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Кочевники Евразийских Степей и Античный Мир.1989
Кочевники Евразийских Степей и Античный Мир.1989
1
rncnrentn yre crynennx nexrtx nnn nmra (n uacrncrn me-
rannnuecx cynt n arnenncre) cymecrnymr asnte ruxn sennx (s nx
cm. 1, c. 65 cn. 11, . 64 45, c. 204 cn.), xrte nexnmcrn yyr accmre-
nt nnxe
:1
cxr yxneneennx, c yr. me rr, mee naxnennx axe-
nrnuecxr marenana ncrunnxnax asa nemt ynennunnact n
snnxer enxnrt nananrt emennx nexrtx cennantntx n
mnx ncn, cnxsanntx c nmrntm yxnem y camarn. nx
uncny rncxrcx rnnrnx n xnnrnx nmrntx +xsemnxn, r-
nmenne nx x ccrnenn camarcxmy nyxennm, antnemne ncr-
nuecxne cytt n, naxnen, nemx n yrn aannx x camaram nm-
rnr yxnx.
en camarcxr xnnnxnr yxnx nmrnte +xsemnxt
nectma manuncnennt. crnenn, +r axe ne nrnnant, a axa-
nnx, nsrrnnennte camaramn. eut ner meuax na xyrana y xyr. -
aunn (2, c. 260 cn.) n ra-nnmxnncxr mrnntnnxa (7, c. 35). a
nn, mnennm ynnxnanmnx nx nccnenarene, cenant
nnnxnnem narencxr yxnx. cnn +r esycnnn nen nx cra-xn-
nmxnncxr meua, r, na m nsrnx, ncxxenne aa-unncxr r
xentrcxnx ne nayxnnaercx casy. camm ene, na craxnnm-
xnncxm +xsemnxe, n nce er netun-, crn n nx camarn, n nx
xentrn, ecrt eccn narencxn nsnax xaaxrene eexecrne
(nnra er nastnamr nacruxnn xncr). exre ne cene-
narenxmm nmeer n nnnnax yxxrt-rtt +rr meua. cex +rnx uer
nnmen aaunncxn meu, cxcrn xrr c narencxnm uncr ]-
mantne nnnnt xnnnx, yxxrt-mrtt es eexecrnx, xcrxne
nnnnnnuecxe nanemne. ne xaxercx, ur . . aen ycmren cnxst
aaunncxr meua c narencxnmn cxee xnnrnuecxym n r nemx,
xrtm arnyercx meu ns aunna (enax n. I n. n. +.), y ca-
marn tryer yxne c cennntm n xntnentm nannemnem, a -
ne aaunncxmy xnnxercx sxe
2
. ana, nmenn rccrn y
camarn +rr nemenn nnnnnantn nntx xnnnxn, xnnrnue-
cxn astn mexy ntmn can-marcxnmn n cnn-mercxnmn me-
uamn n xnnrnuecxax nnscrt nrnnmy narencxmy (n, an-
nm, snecxn]cxmy) yxnm enamr enxenne . . aena
nectma nnsxnm x ncrnne.
2. ne nmem nnny ennnunte +xsemnxt raxnx meue n canmarcx
xyntrye n y cnn-mern (8, c. 38 cn.). n mem nnsyantn cxcrne c cene- n
snecamarcxnmn, rnnrt nx renernuecxm crne ne snnxer ntm x-
nnrnuecxn astn n max xarnna asnnrnx camarcx xyntryt.
:2
e ncxnmuamr nsmxncrn snaxmcrna camarn c narencxnm n-
yxennem n ncrnuecxne crxrentcrna. exer n uecrt rrena
rmeuaer nnemennym yrsy ntnnn c crnt ranarn n cxn]n n
xnnenne y cren ra nexnx caen n rnane c nx naem ara]anm
nx ca ann. 3rnnuecxn nnx caen cnyxnr emerm anne nc-
xyccnn. na ns ruex sennx, nannee nn c]mynnnannax . .
mnnntm, cnntnaer nx camarcxym nnanexncrt (9, c. 67
68). nt ananns exera n uecrt rrena n +r cnxsn ne-
en mn n cann n euart mnra]nn, n sect ymecrn yer nne-
crn nnmt ntn. an ara]ana mryr trt nsnant camaramn c
r asnnne, ur n xnne III nauane II nn. n. +. (nemx ctrn,
nctnaemtx n exere) nn ne nrann, crnacn . . mnnny,
nns ntnnn, a cymecrnnxnn rya naern, asnyxct na xuentxx nx-
ner na. nemx +rnx naern camart n cmrnn crnxnyrtcx c
xentramn (ranaramn). e ncxnmuen n yr yrt nnxnnennx
rentntx +xsemnxn xentrcxr yxnx x camaram n nemx nr-
narntx nn (10, c. 4 11, c. 86). axnen, naxxn nmrntx
xentrcxnx meue n snecxn]cxnx saxnennxx III nn. n. +. (12, c.
