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2005
LPI:
Intermediate Level Administration (LPIC-2) 205
Linux
OSI:
1. OSI
, " "
-- --
. Ethernet
,
Internet Protocol (IP) .
,
, ,
( , ).
, ( )
.
( ). , ,
,
.
; TCP UDP IP .
TCP UDP Berkeley Sockets
Interface, ,
. , ( ,
) TCP UDP
" Linux, 1" " Linux,
2."
Linux, man-
. Linux
Documentation Project, , HOWTO.
Linux ,
O'Reilly TCP/IP
.
.
, Ethernet --
802.11a/b/g, CAT5/CAT6 -- ,
Ethernet 6 .
,
; IANA. Ethernet "
" ,
Ethernet IP ,
IP.
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) IP
Ethernet . , ARP
( ); arp
ARP .
, IP ,
DHCP.
Linux ( Ethernet) IP
, Ethernet ARP
" X.X.X.X Y.Y.Y.Y".
ARP "X.X.X.X hh:hh:hh:hh:hh:hh"
. ARP /proc/net/arp,
Ethernet IP .
arp
Linux arp ARP
. 1:
1. ARP
$ arp -n
Address
HWtype HWaddress
192.168.2.1
ether
00:03:2F:09:61:C7
Flags Mask
C
Iface
eth0
,
192.168.2.1 ( , \,
). ,
, , ,
ARP . ARP
-- ,
--
. ARP
,
.
IP , ,
ARP ; ARP ,
ARP ( 2):
2. IP
$ ping -c 1 192.168.2.101 > /dev/null
$ ping -c 1 192.168.2.101 > /dev/null
$ ping -c 1 192.168.2.102 > /dev/null
$ ping -c 1 192.168.32.32 > /dev/null
$ ping -c 1 192.168.32.32 > /dev/null
$ arp -n
Address
HWtype HWaddress
Flags Mask
192.168.2.1
ether
00:03:2F:09:61:C7
C
192.168.2.101
ether
00:30:65:2C:01:11
C
192.168.2.100
ether
00:11:24:9D:1E:4B
C
192.168.2.102
ether
00:48:54:83:82:AD
C
Iface
eth0
eth0
eth0
eth0
, Ethernet,
192.168.32.32 , ARP . ,
,
ARP ( 3):
3. ARP
$ ping -c 1 google.com
PING google.com (216.239.57.99) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 216.239.57.99: icmp_seq=1 ttl=235 time=109 ms
--- google.com ping statistics --1 packets transmitted, 1 received, 0% packet loss, time 0ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 109.123/109.123/109.123/0.000 ms
$ arp -n
Address
HWtype HWaddress
Flags Mask
Iface
192.168.2.1
ether
00:03:2F:09:61:C7
C
eth0
Google ( ), 216.239.57.99 ,
ARP . ,
214, ,
ARP .
PAP/CHAP
/etc/ppp/pap-secrets , ,
, IP . (
IP ).
PAP .
PPP -- ,
,
. , bacchus
:
4. pap-secrets bacchus
# Every regular user can use PPP and uses passwords from /etc/passwd
# INBOUND connections
# client
server secret
acceptable local IP addresses
*
bacchus ""
*
chaos
bacchus chaos-password
# OUTBOUND connections
bacchus
*
bacchus-password
bacchus ,
chaos ( chaos-password
). bacchus
bacchus-password
.
chaos :
5.
# client
chaos
bacchus
chaos
server secret
acceptable local IP addresses
bacchus chaos-password
chaos
bacchus-password
chaos .
bacchus.
/etc/ppp/options ,
.
CHAP ,
. , PAP,
CHAP , .
mgetty
PAP AUTO_PPP mgetty. mgetty
0.99+ pppd login. , pppd
/etc/passwd ( /etc/shadow )
.
, getty ,
, .
, tty, :
/sbin/getty 9600 ttyS1
. 9600/2400/1200
:
/sbin/getty -mt60 ttyS1 9600,2400,1200.
Address Resolution Protocol ,
.
, .
-- ,
, .
"Internet": ", ",
, ,
, " Internet."
210
DHCP. DHCP IP , . ,
IP , , Linux
route .
ip ,
.
,
,
. .
-- , ,
, ,
, . ip
/NN . ,
"".
