Data Acquisition and

Recording
Initiating Research
The Research
Process
Theory
Hypothesis
Operationalization of Concepts
Selection of Respondents or Subjects
Experimental Design Survey Correlation Design
Data Analysis
Data Collection
Findings: (results, conclusions) Recommendations
Conduct Interviews /
Administer Questionnaires
Create Experiment & Control Groups
Carry Out Observations /
Administer Test/Questionnaires
Further Research
Implementation
Introduction
Instruments
Type of Observations
Methods of Analysis
Have undergone considerable change over
the last few decades
Instruments
Analog (manual)
Digital (automatic)
Advantage and Disadvantage of both the
above methods ??
Analog vs Digital
Manual
Continuous
Hardcopy (No
Softcopy)
Automatic
Discrete (Not
Continuous)
Hardcopy and
softcopy
Basic Sampling Requirements
Accuracy vs Precision
Repeatability
Best : All the above
Sampling Interval
Analog Manual
Continuous No Problem !
Digital Automatic Discrete
Problem !
Sampling Interval
Choice of Sampling Increment (t or x)
Sampling often enough to get the highest
frequency but not oversample
Digital : Memory limitation
Sample : Sinusoidal data
Nyquist Frequency Criteria (Fn)
Fn = 1/(2t )
Sampling Duration
Time Series Measurement : Long enough
to get the repeated cycle
Spatial Measurement : Large enough to
get the repeated cycle
Repeated Cycle for finding the Sprektral
form
Sampling Accuracy
Sampling LONG and OFTEN enough to
sample the HIGH and LOWend of
Spectrum
Spectrum : to find all the frequency in the
data
Burst vs Continuous Sampling
Most common : Continuous Sampling with
time increment of t
Alternative : Burst sampling : Rapid
sampling over a relatively short time tB
within regularly spaced time interval of
continuous sampling of t
Example : Surface gravity waves (T = 3 - 8
secs) and tidal (T = 12 - 24 hrs)
Regular vs Irregular Sampling
Regular sampling : more effective in lab
Irregular sampling in time and space can
be more effective than uniform sampling in
the random environment such as ocean
Review
Accuracy/Precision
Resolution (Spatial & Temporal)
Repeatability
Statistical Importance (Statistical Sampling
Theory)