5456) nameuamr eme nn nsmxnt ncrunnx xnraxrt camarn c
snecxn]cxnm nacenennem nxner nea n tma. nnnuncrt
raxnx xnnnxn n camarcxnx reennxx uexnnaer excrt n c-
anuncrt eeuncnenntx xnraxrn.
me nnm +xsemnxm nmrnr xnnnxnr yxnx xnnxercx
neann naennt n rarm camarcxm saxnennn y c. rn
nnnnnx n. en nx. 3r yxne c xnnnnnntm n ceuennn -
nnesnnntm xnnnxm c xm cnnx n xmtm nesnnem, r xrt
xnnnxa nentmnm yrnm x nesnnm rxnr yxxrt-mrtt. na
cnerxa acmnxercx x xnny, xnaarnax n ceuennn. a xnnnxe n yxx-
rn cxannnnct cnet xxn, xr tnn rxnyrt nxnt (eenxn-
nte) n yxxrt. nnna cxannnmecx uacrn xnnnxa (xnen er n-
man) 19 cm, mnnna y xrt 2,7 cm, nnna yxxrn 10,8 cm. mnexc, n
xrm n naen, arnyercx cnene uernertm I n. n. +. (13, c. 55).
rx nnncxnx camarcxnx reenn +rr nemenn nsnecrn x-
n rtcxun, raxe yxne ncreuen nente. ]nrnuecxn emy
nnsxn ntmne nsnte n xenesnte nxn cxn]n n canmarn +-
xn axanxn (14, c. 4951 15, ran. 18, 16, 17), n nccnenarenn cne-
menn cane-
:3
nnn cunramr nx nryantntmn. neanner nemenn n camarcxnx a-
mxrnnxax ntx neme ne ncreuanct, nax n cnenne rt n
xe camarcxnx reenn yexa entx nn. n. +. n nxnem -
nnxte n nte (rnyant nns nrraa, crn-na-ny tc-
unn IV, eeenxa VI, yryn-ennxa)
3
nayxent nnnnte,
40 cm, nnesnnnte xnnnxn c ueenxm nx eenxnn yxxrn, r. e.
nxn. nmeuarentn, ur nn, xax nee annne cxn]cxne n canmar-
cxne, urn ncera nexann aamn, n nm cnyuae na eenxnnm nm-
e. 3rn crxrentcrna sacrannxmr enxnrt n cxne nx nasna-
uenne nryantnte xernennte nxn. eeuncnennte naxxn, m-
emy mnennm, ne mryr cnyxnrt arymenrm n ntsy renernuecx
eemcrnenncrn canmarn n camarn nexrn, mt nmeem en c
menancx rannne.
nnnxn +rnx nxe uent nnsxn xcxmy, xrt rnnuaercx
r nnx yxxrtm: na xnaarnax n ceuennn, ruernnn renena r
xnnnxa n rxnyra xxe, cnen eena na ne ner. axnm asm,
xrx eeuncnennte nxn m]nrnuecxn cxnt c xcxnm, n n
eranxx rnnuamrcx r ner. yrnx naxx nr nyxennx n
camarcxnx reennxx cnx ner, necmrx na r, ur nx nccne-
nanne xnnuecrn yxe entcnn 3000. xn cunrart, ur n ca-
marcxm yxnn ente nxn xax rn nyxennx axrnuecxn rcyr-
crnymr. yr crnt, nmenn ente nxn asnasntx ]m
xnnxmrcx nnm ns ynxntx nnn yxnx y rantmrarcxnx n xentr-
cxnx nnnn nnrt cnennx nn. n. +. (16, c.280). ntnemem
nn xaaxrent nx ]anxcxr yxnx +xn ennnrn, n VIVII
nn. mnx accranent n aan n ene-aan ne
nasnannem cxamacaxct, rxya sxe rentnte +xsemnxt aa-
mr na yct (17, c. 72). menn cnenne nayxnnamr nanntmee
cxcrn c xcxnm entm nxm y nnx xmte cnnxn n nesnne,
cnerxa rrnyra yxxrt. nenm, rannnx entx nxe xaaxrena
nx saan- n ceneenecxr yxnx. ymaercx, ur axe n
rcyrcrnnn xmtx ananrn ne yer mnx cnxsart c +rnm xyrm
n xcxn +xsemnx, yunrtnax, c n crnt, rera]nuecxym
nnscrt ax-
3
taxam ncxennmm narancrt . . xnxnny sa nmesn
ecrannennym nn]mannm.
:4
rercxr maccnna nemen, c yr axrnuecxn nne rcyrcrnne
rrnn n ananrn n yxnn enasncxnx xuennnxn. xee
ncer, xcxn cxamacaxc xnnxercx nmrm c saaa.
snecrnt nmrnte asnt n cen merarentnr yxnx. ne
xaxercx, ur raxntmn xnnxmrcx cnxnccrannte e]nexcnymmne
nyxn c xcrxntmn naxnaxamn. ect ner nsmxncrn nnecrn -
mnnym nnrearyy n asnasnte ruxn sennx nemenn n mecre
xnnennx raxnx nyxn. rmeuy nnmt, ur y cennanncrn sa +rnm rn-
m nyxa saxenncx crarun ycnnnt remnn rynncxn, nne-
ennt . n]entn n . enem (18, c. 33 cn.). xrx nn nmenn n
nny nyxn rynnn +xn ennxr eecenennx nan, cneyer cxa-
sart, ur n annm cnyuae nccnenarenn yraann. syuenne axen-
rnuecxnx marenann ynt, aaxantx, nr nrax n xnt-anx
(19, c. 26 cn.) yexaer n rm, ur rn nyxa c xecrxnmn xnnamn n yx-
xrtm, ycnnenntmn xcrxntmn naxnaxamn, n c rnxnmn neuamn -
xnnncx n xn. III nn. n. +. y xynny (naxxn n nn-ne, ntmn n
eemyxn axx) n x ncxy cnener crnernx n. +. yxe ac-
crannncx anee na saa n cren asaxcrana, rnte nnnt n a-
snct ene snn, n a]nm n an. I n. n. +. nyxn rynncxr
rna xnnxmrcx n nmcxnx narexx Henrantn n aan nt,
xya nn ann c nyunnxamn ns ncmrarentntx uacre nmcx a-
mnn cnnnamn n a]xnamn (5, c. 33).
