs19 \u960?\ul0\nosupersub\cf120\f
121\fs19 )\par\pard\ql \li20\sb0\sl-135\slmult0\tx730 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
00 \ul0\nosupersub\cf121\f122\fs19 =\ul0\nosupersub\cf120\f121\fs19 ( \tab \up0
\expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf119\f120\fs11 2\par\pard\ql \li194\s
b0\sl-171\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf117\f118\fs19 G
m\ul0\nosupersub\cf118\f119\fs11 p\ul0\nosupersub\cf117\f118\fs19 m\par\pard\col
umn \ql \li9354\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li55\sb50\sl-126\slmult0 \up0 \
expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf119\f120\fs11 2\par\pard\ql \li128\sb1
7\sl-213\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u8773
?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 1.2 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6
\f7\fs19 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 29\ul0\nosupersub\c
f6\f7\fs19 m.\par\pard\ql \li20\sb50\sl-126\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex1
00 \ul0\nosupersub\cf118\f119\fs11 e \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li4319\sb66\s

l-218\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 This

is much greater than the estimated size of the whole universe!\par\pard\sect\sec
td\sbknone\cols4\colno1\colw4543\colsr40\colno2\colw593\colsr40\colno3\colw1557\
colsr40\colno4\colw5127\colsr160\ql \li3599\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3
599\sb129\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 12.13 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
122\f123\fs19
\u957?\par\pard\column \ql \li4583\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard
\ql \li20\sb83\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 =\par\pard\ql \li523
\sb0\sl-99\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf124\f125\fs11
3\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb180\sl-218\slmult0\tx893\tx1208 \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf123\f124\fs19 me \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf124\f125\fs11 4\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex80 \ul0\nosupersub\c
f122\f123\fs19 \u9121? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf125\
f126\fs19 1\par\pard\ql \li87\sb35\sl-138\slmult0\tx764\tx893\tx1472 \up0 \expnd
tw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf124\f125\fs11 2\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charsca
lex100 3\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex80 \ul0\nosupersub\cf122\f123\fs19 \u9122?
\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf124\f125\fs11 2\par\pard\c
olumn \ql \li220\sb180\sl-218\slmult0\tx1293 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf125\f126\fs19 1 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex80 \ul0\nosupersub\cf122\f
123\fs19 \u9124? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf127\f128\f
s19 me\ul0\nosupersub\cf128\f129\fs11 4\ul0\nosupersub\cf127\f128\fs19 \ul0\nos
upersub\cf129\f130\fs19 (2\ul0\nosupersub\cf127\f128\fs19 n \up0 \expndtw-5\cha
rscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf126\f127\fs19 \u8722? \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex80
\ul0\nosupersub\cf129\f130\fs19 1 )\par\pard\ql \li20\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\tx579 \
up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf122\f123\fs19 \u8722? \tab \up0 \
expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf126\f127\fs19 =\par\pard\ql \li302\sb0
\sl-104\slmult0\tx1082\tx1270\tx1942\tx2721 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex81 \ul0\no
supersub\cf124\f125\fs11 2 \ul0\nosupersub\cf122\f123\fs19 \u9125? \tab \up0 \ex
pndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf128\f129\fs11 3\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\char
scalex100 2\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 3\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex10
0 2\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols4\colno1\colw4160\colsr160\colno2\colw1343\c
olsr20\colno3\colw1146\colsr20\colno4\colw5091\colsr160\ql \li1466\sb0\sl-253\sl
mult0 \par\pard\ql \li1466\sb118\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs22 546\par\pard\column \ql \li449\sb0\sl-171\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf125\f126\fs19 ( \up0 \expndtw-2\chars
calex100 4 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf122\f123\fs19 \u960?\
ul0\nosupersub\cf125\f126\fs19 ) \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\c
f122\f123\fs19 \u949? \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf124\f125\f
s11 0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex84 \ul0\nosupersub\cf125\f126\fs19 ( \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf123\f124\fs19 h \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf125\f126\
fs19 /\par\pard\ql \li20\sb180\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 For large \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 n\ul0\nosupersub\cf
6\f7\fs19 , \ul0\nosupersub\cf130\f131\fs19 \u957?\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb
0\sl-171\slmult0\tx426 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf125\f126\
fs19 2 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf122\f123\fs19 \u960? \up0
\expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf125\f126\fs19 )\tab \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex80 \ul0\nosupersub\cf122\f123\fs19 \u9123? \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex80
\ul0\nosupersub\cf125\f126\fs19 ( \ul0\nosupersub\cf123\f124\fs19 n \up0 \expnd
tw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf122\f123\fs19 \u8722? \up0 \expndtw-8\chars
calex80 \ul0\nosupersub\cf125\f126\fs19 1 )\par\pard\ql \li790\sb55\sl-218\slmul
t0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf131\f132\fs19 me \up0 \expndtw
-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf132\f133\fs11 4\par\pard\ql \li37\sb0\sl-171\
slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex80 \ul0\nosupersub\cf130\f131\fs19 \u8773?\par
\pard\ql \li567\sb0\sl-99\slmult0\tx782 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf132\f133\fs11 3\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 2\par\pard\ql \li211\s
b0\sl-171\slmult0\tx674 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf133\f134\
fs19 32 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf130\f131\fs19 \u960? \ta
b \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \u949?\ul0\nosupersub\cf132\f133\fs11 0 \up0 \exp
ndtw-8\charscalex84 \ul0\nosupersub\cf133\f134\fs19 ( \ul0\nosupersub\cf131\f132
\fs19 h \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf133\f134\fs19 /\par\pard
\column \ql \li131\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\tx377\tx709 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \

ul0\nosupersub\cf123\f124\fs19 n\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex80 \ul0\nosupersub

\cf122\f123\fs19 \u9126? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf129
\f130\fs19 (4 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf126\f127\fs19 \u96
0?\ul0\nosupersub\cf129\f130\fs19 ) \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf126\f127\fs19 \u949? \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf128\f12
9\fs11 0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex84 \ul0\nosupersub\cf129\f130\fs19 ( \ul0\nos
upersub\cf127\f128\fs19 h \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf129\f1
30\fs19 / \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 2 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nos
upersub\cf126\f127\fs19 \u960?\ul0\nosupersub\cf129\f130\fs19 ) \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf127\f128\fs19 n\ul0\nosupersub\cf128\f129\fs11 2\
ul0\nosupersub\cf129\f130\fs19 (\ul0\nosupersub\cf127\f128\fs19 n \up0 \expndtw4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf126\f127\fs19 \u8722? \up0 \expndtw-8\charscal
ex80 \ul0\nosupersub\cf129\f130\fs19 1 )\par\pard\ql \li7101\sb0\sl-126\slmult0
\par\pard\ql \li7101\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li292\sb66\sl-126\slmult0\
tx506 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf132\f133\fs11 3\tab \up0 \
expndtw-1\charscalex100 3\par\pard\ql \li20\sb0\sl-171\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\c
harscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf133\f134\fs19 2 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf130\f131\fs19 \u960?\ul0\nosupersub\cf133\f134\fs19 ) \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf131\f132\fs19 n
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft12054\shptop1112\shpright12059\shpbottom1186\shpfhdr0\s
hpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz5\shplid0
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 5}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 74}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,74);(5,74);(5,0);(0,0)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}
}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 145339
90}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft12060\shptop0\shpright12060\shpbottom164\shpfhdr0\shpbx
page\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz19\shplid1{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv
20}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineWid
th}{\sv 15201}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft4\shptop0\shpright12053\shpbottom1372\shpfhdr0\shpbxpag
e\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz23\shplid2
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 12049}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 1372}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,1372);(12049,1372);(12049,0);(0,0)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}
}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 159856
12}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft1714\shptop1112\shpright12054\shpbottom1186\shpfhdr0\sh
pbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz26\shplid3
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 10340}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 74}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,74);(10340,74);(10340,0);(0,0)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}
}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 145339
90}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}

{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft4\shptop1292\shpright12053\shpbottom1366\shpfhdr0\shpbx
page\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz29\shplid4
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 12049}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 74}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,74);(12049,74);(12049,0);(0,0)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}
}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 129512
97}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft1310\shptop0\shpright5270\shpbottom2262\shpfhdr0\shpbxp
age\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz32\shplid5
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 3960}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 2262}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,2262);(3960,2262);(3960,0);(0,0)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}
}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 134217
72}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft1310\shptop2244\shpright5270\shpbottom2289\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz35\shplid6
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 3960}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 45}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,45);(3960,45);(3960,0);(0,0)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}
}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 500026
8}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft2024\shptop1774\shpright2214\shpbottom1964\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz48\shplid7
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 190}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 190}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,190);(190,190);(190,0);(0,0)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}
}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 631612
8}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft2124\shptop1864\shpright2314\shpbottom2054\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz51\shplid8
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 190}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 190}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,190);(190,190);(190,0);(0,0)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}
}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 129512
97}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}

{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft175\shptop0\shpright175\shpbottom171\shpfhdr0\shpbxpage
\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz61\shplid9{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 20}}
{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineWidth}{
\sv 15201}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft0\shptop166\shpright170\shpbottom166\shpfhdr0\shpbxpage
\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz61\shplid10{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 20}
}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineWidth}
{\sv 15201}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft180\shptop15862\shpright180\shpbottom16040\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz61\shplid11{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\
sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn line
Width}{\sv 15201}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft0\shptop15872\shpright170\shpbottom15872\shpfhdr0\shpbx
page\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz61\shplid12{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv
20}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineWi
dth}{\sv 15201}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft1310\shptop14656\shpright2030\shpbottom15002\shpfhdr0\s
hpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz65\shplid13
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 720}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 346}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,346);(720,346);(720,0);(0,0)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}
}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 159856
12}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft4780\shptop12156\shpright5915\shpbottom12156\shpfhdr0\s
hpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz476\shplid14{\sp{\sn shapeType
}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn l
ineWidth}{\sv 7426}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft8652\shptop13100\shpright9338\shpbottom13100\shpfhdr0\s
hpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz608\shplid15{\sp{\sn shapeType
}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn l
ineWidth}{\sv 10403}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft4748\shptop14084\shpright6036\shpbottom14084\shpfhdr0\s
hpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz707\shplid16{\sp{\sn shapeType
}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn l
ineWidth}{\sv 7426}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft6157\shptop14084\shpright6743\shpbottom14084\shpfhdr0\s
hpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz707\shplid17{\sp{\sn shapeType
}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn l
ineWidth}{\sv 7426}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft6943\shptop14084\shpright7164\shpbottom14084\shpfhdr0\s
hpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz707\shplid18{\sp{\sn shapeType
}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn l
ineWidth}{\sv 7426}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft7512\shptop14084\shpright9579\shpbottom14084\shpfhdr0\s
hpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz782\shplid19{\sp{\sn shapeType
}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn l

ineWidth}{\sv 7426}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft5858\shptop14801\shpright7401\shpbottom14801\shpfhdr0\s
hpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz852\shplid20{\sp{\sn shapeType
}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn l
ineWidth}{\sv 7426}}
}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12060\paperh16040
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft3606\shptop3280\shpright7294\shpbottom3808\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz10001\shplid10001
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 202}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\s
p{\sn fRecolorFillAsPicture}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fUseShapeAnchor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fL
ine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fBe
hindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\shptxt\pard\plain \qj\sl138 \li0\ri0 \expndtw0\charscalex
110\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 . This gives \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u957?\u
l0\sub\cf67\f68\fs16 c\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = \ul0\nosupersub\cf141\f142\
fs19 n\ul0\super\cf142\f143\fs28 (\ul0\nosupersub\cf141\f142\fs19 h \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf142\f143\fs19 /\ul0\sub\cf141\f142\fs28 r\ul0\sub\cf142\f143\fs28 ){\pa
r}}}}\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg14}{\bkmkend Pg14}\par\pard\ql \li8169\sb0\sl
-345\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li8169\sb0\sl-345\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li8169\sb0\sl-3
45\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li8169\sb0\sl-345\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li8169\sb135\sl-3
45\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf24\f25\fs30 Answers \pa
r\pard\ql \li1999\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1999\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par
\pard\ql\li1999\sb104\sl-218\slmult0\tx7704 \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\no
supersub\cf6\f7\fs19 Orbital frequency \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u957?\ul0\su
b\cf67\f68\fs16 c\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 v/\
ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 2 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u960? \ul0\nosupersub\
cf7\f8\fs19 r\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 ). In Bohr model \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f
8\fs19 v\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = \ul0\nosupersub\cf134\f135\fs19 n\ul0\su
per\cf135\f136\fs28 (\ul0\nosupersub\cf134\f135\fs19 hm r\ul0\super\cf135\f136\f
s28 / \up7 \expndtw0\charscalex104 2\ul0\nosupersub\cf136\f137\fs19 \u960?\ul0\n
osupersub\cf135\f136\fs19 ) \tab \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
6\f7\fs19 , and \par\pard\li1999\sb0\sl-218\slmult0\par\pard\li1999\sb0\sl-218\s
lmult0\par\pard\li1999\sb37\sl-218\slmult0\fi1392\tx6944 \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf139\f140\fs11 2\tab \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\no
supersub\cf146\f147\fs19 me\t \up4 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf147
\f148\fs11 4\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw2481\colsr20\colno2\co
lw3020\colsr20\colno3\colw6389\colsr160\ql \li1999\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\tx2133 \up
0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 r \tab \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf137\f138\fs19 =\ul0\nosupersub\cf138\f139\fs19 4\p
ar\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\tx1159 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100
\ul0\nosupersub\cf137\f138\fs19 \u960? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \u949?\ul0\
nosupersub\cf139\f140\fs11 0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex84 \ul0\nosupersub\cf138\
f139\fs19 ( \ul0\nosupersub\cf140\f141\fs19 h \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0
\nosupersub\cf138\f139\fs19 / \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 2 \up0 \expndtw-1\ch
arscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf137\f138\fs19 \u960?\ul0\nosupersub\cf138\f139\fs1
9 )\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf139\f140\fs11 2\par\pard
\ql \li1020\sb0\sl-171\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf14
0\f141\fs19 n\par\pard\column \ql \li268\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\tx687 \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf142\f143\fs19 2 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100
\ul0\nosupersub\cf144\f145\fs19 \u960? \tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\n
osupersub\cf145\f146\fs19 =\par\pard\ql \li400\sb0\sl-99\slmult0\tx1215\tx1425\t
x2096\tx2305 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf143\f144\fs11 2\tab
\up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf147\f148\fs11 3\tab \up0 \expnd
tw-1\charscalex100 2\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 3\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\cha
rscalex100 3 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1999\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\fi730\tx539
2\tx5531\tx6364\tx6616\tx6823\tx7204\tx7677 \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\no
supersub\cf140\f141\fs19 me\t \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf139
\f140\fs11 2\tab \dn3 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf142\f143\fs19 2
\tab \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf144\f145\fs19 \u960?\tab \up

0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf148\f149\fs19 32\tab \up0 \expndtw-2

