Statistical Tests

Parametric
Dr. S. Nishan Silva
(MBBS)
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Variables
Quantitative
Discrete
Continuous
Qualitative
Ordinal
Categorical
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Parametric Vs.
non parametric tests
Parametric: decision making method
where the distribution of the
sampling statistic is known
Non-Parametric: decision making
method which does not require
knowledge of the distribution of the
sampling statistic
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t-Test
Compare the means of a continuous
variable into samples in order to
determine whether or not the
difference between the 2 expected
means exceed the difference that
would be expected by chance
What is probability the mean will differ?
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Requirements

The observations are independent
Drawn from normally distributed
population
Sample size < 30 if its >30 use
normal curve z test (binomial test)
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Types of t-Test
One sample t test: test if a sample mean
for a variable differs significantly from the
given population with a known mean

Unpaired or independent t test: test if the
population means estimated by
independent 2 samples differ significantly
(group of male and group of female)

Paired t test: test if the population means
estimated by dependent samples differ
significantly (mean of pre and post
treatment for same set of patients
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chi test
Used to test strength of association
between qualitative variables
Used for categorical data

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Requirements
Data should be in form of frequency
Total number of observed must exceed 20
Expected frequency in one category or in
any cell must be >5 (When 1 of the cells have <5
in observed yats correction) or if (When 1 of the cells
have <5 in expected fischer exact)
The group compared must be
approximately the same
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Correlation and Regression
Methods to study magnitude of the
association and the functional
relationship between two or more
variables
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Correlation
Denote strength of relationship between variables

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Regression
Method thats indicate a mathematical
relationship between a dependant and
one or more independent variables
Simple linear regression and multiple
regression are appropriate for
continuous variables like(BP, Weight)
Logistic regression applicable for
binary response like alive/dead
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Measures
If parametric
Pearson correlation coeff.
Continuous variables
Linear relationship
If nonparametric
Spearman rank
Both variables are continuous

Kendalls tau
Two ordinal or one ordinal one
continuous
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ANOVA
is used to uncover the main and
interaction effects of categorical
independent variables (called "factors")
on an interval dependent variable

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Types of ANOVA
One-way ANOVA tests differences in
a single interval dependent variable
among two, three, or more groups
formed by the categories of a single
categorical independent variable.

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Two-way ANOVA analyzes one interval
dependent in terms of the categories
(groups) formed by two independents,
one of which may be conceived as a
control variable
Multivariate or n-way ANOVA. To
generalize, n-way ANOVA deals with n
independents. It should be noted that as
the number of independents increases,
the number of potential interactions
proliferates

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How to select appropriate
statistical test
Type of variables
Quantitative (blood pres.)
Qualitative (gender)
Type of research question
Association
Comparison
Risk factor
Data structure
Independent
Paired
matched
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Body of research question
Association of 2 variable(dep, indep)
Spearman Correlation
linear Regression
Quantitative Quantitative
2 out come T test
3+out come ANOVA
categorical Quantitative
Log. regression Quantitative categorical
chi-square categorical categorical
Test Types of variable
Dependent independent
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Comparing (difference) variables
chi-square
Kruskal
wallis
ANOVA
McNemar
chi-square*
Wilcoxon
Mann-
Whitney
Paired T test
T test
Quantitative

Ordinal

Categorical
Number of independent variable
2 groups paired data >2groups
Variable
* When 1 of the cells have <5 in expected fischer exact
When 1 of the cells have <5 in observed yats correction
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Looking for Risk Factor
Test Types of variables
Dependent several indepen.
Multiple log.
Regression
categorical categorical
ANOVA categorical quantitative
Linear, log
regression
quantitative quantitative