camarcxnx reennxx xcrxnte naxnaxn na nyx rynncxr
rna crarun exn. nxa nx ana n are . . asanna (5, c.
35), n sa memne c mmenra ee ntxa 17 ner x nnm annnnct n
nyumem cnyuae 23 naxxn. . . asann naraer, ur nyx rynncx-
r rna xnnncx y camarn n III nn. n. +. nnnxnnem ncruntx
ccee (r . .) n n xnrexcre mer asnnrnx +rr nna y-
xnx. mct, ur +r ne cncem rax.
n ns cenncre nyxa rynncxr rna xnnxmrcx ntmne
asmet n nec naxneunnxn cren, nmenxemtx n nem. ax nr, nsyue-
nne naxneunnxn cren xax snarcx (5, c. 35 cn.), rax n necx
(12, c. 64 cn.) amarnn xasan, ur nnrt III n. n. +. annxmmee
ntmnncrn nx nmeer asmet n nec, axrnuecxn crnercrnymmne
cxn]cxnm. axneunnxn xe cren x nyxam rynncxr rna ras
ntme n rxxenee. 3r crxrentcrn sacrannxer
16
enxnrt, ur n reuenne cymecrnnannx camarcx xyntryt
cnnntm rnm ccrnenn camarcxr nyxa xnnxncx rax nastnae-
mt cxn]cxn raxxe cnxnt, n es xcrxntx naxnax, nee
xrxn n c yr xnnemarnx (20, c. 7 cn.). emnruncnenncrt
xcrxntx naxnax n camarcxnx reennxx nnmt rnexaer +r
enxenne. arnmcx xe x nnm.
I n. n. +. rncxrcx ne naxxn. 3r nmx xnnen naxnaxn
ns x. 29 y cr. crt-anncx n xnnente n cennnte xnte na-
xnaxn ns rn. crantnte 13 nsnecrntx xcrxntx naxnax
ncxxr ns reenn II nau. IV nn. n. +. nmeuarentn, ur n
rex camarcxnx reennxx c rynncxnmn nyxamn, re cxannnnct
naxneunnxn cren (rn ycnt, x. 51 crt-anncxax, x. 29 a-
nn-nncxn mrnntnnx, x. 7, 36 n .), nce nn tnn c rnnx nnn
r 5 8 cm, r. e. ras xynee rnnuntx camarcxnx nnn 33,5
cm. ntmn cnnamn, nyxn c xcrxntmn naxnaxamn ncera nmenn
xmnexrnte x nnm crent c xyntmn mmntmn naxneunnxamn.
excrt n camarcxnx reennxx +rr yxnx n annxmmee
enaanne menxnx naxneunnxn rnxr rm, ur y camarn,
nnrt xnna III n. n. +., trnann nyxn nyx rnn. annee y-
nxntm cranancx nyx cxn]cxr rna. aunnax c I n. n. +. x camar-
cxnm nnnam canuecxn aann n nnte rynncxne nyxn, nuem
ncera c xannentmn nx nnx crenamn. ceruenne raxnx nax-
x n snarcx amarnn neynnnrentn ee nrarenn rannunnn c
ceneasnarcx-xynncxnm mnm, re ne yxne tn maccntm
yxe c cnennx nexn n. +. rncnrentnax excrt rynncxnx ny-
xn n camarcxnx reennxx xcnxercx rem, ur nn aann x
camaram xax r]en nnn axn, n ne nsnnnnct nmn. . . a-
cenxax yxe amana nnnmanne nccnenarene na netunt nx ca-
marn ncrunt nnx nyxennx nnna, reennr n xyrane 51
ycnncxr mrnntnnxa (21, c. 62). na naraer, ur +rr xnen-
nt camarcxmy xy nnn tn ne camarm, a xynny, n x nemy n
mrnny nxnnn er ne yxne. ne nmem nentm ncxyrn-
nart c . . acenx ncy +rnnuecx nnanexncrn re-
ennr (xrx mne xaxercx, ur eantnee cnmenne ncer re-
antnr xa exn, uem memenne n mrnny rntx nx yxnx.
raxm cnyuae +r camar c r-
15
]entm () ceneasnarcxnm nyxm), n naxncrt ee nanmennx ne-
cnma.