\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf145\f146\fs19 \u960?\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex111 \u949?\ul0\nosupersub\cf147\f148\fs11 0\t \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex81 \u
l0\nosupersub\cf148\f149\fs19 ( \ul0\nosupersub\cf146\f147\fs19 h\tab \up0 \expn
dtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf148\f149\fs19 /\t \up0 \expndtw-8\charscal
ex94 2 \ul0\nosupersub\cf145\f146\fs19 \u960?\t \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \u
l0\nosupersub\cf148\f149\fs19 )\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf146\f147\fs19 n\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1999\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\fi0 \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 which is same as \ul0\nos
upersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u957?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 for large \ul0\nosupersub
\cf7\f8\fs19 n\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 .\par\pard\li1279\sb108\sl-218\slmult0
\fi2436\tx4111\tx4636 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf152\f153\fs
19 \u9115?\tab \dn3 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf149\f150\fs19 e\t
\up4 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf150\f151\fs11 2\tab \dn2 \expndt
w0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf152\f153\fs19 \u9118?\par\pard\li1279\sb1\sl180\slmult0\fi0\tx1999\tx3715\tx4519\tx4636 \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\no
supersub\cf6\f7\fs19 12.14\tab \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex109 (a) The quantity\t
ab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf152\f153\fs19 \u9116?\tab \dn2
\expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf150\f151\fs11 2\tab \dn3 \expndtw0\c
harscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf152\f153\fs19 \u9119?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19
has the dimensions of length. Its value\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\coln
o1\colw4576\colsr60\colno2\colw7284\colsr160\ql \li3715\sb0\sl-145\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex80 \ul0\nosupersub\cf152\f153\fs19 \u9117? \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf151\f152\fs19 4\ul0\nosupersub\cf152\f153\fs19 \u
960?\u949? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf150\f151\fs11 0 \ul0\n
osupersub\cf149\f150\fs19 mc\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-171\slmult0 \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex80 \ul0\nosupersub\cf152\f153\fs19 \u9120? \par\pard\sect\sec
td\sbknone \li2419\sb49\sl-218\slmult0\fi0\tx2732 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 is\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 2.82 \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf8\f9\fs19 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\
cf67\f68\fs16 -15\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 m - much smaller than the typical
atomic size.\par\pard\li1999\sb0\sl-126\slmult0\par\pard\li1999\sb87\sl-126\slmu
lt0\fi2844 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf154\f155\fs11 2\par\pa
rd\li1999\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\fi1851 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf153\f154\fs19 4\t \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf155\f156\fs
19 \u960?\u949?\t \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf154\f155\fs11 0
\ul0\nosupersub\cf153\f154\fs19 (\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw4
043\colsr160\colno2\colw729\colsr160\colno3\colw6838\colsr160\ql \li1999\sb0\sl171\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 (b) The
quantity\par\pard\column \ql \li112\sb0\sl-171\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscale
x100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf156\f157\fs19 h \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf153\f154\fs19 / \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 2 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscale
x100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf155\f156\fs19 \u960?\ul0\nosupersub\cf153\f154\fs19 )\par
\pard\ql \li300\sb0\sl-99\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\
cf154\f155\fs11 2\par\pard\ql \li20\sb0\sl-171\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf156\f157\fs19 me\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-171\slmu
lt0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 has the dimension
s of length. Its \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li2419\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\fi0\
tx3439 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 value is\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 0
.53 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 10\ul0\super\cf67\f6
8\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 -10\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 m - of the order
of atomic sizes.(Note that\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li2419\sb0\sl-171\slmult
0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 the dimensional arguments cannot, of course,
tell us that we\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li2419\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\fi0 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex113 should use 4\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u960?\ul0\nosup
ersub\cf6\f7\fs19 and \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 h/\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19
2\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u960?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19
in place of \
ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 h \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 to arrive at the right
size.)\par\pard\li1279\sb110\sl-126\slmult0\fi4073\tx5997 \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf158\f159\fs11 2\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 2\par\

pard\li1279\sb51\sl-171\slmult0\fi0\tx1999\tx5477\tx5773 \dn3 \expndtw0\charscal

ex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 12.15\tab \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex110 In Bohr
\u8217?s model, \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 mvr\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = \u
l0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 nh\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19
and \ul0\nosupersub\c
f157\f158\fs19 mv\tab \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf160\f161\f
s19 =\tab \up7 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf157\f158\fs19 Ze\par\pa
rd\li1999\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\fi3208\tx5622\tx5766\tx6152 \dn3 \expndtw0\charscal
ex108 r\tab \dn3 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf159\f160\fs19 4\tab
\dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf160\f161\fs19 \u960?\u949?\t \dn2
\expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf158\f159\fs11 0\tab \dn3 \expndtw0\c
harscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf157\f158\fs19 r\ul0\nosupersub\cf158\f159\fs11 2\
par\pard\li1999\sb21\sl-218\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf6\f7\fs19 which give\par\pard\li2359\sb0\sl-126\slmult0\par\pard\li2359\
sb2\sl-126\slmult0\fi1501\tx5245 \dn2 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\c
f162\f163\fs11 2\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf166\f167\fs
11 2\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw2880\colsr20\colno2\colw727\co
lsr20\colno3\colw8283\colsr160\ql \li2359\sb46\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 T\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = \ul0\nosu
persub\cf161\f162\fs19 1\par\pard\ql \li2758\sb0\sl-171\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4
\charscalex100 2\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb46\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf163\f164\fs19 mv \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf162\f163\fs11 2 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1
64\f165\fs19 =\par\pard\ql \li622\sb0\sl-171\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex1
00 \ul0\nosupersub\cf161\f162\fs19 8\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-171\slmult
0\tx1102\tx1915 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf163\f164\fs19 Ze\
tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf165\f166\fs19 4 \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf167\f168\fs19 \u960?\u949? \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf166\f167\fs11 0\ul0\nosupersub\cf168\f169\fs19 =\ta
b \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf166\f167\fs11 2\par\pard\ql \l
i554\sb0\sl-153\slmult0\tx876\tx1382\tx1781 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\no
supersub\cf6\f7\fs19 ;\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 r\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charsca
lex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 =\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosu
persub\cf166\f167\fs11 2\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf169\
f170\fs19 n\par\pard\ql \li50\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\tx469\tx1159\tx1480 \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf164\f165\fs19 \u960? \u949? \up0 \expndtw-2\
charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf162\f163\fs11 0\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex10
0 \ul0\nosupersub\cf163\f164\fs19 r\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf169\f170\fs19 Ze\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 m \par\pard\sect\sectd\
sbknone \ql \li1999\sb0\sl-171\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf6\f7\fs19 These relations have nothing to do with the choice of the zero o
f \par\pard\qj \li1999\ri3434\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 po
tential energy. Now, choosing the zero of potential energy at infinity \line \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 we have \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 V\ul0\nosupersub\c
f6\f7\fs19 = - (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 Ze\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\supe
r\cf67\f68\fs16 2\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 /4 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u96
0? \u949?\ul0\sub\cf67\f68\fs16 0 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 r\ul0\nosupersub\
cf6\f7\fs19 ) which gives \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 V\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs
19 = -2\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 T\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 and \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf7\f8\fs19 E\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 T\
ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 + \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 V\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f
7\fs19 = - \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 T \par\pard\ql \li1999\sb54\sl-218\slmul
t0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 (a) The quoted val
ue of \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 E\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = - 3.4 eV is ba
sed on the customary \par\pard\qj \li2419\ri3461\sb1\sl-220\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex111 choice of zero of potential energy at infinity. Using \ul0\
nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 E\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = - \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\
fs19 T\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 , the \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 kinetic ene
rgy of the electron in this state is + 3.4 eV. \par\pard\ql \li1999\sb42\sl-218\
slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 (b) Using \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 V\u
l0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = - 2\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 T\ul0\nosupersub\cf6

\f7\fs19 , potential energy of the electron is = - 6.8 eV \par\pard\ql \li1999\r

i3431\sb61\sl-220\slmult0\tx2419\tx2419\tx2419\tx2419 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
06 (c) If the zero of potential energy is chosen differently, kinetic energy \
line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 does not change. Its value is + 3.4 eV ind
ependent of the choice \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 of the zero of po
tential energy. The potential energy, and the \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex108 total energy of the state, however, would alter if a different zero \line
\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 of the potential energy is chosen. \par\pard\q
l \li1279\sb42\sl-218\slmult0\tx1999 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex135 12.16 \tab \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Angular momenta associated with planetary mo
tion are \par\pard\qj \li1999\ri3432\sb1\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex112 incomparably large relative to \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 h\ul0\nosupers
ub\cf6\f7\fs19 . For example, angular momentum \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
14 of the earth in its orbital motion is of the order of 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\f
s17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 70\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 h\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f
7\fs19 . In terms of \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 the Bohr\u8217?s quanti
sation postulate, this corresponds to a very large \par\pard\qj \li1999\ri3432\s
b0\sl-220\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 value of \ul0\nosupersub\cf7
\f8\fs19 n\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 (of the order of 10\ul0\super\cf67\
f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 70\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 ). For such la
rge values of \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 n\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 , the
\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 differences in the successive energies and a
ngular momenta of the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 quantised levels of the
Bohr model are so small compared to the \par\pard\qj \li1999\ri3434\sb0\sl-220\
slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 energies and angular momenta respectively f
or the levels that one \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 can, for all practical
purposes, consider the levels continuous. \par\pard\ql \li1279\sb42\sl-218\slmu
lt0\tx1999 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 12.17 \tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex111
All that is needed is to replace \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 m\ul0\sub\cf68\f69\
fs16 e\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 by \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 m\ul0\sub\cf17
0\f171\fs16 \u956?\ul0\sub\cf67\f68\fs16 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 in the for
mulas of the Bohr \par\pard\qj \li1999\ri3434\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex102 model. We note that keeping other factors fixed, \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf7\f8\fs19 r\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 \ul0\nosupersub\cf17\f18\fs21 \u87
33?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 (1/\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 m\ul0\nosupersub
\cf6\f7\fs19 ) and \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 E\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf17\f18\fs21 \u8733?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 \ul0\nosupersub\
cf7\f8\fs19 m\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 . \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 Therefo
re, \par\pard\li1999\sb173\sl-195\slmult0\fi330\tx2953\tx3364\tx3732 \dn3 \expnd
tw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf171\f172\fs17 r\ul0\nosupersub\cf172\f173\fs
13 e\ul0\nosupersub\cf171\f172\fs17 m\t \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf172\f173\fs13 e\tab \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf175\f
176\fs17 053\tab \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf174\f175\fs17 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf175\f176\fs17 10\tab \up4 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf176\f177\fs10 13\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw2744\colsr20\co
lno2\colw9156\colsr160\ql \li2019\sb0\sl-153\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex8
1 \ul0\nosupersub\cf171\f172\fs17 r \ul0\nosupersub\cf173\f174\fs13 m \up0 \expn
dtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf174\f175\fs17 =\par\pard\ql \li2408\sb0\sl
-135\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf171\f172\fs17 m \up0
\expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf173\f174\fs13 m\par\pard\ql \li1999\
sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1999\sb15\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 E\ul0\sub\cf177\f178\fs17 \u956?\ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf6\f7\fs19 =\ul0\super\cf178\f179\fs25 E\ul0\super\cf179\f180\fs18 e\ul0\
nosupersub\cf178\f179\fs17 m\par\pard\ql \li2478\sb0\sl-135\slmult0 \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex123 m\ul0\sub\cf179\f180\fs19 e\par\pard\column \ql \li43\sb0\sl-1
53\slmult0\tx1377 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf174\f175\fs17
=\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 2.56 10\ul0\sup
er\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 -13 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 m\par\p
ard\ql \li507\sb0\sl-153\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
175\f176\fs17 207\par\pard\ql \li20\sb208\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscal

ex111 \ul0\super\cf180\f181\fs18 m\ul0\nosupersub\cf181\f182\fs17 =\ul0\nosupe

rsub\cf6\f7\fs19 - (13.6 207) eV \ul0\nosupersub\cf182\f183\fs19 \u8773?\ul0\n
osupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 - 2.8 keV\par\pard\ql \li7441\sb0\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs22 547
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft2356\shptop14783\shpright2863\shpbottom14783\shpfhdr0\s
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}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12060\paperh16040\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart P
g15}{\bkmkend Pg15}\par\pard\ql \li2560\sb0\sl-460\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2560\s
b0\sl-460\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2560\sb0\sl-460\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2560\sb8
0\sl-460\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs40 Physics
\par\pard\ql \li3580\sb233\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nos

upersub\cf4\f5\fs26 C\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs18 HAPTER\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs

26 13\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols4\colno1\colw4140\colsr160\colno2\colw328
0\colsr160\colno3\colw404\colsr160\colno4\colw3636\colsr160\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-21
8\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3580\sb67\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137
\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 13.1\par\pard\ql \li3580\sb62\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex137 13.2\par\pard\ql \li3580\sb63\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex137 13.3\par\pard\ql \li3580\sb64\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex137 13.4\par\pard\ql \li3580\sb62\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
137 13.5\par\pard\column \ql \li3580\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb67\
sl-218\slmult0\tx1368 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 (a) 6.941 u\tab \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex116 (b) 19.9%, 80.1%\par\pard\ql \li20\sb62\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex117 20.18 u\par\pard\ql \li20\sb63\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex109 104.7 MeV\par\pard\ql \li20\sb64\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex108 8.79 MeV, 7.84 MeV\par\pard\ql \li20\sb62\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex118 1.584 10\ul0\super\cf16\f17\fs18 25 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs1
9 MeV or 2.53510\ul0\super\cf16\f17\fs18 12\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 J\par\pard
\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li229\sb25\sl-126\slmult0\tx1048\tx
1715\tx2692 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf183\f184\fs11 226\tab
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 222\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 4\tab \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex121 242\par\pard\column \ql \li3580\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\p
ard\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\p
ard\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\p
ard\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\p
ard\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\p
ard\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\p
ard\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\p
ard\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb8\sl-126\slmult0 \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex121 238\par\pard\column \ql \li3580\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\par
d\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\par
d\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\par
d\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\par
d\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\par
d\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\par
d\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\par
d\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb8\sl-126\slmult0 \up0 \expn
dtw-1\charscalex100 4\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw4504\colsr60\
colno2\colw173\colsr20\colno3\colw7173\colsr160\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\tx
4295 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 13.6\tab \up0 \exp
ndtw-5\charscalex100 i)\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-104\slmult0 \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf183\f184\fs11 88\par\pard\column \ql \li20\s
b0\sl-171\slmult0\tx822\tx1978\tx2480\tx3228\tx3658 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108
\ul0\nosupersub\cf95\f96\fs19 Ra \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\
cf184\f185\fs19 \u8594? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf95\
f96\fs19 Rn + \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 He\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100
\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 ii)\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf95\f96\fs19 Pu \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf184\f185\fs19
\u8594? \tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf95\f96\fs19 U +\ta
b \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 He\par\pard\ql \li649\sb0\sl-99\slmult0\tx1268\t
x2300\tx3063\tx3562 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 \ul0\nosupersub\cf183\f184\fs11
86\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 2\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 94\tab
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 92\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 2 \par\pard\se
ct\sectd\sbknone \li3580\sb30\sl-126\slmult0\fi1053\tx5203\tx5747\tx7017\tx7675\
tx8392 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 32\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 32\tab \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 -\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 210\tab \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex106 210\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 -\par\pard\sect\sectd\s
bknone \li3580\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\fi720\tx4800\tx4972\tx5352\tx5834\tx6700\tx725
2\tx7444\tx7898\tx8476 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19
iii)\tab \dn2 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf95\f96\fs19 P\tab \dn2
\expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf184\f185\fs19 \u8594?\tab \dn2 \expndt
w0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf95\f96\fs19 S +e\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscale

x106 +\ul0\nosupersub\cf184\f185\fs19 \u957?\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \u

