37

CHNG IV
BIU DIN VT TH TRN BN V K THUT
1- HNH CHIU TRC O
1.1. Khi nim.
Hnh chiu trc o c u im l trn mt hnh biu din th hin c c ba chiu ca
vt th, do hnh v c tnh lp th, tnh trc quan cao. V vy trn bn v ca nhng
vt th c cu to phc tp, bn cnh cc hnh chiu thng gc ngi ta thng v thm
hnh chiu trc o ngi c d hnh dung ra cu to ca vt th.
Mun c hnh chiu trc o ca vt th ngi ta chiu song song vt th cng vi h
trc to vung gc (trong vt th c gn vo) ln trn mt mt phng hnh chiu
P theo hng chiu l.
Trn hnh v ta c mt hnh lp phng c gn vo h trc to Oxyz sao cho cc
cnh OA, OB, OC ln lt trng vi cc trc to Ox, Oy, Oz. Khi ta chiu song song
hnh lp phng cng vi h to m n c gn vo theo hng chiu l ln mt
phng Pth ta c hnh chiu trc o ca hnh hp cng vi hnh chiu trc o ca
h trc. Hnh chiu trc o ca cc on thng song song c chiu thnh cc on
thng song song.
-Mt phng P gi l mt phng hnh chiu trc o.
-Hng chiu l gi l hng chiu trc o.
-Hnh chiu Ox, Oy v Oz l hnh chiu trc o ca ba trc to Ox, Oy v Oz
hay O'x'y'z' gi l h trc trc o ( l hnh chiu trc o ca h trc ta vung gc
Oxyz)
-Cc on thng OA, OB v O'C' l hnh chiu trc o ca OA,OB v OC
Cc t s gia di ca cc on thng sau khi chiu v trc khi chiu theo phng
cc trc to c gi l cc h s bin dng theo trc :
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O'A'/OA = p l h s bin dng theo trc o Ox
O'B'/OB= q l h s bin dng theo trc o Oy
O'C'/OC = r l h s bin dng theo trc o Oz
1.2. Phn loi hnh chiu trc o
1.2.1- Cch phn loi hnh chiu trc o.
-Cn c theo hng chiu l:
+ Hnh chiu trc o vung gc: nu hng chiu l hp vi mt phng hnh chiu trc
o P mt gc 90 .
+ Hnh chiu trc o xin gc: nu hng chiu l hp vi mt phng hnh chiu P mt
gc khc 90 .
- Cn c theo cc h s bin dng:
+ Hnh chiu trc o u: nu ba h s bin dng bng nhau (p = q = r).
+Hnh chiu trc o cn: nu hai trong h s bin dng bng nhau (p = qr ; p q = r ; p
= r q ; )
+ Hnh chiu trc o lch: nu c ba h s bin dng khc nhau (p q r)
1.2.2- Cc loi hnh chiu trc o thng dng.
Nh trn ta thy c rt nhiu loi hnh chiu trc o nu kt hp c hai yu t l h s
bin dng v gc hp bi hng chiu l vi mt phng hnh chiu P. TCVN 11-78 trnh
by mt s c trng v nhng quy nh c lin quan n mt s loi hnh chiu trc o
thng dng v cch v hnh chiu trc o ca mt vt th.
a) Hnh chiu trc o vung gc u (ng trc thng gc)
Cc c trng ca hnh chiu trc o bao gm gc gia cc trc trc o, h s bin dng
v c im hnh chiu trc o ca ng trn. Trong hnh chiu trc o vung gc u
ta c:
- Gc gia cc trc trc o:
Hnh chiu trc o vung gc u c cc trc Ox, Oy v Oz lm vi nhau cc gc
bng nhau v bng 120 . Trc Oz thng ng.
-H s bin dng:
H s bin dng theo cc trc u bng nhau vi gi tr l: p = q = r = 0,82
khi phi tnh ton khi v ta ly cc h s bin dng quy c l : P = Q = R = 1.
V vy ta coi nh phng to vt th ln M ln: M= 1: 0,82 = 1,22 ln.
- Hnh chiu trc o ca ng trn:
Trong hnh chiu trc o vung gc u, ng trn nm trn cc mt phng song song
vi cc mt phng xc nh bi hai trc to u c hnh chiu trc o l cc elp, trc
ln ca cc elp ny u vung gc vi hnh chiu trc o ca trc th ba. V d hnh
chiu trc o ca ng trn nm trn mt phng song song vi mt phng xOy l mt
elp c trc ln vung gc vi truc Oz
Nu ly cc h s bin dng P = Q = R = 1 th th trc ln ca elp bng 1,22d v trc
nh bng 0,71d ( d l ng knh ca ng trn ).
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Cho php v hnh van thay th cho cc hnh elp
V d hnh v trn l hnh chiu trc o vung gc u ca mt mt bch.
b) Hnh chiu trc o vung gc cn (nhtrc thng gc)
- Gc gia cc trc trc o:
Hnh chiu trc o vung gc cn gm c trc Oz t v tr ng, trc Ox nghing
vi ng nm ngang mt gc bng 710' . Trc Oy nghing vi ng nm ngang mt
gc 4125'. Cc gc x'O'y' = y'O'z' = 13125' v gc x'O'z' = 9710' . Khi v trc Ox ta
thng v theo tg7 = 1/8 v trc Oy v theo tg41 = 7/8 . Cch v nh sau:
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- H s bin dng:
Hnh chiu trc o vung gc cn c h s bin dng l: p = r = 0,94 v q = 0,47
khi v phi tnh ton ngi ta thng dng h s bin dng quy c:
P = R = 1 v Q = 0,5 v coi nh vt th c phng to ln M =1: 0,94 = 1,06 ln
- Hnh chiu trc o ca ng trn:
Trong hnh chiu trc o vung gc cn cc ng trn song song vi mt phng xOy
hoc yOz th hnh chiu trc o l cc elp c trc ln bng 1,06d v trc nh bng
0,35d. Trc ln ca elp nghing i mt gc 70 so vi trc Ox hoc trc Oy. Cn cc
ng trn song song vi mt phng xOz th hnh chiu trc o l mt elp c trc ln
vung gc vi trc Oy v bng 1,06d v trc nh bng 0,94d
Cho php v thay elp bng hnh van.
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V d hnh v trn y l hnh chiu trc o vung gc cn ca mt ci bch
c) Hnh chiu trc o ng cn (nhtrc xin gc)
-Gc gia cc trc trc o:
Hnh chiu trc o ng cn c v tr cc trc trc o nh (H.5-10). C trc Oz thng
ng. C gc xOz' =90 v gc x'O'y' = y'O'z' = 135.
-H s bin dng:
Trong hnh chiu trc o ng cn ta c mt phng ta xOz trng vi mt phng hnh
chiu trc o P cho nn mt phng xOz trng vi mt phng P v khi ta c cc h
s bin dng nh sau: p = r = 1 v q = 0,5 .
- Hnh chiu trc o ca ng trn:
Hnh chiu trc o ng cn ca cc ng trn nm trong mt phng song song vi
x'O'z' s khng b bin dng hay vn gia nguyn l cc ng trn. Cn cc ng trn
nm trong cc mt phng song song vi mt phng xOy hoc yOz c dng l elp.