+r cnxsn xrenct t nnnt nenyrtcx x reennm n rax.
n tn cnemen camarcxmy xy, c xxnm camarcxnm nn-
nenraem n c nyxm rynncxr rna n xnuanntm nam, netu-
ncrt xrr crnr rr, urt na ne crannnrtcx nee.
ecrannennte n nem rnt naxneunnxn cren axrnuecxn ne ncre-
uamrcx n camarcxnx mrnnax. nmt nn ns nnx rexnacrnte, c
reyrntn rnnx n xmtm yrnm araxn mxn cunrart camar-
cxnm. ana, nn ras xynee tuntx, ur ycnnnen rnm
nyxa. snecren n camarcxm xmnexce, cnyuan nayxennm y
renena (exaccxax n.), n yr rn c xyrntmn ranxmn n
my]r-ym n eexe n ueenx. nax n camarcxm yxnn
nn rrnn, nn nee nnn menee ecrannrentnr xnnuecrna nx
ner. xee ncer, xax n crantnte (cm. nnxe), +rr rn naxneunnxn
ncxnr c ncrxa. axne naxneunnxn ecrt n ene snn na y-
exe n entx nn. n. +. (22, c. 82). crantnte naxneunnxn ns x-
cxr naa nnanexar nntm, ne camarcxnm rnam.
exe ncer, +r xycnt naxneunnx, cunrammncx xaaxrentm
nx xynn-rynncxr yxnx (23, c. 82). nn xnnxmrcx n xynncxnx
amxrnnxax nrnnn (nn-na) n aaxantx (ntmnax at n .)
n xnne III nn. n. +. n nanr crannxrcx nnm ns neymnx rnn
rynncxnx cren. nte naxneunnxn axrnuecxn nensnecrnt sa-
anee asaxcrana anee IV n. n. +., xra nn xnnxmrcx n ne n
cnxsn c rynncxnmn xamn. ma xa n nacre raxnx naxneu-
nnxn natnyer n naannennn nsmenennx yrna eexa xa n na-
crn n uerann camr xa. am +xsemnx c namxnnntm -
xm n rxxmnmn r ner xmtm yrnm nacrxmn nnsx ne-
xrtm +xsemnxam ynt n aaxantx (19, c. 32), rnnuaxct r nnx
necxntx mentmnmn asmeamn. e nanaxct n yxe enannt x-
m anrn nt ananns xycntx naxneunnxn, cneyer rme-
rnrt rr uent naxnt nx namer nccnenannx mmenr, ur raxne na-
xneunnxn xaaxrent nmenn nx xynny n n accmarnnaeme nemx
nnre, xme mxn-cnncxnx n mnrntcxnx cree, nensnecrnt.
nnuecrnenn enaamr n xcxm xnuane na rna nax-
neunnxn rexnacrnte c crtm yrnm araxn
17
n uertexrannte c namnantn rnnx. ente nnra ncreua-
mrcx y camarn (5, c. 38), n exn y nnx. annee xaaxrent +rn na-
xneunnxn nx yxnx ene snn, re nn xnnxmrcx n IIIII nn.
n. +. n mnx trymr nnrt III n. n. +.(22,c. 78, 81). nte -
xcxnm xynte naxneunnxn xnnxmrcx y ceneasnarcxnx xuennn-
xn na yexe + n n entx nexax n. +. crannxrcx maccntm yxnem.
nn nsnecrnt n ynxacxm, xnanaxcxm n ym-asacxm mrnnt-
nnxax, n nnnx-ee, a y camarn n xyrane 51 ycnncxr mrnnt-
nnxa. ertexrannte naxneunnxn c namnantn rnnx raxxe
nnanexar x rannnnn camarcxnm rnam. nn nme exn n
amxrnnxax yexa entx nn. n. +. y xynny, n n ene snn
enaamr rexrannte. n asnanmne +rr nc . .
nrnnncxn n . . acenxax ennymn cunramr rexrannte n
uertexrannte naxneunnxn rannnnntmn nx ene snn. nn-
xanen ncxn naxneunnx ns xcxr naa. n ncem asna-
snn rnnrnuecxn nnsxnx naxneunnxn nnym ananrnm emy narn
ne yanct. exrn, +r ennxa xcrxntx naxneunnxn cren, mn-
x nsnecrntx na renrnn nasnn.
axnm asm, xnuannt na ns rn nmeer xx nta-
xennt ncrunt xaaxre. cuerannn c ncruntm nyxm n, xax
mne xaxercx, mxer cnyxnrt arymenrm n ntsy nsnxenntx c-
axenn nmrntx nx camarn nyxax rynncxr rna.
ccrane camarcx annnn tn eme nn rn yxnx, xr-
t, nacxntx mne nsnecrn, ne namen raxennx n nnrearye. a
renrnn nrncxnx cree n n n-xyante n asnte rt
tnn nayxent nsnte n xenesnte nryntuarte naxneunnxn
cren, n nrynxn xrtx tnn ncrannent, eenennm nccne-
narene, xenesnte ueenxn nnn crexnn
4
. me rr, n nm ns -
reenn n acnacxm xae
5
y nenr ea cxenera naxnnnct
xenesnte crexnn n eenxnnm ]yrnxe, na ns xrtx tnn sa-
crent. xyrane 10 y cr. n]nnccx naen ]armenr xenesnr
crexnx, xanunnammncx rexnacrntm
4
nsenmnnne, 43 (24, c. 115116) ennncx (25, c 2223)cr. a-
nnnnncxax, 14, 510 (26, c. 38, 50).
5
cr. asntcxax, 713. acxxn . . exaena, 1978 r., marenan ne
ynnxnan.
