Sample FORMULA SHEET for Test 2

System Closed Open

𝑉 𝑑𝑚𝑐𝑣 𝐴𝑉
Mass Constant 𝑚= = 𝑚− 𝑚 𝑚=
𝑣 𝑑𝑡 𝑣
𝐼𝑁 𝑂𝑈𝑇
𝑑𝐸𝐶𝑉 𝑉2 𝑉2
Energy 𝐸2 − 𝐸1 = 𝑄𝐼𝑁 − 𝑊𝑂𝑈𝑇 = 𝑄𝐼𝑁 − 𝑊𝑂𝑈𝑇 + 𝑚 𝑕 + 𝑔𝑧 + − 𝑚 𝑕 + 𝑔𝑧 +
𝑑𝑡 2 2
𝐼𝑁 𝑂𝑈𝑇
𝑄𝐼𝑁 𝑑𝑆𝐶𝑉 𝑄𝐼𝑁
𝑆2 − 𝑆1 = +𝜎 = + 𝑚𝑠 − 𝑚𝑠 + 𝜎𝐶𝑉
𝑇𝐵 𝑑𝑡 𝑇𝑏
𝐼𝑁 𝑂𝑈𝑇
Entropy Reversible: 𝜎=0 Reversible: 𝜎𝐶𝑉 = 0
Irreversible: 𝜎>0 Irreversible: 𝜎𝐶𝑉 > 0
Impossible: 𝜎<0 Impossible: 𝜎𝐶𝑉 < 0
𝑣2 𝑝2
𝑊 𝑊
= 𝑝𝑑𝑣 =− 𝑣𝑑𝑝
Only If 𝑚 𝑣1 𝑚 𝑝1
Reversible 𝑠2
𝑄 𝑠2
𝜎=0 𝑄
= 𝑇𝑑𝑠 = 𝑇𝑑𝑠
𝑚 𝑠1 𝑚 𝑠1

Enthalpy is defined as 𝑕 = 𝑢 + 𝑝𝑣.

Substance 𝒗 𝚫𝒖 𝚫𝒉 𝚫𝒔
Liquid/Solid Constant 𝐶Δ𝑇 𝐶Δ𝑇 + 𝑣Δ𝑝 𝑠2 − 𝑠1 = 𝐶 ln⁡(𝑇2 /𝑇1 )
𝑅𝑇/𝑝 𝐶𝑉 Δ𝑇 𝐶𝑃 Δ𝑇
𝑠2 − 𝑠1 = 𝐶𝑃 ln 𝑇2 /𝑇1 − 𝑅 ln 𝑃2 /𝑃1
Ideal Gas 𝑅 𝑘𝑅
𝐶𝑝 − 𝐶𝑣 = 𝑅, 𝑘 = 𝐶𝑝 /𝐶𝑣 , 𝐶𝑣 = , 𝐶𝑃 = 𝑠2 − 𝑠1 = 𝐶𝑉 ln 𝑇2 /𝑇1 + 𝑅 ln 𝑣2 /𝑣1
𝑘−1 𝑘−1

Phase Change TABLES

(Water) Quality: 𝑥 = (𝜙 − 𝜙𝑓 )/(𝜙𝑔 − 𝜙𝑓 ) = (𝜙 − 𝜙𝑓 )/𝜙𝑓𝑔 where 𝜙 is any of 𝑣, 𝑢, 𝑕, or 𝑠

CYCLE POWER HEAT PUMP/REFRIGERATION

Energy
𝑈2 = 𝑈1

Entropy 𝑄𝐻 𝑄𝐶 𝑄𝐻 𝑄𝐶
0= − + 𝜎𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙 𝑒 0=− + + 𝜎𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
𝑆2 = 𝑆1 𝑇𝐻 𝑇𝐶 𝑇𝐻 𝑇𝐶
Reversible 𝑄𝐻 𝑄𝐶 𝑄𝐻 𝑄𝐶
= =
(At best) 𝑇𝐻 𝑇𝐶 𝑇𝐻 𝑇𝐶
𝑄𝐻 𝑄𝐶 𝑄𝐻 𝑄𝐶
Irreversible < >
𝑇𝐻 𝑇𝐶 𝑇𝐻 𝑇𝐶
Heat Pump Refrigeration
Performance 𝜂 = 𝑊𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙 𝑒 /𝑄𝐻
𝛾 = 𝑄𝐻 /𝑊𝑐𝑦 𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝛽 = 𝑄𝐶 /𝑊𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
 Sample FORMULA SHEET for Test 2

Device Performance Notes

Turbine 𝜂 𝑇 = 𝑊𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 /𝑊𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 Produces work

Compressor/Pump 𝜂𝐶 = 𝜂𝑃 = 𝑊𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 /𝑊𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 Consumes work

2 2
Nozzle 𝜂𝑁 = 𝑉𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 /𝑉𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 Work is always zero (increases velocity)
Causes pressure drop
Throttling Valve Not applicable
Work and Heat transfer are always zero.

Isentropic process = Adiabatic (Q = 0) & Reversible process

Ideal Gas 𝑃2 𝑃2 𝑃𝑟2 𝑣2 𝑣𝑟2

𝑠2𝑜 = 𝑠1𝑜 + 𝑅 ln = =
(Tables) 𝑃1 𝑃1 𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑟1 𝑣1 𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑟1

Ideal Gas
𝐶𝑃 𝑅 𝑘−1 𝑅
𝑃2 𝑣1 𝑣1 𝑘 𝑇2 𝑣1 𝑣1 𝑘−1
Const. 𝐶𝑣 𝑇2 𝑃2 𝐶𝑝 𝑃2 𝑘 𝐶𝑣
Specific = = = = = =
𝑃1 𝑣2 𝑣2 𝑇1 𝑃1 𝑃1 𝑇1 𝑣2 𝑣2
Heat

v=constant
s=constant
T P=constant P

T=constant

s v

Units/Conversions/Constants/Properties/Formulas
o
0 C = 273.15 K 0oF = 459.67 R
2
1 Pa = 1 N/m 1 HP = 550 ft-lbf/s = 0.746 kW
1 W = 1 J/s 1 lbf = 32.174 lb-ft/s2
1 bar = 105 Pa 1 J = 1 N-m = 1 kg-m2 /s2
1 Btu = 778.17 ft-lbf 1 N = 1 kg-m/s2
2
g = 9.8 m/s = 32.174 ft/s 2
1m3 = 1000 liters
R = 8.314 kJ/kmol-K = 1545 ft-lbf/lbmol-R=1.986 BTU/lbmol-R;