Nu ly theo h s bin dng quy c th trc ln ca elp bng 1,06d, trc nh bng
0,35d. Trc ln ca elp lm vi trc x' hoc trc z' mt gc 7
- Khi v elp cho php thay elp bng hnh van, cch v nh hnh sau:
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V d hnh v sau l hnh chiu trc o ng cn ca mt ci .
1.3. Cch dng hnh chiu trc o
1.3.1. Chn loi hnh chiu trc o
biu din vt th, ta c th dng mt trong cc loi hnh chiu trc o quy nh trong
TCVN 11 78, tuy nhin tu theo c im cu to ca tng vt th v mc ch th
hin m ta chn loi hnh chiu trc o cho ph hp.
Cc v d minh ho v cch chn loi hnh chiu trc o
- Vi d 1: th hin khu ni c cu to hai mt u c cc l trn trn hnh chiu
thng gc. Ta dng hnh chiu trc o vung gc u l tt nht v khi trn cc mt
khc nhau cc ng trn u bin dng nh nhau, khi cc l hnh tr c th hin
r rng nht.
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- Vi d 2: th hin cc vt th c hnh khi vung vc ngi ta thng chn hnh
chiu trc o vung gc cn. Ta thy biu din ta gm hai khi lng tr v hnh
vung t lch nhau 45 dng hnh chiu trc o vung gc cn l thch hp nht. Nu
dng hnh chiu trc o vung gc u th cc cnh ca khi lng tr v hnh vung b
trng nhau lm cho hnh biu din khng c r v ni
V d 3: th hin nhng vt th c mt b mt no c hnh dng phc tp, nh
nhng mt c nhiu ng trn hay ng cong, ta nn chn loi hnh chiu trc o
xin gc. Ch t mt c cu to phc tp v tr song song vi mt phng khng bin
dng xOz; v tu theo chiu dy m chn loi hnh chiu trc o ng cn hay ng
u.
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1.3.2. Cch dng hnh chiu trc o
dng hnh chiu trc o ca vt th, trc ht ta cn phi bit cch dng hnh chiu
trc o ca mt im.
Cch dng hnh chiu trc o ca mt im dng phng php to :
Mun v hnh chiu trc o ca im A trc ht ta v v tr cc trc o (tu theo loi
hnh chiu trc o chn). Xc nh cc to vung gc ca im cho (XA, YA,
ZA). Sau cn c vo cc h s bin dng theo cc trc ta tnh c cc to trc o
ca im bng cch cch nhn to vung gc vi h s bin dng tng ng:
X
A
= p.X
A
; Y
A
= q.Y
A
; Z
A
= r.Z
A
Ln lt t cc to trc o tnh ln cc trc o ta xc nh c im A l hnh
chiu trc o ca im A. Khi v hnh chiu trc o ca mt vt th ta cn cn c vo
c im cu to v hnh dng ca n chn cch dng sao cho n gin v thun tin
nht. Sau y l mt s v d v cch dng.
Ta bit rng hnh chiu trc o ca mt vt th chnh l tp hp hnh chiu trc o ca
nhiu im, ng v mt to thnh v th cch dng hnh chiu trc o ca vt th cng
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tng t nh cch dng hnh chiu trc o cu mt im. Phng php to l phng
php c bn c dng y.
Khi v hnh chiu trc o ca vt th ta cn cn c vo c im cu to v hnh dng
ca vt th m chn cch v sao cho vic dng hnh chiu trc o l ca vt th thun
tin nht. Di y l mt s v d:
-i vi vt th c dng hnh hp
Ta v mt hnh hp ngoi tip vt th cho v chn ba mt ca hnh hp lm ba mt
phng to , sau ct b dn nhng phn m vt th khng c:
-i vi vt th c mt phng i xng
Nn chn mt phng i xng ca vt th trng vi mt mt phng to no . V d
v cch dng hnh chiu trc o ca mt vt th dng lng tr c l xuyn ngang, hai
mt phng i xng l xOz v yOz dng lm hai mt phng to :
-i vi vt th hnh thnh bi chuyn ng ca mt cu nh hnh xuyn, l xo...
Ta v hnh chiu trc o ca cc mt cu, ri v ng bao ca hnh chiu trc o cc
mt cu , ta s c hnh chiu trc o ca vt th . V d cch dng hnh chiu trc
o ca mt hnh xuyn.
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-i vi vt th trn xoay c ng sinh l mt ng cong phng
Ta dng mt phng ct vung gc lm cc mt ct ph tr v chn tr quay lm trc to
. Hnh v di y trnh by cch dng hnh chiu trc o ca tay nm. ng bao
cc elp (hnh chiu trc o ca cc mt cu ph tr) l hnh chiu trc o ca tay nm.
- V giao tuyn ca hai mt cong
Khi v giao tuyn ca hai mt cong, ta phi dng cc mt ct ph tr v cc im
thuc giao tuyn. Hnh v di y trnh by cch dng hnh chiu trc o giao tuyn
ca hai mt tr bng cc mt ct ph tr.
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1.3.3. V hnh ct trong hnh chiu trc o
th hin cu to bn trong ca vt th, trn hnh chiu trc o cng dng hnh ct. Khi
v ta ch chn mt phng ct sao cho hnh chiu trc o va th hin c cu to bn
trong m vn gi nguyn c hnh dng c bn ca vt th . Thng th vt th c
xem nh b ct i mt phn t hay mt phn tm ca vt th v cc mt ct l cc mt
phng i xng ca vt th.
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Trnh t v hnh ct trong hnh chiu trc o
C hai cch tin hnh:
-Cch th nht l v mt ct sau khi v y hnh chiu trc o ca vt th.
-Cch th hai l v mt ct trc ri sau mi v hnh chiu trc o ca phn vt th
cn li sau cc mt ct.
Mt s quy c v hnh ct trong hnh chiu trc o
v hnh chiu trc o c n gin TCVN 11-74 quy nh nh sau:
-ng gch gch mt ct trong hnh chiu trc o c k song song vi hnh chiu
trc o ca ng cho ca hnh vung c cc cnh song song vi trc to tng
ng.
-Trong hnh chiu trc o ca cc thnh mng nh gn chu lc, cc nan hoa ... vn v
k hiu vt liu trn mt ct khi ct dc hay ct ngang.
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-Cho php v mt ct ren v rng ca bnh rng theo quy c nh trong hnh chiu
thng gc. Khi cn c th v hnh chiu trc o ca vi bc ren hay bnh rng.
1.3.4. T bng trong hnh chiu trc o
hnh chiu trc o ni v p ngi ta thng dng cch t bng. Cch t bng c
da trn s chiu sng i vi vt th. Hng ca tia sng c quy c l hng chiu
song song vi hnh chiu trc o ca ng cho ca hnh lp phng c cc mt phng
song song vi cc mt phng to
2. HNH CHIU CA VT TH
nh ngha: Hnh chiu l hnh biu din b mt nhn thy c ca vt th i vi
ngi quan st, cho php th hin cc phn khut ca vt th bng nt t gim s
lng hnh biu din.
2.1. Cc loi hnh chiu
2.1.1. Hnh chiu c bn
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TCVN 5-78 quy nh ly su mt phng ca mt hnh hp lm su mt phng hnh chiu
c bn. Vt th coi nh c t trong lng hnh hp nm gia mt ngi quan st v
mt phng hnh chiu tng ng.