18
naxneunnxm, rxnanntm nmecre c crexnem (, nnn. 84).
nnna ncex +rnx ueenxn nnn crexne asnnuna r 7,510 cm
3346 cm. cne nemx . . mxna enxnna, ur raxne nnn-
nte ueenxn ncntsnannct nx cxenennx naxneunnxa c rcrnn-
xntm enxm (7, c. 32). esrnun nsnart nentm +r xcne-
nne ryn: eexnte crexnn nsnecrnt n nee annee nemx (20, c.
2627), nax nce nn xrxne n nsrrnnent ns rnetx ee-
na. yn ecrannrt cee, ur xenesnt ueenx nnn 46 cm
ne nnnxer na anancnnxy n, crnercrnenn, na annncrnuecxne xa-
uecrna crent neam y crnt ncxycntx nyunnxn, xax cxn]t, nnuer
nr ne nsnecrn. axnen, nacraxnnaer excrt raxnx nax-
x: na rtcxun nnncxnx reenn nxnrcx 7 xmnexcn c xe-
nesntmn ueenxamn. mnnrentn, urt n mnxm accrane-
nnn rcrnnxntx enxn raxe nserenne, ecnn n ecrnnrentn
tn annnantntm, ncntsnanct crnt rannuenn. ecnn re ns
ueenxn, xrte tnn ncrannent n nryntuarte naxneunnxn, mxn
accmarnnart xax eexnte crexnn, r xax trt c +xsemnxamn ns
nsenmnnnea, asntcx (crexent es naxneunnxa) n cenn
n]nnccx, rnmnna xrtx r 0,5 1 cm n nnna 33 cm
exy rem, axrnuecxn nnte ananrnn crnt crannmy n
netunmy nx camarn yxnm nmemrcx n nrae. 3r aanernte
nrt, r. e. crent nx aanern
6
. III n. n. +. nn, xax annn,
nmerannnuecxne c nsntm nryntuartm naxneunnxm n xe-
nesntm enxm (c. yxne +rr xe nemenn ns c. ennncx). ennx-
nente +xsemnxt raxr yxnx naent n rnnne Hnnt-nxyan-
n (27, ran. 20, 1). nmerannnuecxne nrt nxamr trnart n
annexantcxe nemx (28, ran. 48, 12, 15, 16), a n snem ant cmenx-
mrcx nentnxenesntmn (28, ran. 58, 10). armenr nra I n. n. +. ns
cr. n]nnccx xax nentsx nyume crnercrnyer snexantcxnm. s-
necrnt n xnracxnx marenanax n camn aanert. camarcxnx mrn-
nax nn ne naent n nx nn yyr cyx ncemy, +r yxne a-
an x camaram cnyuan n ex.
6
naram . . ennxa, nmesn arnnmer me nnnmanne na +rr marenan.
19
axnm asm, ecnn nsnxennte caxennx nent, mt mxem
rnnrt trnannn y camarn eme nr nna nmrnr yxnx
xnracxnx (a n r nemx yrnx cr ne tn) aanern. accmr-
ennte naxxn xymenrnymr nauan xnraxrn camarn c nraem
eme n III n. n. +. ana, xaaxree nx x cynrt ne eyct ne nc-
xnmuen, ur aanert aann x camaram ne nececrnenn r
xnranen, a uees rertn yxn (enxx snx xynny). em ne menee,
naxy c yrnmn xnracxnmn nemamn +rn naxxn cnnerentcrnymr
nnrentncrn n ycrunncrn ca-marcx-xnracxnx cnxse. en nm-
rnr merarentnr yxnx camarn cneyer ymxnyrt n nnym
ns cr. snnxencx (5, c. 50).
axn nmrne nnn cenanne nmrntm asnam nacry-
arentne yxne camarn. naunrentn mne ecrannen nm-
rne samnrne nyxenne. exe ncer, +r xentrcxne ( mne-
nnm . . ecrea n . . aena, +ryccxne) mnemt. nnx nen-
xarn mna eut n nnrearye (4 6 10 11), n x ney nnmt xarxne
nrrn nccnenannx. cer raxnx mnemn na renrnn crun n-
t nsnecrn 9. nn nsnte, rncxrcx x rny nre]rnn
xnaccn]nxannn . nncna. 3rr rn nmeer necxntx xnnrnue-
cxnx asnnnncre. ax cunramr . .aen n . .ecre, nan-
nee annne ns nsnecrntx na name renrnn mnemn rncxrcx x as-
nnnncrn nre]rnn ( .nncny nnn nre]rnn
. a+nnn). arnymrcx raxne mnemt xnnm IV en n. III
n. n. +. ne xaxercx, ur +rn mnemt nnxe asnnnncrn nre-
]rnn ( . nncny), xrax arnyercx xnnm IIIII nn.
n. +. (29, c. 19). exrn, an . . aen, ennxx nx n asnnn-
ncrt , xr ner y . nncna, rax xax +rn mnemt ecrnnrent-
n nmemr nsnaxn n r, n yr asnnnncrn. annee snne
ns nccneyemtx mnemn +xsemnxt ns xyr. ecenr, anenranx n
ayna erem. cnenn, xrx n naen n xmnexce xnna III nn. n.
