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Example 3.9Convert 310 K to Fahrenheit
Units and magnitude are
correct.
Check: 7. Check.
98.6 F = 99 F
Round: 6. Significant figures and
round.
Solution:
5. Follow the solution map to
Solve the problem.
Solution
Map:
4. Write a Solution Map.
Equation: 3. Write down the appropriate
Equations.
F
Find: 2. Write down the quantity
you want to Find and unit.
310 K
Given: 1. Write down the Given
quantity and its unit.
units place
and 3 sig figs
units place and 2 sig figs
( )
1.8
32 - F
C
=
( ) 32 C 1.8 F + =
( ) F 6 . 98 32 C 37 .8 1 F = + =
K = C + 273
F C K
C = K - 273
C 37 273 310 C = =
74
PracticeConvert 0 F into Kelvin
75
PracticeConvert 0 F into Kelvin,
Continued
C = 0.556(F-32)
C = 0.556(0-32)
C = -18 C
K = C + 273
K = (-18) + 273
K = 255 K
76
Energy and the Temperature of Matter
The amount the temperature of an object
increases depends on the amount of heat
energy added (q).
If you double the added heat energy the
temperature will increase twice as much.
The amount the temperature of an object
increases depending on its mass.
If you double the mass, it will take twice as
much heat energy to raise the temperature the
same amount.
77
Heat Capacity
Heat capacity is the amount of heat a substance
must absorb to raise its temperature by 1 C.
cal/C or J/C.
Metals have low heat capacities; insulators have
high heat capacities.
Specific heat = heat capacity of 1 gram of the
substance.
cal/gC or J/gC.
Waters specific heat = 4.184 J/gC for liquid.
Or 1.000 cal/gC.
It is less for ice and steam.
78
Specific Heat Capacity
Specific heat is the amount of energy required to raise
the temperature of one gram of a substance by 1 C.
The larger a materials specific heat is, the more
energy it takes to raise its temperature a given amount.
Like density, specific heat is a property of the type of
matter.
It doesnt matter how much material you have.
It can be used to identify the type of matter.
Waters high specific heat is the reason it is such a
good cooling agent.
It absorbs a lot of heat for a relatively small mass.
79
Specific Heat Capacities
Substance Specific Heat
J /gC
Aluminum 0.903
Carbon (dia) 0.508
Carbon (gra) 0.708
Copper 0.385
Gold 0.128
Iron 0.449
Lead 0.128
Silver 0.235
Ethanol 2.42
Water (l) 4.184
Water (s) 2.03
Water (g) 2.02
80
Heat Gain or Loss by an Object
The amount of heat energy gained or lost by an
object depends on 3 factors: how much material
there is, what the material is, and how much the
temperature changed.
Amount of Heat = Mass x Heat Capacity x Temperature Change
q = m x C x AT
( ) ( ) ( )
J 557 . 4
C 25.0 - 29.9 0.372 g 2.5
C g
J
=
=
q
q
Example 3.10Calculate Amount of Heat Needed to
Raise Temperature of 2.5 g Ga from 25.0 to 29.9 C
Units and magnitude are
correct.
Check: 7. Check.
4.557 J = 4.6 J
Round: 6. Significant figures and
round.
Solution:
5. Follow the solution map to
Solve the problem.
Solution
Map:
4. Write a Solution Map.
Equation: 3. Write down the appropriate
Equations.
q, J
Find: 2. Write down the quantity
you want to Find and unit.
m = 2.5 g, T
1
= 25.0 C,
T
2
= 29.9 C, C = 0.372 J/gC
Given: 1. Write down the Given
quantity and its unit.
2 significant figures
m, C, AT q
T C m q A =
T C m q A =
89
PracticeCalculate the Amount of Heat Released
When 7.40 g of Water Cools from 49 to 29 C
PracticeCalculate the Amount of Heat Released
When 7.40 g of Water Cools from 49 to 29 C,
Continued
q = m C
s
AT
C
s
= 4.18 J/gC (Table 3.4)
The unit and sign are correct.
T
1
= 49 C, T
2
= 29 C, m = 7.40 g
q,
J
Check: Check.
Solution:
Follow the
concept
plan to
solve the
problem.
Solution Map:
Relationships:
Strategize
Given:
Find:
Sort
Information
T C m q
s
- - =
( ) ( ) ( )
J 10 6.2 J 64 . 8 1 6
C 0 2 - 4.18 g 7.40
2
C g
J
= =
- - =
- - =
-
T C m q
s
( )
C 0 2 -
C 9 4 - C 29
1 2
=
= A
= A
T
T T T
C
s
m, AT q