Sau khi chiu vt th ln su mt phng hnh chiu, chng c tri ra cho trng vi mt
phng hnh chiu ng (mt phng bn v) ta thu c su hnh chiu gi l su hnh
chiu c bn. V tr b tr v tn gi cc hnh chiu c bn nh sau:
-(1) Hnh chiu t trc (hnh chiu ng, hnh chiu chnh).
-(2) Hnh chiu t trn (hnh chiu bng).
-(3) Hnh chiu t tri (hnh chiu cnh).
-(4) Hnh chiu t phi.
-(5) Hnh chiu t di.
-(6) Hnh chiu t sau.
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Ch :
- Vt th cn biu din c xem nh l vt th c, nn s c phn thy, phn khut.
Khi xy dng cc hnh chiu ta phi t vt th v tr sao cho cc b mt ca n song
song vi cc mt phng hnh chiu cc hnh chiu thu c khng b bin dng. hoc
t bin dng nht.
- Nu cc hnh chiu t trn, t tri, t phi, t di v t sau c t v tr thay i
so vi hnh chiu ng nh quy nh th pha trn cc hnh chiu phi ghi ch tn
v hng nhn nh sau:
Phng php b tr cc hnh chiu c bn nh s trn gi l phng php gc t th
nht hay cn gi l phng php E. Phng php ny c Vit Nam, cc nc chu
u v mt s nc trn th gii s dng.
Mt s nc khc nh Nht, cc nc Ty u v chu M khi xy dng cc hnh biu
din ca vt th li quy nh mt phng hnh chiu c t gia vt th v mt ngi
quan st. Phng php ny gi l phng php gc t th ba hay cn gi l phng
php A. S b tr cc hnh chiu c bn ca phng php ny c b tr nh sau:
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Tiu chun quc t ISO quy nh trn cc bn v c th s dng mt trong hai phng
php ni trn biu din vt th. Du c trng ca phng php E (Hnh a), du c
trng ca phng php A (Hnh b)
a b
2.1.2. Hnh chiu ph
Hnh chiu ph l hnh chiu mt b phn vt th ln trn mt mt phng khng song
song vi bt k mt phng hnh chiu c bn no.
Hnh chiu ph c s trong trng hp vt th c mt b phn no c b mt
khng song song vi bt k hnh chiu c bn no, nu chiu ln trn mt phng hnh
chiu c bn th hnh chiu thu c s b bin dng v hnh dng v kch thc.
2.1.3. Hnh chiu ring phn
Hnh chiu ring phn l hnh chiu ca mt b phn vt th ln trn mt mt phng
hnh chiu c bn. Hnh chiu ring phn c s trong trng hp khng cn thit phi
v hnh chiu c bn ca ton b vt th.
Ch : Hnh chiu ph v hnh chiu ring phn cn phi ghi ch cho chng bao gm:
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-Mi tn ch hng chiu c t vung gc vi b mt cn c biu din.
-Ch hoa ch hng chiu c t ngay st mi tn v mt ch hoa ch tn hnh
chiu c t pha trn ca hnh chiu tng ng, bn di ch hoa ny c gch
chn.
- Nu hnh chiu ph v hnh chiu ring phn c t v tr lin h trc tip vi hnh
chiu c bn th khng cn ghi k hiu.
-Cho php xoay hnh chiu ph n v tr song song vi hnh chiu c bn, khi pha
trn ca ch k hiu ch tn hnh chiu c v mi tn cong ch hnh chiu xoay.
-Hnh chiu ring phn v hnh chiu ph c gii hn bng nt ln sng hoc khng
v ng gii hn nu nh phn vt th c biu din c ranh gii r rt.
2.2- Cch v hnh chiu ca vt th
2.2.1. Phn tch hnh dng vt th
Bt k mt vt th no d n gin hay phc tp u c to thnh t nhng khi hnh
hc c bn. Hnh chiu ca vt th l tng hp hnh chiu ca cc khi hnh hc c bn
to thnh vt th . Mun v hnh chiu ca vt th, trc tin phi bit phn tch hnh
dng vt th ra lm nhiu phn c hnh dng ca cc khi hnh hc c bn v xc
nh v tr tng i gia chng. Sau tin hnh v hnh chiu ca tng phn cng
giao tuyn gia cc mt ca chng ta s c c hnh chiu ca ton b vt th.
Cch phn tch hnh dng vt th l phng php c bn v cc hnh chiu, ghi
kch thc v c cc bn v k thut.
Sau y l v d v hnh chiu ca :
C th phn tch lm ba phn:
-Phn c dng hnh lng tr, y c dng hnh thang cn, trn c hai l hnh tr.
-Phn thn c dng hnh lng tr, mt phng pha di tip xc vi mt pha trn ca
, mt cong pha trn tip xc vi phn .
-Phn l mt hnh tr rng, l rng cng c dng hnh tr.
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2.2.2. V hnh chiu ca vt th
Khi v hnh chiu ca ta ln lt v hnh chiu ca , thn v phn . Ta v ln
lt hnh chiu ng, hnh chiu bng v hnh chiu cnh ta s c hnh chiu ca
. th hin c hnh tht cc mt bn ca , khi chiu ta t mt ca song
song vi mt phng hnh chiu bng, phn thn t song song vi mt phng hnh
chiu ng.
Cn vn dng cc kin thc v cch biu din im, ng thng, mt phng v cc giao
tuyn c hc trong mn hnh hc ho hnh vo cch biu din vt th.
Trong bn v k thut, quy nh khng v cc trc chiu v vy khi v hnh chiu th ba
ta nn chn mt ng no lm chun, t xc nh cc ng nt khc. Nu
hnh chiu th ba l hnh i xng th chn trc i xng lm chun. Nu hnh chiu th
ba l hnh khng i xng th ta chn ng bao bin lm chun.
V d: v hnh chiu cnh ca ta chn ng bao ca mt sau lm chun; chun
ny trng vi chun II l chun ghi kch thc. Cc kch thc c o t hnh chiu
bng ri a sang hnh chiu cnh.
Ta cng c th dng ng nghing 45
O
lm ng ph tr v hnh chiu th ba
2.3. Cch ghi kch thc ca vt th
2.3.1. Phn tch kch thc
Kch thc ghi trn bn v th hin ln ca vt th c biu din. Kch thc phi
c ghi y v r rng. Khng c ghi tha, ghi thiu Ngi ta phn chia kch
thc ca vt th ra lm cc loi sau.
- Kch thc nh hnh: l kch thc xc nh ln ca tng khi hnh hc c bn to
thnh vt th.
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Trong hnh v trn, cc kch thc kch thc 110, 55, 42, 26 v 16 xc nh ln ca
c dng lng tr, cc kch thc 38, 22, v 44 xc nh ln ca hnh tr
- Kch thc nh v: l kch thc xc nh v tr tng i gia cc khi hnh hc c
bn to thnh vt th.
Kch thc 58 xc nh v tr tng i gia hnh tr v theo chiu cao. Kch thc
62 xc nh v tr tng i ca hai l 16 i vi mt phng i xng (nh v theo
chiu di), kch thc 14 xc nh v tr tng i ca hai l 16 i vi mt sau ca
(nh v theo chiu rng).