+., eeenan ns anner nre]rnn. ente na nnsxn mnemam I
n. n. +. I n. n. +, ryt . nncny (6, c. 110).
a renrnn amarnn nsnecrnt xentrcxne mnemt n yrnx rn-
n
7
. ymencxm mrnntnnxe naen nsnt
7
arenant rrnxrcx x ynnxannn nx nccnenarenxmn, +rmy x ra-
nnuyct nnmt xarxnm sm.
1:
mnem mxnreuecxr rna xnaccn]nxannn . . ennxa (30, c.
1428). 3rr remnn crarun ycnnen, ur nsnaer n cam . . -
ennx, n nneen nm nmecr xnn nenenr ]axncxn. eann .
aryue ynnxnan cnemenn ananrnunt rymencxmy mnem ns
anann (ymtnnx), naennt n xentrcxm saxnennn III n. n. +.
(31, c. 122). ctnaxct na ananrnunte naxxn n xna-nnny, mn-
nn n nre]rnn, nccnenarent cunraer +rr rn mnema xentrcxnm
nnn +ryccxnm. nt mnem tn n cne nemx nayxen n cny-
uantx crxrentcrnax n acnacxm xae (32, c. 94100).
uent nnreecnt xenesnt mnem tn nayxen n xmnexce III
n. n. +. y xyr. x-nya n 1982 r. xy nsnaxn n nnsx
xentrcxmy mnemy ns Hnymemn (ymtnnx), xrx cnenn necxntx
nee annn (33, c. 43). axnen, n 1986 r. y r. yrannncxa n axya-
nte na xernennnxe camarcxr nemenn tn naen nsnt mnem
(34, c. 48) nnnn-xentrcxr nnxa.
yrn nnxnnennx xentrcxr yxnx x camaram yxe accmar-
nnannct ntme. ce nn crarun xasyemt, n n xaxax -cnemy
anna. yxn naexrtcx, ur antnemne nccnenannx eme
nee yrunxr namn nsrnxt na +rr nnreecnemn acexr camar-
cx ncrnn.
en nmrntx mnemn, yrenxnmnxcx camaramn, nsnecrnt,
xme saantx, asnt nnr ncxxennx. nnm rncxrcx -
nrnnte ente narnntx ns cr. xrannsncx n exan. ery-
n samernrt mne uert +rnx n mxnreuecxnx ( . . ennxy)
mnemn. 3r exe ncer nannune na nn uacrn ente]nr ea,
xam ryntn eexxmer n nnmrt xm cxannnmncx ax-ra-
nnsncxn mnem nmeer, xme +rr, xstex, xaaxren rrnyrt
nasartntnnx, nameunnxn rax xe ]mt, xax n mxnreuecxne. r-
nnuaer nx ]ma ryntn nmecr rannnnn nyc]enuecx nx
mxnreuecxr y mnemn rna axrannsncxr na xnxnnnnax.
..xntcxn enxnn mercxe ncxxenne +rnx mne-
mn (35, c. 165). mercxne mnemt axrnuecxn nensnecrnt, +rmy
mtcnt . . xntcxr ne nmeer rnexennx. yr crnt,
nx nn +rn mnemt xnnxmrcx camarcxnmn. nemt rna axrannsncx-
r, cxee ncer, c]mnnannct na +nnnnncrnuecxm crxe. nt-
x ram xnxnnnnax ryntx xnnxnact n anrnune nemx rannn-
11
nn. axne naxnte erann, xax xstex, nasartntnnx, nameunnxn,
xrte ntmann ente xauecrna mnema, tcr nnnnnct na mecr-
n cnne. xauecrne ananrnn mxn nnecrn nsaxenne -
nr mnema na mnere cenenxn. cxr nax n]na (142139 rr. n.
+.) ns nnn (36, c. 12). rx n cnny xaaxrea nemn nsaxenne nect-
ma ycnnne, nce xe ruernnn nnnt xstex, nanne e c nnm-
ramn, rrnyrt nasartntnnx, nameunnxn.
3rnnuecxax arnynnx axrannsncxr n mexancxr xmnexcn
sarynnrentna, rax xax a naent n cnyuantx crxrentcrnax.
nax x nsnaxn (nannune ]anan, xaaxrentx yxamenn,
nsaxenn) snnxer enxnrt nx camarcxym nnanex-
ncrt. ent arnyercx xnnm III nn. n. +. (37, c. 31). mnexc
ns exan, cexanmn na ]armenrnnanntx mnema, naen n
cnyuantx crxrentcrnax, n ryn ur-nn eenenn cxasart
er are. nrte nemn, naennte n exanax, rnecent . . -
crnnentm x III n. n. +. (38, c. 137), n ner yneenncrn, ur mnemt
tnn naent nmecre c nnmn.
memrcx n nmrnte camarcxne cexn, exe ncer xntuyrn.
ct ee renesnca n xnnennx na nccneyem renrnn nectma
ncxyccnnnt. . . xntcxn n . . enenx cunramr, ur
ennemn asen xntuyrn na name renrnn ncxnr ns -
reennx IVIII nn. n. +. acmnncx rt (39, c. 11 40, c. 55).