l0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 iv)\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\c
f95\f96\fs19 B\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf184\f185\fs19
\u8594?\tab \dn2 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf95\f96\fs19 Po +e\ta
b \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex106 +\ul0\nosupersub\cf184\f185\fs19 \u957?\par\pard\
sect\sectd\sbknone \li3580\sb0\sl-99\slmult0\fi1041 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106
\ul0\nosupersub\cf183\f184\fs11 15\par\pard\column \ql \li3580\sb0\sl-126\slmul
t0 \par\pard\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-126\slmul
t0 \par\pard\ql \li109\sb57\sl-126\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 16\par\p
ard\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb41\sl-126\slmult0\tx525 \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 11 \tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 +\par\pard\col
umn \ql \li3580\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\
pard\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li72\sb57\sl-126\slmult0 \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex120 83\par\pard\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \l
i20\sb41\sl-126\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 97\par\pard\column \ql \li3
580\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3
580\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li49\sb57\sl-126\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex120 84\par\pard\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb41\sl126\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 97\par\pard\column \ql \li3580\sb0\sl-1
26\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-1
26\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-1
26\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb97\sl-126\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100
+\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw4674\colsr20\colno2\colw7226\cols
r160\ql \li4300\sb0\sl-135\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\
cf6\f7\fs19 v) \ul0\super\cf183\f184\fs18\ul0\super\cf183\f184\fs17 11\par\pard
\ql \li4603\sb0\sl-99\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 6\par\pard\column \q
l \li20\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\tx574\tx2031\tx2528\tx3188 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
01 \ul0\nosupersub\cf95\f96\fs19 C \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf184\f185\fs19 \u8594? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf95\
f96\fs19 B +e \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 +\ul0\nosupersub\cf184\f185\fs19 \u95
7? \tab \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 vi)\tab \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf95\f96\fs19 Tc \up0 \expndtw-3\charscal
ex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf184\f185\fs19 \u8594? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100
\ul0\nosupersub\cf95\f96\fs19 Mo +e \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 +\ul0\nosupers
ub\cf184\f185\fs19 \u957?\par\pard\ql \li493\sb0\sl-99\slmult0\tx2351\tx3032 \up
0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf183\f184\fs11 5\tab \up0 \expndtw0\
charscalex120 43\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 42\par\pard\column \ql \li3580
\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\s
b48\sl-126\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 120\par\pard\column \ql \li3580\
sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li519\s
b48\sl-126\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 +\par\pard\column \ql \li3580\s
b0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb4
8\sl-126\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 120\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\co
ls3\colno1\colw4665\colsr60\colno2\colw173\colsr20\colno3\colw7012\colsr160\ql \
li4300\sb0\sl-171\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\f
s19 vii)\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-104\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
17 \ul0\nosupersub\cf183\f184\fs11 54\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-171\slmul
t0\tx1102 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf95\f96\fs19 Xe +e \up0
\expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf184\f185\fs19 \u8594? \tab \up0 \expn
dtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf95\f96\fs19 I +\ul0\nosupersub\cf184\f185\
fs19 \u957?\par\pard\ql \li936\sb0\sl-99\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 \u
l0\nosupersub\cf183\f184\fs11 53\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw42
40\colsr60\colno2\colw3285\colsr60\colno3\colw4285\colsr160\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-17
1\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 13.7\par\pard
\ql \li3580\sb55\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 13.8\par\pard\ql \l
i3580\sb62\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 13.9\par\pard\ql \li3580\
sb63\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 13.10\par\pard\ql \li3580\sb64\
sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 13.11\par\pard\ql \li3580\sb62\sl-21
8\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 13.12\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-17
1\slmult0\tx1742 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 (a) 5 T years\tab \up0 \expndtw0\c

harscalex113 (b) 6.65 T years\par\pard\ql \li20\sb55\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndt

w0\charscalex114 4224 years\par\pard\ql \li20\sb62\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex115 7.126 10\ul0\super\cf16\f17\fs18 - 6\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19
g\par\pard\qj \li20\ri680\sb11\sl-280\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 7
.877 10\ul0\super\cf16\f17\fs18 10\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 Bq or 2.13 Ci \lin
e \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 1.23\par\pard\ql \li20\sb51\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex109 (a) \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 Q\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\f
s19 = 4.93 MeV, \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 E\ul0\sub\cf185\f186\fs19 \u945?\ul
0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 4.85 MeV\par\pard\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par
\pard\ql \li40\sb25\sl-126\slmult0\tx604\tx1149 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf183\f184\fs11 11\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 11\tab \up0 \ex
pndtw-1\charscalex100 +\par\pard\column \ql \li3580\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard
\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard
\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard
\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb36\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 (b) \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 Q
\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 6.41 MeV, \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 E\ul0\sub\c
f185\f186\fs19 \u945?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 6.29 MeV\par\pard\sect\sectd
\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw4221\colsr110\colno2\colw110\colsr40\colno3\colw7449\c
olsr160\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-171\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 13.13\par\par
d\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-104\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf183\f184\fs11 6\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\tx574\tx1389
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf95\f96\fs19 C \up0 \expndtw-3\cha
rscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf184\f185\fs19 \u8594? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf95\f96\fs19 B +e \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 +\ul0\nosup
ersub\cf184\f185\fs19 \u957? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\c
f6\f7\fs19 +\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 Q\par\pard\ql \li442\sb0\sl-99\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf183\f184\fs11 6 \par\pard\sect\s
ectd\sbknone \li4300\sb57\sl-126\slmult0\fi878\tx6120\tx6943\tx7149 \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf187\f188\fs11 11\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x102 11\tab \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf191\f192\fs19 \u9124?
\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf187\f188\fs11 2\par\pard\sec
t\sectd\sbknone \li4300\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\fi24\tx4965\tx5112\tx5332 \up0 \expnd
tw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf190\f191\fs19 Q \ul0\nosupersub\cf191\f192\
fs19 =\ul0\nosupersub\cf190\f191\fs19 \ul0\nosupersub\cf191\f192\fs19 \u9123?\u
l0\nosupersub\cf190\f191\fs19 m\tab \dn2 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf189\f190\fs11 N\tab \dn2 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf186\f187
\fs23 (\t \dn2 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf187\f188\fs11 6\tab \u
p0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf188\f189\fs19 C\par\pard\sect\sect
d\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw6012\colsr40\colno2\colw5868\colsr160\ql \li5479\sb0\
sl-162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf186\f187\fs23 ) \
up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf188\f189\fs19 \u8211? \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf190\f191\fs19 m \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex10
0 \ul0\nosupersub\cf189\f190\fs11 N\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-207\slmult0
\tx1228 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf186\f187\fs23 (\ul0\nosup
ersub\cf187\f188\fs11 6 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf188\f189\
fs19 B\ul0\nosupersub\cf186\f187\fs23 ) \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf188\f189\fs19 \u8211? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf190
\f191\fs19 m \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf189\f190\fs11 e \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex80 \ul0\nosupersub\cf191\f192\fs19 \u9126? \up0 \expndtw-2
\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf190\f191\fs19 c\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex1
00 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 , \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li4300\sb0\sl-171
\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 where the masses used are those of nuc
lei and not of atoms. If we\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li4300\sb0\sl-171\slmul
t0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 use atomic masses, we have to add 6\ul0\nos
upersub\cf7\f8\fs19 m\ul0\sub\cf16\f17\fs19 e\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 in cas
e of \ul0\super\cf16\f17\fs18 11\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 C and 5\ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf7\f8\fs19 m\ul0\sub\cf16\f17\fs19 e\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 in\par\pa
rd\sect\sectd\sbknone \li4300\sb16\sl-218\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
14 case of \ul0\super\cf16\f17\fs18 11\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 B. Hence\par\

pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li4300\sb0\sl-126\slmult0\par\pard\li4300\sb67\sl-126\s
lmult0\fi758\tx5877\tx7017 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf187\f1
88\fs11 11\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 11\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114
2\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li4300\sb0\sl-198\slmult0\fi24 \up0 \expndtw-7\ch
arscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf190\f191\fs19 Q \ul0\nosupersub\cf191\f192\fs19 =\
ul0\nosupersub\cf190\f191\fs19 \ul0\nosupersub\cf191\f192\fs19 \u9123?\ul0\nosu
persub\cf190\f191\fs19 m\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw5092\colsr
20\colno2\colw808\colsr20\colno3\colw5990\colsr160\ql \li4989\sb0\sl-198\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf192\f193\fs23 (\par\pard\column
\ql \li20\sb0\sl-162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf18
7\f188\fs11 6 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf188\f189\fs19 C \up
0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf192\f193\fs23 ) \up0 \expndtw-2\cha
rscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf188\f189\fs19 \u8211? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110
\ul0\nosupersub\cf190\f191\fs19 m \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\
cf192\f193\fs23 (\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-153\slmult0\tx1368 \up0 \expn
dtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf187\f188\fs11 6 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
18 \ul0\nosupersub\cf188\f189\fs19 B \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf192\f193\fs23 ) \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf188\f189\fs1
9 \u8211? 2 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf190\f191\fs19 m \up0
\expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf189\f190\fs11 e \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex50 \ul0\nosupersub\cf191\f192\fs19 \u9124? \u9126? \up0 \expndtw-2\charscale
x100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf190\f191\fs19 c\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nos
upersub\cf6\f7\fs19 (Note \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 m\ul0\sub\cf16\f17\fs19 e\
ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 has been doubled) \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \ql \
li4300\sb0\sl-171\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Using given masses, \ul0\
nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 Q\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 0.961 MeV. \par\pard\ql \
li4300\sb11\sl-195\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\f
s19 Q\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 E\ul0\sub\cf9\f1
0\fs19 d\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 + E\ul0\sub\cf9\f10\fs19 e\ul0\nosupersub\cf
6\f7\fs19 + \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 E\ul0\sub\cf185\f186\fs19 \u957? \par\pa
rd\qj \li4300\ri1128\sb60\sl-226\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf6\f7\fs19 The daughter nucleus is too heavy compared to e\ul0\super\cf16
\f17\fs18 +\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 and \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u957?\u
l0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 , so it carries \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 neg
ligible energy (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 E\ul0\sub\cf9\f10\fs19 d\ul0\nosup
ersub\cf193\f194\fs19 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u8776?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7
\fs19 0). If the kinetic energy (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 E\ul0\sub\cf18
5\f186\fs19 \u957?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 ) carried by the \line \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex109 neutrino is minimum (i.e., zero), the positron carri
es maximum \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 energy, and this is practically a
ll energy \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 Q\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 ; hence maxim
um \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 E\ul0\sub\cf9\f10\fs19 e\ul0\nosupersub\cf193\f19
4\fs19 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u8776?\ul0\nosupersub\cf193\f194\fs19 \ul0
\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 Q\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 ).\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkn
one\cols3\colno1\colw5759\colsr20\colno2\colw2098\colsr60\colno3\colw3993\colsr1
60\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4332\sb104\sl-126\slmult0\tx501
3\tx5645 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf183\f184\fs11 23\tab \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 23 \tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 -\par\pard\ql \l
i3580\sb0\sl-171\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs1
9 13.14\par\pard\column \ql \li4300\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1652\sb85
\sl-126\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf187\f188\fs11 23\
par\pard\ql \li649\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\tx805\tx1825 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100
\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 ;\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\
cf188\f189\fs19 Q = \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex80 \ul0\nosupersub\cf191\f192\fs19
\u9121? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf190\f191\fs19 m\tab \up0
\expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf188\f189\fs19 Ne\par\pard\column \ql
\li4300\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li564\sb85\sl-126\slmult0\tx1724 \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex123 \ul0\nosupersub\cf187\f188\fs11 23\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\ch
arscalex100 2\par\pard\ql \li20\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\tx737\tx1105\tx1517\tx1830 \u
p0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf188\f189\fs19 \u8211? \up0 \expndt

w0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf190\f191\fs19 m\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscale

x100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf188\f189\fs19 Na\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8211
? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf190\f191\fs19 m\tab \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex80 \ul0\nosupersub\cf191\f192\fs19 \u9124? \up0 \expndtw-2\charsca
lex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf190\f191\fs19 c\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\n
osupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 , where the \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li4300\sb0\sl-17
1\slmult0\fi19\tx4500\tx4788\tx5006\tx5169\tx5779\tx6933\tx7185\tx7329\tx7821\tx
8246\tx8392 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf183\f184\fs11 10\tab
\up2 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf95\f96\fs19 Ne\tab \up2 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf184\f185\fs19 \u8594?\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\chars
calex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf183\f184\fs11 11\tab \up2 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u
l0\nosupersub\cf95\f96\fs19 Na +e\tab \up2 \expndtw0\charscalex102 +\ul0\nosuper
sub\cf184\f185\fs19 \u957?\ul0\nosupersub\cf96\f97\fs19 \ul0\nosupersub\cf184\f
185\fs19 +\ul0\nosupersub\cf96\f97\fs19 Q\tab \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0
\nosupersub\cf191\f192\fs19 \u9123?\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf189\f190\fs11 N\tab \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf194\
f195\fs23 (\t \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf187\f188\fs11 10\ta
b \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf194\f195\fs23 )\tab \up0 \expnd
tw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf189\f190\fs11 N\tab \up0 \expndtw-6\charsca
lex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf194\f195\fs23 (\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno
1\colw8739\colsr160\colno2\colw272\colsr160\colno3\colw2599\colsr160\ql \li8460\
sb0\sl-99\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf187\f188\fs11 1
1\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf194\f195\fs23 )\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf189\f190\fs11 e \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex80 \ul0\nosupersub\cf191\f192\fs19 \u9126? \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li
4300\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\
fs19 masses used are masses of nuclei and not of atoms as in Exercise\par\pard\l
i3580\sb0\sl-99\slmult0\fi4180\tx8707\tx9405 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\n
osupersub\cf187\f188\fs11 23\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 23\tab \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex106 2\par\pard\li3580\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\fi720\tx7012\tx7680\tx792
9\tx8280\tx8414\tx8625\tx8875\tx9300\tx9508 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\no
supersub\cf6\f7\fs19 13.13. Using atomic masses\tab \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex10
0 \ul0\nosupersub\cf190\f191\fs19 Q \ul0\nosupersub\cf191\f192\fs19 =\ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf190\f191\fs19 \ul0\nosupersub\cf191\f192\fs19 \u9123?\ul0\nosupersub\cf1
90\f191\fs19 m\tab \dn3 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf195\f196\fs23
(\t \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf187\f188\fs11 10\tab \up0 \e
xpndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf188\f189\fs19 Ne\t \dn3 \expndtw-6\char
scalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf195\f196\fs23 )\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \u
l0\nosupersub\cf188\f189\fs19 \u8211?\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosu
persub\cf190\f191\fs19 m\tab \dn3 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf195
\f196\fs23 (\t \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf187\f188\fs11 11\t
ab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf188\f189\fs19 Na\t \dn3 \expn
dtw0\charscalex50 \ul0\nosupersub\cf195\f196\fs23 ) \ul0\nosupersub\cf191\f192\f
s19 \u9124? \u9126?\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf190\f191\
fs19 c\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 . Note \ul0\
nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 m\ul0\sub\cf16\f17\fs19 e\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 has
\par\pard\li3580\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 been canc
elled. Using given masses, \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 Q\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\f
s19 = 4.37 MeV. As in Exercise 13.13,\par\pard\li3580\sb7\sl-210\slmult0\fi720
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 maximum kinetic energy of the electron (max E\ul0\s
ub\cf16\f17\fs19 e\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 ) = \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 Q
\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 4.37 MeV.\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno
1\colw4240\colsr60\colno2\colw7620\colsr160\ql \li3580\sb62\sl-218\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex137 13.15\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb62\sl-218\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex108 (i) \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 Q\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\
f7\fs19 = - 4.03 MeV; endothermic\par\pard\ql \li20\sb64\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex110 (ii) \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 Q\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\f
s19 = 4.62 MeV; exothermic\par\pard\ql \li803\sb104\sl-126\slmult0\tx1852 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf197\f198\fs11 56\tab \up0 \expndtw0\ch

arscalex122 28 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li3580\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\fi0\tx430

0\tx4790\tx5001\tx5251\tx5584\tx6045 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf6\f7\fs19 13.16\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19
Q\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 =\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf199\f200\fs19 m\tab \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf196\f197\
fs23 (\ul0\nosupersub\cf197\f198\fs11 26\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\n
osupersub\cf198\f199\fs19 Fe\t \dn3 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1
96\f197\fs23 )\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf198\f199\fs19
\u8211? 2\t \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf199\f200\fs19 m\tab \
dn3 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf196\f197\fs23 (\par\pard\sect\sec
td\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw6575\colsr20\colno2\colw5325\colsr160\ql \li6115\sb0
\sl-153\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 \ul0\nosupersub\cf197\f198\fs11 13
\up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf198\f199\fs19 Al \up0 \expndtw-4\
charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf196\f197\fs23 )\par\pard\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-171\s
lmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 13.17 \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex115 4.536 10\ul0\super\cf16\f17\fs18 26 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs
19 MeV\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-171\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112
= 26.90 MeV; not possible.\par\pard\ql \li1466\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li1466\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1925\sb3\sl-126\slmult0\tx3514 \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf54\f55\fs11 23\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\char
scalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf200\f201\fs11 \u8722? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf54\f55\fs11 13\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw424
0\colsr60\colno2\colw3625\colsr60\colno3\colw3945\colsr160\ql \li1466\sb46\sl-25
3\slmult0\tx3575 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs22 548\ta
b \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 13.18\par\pard\column
\ql \li20\sb25\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Energy generated per
gram of \ul0\super\cf183\f184\fs18\ul0\super\cf183\f184\fs17 235 \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex103 92\ul0\nosupersub\cf95\f96\fs19 U\ul0\super\cf6\f7\fs28 =\par
\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\tx757\tx2672 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscale
x100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf55\f56\fs19 6 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf57\f58\fs19 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf55\f56\fs19 10\t
ab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf57\f58\fs19 \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex122 \ul0\nosupersub\cf55\f56\fs19 200 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0
\nosupersub\cf57\f58\fs19 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf55\f56\
fs19 1.6 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf57\f58\fs19 \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf55\f56\fs19 10\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscale
x92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf200\f201\fs11 \u8722? \ul0\nosupersub\cf54\f55\fs11 1\par\
pard\ql \li1008\sb1\sl-193\slmult0\tx2413 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 \ul0\nosu
persub\cf55\f56\fs19 235\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 J g
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft12054\shptop1112\shpright12059\shpbottom1186\shpfhdr0\s
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft12060\shptop0\shpright12060\shpbottom164\shpfhdr0\shpbx
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft4\shptop0\shpright12053\shpbottom1372\shpfhdr0\shpbxpag
e\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz23\shplid2
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{