- Kch thc nh khi: (cn gi l kch thc khun kh hay kch thc chon ch) l
kch thc xc nh ln nht ca vt th theo ba chiu di, rng, cao.
Kch thc 110 xc nh chiu di ca . Kch thc 58 v 38 xc nh chiu cao
ca .
Nh vy ghi kch thc ca vt th ta cng dng cch phn tch hnh dng ca vt th
xc nh cc kch thc nh hnh, sau xc nh cc kch thc nh v v kch
thc nh khi. Cn ch rng mt kch thc c th tham gia vo mt, hai hoc c ba
trong s cc loi kch thc nu.
Trong v d trn kch thc 110 l kch thc nh hnh ca phn ng thi cng l
kch thc nh khi ca . Kch thc 58 l kch thc nh v ca phn , mt khc
n li kt hp vi kch thc 38 to thnh kch thc nh khi ca theo chiu
cao. Hnh sau trnh by cch ghi kch thc cho mt s khi hnh hc c bn.
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ghi kch thc cho vt th ta phi chn cc yu t hnh hc (im, ng, mt)
lm chun, t xc nh cc yu t khc ca vt th. Mi chiu ca vt th thng ch
chn mt chun v chun thng l mt y, mt phng i xng ca c vt th hoc
trc hnh hc ca khi hnh hc c bn.
Trong v d trn: Chun I l mt phng i xng ca vt th, n xc nh cc kch thc
chiu di ca vt th nh cc kch thc 110, 62, 38, 22. Chun II l mt sau ca vt
th, n xc nh cc kch thc chiu rng ca vt th nh cc kch thc 10,14, 55, 26,
22, 44. Chun III l mt y ca vt th, n xc nh cc kch thc chiu cao ca vt
th nh cc kch thc 58, 16.
2.3.2. Phn b cc kch thc
Khi ghi kch thc cho vt th th vic phn b cc kch thc cng cn c ch .
-Mi kch thc ch c ghi mt ln trn bn v, khng c ghi tha khng c ghi
thiu.
-Cc kch thc nh hnh ca b phn no, nn ghi trn hnh biu din th hin c
trng nht cu to ca b phn .
-Nhng kch thc c lin quan, biu th cng mt b phn ca vt th nn ghi gn
nhau.
-Nhng kch thc cu to bn trong v bn ngoi ca vt th nn ghi v hai pha ca
hnh biu din. Cc kch thc cu to bn trong c ghi v pha hnh ct. Cc kch
thc cu to bn ngoi c ghi v pha hnh chiu. Mi kch thc phi c ghi
mt v tr r rng trn bn v, nn ghi v pha bn ngoi ca hnh biu din v tp trung
trn mt s hnh chiu.
2.4. c bn v v v hnh chiu th ba
2.4.1. Cch c bn v
c bn v l mt qu trnh t duy khng gian t cc hnh phng khng gian hai chiu
thnh khng gian ba chiu. Khi c bn v ngi c cn ch nhng im sau:
-Khi c, ngi c phi xc nh ng hng nhn cho tng hnh biu din theo cc
57
hng nhn t trc, t trn,t tri, t phi c th hnh dung c hnh dng mt
trc, mt trn, mt phi ca vt th.
-Phi nm chc c im hnh chiu ca cc khi hnh hc c bn, ri cn c theo cc
hnh chiu m chia vt th ra thnh cc b phn. Phn tch hnh dng tng b phn ca
vt th i n hnh dung cu to ca ton b vt th.
-Phi phn tch c ngha ca tng loi ng nt th hin trn cc hnh chiu. Nt
lin m, nt t, nt chm gch mi ng, nt u th hin mt ng, mt mt
no ca vt th.
-i vi nhng vt th m ng thy ngoi khng d phn tch thnh cc b phn, c
th dng cch phn tch ng, mt. Ta bit rng, bt k mt vt th no cng c gii
hn bi mt s mt nh mt phng, mt cong. Cc mt c v tr tng i vi nhau,
chng c th song song vi nhau hoc ct nhau. Nu chng song song th c mt
trc, mt sau hoc mt trn, mt di...
V d: c cc hnh chiu ca vt th v v hnh chiu th ba ca hnh sau:
Vt th c biu din bng hnh chiu ng v hnh chiu bng, ta i v hnh chiu
cnh ca vt th.
Cn c vo hai hnh chiu cho ta c th phn tch vt th ra lm hai phn: phn
di v phn thn trn.
Phn (c v nt m) l mt tm c chiu dy 12, chiu di 88, chiu rng 46 (R23
x2). Hai u ca l hai na hnh tr bn knh R23. Trn c hai l trn 8. Hnh
chiu ng ca cc l c th hin bng cc nt t, cc nt gch chm mnh gia
cc nt t th hin cc ng trc ca cc l trn xoay.
Phn thn (c v m) l mt ng hnh tr c ng knh 40. Bn trong c l tr
rng 15, cao 30 v l hnh vung cnh 22, hnh chiu ng ca chng th hin bng
58
cc nt t, hnh chiu bng c th hin bng hnh trn v hnh vung. Hnh trn v
hnh vung di hnh chiu bng l hai ng khp kn th hin mt tr v lng tr .
Cn c vo hnh chiu ng ta xc nh c v tr tng i gia chng, mt lng tr
pha trn, mt tr pha di. Pha trn bn tri ca phn thn b ct i mt phn bi
mt ct ngang c chiu cao l 10 v mt ct dc cch trc 7. Do vy di hnh chiu
bng c hai mt khp kn k nhau (biu th bng mt k ngang v mt k dc.
2.4.2. Cch v hnh chiu th ba
Khi v hnh chiu th ba ta tin hnh v tng phn ca vt th ta tin hnh v phn
trc, phn thn sau,, v hnh dng bn ngoi trc, v hnh dng bn trong sau; v b
phn ch yu trc, v b phn th yu sau.
Ch : Khi v hnh chiu th ba khi c hnh chiu ng v hnh chiu bng ri ta cn
m bo s tng quan gia cc hnh chiu l:
-Chiu di ca cc yu t hnh hc trn hnh chiu ng v hnh chiu bng phi bng
nhau.
-Chiu cao ca cc yu t hnh hc trn hnh chiu ng v hnh chiu cnh phi bng
nhau.
-Chiu rng ca cc yu t hnh hc trn hnh chiu bng v hnh chiu cnh phi bng
nhau. Cch v c th hin trn hnh sau:
59
3. HNH CT V MT CT
3.1. Khi nim v hnh ct v mt ct.
3.1.1-Khi nim.
Mun c hnh ct ngi ta lm nh sau: dng mt mt phng tng tng ct vt th
lm hai phn. Sau b phn vt th nm gia mt ngi quan st v mt phng ct.
Chiu phn cn li ca vt th ln trn mt mt phng song song vi mt phng ct th
hnh biu din thu c ta gi l hnh ct. Hnh biu din ca phn vt th nm ngay
trn mt phng ct c gi l mt ct. Ta c th nh ngha hnh ct nh sau: Hnh ct
l hnh biu din phn cn li ca vt th ln trn mt mt phng song song vi mt
phng ct sau khi ta tng tng dng mt phng ct ny ct qua vt th. Cn mt
ct l hnh biu din phn vt th nm ngay trn mt phng ct.