cnnannem nx raxr ntna cnyxnr r crxrentcrn, ur nee
snnx reenn n xyrane ner (40, c. 55). xannnmnecx ]armen-
rt xntuyrn ns acmnncx rt nnuem ne rnnuamrcx r nee
snnx camarcxnx, n, na ent nsrnx, ntnt . . xntcxr n
. . enenx nent. raxm cnyuae +rr +xsemnx ennemn ne
rntx na name renrnn, n n n ncem mne. nax cen ynn-
xnanntx . . crnnentm marenann ns xncxnx reenn +rr
amxrnnxa nmemrcx nemn xnn nee snne. 3r xntn c m
nx emnx n rnnnnax necxa rnnunte erann snecamar-
cx yst (41, ran. 18, 10, 11). es cmnennx, n rramne necne-
menn mernxe acxx tna ymena mnxa, n naxnnmeecx n
xyrane sne-camarcxe reenne (nnn nn xmnexc) cranct
nesameuenntm. ncxxm cnyuae, rnannt arymenr n ntsy a-
rnnxn xntuyrn ns acmnncx rt IVIII nn. n. +.
12
neccrxrenen, rax xax nmenn nee snne marenant n nem ecrt.
xee ncer, +ra xntuyra n naena n xaxm-r nycxnm sneca-
marcxm xmnexce.
c ncxxennn xntuyrn crarun cnxen. em ne me-
nee nccnenarenn n nmm cnyuae ncxnmuamr nsmxncrt nsere-
nnx ee na name renrnn (5, c. 60). annee annne nsaxennx
xntuyrn nmemrcx na ente]ax eramcxr anrax na ranarcxnx naem-
nnxax (29, c. 164). . nncn nnnr cmenne ana rm, ur
nserarenxmn xntuyrn tnn rannt, r xrtx +rr -cex cran ns-
necren nmnxnam. 3r cnnerentcrn cnemennnxa cenn nenn. a
xe nmcxnx ente]n I n. n. +. yxe mnx ecrannena xntuyra.
3r rnym]antnt ]ns 3mnnnx anna n ent]ax, rax nastnaemt an-
rat mnnnana renaa, craryx ranna ns mysex aner, -+n--
nanc n . xasarentn n r, ur na nee ncruntx renrnxx ner
nn axenrnuecxnx, nn nxnra]nuecxnx marenann xntuyre
ennee I n. n. +. axnm asm, ruxa sennx . nncna xentr-
cxm (ranntcxm, ranar-cxm) ncxxennn xntuyrn n III n. n. +.
mne xaxercx arymenrnnann. n +rm cnyuae xntuyra nnxax ne
mrna xasartcx n reennn acmnncx rt, xre mnnnmym na
nnexa crame nemenn ee nserennx.
mrntmn xnnxmrcx naennte n necxntxnx camarcxnx re-
ennxx (cr. snnxencxax, yncxn xyran, nxntcxn mrnntnnx
21, tcax a, tcunn VII, 151) xmnnnnannte cexn, n x-
rtx xntuyxnax cnna tna ycnnena, uennn, na ryn, nsnt-
mn n xenesntmn uemyxamn c nernxantntm em cn (nxnt-
cxn mrnntnnx) nnn nyc]enuecxnmn ntyxncrxmn nnxnemy
xam (tcax a). nnxamne ananrnn nmemrcx cen crarxn -
cexn, naenntx n nmcxnx narexx na renrnn ennxnrannn
n xnrnnenrantn nt, a raxxe na nnxnem crxe. nsnte
uemyxn c xyrntmn nnxnnmn xaxmn n nenrantntm nernxantntm
em nayxent n tmcree (ennxnrannx), ye (ne-
nant), nsnax xntuyra c raxnmn xe uemyxamn xannrcx n mysee
yrcyra (29, c. 173). nte uemyxn naent n nmcxnx cnxx
acat n sanne (42, c. 54), ur an nsmxncrt . . enenx
raxxe enxnrt nmcxym nnanexncrt syncx-nsnnxen-
cxnx cexn (40, c. 30).
13
mnexct, n xrtx naent cexn +rr rna, arnymrcx I n.
n. +., n yrn nnxnnennx x camaram samnrnr nyxennx xcnt n
+r nemx nn n ueen aa ncryamr n nennte xnraxrt c nme-
cx amne. nmem n nny ctrnx 49 r. n. +., xra act n cmse c
nmnxnamn asrmnnn ccx-cnaxcxym xannnnm, csannym mx-
rexntm nrnarm VIII. amart mrnn snaxmnrtcx c xntuyr
necxntx antme, n nemx nrnarntx nn.
nreecnt cex naen n necxntxnx saxnennxx IIIII nn. n.