\sn geoRight}{\sv 12049}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 1372}}

{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,1372);(12049,1372);(12049,0);(0,0)}}
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{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 159856
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft1714\shptop1112\shpright12054\shpbottom1186\shpfhdr0\sh
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{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
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{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 145339
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft4\shptop1292\shpright12053\shpbottom1366\shpfhdr0\shpbx
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{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
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{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,74);(12049,74);(12049,0);(0,0)}}
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{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 129512
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft1310\shptop0\shpright5270\shpbottom2262\shpfhdr0\shpbxp
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{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft1310\shptop2244\shpright5270\shpbottom2289\shpfhdr0\shp
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft2024\shptop1774\shpright2214\shpbottom1964\shpfhdr0\shp
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{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{

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{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,190);(190,190);(190,0);(0,0)}}
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{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 631612
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft2124\shptop1864\shpright2314\shpbottom2054\shpfhdr0\shp
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{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
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{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,190);(190,190);(190,0);(0,0)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}
}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 129512
97}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft175\shptop0\shpright175\shpbottom171\shpfhdr0\shpbxpage
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{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineWidth}{
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}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft0\shptop166\shpright170\shpbottom166\shpfhdr0\shpbxpage
\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz61\shplid10{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 20}
}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineWidth}
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft180\shptop15862\shpright180\shpbottom16040\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz61\shplid11{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\
sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn line
Width}{\sv 15201}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft0\shptop15872\shpright170\shpbottom15872\shpfhdr0\shpbx
page\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz61\shplid12{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv
20}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineWi
dth}{\sv 15201}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft1310\shptop14656\shpright2030\shpbottom15002\shpfhdr0\s
hpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz65\shplid13
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 720}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 346}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,346);(720,346);(720,0);(0,0)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}
}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 159856
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}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft5983\shptop4930\shpright6079\shpbottom4930\shpfhdr0\shp
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\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lin
eWidth}{\sv 7110}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft8606\shptop4930\shpright8702\shpbottom4930\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz302\shplid15{\sp{\sn shapeType}{
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eWidth}{\sv 7110}}
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft5911\shptop11710\shpright6004\shpbottom11710\shpfhdr0\s
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e}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn
lineWidth}{\sv 7046}}
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft7967\shptop14784\shpright10315\shpbottom14784\shpfhdr0\
shpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz1478\shplid17{\sp{\sn shapeTy
pe}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn
lineWidth}{\sv 7110}}
}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12060\paperh16040\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart P
g16}{\bkmkend Pg16}\par\pard\ql \li8169\sb0\sl-345\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li8169\s
b0\sl-345\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li8169\sb0\sl-345\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li8169\sb0
\sl-345\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li8169\sb135\sl-345\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex99 \ul0\nosupersub\cf24\f25\fs30 Answers \par\pard\ql \li1999\sb0\sl-218\slmul
t0 \par\pard\ql\li1999\sb202\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\no
supersub\cf6\f7\fs19 The amount of \ul0\super\cf183\f184\fs18\ul0\super\cf183\f1
84\fs17 235 \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex111 92\ul0\nosupersub\cf95\f96\fs19 U\ul0
\super\cf6\f7\fs28 consumed in 5y with 80% on-time\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone
\cols4\colno1\colw3504\colsr110\colno2\colw1480\colsr20\colno3\colw988\colsr40\c
olno4\colw5798\colsr160\ql \li1279\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3332\sb125
\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 =\par\pard\column \ql \li1279\sb0\
sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb20\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex
100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf32\f33\fs19 5 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf34\f35\fs19 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf32\f33\fs19 0.8 \
up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf34\f35\fs19 \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf32\f33\fs19 3.154 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\n
osupersub\cf34\f35\fs19 \par\pard\ql \li538\sb54\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf32\f33\fs19 1.2 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0
\nosupersub\cf34\f35\fs19 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf32\f33\
fs19 1.6 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf34\f35\fs19 \par\pard\co
lumn \ql \li1279\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb20\sl-218\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf32\f33\fs19 10 \ul0\nosupersub\cf31\f3
2\fs11 16 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf34\f35\fs19 \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf32\f33\fs19 235\par\pard\ql \li255\sb43\sl126\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf31\f32\fs11 13\par\pa
rd\ql \li30\sb0\sl-171\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf32
\f33\fs19 10\par\pard\column \ql \li1279\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\s
b145\sl-218\slmult0\tx496 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 g\tab \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 1544 kg \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \l
i1279\sb149\sl-218\slmult0\fi719\tx4621 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 The initial
amount of \ul0\super\cf201\f202\fs18\ul0\super\cf201\f202\fs17 235\t \dn3 \exp
ndtw-3\charscalex100 92\ul0\nosupersub\cf202\f203\fs19 U\tab \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 3088 kg.\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \l
i1279\sb121\sl-218\slmult0\fi0\tx1999 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 13.19\tab \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 About 4.9 10\ul0\super\cf16\f17\fs18 4\ul0\nosupersub\
cf6\f7\fs19 y\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1279\sb64\sl-218\slmult0\fi0\tx199
9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 13.20\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 360 KeV\pa
r\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1279\sb64\sl-218\slmult0\fi0\tx1999 \up0 \expndtw0\
charscalex113 13.22\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Consider the competing proc
esses:\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1279\sb0\sl-126\slmult0\par\pard\li1279\sb
23\sl-126\slmult0\fi758\tx2599\tx3216 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf203\f204\fs11 A\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 A\tab \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf183\f184\fs11 +\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1279\s
b0\sl-171\slmult0\fi880\tx2359\tx2822\tx3352\tx3494\tx3734\tx3878\tx4212 \dn2 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf95\f96\fs19 X\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charsca
lex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf184\f185\fs19 \u8594?\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex100
\ul0\nosupersub\cf95\f96\fs19 Y +e\tab \dn2 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf184\f185\fs19 +\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u957?\tab \dn2 \expndtw

-7\charscalex100 +\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf96\f97\fs1

9 Q\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 (positron captu
re)\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1279\sb0\sl-99\slmult0\fi755\tx2594\tx2688 \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf203\f204\fs11 Z\tab \up0 \expndtw-2
\charscalex100 Z\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf183\f184\fs1
1 -1\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw2144\colsr20\colno2\colw1997\c
olsr20\colno3\colw7749\colsr160\ql \li2025\sb52\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\c
harscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf207\f208\fs21 e\par\pard\column \ql \li1453\sb0\s
l-99\slmult0\tx1878 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf203\f204\fs1
1 e\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf183\f184\fs11 1\par\pard
\ql \li20\sb0\sl-117\slmult0\tx395\tx1002 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nos
upersub\cf204\f205\fs13 \u8211? \tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf206\f207\fs13 A\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 A\par\pard\ql \li164\sb0\
sl-189\slmult0\tx513\tx1252\tx1825 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf208\f209\fs21 +\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf205\f206\f
s21 X \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf208\f209\fs21 \u8594? \tab
\up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf205\f206\fs21 Y \up0 \expndtw-5
\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf208\f209\fs21 + \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \
u957? \tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 +\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb52\sl-241
\slmult0\tx408 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf207\f208\fs21 Q\t
ab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 (electron capture) \
par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1279\sb0\sl-117\slmult0\fi1250\tx3136\tx3240\tx38
59\tx4341 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf206\f207\fs13 Z\tab \up
0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Z\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
204\f205\fs13 -1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf206\f207\fs1
3 e\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf204\f205\fs13 2\par\pard\
sect\sectd\sbknone \li1279\sb15\sl-126\slmult0\fi1771\tx3988\tx5095 \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf189\f190\fs11 A\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
107 A\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf187\f188\fs11 2\par\par
d\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1279\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\fi719\tx2392\tx2563\tx3172\tx343
4\tx3568\tx4231\tx4473\tx4608\tx4888\tx4987 \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\no
supersub\cf7\f8\fs19 Q\ul0\sub\cf16\f17\fs19 1\tab \dn2 \expndtw-7\charscalex100
\ul0\nosupersub\cf191\f192\fs19 =\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \u9121?\t \
dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf190\f191\fs19 m\tab \dn2 \expndtw0
\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf188\f189\fs19 X\tab \dn2 \expndtw-5\charscalex1
00 \u8211?\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf190\f191\fs19 m\ta
b \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf188\f189\fs19 Y\tab \dn2 \expnd
tw-5\charscalex100 \u8211?\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19
0\f191\fs19 m\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf191\f192\fs19
\u9124?\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf190\f191\fs19 c\par\p
ard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1279\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\fi1283 \dn3 \expndtw0\charscal
ex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf191\f192\fs19 \u9123?\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols6\
colno1\colw2849\colsr110\colno2\colw357\colsr20\colno3\colw227\colsr40\colno4\co
lw775\colsr20\colno5\colw267\colsr110\colno6\colw7185\colsr160\ql \li2392\sb19\s
l-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf216\f217\fs19 = \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex80 \u9121? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\c
f215\f216\fs19 m\par\pard\column \ql \li22\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex50 \ul0\nosupersub\cf209\f210\fs23 ( \ul0\nosupersub\cf189\f190\fs11 N
Z\par\pard\ql \li111\sb0\sl-99\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf214\f215\fs11 A\par\pard\ql \li231\sb0\sl-162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf213\f214\fs19 X\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-20
7\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf209\f210\fs23 )\par\pa
rd\ql \li125\sb0\sl-171\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
213\f214\fs19 \u8211?\par\pard\column \ql \li337\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex50 \ul0\nosupersub\cf209\f210\fs23 ( \ul0\nosupersub\cf189\f190\fs1
1 N
Z \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf187\f188\fs11 \u8211?1\p
ar\pard\ql \li20\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\tx502 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nos
upersub\cf215\f216\fs19 Z m\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
213\f214\fs19 -\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf215\f216\fs19 m\pa
r\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\no

supersub\cf209\f210\fs23 )\par\pard\ql \li147\sb0\sl-99\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\

charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf214\f215\fs11 A\par\pard\column \ql \li75\sb0\sl
-126\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf189\f190\fs11 e \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex80 \ul0\nosupersub\cf191\f192\fs19 \u9126?\par\pard\ql \li
1911\sb0\sl-99\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf212\f213\
fs11 2\par\pard\ql \li20\sb0\sl-162\slmult0\tx269\tx1294\tx1709 \up0 \expndtw-5\
charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf213\f214\fs19 Y\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex10
0 \u8211? \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf211\f212\fs20 ( \up0 \
expndtw-8\charscalex91 \ul0\nosupersub\cf215\f216\fs19 Z \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf213\f214\fs19 \u8211? 1 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u
l0\nosupersub\cf211\f212\fs20 ) \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2
15\f216\fs19 m\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf213\f214\fs19
\u8211? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf215\f216\fs19 m\tab \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex80 \ul0\nosupersub\cf216\f217\fs19 \u9124? \up0 \expndtw-2\
charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf215\f216\fs19 c\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols
6\colno1\colw3166\colsr160\colno2\colw930\colsr160\colno3\colw76\colsr20\colno4\
colw280\colsr110\colno5\colw841\colsr160\colno6\colw6057\colsr160\ql \li2563\sb0
\sl-135\slmult0\tx2954 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex80 \ul0\nosupersub\cf216\f217\fs
19 \u9123? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex50 \ul0\nosupersub\cf210\f211\fs23 ( \u
l0\nosupersub\cf214\f215\fs11 N
Z\par\pard\ql \li2930\sb0\sl-99\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf189\f190\fs11 A\par\pard\column \ql \
li20\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\tx615 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf21
0\f211\fs23 )\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf214\f215\fs11
e\par\pard\ql \li440\sb0\sl-99\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf189\f190\fs11 A\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndt
w-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf210\f211\fs23 (\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb
0\sl-99\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf214\f215\fs11 Z
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf212\f213\fs11 \u8211?1\par\pard\c
olumn \ql \li20\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf210\f211\fs23 )\par\pard\ql \li111\sb0\sl-99\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscal
ex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf187\f188\fs11 2\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-108\slm
ult0\tx483 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf214\f215\fs11 e\tab \
up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 e \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex80 \ul0\nosupersub\cf216
\f217\fs19 \u9126?\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols12\colno1\colw2523\colsr40\co
lno2\colw352\colsr20\colno3\colw95\colsr40\colno4\colw146\colsr20\colno5\colw96\
colsr20\colno6\colw335\colsr20\colno7\colw76\colsr20\colno8\colw233\colsr20\coln
o9\colw127\colsr20\colno10\colw95\colsr20\colno11\colw619\colsr20\colno12\colw70
63\colsr160\ql \li2392\sb0\sl-171\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nos
upersub\cf191\f192\fs19 =\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-171\slmult0 \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex80 \u9121? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf190\f1
91\fs19 m\par\pard\ql \li20\sb0\sl-180\slmult0\tx256 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex80
\ul0\nosupersub\cf191\f192\fs19 \u9123? \tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0
\nosupersub\cf217\f218\fs23 (\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-99\slmult0 \up0 \
expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf189\f190\fs11 Z\par\pard\column \ql \l
i20\sb0\sl-171\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf188\f189\f
s19 X\par\pard\ql \li20\sb25\sl-126\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\n
osupersub\cf189\f190\fs11 A\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \e
xpndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf217\f218\fs23 )\par\pard\column \ql \li
20\sb0\sl-171\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf188\f189\f
s19 \u8211? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf190\f191\fs19 m\par\p
ard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf217\f218\fs23 (\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-99\slmult0 \up0 \expndt
w-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf189\f190\fs11 Z \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106
\ul0\nosupersub\cf187\f188\fs11 \u8211?1\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-171\s
lmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf188\f189\fs19 Y\par\pard\
column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf217\f218\fs23 )\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\tx508 \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf188\f189\fs19 \u8211? 2 \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf190\f191\fs19 m \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex80 \u
l0\nosupersub\cf191\f192\fs19 \u9124?\par\pard\ql \li450\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \up0

\expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf189\f190\fs11 e \up0 \expndtw0\chars

calex80 \ul0\nosupersub\cf191\f192\fs19 \u9126?\par\pard\ql \li239\sb0\sl-99\slm
ult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf189\f190\fs11 A\par\pard\co
lumn \ql \li20\sb0\sl-171\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\
cf190\f191\fs19 c\par\pard\ql \li258\sb25\sl-126\slmult0\tx988\tx1808\tx2456 \up
0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf187\f188\fs11 2\tab \up0 \expndtw-1
\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf189\f190\fs11 A\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex1
00 A\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf187\f188\fs11 2\par\par
d\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw4004\colsr20\colno2\colw7896\colsr160\ql \
li1999\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\tx2387\tx3167\tx3424\tx3842 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
11 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 Q\ul0\sub\cf16\f17\fs19 2\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\cha
rscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf191\f192\fs19 = \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex80 \u9121?
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf190\f191\fs19 m\tab \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf188\f189\fs19 X\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscale
x100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf191\f192\fs19 + \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf190\f191\fs19 m \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf188\f
189\fs19 \u8211?\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\tx688\tx889\tx1283
\tx1943\tx2205\tx2881\tx3083 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf190\
f191\fs19 m\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf188\f189\fs19 Y\
tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex80 \ul0\nosupersub\cf191\f192\fs19 \u9124? \up0 \ex
pndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf190\f191\fs19 c\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\char
scalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf191\f192\fs19 = \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex80 \u9121?
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf190\f191\fs19 m\tab \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf188\f189\fs19 X\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex
100 \u8211? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf190\f191\fs19 m\tab \
up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf188\f189\fs19 Y\tab \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex80 \ul0\nosupersub\cf191\f192\fs19 \u9124? \up0 \expndtw-2\charscale
x100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf190\f191\fs19 c \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1279\sb0\
sl-171\slmult0\fi1283\tx2961\tx3326\tx3748\tx4212\tx4535\tx4823\tx5452\tx5731\tx
6098\tx6552 \dn3 \expndtw-8\charscalex80 \ul0\nosupersub\cf191\f192\fs19 \u9123?
\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex50 \ul0\nosupersub\cf209\f210\fs23 ( \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf189\f190\fs11 N
Z\tab \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex80 \ul0\nosupersub\cf20
9\f210\fs23 )\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex80 \ul0\nosupersub\cf189\f190\fs11 e
\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex80 N
Z\t \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex80 \ul0\no
supersub\cf209\f210\fs23 (\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex80 \ul0\nosupersub\cf18
7\f188\fs11 \u8211?1\tab \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex80 \ul0\nosupersub\cf209\f21
0\fs23 )\t \dn3 \expndtw-8\charscalex80 \ul0\nosupersub\cf191\f192\fs19 \u9126?\
tab \dn3 \expndtw-8\charscalex80 \u9123?\tab \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex80 \ul0\n
osupersub\cf209\f210\fs23 (\ul0\nosupersub\cf189\f190\fs11 Z\tab \up0 \expndtw-1
0\charscalex80 \ul0\nosupersub\cf209\f210\fs23 )\tab \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex
80 (\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw6907\colsr110\colno2\colw4903\
colsr160\ql \li6635\sb0\sl-99\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf189\f190\fs11 Z \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf187\f188\fs
11 \u8211?1\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex50 \ul0\nosupersub\cf209\f210\fs23 ) \ul0\nosupersub\cf191\f192\fs19 \u9126? \
par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1279\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\fi719 \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 This means \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 Q\u
l0\sub\cf16\f17\fs19 1\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 > 0 implies \ul0\nosupersub
\cf7\f8\fs19 Q\ul0\sub\cf16\f17\fs19 2\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 > 0 but \ul
0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 Q\ul0\sub\cf16\f17\fs19 2\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19
> 0 does not necessarily\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1279\sb62\sl-171\slmult
0\fi719 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 mean \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 Q\ul0\sub\
cf16\f17\fs19 1\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 > 0. Hence the result.\par\pard\colu
mn \ql \li1279\sb0\sl-149\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1279\sb0\sl-149\slmult0 \par\p
ard\ql \li20\sb105\sl-149\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 \ul0\nosupersub\c
f218\f219\fs13 25\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw1939\colsr60\coln
o2\colw9921\colsr160\ql \li1279\sb0\sl-171\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137
\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 13.23\par\pard\ql \li1279\sb176\sl-218\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex137 13.24\par\pard\column \ql \li53\sb0\sl-189\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf218\f219\fs13 12\ul0\nosupersub\cf205

\f206\fs21 M \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 g\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 : 9.3%

, \ul0\super\cf218\f219\fs19 12\ul0\nosupersub\cf205\f206\fs21 Mg\ul0\nosupers
ub\cf6\f7\fs19 :11.7%\par\pard\ql \li20\sb158\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex113 Neutron separation energy \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 S\ul0\sub\cf9\f
10\fs19 n\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 of a nucleus \ul0\super\cf218\f219\fs19 A
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Z\ul0\nosupersub\cf205\f206\fs21 X\ul0\super\cf6\
f7\fs28 is\par\pard\ql \li2023\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li946\sb102\sl
-138\slmult0\tx2377\tx2888 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf219\f2
20\fs12 A\ul0\nosupersub\cf221\f222\fs12 \u8722?\ul0\nosupersub\cf219\f220\fs12
1\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 A\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 2 \par\
pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li2023\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\fi0\tx2279\tx2450\tx2832\tx31
70\tx3511\tx3830\tx3967\tx4257\tx4468 \dn2 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf199\f200\fs19 S\tab \dn2 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf222\f2
23\fs19 =\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex70 \u9123? \ul0\nosupersub\cf199\f200\fs
19 m\tab \dn2 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf198\f199\fs19 (\tab \dn
2 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 X)\t \dn2 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
222\f223\fs19 +\tab \dn2 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf199\f200\fs1
9 m\tab \dn2 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf222\f223\fs19 \u8722?\ta
b \dn2 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf199\f200\fs19 m\tab \dn2 \expn
dtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf198\f199\fs19 (\tab \dn2 \expndtw-7\charsc
alex100 X)\t \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf222\f223\fs19 \u912
6?\ul0\nosupersub\cf199\f200\fs19 c\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols5\colno1\col
w3676\colsr20\colno2\colw270\colsr40\colno3\colw81\colsr20\colno4\colw1693\colsr
160\colno5\colw5990\colsr160\ql \li2143\sb0\sl-108\slmult0\tx2694 \up0 \expndtw1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf220\f221\fs12 n\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
10 \ul0\nosupersub\cf219\f220\fs12 N
Z\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-10
8\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 n\par\pard\column \ql \li85\sb0\sl-108\s
lmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 N Z\par\pard\ql \li20\sb63\sl-126\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf183\f184\fs11 41\par\pard\column
\ql \li1999\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb44\sl-126\slmult0 \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex122 27\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw4123\colsr110
\colno2\colw7687\colsr160\ql \li1999\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\tx3991 \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 From given data , \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf96\f97\fs19 S\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\no
supersub\cf95\f96\fs19 (\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\tx1640\tx1
897 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 Ca) \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf184\f185\fs19 = \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf95\f96\fs19
8.36MeV, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf96\f97\fs19 S\tab \up0 \
expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf95\f96\fs19 (\tab \up0 \expndtw-6\char
scalex100 Al) \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf184\f185\fs19 = \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf95\f96\fs19 13.06MeV \par\pard\sect
\sectd\sbknone \li1279\sb0\sl-99\slmult0\fi2620\tx4077\tx5752\tx5932 \up0 \expnd
tw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf203\f204\fs11 n\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf183\f184\fs11 20\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf203\f204\fs11 n\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
183\f184\fs11 13\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1279\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\fi0\tx19
99 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 13.25\tab \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex119 209 d\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1279\sb139\sl-218\slmult
0\fi0\tx1999 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 13.26\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110
For \ul0\super\cf223\f224\fs17 14\t \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex119 6\ul0\nosuper
sub\cf95\f96\fs19 C\ul0\super\cf6\f7\fs28 emission\par\pard\li2023\sb0\sl-138
\slmult0\par\pard\li2023\sb64\sl-138\slmult0\fi803\tx3926\tx4992\tx5503 \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf224\f225\fs12 223\tab \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex109 209\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 14\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
09 2\par\pard\li2023\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\fi0\tx2241\tx2395\tx2745\tx2901\tx3403\t
x3540\tx3842\tx3998\tx4482\tx4620\tx4922\tx5066 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \u
l0\nosupersub\cf226\f227\fs19 Q\tab \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf227\f228\fs19 =\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf202\f203
\fs19 [\t \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf226\f227\fs19 m\t \dn2
\expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf225\f226\fs12 N\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\c

harscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf202\f203\fs19 (\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex109

\ul0\nosupersub\cf224\f225\fs12 88\t \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf202\f203\fs19 Ra)\tab \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf227\f2
28\fs19 \u8722?\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf226\f227\fs19
m\t \dn2 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf225\f226\fs12 N\tab \up0 \e
xpndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf202\f203\fs19 (\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\char
scalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf224\f225\fs12 82\t \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf202\f203\fs19 Pb)\tab \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf227\f228\fs19 \u8722?\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf22
6\f227\fs19 m\t \dn2 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf225\f226\fs12 N\
tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf202\f203\fs19 (\tab \dn2 \ex
pndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf224\f225\fs12 6\t \up0 \expndtw-6\charsc
alex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf202\f203\fs19 C)]\t \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf226\f227\fs19 c\par\pard\li2023\sb79\sl-126\slmult0\fi669\tx3660\tx
4596\tx5102 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf183\f184\fs11 223\tab
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 209\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 14\tab \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex109 2\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols4\colno1\colw2722\colsr
40\colno2\colw148\colsr20\colno3\colw2289\colsr20\colno4\colw6701\colsr160\ql \l
i2229\sb0\sl-171\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf184\f18
5\fs19 = \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf95\f96\fs19 [ \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf96\f97\fs19 m \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex10
0 \ul0\nosupersub\cf95\f96\fs19 (\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-104\slmult0 \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf183\f184\fs11 88\par\pard\column \
ql \li20\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\tx992\tx1859 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf95\f96\fs19 Ra) \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf184\f185
\fs19 \u8722? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf96\f97\fs19 m \up0
\expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf95\f96\fs19 (\tab \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex101 Pb) \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf184\f185\fs19 \u87
22? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf96\f97\fs19 m \up0 \expndtw-2
\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf95\f96\fs19 (\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100
C)] \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf96\f97\fs19 c\par\pard\ql \
li829\sb0\sl-99\slmult0\tx1770 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf18
3\f184\fs11 82\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 6\par\pard\ql \li1744\sb0\sl-10
8\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf224\f225\fs12 223\par\p
ard\column \ql \li86\sb0\sl-171\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 31.85 MeV\par\pard\ql \li421\sb73\sl-138\slmult0\tx1415\tx196
5 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf224\f225\fs12 219\tab \up0 \exp
ndtw-1\charscalex100 4\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 2\par\pard\sect\sectd\s
bknone\cols3\colno1\colw3922\colsr40\colno2\colw2236\colsr20\colno3\colw5712\col
sr160\ql \li2070\sb0\sl-153\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf6\f7\fs19 For \ul0\super\cf224\f225\fs17 4\par\pard\ql \li2491\sb0\sl-162\sl
mult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 2\ul0\nosupersub\cf202\f203\fs19 He\ul0\supe
r\cf6\f7\fs28 emission,\par\pard\ql \li2704\sb0\sl-99\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf183\f184\fs11 238\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\s
l-171\slmult0\tx944\tx1876 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf226\f
227\fs19 Q \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf227\f228\fs19 = \up0
\expndtw-8\charscalex87 \ul0\nosupersub\cf202\f203\fs19 [ \ul0\nosupersub\cf226\
f227\fs19 m \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf202\f203\fs19 (\tab
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Ra) \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\c
f227\f228\fs19 \u8722? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf226\f227\f
s19 m \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf202\f203\fs19 ( \tab \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex104 Rn)\par\pard\ql \li776\sb0\sl-108\slmult0\tx1755 \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf224\f225\fs12 88\tab \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex119 86\par\pard\ql \li85\sb0\sl-99\slmult0\tx1043\tx1674 \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf183\f184\fs11 140\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122
99\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 2\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-171\slm
ult0\tx520\tx1162 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf227\f228\fs19
\u8722? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf226\f227\fs19 m \up0 \exp
ndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf202\f203\fs19 (\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\chars
calex100 He)] \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf226\f227\fs19 c\ta

b \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 5.98MeV\par\pard\ql

\li424\sb0\sl-108\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf224\f
225\fs12 2\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols4\colno1\colw2734\colsr40\colno2\colw
151\colsr20\colno3\colw2035\colsr20\colno4\colw6940\colsr160\ql \li1279\sb0\sl-1
71\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 13.27 \up0 \
expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf96\f97\fs19 Q \up0 \expndtw-5\charscal
ex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf184\f185\fs19 = \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf95\f96\fs19 [ \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf96\f97\fs19
m\ul0\nosupersub\cf95\f96\fs19 (\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-99\slmult0 \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf183\f184\fs11 92\par\pard\column \q
l \li20\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\tx730\tx1345 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf95\f96\fs19 U) \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf184\f185\
fs19 + \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf96\f97\fs19 m\tab \up0 \ex
pndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf184\f185\fs19 \u8722? \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf96\f97\fs19 m \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\no
supersub\cf95\f96\fs19 (\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 Ce) \up0 \expndtw-5\ch
arscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf184\f185\fs19 \u8722? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110
\ul0\nosupersub\cf96\f97\fs19 m \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\c
f95\f96\fs19 (\par\pard\ql \li579\sb0\sl-99\slmult0\tx1189 \up0 \expndtw-1\chars
calex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf183\f184\fs11 n\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 58\p
ar\pard\ql \li209\sb1\sl-115\slmult0\tx944\tx1688 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100
\ul0\nosupersub\cf224\f225\fs12 2\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 3\tab \up0 \
expndtw-1\charscalex100 4\par\pard\column \ql \li180\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\tx839 \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf95\f96\fs19 Ru)] \up0 \expndtw-2\ch
arscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf96\f97\fs19 c\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 231.1 MeV\par\pard\ql \li20\sb0\sl-99\slmult0 \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf183\f184\fs11 44\par\pard\ql \li641\sb1\
sl-115\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf224\f225\fs12 2\p
ar\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw3114\colsr20\colno2\colw307\colsr20\
colno3\colw8469\colsr160\ql \li1279\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\tx2438 \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex137 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 13.28 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 (a)\ta
b \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf226\f227\fs19 Q \up0 \expndtw5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf227\f228\fs19 = \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex87 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf202\f203\fs19 [ \ul0\nosupersub\cf226\f227\fs19 m \up0 \expndtw
-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf202\f203\fs19 (\par\pard\column \ql \li102\sb
0\sl-171\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 H)\par\pard\ql \li20\sb0\sl-108\s
lmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf224\f225\fs12 1\par\pard\
column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\tx519\tx1266\tx2026\tx2299 \up0 \expndtw-5\c
harscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf227\f228\fs19 + \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0
\nosupersub\cf226\f227\fs19 m \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf20
2\f203\fs19 (\tab \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 H) \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100
\ul0\nosupersub\cf227\f228\fs19 \u8722? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf226\f227\fs19 m \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf202\f203
\fs19 (\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 He) \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0
\nosupersub\cf227\f228\fs19 \u8722? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf226\f227\fs19 m\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex74 \ul0\nosupersub\cf202\f203\f
s19 ] \ul0\nosupersub\cf226\f227\fs19 c\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\n
osupersub\cf227\f228\fs19 = \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf202\f
203\fs19 17.59 MeV\par\pard\ql \li433\sb0\sl-108\slmult0\tx1174\tx1923 \up0 \exp
ndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf224\f225\fs12 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\chars
calex100 2\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 n \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1
999\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\f
s19 (b) K.E. required to overcome Coulomb repulsion = 480.0 keV\par\pard\sect\
sectd\sbknone \li1999\sb45\sl-218\slmult0\fi643 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 480
.0 KeV = 7.6810\ul0\super\cf16\f17\fs18 -14 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 J = 3\ul0
\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 kT\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols4\colno1\colw2931\col
sr20\colno2\colw1583\colsr160\colno3\colw1419\colsr20\colno4\colw5807\colsr160\q
l \li2419\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2419\sb34\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf233\f234\fs22 \u8756? \up0 \expndtw-4\chars
calex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf231\f232\fs19 T \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\no