Ch : Mt phng ct ni trn ch l tng tng, ch c tc dng i vi vic v mt
hnh ct hoc mt mt ct no . Sau khi v xong hnh ct no vt th li c coi l
nguyn vn mun v hnh ct khc ta li phi dng mt phng ct tng tng khc.
3.1.2- Quy c v ghi k hiu vt liu trn hnh ct v mt ct
60
- phn bit phn vt th nm trn mt phng ct v phn vt th nm pha sau mt
phng ct.Trn hnh ct, phn c ca vt th b mt phng ct ct qua c v quy c
bng cc k hiu vt liu. Theo TCVN 0007-1993 quy nh cch k hiu trn mt ct
ca cc loi vt liu thng gp trn cc bn v k thut nh sau:
- Cc ng gch gch mt ct c v bng nt lin mnh, k song song, cch u
nhau v nghing vi ng trc, ng tm, ng bao mt gc 45
O
. trnh trng
vi ng trc, ng bao no cho php k cc ng gch mt ct nghing 30
O
hoc 60
O
.
-Khong cch gia cc ng gch gch tu thuc vo ln ca min c gch v t
l ca bn v, nhng khng c ln hn hai ln chiu rng ca nt lin m c dng
trn bn v v khng c nh hn 0,7 mm.
-K hiu vt liu trn mt ct ca hai chi tit k nhau phi c phn bit nhau bng
hng gch, bng khong cch gia cc ng gch hoc bng cc ng gch so le
nhau. Nu b dy ca phn c gch nh hn hoc bng 2 mm th cho php t en.
61
-Nu mt phng ct i dc theo trc c hoc i qua cc chi tit nh thnh mng nh
gn chu lc, nan hoa ca tay vn, inh tn, bu lng, vt,... th quy c khng gch gch
trn mt ct ca cc chi tit ny.
3.2. Hnh ct.
3.2.1- Phn loi hnh ct.
a. Chia theo vtr mt phng ct
-Hnh ct ng: L hnh ct thu c khi mt phng ct song song vi mt phng hnh
chiu ng.
62
- Hnh ct bng: L hnh ct thu c khi mt phng ct song song vi mt phng hnh
chiu bng.
-Hnh ct cnh: L hnh ct thu c khi mt phng ct song song vi mt phng hnh
chiu cnh.
Cc hnh ct ng, bng, cnh c t ngay v tr ca cc hnh chiu tng ng.
-Hnh ct nghing: L hnh ct thu c khi mt phng ct khng song song vi mt
phng hnh chiu c bn no . Hnh ct nghing c dng trong trng hp v tr cc
l lm cn biu din khng song song vi bt k mt phng hnh chiu c bn no.
- Hnh ct ring phn: l hnh ct th hin cu to mt phn nh ca vt th, cho php
t hnh ct ring phn ngay trn hnh chiu c bn v dng nt ln sng gii hn
vi phn hnh chiu.
63
b. Chia theo s lng mt phng ct
- Hnh ct n gin: L hnh ct thu c khi ch dng mt mt ct vt th. Cc hnh
ct ng, bng, cnh, nghing, ring phn trnh by trn u l cc hnh ct n gin.
Nu mt phng ct ct dc theo chiu di trc hoc dc theo chiu cao trc ca vt th
th hnh ct thu c gi l hnh ct dc. Nu mt phng ct ct vung gc vi chiu di
hay chiu cao ca vt th th hnh ct thu c gi l hnh ct ngang.
- Hnh ct phc tp: L hnh ct thu c khi dng hai mt phng tr ln ct qua vt
th. C hai loi hnh ct phc tp l hnh ct hnh ct bc v ct hnh ct xoay.
+Hnh ct bc: l hnh ct thu c khi ta dng cc mt phng ct cng song song vi
mt mt phng hnh chiu c bn ct qua vt th.
Hnh v trn nu ch dng mt mt phng ct th khng th hin c cc l rng cc
v tr khc nhau. Do ngi ta dng ba mt phng ct ln lt ct qua trc ca ba l
cng song song vi mt phng hnh chiu ng. Trn hnh ct bc quy c khng v cc
nt biu din gy khc ca cc mt phng ct trung gian.
+ Hnh ct xoay: l hnh ct thu c khi dng cc mt phng ct giao nhau ti trc
chnh ca vt th khi cc mt phng ny trng vi trc i xng ca cc b phn .
64
Hnh ct xoay dng th hin cu to bn trong ca mt s b phn ca vt th khi cc
mt phng i xng ca cc b phn ny giao nhau ti trc chnh ca vt th. Khi v
hnh ct xoay th mt phng nghing c xoay v trng vi mt phng thng ng hay
nm ngang thnh mt mt phng v c b tr ngay trn hnh chiu c bn chiu c
bn .
3.2.2- Cc quy c v hnh ct
- Vi tr ca cc mt phng ct c v bng nt ct l nt lin m. Nt ct c t ti
nhng ch gii hn ca cc mt phng ct, ch bt u, ch kt thc, ch chuyn tip v
ch giao nhau ca cc mt phng ct.
- nt ct u v nt ct cui c mi tn ch hng nhn, c t vung gc vi nt ct
ti im gia. Bn cnh mi tn c ghi ch hoa ch tn gi mt phng ct. Pha trn
hnh ct c ghi tn gi bng ch hoa tng ng theo kiu A-A; B-B. Nt gch ngang bn
di v bng nt lin m.
-Nu mt phng ct trng vi mt phng i xng ca vt th v cc hnh biu din
t gn nhau c lin h chiu th khng cn ghi v tr v tn gi hnh ct
- gim bt s lng hnh biu din, cho php ghp mt phn hnh chiu v mt phn
hnh ct hoc cc phn hnh ct vi nhau thnh mt hnh biu din theo cng mt
phng chiu gi l hnh ct kt hp hay hnh ct ghp.
65
-Nu hnh ct kt hp l hnh i xng th c th ghp mt na hnh chiu vi mt na
hnh ct . Na hnh ct c t bn phi ca trc i xng thng ng hoc bn di
trc i xng nm ngang, cn na hnh chiu c t bn tri trc i xng thng ng
hoc bn trn trc i xng nm ngang. Trc i xng c dng lm ng gianh gii
gia chng.
- Nu vt th c hnh ct kt hp trn c mt cnh thy trng vi trc i xng th
dng nt ln sng lm ng phn cch. Nt ln sng v lch sang phn hnh chiu
hay phn hnh ct tu theo nt lin m thuc phn hnh biu din no.
66
- Trong trng hp hnh chiu v hnh ct khng c chung trc i xng cng cho php
ghp mt phn hnh chiu v mt phn hnh ct, khi ng phn cch l nt ln
sng.
-Khi ghp mt phn hnh chiu vi nhiu phn hnh ct ca vt th trn mt hnh biu
din no ta c th ly hai trc i xng lm ng phn cch.
-Trong tt c cc trng hp trn hnh ct kt hp, khng v cc nt t bn phn
hnh chiu m pha i xng ca cc nt ny c th hin bn phn hnh ct.
