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Topics to be covered
• Fundamentals of Vibration
• Transducer operation and Selection
• Machinery Protection and
Management systems
• Right Practices for Rotating
Machineries
Vibration
What is vibration?
Why care about vibration?
What causes vibration?
How do we measure vibration?
Measuring vibration
Vibration
What is vibration?
When an object moves back and forth
repeatedly
Vibration can be fast or slow
Vibration movement can be large or
small
Why care about vibration???
Machinery Vibration
What Causes Vibration?
C. Slow Roll
D. Stopped
TRANSDUCER SYSTEMS
Transducer Operation
Three Parameter
normally measured are :
Displacement
Velocity
Acceleration
Transducer Operation
Types of Transducers
Eddy Current Proximity
Type
Traditional Velocity Tx .
Velomitor Velocity Tx.
Acceleration Acceleromitor
Transducer
Transducer Operation
Proximity Transducer
Transducer Operation Proximity
Transducer
Measures distance between the target
and the probe tip using eddy current
principle.
Generates a high frequency localized
magnetic field around transducer tip
The field causes Eddy current to flow
out of the transducer
Shaft movement is detected by the
power loss occurs which converted
in to DC voltage.
Transducer Operation
Velocity Transducer
Measures time rate change of
Displacement
The construction is made of fixed
magnet and coil assembly.
Relative motion between coil an
magnet creates current to flow
proportional to the relative
velocity between them.
Transducer Operation
Velocity Transducer
Disadvantages of Traditional Velocity
Transducer
Checking requires Shaker Table
Poor Reliability : More moving parts
Sensitive to Mounting Arrangement
No slow roll information
Cross Axis Sensitivity
Transducer Operation Velomitor
Transducer
Basically measures acceleration and
integrates to velocity.
Velomitor has no moving parts so
more reliable than traditional
velocity transducer
A signal is generated by ceramic peizo
electric crystal clamped between two
masses.
Transducer Operation
Velomitor Transducer
This signal passes through the integral
circuitry which conditions and
integrates the signal that is
proportional to the vibration
velocity.
Simple Bearing Housing Installations
Good mid frequency response
High Temperature ranges available.
Very good reliability.
Transducer Operation
Accelerometer Transducer
Malfunction Based
Machine Construction Based
Transducer Selection Criteria
Machine Construction Based
API 670 Guidelines
For Radial Shaft Vibration Probes : (Clause
4.1.1)
As per API 670 clause 4.1.1.1: Two
radially oriented probes shall be provided
for each bearing. The two probes
located at each bearing shall be
coplanar, 90 degrees (+ or – 5 degrees )
apart and perpendicular to the shaft
axis ( + or – 5 degrees ). The probes
shall be located 45 degrees from each
side from the vertical center.
Condition Monitoring
Condition Monitoring
Why Shaft Relative Measurement?
Vibration measurement
Proximity Probes
Radial Proximity Probes
Shaft Displacement & Bearing Absolute Transducer Installation
API 670 Guidelines
For Axial Position Probes:( Clause 4.1.2)
As per API 670 clause 4.1.2.1 : Two
axially oriented probes shall be supplied
for the thrust bearing end of each
casing. Both probes shall sense the shaft
itself or an integral axial surface
installed within an axial distance of 300
mm from the thrust bearing or bearings.
When specified, the standard optional
arrangement shall be one probe sensing
the shaft end and one probe sensing an
integral thrust collar.
Dual Thrust Proximity
Probes
Axial Position Measurements
AXIAL (THRUST) POSITION
Thrust Collar 12” Max
12” Max
DIFFERENTIAL EXPANSION
API 670 Guidelines
“A”
“B”
Once Per Turn Reference Pulse
0°
-V
ONE
REVOLUTION
0°
ONE
REVOLUTION
-V
Video Clip
Process Parameters
THRUST V H V H
D V
SP/A
V H V H V H V H DE V H V H
CE
V V V V V V
KØ™
(Dual)
HP/IP LP GEN. EXC.
ECC H V H
V D V V H V H
H D D
V H V H D V H V H V H V H
D
SP/B D D D D
D D
THRUST
KØ™ ECC
0° VERT HOR VERT HOR
90° 270° D D V
BRDRC
180°
VIBRATION MEASUREMENTS
Overall Vibration
Position
Frequency
nX Amplitude and Phase
Shape or Form
Shaft Balancing
Shaft Crack Detection
Shaft / Structural Resonance Detection
Shaft Mode Shape
Direction of Precession
Location of Fluid-Induced Instability
Source
Condition Monitoring
Turbine
Generator
Machine pp Amplitude
Smax ?
Characteristics
Overall
Overall Amplitude Vibration Amplitude
Transmitter
Spectrum
1X, 2X, nX Amplitude
How can you
1X, 2X, nX Phase MANAGE
Not 1X your machine
Gap Voltage without complete
information?
Vibration Shape
Temperature
Pressure Machinery Management
Load
Uses All Of The Tools
Correlated
Machine
Information
Such as Bently Nevada’s
Other (Gram Mole Weight, Density, Flow, etc.) DM2000 system
n = 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, . . .
MACHINERY PROTECTION SYSTEMS
Machinery Management
requires
information!
Overview of Machinery Protection
and Management
System 1
Single Platform for all your
Management Needs !!
Machinery Monitoring
Monitoring System
Sensors
Sensors
Machinery Monitoring
Machinery Protection
Sensors
Level 1
Sensors
Machinery Protection
Basic Features
* Dual Redundant Power Supply
Inputs
28 Vibration / Axial Inputs
* Flexible Cards - Reduced Spares 2 speed inputs
* Programmable Relays Two 7200 Racks included in
* Software Configurable - Less the same rack of 3500.
Installation & Maint. Cost.
* Redundant Gateway
* More data for better analysis.
Plant DCS
Modbus
Gateway
RS 232 / RS 422
TCP / IP LINK
XProtocol MODBUS
OPERATOR LINK
DISPLAY
PLANTWIDE SOFTWARE
ETHERNET
0 0
0 0
3500 MODBUS
SYSTEM LINK
10 10
0 0
MACHINE
REMOTE DISPLAY
3500 Ethernet Communication
OPERATOR
DISPLAY
RS 232 / RS 422
PLANTWIDE SOFTWARE LINK
ETHERNET
3500
TCP / IP
SYSTEM
Net DDE
OPERATOR DISPLAY
SOFTWARE
MACHINE 3500
SYSTEM
Reduced Installation &
Maintenance Costs
Lower Cabling Costs
Mount at the Machine
Downward Compatibility
Easy to Configure
Reduced Spare Parts
Machinery Data Analysis
Data Review
Protection
Control System
System
Sensors
Level 1
Sensors
System 1 MMS System
Machinery Management
Decision
Level 3 Support
Protection
Control System System
Sensors
Level 1
Sensors
Where
Where Data
DataAvailable?
Available? How
HowSerious?
Serious? What
Whatisisit?
it?
Audit Result Information - Fluid Induced Instability - Whip
Summary Supporting Evidence Details Notes About
Severity:
When
When
Note: Audit performed with sufficient data
Print... Close
Machinery monitoring
Machinery protection
Machinery management
Windows Displays on
Data Display and Automated
Win95 or NT
Notification
and advisories available both Local and
Process Variables Remote
Plant Information
Network (PIN)
Advisories/Data
Plant DCS
Remote
System 1 Expert
BNC
Display Serve
r
System Server
and
Notification