PHOTOGRAPHY

AND ITS
APPLICATIONS
CAMERA
Types and Characteristics
(Jenis-jenis dan Ciri-ciri)
Categories of Camera
Light Catcher Sensor Medium
(Medium Penangkap Cahaya)
Analogue Camera(
Kamera Analog (Filem)
Using celluloid film as a Light Catcher Medium and
also Storage Medium
Type of Film depending on measurement
a. Small format (35mm)
b. Medium format (100-120mm)
c. Large format
Format 35mm most popular (a.k.a. Film 135)
Analogue Came
Kamera Analog (Filem)
CELLULOID FILM
THE PRINT (PHOTO PAPER)
Darkrooms: Creating Images with Chemistry
Films that have been exposed go through a process
called developing.
Developing film-dropping off rolls of 35mm film, and
getting back prints and negatives.
Analogue
Kamera Analog (Filem)
Instant Camera (Polaroid)
Kamera Segera (Polaroid)
Instant Camera (Polaroid)
Generates a developed film image (a.k.a. self-
developing film) by Polaroid Corporation.

American scientist Edwin Land, who unveiled the
first commercial instant camera, the Land
Camera, in 1948, Camera and portable darkroom
in a single compartment, Invented in 1923 by
Samuel Shlafrock.
Using Zink Photo Paper as a Light Catcher
Medium and also Storage Medium. It is cheap and
suitable those who like to collect picture.
Digital Camera (Memory Card)
Kamera Digital (Filem)
Digital Camera (Memory Card)
Kamera Digital (Filem)
Using Image-sensor atau Picture Sensor as a
Light Catcher Medium and Memory Card also
Storage Medium






Pixels = Picture elements
Resolution: number of pixels
captured by the image sensor.
Higher Resolution Image
300 ppi
Lower Resolution Image
72 ppi
Pixels
Types of Camera
Jenis-jenis Kamera Utama
SLR/DSLR
Viewfinder/Rangefinder Camera
Lomo Camera
Mirrorless Camera
Twin Lens Reflex Camera
Digital Compact Camera
View Camera
DSLR/SLR CAMERA
Single-lens Reflex Camera - Profesional Type Camera
(Kamera Pantulan Lensa Tunggal)
DSLR/SLR CAMERA
Single-lens Reflex Camera
(Kamera Pantulan Lensa Tunggal)
SLR Single Lens Reflect
Light directed through a
hinged mirror/viewfinder
(pembidik)
DSLR Digital SLR
Interchangeable lenses
Greater depth of field
Accurate composition
Better image quality
lens + CCD or CMOS
(Light Sensor)
Profesional
Designed for professionals and
advanced amateurs.
Often based on a SLR design &
feature resolutions between 8
and 12 million pixels (or more).
One huge advantage most of the
features (such as exposure
controls) and accessories (such
as lenses) designed for the film
versions also work with the
digital versions
DSLR/SLR Mechanism
Kamera pantulan lensa tunggal yang mempunyai sebuah
cermin yang memantulkan cahaya yang diperoleh
daripada lensa dan melalui pentaprisma (No.7) dan imej
dapat dilihat melalui viewfinder (No.8). Semasa merakam,
cermin (No.2) akan terangkat dan mendedahkan sensor
(No.4) dan merakam imej yang diperoleh daripada lensa.
A cross-section (or 'side-view') of the optical components of a typical SLR
camera shows how the light passes through the lens assembly (1), is
reflected by the mirror (2) placed at a 45-degree angle, and is projected on
the matte focusing screen (5). Via a condensing lens (6) and internal
reflections in the roof pentaprism (7) the image appears in the eyepiece
(viewfinder) (8). When an image is taken, the mirror (2) moves upwards
from its resting position in the direction of the arrow, the focal plane
shutter (3) opens, and the image is projected onto the film or sensor (4) in
exactly the same manner as on the focusing screen.
Universal standard or 35 mm:
The sensors size is 2436 mm (when is
Full Frame). This is the most used by
photojournalists, photographers of nature,
weddings and many advanced amateurs, due
to its combination of acceptable weight and
price with high quality and versatility.
Moreover, among the DSLRr we have all the
formats described in the section The Sensor,
with virtually the same characteristics but
with different sizes for the sensor, which
enhances the final quality of the file, as
the quality increases when the size is bigger.
Medium Format
The sensor (or film) measures are
64.5 cm or up to 67 cm. This kind
of camera is widely and mostly used
in fashion and advertisement
photography, and for portraits. These
cameras are a little bit heavy, but
their quality makes up for it, albeit their
prices dont help much to make them
popular
VIEWFINDER TECHNOLOGY
Viewfinder Camera
Rangefinder/Boutique Camera
Kamera Penjulat/Butik
Rangefinder Camera
These are called "rangefinder" cameras
because they focus using a dual-image
range finding device. You turn a ring, and
when two superimposed images line up,
you're in perfect focus.
Leica M9 is the most prestige rangefinder
camera that be used by the street
photographer.
Price: RM25K (Body) dan RM50K (lens 50mm
f0.95)
The photograph is
taken through the
main lens however the
view from the lens and
the viewfinder is
slightly different, this
difference is called
parallax error.
Lomo Camera
(Kamera Lomo)
Lomo Camera
(Kamera Lomo)
Kamera Lomo pula merupakan kamera filem yang
direka untuk memberi kesan khas seperti gambar di
atas.
Kesan2 khas ini memberi impak dramatik pada
gambar yang dirakam. kamera ini menggunakan
filem dan perlu dicuci di kedai gambar.
A Lomo Camera or lens usually gives photos
high contrast, twisted colors, and a noticeable
vignette (a shading of the outer edges of the
picture).
Advantages and Disadvantages
Viewfinder/Rangefinder
Advantages of the viewfinder camera:
Simple viewfinder cameras are cheap.
There are fewer moving parts, so less chance of equipment
failure.
Higher light levels to the viewfinder.
High-quality rangefinder cameras provide excellent focusing,
especially in low light.
Quieter operation than SLR cameras.