3.3. Mt ct
Nh trnh by trong phn khi nim v hnh ct v mt ct trn ta c nh ngha v
mt ct nh sau: Mt ct l hnh biu din phn vt th nm ngay trn mt phng ct m
khng biu din phn pha sau.
Khc vi hnh ct, trn mt ct khng v hnh chiu ca phn vt th nm pha sau mt
phng ct
3.3.1- Phn loi mt ct
- Mt ct ri: l loi mt ct c t bn ngoi hnh biu din tng ng. ng bao
ca mt ct ri c v bng nt lin m, n thng c dng th hin nhng phn
t c ng bao mt ct phc tp. Mt ct ri c th c t gia phn ct la ca
mt hnh chiu no .
Mt ct ri thng c b tr dc theo ng ko di ca nt ct v t gn hnh biu
din tng ng, song cng cho php t bt k v tr no trn bn v.
67
- Mt ct chp: l mt ct t ngay trn hnh biu din tng ng.
ng bao ca mt ct chp c v bng nt lin mnh. Cc ng bao ca hnh biu
din chnh ti ch t mt ct chp vn c v y . Mt ct chp thng c dng
biu din nhng phn t c ng bao mt ct n gin.
3.3.2- Cc quy c v mt ct
Cch k hiu cho mt ct cng ging nh i vi hnh ct bao gm nt ct, mi tn ch
hng chiu v ch hoa ch tn mt ct. Tr cc trng hp sau:
- Khi mt ct l hnh i xng ng thi trc i xng ca n t trng vi vt ca mt
phng ct, hoc trn ng ko di ca vt mt phng ct, hoc t ti ch ct la ca vt
th
-Mt ct c t theo ng hng mi tn v cho php t v tr bt k trn bn v.
i vi mt ct nghing nu c xoay, th pha trn ca ch k hiu c mi tn cong
ging nh hnh ct c xoay.
-Nu mt phng ct i qua trc ca l hoc lm trn xoay th cho php v y ng
bao ca l, lm trn xoay (v c phn pha sau mt phng ct) nh cc mt ct A-A
68
- Trong trng hp c bit cho php dng mt cong ct vt th, khi mt ct
c v theo dng hnh tri v c ghi ch tri pha di gch ngang.
3.4- Hnh trch.
-nh ngha: Hnh trch l hnh biu din c phng to trch ra t mt hnh biu din
c trn bn v, nhm th hin mt cch t m v ng nt v hnh dng ca mt
phn t no ca vt th m trn hnh biu din chnh n cha c th hin r.
Hnh trch cng c th l loi hnh biu din khc vi hnh biu din tng ng, chng
hn nh hnh biu din chnh l hnh chiu nhng hnh trch ra li l hnh ct.
-Ghi ch cho hnh trch:
ch tn hnh trch trn hnh biu din chnh ngi ta khoanh trn bng nt lin mnh
ch cn v trch ra v ghi k hiu bng ch s La M hay ch hoa. Hnh trch thng
69
c t gn hnh biu din chnh c ghi k hiu bng ch s La m hay ch hoa tng
ng km theo t l phng to.
4. BN V CHI TIT
4.1. Cc loi bn v c kh
a. Phn loi bn vc kh
C nhiu cch phn loi bn v c kh, trong phm vi ca mn hc ta s cn c theo
ni dung biu din phn loi bn v c kh; theo cch ny ta c:
-Bn v chi tit l ti liu gm hnh biu din chi tit v nhng s liu cn thit ch
to v kim tra chi tit.
-Bn v lp l ti liu gm hnh biu din n v lp, vi cc s liu cn thit lp
ghp v kim tra.
-Bn v chung l ti liu xc nh kt cu sn phm, s tc ng qua li gia cc phn
cu thnh chnh v trnh by nguyn l lm vic.
-Bn v nguyn l l ti liu xc nh hnh dng hnh hc (ng bao) sn phm v to
cc phn cu thnh.
-Bn v chon ch l ti liu gm hnh biu din n gin (ng bao) sn phm, nhng
kch thc gii hn ca mt bao ngoi sn phm, cc kch thc lp t v lp ni.
-Bn v lp t l ti liu gm hnh biu din n gin (ng bao) sn phm v nhng
s liu cn thit lp t n v tr vn hnh.
-S l ti liu biu din cc phn cu thnh ca sn phm l nhng lin h gia chng
dng hnh biu din hoc k hiu quy c.
-Bng k l ti liu xc nh cc thnh phn ca n v lp, t hp hoc b.
-Bn thuyt minh l ti liu m t cu to, nguyn l lm vic ca sn phm tht k v
phn trnh by c s ca cc gii php k thut, kinh t k thut c chp nhn.
iu kin k thut l ti liu gm cc yu cu v cch ch to, kim tra ngim thu v
cung cp sn phm.
b. Ni dung ca bn vchi tit
70
Bn v chi tit l bn v dng ch to v kim tra chi tit. N phi th hin y
hnh dng, ln v cht lng ch to ca chi tit.
Ni dung ca mt bn v chi tit bao gm nhng phn sau y:
+ Hnh biu din: gm cc hnh chiu, hnh ct, mt ct ... nhm th hin mt cch r
rng hnh dng, kt cu ca chi tit.
+ Kch thc: bao gm tt c cc kch thc th hin ln ca chi tit, cn thit cho
vic ch to v kim tra chi tit sau khi ch to.
+ Yu cu k thut: bao gm cc sai lch gii hn ca kch thc, cc sai lch v hnh
dng v v tr b mt, nhm b mt, yu cu v nhit luyn v cc yu cu k thut khc
th hin cht lng ca chi tit.
+ Khung tn: bao gm tn gi chi tit, vt liu ch to chi tit, t l bn v, k hiu ca
bn v, tn v ch k ca nhng ngi c trch nhim i vi bn v.
4.2. Hnh biu din ca chi tit.
Khi lp bn v chi tit, vic u tin v quan trng nht l vic chn hnh biu din
din t chi tit. Cc loi hnh biu din c th s dng biu din chi tit bao gm hnh
chiu, hnh ct, mt ct, hnh trch c quy nh trong TCVN 5-78.
4.2.1. Hnh chiu chnh
Trn bn v c kh, hnh chiu quan trng nht l hnh chiu t trc (hnh chiu ng)
hay cn gi l hnh chiu chnh. Hnh chiu chnh phi th hin c nhng c trng
nht v hnh dng v kch thc ca chi tit, ng thi phn nh c v tr lm vic
hoc v tr gia cng ca chi tit.
Khi v hnh chiu chnh, ta phi da trn hai quy tc v cch t chi tit xc nh v
tr ca chi tit so vi h thng cc mt phng hnh chiu. C hai cch t chi tit nh
sau:
+ t chi tit theo v tr lm vic
V tr lm vic ca chi tit l v tr ca chi tit trong trong my. Mi chi tit thng
c mt v tr xc nh trong my. t chi tit theo v tr lm vic l ngi c bn v
d hnh dung ra cu to ca vt th. V d ng ca my tin lun v tr nm ngang,
u hng v pha bn tri.