+. nrr xnanma (cr. asancxax, 21, 171, 201 axcxax, 261,
281 nnnccxax, 31). ecmrx na r, ur nce +rn reennx rane-
nt, nn amr ycrunne cueranne cneymmnx +nemenrn cexa:
ntmne xmyrntnte nacrnnt (asmet cxannnmercx +xsemnx-
a 18 7 cm), menxne uemyxn c reyrntntm nnxnnm xaem n ny-
c]enuecx ntyxncrtm n nnxne uacrn n ysxne yrnnnte nacrn-
nt c nernxantntm rnxm n rnecrnxmn nnt ner. a nexrtx
]armenrax cxannnnct nn-na xa menxnx uemyex c ntyxncrx-
mn, saxxmne na ntmym xmyrntnym nacrnny. exncryn-
nart +rr cex trancx, n ne es ycexa, eme 3. enn (43, c. 129). n
canennn naran, ur xynte nacrnnt n uemyuart na tnn
nxenent x n xxan xnaxe. sxne yrnnn nsrnyrte
nacrnnt, er mnennm, cnyxnnn nx samnrt neu. sect n nnsx
x ncrnne c r anx, ur nn, nexrn, xanrntnann mt nx
yx. nemenn ananrnunte nacrnnt annnx, naennr n asn-
mencxm see, memamrcx nmenn ram (29, c. 153, nc. 434). ac-
xxennn 3. enna tnn ntmne xmyrntnte nente nacrnnt rex
asmen: 9,5, 12 n 16 cm nnnt. euac nn nce ]armenrnnant, n
mne yanct nccrannnrt nnmt ny, 18 7 cm, ns x. 2 y cr. asancx.
ax n nce nacrnnt cexa ns +rr xyrana, na naxnnana snrm,
n nm yrny cxannnact saxnexa.
en nsnecrnr mne axenrnuecxr marenana nnuer n-
r nayxnrt ne yanct. nax na ra]]nr III n. n. +. ns ya-
nc, nsaxammem, mnennm . nncna, a]xncxr xnna-
nanx (29, c. 186), nsaxen cex, nmemmn nce +nemenrt nccneye-
mr. ntmn nacrnnamn samnment yxn nnna na mere II n. n.
+. ns amxnnccn (29, c. 170, nc. 477). ecmrx na ycnnncrt
14
ncrunnxa, ecrt nce cnnannx cunrart cexn nrr xnanma n-
nanexamnmn rmy xe rny, ur cnaxxenne xnnananx c ra]]nr ns
ya-nc. raxm cnyuae mt nmeem en c eme nnm nmrntm
cexm na ce as a]xncxnm. r xnnenne y camarcxnx nnnn
nerx xcnnm n xnrexcre xnnnenntx nenn-nnrnuecxnx xn-
raxrn camarn c ncruntmn nnnnnxmn menn (5, c. 80).
axnen, eme nn rn nmrnr cexa xenesnax xnaca ns
1-r xncxr xyrana (44, c. 1314). nx nccneyemr ena
xnaca xnnxercx cexm axanuntm. nxe nx accranenne n
xnaccnuecx n anne+nnnnn-crnuecx ennn nxnrcx na VIV
nn. n. +. (40, c. 130). sxe n ncem anrnunm mne na cmenxercx
annnxmn yrnx rnn. annee snne naxxn xnac rncxrcx x
III n. n. +. rx n nmcx cxyntrye n na ente]ax xnact nsa-
xamrcx n n ente nn. n. +., . nncn cunraer, ur +r tna ant
rannnxm +nnnnncrnuecxr ncxyccrna (29, c. 147).
axnm asm, xncxax xnaca ena nn ne camt snn +x-
semnx +rr rna cexn. etuen n marenan ntmnncrn
xnac nsnte. cxanennm, ncxe cne naxxn cex tn as-
nr (44, c. 5 en.), ne nccranannnnancx, n nccnenart er uent cnxn.
yx ]rra]nxm n ncannm ]armenrn, n ne nmen, n
xnaccnuecxnm, ntenenn mycxynaryt rca, ccrxn ns nyx uacre:
naryn n nacnnn mt nx yx, ntes nx men n nns xnact
tnn xnryent nxneanntmn nsrnyrtmn nacrnnamn. ncryx-
rnnn n raxxe rnnuaercx r anrnuntx nsntx xnac. mee nnmt
r, ur n ccrnr ns nyx nnnn. a +rm nsmxncrn nccnena-
nnx ncuetnamrcx.
snecrnt y camarn n nmrnte mnrt, xenesnte crxxnarte
ymnt xrtx naent n anm xyrane n mrnntnnxe tcunn.
ccnenanmn nx . . Byxnn (3, c. 49) canennn cnxstnaer xn-
nenne raxnx mnrn c xnraxramn camarn n remannen n nr n-
nnne I n. n. +. n exnem necrnte, re cnxacamrcx aeant ca-
marcx n mencx xyntry. axxn erane mnrn na nxnem
ny eme as uexnnamr mnntncrt camarcxnx ncx n nna-
mnuncrt ncrnuecxnx cnxse +rr nemenn. enxennt s
nmrnr yxnx ns camar-
26
cxnx amxrnnxn rnmt ne erenyer na ncuetnammee emenne
nemt. n nnmt nameuaer cnnnte ryt marenann n nexr-
nte yrn nnxnnennx n camarcxym cey asnn nmrnr y-
xnx. annecamarcxe nemx +r xt ranarn na saae n mr-sa-
ae n xnraxrt c nnntcxnm n xantcxnm nraem. cnenne, n cnny
rannuenncrn ncrunnxn, xa eme ena ynannnnamrcx. cene- n
snecamarcxe nemx x camaram aaer nmcxe nyxenne n
nexrte asnt ncrunr, ceneasnarcx-a-]xncxr, yxnx.
crnuecxnm ]nm +rr nnxnnennx xnnxnnct crxnnte nen-
n-nnrnuecxne xnraxrt camarn c mene na ee ncruntx ra-
nnnax.