Disadvantages of the viewfinder camera:
Parallax error (unless compensated for).
The viewfinder image may be quite small.
Mirrorless Camera
Kamera Tanpa Cermin
Samsung NX300
Mirrorless Camera
Kamera Tanpa Cermin
Kamera jenis ini pula merupakan kamera yang tidak menggunakan cermin
sebagaimana yang digunakan DSLR/SLR. jadi sensor terletak betul-betul di
belakang lensa dan kaedah elektronik shutter digunakan bagi
menggantikan kaedah mechanical shutter yang digunakan oleh DSLR.
Kebanyakan kamera jenis ini mempunyai sensor yang lebih kecil dan
antara saiz sensor yang terkenal ialah micro 4/3. Kamera jenis ini juga
membolehkan kita menukar lensa sebagaimana yang dilakukan oleh DSLR.
Mirrorless cameras, as the name suggests, don't need a mirror. Instead, the
light passes through the lens and falls right onto the image sensor, as it
does in point-and-shoot and phone cameras.
To preview the image before you press the shutter button, you look at a
screen on the back of the camera, or into a viewfinder with an electronic
screen
Twin Lens Reflex Camera
(Kamera Pantulan Lensa Kembar)
SLR
TLR
Twin Lens Reflex Camera
A twin-lens reflex camera (TLR) is a type of camera with two
objective lenses of the same focal length.
One of the lenses is the photographic objective or "taking lens"
(the lens that takes the picture), while the other is used for the
viewfinder system, which is usually viewed from above at waist
level.
Kamera jenis ini pula mempunyai pantulan 2 lensa yang mana lensa
pertama bertindak sebagai "viewfinder" dan lensa yang kedua
bertindak sebagai perakam.
kamera jenis ini masih menggunakan filem dan ia merupakan
kamera yang amat popular bagi penggemar kamera lama dan
kamera filem.
Pocket-size/Point and Shoot/Consumer
Pro-consumer or Prosumer
Digital Compact Camera
SLR-Style Camera
Kamera Kompak Digital
Digital Compact Camera
Kamera kompak digital ini adalah kamera yang paling ringkas, mudah
digunakan serta dimiliki oleh kebanyakan orang biasa. ia mempunyai lensa
yang kekal. terdapat jenis lensa yang boleh di zoom atau ada juga yang
mempunyai lensa fokus tunggal (fix focal length).
Biasanya kamera jenis ini mempunyai sensor yang kecil dan kualiti gambarnya
adalah rendah berbanding dengan kamera jenis DSLR atau Mirror less yang
mempunyai lensa yang lebih besar. namun ia merupakan pilihan ramai orang
kerana cukup untuk digunakan untuk rakaman harian dan mode auto yang
mesra pengguna.
Point and Shoot (Compact)
consumer digital cameras.
Allinone with lens, flash, etc.
Automatic. Ready to go. User
friendly.
Small, compact and lightweight
Usually don't provide you with a
lot of creative control.
Professional Consumer (Prosumer)
Combination of professional and
consumer cameras.
Highquality builtin zoom lens,
high quality sensor & settings.
Interchangeable lenses.
Quality without the hassle of
lugging other kit.
VIEW CAMERA
Optical Bench /Large Format Camera
OPTICAL BENCH OR
LARGE FORMAT CAMERA
This kind of cameras is used mostly for
study portraits, advertising photography
of big size objects (for instance, cars)
and architecture photography. Its formats
range from 912 cm to 2025 cm,
usually are very heavy, big and
cumbersome, but they offer a superb
quality. Apart from the obvious quality,
we have seen that a big surface in the
sensor we get better quality, we have
to take into consideration a highly
important factor: they can manipulate the
perspective according to the Scheimflug
Principle and the depth of field
(keeping on focus the objects both
behind and ahead of that focused on).
SLR CAMERA
Specialization and Handling
Pengkhususan dan Pengendalian
Pn Hasnah
SLR Demonstration
A single-lens reflex camera (SLR)
typically uses a mirror and prism
system (hence "reflex", from the
mirror's reflection) that permits
the photographer to view
through the lens and see exactly
what will be captured (WYSWIG)
The camera has a viewfinder that
sees through the lens by way of a
45-angled mirror that flips up
when the shutter fires and allows
the light to strike the image
sensor (or film).
How to Choose a Film
for Your Camera