+ t chi tit theo v tr gia cng
Mt s chi tit (thng l cc chi tit chuyn ng nh tay quay, thanh truyn ...) khng
c v tr lm vic c nh trn my, mt s loi chi tit khc tuy c v tr c nh trn
my nhng li nghing so vi mt bng (cc trc ...). i vi nhng chi tit ny nn t
chng theo v tr trn cc my gia cng. Nhng chi tit c dng trn xoay nh trc, bc
... thng c gia cng trn my tin, v vy khi v hnh chiu chnh ca chng ngi
ta t trc quay ca n v tr nm ngang.
ng thi vi vic xc nh v tr ca chi tit cn xc nh hng chiu cho hnh
chiu ng th hin c c trng v hnh dng ca chi tit v thun li cho vic b tr
cc hnh biu din khc.
4.2.2. Cc hnh biu din khc
Ngoi hnh chiu chnh ra, phi chn thm mt s loi hnh biu din khc. Tu theo c
im v cu to v hnh dng ca tng chi tit m ngi v s chn thm nhng loi
71
hnh biu din thch hp sao cho vi s lng hnh biu din l t nht m li th hin
c y nht v r rng nht v cu to v hnh dng ca chi tit.
Mun vy ngi v cn nghin cu k c im v hnh dng v cu to ca chi tit
a ra mt s phng n biu din, qua phn tch, so snh chn ly phng n tt
nht.
V d 1: biu din mt trc c ren, ta ch cn v mt hnh chiu c bn lm hnh
chiu chnh v mt mt ct th hin hnh dng ca phn tr b vt phng m khng
cn phi v hnh chiu bng v hnh chiu cnh.
V d 2: biu din mt ci gi , ta a ra ba phng n sau y:
72
-Phng n th nht: mi b phn ca chi tit c th hin trn mt hnh biu din
ring.
-Phng n th hai: Tt c cc b phn ca chi tit c th hin tp trung trn ba hnh
biu din ch yu.
Trong hai phng n nu, phng n u th vic biu din qu phn tn, ri rc,
ngc li phng n sau th li qu tp trung u lm cho ngi c kh hnh dung ra
vt th..
-Phng n th ba:
l phng n ti u nht th hin c y hnh dng bn ngoi, bn trong ca vt
th khng c cc nhc im ca cc phng n nu.
4.3- Kch thc ca chi tit
4.3.1. Khi nim
73
Kch thc ghi trn bn v chi tit phi m bo cc yu cu k thut, ngha l m bo
chc nng lm vic ca chi tit v chc nng s dng ca my, ng thi phi ph hp
vi yu cu cng ngh, ngha l to iu kin d dng cho vic ch to.
Trong cc kch thc, c nhng kch thc khng lin quan trc tip n lp ghp cn
gi l kch thc t do c khong dung sai ln.
Nhng kch thc lin quan trc tip n lp ghp ca cc chi tit l kch thc lp
ghp. Sai lch gii hn ca chng quyt nh tnh cht lp ghp, ngha l nh hng trc
tip n chc nng lm vic ca chi tit v chc nng s dng ca my. Cc kch thc
gi l kch thc chc nng.
Gi tr ca cc kch thc chc nng c tnh ton theo bn, khi lng..., cn sai
lch gii hn ca n c xc nh theo yu cu lp ghp. Yu cu lp ghp c th
hin bng kch thc ca h hoc di thng gi l kch thc iu kin. Nh vy
gia kch thc chc nng v kch thc iu kin c lin quan cht ch vi nhau.
4.3.2. Nguyn tc ghi kch thc
ghi kch thc cho bn v chi tit, ngi thit k cn c bn v ca b phn my th
hin y kt cu v kch thc danh ngha ca chi tit. Vic quan trng ca ghi kch
thc trn bn v chi tit l xc nh chnh xc ca kch thc, ngha l xc nh sai
lch gii hn kch thc theo yu cu lp ghp.
+ i vi cc lp ghp thng dng
i vi cc kiu lp ghp thng dng nh b mt tr trn, lp ghp then, ln... thng
do mt s t kch thc quyt nh l kch thc trc v l; nhng lp ghp ny
c tiu chun ho.
Vic u tin ca ghi kch thc l chn kiu lp ghp theo yu cu ca lp ghp. Khi
chn mt kiu lp ghp no th chnh xc ca cc kch thc lp ghp cng c
xc nh.
+ i vi cc kch thc chc nng chiu di
Cc kch thc chc nng chiu di chng l cc khu thnh phn ca chui kch thc
lp, chui c khu khp kn l yu cu chung ca b phn my th hin bng h hoc
di. Mun ghi kch thc chc nng no ca chi tit, phi lp chui kch thc lp
ghp.
4.3.3. Quy nh v ghi kch thc
Trn bn v chi tit cn ghi tt c cc kch thc cn thit cho vic ch to v kim tra
chi tit sau khi ch to. Kch thc ghi trn bn v chi tit phi y , r rng v phi
tun theo cc quy nh ca TCVN 5705-1993 v Quy tc ghi kch thc.
Sau y l mt s quy tc:
-Cc kch thc c ghi ni tip nhau trn mt ng thng, nhng khng to thnh
mt chui khp kn.
-Khi c mt s kch thc cng mt hng v xut pht t mt chun chung, th dng
cch ghi song song.
74
-Kch thc ca mp vt 45
O
c ghi nh hnh v sau, kch thc ca mp vt khc
45
O
c ghi theo nguyn tc chung v ghi kch thc.
-Khi ghi kch thc cho cc phn t ging nhau th ch cn ghi kch thc cho mt phn
t km theo s lng phn t .
-Khi ghi kch thc xc nh khong cch cho cc phn t ging nhau v phn b u
trn chi tit th ghi di dng mt tch s.
-Nu c mt lot cc kch thc lin tip nhau, cho php ghi t mt chun "0"
75
4.4. Dung sai kch thc
4.4.1- Cc khi nim.
-Tnh lp ln: Trong nn sn xut ln cng nh trong vic sa cha my mc hin nay,
i hi cc chi tit my cng loi phi c kh nng thay th cho nhau, ngha l khi lp
ghp cc chi tit khng cn phi qua la chon hoc sa cha gi c m vn m bo
cc yu cu k thut ca mi ghp, tnh cht c gi l tnh lp ln.
-Dung sai: m bo tnh lp ln, ngi ta cn c theo chc nng ca chi tit m quy
nh phm vi sai s cho php nht nh cho cc loi chi tit, phm vi sai s c goi
l dung sai.
-Dung sai kch thc: chnh l hiu gia kch thc gii hn ln nht v kch thc gii
hn nh nht, hay l tr s tuyt i ca hiu s i s gia sai lch trn v sai lch di.
K hiu dung sai ca l l T
D
v ca trc l T
d
.
xc cc kt cu . Sau y l mt s kt cu thng gp.
4.4.2- Cch ghi dung sai kch thc
-Mt kch thc c dung sai gm cc thnh phn l kch thc danh ngha v k hiu
min dung sai hoc sai lch gii hn.
-Ghi theo min dung sai, ch v ch s ca min dung sai vit cng kh vi ch s kch
thc danh ngha. V d: 30f7 , 18H7
-C th ghi trc tip tri s sai lch gii hn sau kch thc danh ngha, sai lch gii hn
trn th ghi trn, sai lch gii hn di th ghi di. Kh ch s ca sai lch gii hn
vit nh hn ch s kch thc danh ngha l mt kh.