supersub\cf232\f233\fs19 =\par\pard\column \ql \li198\sb191\sl-218\slmult0\tx109

3 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf230\f231\fs19 7.68 \up0 \expndt
w-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf232\f233\fs19 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf230\f231\fs19 10\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf228\f229\fs11 -14\par\pard\ql \li1177\sb47\sl-126\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex113 \u8211?23\par\pard\ql \li20\sb0\sl-171\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf230\f231\fs19 3\ul0\nosupersub\cf232\f233\fs19 \ul0\nos
upersub\cf230\f231\fs19 1.381\ul0\nosupersub\cf232\f233\fs19 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2
30\f231\fs19 10\par\pard\column \ql \li4684\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li
20\sb98\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 ( \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
133 \ul0\nosupersub\cf231\f232\fs19 as k \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosu
persub\cf232\f233\fs19 = \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf230\f231
\fs19 1.381 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf232\f233\fs19 \par\pa
rd\column \ql \li6113\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6113\sb0\sl-126\slmult0
\par\pard\ql \li262\sb56\sl-126\slmult0\tx814 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 \ul0
\nosupersub\cf228\f229\fs11 -23\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 -1\par\pard\ql
\li20\sb0\sl-162\slmult0\tx526\tx958 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf230\f231\fs19 10\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf229\f23
0\fs18 J K\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 ) \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1
279\sb70\sl-218\slmult0\fi1507 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\
f7\fs19 = 1.85 10\ul0\super\cf16\f17\fs18 9\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 K (requir
ed temperature)\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw4068\colsr40\colno2
\colw7812\colsr160\ql \li1279\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2656\sb48\sl-12
6\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf197\f198\fs11 \u8211?\
par\pard\ql \li1279\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\tx2529\tx2855 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex13
7 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 13.29 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf199\f200\fs19 K\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf222\f223\
fs19 \u946? \tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 = \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \u
l0\nosupersub\cf198\f199\fs19 0.284 MeV,\par\pard\column \ql \li2176\sb0\sl-126\
slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li644\sb48\sl-126\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \u
l0\nosupersub\cf197\f198\fs11 \u8211?\par\pard\ql \li20\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\tx527
\tx853 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf199\f200\fs19 K\tab \up0 \
expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf222\f223\fs19 \u946? \tab \up0 \expndt
w-5\charscalex100 = \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf198\f199\fs19
0.960 MeV\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw4128\colsr40\colno2\colw
2130\colsr40\colno3\colw5592\colsr160\ql \li2176\sb0\sl-144\slmult0\tx2620 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf235\f236\fs11 max \up0 \expndtw-2\char
scalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf234\f235\fs23 (\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u
l0\nosupersub\cf197\f198\fs11 1 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
234\f235\fs23 )\par\pard\ql \li3590\sb0\sl-108\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf73\f74\fs12 20\par\pard\ql \li2020\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\tx23
97\tx3756 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf57\f58\fs19 \u957? \up
0 \expndtw-8\charscalex71 \ul0\nosupersub\cf236\f237\fs21 ( \ul0\nosupersub\cf57
\f58\fs19 \u947? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf236\f237\f
s21 ) \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf57\f58\fs19 = \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex122 \ul0\nosupersub\cf55\f56\fs19 2.627 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex1
00 \ul0\nosupersub\cf57\f58\fs19 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
55\f56\fs19 10\tab \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 Hz \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex10
0 \ul0\nosupersub\cf16\f17\fs12 ,\par\pard\column \ql \li104\sb0\sl-144\slmult0\
tx570 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf235\f236\fs11 max \up0 \exp
ndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf234\f235\fs23 (\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\chars
calex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf197\f198\fs11 2 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\no
supersub\cf234\f235\fs23 )\par\pard\ql \li1604\sb0\sl-108\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf73\f74\fs12 20\par\pard\ql \li20\sb0\sl-171\slm
ult0\tx426\tx1777 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf57\f58\fs19 \u
957? \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex71 \ul0\nosupersub\cf237\f238\fs21 ( \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf57\f58\fs19 \u947? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf23
7\f238\fs21 ) \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf57\f58\fs19 = \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex122 \ul0\nosupersub\cf55\f56\fs19 0.995 \up0 \expndtw-5\cha
rscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf57\f58\fs19 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 \ul0\nosup

ersub\cf55\f56\fs19 10\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 Hz \up0 \expndtw-2\char

scalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf16\f17\fs12 ,\par\pard\column \ql \li1592\sb40\sl-18
4\slmult0\tx3882 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf73\f74\fs12 20\t
ab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs22 549\par\pard\ql \li2
0\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\tx431\tx1765 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\
cf57\f58\fs19 \u957? \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex70 \ul0\nosupersub\cf238\f239\fs2
1 ( \ul0\nosupersub\cf57\f58\fs19 \u947? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf238\f239\fs21 )\ul0\nosupersub\cf57\f58\fs19 = \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex122 \ul0\nosupersub\cf55\f56\fs19 1.632 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf57\f58\fs19 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf55\f56\f
s19 10\tab \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 Hz \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li2311
\sb0\sl-108\slmult0\fi0\tx4471\tx6633 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf73\f74\fs12 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 2\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\char
scalex100 3
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{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
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{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,1372);(12043,1372);(12043,0);(0,0)}}
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{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
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{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 129512
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft1\shptop1112\shpright10334\shpbottom1186\shpfhdr0\shpbx
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{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
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{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 145339
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft6790\shptop7\shpright10750\shpbottom2242\shpfhdr0\shpbx
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{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
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{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 134217
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft6780\shptop2222\shpright10740\shpbottom2266\shpfhdr0\sh
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft11894\shptop15872\shpright12059\shpbottom15872\shpfhdr0
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft11906\shptop0\shpright11906\shpbottom166\shpfhdr0\shpbx
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft10030\shptop14656\shpright10750\shpbottom15002\shpfhdr0
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{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
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{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,346);(720,346);(720,0);(0,0)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}
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{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 159856
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1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft0\shptop0\shpright0\shpbottom164\shpfhdr0\shpbxpage\shp
bypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz60\shplid10{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 20}}{\s
p{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineWidth}{\sv
15201}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft4\shptop15862\shpright4\shpbottom16039\shpfhdr0\shpbxpa
ge\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz60\shplid11{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 2
0}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineWidt
h}{\sv 15201}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft3612\shptop3209\shpright6043\shpbottom3209\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz115\shplid12{\sp{\sn shapeType}{
\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lin
eWidth}{\sv 7110}}

}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft2944\shptop13659\shpright4334\shpbottom13659\shpfhdr0\s
hpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz1310\shplid13{\sp{\sn shapeTyp
e}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn
lineWidth}{\sv 7046}}
}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12060\paperh16040\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart P
g17}{\bkmkend Pg17}\par\pard\ql \li2560\sb0\sl-460\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2560\s
b0\sl-460\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2560\sb0\sl-460\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2560\sb8
0\sl-460\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs40 Physics
\par\pard\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3580\sb62\sl-218\slmult0
\tx4300 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 13.30 \tab \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex111 (a) Note that in the interior of Sun, four \ul0\super
\cf239\f240\fs19 1 \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex106 1\ul0\nosupersub\cf240\f241\fs2
1 H\ul0\super\cf6\f7\fs28 nuclei combine to form \par\pard\li4720\sb1\sl-196\
slmult0\fi0\tx5232 \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex106 one\tab \up2 \expndtw0\charscale
x106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf241\f242\fs13 4\par\pard\ql \li5413\sb0\sl-171\slmult0 \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 2\ul0\nosupersub\cf240\f241\fs21 He\ul0\nosupersub\c
f6\f7\fs19
nucleus releasing about 26 MeV of energy per event. \par\pard\ql
\li4720\sb14\sl-196\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Energy released in fusi
on of 1kg of hydrogen = 39 10\ul0\super\cf16\f17\fs18 26\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs
19 MeV \par\pard\ql \li4300\sb115\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 (
b) Energy released in fission of 1kg of \ul0\super\cf218\f219\fs19 235 \par\p
ard\ql \li8277\sb0\sl-171\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 92\ul0\nosupersub
\cf205\f206\fs21 U\ul0\super\cf6\f7\fs28 = 5.110\ul0\nosupersub\cf16\f17\fs12 2
6\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 MeV \par\pard\ql \li4720\sb0\sl-171\slmult0 \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex107 The energy released in fusion of 1 kg of hydrogen
is about 8 \par\pard\ql \li4720\sb12\sl-183\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x107 times that of the energy released in the fusion of 1 kg of uranium. \par\pa
rd\ql \li3580\sb69\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 13.31 3.076 10\u
l0\super\cf16\f17\fs18 4\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 kg \par\pard\ql \li3580\sb0
\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3580\sb37\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs26 C\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs18 HAPTER\ul0\nosuper
sub\cf4\f5\fs26 14 \par\pard\li3580\sb0\sl-218\slmult0\par\pard\li3580\sb54\sl218\slmult0\fi0\tx4300 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19
14.1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 (c)\par\pard\li3580\sb63\sl-218\slmult0\fi
0\tx4300 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 14.2\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 (d)\
par\pard\li3580\sb64\sl-218\slmult0\fi0\tx4300 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 14.3
\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 (c)\par\pard\li3580\sb62\sl-218\slmult0\fi0\tx
4300 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 14.4\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 (c)\par\
pard\li3580\sb63\sl-218\slmult0\fi0\tx4300 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 14.5\tab
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 (c)\par\pard\li3580\sb64\sl-218\slmult0\fi0\tx4300
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 14.6\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 (b), (c)\pa
r\pard\li3580\sb62\sl-218\slmult0\fi0\tx4300 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 14.7\t
ab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 (c)\par\pard\li3580\sb63\sl-218\slmult0\fi0\tx43
00 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 14.8\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 50 Hz for
half-wave, 100 Hz for full-wave\par\pard\li3580\sb64\sl-218\slmult0\fi0\tx4300 \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 14.9\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf7\f8\fs19 v\ul0\sub\cf67\f68\fs16 i\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 0.01 V ;
\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 I\ul0\sub\cf67\f68\fs16 B\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs1
9 = 10 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u956?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 A\par\pard\
li3580\sb62\sl-218\slmult0\fi0\tx4300 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 14.10\tab \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 2 V\par\pard\li3580\sb63\sl-218\slmult0\fi0\tx4300 \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 14.11\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 No (\ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf7\f8\fs19 h\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u957? \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19
has to be greater than \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 E\ul0\sub\cf67\f68\fs16 g\ul
0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 ).\par\pard\li3580\sb64\sl-218\slmult0\fi0\tx4300 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex116 14.12\tab \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\
cf7\f8\fs19 n\ul0\nosupersub\cf67\f68\fs11 e\ul0\super\cf6\f7\fs28 \ul0\super\c
f8\f9\fs28 \u8776?\ul0\super\cf6\f7\fs28 4.95 \ul0\super\cf8\f9\fs28 \ul0\super\
cf6\f7\fs28 10\ul0\nosupersub\cf67\f68\fs11 22\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 ; \ul

0\super\cf7\f8\fs28 n\ul0\nosupersub\cf67\f68\fs11 h\ul0\super\cf6\f7\fs28 = 4.

75 \ul0\super\cf8\f9\fs28 \ul0\super\cf6\f7\fs28 10\ul0\nosupersub\cf67\f68\fs11
9\ul0\super\cf6\f7\fs28 ; n-type since \ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs28 n\ul0\nosupersub
\cf67\f68\fs11 e\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs28 >> n\ul0\nosupersub\cf67\f68\fs11 h\par\
pard\li3580\sb163\sl-218\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf6\f7\fs19 For charge neutrality \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 N\ul0\sub\cf67
\f68\fs16 D\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 - N\ul0\sub\cf67\f68\fs16 A\ul0\sub\cf68
\f69\fs16 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 = n\ul0\sub\cf67\f68\fs16 e\ul0\nosupersu
b\cf7\f8\fs19 - n\ul0\sub\cf67\f68\fs16 h\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 ; n\ul0\s
ub\cf67\f68\fs16 e\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 .n\ul0\sub\cf67\f68\fs16 h\ul0\nos
upersub\cf7\f8\fs19 = \ul0\nosupersub\cf242\f243\fs19 n\ul0\sub\cf243\f244\fs17
i\ul0\sub\cf244\f245\fs17 2\par\pard\li4300\sb0\sl-218\slmult0\par\pard\li4300\
sb3\sl-218\slmult0\fi2921\tx7383\tx9496\tx10010\tx10116 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscal
ex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf245\f246\fs19 1\tab \dn2 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\n
osupersub\cf249\f250\fs19 \u9121?\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf246\f247\fs11 2\tab \dn2 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 2\tab \dn2 \expndtw-2\ch
arscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf249\f250\fs19 \u9124?\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\
cols2\colno1\colw7167\colsr60\colno2\colw4693\colsr160\ql \li4300\sb0\sl-171\slm
ult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 Solving these equa
tions, \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 n\ul0\sub\cf67\f68\fs16 e\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\
f7\fs19 =\par\pard\column \ql \li251\sb0\sl-198\slmult0\tx1431\tx2419 \up0 \ex
pndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf250\f251\fs21 ( \up0 \expndtw-2\charscal
ex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf247\f248\fs19 N\ul0\nosupersub\cf248\f249\fs11 D\ul0\nos
upersub\cf247\f248\fs19 \ul0\nosupersub\cf249\f250\fs19 \u8722?\ul0\nosupersub\
cf247\f248\fs19 N \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf248\f249\fs11
A \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf250\f251\fs21 )\ul0\nosupersub
\cf249\f250\fs19 +\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf250\f251
\fs21 ( \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf247\f248\fs19 N\ul0\nosu
persub\cf248\f249\fs11 D\ul0\nosupersub\cf247\f248\fs19 \ul0\nosupersub\cf249\f
250\fs19 \u8722?\ul0\nosupersub\cf247\f248\fs19 N \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100
\ul0\nosupersub\cf248\f249\fs11 A \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf250\f251\fs21 )\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf249\f250\
fs19 + \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf245\f246\fs19 4 \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf247\f248\fs19 n\ul0\nosupersub\cf248\f249\
fs11 i \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li3580\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\fi3646\tx7383\tx1
0116 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf245\f246\fs19 2\tab \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf249\f250\fs19 \u9122?\tab \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex115 \u9125?\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li3580\sb6\sl-205\slmult0\fi
0\tx4300 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 14.13\tab \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex115 About 1 10\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\f
s16 5\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li3580\sb66\sl-218\slmult0\fi0\tx4300\tx4720\
tx6147\tx7635 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 14.14\tab
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 (a)\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 0.0629 A,\tab
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 (b) 2.97 A,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 (c) 0
.336 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u937?\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li3580\sb62
\sl-218\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 (
d) For both the voltages, the current \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 I\ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf6\f7\fs19 will be almost equal to \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 I\ul0\sub\
cf16\f17\fs19 0\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 ,\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li3580
\sb15\sl-218\slmult0\fi1140 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 showing almost infinite
dynamic resistance in the reverse\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li3580\sb16\sl-2
18\slmult0\fi1140 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 bias.\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone
\li3580\sb62\sl-218\slmult0\fi0\tx4300\tx5380 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 14.1
6\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 NOT ;\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 A Y\
par\pard\li3580\sb63\sl-218\slmult0\fi1800\tx5740 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 0
\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 1\par\pard\li3580\sb64\sl-218\slmult0\fi1800\t
x5740 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 0\par\pard
\li3580\sb62\sl-218\slmult0\fi0\tx4300\tx5535 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 14.17
\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 (a) AND\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 (b)
OR\par\pard\li3580\sb63\sl-218\slmult0\fi0\tx4300 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111

14.18\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 OR gate\par\pard\li3580\sb64\sl-218\slmul

t0\fi0\tx4300\tx5600 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 14.19\tab \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex111 (a) NOT,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 (b) AND\par\pard\ql \li3580\s
b0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3580\sb28\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs26 C\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs18 HAPTER\ul0\nosup
ersub\cf4\f5\fs26 15\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw3420\colsr160
\colno2\colw570\colsr160\colno3\colw7620\colsr160\ql \li1466\sb0\sl-253\slmult0
\par\pard\ql \li1466\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1466\sb0\sl-253\slmult0
\par\pard\ql \li1466\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1466\sb0\sl-253\slmult0
\par\pard\ql \li1466\sb136\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosu
persub\cf2\f3\fs22 550\par\pard\column \ql \li3580\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\
ql \li20\sb58\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7
\fs19 15.1\par\pard\ql \li3580\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb76\sl-218
\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 15.2\par\pard\ql \li20\sb63\sl-218\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 15.3\par\pard\column \ql \li4300\sb0\sl-218\slmult
0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb58\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 (b) 10 kH
z cannot be radiated (antenna size), 1 GHz and 1000 GHz\par\pard\ql \li440\sb
13\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 will penetrate.\par\pard\ql \li2
0\sb64\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 (d) Consult Table 15.2\par\p
ard\ql \li20\sb63\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 (c) Decimal system
implies continuous set of values
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft12054\shptop1112\shpright12059\shpbottom1186\shpfhdr0\s
hpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz5\shplid0
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 5}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 74}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,74);(5,74);(5,0);(0,0)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}
}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 145339
90}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft12060\shptop0\shpright12060\shpbottom164\shpfhdr0\shpbx
page\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz19\shplid1{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv
20}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineWid
th}{\sv 15201}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft4\shptop0\shpright12053\shpbottom1372\shpfhdr0\shpbxpag
e\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz23\shplid2
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 12049}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 1372}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,1372);(12049,1372);(12049,0);(0,0)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}
}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 159856
12}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft1714\shptop1112\shpright12054\shpbottom1186\shpfhdr0\sh
pbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz26\shplid3
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 10340}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 74}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,74);(10340,74);(10340,0);(0,0)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}
}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 145339
90}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv

1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}

}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft4\shptop1292\shpright12053\shpbottom1366\shpfhdr0\shpbx
page\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz29\shplid4
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 12049}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 74}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,74);(12049,74);(12049,0);(0,0)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}
}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 129512
97}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft1310\shptop0\shpright5270\shpbottom2262\shpfhdr0\shpbxp
age\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz32\shplid5
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 3960}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 2262}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,2262);(3960,2262);(3960,0);(0,0)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}
}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 134217
72}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft1310\shptop2244\shpright5270\shpbottom2289\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz35\shplid6
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 3960}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 45}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,45);(3960,45);(3960,0);(0,0)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}
}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 500026
8}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft2024\shptop1774\shpright2214\shpbottom1964\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz48\shplid7
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 190}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 190}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,190);(190,190);(190,0);(0,0)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}
}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 631612
8}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft2124\shptop1864\shpright2314\shpbottom2054\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz51\shplid8
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 190}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 190}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,190);(190,190);(190,0);(0,0)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}
}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 129512
97}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv

1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}

}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft175\shptop0\shpright175\shpbottom171\shpfhdr0\shpbxpage
\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz61\shplid9{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 20}}
{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineWidth}{
\sv 15201}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft0\shptop166\shpright170\shpbottom166\shpfhdr0\shpbxpage
\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz61\shplid10{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 20}
}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineWidth}
{\sv 15201}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft180\shptop15862\shpright180\shpbottom16040\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz61\shplid11{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\
sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn line
Width}{\sv 15201}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft0\shptop15872\shpright170\shpbottom15872\shpfhdr0\shpbx
page\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz61\shplid12{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv
20}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineWi
dth}{\sv 15201}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft1310\shptop14656\shpright2030\shpbottom15002\shpfhdr0\s
hpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz65\shplid13
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 720}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 346}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,346);(720,346);(720,0);(0,0)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}
}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 159856
12}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft7220\shptop9417\shpright7345\shpbottom9417\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz593\shplid14{\sp{\sn shapeType}{
\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lin
eWidth}{\sv 7426}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft8513\shptop9229\shpright10100\shpbottom9543\shpfhdr0\sh
pbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz608\shplid15
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 1587}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 314}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;11;(0,210);(27,188);(67,284);(113,0);(1587,0);(1587,9
);(121,9);(72,314);(62,314);(16,206);(5,215)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;24;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}{\s
p{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\s
p{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12060\paperh16040\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart P
g18}{\bkmkend Pg18}\par\pard\ql \li8169\sb0\sl-345\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li8169\s
b0\sl-345\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li8169\sb0\sl-345\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li8169\sb0
\sl-345\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li8169\sb135\sl-345\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex99 \ul0\nosupersub\cf24\f25\fs30 Answers\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols4\col
no1\colw1839\colsr160\colno2\colw2891\colsr40\colno3\colw277\colsr20\colno4\colw
6713\colsr160\ql \li1279\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1279\sb0\sl-218\slmu
lt0 \par\pard\ql \li1279\sb117\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 15.4\par\pard\ql \li1279\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql

\li1279\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1279\sb33\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndt

w0\charscalex137 15.5\par\pard\column \ql \li1999\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\q
l \li1999\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb117\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex107 No. Service area will be \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 A\ul0\n
osupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u960?\par\pard\ql \li2035\
sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li56\sb199\sl-218\slmult0\tx1057 \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf57\f58\fs19 \u956? = \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
22 \ul0\nosupersub\cf55\f56\fs19 0.75 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf57\f58\fs19 =\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex88 \ul0\nosupersub\cf56\f57\fs
19 A \ul0\nosupersub\cf255\f256\fs11 m\par\pard\column \ql \li4920\sb0\sl-149\sl
mult0 \par\pard\ql \li4920\sb0\sl-149\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4920\sb0\sl-149\sl
mult0 \par\pard\ql \li176\sb82\sl-149\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0
\nosupersub\cf218\f219\fs13 2\par\pard\ql \li20\sb0\sl-189\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf207\f208\fs21 d\par\pard\ql \li164\sb0\sl-117\
slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf251\f252\fs13 T\par\pard
\column \ql \li5207\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li249\sb184\sl-218\slmult0\
tx1833 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 \ul0\nosupersub\cf253\f254\fs19 22\tab \up0
\expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf252\f253\fs11 6\par\pard\ql \li21\sb0
\sl-171\slmult0\tx532\tx1938 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f
7\fs19 =\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf254\f255\fs19 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex122 \ul0\nosupersub\cf253\f254\fs19 162 \up0 \expndtw-5\char
scalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf254\f255\fs19 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 \ul0\nosu
persub\cf253\f254\fs19 6.4 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf254\f
255\fs19 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 \ul0\nosupersub\cf253\f254\fs19 10\tab \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 3258 km\ul0\super\cf67\f
68\fs17\ul0\super\cf67\f68\fs16 2\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 .\par\pard\ql \li30
4\sb0\sl-171\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf253\f254\fs
19 7 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \ql \li3055\sb0\sl-135\slmult0\tx3287 \up2 \ex
pndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf56\f57\fs19 A \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\chars
calex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf255\f256\fs11 c \par\pard\li1279\sb156\sl-218\slmult0
\fi760\tx2364\tx2527\tx2983\tx3107\tx3400\tx3566\tx3707 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscal
ex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf14\f15\fs19 A\t \dn2 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf256\f257\fs11 m\tab \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f
16\fs19 =\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs19 0.75\ta
b \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs19 \tab \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs19 12\tab \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex10
0 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs19 =\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf12\f13\fs19 9\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19
V.\par\pard\li1279\sb104\sl-218\slmult0\fi0\tx1999 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113
15.6\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 (a)\par\pard\li1269\sb0\sl-218\slmult0\pa
r\pard\li1269\sb0\sl-218\slmult0\par\pard\li1269\sb0\sl-218\slmult0\par\pard\li1
269\sb0\sl-218\slmult0\par\pard\li1269\sb0\sl-218\slmult0\par\pard\li1269\sb0\sl
-218\slmult0\par\pard\li1269\sb0\sl-218\slmult0\par\pard\li1269\sb0\sl-218\slmul
t0\par\pard\li1269\sb0\sl-218\slmult0\par\pard\li1269\sb0\sl-218\slmult0\par\par
d\li1269\sb0\sl-218\slmult0\par\pard\li1269\sb0\sl-218\slmult0\par\pard\li1269\s
b0\sl-218\slmult0\par\pard\li1269\sb0\sl-218\slmult0\par\pard\li1269\sb0\sl-218\
slmult0\par\pard\li1269\sb0\sl-218\slmult0\par\pard\li1269\sb0\sl-218\slmult0\pa
r\pard\li1269\sb186\sl-218\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 (b) \ul0\n
osupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u956? \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 0.5\par\pard\li1269\s
b0\sl-218\slmult0\par\pard\li1269\sb28\sl-218\slmult0\fi0\tx1989 \up0 \expndtw0\
charscalex110 15.7\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Since the AM wave is given b
y (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 A\ul0\sub\cf68\f69\fs16 c\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\f
s19 + \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 A\ul0\sub\cf68\f69\fs16 m\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\
f7\fs19 sin\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u969?\ul0\sub\cf68\f69\fs16 m \ul0\nosu
persub\cf7\f8\fs19 t\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 ) cos \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs1
9 \u969?\ul0\sub\cf68\f69\fs16 c\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 t\ul0\nosupersub\cf6
\f7\fs19 , the\par\pard\li1269\sb16\sl-218\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex110 maximum amplitude is \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 M\ul0\sub\cf67\f68\fs16 1
\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 A\ul0\sub\cf68\f69\fs
16 c\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 + \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 A\ul0\sub\cf68\f6

9\fs16 m\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 while the minimum amplitude\par\pard\li1269

\sb16\sl-218\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 is \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f
8\fs19 M\ul0\sub\cf67\f68\fs16 2\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = \ul0\nosupersub\c
f7\f8\fs19 A\ul0\sub\cf68\f69\fs16 c\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 - \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf7\f8\fs19 A\ul0\sub\cf68\f69\fs16 m\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 . Hence the
modulation index is\par\pard\li1269\sb105\sl-241\slmult0\fi1224\tx3074\tx3410\tx
3576\tx4211\tx4670 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf260\f261\fs21
A\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex110 M\tab \dn2 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosu
persub\cf258\f259\fs21 -\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf260\
f261\fs21 M\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf258\f259\fs21 8\t
ab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex110 2\par\pard\li1269\sb0\sl-117\slmult0\fi1368\tx32
59\tx3775 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf259\f260\fs13 m\tab \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf257\f258\fs13 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex110 2\par\pard\li1269\sb0\sl-189\slmult0\fi741\tx2282\tx2872\tx3959\tx4
475 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf260\f261\fs21 m\tab \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf17\f18\fs21 =\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x110 =\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 =\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 =\par
\pard\li1269\sb0\sl-189\slmult0\fi1250\tx2766\tx3074\tx3405\tx3576\tx4135\tx4670
\up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf260\f261\fs21 A\tab \dn2 \expnd
tw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf259\f260\fs13 c\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscal
ex93 \ul0\nosupersub\cf260\f261\fs21 M\t \dn2 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosu
persub\cf257\f258\fs13 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf17\
f18\fs21 +\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex93 \ul0\nosupersub\cf260\f261\fs21 M\t
\dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf257\f258\fs13 2\tab \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf258\f259\fs21 12\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
110 3\par\pard\li1269\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0
\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 With \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 M\ul0\sub\cf67\f68\fs16
2\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 = 0, clearly, \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 m\ul0\n
osupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 =1, irrespective of \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 M\ul0\sub
\cf67\f68\fs16 1\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 .\par\pard\li1269\sb202\sl-218\slmul
t0\fi0\tx1989 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 15.8\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110
Let, for simplicity, the received signal be\par\pard\li1269\sb13\sl-218\slmult0
\fi720 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 A\ul0\sub\cf68\f
69\fs16 1\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 cos (\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u969?\ul
0\sub\cf68\f69\fs16 c\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 + \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19
\u969?\ul0\sub\cf68\f69\fs16 m\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 ) \ul0\nosupersub\cf7
\f8\fs19 t\par\pard\li1269\sb16\sl-218\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex11
0 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 The carrier \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 A\ul0\sub\
cf68\f69\fs16 c\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 cos \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u96
9?\ul0\sub\cf68\f69\fs16 c\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 t\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs
19 is available at the receiving station. By\par\pard\li1269\sb16\sl-218\slmult
0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 multiplying the two signals, we get\par\par
d\li1269\sb13\sl-218\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\
cf7\f8\fs19 A\ul0\sub\cf68\f69\fs16 1\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 A\ul0\sub\cf68\
f69\fs16 c\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 cos (\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u969?\u
l0\sub\cf68\f69\fs16 c\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 + \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19
\u969?\ul0\sub\cf68\f69\fs16 a\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 ) \ul0\nosupersub\cf
7\f8\fs19 t\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19 cos \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs19 \u969?\u
l0\sub\cf68\f69\fs16 c\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs19 t\par\pard\li1269\sb105\sl-241
\slmult0\fi1144 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf265\f266\fs21 A\
t \dn2 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf262\f263\fs13 1\t \up0 \expndt
w-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf265\f266\fs21 A\t \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex1
10 \ul0\nosupersub\cf264\f265\fs13 c\par\pard\li1269\sb0\sl-189\slmult0\fi931\tx
2940\tx3383\tx3878\tx4039\tx4346\tx4569\tx4735\tx5095\tx5368\tx5467 \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf266\f267\fs21 =\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscale
x100 \u9123?\t \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf263\f264\fs21 cos\
tab \dn2 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf261\f262\fs23 (\t \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf263\f264\fs21 2\t \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf266\f267\fs21 \u969?\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 +\t
ab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \u969?\tab \dn2 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\no

supersub\cf261\f262\fs23 )\t \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf265

\f266\fs21 t\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf266\f267\fs21 +
\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf263\f264\fs21 cos\tab \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf266\f267\fs21 \u969?\tab \up0 \expndtw5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf265\f266\fs21 t\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
10 \ul0\nosupersub\cf266\f267\fs21 \u9126?\par\pard\li1989\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\fi
0\tx3732\tx4185\tx5241 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs19
=\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf264\f265\fs13 c\tab \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex105 m\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 m\par\pard\ql \li2577\s
b0\sl-178\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf263\f264\fs21 2
\par\pard\ql \li1989\sb0\sl-171\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf6\f7\fs19 If this signal is passed through a low-pass filter, we can rec
ord\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols7\colno1\colw4140\colsr110\colno2\colw447\co
lsr40\colno3\colw82\colsr20\colno4\colw347\colsr20\colno5\colw214\colsr40\colno6
\colw4615\colsr160\colno7\colw1735\colsr160\ql \li1989\sb161\sl-218\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex111 the modulating signal\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb1\sl200\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf270\f271\fs21 A \up0
\expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf267\f268\fs13 1 \up0 \expndtw-4\char
scalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf270\f271\fs21 A\par\pard\ql \li186\sb69\sl-241\slmul
t0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf268\f269\fs21 2\par\pard\colum
n \ql \li20\sb95\sl-149\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
269\f270\fs13 c\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb185\sl-189\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf258\f259\fs21 cos\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb142\
sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf17\f18\fs21 \u969?
\par\pard\column \ql \li5420\sb0\sl-153\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb114\sl-153\
slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf259\f260\fs13 m\ul0\nosup
ersub\cf260\f261\fs21 t\par\pard\column \ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\par
d\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\p
ard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par
\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10185\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \p
ar\pard\ql \li20\sb120\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf2\f3\fs22 551
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{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{

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}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft0\shptop0\shpright0\shpbottom164\shpfhdr0\shpbxpage\shp
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}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft4\shptop15862\shpright4\shpbottom16039\shpfhdr0\shpbxpa
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft5428\shptop2734\shpright5675\shpbottom2734\shpfhdr0\shp
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft3012\shptop3396\shpright3304\shpbottom3396\shpfhdr0\shp
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft3203\shptop4715\shpright6475\shpbottom7292\shpfhdr0\shp
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}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft5165\shptop7253\shpright5165\shpbottom7292\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz539\shplid22{\sp{\sn shapeType}{
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sn lineWidth}{\sv 7585}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft5491\shptop7253\shpright5491\shpbottom7292\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz539\shplid23{\sp{\sn shapeType}{
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sn lineWidth}{\sv 7585}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft5817\shptop7253\shpright5817\shpbottom7292\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz539\shplid24{\sp{\sn shapeType}{
\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 2039586}}{\sp{\
sn lineWidth}{\sv 7585}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft3530\shptop4711\shpright3530\shpbottom4745\shpfhdr0\shp
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sn lineWidth}{\sv 7585}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft3856\shptop4711\shpright3856\shpbottom4745\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz539\shplid26{\sp{\sn shapeType}{
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sn lineWidth}{\sv 7585}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft4182\shptop4711\shpright4182\shpbottom4745\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz539\shplid27{\sp{\sn shapeType}{
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sn lineWidth}{\sv 7585}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft4508\shptop4711\shpright4508\shpbottom4745\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz539\shplid28{\sp{\sn shapeType}{
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sn lineWidth}{\sv 7585}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft4839\shptop4711\shpright4839\shpbottom4745\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz539\shplid29{\sp{\sn shapeType}{
\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 2039586}}{\sp{\
sn lineWidth}{\sv 7585}}
}}