,
6:
6.
$ route -n
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway
Genmask
Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
192.168.2.0 0.0.0.0
255.255.255.0 U
0
0
0 eth0
0.0.0.0
192.168.2.1 0.0.0.0
UG
0
0
0 eth0
, IP ,
"192.168.2.*"
( ARP).
"192.168.2.1",
. 192.168.2.1
.
. , ,
/16 . , 7:
7. /16
$ route add -net 216.109.0.0 netmask 255.255.0.0 gw 192.168.2.2
$ route add -net 216.239.0.0 netmask 255.255.0.0 gw 192.168.2.3
$ route -n
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway
Genmask
Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
192.168.2.0 0.0.0.0
255.255.255.0 U
0
0
0 eth0
216.109.0.0 192.168.2.2 255.255.0.0
UG
0
0
0 eth0
216.239.0.0 192.168.2.3 255.255.0.0
UG
0
0
0 eth0
0.0.0.0
192.168.2.1 0.0.0.0
UG
0
0
0 eth0
"216.109.*" "216.239.*"
192.168.2.2 192.168.2.3, (
). ,
, , .
route delete, .
Linux ,
.
Linux , , ,
.
, .
, .
ping
, Linux IP (
, DNS / /etc/hosts)
ping. ping IP
TCP UDP. ping Internet
Control Message Protocol (ICMP). ping,
,
ping
(man ping ).
, ping ,
, ,
. ping
,
, . 8
:
8. ping
$ ping -c 2 -i 2 google.com
PING google.com (216.239.37.99): 56 data bytes
64 bytes from 216.239.37.99: icmp_seq=0 ttl=237 time=43.861 ms
64 bytes from 216.239.37.99: icmp_seq=1 ttl=237 time=36.956 ms
--- google.com ping statistics --2 packets transmitted, 2 packets received, 0% packet loss
round-trip min/avg/max = 36.956/40.408/43.861 ms
$ ping 192.168.2.102
PING 192.168.2.102 (192.168.2.102): 56 data bytes
64 bytes from 192.168.2.102: icmp_seq=0 ttl=255 time=4.64 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.2.102: icmp_seq=1 ttl=255 time=2.176 ms
^C
--- 192.168.2.102 ping statistics --2 packets transmitted, 2 packets received, 0% packet loss
round-trip min/avg/max = 2.176/3.408/4.64 ms
iconfig
ifconfig.
,
( ).
ifconfig , .
ifconfig <interface> up ifconfig <interface> down,
.
. man
ifconfig .
9:
9. ifconfig
$ ifconfig
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:12:F0:21:4C:F8
inet addr:192.168.2.103 Bcast:192.168.2.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::212:f0ff:fe21:4cf8/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:540 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:233 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:1
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:49600 (48.4 KiB) TX bytes:42067 (41.0 KiB)
Interrupt:21 Base address:0xc000 Memory:ffcfe000-ffcfefff
ppp0
, , Ethernet PPP (
loopback).
Ethernet
. , , .
netstat
Linux . netstat
, , ifconfig route.
.
:
10.
$ netstat -s
Ip:
12317 total packets received
0 forwarded
0 incoming packets discarded
12255 incoming packets delivered
11978 requests sent out
Icmp:
1 ICMP messages received
0 input ICMP message failed.
ICMP input histogram:
echo replies: 1
0 ICMP messages sent
0 ICMP messages failed
ICMP output histogram:
Tcp:
7 active connections openings
5 passive connection openings
0 failed connection attempts
0 connection resets received
3 connections established
11987 segments received
11885 segments send out
0 segments retransmitted
0 bad segments received.
3 resets sent
Udp:
, .
man-
. 214,
, .
tcpdump ,
,
. ,
, .
, ,
.
Lsof Linux .
, lsof -i,
IP
. :
11. lsof
$ lsof -i
COMMAND
PID USER
FD
TYPE DEVICE SIZE NODE
NAME
vino-serv 7812 dqm
33u IPv4 12824
TCP *:5900 (LISTEN)
gnome-cup 7832 dqm
18u IPv4 12865
TCP localhost.localdomain:32771->localhost.localdomain:ipp
(ESTABLISHED)
telnet
8909 dqm
3u IPv4 15771