-Nu tr s sai lch i xng th ghi theo kiu di y v khi ch s ca tr s sai
lch vit bng kh ch s ca kch thc danh ngha
-Cho php ghi kt hp c k hiu min dung sai vi tr s sai lch tng ng, tr s sai
lch c vit trong ngoc n:
-Nu mt kch thc ch c mt gii hn nh nht hoc ln nht, th ch cn ghi ch
min hoc max sau ch s kch thc.
V d : 30,5 min ; 50,5 max
-Nu hai phn ca mt b mt c cng mt kch thc danh ngha, nhng c dung sai
khc nhau, th dng nt lin mnh lm ng phn cch v ghi kch thc ring cho
tng phn, khng k ng phn cch qua vng gch gch ca mt ct
76
Cc quy tc v ghi dung sai ca kch thc gc cng ging nh dung sai ca kch thc
di. Con n v o v sai lch ca kch thc g l , pht, giy.
-Nu tr s sai lch ca kch thc gc l pht, th trc tr s pht phi ghi thm 0
O
-Nu tr s sai lch ca kch thc gc l giy th trc tr s giy ta ghi thm 0
O
0'
-Cho php dng s thp phn ca ghi sai lch ca kch thc gc.
4.5- K hiu nhm b mt
4.5.1- Khi nim chung
Sau khi gia cng, b mt ca cc chi tit khng bng phng mt cch tuyt i, ngha l
khng th t c b mt hnh hc l tng. Nu quan st di knh him vi, ta s thy
c cc mp m b mt do vt dao gia cng li trn b mt chi tit.
Nhm b mt l tp hp cc mp m c bc tng i nh trn b mt thc ca chi tit
c xt trong phm vi chiu di chun.
Hnh v di y l hnh v phng to prfin ca b mt chi tit trong gii hn chiu di
chun l . ng trung bnh (m) ca prfin c xc nh sao cho tng din tch cc phn
li bng tng din tch cc phn lm:
Nhm b mt c nh gi theo hai ch tiu sau:
a, Sai lch s hc trung bnh ca prfin Ra: l tr s trung bnh cc khong cch t
nhng im ca prfin o c n ng trung bnh ca n trong gii hn trong gii
hn chiu di chun (tr s cc khong cch ly theo tr s tuyt i):
hoc tnh gn ng l:
b, Chiu cao mp m ca prfin theo 10 im Rz: l tri s trung bnh ca nhng khong
cch t nm nh cao nht v nm y thp nht ca prfin o c trong gii hn chiu
di chun:
77
4.5.2. nhm b mt
Nhm b mt c th hin bng k hiu nhm theo TCVN 2511:1995 quy nh 14
cp nhm v tr s ca cc thng s nhm Ra v Rz. Tr s nhm cng b th b mt
cng nhn. Vic chn ch tiu Ra hoc Rz l tu theo cht lng ca b mt. Thng
thng dng Ra nh gi cc b mt c nhm trung bnh. Cn b mt c nhm
qu th hoc qu tinh th dung Rz v n nh gi chnh xc hn.
Cc chi tit c b mt tip xc, c chnh xc cao, i hi phng php gia cng tinh
vi th thng s nhm cng b hay nhn cng cao v ngc li.
4.5.3. Cch ghi k hiu nhm b mt
TCVN 5707:1993 quy nh cc k hiu nhm b mt v cch ghi trn cc bn v chi tit,
tiu chun ny cng ph hp vi tiu chun quc t ISO 1302:1978 Indicating symbols
of surface roughness on technical drawings.
a) K hiu nhm
Cc k hiu nhm c ba loi c v bng nt lin mnh.
-Chiu cao h ca k hiu nhm bng chiu cao ca kh ch s kch thc trn cng mt
-K hiu hnh a dng trong trng hp khng quy nh phng php gia cng ln
cui i vi b mt. K hiu hnh b c dng trong trng hp b mt c gia cng
bng phng php tch b lp vt liu nh tin, phay, bo, miK hiu hnh c dng
cho trng hp b mt c gia cng bng phng php khng tch b lp vt liu nh
rn, dp, c, cn
a b c
b) Quy tc ghi k hiu nhm
-K hiu nhm b mt trn hnh biu din ca chi tit c ghi trn ng bao, hoc
trn ng ko di ca ng bao, cho php ghi trn gi ngang ca ng dn nu thiu
ch
-nh ca k hiu nhm c ch vo b mt cn ghi cn chiu ca ch s chi nhm
phi theo chiu ca quy tc ghi kch thc.
- Nu tt c cc b mt ca chi tit c cng nhm, th k hiu nhm c ghi chung
gc trn bn phi bn v.
78
Nu phn ln cc b mt ca chi tit c cng mt cp nhm, k hiu nhm c ghi
gc trn bn phi bn v vi k hiu c t trong ngoc n . Cc b mt cn li th
ghi trc tip k hiu nhm trn ng bao.
-Nu trn bn v khng v prfin rng ,then hoa ta ghi k hiu nhm trn ng biu
din mt chia.
-K hiu nhm ca prfin ren c ghi ln prfin ren hoc trn ng ging kch thc
ca ren.
-Nu cc b mt bao quanh ca chi tit c cng cp nhm, th k hiu nhm c ghi
mt ln km theo ch bao quanh.
Tr s nhm ca lp ph b mt c ghi trn ng chm gch m biu din lp ph.
Khi cn thit cho php ghi nhm b mt trc khi ph.
4.6. Mt s cch biu din quyc v n gin ho trn bn vchi tit.
79
Ngoi cc loi hnh biu din quy nh, trn cc bn v cn cho php dng mt s
cch biu din quy c v n gin nh sau:
-Nu c mt s phn t ging nhau, phn b u nh l, rnh, rng ... th ch cn biu
din mt vi phn t, cc phn t cn li c v n gin hoc v theo quy c, cho
php ghi ch s lng phn t .
-Nu hnh chiu, hnh ct, mt ct l hnh i xng th cho php ch v mt na hoc qu
na hnh biu din . Nu v mt na th hnh biu din c gii hn bng nt chm
gch mnh, nu v qu na th hnh biu din c gii hn bng nt ln sng.
-Khi khng cn v chnh xc, cho php v n gin cc hnh chiu giao tuyn ca cc
mt, khi c th thay ng cong giao tuyn bng cung trn hoc ng thng.
-ng biu din phn chuyn tip chuyn tip c v quy c bng nt lin mnh
hoc khng v nu chng khng th hin r rt.
-Cho php v tng thm dc, cn nu chng qu nh. Trn cc hnh chiu ch v
mt ng ca phn c kch thc nh (phn nh) ca dc, cn.
80
-Khi cn phn bit mt phng v phn mt cong ca vt th, cho php k hai ng cho
bng nt lin mnh trn phn mt phng.
-Vi nhng chi tit qu di, c mt ct khng i hoc thay i u n trn sut chiu
di (nh trc, thanh truyn, thp hnh ...) th cho php v ct la phn gia, ng
kich thc vn k sut.
-i vi vt th c kt cu nh li bao, trang tr, trm tr, kha nhm ... cho php ch
v mt phn ca kt cu .
-Cho php biu din ngay trn hnh ct phn vt th b ct b i bng nt chm gch
m.