{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft5165\shptop4711\shpright5165\shpbottom4745\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz539\shplid30{\sp{\sn shapeType}{
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sn lineWidth}{\sv 7585}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft5491\shptop4711\shpright5491\shpbottom4745\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz539\shplid31{\sp{\sn shapeType}{
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sn lineWidth}{\sv 7585}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft5817\shptop4711\shpright5817\shpbottom4745\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz539\shplid32{\sp{\sn shapeType}{
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sn lineWidth}{\sv 7585}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft6148\shptop4711\shpright6148\shpbottom4745\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz539\shplid33{\sp{\sn shapeType}{
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sn lineWidth}{\sv 7585}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft6148\shptop7253\shpright6148\shpbottom7292\shpfhdr0\shp
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sn lineWidth}{\sv 7585}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft3237\shptop5143\shpright3199\shpbottom5143\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz539\shplid35{\sp{\sn shapeType}{
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sn lineWidth}{\sv 7585}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft6474\shptop5143\shpright6436\shpbottom5143\shpfhdr0\shp
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sn lineWidth}{\sv 7585}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft3237\shptop5570\shpright3199\shpbottom5570\shpfhdr0\shp
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sn lineWidth}{\sv 7585}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft6474\shptop5570\shpright6436\shpbottom5570\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz539\shplid38{\sp{\sn shapeType}{
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sn lineWidth}{\sv 7585}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft3237\shptop6001\shpright3199\shpbottom6001\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz539\shplid39{\sp{\sn shapeType}{
\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 2039586}}{\sp{\
sn lineWidth}{\sv 7585}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft6474\shptop6001\shpright6436\shpbottom6001\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz539\shplid40{\sp{\sn shapeType}{
\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 2039586}}{\sp{\
sn lineWidth}{\sv 7585}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft3237\shptop6433\shpright3199\shpbottom6433\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz539\shplid41{\sp{\sn shapeType}{
\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 2039586}}{\sp{\
sn lineWidth}{\sv 7585}}
}}

{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft6474\shptop6433\shpright6436\shpbottom6433\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz539\shplid42{\sp{\sn shapeType}{
\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 2039586}}{\sp{\
sn lineWidth}{\sv 7585}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft3237\shptop6865\shpright3199\shpbottom6865\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz539\shplid43{\sp{\sn shapeType}{
\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 2039586}}{\sp{\
sn lineWidth}{\sv 7585}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft6474\shptop6865\shpright6436\shpbottom6865\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz539\shplid44{\sp{\sn shapeType}{
\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 2039586}}{\sp{\
sn lineWidth}{\sv 7585}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft3165\shptop7355\shpright3235\shpbottom7445\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz557\shplid45
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 70}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 90}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;18;(35,0);(10,15);(0,45);(5,75);(35,90);(60,75);(70,4
5);(35,0);(35,85);(20,70);(15,45);(15,20);(20,10);(35,5);(55,20);(55,45);(55,70)
;(35,85)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;38;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 203958
6}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft3425\shptop7345\shpright3500\shpbottom7435\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz573\shplid46
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 75}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 90}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;19;(35,0);(10,15);(0,45);(10,75);(40,90);(65,75);(75,
45);(65,15);(35,0);(40,85);(20,70);(15,45);(20,20);(25,10);(40,5);(55,20);(60,45
);(55,70);(40,85)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;40;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 203958
6}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft3515\shptop7420\shpright3530\shpbottom7435\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz579\shplid47
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 15}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 15}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;5;(15,5);(10,0);(0,5);(10,15);(15,5)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;12;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;2457
7;32768}}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 203958
6}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft3550\shptop7345\shpright3620\shpbottom7435\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz602\shplid48

{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{

\sn geoRight}{\sv 70}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 90}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;21;(70,65);(65,65);(40,80);(15,80);(45,55);(65,25);(5
5,5);(30,0);(10,5);(0,25);(10,35);(15,25);(15,20);(10,15);(30,5);(50,25);(30,55)
;(0,80);(0,90);(65,90);(70,65)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;44;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 203958
6}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft3760\shptop7345\shpright3830\shpbottom7435\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz618\shplid49
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 70}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 90}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;19;(35,0);(10,15);(0,45);(5,75);(35,90);(60,75);(70,4
5);(60,15);(35,0);(35,85);(20,70);(15,45);(15,20);(20,10);(35,5);(55,20);(55,45)
;(55,70);(35,85)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;40;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 203958
6}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft3845\shptop7420\shpright3860\shpbottom7435\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz624\shplid50
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 15}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 15}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;5;(15,5);(10,0);(0,5);(10,15);(15,5)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;12;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;2457
7;32768}}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 203958
6}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft3880\shptop7345\shpright3955\shpbottom7435\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz653\shplid51
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 75}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 90}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;23;(55,0);(40,0);(20,30);(0,60);(0,65);(40,65);(40,70
);(40,80);(30,85);(30,90);(65,90);(65,85);(55,80);(55,70);(55,65);(70,65);(75,55
);(55,55);(55,0);(40,55);(10,55);(40,10);(40,55)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;48;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 203958
6}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft4085\shptop7345\shpright4155\shpbottom7435\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz669\shplid52
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 70}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 90}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;19;(35,0);(10,15);(0,45);(10,75);(35,90);(65,75);(70,

45);(60,15);(35,0);(35,85);(20,70);(15,45);(15,20);(20,10);(35,5);(55,20);(55,45
);(55,70);(35,85)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;40;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 203958
6}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft4170\shptop7420\shpright4190\shpbottom7435\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz675\shplid53
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 15}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;5;(20,5);(10,0);(0,5);(10,15);(20,5)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;12;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;2457
7;32768}}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 203958
6}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft4205\shptop7345\shpright4280\shpbottom7435\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz699\shplid54
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 75}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 90}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;21;(15,40);(20,15);(40,5);(55,10);(65,20);(70,15);(60
,5);(40,0);(10,15);(0,50);(10,80);(40,90);(75,60);(40,30);(15,45);(15,40);(40,40
);(60,60);(40,85);(20,65);(40,40)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;44;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 203958
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1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft4410\shptop7345\shpright4480\shpbottom7435\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz715\shplid55
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 70}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 90}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;19;(35,0);(10,15);(0,45);(10,75);(35,90);(65,75);(70,
45);(60,15);(35,0);(35,85);(20,70);(15,45);(20,20);(25,10);(35,5);(55,20);(55,45
);(55,70);(35,85)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;40;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 203958
6}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft4500\shptop7420\shpright4515\shpbottom7435\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz721\shplid56
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 15}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 15}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;5;(15,5);(5,0);(0,5);(5,15);(15,5)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;12;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;2457
7;32768}}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 203958

6}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv

1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft4535\shptop7345\shpright4605\shpbottom7435\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz749\shplid57
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 70}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 90}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;24;(45,40);(65,20);(35,0);(5,25);(20,45);(0,65);(10,8
5);(30,90);(55,85);(70,60);(45,40);(45,40);(40,50);(55,65);(35,85);(10,65);(25,4
5);(40,50);(30,35);(15,20);(35,5);(55,20);(40,35);(30,35)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;50;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}
}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 203958
6}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft4830\shptop7345\shpright4875\shpbottom7435\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz765\shplid58
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 45}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 90}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;14;(30,0);(25,0);(0,5);(0,10);(15,20);(15,70);(15,80)
;(10,80);(0,85);(0,90);(45,90);(45,85);(30,70);(30,0)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;30;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}
}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 203958
6}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft5085\shptop7345\shpright5125\shpbottom7435\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz781\shplid59
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 40}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 90}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;14;(25,0);(20,0);(0,5);(0,10);(15,20);(15,70);(15,80)
;(10,80);(0,85);(0,90);(40,90);(40,85);(25,70);(25,0)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;30;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}
}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 203958
6}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft5155\shptop7420\shpright5170\shpbottom7435\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz787\shplid60
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 15}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 15}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;5;(15,5);(10,0);(0,5);(10,15);(15,5)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;12;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;2457
7;32768}}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 203958
6}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}

{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft5190\shptop7345\shpright5260\shpbottom7435\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz810\shplid61
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 70}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 90}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;21;(70,65);(65,65);(40,80);(15,80);(45,55);(65,25);(5
5,5);(30,0);(10,5);(0,25);(10,35);(15,25);(15,20);(10,15);(30,5);(50,25);(30,55)
;(0,80);(0,90);(65,90);(70,65)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;44;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 203958
6}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft5410\shptop7345\shpright5455\shpbottom7435\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz826\shplid62
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 45}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 90}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;14;(30,0);(25,0);(0,5);(0,10);(15,20);(15,70);(15,80)
;(10,80);(0,85);(0,90);(45,90);(45,85);(30,70);(30,0)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;30;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}
}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 203958
6}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft5480\shptop7420\shpright5500\shpbottom7435\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz832\shplid63
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 15}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;5;(20,5);(10,0);(0,5);(10,15);(20,5)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;12;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;2457
7;32768}}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 203958
6}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft5515\shptop7345\shpright5590\shpbottom7435\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz861\shplid64
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 75}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 90}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;23;(55,0);(40,0);(20,30);(0,60);(0,65);(40,65);(40,70
);(40,80);(30,85);(30,90);(65,90);(65,85);(55,80);(55,70);(55,65);(70,65);(75,55
);(55,55);(55,0);(40,55);(10,55);(40,10);(40,55)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;48;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 203958
6}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft5735\shptop7345\shpright5780\shpbottom7435\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz877\shplid65
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 45}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 90}}

{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;14;(30,0);(25,0);(0,5);(0,10);(5,10);(15,20);(15,70);

(15,80);(0,85);(0,90);(45,90);(45,85);(30,70);(30,0)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;30;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}
}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 203958
6}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft5805\shptop7420\shpright5825\shpbottom7435\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz883\shplid66
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 15}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;5;(20,5);(10,0);(0,5);(10,15);(20,5)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;12;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;2457
7;32768}}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 203958
6}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft5840\shptop7345\shpright5915\shpbottom7435\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz907\shplid67
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 75}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 90}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;21;(15,40);(20,15);(40,5);(55,10);(65,20);(70,15);(60
,5);(40,0);(10,15);(0,50);(10,80);(40,90);(75,60);(40,30);(15,45);(15,40);(40,40
);(60,60);(40,85);(20,65);(40,40)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;44;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 203958
6}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft6060\shptop7345\shpright6105\shpbottom7435\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz923\shplid68
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 45}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 90}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;14;(30,0);(25,0);(0,5);(0,10);(5,10);(15,20);(15,70);
(15,80);(0,85);(0,90);(45,90);(45,85);(30,70);(30,0)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;30;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}
}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 203958
6}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft6135\shptop7420\shpright6150\shpbottom7435\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz929\shplid69
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 15}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 15}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;5;(15,5);(5,0);(0,5);(5,15);(15,5)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;12;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;2457
7;32768}}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 203958
6}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv

1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}

}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft6170\shptop7345\shpright6240\shpbottom7435\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz957\shplid70
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 70}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 90}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;24;(45,40);(65,20);(35,0);(5,25);(20,45);(0,65);(10,8
5);(30,90);(55,85);(70,60);(45,40);(45,40);(40,50);(55,65);(35,85);(10,65);(25,4
5);(40,50);(30,35);(15,20);(35,5);(55,20);(40,35);(30,35)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;50;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}
}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 203958
6}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft6450\shptop7345\shpright6520\shpbottom7435\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz980\shplid71
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 70}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 90}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;22;(70,65);(65,65);(60,65);(40,80);(10,80);(45,55);(6
5,25);(55,5);(30,0);(10,5);(0,25);(10,35);(15,25);(15,20);(10,15);(30,5);(50,25)
;(30,55);(0,80);(0,90);(60,90);(70,65)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;46;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 203958
6}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft3047\shptop7283\shpright3086\shpbottom7290\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz986\shplid72
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 39}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 7}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;5;(39,0);(4,0);(0,7);(35,7);(39,0)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;12;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;2457
7;32768}}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 203958
6}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft3100\shptop7230\shpright3170\shpbottom7320\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz1018\shplid73
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 70}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 90}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;28;(35,45);(55,65);(35,85);(20,80);(15,75);(15,70);(1
0,60);(0,70);(10,85);(35,90);(60,85);(70,65);(45,40);(60,35);(65,20);(55,5);(35,
0);(15,5);(5,20);(15,30);(20,20);(20,15);(35,5);(50,20);(30,40);(25,35);(25,45);
(35,45)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;58;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 203958
6}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv

1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}

}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft3047\shptop6885\shpright3086\shpbottom6892\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz1024\shplid74
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 39}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 7}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;5;(39,0);(4,0);(0,7);(35,7);(39,0)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;12;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;2457
7;32768}}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 203958
6}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft3100\shptop6830\shpright3170\shpbottom6920\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz1047\shplid75
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 70}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 90}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;21;(70,65);(65,65);(45,80);(15,80);(50,60);(65,25);(5
5,5);(35,0);(10,5);(0,25);(10,35);(20,30);(15,25);(15,20);(30,5);(50,25);(30,60)
;(0,80);(0,90);(65,90);(70,65)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;44;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 203958
6}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft3047\shptop6453\shpright3086\shpbottom6461\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz1053\shplid76
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 39}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 8}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;5;(39,0);(4,0);(0,8);(35,8);(39,0)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;12;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;2457
7;32768}}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 203958
6}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft3115\shptop6400\shpright3160\shpbottom6490\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz1069\shplid77
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 45}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 90}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;14;(30,0);(25,0);(0,5);(0,10);(5,10);(15,20);(15,70);
(15,80);(0,85);(0,90);(45,90);(45,85);(30,70);(30,0)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;30;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}
}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 203958
6}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft3080\shptop5965\shpright3155\shpbottom6060\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz1085\shplid78
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 75}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 95}}

{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;19;(35,0);(10,15);(0,50);(10,80);(35,95);(65,80);(75,

50);(65,15);(35,0);(40,90);(20,75);(15,50);(20,25);(25,15);(35,10);(55,25);(60,5
0);(55,75);(40,90)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;40;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 203958
6}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft3100\shptop5535\shpright3140\shpbottom5625\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz1101\shplid79
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 40}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 90}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;14;(25,0);(20,0);(0,5);(0,10);(15,25);(15,75);(15,80)
;(10,85);(0,85);(0,90);(40,90);(40,85);(25,70);(25,0)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;30;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}
}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 203958
6}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft3080\shptop5110\shpright3150\shpbottom5200\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz1124\shplid80
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 70}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 90}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;21;(70,65);(65,65);(45,80);(15,80);(50,55);(65,25);(5
5,5);(35,0);(15,5);(5,25);(10,35);(20,25);(15,20);(15,15);(35,5);(50,20);(35,55)
;(0,80);(0,90);(65,90);(70,65)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;44;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 203958
6}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft3080\shptop4665\shpright3150\shpbottom4760\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz1156\shplid81
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{
\sn geoRight}{\sv 70}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 95}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;30;(35,45);(55,65);(35,90);(20,85);(15,80);(15,75);(1
5,70);(10,65);(0,75);(15,90);(35,95);(60,90);(70,65);(45,45);(60,35);(65,25);(55
,5);(35,0);(15,5);(5,25);(15,30);(20,25);(20,20);(20,15);(35,5);(55,25);(30,40);
(25,40);(25,45);(35,45)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;62;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 203958
6}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft2471\shptop9785\shpright2800\shpbottom9785\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz1336\shplid82{\sp{\sn shapeType}
{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn li
neWidth}{\sv 7838}}

}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft3062\shptop9785\shpright3887\shpbottom9785\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz1336\shplid83{\sp{\sn shapeType}
{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn li
neWidth}{\sv 7838}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft4149\shptop9785\shpright4403\shpbottom9785\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz1336\shplid84{\sp{\sn shapeType}
{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn li
neWidth}{\sv 7838}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft4663\shptop9785\shpright4809\shpbottom9785\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz1336\shplid85{\sp{\sn shapeType}
{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn li
neWidth}{\sv 7838}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft2390\shptop12137\shpright2896\shpbottom12137\shpfhdr0\s
hpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz1574\shplid86{\sp{\sn shapeTyp
e}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn
lineWidth}{\sv 7838}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft4228\shptop13052\shpright4732\shpbottom13052\shpfhdr0\s
hpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz1634\shplid87{\sp{\sn shapeTyp
e}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn
lineWidth}{\sv 7838}}
}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24}